natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Transfer the worms carefully to a pre-weighed vessel and weigh them.
Jos testissä käytetään muita mittauslaitteita (joilla ei ole valmistajan sertifioimaa kalibrointia), muuntaminen on suositeltavaa tehdä koko asteikolla säännöllisin väliajoin (ks. lisäys 2).
Sacrifice the worms by freezing (e.g. ≤ – 18 °C).
Tämä koskee koeasetelmaa ja -olosuhteita, joissa muodostuneen kaasun määrää nollakontrolleissa ja astioissa, joissa inhibitio on 70–80 prosenttia, voidaan arvioida siten, että virhemarginaali pysyy hyväksyttävällä tasolla.
The presence and number of cocoons and/or juveniles should be recorded.
Veden ilmastusta voidaan ylläpitää kuplalaitteilla.
In general, the worms should be weighed and sacrificed immediately after sampling without a gut purging phase to obtain a conservative BAF which includes contaminated gut content, and to avoid losses of body residues during any gut-purging period in water only (8).
Kuplalaitteiden teho on suositeltavaa säätää siten, etteivät ne aiheuta tarpeetonta stressiä sammakonpoikasille.
Substances with log Kow above 5 are not expected to be eliminated significantly during any gut-purging period in water only, while substances with log Kow lower than 4 may be lost in notable amounts (47).
20 °C:n lämpötilassa ja vakiopaineessa ASV makeassa vedessä on 9,1 mg/l (60 prosenttia vastaa arvoa 5,46 mg/l)
During the elimination phase, the worms purge their gut in clean sediment.
Elohopea(II)kloridi (HgCl2) on erittäin myrkyllinen aine, jonka käsittelyssä on noudatettava asianmukaisia varotoimia.
This means, measurements immediately before the elimination phase include contaminated gut sediment, while after the initial 4-24 h of the elimination phase, most of the contaminated gut content is assumed to be replaced by clean sediment (11)(47).
Tätä kemikaalia sisältävät nestemäiset jätteet on hävitettävä asianmukaisesti;
The concentration in the worms of this sample may then be considered as the tissue concentration after gut purge.
niitä ei saa laittaa jätevesijärjestelmään.
To account for dilution of the test substance concentration by uncontaminated sediment during the elimination phase, the weight of the gut content may be estimated from worm wet weight/worm ash weight or worm dry weight/worm ash weight ratios.
niitä ei saa laittaa jätevesijärjestelmään.
If the purpose of a specific study is to measure the bioavailability and true tissue residues in the test organisms, then at least a sub-sample of treated animals (e.g. from three additional replicate vessels), preferably sampled during steady state, should be weighed, purged in clean water for a period of 6 hours (47), and weighed again before analysis.
Mädätetty liete on seos, joka muodostuu selkeytetystä jätevedestä ja aktiivilietteestä, kun niitä on inkuboitu anaerobisessa mädätyslaitteistossa noin 35 °C:ssa biomassan ja hajuongelmien vähentämiseksi ja lietteen vedenpoistokyvyn parantamiseksi.
Data on worm weight and body concentration of this sub-sample can then be compared to values obtained from un-purged worms.
Se koostuu hiilidioksidia ja metaania tuottavien anaerobisten fermentatiivisten ja metanogeenisten bakteerien assosioitumisesta.
The worms designated for measurement of elimination should not be purged before the transfer to clean sediment to minimise additional stress for the animals.
Osuus n2:sta
Preferably analyse the water, sediment, and worm samples immediately (i.e. within 1-2 d) after removal in order to prevent degradation or other losses and to calculate the approximate uptake and elimination rates as the test proceeds.
Lisäksi suositellaan, että tulppien, etenkin butyylikumitulppien, kaasutiiviys testataan, koska monet kaupallisesti saatavilla olevat tulpat eivät ole riittävän tiiviitä metaanin suhteen, ja jotkin tulpat eivät pysy tiiviinä, kun ne puhkaistaan neulalla testiolosuhteissa.
