natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Any water which conforms to the chemical characteristics of an acceptable dilution water as listed in Appendix 4 and in which the test species shows control survival at least as good as that described in Appendices 2 and 3 is suitable as a test water. It should be of constant quality during the period of the test.
Testivedeksi käy vesi, joka täyttää lisäyksessä 4 mainitut hyväksyttävän laimennusveden kemiallisia ominaisuuksia koskevat vaatimukset ja jossa testilaji säilyy elossa vähintään yhtä kauan kuin lisäyksissä 2 ja 3 edellytetään.
As larvae are not fed during the exposure period, the test should be terminated just before the yolk sac of any larvae in any of the test chambers has been completely absorbed or before mortalities by starvation start in controls. The duration will depend upon the species used.
Koska toukkia ei ruokita altistuksen aikana, testi olisi lopetettava juuri ennen kuin mahdollisten toukkien ruskuaispussi on imeytynyt täydellisesti yhdessäkään testiastiassa tai ennen kuin kontrolleissa havaitaan ravinnonpuutteesta johtuvia kuolemantapauksia.Testin kesto riippuu käytetystä lajista.
At the end of the test, individual weights can be measured; dry weights (24 hours at 60 oC) are preferable to wet weights (blotted dry).
Kuivapaino (24 tuntia, 60 oC) on suositeltavampi kuin märkäpaino (eläimet kuivataan pinnalta).
Generally, in a well-run test, the coefficient of variation for weight among replicates in the controls should be ≤ 20 %.
Hyvin tehdyssä testissä kontrollirinnakkaisten painon vaihtelukerroin saisi olla enintään 20 %.
It is recommended that a statistician be involved in both the design and analysis of the test since the method allows for considerable variation in experimental design as, for example, in the number of test chambers, number of test concentrations, starting number of fertilised eggs and in the parameters measured.
Suositellaan, että sekä testin suunnittelussa että analysoinnissa on mukana tilastotieteilijä, koska menetelmä mahdollistaa huomattavan vaihtelun kokeen suunnittelussa. Esim. testiastioiden lukumäärä, testipitoisuuksien lukumäärä, hedelmöityneiden munien lukumäärä testin alussa ja mitattava muuttuja voivat vaihdella.
In view of the options available in test design, specific guidance on statistical procedures is not given here.
Koska testi voidaan suunnitella monella tavalla, tässä ei anneta erityisohjeita tilastomenetelmistä.
Goldfish (8)
Kultakala (8)
Herring (24)(25)
Silli (24) (25)
Cod (24)(25)
Turska (24) (25)
The fish should be provided with a varied diet, which may consist of, for example, appropriate commercial dry food, live newly hatched Arthemia, chironomids, Daphnia, white worms (Enchytraeids).
Kaloille pitäisi antaa vaihtelevaa ravintoa, jossa voi olla esimerkiksi sopivaa kaupallista kuivarehua, eläviä vasta kuoriutuneita Arthemia-vesikirppuja, surviaissääskiä, Daphnia-vesikirppuja ja ankyrimatoja (Enchytracids).
Two procedures are outlined below, which in practice have led to a sufficient batch of healthy, fertilised eggs for a test to be run:
Seuraavassa selostetaan kaksi menetelmää, joilla on saatu käytännössä riittävä määrä terveitä, hedelmöityneitä munia testiä varten:
After the fish have been left in dark for 12 hours, a faint light is turned on which will initiate the spawning.
Kun kalat ovat olleet pimeässä 12 tuntia, sytytetään heikko valo, joka käynnistää parittelun.
Two to four hours after spawning, the spawning tray is removed and the eggs collected.
Kahdesta neljään tuntia parittelun jälkeen tarjotin otetaan pois ja munat kerätään.
Male fish lack papillae.
Koiraskaloilla ei ole kyseisiä nystyjä.
Spawning is performed in spawning tanks equipped with a false mesh bottom (as above).
Parittelu tapahtuu parittelutankeissa, joissa on verkosta tehty valepohja (kuten edellä).
The tank is filled with dilution water, so that the depth of water above the mesh is 5-10 cm.
Tankki täytetään laimennusvedellä niin, että vettä on verkon päällä 5–10 cm.
One female and two males are placed in the tank the day before the intended spawning.
Yksi naaras ja kaksi koirasta pannaan tankkiin päivää ennen aiottua parittelua.
In the morning a faint light is turned on which will initiate spawning.
Aamulla sytytään heikko valo, joka käynnistää parittelun.
After two to four hours, the fish are removed and the eggs collected.
Kahdesta neljään tuntia parittelun jälkeen kalat otetaan pois ja munat kerätään.
