natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
The steady state bioaccumulation factor (BAFss) is the BAF at steady state and does not change significantly over a prolonged period of time, the concentration of the test substance in the surrounding medium (Cs as g kg– 1 of wet or dry weight of sediment) being constant during this period of time.
Liuoksen pH:n on oltava 5,5 ± 0,2 (säädetään lisäämällä mahdollisimman vähän NaOH-liuosta tai HCl:a).
The uptake or exposure phase is the time during which the test organisms are exposed to the test substance.
Lisätään vettä, kunnes tilavuus on 1000 ml.
The main endpoint of a bioaccumulation test is the bioaccumulation factor, BAF.
Pitoisuuksien tai tasojen lukumäärän ja välimatkojen on oltava riittäviä luotettavan annosvastesuhteen määrittämiseen ja regressioyhtälön muodostamiseen sekä ECx- ja ERx-arvojen arviointiin.
The measured BAF can be calculated by dividing the concentration of the test substance in the test organism, Ca, by the concentration of the test substance in the sediment, Cs, at steady state.
Valittujen pitoisuuksien/tasojen on katettava määritettävät ECx- tai ERx-arvot.
If the steady state is not reached during the uptake phase, the BAF is calculated in the same manner for day 28.
Jos esimerkiksi halutaan saada selville EC50-arvo, on suotavaa tehdä testi tasoilla, jotka tuottavat 20–80 prosentin vaikutuksen.
However, it should be noted whether the BAF is based on steady state concentrations or not.
Tuloksen saamiseksi suositellaan käytettävän vähintään viittä geometrisessa sarjassa olevaa pitoisuutta/tasoa, joiden etäisyyden määrittävä kerroin on enintään kolme, sekä käsittelemätöntä kontrollia.
The preferred means for obtaining the kinetic bioaccumulation factor (BAFK), the sediment uptake rate constant (ks) and the elimination rate constant (ke) is to use non-linear parameter estimation methods on a computer.
International Organisation of Standards (ISO).
Given the time series of average accumulation factors (Ca, mean values of each sampling date/Cs, mean values of each sampling date = AF) of the uptake phase based on worm and sediment wet weight, and the model equation
Soil Quality -- Determination of the Effects of Pollutants on Soil Flora – Part 1:
[equation 1]
Soil Quality -- Determination of the Effects of Pollutants on Soil Flora – Part 2:
where AF(t) is the ratio of concentration of the test substance in worms and its concentration in the sediment at any given time point (t) of the uptake phase, these computer programs calculate values for BAFK, ks and ke.
Background – Non-target Plant Testing;
When steady state is reached during the uptake phase (i.e. t = ∞), equation 1 may be reduced to:
Effects of Plant Protection Products on Non-Target Organisms – A contribution to the Discussion of Risk Assessment and Risk Mitigation for Terrestrial Non-Target Organisms (Flora and Fauna).
[equation 2]
Dieldrin uptake by corn as affected by soil properties, J. Agro.
uptake rate constant in tissue [g sediment kg– 1 of worm d– 1]
Patterns of sensitivity of plant species to various herbicides – An analysis with two databases.
elimination rate constant [d– 1]
Boutin, C., Lee, H.-B., Peart, T.E., Batchelor, S.P. and Maguire, R.J. (2000).
Then ks/ke × Cs is an approach to the concentration of the test substance in the worm tissue at steady state (Ca,ss).
Draft Guidance Document, Current Approaches in the Statistical Analysis of Ecotoxicity Data:
The Biota-Sediment Accumulation Factor (BSAF) should be calculated as follows:
0,09–0,17 (4, 19)
where foc is the fraction of sediment organic carbon, and flip is the fraction of worm lipid, both based either on dry weight, or on wet weight.
0–3 (2, 4, 14)
Given a time series of concentration values, the elimination kinetics can be modelled using the following model equations and a computer calculation based non-linear parameter estimation method.
14–21 (100 %) (14)
The mean measured body residue at the end of the uptake phase is recommended as the default starting point.
2,4–2,6 (14, 19)
The value modeled/estimated from the uptake phase should only be used, e.g. if the measured value deviates significantly from the modelled body residue.
