natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Many projects andspecific interventions in the field of drugs already containan element of evaluation and, if extended to all major drugpolicy interventions, this will gradually contribute to themeasurement of the effectiveness of European nationaldrugs strategies.
Mitmed uimastitega seotudprojektid ja konkreetsed sekkumised sisaldavad juba gult kaasa Euroopa siseriiklike narkoennetuse strateegiate
Selectedissue 2Cannabis problems in context — understanding the increase in European treatment demands
Valikteema 2Kanepiga seotud probleemid ja nende kontekst –Euroopa ravinõudluse suurenemise mõistmine
Introduction context, the aim of which is to facilitate a more informeddebate on the potential public health impact of this mostcommon of all forms of illicit drug use.
Sissejuhatus seotud probleemid ja nende kontekst“ raames, millegiks on aidata kaasa teadlikuma arutelu tekkele
The legal penalties that should apply to those who usecannabis remain an issue of some controversy in the EU (and the Member States diverge considerably in theirapproach to this question.
Õiguslik kontekst: kanepi õiguslik seisund Euroopas oopa Liidus(151
The term ‘cannabis’ is used to define various products thatare obtained from the cannabis or hemp plant (Cannabis sativa L.), an annual species native to central Asia that nowgrows in many temperate and tropical parts of the world.The numerous varieties of Cannabis sativaexhibit acorrespondingly wide range of different biological andchemical characteristics.
) poleemikat troopilistel aladel maailmas. Cannabis sativa’l on suur hulkalamliike, millel on ka vastavalt mitmesugused erinevadbioloogilised ja keemilised omadused.
Three forms of illicit cannabis arefound on the European drug market: ‘herbal cannabis’,consisting of the dried flowering tops, stems and leaves ofthe plant; ‘cannabis resin’, the dried brown or blackresinous secretions of the flowering tops, usually sold in theform of compressed blocks but sometimes also found as apowder; and, by far the least common, ‘cannabis oil’,which is a sticky viscous liquid.
Euroopauimastiturul leidub kolme ebaseaduslikku kanepitoodet: kanepitarbijatele kohaldatavate kriminaalkaristuste teema, suuresti.
Cannabis extracts are classified as narcotic drugs under Schedules I and IV of the 1961 United Nations Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs (152).
kohta I ja IV nimekirjas(152 paljud tegevused, sh narkootiliste ainete omamine.
The convention requiresmeasures to be adopted to ensure that a wide range ofactivities — including the possession of narcotic drugs —are punishable.
eligioossetekombetalituste juures, ravimtaimena ja joovastava ainena., kusjuur kaubeldav ja tarbitav ebaseaduslik narkootiline aine olli programm, 2003a).
However, Member States have to interpretand apply the convention taking into account their owncircumstances, and Article 36.1.b allows for the possibilityfor options of ‘treatment, education, after-care,rehabilitation and social reintegration’.
Hoolimatakanepi kasutamise pikast ajaloost ja praegusest gmiste variantide hulgast: “ravi, koolitus,gne hooldus, rehabilitatsioon ja sotsiaalnereintegratsioon”.
Worldwide, cannabis isnow the most commonly produced, trafficked and consumedillicit drug (UNODC, 2003a).
tervisele siiski piiratuks.
However, the extent and nature ofproblems found within populations of European cannabisconsumers remain unclear.
Viimasel ajal on oluliselt kasvanud oopa Liidus tarbimise, ja eriti just intensiivse kanepitarbimise, ningpaljude tervise- ja sotsiaalprobleemide vahel.
Selected issue 2: Cannabis problems in context — understanding the increase in European treatment demands
Valikteema 2: Kanepiga seotud probleemid ja nende kontekst – Eur giga probleemidega seotuks mingil muul keerulisemal viisil, ge pranda sellistele tarbijatele abi.
Physical, psychological and developmental problems associated with cannabis use (153
Kanepitarbimisega seostatud füüsilised,psühholoogilised ja arenguprobleemid(
Cannabis use and the measurementofproblems
Vheroiiniga, ei paista olevat eriti tugevat seost enenud prseoses intensiivse kanepitarbimisega.
It should be noted,however, that systematic and comparable data on theproblems experienced by cannabis users are largelylacking.