Immediate analysis also avoids delay in determining when a plateau has been reached.
Laitetta tulisi käyttää ja se olisi kalibroitava säännöllisin väliajoin valmistajan ohjeiden mukaisesti.
Failing immediate analysis, the samples should be stored under appropriate conditions.
Kalibroinnin tarkkuus voidaan tarkistaa laboratoriossa yksipistemittauksella 1 × 105 Pa:n paineella sellaisella painemittarilla, jossa on mekaaninen näyttö.
Obtain information on the stability and proper storage conditions for the particular test substance before beginning the study, (e.g. duration and temperature of storage, extraction procedures, etc.).
Jos testissä käytetään muita mittauslaitteita (joilla ei ole valmistajan sertifioimaa kalibrointia), kalibrointi on suositeltavaa tehdä koko asteikolla säännöllisin väliajoin.
If such information is not available and it is judged to be necessary, spiked control tissues can be run concurrently to determine storage stability.
Tämä on arvioitava uudelleen, jos testissä käytetään adsorptiivisia ja liukenemattomia vertailukemikaaleja.
Quality of analytical method
Kasvinsuojeluaineilla tehtävistä kolonniuuttumistutkimuksista voidaan saada tietoa testikemikaalin ja sen hajoamistuotteiden kulkeutumista, ja niillä voidaan täydentää eräkohtaisia sorptiotutkimuksia.
Since the whole procedure is governed essentially by the accuracy, precision and sensitivity of the analytical method used for the test substance, check experimentally that the precision and reproducibility of the chemical analysis, as well as the recovery of the test substance from water, sediment and worm samples are satisfactory for the particular method.
Lieriönmuotoisiin maakolonneihin applikoitava määrä voidaan laskea seuraavalla kaavalla:M μgA kgha109μgkgd2cm2π108cm2ha4jossaM kolonnia kohti applikoitava määrä [μg]A applikoitava määrä [kg · ha– 1]d maakolonnin halkaisija [cm]π 3,14.
Also, check that the test substance is not detectable in the control chambers in concentrations higher than background.
FAO- ja USDA-järjestelmän mukaisesti (14).
If necessary, correct the values of Cw, Cs and Ca for the recoveries and background values of controls.
§ Vastaavien muuttujien arvojen tulisi olla ilmoitetun vaihteluvälin mukaisia.
The overall recovery and the recovery of test substance in worms, sediment, water, and, if employed, in traps containing absorbents to retain evaporated test substance, should be recorded and reported.
‡ Maa-ainekset, joiden orgaanisen hiilen pitoisuus on vähemmän kuin 0,3 prosenttia, saattavat häiritä orgaanisen pitoisuuden ja adsorption välistä korrelaatiota.
Since the use of radiolabelled substances is recommended, it is possible to analyse for total radioactivity (i.e. parent and degradation products).
Siksi on suositeltavaa käyttää maa-ainesta, jonka orgaanisen hiilen vähimmäispitoisuus on 0,3 prosenttia.
However, if analytically feasible, quantification of parent substance and degradation products at steady state or at the end of the uptake phase can provide important information.
# Maa-aineksia, joiden hiilipitoisuus on hyvin suuri (esimerkiksi > 10 prosenttia), ei välttämättä hyväksytä laillisesti esimerkiksi torjunta-aineiden rekisteröintitarkoituksiin.
If it is intended to perform such measurements, the samples should then be subjected to appropriate extraction procedures so that the parent substance can be quantified separately.
Tämä simuloi erittäin suurta sademäärää.
Where a detected degradation product represents a significant percentage (e.g. > 10 %) of the radioactivity measured in the test organisms at steady state or at the end of the uptake phase, it is recommended to identify such degradation products (5).
Esimerkiksi Keski-Euroopan vuotuinen sademäärä on keskimäärin 800–1000 mm.