0,85–1,2 (14, 19)
See also paragraph 50 for alternative pre-exposure of worms designated for elimination;
0,06–0,08 (4, 14)
with this approach, samples of these pre-exposed worms on day 0 of the elimination phase are thought to provide a realistic body residue to start the elimination kinetics with.
14–21
If the data points plotted against time indicate a constant exponential decline of the test substance concentration in the animals, a one-compartment model (equation 4) can be used to describe the time course of elimination.
25–61 (14, 29)
[equation 3]
10–20 (6, 21)
Elimination processes sometimes appear to be biphasic, showing a rapid decline of Ca during the early phases, that changes to a slower loss of test substances in the later phases of the elimination (8)(19)(25)).
10–20
The two phases can be interpreted by the assumption, that there are two different compartments in the organism, from which the test substance is lost with different velocity.
10–20 (6, 10)
In these cases specific literature should be studied (15)(16)(17)(25).
23–28
A two-compartment elimination is described e.g. by the following equation (25):
14–18
[equation 4]
0,9–1,6
A and B represent the size of the compartments (in percent of overall tissue residue), where A is the compartment with rapid loss of substance, and B the compartment with slow loss of test substance.
7–37,5 (14, 30)
The sum of A and B equals 100 % of the whole animal compartment volume at steady state. ka and kb represent the corresponding elimination constants [d– 1].
0,45–2,28 (14, 29)
If the two compartment model is fitted to the depuration data, the uptake rate constant ks may be determined as follows (53)(54):
0,5–0,7 (14, 19, 29)
[equation 5]
0,52–0,6 (14, 30)
Nevertheless, these model equations should be used with caution, especially when changes in the test substance's bioavailability occur during the test (42).
10–20 (21)
As an alternative to the model equations described above, the kinetics (ks and ke) may also be calculated in one run by applying the first order kinetics model to all data from both the uptake and elimination phase together.
10–20 (7, 21)
For a description of a method that may allow for such a combined calculation of uptake and elimination rate constants, references (55), (56) and (57) may be consulted.
4–5 (14, 30)
The Non-Eliminated Residues (NER) should be calculated as a secondary endpoint by multiplying the ratio of the average concentration in the worms (Ca) on day 10 of the elimination phase and the average concentration in the worms (Ca) at steady state (day 28 of uptake phase) by 100:
14–28
Example of a Sampling Schedule for a 28-day Bioaccumulation Test
1,53–2,2 (16, 19)
Uptake phase (including a 4 d- equilibration phase)
0–10 (10, 19)
Activities
5–8 (4, 14, 29)
Preparation of peat suspension for sediment;
0–2 (4, 29)
conditioning of the suspension for 48 h;
1,8–2,5 (14)
Spiking of the sediment or sediment fraction;
3,6–7 (14, 29)
mixing of all sediment constituents;
2,1–2,3 (14, 19)
removing sediment samples of treated and solvent control sediment for determination of test substance concentration;
1,3–1,5 (4, 14, 19)
addition of overlying water;
0,4–0,5 (4, 14, 19)
incubation at test conditions (equilibration phase);
1,5–2 (14, 19, 29)
Separation of the test organisms from the culture for acclimatisation;
41–56 (19, 29)
of water quality (see paragraph 52);
0,8–1,5 (14, 19)
removing replicates for taking samples of water and sediment for determination of test substance concentration;
7–9 (14, 19)
randomised distribution of the worms to the test chambers;
JÄLKEEN (4, 22–26)
retaining of sufficient sub-samples of worms for determination of analytical background values;
0,5–0,6 (14, 19)
controlling air supply, if closed test system is used;
3 (19)
taking water, sediment and worm samples for determination of test substance concentration;
Entwicklung eines Reproduktionstests an Bodenorganismen – Enchytraeen.
Controlling air supply, worm behaviour and temperature;
Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Same as day 1;
International Organisation for Standardization (ISO) (1993).
4 - 6
Soil Quality – Effects of pollutants on earthworms (Eisenia fetida).
Same as day 2;
International Organisation for Standardization (ISO) (1996).
compensate evaporated water if necessary;
Enchytraeen (Oligochaeta) als Bioindikator, UWSF – Z. Umweltchem.