Kanepitarbimine ja sellega seotudprobleemide hindamine kogetavate pr T ar seose kohta kanepi tarbimise ja paljude probleemide
The scientific knowledge base in this area is stilldeveloping but does provide increasingly convincingevidence of an association between cannabis use and arange of problems, although the nature of the causallinkage is not always clear.
Kuigi rahvusvaheliselt kokku lepituddiagnoosimiskriteeriumid annavad kasulikke juhiseidkahjuliku uimastitarbimise, uimastite kuritarvitamise ja
Although the agreed international diagnostic criteriaprovide useful guidance on the definitions of harmful druguse, abuse and dependent use, problems arise whencannabis is considered in the light of available Europeanevidence (155).
oopa kohta(155 pr tarbimine”, “regulaarne tarbimine” ja “probleemne elda.
In particular, there is considerable variationin key measurement issues.
Pealegi on peamiselt vaid motoorsetele funktsioonidele (refleksid, koordinatsioon),evus- ja paanikahood ja depressioon.
However, some work in this area is under way.
Kanepi kr uurimiseks (Beck, 2003).
An additional concern withchronic use is the possible development of dependentbehaviour.
es eriti keeruline on eristada alkoholi krmuredeks selles valdkonnas on siiski suurem oht uimastit tarbiti.
The extent to which the evidence suggests thatcannabis use is a risk factor, a causal factor or simplyassociated through some more complex relationship withthese problems is explored in the review available online.
“Intensiivseks tarbimiseks” peetakse obleemide kujunemisega, sealhulgas deprskisofreenia.
To date, the most commonly used measure of intensity ofuse is the number of days on which the drug has been usedover a defined period.
Peale selle on kroonilise tarbimise puhul oht, g i
)A specific monograph on cannabis use and related problems will be published in the first half of 2005.
) eetset teavet ka oopa Narkootikumide ja Narkomaania Seirekeskuse veebisaidilt.
Figure 26:Reported primary drug among new and all clientsattending drug treatment services in 2002
Joonis 26: patsientide hulgas 2002.aastal oopa Narkootikumide ja
0 New clients
0 Uued patsiendid esse
Cannabis
Kanep kanepipr
NB:n= 42 568 (new clients), 351 372 (all clients).Countries providing data (new clients): CZ, DK, DE, EL, ES, LT, NL, SL, SK, FI, SE.Countries providing data (all clients): CZ, DK, DE, EL, ES, IT, LT, LU, HU, NL,SK, SL, FI, SE, UK.Weighted on the number of clients by country.Sources:Reitox national reports 2003.
Märkused:n =42568 (uued patsiendid), 351Andmeid esitanud riigid (uued patsiendid): CZ, DK, DE, EL, ES, LT,NL, SI, SK, FI, SE.
Between 1996 and 2002, according to TDI data fromcountries for which trend data are available, the number ofnew clients demanding treatment for cannabis as theprimary drug increased from 3713 to 12493.
,kasvas ajavahemikul 1996–2002 uute, peamise uimastina
Longitudinal data on new treatmentdemands are available from only 11 countries.
probleemidega ravil olevate inimeste hulk (joonis28).
It is alsoimportant to note here that the increase in cannabistreatment demands reflected by TDI data is strongly admissions for marijuana increased from around 20000 in1992 to nearly 90000 in 2000 (SAMHSA, 2001;EMCDDA, 2003d).
eldes 9 protsendiga 1996. aastal (vt joonis20 giti, et29%-l 2002. aastal ravi alustanud uutest klientidest olidkanepiga seotud probleemid ja et kanepiprobleemiga
)Data on new clients are not available for the United Kingdom and information is reported in the national reports.)In the United States, admissions to treatment, rather than individuals, are registered.