Due to low individual biomass, it is often not possible to determine the concentration of test substance in each individual worm, unless Branchiura sowerbyi (40-50 mg wet weight per worm) is used as test species (11).
Esimerkkejä häiriintyneen maan maamassan tiheydestä:hiekkamaa 1,66 g · ml– 1hiesupitoinen hiekkamaa 1,58 g · ml– 1hiesumaa 1,17 g · ml– 1silttimaa 1,11 · g ml– 1
Therefore, pooling of the individuals sampled from a given test vessel is acceptable, but it does restrict the statistical procedures which can be applied to the data.
Suotoveden tyypilliset määrät ovat noin 230–260 ml, mikä vastaa noin 92–104 prosenttia applikoidun keinosateen kokonaismäärästä (251 ml), kun käytetään maakolonneja, joiden halkaisija on 4 cm ja pituus 30 cm.
If a specific statistical procedure and power are important considerations, then an adequate number of test animals and/or replicate test chambers to accommodate the desired pooling, procedure and power, should be included in the test.
Maa-aineksessa voi muodostua useampi kuin yksi pääasiallinen hajoamistuote, ja niitä voi muodostua myös eri aikoina hajoamistutkimuksen aikana.
It is recommended that the BAF is expressed both as a function of total wet weight, total dry weight, and, when required (e.g. for highly lipophilic substances) as a function of the lipid content and the TOC of the sediment.
Tällaisessa tapauksessa voi olla tarpeen tehdä uuttumistutkimuksia eri-ikäisillä vanhentuneilla jäämillä.
Suitable methods should be used for determination of lipid content (48)(49).
Tätä testimenetelmää koskeva alkuperäinen esitys perustui C. V. Eadsforthin ja P. Moserin kirjoittamaan artikkeliin (1).
The chloroform/methanol extraction technique (50) may be recommended as standard method (48).
painotettu keskiarvolog Pow
However, to avoid the use of chlorinated solvents, a ring-tested modification of the Bligh & Dyer method (50) as described in (51) might be used.
pinta-ala %
Since the various methods do not give identical values (48), it is important to detail the method used.
piihin pinta-ala yhteensä %
When possible, i.e. if sufficient worm tissue is available, the lipid content is measured in the same sample or extract as that produced for analysis for the test substance, since the lipids often have to be removed from the extract before it is analysed by chromatography (5).
pinta-ala %i
However, it is practical to use acclimatised control animals at least at start or — preferably — at the end of the uptake phase to measure the lipid content, e.g. in three samples.
Guideline for Testing of Chemicals – Partition Coefficient (n-octanol/water):
The uptake curve of the test substance is obtained by plotting in arithmetic scale the concentration of test substance in/on the worms during the uptake phase against time.
A tool for the quantitative prediction of bioactivity – Available from Pomona College Medical Chemistry Project, Pomona College, Claremont, California 91711
If the curve has reached a plateau, calculate the steady state BAFss:
Chim.
at steady state or at day 28mean
vuorovaikutustermit
Determine the kinetic bioaccumulation factor (BAFK) as the ratio ks/ke.
ACS – Symposium Series 255, s. 225, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C.
The elimination constant (ke) is usually determined from the elimination curve (i.e. a plot of the concentration of the test substance in the worms during the elimination phase).
Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata
The uptake rate constant ks is then calculated from the uptake curve kinetics.
(Jos leväpitoisuus on nolla yhdessä kahdesta tai kolmesta toistoissa käytetyssä astiassa, tämä voi olla merkki siitä, että levien siirrostamista astiaan ei ole tehty oikein tai astiaa ei ole puhdistettu kunnolla.)
The preferred method for obtaining BAFK and the rate constants, ks, and ke, is to use non-linear parameter estimation methods on a computer (see Appendix 2).
Testiraportissa on perusteltava selvästi, minkä vuoksi datapiste on hylätty vieraana havaintona.