8 - 13
Bodenorganismen – Prüfungskategorien der Forschung.
15 - 20
UWSF – Z. Umweltchem.
22 - 27
International Organisation for Standardization (ISO) (1994).
end of uptake phase;
10390.
retaining of sufficient subsamples of worms for determination of analytical background values, wet and dry weight, and lipid content;
The colouring of bottom-fauna samples before sorting, Vestnik Ceskoslovensko Spolecnosti Zoologicke 32, 300–305.
transfer worms from remaining exposed replicates to vessels containing clean sediment for elimination phase (no gut-purging);
Charles Griffin & Company Ltd, London.
sampling of water, sediment and worms from solvent controls; sampling of trapping solutions, if installed.
355–361
Pre-exposure activities (equilibration phase) should be scheduled taking into account the properties of the test substance.
edition.
If required, conditioning of the prepared sediment under overlying water at 20 ± 2 °C for 7 days;
Yhteenveto datan tilastollisesta arvioinnista (NOEC-arvon määrittäminen)
in this case, earlier preparation of the sediment!
Kyllä
Activities described for day 2 should be performed daily (at least on workdays).
Parametritestit
Elimination phase
log Kow
Mixing of all sediment constituents;
Esterases of earthworm – III.
incubation at test conditions;
Development of a test method on sublethal effects of pesticides on the earthworm species Eisenia fetida/Eisenia andrei – comparison of two ringtests.
0 (day 28 of uptake phase)
International Organisation for Standardization (ISO) (1994).
Measurement of water quality (see paragraph 52);
Soil Quality – Determination of pH, No.
transfer worms from remaining exposed replicates to vessels containing clean sediment;
10390.
after 4 - 6 h removing replicates for taking samples of water, sediment and worms for determination of test substance concentration;
ISO, Geneve.
controlling air supply, worm behaviour, water quality (see paragraph 52);
International Organisation for Standardization (ISO) (1992).
8 - 9
Soil Quality –Determination of dry matter and water content on a mass basis – Gravimetric method, No.
end of elimination phase;
11465.
sampling of water, sediment and worms from solvent controls;
Health Perspect.
sampling of trapping solutions, if installed.
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 11:1485–1494
Preparation of the sediment prior to start of elimination phase should be done in the same manner as before the uptake phase.
on käyttänyt hyvällä menestyksellä Sheltonin & Tiedjen (8) kehittämää ja Battersbyn & Wilsonin (9) muokkaamaa kooltaan pienempää ja helppokäyttöisempää laitteistoa.
Some physical-chemical characteristics of an acceptable dilution water
keskihajonta
< 2μg/l
Suositeltavia ovat lasiset seerumipullot, joiden nimellistilavuus on 125 ml ja kokonaistilavuus noin 160 ml ja jotka voidaan sulkea seerumitulpalla [5] ja reunatuilla alumiinirenkailla, mutta tarkoitukseen kelpaavat pullot, joiden kokonaistilavuus on 0,1–1 litraa;
COMPOSITION OF THE RECOMMENDED RECONSTITUTED WATER
mikroruiskuja, joilla toteutetaan paineanturin (ks. 12(c) kohta) ja pullojen kaasutilan (ks. 12(b) kohta) välinen kaasutiivis liitos ja joilla myös lisätään liukenemattomat nestemäiset testimateriaalit pulloihin;
The sum of the calcium and magnesium ions in this solution is 2,5 mmol/l.
tulosten pohdinta, mukaan lukien mahdolliset poikkeukset tässä testimenetelmässä kuvatuista menettelyistä, sekä pohdintaa mahdollisen interferenssin ja virheiden vuoksi ilmenneistä poikkeamista odotettavissa olleista testituloksista
The pH of an acceptable dilution water should be in the range of 6 - 9.
International Organisation for Standardization (ISO) (2003) ISO 13 641-1 Water Quality – Determination of inhibition of gas production of anaerobic bacteria – Part 1:
Artificial sediment — preparation and storage recommendations
International Organisation for Standardization (ISO) (2003) ISO 13 641-2 Water Quality – Determination of inhibition of gas production of anaerobic bacteria – Part 2:
In contrast to the requirements in test method C.8 (40) the peat content of the artificial sediment is recommended to be 2 % instead of 10 % of dry weight, in order to correspond to a low to moderate organic content of natural sediments (58).