Krkanepiprobleemidega uute klientide osakaalusuur suurenemine eri riikides erineva ulatusega, alates 6%Hollandis kuni 31% Saksamaal(157).Narkootikumide ja Narkomaania Euroopa Tgu riiklike aruannete teave arvesse kanepitarbimise levikut Hollandis ja raviledujate osakaalu pidevat suurenemist, on see seni enebpeamise uimastina kanepit tarbivate ja sellest tingitud
Selected issue 2: Cannabis problems in context — understanding the increase in European treatment demands
Valikteema 2: Kanepiga seotud probleemid ja nende kontekst – Eur
Figure 27: Cannabis as reported primary drug among new clientsattending treatment in 2002
Joonis 27: Kanep kui peamine uimasti ravilolevate uutepatsientide hulgas 2002.aastal
Cannabis clients: characteristics and patterns of use
– emat hulka ravilviibinuid;
Most cannabisclients are referred to treatment by family and friends,social services or the criminal justice system. In comparison
(Narkootikumide ja Narkomaania Euroopa T gu aruanded, 2003);
0 Figure 28:Trends in cannabis as reported primary drug amongnew clients attending treatment: 1996–2002
0 Joonis 28: Kanepi kui peamise uimasti suundumusedravilolevate uute patsientide hulgas:1996–2002
Finland
Soome gu riikide
Netherlands
Holland suundumustega on saadaval ainult 11 riigi kohta. On
— Does it result from an increase in the regularintensive use of cannabis?
10 kus kanepi kui peamise uimastiga seotud probleemide hulk
Can this increase be explained by factors independentof an increased need for help, such as:
Hispaania arvele umbes 50% kogu teadaolevast du ainult
NB: Treatment in overall numbers (% of all clients).Average of trends (%) within countries.Countries providing data: CZ, DK, DE, EL, ES, NL, SL, SK, FI, SE.In Sweden, data for 1996–99 are from hospital treatment: the number ofcannabis cases is thus relatively low compared with other years.Sources:Reitox national reports 2003.
Allikad: otsent).Suundumuste keskmine (%) riikide hulgas.Ajavahemikule 1996–1999 vastavad andmed Rootsi kohta onhaiglaravi andmed: kanepijuhtumite arv on eelmiste aastategaeldes suhteliselt madal.Narkootikumide ja Narkomaania Euroopa Tgu riikideteabekeskuste aruanded 2003.
— expansion of the types of treatment facilitiesavailable, and in particular specific treatmentservices targeting adolescents and young people(Reitox national reports, 2003);
marihuaanapr1992. aastal ligi 90 000-le 2000. aastaks (SAMHSA,2001; Euroopa Narkootikumide ja Narkomaania Seirekeskus, 2003d).
Annual report 2004: the state of the drugs problem in the European Union and Norway with users of other drugs, a smaller proportion of cannabis
Aastaaruanne 2004: Narkoprobleemide olukord Euroopa Liidus ja Norras
Figure 29: Distribution of reported primary drug amongoutpatient treatment attendees, by age group: 2002 clients are self-referred for treatment (159
(joonis 29) (160 meessoost klientidest, kuid naiste osakaal on seal suuremanuselise ja soolise jaotuse endanud nendeinimeste ravilesuunamist, kes ei oleks sinna omal
% is also seen in the United States and Canada, wheretreatment demand for marijuana as primary substance islargely found to be not self-initiated (EMCDDA, 2003d).
On olemas mitmesuguseid standarregistreerida ravilesaabunud uimastitarbija ravile suunaja.
Cannabis clients new to treatment are predominantlyyoung, males (83%), with a mean age of 22–23 years,whereas, in the case of other drugs, the proportion ofclients who are males is marginally lower and the meanage higher.
Kanepist tingitud probleemidega kliendid, kes pole varemravi saanud, on valdavalt noored, mehed (83%), kellekeskmiseks vanuseks on 22–23 aastat, samas kui muudeuimastite korral on meessoost klientide osakaal
NB:All clients.
Märkused:
The proportion of outpatient treatment clients who usecannabis daily varies between countries. The highestproportions of daily cannabis users are reported in the Netherlands (80%) and Denmark (76%), while the highestproportion of occasional users is reported in Germany
Allikad: gem.Peaaegu 80% uute klientide puhul, keda klassifitseeritakseed” (alla 15aastased), ja 40% klientidepuhul, kelle vanus on 15–19 eluaastat, on raviletuleku patsientidest moodustavad Tnoormehed 56% ning Hispaaniast 17%.Narkootikumide ja Narkomaania Euroopa Tgu riikideteabekeskuste aruanded 2003; TDI andmed ambulatoorse ravikeskustest.
Selected issue 2: Cannabis problems in context — understanding the increase in European treatment demands than the latter.