If the elimination is obviously not first-order, then more complex models should be employed (25)(27)(52).
Sen perusteella, mihin tietoja aiotaan käyttää, mikä on niiden laatu (tarkkuus) ja määrä ja mitä välineitä on käytettävissä niiden analysoimiseen, voidaan päättää, että tietojen analysointi lopetetaan tähän vaiheeseen (mikä on joskus hyvin aiheellistakin), ja ainoastaan lukea keskeiset arvot EC50 ja EC10 (ja/tai EC20) silmämääräisesti piirretyltä käyrältä (ks. myös jäljempänä oleva kohta stimuloivista vaikutuksista).
The biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) is determined by normalising the BAFK for the worm lipid content and the sediment total organic carbon content.
International Organisation for Standardization (ISO) (1993).
The results should be interpreted with caution where measured concentrations of test concentrations occur at levels close to the detection limit of the analytical method used.
ISO 8692: Water quality – Algal growth inhibition test.
Clearly defined uptake and elimination curves are an indication of good quality bioaccumulation data.
International Organisation for Standardization (ISO) (1998).
Generally the confidence limits for the BAF values from well-designed studies should not exceed 25 % (5).
Water quality – Guidelines for algal growth inhibition tests with poorly soluble materials, volatile compounds, metals and waster water.
The test report must include the following information.
ISO 5667-16 Water quality – Sampling – Part 16:
physical nature and, physicochemical properties e.g. log Kow, water solubility;
919–925
chemical identification data;
1096–1121.
source of the test substance, identity and concentration of any solvent used;
SAKSA
if radiolabelled, the precise position of the labelled atoms, the specific radioactivity, and the percentage of radioactivity associated with impurities.
8–14 × 2–3
scientific name, strain, source, any pre-treatment, acclimation, age, size-range, etc..
7–15 × 3–12
type and characteristics of illumination used and photoperiod(s);
40–60 [1]
test design (e.g. number, material and size of test chambers, water volume, sediment mass and volume, water volume replacement rate (for flow-through or semi-static procedures), any aeration used before and during the test, number of replicates, number of worms per replicate, number of test concentrations, length of uptake and elimination phases, sampling frequency);
60–80 [1]
method of test substance preparation and application as well as reasons for choosing a specific method;
40–50 [1]
the nominal test concentrations;
30–40 [1]
source of the constituents of the artificial water and sediment or — if natural media are used — origin of the water and the sediment, description of any pre-treatment, results of any demonstration of the ability of the test animals to live and/or reproduce in the media used, sediment characteristics (pH and ammonia of the pore water (natural sediments), organic carbon content (TOC), particle size distribution (percent sand, silt, and clay), percent water content, and any other measurements made) and water characteristics (pH, hardness, conductivity, temperature, dissolved oxygen concentration, residual chlorine levels (if measured), and any other measurements made);
1,2–1,5
the nominal and measured dry weight in % of wet weight (or dry weight-to-wet weight ratio) of the artificial sediment;
1,1–1,4
the measured dry weight in % of wet weight (or dry weight-to-wet weight ratio) for field sediments;
2,0–2,4
water quality within the test chambers as characterised by temperature, pH, ammonium, total hardness, and dissolved oxygen concentration;
pHeq = 11,30 + log [HCO3]
detailed information on the treatment of water, sediment, and worm samples, including details of preparation, storage, spiking procedures, extraction, and analytical procedures (and precision) for the test substance and lipid content, and recoveries of the test substance.
92,760 mg
mortality of the control worms and the worms in each test chamber and any observed sublethal effects including abnormal behaviour (e.g., sediment avoidance, presence or absence of fecal pellets, lack of reproduction);
207,690 mg
the measured dry weight in % of wet weight (or dry weight-to-wet weight ratio) of the sediment and the test organisms (useful for normalisation);
1,635 mg
the lipid content of the worms;
79,880 mg
curves showing the uptake and elimination kinetics of the test substance in the worms, and the time to steady state;
0,714 mg
Ca, Cs and Cw (with standard deviation and range, if appropriate) for all sampling times (Ca expressed in g kg– 1 wet and dry weight of whole body, Cs expressed in g kg– 1 wet and dry weight of sediment, and Cw in mg l– 1).