International Organisation for Standardization (ISO) (2000) Ring test of ISO 13 641-1 and ISO 13 641-2.
Percentage of dry constituents of the artificial sediment:
47 850–857.
% of dry sediment
Ind.
Folia urticae, powdered leaves of Urtica sp.
International Organization for Standardization (1995) ISO 10 634 Water Quality – Guidance for the preparation and treatment of poorly water-soluble organic compounds for the subsequent evaluation of their biodegradability in an aqueous medium.
(stinging nettle), finely ground (particle size ≤ 0,5 mm), or a mixture of powdered leaves of Urtica sp. with alpha-cellulose (1:1);
International Organization for Standardization (1997) ISO 11 923 Water Quality – Determination of suspended solids by filtration through glass-fibre filters.
in accordance with pharmacy standards, for human consumption;
A.10 17 kohta (Testissä käytettävä substraatti):
in addition to dry sediment
Siirrosteen pitoisuus testipulloissa (g/l)
If elevated ammonia concentrations are expected, e.g. if the test substance is known to inhibit the nitrification, it may be useful to replace 50 % of the nitrogen-rich urtica powder by cellulose (e.g., α-Cellulose powder, chemically pure, particle size ≤ 0,5 mm).
EPA:n (2000 (7)) suosituksen mukaan täyttöasteessa kuivan biomassan ja orgaanisen hiilen kokonaispitoisuuden suhdeluku saa olla enintään 1:50.
The peat is air-dried and ground to a fine powder (grain size ≤ 0,5 mm, no visible plant remains).
Kun siivilän silmäkoko on 250 μm, madot eivät pääse luikertelemaan siivilän rei'istä, mutta tällöin on huolehdittava, että sedimenttihiukkasia jää siivilään mahdollisimman vähän.
A suspension of the required amount of peat powder is prepared using a portion of the deionised water to be added to the dry sediment (a water volume of 11,5 × dry weight of peat has been found useful to produce a stirrable peat slurry (8)) using a high-performance homogenising device.
kemialliset tunnistetiedot (yleisnimi, kemiallinen nimi, rakennekaava, CAS-numero jne.) sekä puhtaus ja testiaineen kvantifioinnissa käytetty analyysimenetelmä;
The pH of this suspension is adjusted to 5,5 ± 0,5 with CaCO3.
testikemikaalin lähde, liuottimen tunnistetiedot ja pitoisuus
The suspension is conditioned for at least two days with gentle stirring at 20 ± 2 °C, to stabilise pH and establish a stable microbial component.
Euroopan komissio (2003).
The pH is measured again and is adjusted to 6,0 ± 0,5 with CaCO3 if necessary.
In co-operation with R. Nagel and B. Karaoglan.
Then all of the suspension is mixed with the other dry constituents, taking into account any portion used for spiking.
Sedimenttoxizitätstests mit aquatischen Oligochaeten – Einfluss verschiedener Futterquellen im künstlichen Sediment auf Reproduktion und Biomasse von Lumbriculus variegatus.
The remaining deionised water is added to obtain a homogeneous sediment.
Biometrics 28, 519–531.
The pH is measured again and is adjusted to 6,5 to 7,5 with CaCO3 if necessary.
Liuota 11,76 g CaCl2·2 H2O:ta deionisoituun veteen ja lisää deionisoitua vettä yhteen litraan saakka.
If ammonia development is expected, the artificial sediment may be conditioned for seven days under the same conditions which prevail in the subsequent test (e.g. sediment-water ratio 1: 4, height of sediment layer as in test vessels) before it is spiked with the test substance, i.e. it should be topped with water, which should be aerated.
Liuota 4,93 g MgSO4.7 H2O:ta deionisoituun veteen ja lisää deionisoitua vettä yhteen litraan saakka.
Samples of the sediment are taken to determine dry weight and total organic carbon content (e.g. 3 samples).
Liuota 2,59 g NaHCO3:a deionisoituun veteen ja lisää deionisoitua vettä yhteen litraan saakka.