Valikteema 2: Kanepiga seotud probleemid ja nende kontekst – Eur noor vanematega.
Figure 30:Distribution of frequency of use of reported primarydrug among all outpatient treatment attendees in 2002
Joonis 30: ambulatoorsel ravil olevate patsientide hulgas 2002.aastal
Hypnotics andsedatives
Uinutidja rahustid
Volatile inhalants
Lenduvad inhalandid
2–6 days per week
Ei ole teada
Not used in the past month/occasional
Mida nooremalt kanepit esmakordselt tarbitakse, sedasuurtarbimisega seotud probleemid (Kraus jt, 2003).
Once a week or less
20.eluaastat.
Not known
TDI andmed ambulatoorse ravikeskustest.
NB:n= 109 699 (all clients).
T eldusega, ja stimulante (25%)(erinev.
Countries providing data: CZ, DK, DE, EL, LU, HU,SE, FI, UK (CZ — all types of treatment centres).Sources:Reitox national reports 2003; TDI outpatient treatment centres.
Kliendid, kes tarbivad ainult kanepit, jakliendid, kes tarbivad lisaks kanepile muid uimasteid, onerinevad (Narkootikumide ja Narkomaania Euroopa T eldes viimatimainitutega on esimesed tavaliselt nooremad japaremini sotsiaalselt integr gema
As described above, although cannabis use increasedmarkedly in almost all countries during the 1990s and isthe most commonly used drug, most use still remainsoccasional or of short duration.
30olid arvel kui ainult kanepiprobleemiga kliendid, oli omaeeka riiklik aruanne,2003).
It is likely that those most atrisk of developing problems or becoming dependent arethose that use the drug intensively, but it is in this area thatinformation sources are weakest, although it is known that
Analoogiliselt viitab Tšehhi Vabariigi (riiklik obleemidegaraviletulnute seas mainitakse teiseste kasutatavate kanepiprpooled lisaks muid uimasteid.
)See Figure 26 OL: Most used secondary drug among all cannabis clients by country and TDI_Tbl 9 in the 2004 statistical bulletin.)See Figure 27 OL: Source of referrals among all clients, 2000–02.)See Figure 28 OL: Frequency of use among all cannabis clients and TDI_Tbl 8 in the 2004 statistical bulletin.
)Vt joonis 25 OL: Kanepi tarbimise sagedus riikide kaupa.)Vt joonis 26 OL: Enim tarvitatav teisene uimasti kanepitarbijate hulgas riikide kaupa ja tabel TDI_Tbl 9 2004. aasta statistik
Annual report 2004: the state of the drugs problem in the European Union and Norway one exception (Latvia), approximately one quarter(19–33%) of those who had used cannabis in the last month recent users (use in the last 30 days) are typically youngmales living in urban areas.
Aastaaruanne 2004: Narkoprobleemide olukord Euroopa Liidus ja Norras elda, on
In addition, dailyusers are predominantly male, although the proportionvaries from 62%in the Netherlands to 92%in Greece.
Suundumuste kohta kanepiprobleemidega klientidesotsiaaldemograafiliste tunnuste osas statistilised andmedabariik,Prantsusmaa ja Luksemburg) osutatakse, et on suurenenudklientide arv, kes kannatavad hariduslike, sotsiaalsete ja nende osakaal varieerub 62%st Hollandis 92%ni Kreekas.
‘Use in the last 30 days’ is an indicator of current use andincludes those who are using the drug intensively.
“ T aastasest Prantsuse uuringust 17–19aastaste kohta(ESCAPviimase aasta jooksul kasvanud, olles 9,2% poistest ja intensiivselt.
In recentsurveys, if Sweden (0.1%) is excluded, 1–7%of all adultsand 3–12%of young adults report having used the drug inthe last 30 days.
Hiljutise uuringu kohaselt selgus, et 1%–7% arvestamata Rootsi (0,1%).
There are differences between countries,however, and current use is most common in the Czech Republic, Spain, France, Ireland and the United Kingdom.In countries where it is possible to analyse trends in recentuse over time, an increase is found, although not adramatic one.