3,630 mg
If a biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF; see Appendix 1 for definition) is required (e.g. for comparison of results from two or more tests performed with animals of differing lipid content), Ca should additionally be expressed as g kg– 1 lipid content of the organism, and Cs should be expressed as g kg– 1 organic carbon (OC) of the sediment;
0,006 mg
BAF (expressed in kg wet sediment kg– 1 wet worm), sediment uptake rate constant ks (expressed in g wet sediment kg– 1 of wet worm d– 1), and elimination rate constant ke (expressed in d– 1);
Normalisointi kontrollien keskimääräisen vasteen avulla aiheuttaa joitakin periaatteellisia ongelmia ja johtaa melko mutkikkaaseen varianssirakenteeseen.
BSAF (expressed in kg sediment OC kg– 1 worm lipid content) may be reported additionally;
Vastearvojen jakaminen kontrollien keskimääräisellä vastearvolla kasvunestymisprosentin määrittämiseksi aiheuttaa lisävirheen, joka johtuu kontrollien keskiarvoon liittyvästä virheestä.
Non-eliminated residues (NER) at end of elimination phase;
Vettä, synteettistä jätevesiravinnetta sekä testikemikaalia sisältävät testiseokset (taulukon 1 FT) valmistetaan siten, että testikemikaalin nimellispitoisuudet niissä poikkeavat toisistaan (ainesosien esimerkkitilavuuksista ks. taulukko 1). pH-arvoa säädetään tarvittaessa siten, että se on 7,5 ± 0,5.
if measured:
Lopuksi mainittakoon, että myös adsorptiiviset aineet on punnittava suoraan testiastioihin ja astiat on silanoitava, jotta ainetta menetetään adsorption vuoksi mahdollisimman vähän.
percentages of parent substance, degradation products, and bound residues (i.e. the percentage of test substance that cannot be extracted with common extraction methods) detected in the test animals;
on nitrifikaatiosta johtuva hapenotto (mg/lh);
methods used for statistical analyses of the data.
The use of copper(II)sulphate pentahydrate as reference substance in the activated sludge respiration inhibition test – acc. to the OECD guideline 209.
Evaluation of results
ISO 10634 Water Quality – Guidance for the preparation and treatment of poorly water-soluble organic compounds for the subsequent evaluation of their biodegradability in aqueous medium, International Organization for Standardization.
compliance of the results with the validity criteria as listed in paragraph 21;
EyCx (versojen lukumäärä) ja EyCx (versojen kokonaispinta-ala, kuivapaino tai tuorepaino).
unexpected or unusual results, e.g. incomplete elimination of the test substance from the test animals;
US EPA – United States Environmental Protection Agency.
in such cases results from any preliminary study may provide useful information.
AFNOR – Association Française de Normalisation.
Artificial sediment, or formulated, reconstituted or synthetic sediment, is a mixture of materials used to mimic the physical components of a natural sediment.
SSI – Swedish Standards Institute.
Bioaccumulation is the increase in concentration of the test substance in or on an organism relative to the concentration of the test substance in the surrounding medium.
Vattenundersökningar – Bestämning av tillväxthämning (7 dygn) hos flytbladsväxten Lemna minor, andmat.
Bioaccumulation results from both bioconcentration and biomagnification processes (see below).
WRc plc – Environment Agency.
The bioaccumulation factor (BAF) at any time during the uptake phase of this bioaccumulation test is the concentration of test substance in/on the test organism (Ca in g kg– 1 wet or dry weight) divided by the concentration of the substance in the surrounding medium (Cs as g kg– 1 of wet or dry weight of sediment).
International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO).