Thereafter, the spiked quartz sand is mixed with the sediment for each treatment level, the sediment is distributed to the replicate test vessels, and topped with the test water (e.g. sediment-water ratio 1 : 4, height of sediment layer as in test vessels).
Liuota 0,23 g KCl:a deionisoituun veteen ja lisää deionisoitua vettä yhteen litraan saakka.
The chosen food source should be added prior to or during spiking the sediment with the test substance.
esimerkiksi jauhettua Folia urticae -kasvia, nokkosen (Urtica dioica) lehtiä hienoksi jauhettuna (hiukkaskoko ≤ 0,5 mm), lääkestandardien ja elintarvikkeita koskevien vaatimusten mukaisesti;
In order to ensure that the food is in sufficient contact with the test substance, the food source should be mixed with the sediment not later than on the day the test substance is spiked to the sediment.
Development – Ecotoxicology
Exceptions may be made where the length of the equilibration period leads to excessive microbial degradation of the food before the test organisms are added.
Suomi
Samples of the sediment are taken to determine dry weight and total organic carbon (e.g. 3 samples of spiked or control sediment).
Testikemikaalille altistettujen punkkien lisääntymiskykyä verrataan kontrolleihin, jolloin voidaan määrittää ECx-arvo (esimerkiksi EC10 ja EC50) tai NOEC-arvo (No Observed Effect Concentration eli pitoisuus, josta ei aiheudu vaikutuksia) testijärjestelyn mukaan (ks. 29 kohta).
The dry weight of the components (peat, sand, kaolin) should be reported in g and in per cent of total dry weight.
Yhteenveto testin aikataulusta on lisäyksessä 8.
The volume of water to be added to the dry components during preparation of the sediment should also be reported in per cent of total dry weight (e.g. 100 % dry weight + 46 % water means 1000 g d.w. receive a total of 460 ml water, which results in 1460 g wet sediment).
Kantoaine sekoitetaan pieneen määrään (esimerkiksi 10 g) hienoa kvartsihiekkaa tai ruiskutetaan sen päälle.
The dry constituents of the artificial sediment may be stored in a dry, cool place at room temperature.
Erityistapauksissa, esimerkiksi silloin, kun ikääntyminen katsotaan ratkaisevaksi tekijäksi, lopullisen testisubstraatin valmistamisen ja punkkien lisäämisen välistä aikaa voidaan pidentää (ikääntymisestä tarkemmin ks. (18)).
The prepared, wet sediment may be stored (for further use in the culture only) at 4 ± 2 °C in the dark for a period of 2 to 4 weeks from the day of preparation (8).
Näissä tapauksissa on kuitenkin esitettävä tieteelliset perustelut sille, miksi näin toimittiin.
Sediment spiked with the test substance should be used immediately unless there is information indicating that the particular sediment can be stored without affecting the toxicity and bioavailability of the test substance.
Asianmukaisia tilastomenetelmiä tulee käyttää ekotoksisuustietojen tilastollisessa analyysissa sovellettavia nykyisiä lähestymistapoja koskevan OECD:n asiakirjan nro 54 mukaan (Current Approaches in the Statistical Analysis of Ecotoxicity Data: a Guidance to Application).
Samples of spiked sediment may be stored under the conditions recommended for the particular test substance until analysis.
Monivertailuja (esimerkiksi Dunnettin testiä) tai alaspäin askeltavia trenditestejä (esimerkiksi Williamsin testiä, jos annosvastesuhde on monotoninen) voidaan käyttää sen laskemiseen, onko kontrollien ja testin kohteen eri pitoisuuksien välillä merkitseviä eroja (p ≤ 0,05) (suositellun testin valinta OECD:n ohjeasiakirjan nro 54 mukaan (Current Approaches in the Statistical Analysis of Ecotoxicity Data: a Guidance to Application)).
Oligochaetes species recommended for bioaccumulation testing
JSS – Journal of Soils and Sediments 3, 73–77.
Tubifex tubifex (MÜLLER),Tubificidae, Oligochaeta
Academia Prague & SPD Academic Publishing bv, The Hague, Vol.