Microscopic examination of sample(s) of the batch(es) should be carried out to ensure that there are no irregularities in the first developmental stages.
Munista pitäisi ottaa näytteitä ja tutkia niitä mikroskoopissa sen varmistamiseksi, ettei ensimmäisissä kehitysvaiheissa esiinny epänormaaleja ilmiöitä.
Disinfection of the eggs is not allowed.
Munia ei saa desinfioida.
The mortality rate of the eggs is highest within the first 24 hours after fertilisation.
Munien kuolleisuus on suurin ensimmäisten 24 tunnin aikana hedelmöityksestä.
A mortality of 5-40 % is often seen during this period.
Kuolleisuus on tänä aikana usein 5–40 prosenttia.
Eggs degenerate as a result of unsuccessful fertilisation or development failures.
Munat hajoavat hedelmöittymisen epäonnistumisen tai kehityshäiriöiden takia.
The quality of the batch of eggs seems to depend on the female fish, as some females consistently produce good quality eggs, others never will.
Munien laatu näyttää riippuvan naaraista, koska jotkut naaraat tuottavat jatkuvasti hyvälaatuisia munia ja toiset eivät koskaan.
Optimal values for pH values and hardness of the dilution water are 7,8 and 250 mg CaCO3/l respectively.
Optimiarvo pH:lle on 7,8 ja laimennusveden kovuudelle 250 mg CaCO3/l. LASKUTOIMITUKSET JA TILASTOLLINEN KÄSITTELY
First, the data on mortality, abnormal development and hatching-time are analysed statistically.
Ensin käsitellään tilastollisesti kuolleisuutta, epänormaalia kehittymistä ja kuoriutumisaikaa koskevat tulostiedot.
AND EC50 DETERMINATIONS
LC50- JA EC-50-MÄÄRITYKSET
The percentage of surviving eggs and larvae is calculated and corrected for mortality in the controls in accordance with Abbott’s formula (4):
Eloonjääneiden munien ja toukkien määrä lasketaan prosentteina ja korjataan kontrollien kuolleisuuden suhteen Abbottin kaavalla (4):
P corrected % survival
P korjattu eloonjäämisprosentti
If possible, the LC50 is determined by a suitable method at the end of the test.
Jos mahdollista, LC50 määritetään sopivalla menetelmällä testin lopussa.
If the inclusion of morphological abnormalities in the EC50 statistic is desired, guidance can be found in Stephan (5).
Jos EC50-tilastoihin halutaan sisällyttää epämuotoisuudet, ohjeita on viitteessä Stephan (5).
ESTIMATION OF LOEC AND NOEC
LOEC:N JA NOEC:N ESTIMOINTI
An objective of the egg and sac-fry test is to compare the non-zero concentrations with the control, i.e. to determine the LOEC.
Muna- ja ruskuaispussitestin tarkoitus on verrata kontrolleja ja nollasta poikkeavia pitoisuuksia, ts. määrittää LOEC.
(hrs)
(tuntia)
Embryo
Alkiovaihe
Sucrose solution in water with a final concentration of 500 g/l (50 % w/v) should be used as food and provided ad libitum during the test time, using a bee feeder. This can be a glass tube (approximately 50 mm long and 10 mm wide with the open end narrowed to about 2 mm diameter).
Ravintona käytetään sakkaroosiliuosta, jonka pitoisuus on 500 g/l (50 % w/v), ja sitä annetaan ad libitum testin ajan annostelulaitteen avulla, joka voi olla lasiputki (n. 50 mm pitkä ja 10 mm paksu ja jonka pää kapenee niin, että halkaisija on noin 2 mm).
at the time point ti
määräosassa ajanhetkellä ti
Preferably, the same time intervals as in the adsorption kinetics experiment should be used; however, the total time may be extended as appropriate in order the system to reach desorption equilibrium.
Mieluiten käytetään samoja aikavälejä kuin adsorptiokinetiikkakokeessa; kokonaisaikaa voidaan kuitenkin tarvittaessa pidentää systeemin desorptiotasapainotilan saavuttamiseksi.
In every experiment (one soil, one solution) one blank is run.
Jokaisessa kokeessa (yksi maa-aines, yksi liuos) suoritetaan yksi nollakoe.
g-1)(cm3 g);
g-1)(cm3 .
g-1)(cm3 stribution coefficient Kd to the content of organic carbon of the soil sample:
g-1)(cm3 autumiskertoimen Kd maa-ainesnäytteen orgaanisen hiilen pitoisuuteen:
g-1)(cm3 s, the ratio between the content of the substance remaining in the soil phase and the mass concentration of the desorbed substance in the aqueous solution, when desorption equilibrium is reached:
g-1)(cm3 jääneen aineen pitoisuuden suhde desorboituneen aineen massakonsentraatioon vesiliuoksessa silloin, kun desorptiotasapainotila on saavutettu:
(R.J.