Siiski on riikide vahel olevat kerintensiivsemad kanepitarbijad paistavad olevat suhteliselteerunud noored inimesed, kellel puhul riskseisneb pigem teiste sotsiaalpr laialdasem Tšehhi Vabariigis, Hispaanias, Prantsusmaal, ekonna lagunemine) kui
Data enabling frequency of cannabis use in the last30days to be examined in detail are available from ninecountries — Greece, Spain, France, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,the Netherlands, Portugal and Finland (not presented).
(“20 kor ohkem” tarbijate suhtarv) = 1,5%.
Figure 31:Proportion of ‘daily users or almost daily users’ of cannabis among all adults and young adults in some EU countries, measuredby national population surveys
Joonis 31: Liidu riikides siseriiklike rahvastiku-uuringute andmetel
Young adults (15–34 years)
Allikad: gu riikide teabekeskuste 2003.
)In this section, the information will refer to ‘use on 20 days or more during the past 30 days’, expressed also as ‘daily or almost daily use’.
Narkootikumide ja Narkomaania Euroopa TVt ka rahvastiku-uuringu tabelid 2004.
)See Figure 29 OL: Proportion of daily (or almost daily) users among adults (15–64 years old) who used cannabis in the previous month.)Proportion of ‘last month’s users’ multiplied by proportion of ‘daily or almost daily users’, i.e. 6%(last month prevalence) 25%(proportion using ‘20
dtabelid 2004.aasta s sekkumine olema asjakohane ja mitte tekitamalisapr inimese kokkupuuteaste ainega.
(168 (169 times or more’) = 1.5%.
Tugevatoimeline kanep on
Even among young adults, intensive cannabis use variesamong age cohorts, and is generally higher amongyounger groups.
Kanepi kanguse ja annustega seotudküsimused
indicator data suggests that both cannabis users referredfor treatment and users as a whole constitute aheterogeneous population with correspondinglyheterogeneous needs.
On oletatud, et osaliselt on kanepi kanguse suurenemine uurimist, kui suures ulatuses on tugevatoimelise kanepiged.
Toexplore the scientific evidence available on cannabispotency a special study was conducted by the EMCDDA,the key results of which can be found on page 90.
Kanepiprobleemidega seoses abi otsivate inimeste kanguse kohta, viis Euroopa Narkootikumide ja Narkomaania Seirtulemused on kirjas lk 90.
Cannabis potency is only one factor in calculating the dosean individual will receive over any given period (Hall et al.,2001).
mille inimene saab teatava perioodi jooksul (Hall jt,2001).
Responding to the needs of those withcannabis-related problems
Manustamisviis, suitsetamistehnika, kanepi kogus
Annual report 2004: the state of the drugs problem in the European Union and Norway
Aastaaruanne 2004: Narkoprobleemide olukord Euroopa Liidus ja Norras oli 2001. aastaks saavutanud 16%.
Cannabis potency (source:EMCDDA, 2004c) at around 6–8%. The only exception is the Netherlands,where, by 2001, it had reached 16%.
Kanepi kangus (allikas:Euroopa Narkootikumideja Narkomaania Seirekeskus, 2004c)
Of the countries for whichinformation was available, cannabis resin was morecommon in Germany, Ireland, Portugal and the United Kingdom, whereas herbal cannabis was more commonin Belgium, the Czech Republic, Estonia, the Netherlandsand Austria.
, olikanepivaik rohkem levinud Saksamaal, Iirimaal,Prohkem levinud Belgias, Tšehhi Vabariigis, Eestis,Hollandis ja Austrias.
Statements in the popular media that the potency ofcannabis has increased by 10 times or more in recentdecades are not supported by the limited data that areavailable from either the United States or Europe. Thegreatest longterm changes in potency appear to haveoccurred in the United States, but it has to be borne inmind that before 1980 cannabis potency in the United States was low by European standards.
2.Pika aja jooksul ei ole Euroopasse imporditava rohkem, ei ole ei USA ega Euroopa andmetel alust.ohkem tundub kanepi kangus olevatsuurenenud USAs, kuid siinjuures tuleb meeles pidada,et varem, eriti enne 1980. aastat, oli see USAseldes Euroopaga madal.
Indoor cultivation of cannabis occurs to some extent inall European countries.
ilmnenud tagasihoidlikud muudatused THK-sisaldusesoopa Liidus kohalikulintensiivmeetodil kasvatatud kanepi suhteliseltgitakse, et oopa riikides. Hollandis hinnatakse es ulatuses.