The tubificid oligochaete (Tubificidae, Oligochaeta) Tubifex tubifex (Müller) lives in freshwater sediments in tubes which are lined with mucus.
2, 487–492
In these tubes the worms dwell head down, ingesting sediment particles utilising the associated microorganisms and organic debris.
Soil Toxicity Tests – Invertebrates.
The posterior portion usually undulates in the overlying water for respiration purposes.
ENV/JM/MONO(2006)18.
Although this species inhabits a wide range of sediment types all over the northern hemisphere, Tubifex tubifex prefers relatively fine grain sizes (59).
Muninta on kiivaimmillaan 10–40 päivän iässä (täysikasvuiseksi tulon jälkeen), jolloin tuotettujen munien määrä on 2,2 munaa naarasta kohti päivässä.
The suitability of this species for ecotoxicological testing is described for example in (8)(29)(31)(39)(60)(62)(63).
Kehittymisaika munasta täysikasvuiseksi naaraaksi on noin 20 päivää 20 °C:ssa.
In order to have a sufficient number of Tubifex tubifex for conducting bioaccumulation tests the worms have to be kept in permanent laboratory culture.
Etukäteen kannattaa ylläpitää useampaa kuin yhtä viljelmää.
A system consisting of artificial sediment based on the artificial soil according to Test Method C.8 (40) and reconstituted water according to test method C.1 is recommended for T. tubifex culture (8).
Typrophagus putrescentiae -lajin kasvatus:
Each culture container is loaded with a layer of wet artificial sediment prepared as described in Appendix 5.
Punkkeja pidetään lasiastiassa, joka on täytetty hienolla leivontahiivajauheella ja joka sijoitetaan KNO3-liuoksella täytettyyn muoviämpäriin, jotta punkit eivät pääse pois astiasta.
A higher loading may cause a reduction in growth and reproduction rates (43).
Berlese-Tullgrenin suppilo tai vastaava menetelmä, esimerkiksi McFadyenin kehittämä (lämmitetään ylhäältäpäin, näyte laitetaan suppiloon)
Sampling of worms from the culture can be done by sieving the culture sediment through a 1 mm sieve if only adults are required.
68(3):277–91.
The sieves can be placed into reconstituted water after the sediment has passed through.
Toxicological Sciences;67(1):121–30.
Only intact and clearly identified specimens of Tubifex tubifex (e.g. (64)) are used to start a test or new cultures.
123(2):113–25.
Lumbriculus variegatus (MÜLLER), Lumbriculidae, Oligochaeta
23(3):774–81.
Lumbriculus variegatus (Lumbriculidae, Oligochaeta) is also an inhabitant of freshwater sediments worldwide and is widely used in ecotoxicological testing.
Paris.
Information on the biology, culture conditions, and sensitivity of the species can be obtained from (1)(6)(9)(36).
Aquatic Toxicology, 76; pp.
Lumbriculus variegatus can also be cultured in the artificial sediment recommended for T. tubifex according to (8) within certain limitations.
69–92.
Since, in nature L. variegatus prefers more coarse sediments than T. tubifex (59), laboratory cultures with the artificial sediment used for T. tubifex may cease after 4 to 6 months.
Screening and testing for endocrine disruption in fish-biomarkers as ’signposts,’ not ’traffic lights,’ in risk assessment.
Practical experience has shown that L. variegatus can be held in a sandy substratum (e.g. quartz sand, fine gravel) in a flow-through system using fish food as nutritional source over several years without renewing the substratum.
Environmental Health Perspectives;114 Suppl 1:106–14.
A major advantage of L. variegatus over other aquatic oligochaete species is its quick reproduction, resulting in rapidly increasing biomass in laboratory-cultured populations (1)(6)(9)(10).
47, 129–145.
, ASTM (2000) (1), U.S.
27, 478–488.
The worms can be cultured in large aquaria (57 - 80 l) at 23 °C with a 16L:8D photoperiod (100 - 1000 lux) using daily renewed natural water (45 - 50 l per aquarium).
ENV/JM/MONO(2012)22.
Static or semi-static cultures should receive lower feeding rates to prevent bacterial and fungal growth.
Testiorganismien ikä