Hance ed.), Academic Press, London, pp.
2 Soils Selection of optimal soil/solution ratios
2 maa-ainesta
Determination of equilibrium time Check for adsorption on the vessel surface
Optimaalisten maa-aines/liuos-suhteiden valinta
The test test can continue by analysing both phases (soil and aqueous solution).
Onko tasapainotila saavutettu? Kyllä Kyllä Ei
5 Soils
5 maa-ainesta
g-1cm3 CaCl2 sol. to equilibrate the soil
g-1cm3 tuna
The method can be used for mixtures which give unresolved elution bands.
Menetelmää voidaan käyttää seoksille, joiden eluutiovyöhykkeet eivät erotu toisistaan.
In such a case, upper and lower limits of the log Koc values of the compounds of the test mixture should be stated.
Silloin olisi ilmoitettava testiseokseen sisältyvien yhdisteiden log Koc-arvojen ylä- ja alarajat.
Triazoxide
Triatsoksidi
UBA R & D Report No. 106 01 044 (1994).
UBA R & D Report No 106 01 044 (1994).
However, it may be advisable to increase the number of sampling occasions during the first week (e.g. three sets of measurements) to ensure that the test concentrations are remaining stable.
Voi kuitenkin olla suositeltavaa lisätä näytteenottoajankohtia ensimmäisen viikon aikana (esim. kolme määrityssarjaa) sen varmistamiseksi, että testipitoisuudet ovat pysyneet muuttumattomina.
In these types of test, the flow-rate of diluent and test substance should be checked daily.
Tällaisissa testeissä laimentimen ja testiaineen virtausnopeus on tarkistettava päivittäin.
Thermische Analyse, Begriffe
Thermische Analyse: Begriffe
Hydrometer; general instructions
Hydrormeter; general instructions
Pycnometer with ground-in thermometer and capillary side tube (for liquids which are not too viscous)
Pycnometer with ground-in thermometer and capillary side rube (for liquids which are not too viscous)
where tn, tn-1 are the times required for a given number N of revolutions.
jossa tn, tn-1 ilmaisevat annettuun kierrosmäärään N kuluvan ajan.
These time intervals tn and tn-1 succeed one another, and tn > t n-1.
Aikavälit tn ja tn-1 seuraavat toisiaan, ja tn > tn-1.
10 = Fritted bubbler
Kuplavirtausmittari
Figure 6b
Kuva 6b
An example of system for the determination of vapour pressure by the gas saturation method, with a capillary placed after the saturation chamber
Esimerkki järjestelmästä, jolla määritetään höyrynpaine kaasunkyllästymismenetelmällä ja jossa on kapillaariputki kyllästyskammion jälkeen
Neely, D.R. Branson and G.E.
Neely, D. R. Branson and G. E. Blau, Environ.
Rosenblatt (ed.), Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1983.
Reehl and D. H. Rosenblatt (ed.), Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1983.
spontaneous ignition takes place in any step of the test procedure, or
se syttyy itsestään testin jossakin vaiheessa, tai
Material is then either added with tamping, or taken out, as required, to leave the tube filled to a level 15 mm from the top.
Tämän jälkeen ainetta joko lisätään sulloen tai poistetaan niin paljon, että aineen yläpinta on 15 mm:n etäisyydellä putken reunasta.
A series of six tests are performed with a 360 N loading.
Tehdään kuuden testin sarja 360 N:n kuormalla.
If a positive event is obtained during these six tests, a further series of six tests must be performed with a 120 N loading.
Jos näiden testien aikana saadaan positiivinen tulos, tehdään toinen kuuden testin sarja 120 N:n kuormalla.
In other apparatus, the sample is compared with the chosen reference substance using an established procedure (e.g. up-and-down technique, etc.).
Jos käytetään muuntyyppistä laitetta, näytettä verrataan valittuun vertailuaineeseen hyväksyttyä menetelmää (esimerkiksi ylös-alas-tekniikkaa) käyttäen.
ignition temperature
syttymis- lämpötila
Mw/Mn < 1,20
Mw /Mn < 1,20
For each sample, two independent experiments must be carried out. They have to be analysed individually.
Kustakin näytteestä tehdään kaksi erillistä koetta, jotka on analysoitava erikseen.
Determinationn of Molecular Weight, A.R.
In: Determination of Molecular Weight, A.R.
M i
M j
Start
Aloitus
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