In order to refer to the units of Ca and Cs, the BAF has the units of kg sediment kg– 1 worm (15).
Water Quality – Determination of the Toxic Effect of Water Constituents and Waste Water to Duckweed (Lemna minor) – Duckweed Growth Inhibition Test.
Biomagnification is the increase in concentration of the test substance in or on an organism, resulting mainly from uptake from contaminated food or prey, relative to the concentration of the test substance in the food or prey.
Christensen, E.R., Nyholm, N. (1984):
Biomagnification can lead to a transfer or accumulation of the test substance within food webs.
Lemna-lajien hankintalähteitä
The biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) is the lipid-normalised steady state concentration of test substance in/on the test organism divided by the organic carbon-normalised concentration of the substance in the sediment at steady state.
Yhdysvallat Puhelin:
Ca is then expressed as g kg– 1 lipid content of the organism, and Cs as g kg– 1 organic content of the sediment.
Ruotsi
The conditioning period is used to stabilise the microbial component of the sediment and to remove e.g. ammonia originating from sediment components; it takes place prior to spiking of the sediment with the test substance.
Deutschland
The elimination of a test substance is the loss of this substance from the test organism tissue by active or passive processes that occurs independently of presence or absence of the test substance in the surrounding medium.
Environmental Research, 52:7–22.
The elimination phase is the time, following the transfer of the test organisms from a contaminated medium to a medium free of the test substance, during which the elimination (or the net loss) of the substance from the test organisms is studied.
(mg/·l)
The elimination rate constant (ke) is the numerical value defining the rate of reduction in the concentration of the test substance in/on the test organism, following the transfer of the test organisms from a medium containing the test substance to a chemical-free medium;
Viljelyaineen pH säädetään arvoon 6,5 ± 0,2 käyttämällä 0,1 tai 1 mol HCl:a tai NaOH:a, minkä jälkeen lisätään deionisoitua vettä, kunnes tilavuus on yksi litra.
ke is expressed in d– 1.
AAP-viljelyaine
The equilibration period is used to allow for distribution of the test substance between the solid phase, the pore water and the overlying water;
Kantaliuokset valmistetaan steriiliin tislattuun tai deionisoituun veteen.
it takes place after spiking of the sediment with the test substance and prior to addition of the test organisms.
Tällaisissa olosuhteissa kantaliuokset säilyvät ainakin 6–8 viikkoa.
The octanol-water partitioning coefficient (Kow) is the ratio of substance's solubility in n-octanol and in water at equilibrium, also sometimes expressed as Pow.
(I. Sims, P. Whitehouse and R. Lacey.
The logarithm of Kow (log Kow) is used as an indication of a substance's potential for bioaccumulation by aquatic organisms.
(1999) The OECD Lemna Growth Inhibition Test.
The organic carbon-water partitioning coefficient (Koc) is the ratio of a substance's concentration in/on the organic carbon fraction of a sediment and the substance's concentration in water at equilibrium.
Development and Ring-testing of draft OECD Test Guideline.
Overlying water is the water lying on top of the sediment in the test vessel.
R&D Technical Report EMA 003.
A plateau or steady state is defined as the equilibrium between the uptake and elimination processes that occur simultaneously during the exposure phase.
WRc plc – Environment Agency.)
The steady state is reached in the plot of the BAF at each sampling period against time when the curve becomes parallel to the time axis and three successive analyses of BAF made on samples taken at intervals of at least two days are within 20 % of each other, and there are no statistically significant differences among the three sampling periods.
(g/·l) [1]
For test substances which are taken up slowly, more appropriate intervals would be seven days (5).
(mg/·l) [1]
The sediment uptake rate constant (ks) is the numerical value defining the rate of increase in the concentration of the test substance in/on the test organism resulting from uptake from the sediment phase. ks is expressed in g sediment kg– 1 of worm d– 1.
Na; N
Spiked sediment is sediment to which test substance has been added.
190; 84