In the Netherlands, it isestimated that this product represents over half of thecannabis consumed, but in most countries importedproducts are more important.
Selgelt ilmneb vajadus arendadaseir kanepist, kuid enamikus riikides on importtootedsuur es osas puudub.
Herbal cannabis grown indoors using intensive methods(e.g. hydroponic systems with artificial lighting,propagation by cuttings and control of day length)usually has a higher THC content than the importeddrug. Although the potency range of home-grownherbal cannabis may overlap with that of importedcannabis, the average potency of homegrown cannabiscan be two or three times greater.
4.Kasvuhoones intensiivmeetodite abil (nt kasvataminevesikultuurina ja kunstliku valgustusega, paljundamineeguleerimine)gemokannabinooli (THK) sisaldus kui imporditud kolm korda kangem kui imporditud kanep, kuigi nendekanguse skaalad osaliselt kattuvad.
educational skills.
seotud probleeme.
In the Netherlands, there is a tradition ofpersonalised and direct approaches towards cannabis consumption, as illustrated by Hash and Weed Week (171
Nende hulka kuuluvad konsensuskanepitoodete nomenklatuuri osas, parem turuteabeseirandmete kogumine ja esitamine Euroopa tasandil,uuringud suitsetamisharjumuse, kanepi kanguse javeres sisalduvate THK/metaboliitide tasemete vaheliseseose kohta Eur kanepi tarbimise osakaalu suurenemise arvele.
), problems and increasing concern regarding the negativehealth impact of intensive cannabis use, interventions aimedat reducing harm associated with cannabis use remainpoorly developed in comparison with those aimed at usersof other drugs.
6.Arvestades erinevate kanepitoodete turuosa, on obleemidega.gitakse, et eri kanepitoodete puhul tuleb arvesse r inimesi, kes on vaid kanepi juhutarbijad, on asjakohanesuunata spetsialiseeritud ravikeskustesse.
when heavy cannabis users hold group meetings at whichthe consequences of intense use and the potential forbehavioural change are discussed.
Vastus sellele liikmesriigid on siiski teatanud uutest arengutendentsidestselles valdkonnas, kusjuures rakendatakse kaht peamist kliendid kokku muude uimastite krooniliste tarbijatega.
Treatment options available to those with cannabisproblems are mostly to be found in treatment centresoffering care for clients addicted to licit or illicit drugs orwith other kinds of addictive behaviours. Services that are
elevalve alla, ning harjumustega inimestele sobivate ravilesuunamise viisidekindlakstegemine oluliseks ja edasist kaalumist vajavaksteemaks.
Selected issue 2: Cannabis problems in context — understanding the increase in European treatment demands designed for cannabis users are reported by some countries(Denmark, Germany, Greece, France, the Netherlands,Austria, Sweden and Norway), but, in general, specialistcare of this sort appears to be extremely limited.
Valikteema 2: Kanepiga seotud probleemid ja nende kontekst – Eur
In manycountries, treatment services for problem cannabis users areintegrated with facilities for the treatment of generic drugproblems (Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark,Germany, Spain, France, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Austria, Portugal, Slovenia and Norway).
Saksamaal, Kr esmakor uimastiprobleemide raviga (Belgia, Tšehhi Vabariik, Taani,Saksamaa, Hispaania, Prantsusmaa, Iirimaa, Itaalia,Luksemburg, Holland, Austria, Portugal, Sloveenia ja Norra).
Cannabis clients have different patterns of drug use thanthose consuming other substances; moreover, there areimportant differences among cannabis clients.
2000. aastast) on programm FRED Saksamaal, mis praegu uimastitarbijatel varases tarbimise faasis osaleda
In addition, there is some evidence of a further groupreferred to treatment by legal authorities who are not usingother drugs and appear to be only occasional users ofcannabis.
Enamasti ravitakse kanepiprpatsientidega, kellel on prebaseadusliku uimastiga, tavaliselt opioididega.Arvestades, et paljudes neist spetsialiseeritud raviasutustest kanepitarbimisega seotud aspektide menetlemisviisi muutmist tarbimine, vaid valdamine; valdamise korral tehaksehoiatus.