natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
The following are also considered to be forms of child labour: trafficking in children, prostitution, exploitation of children sold to pay off family debts (debt bondage), those who work confined as domestic help and those working in dangerous jobs such as in mines, the chemical industry and farm work which involves contact with pesticides and insecticides etc.
The following are also considered to be forms of child labour: trafficking in children, prostitution, exploitation of children sold to pay off family debts (debt bondage), those who work confined as domestic help and those working in dangerous jobs such as in mines, the chemical industry and farm work which involves contact with pesticides and insecticides etc.
At present, 246 million children in the world work, a number equivalent to approximately half the population of the European Union.
At present, 246 million children in the world work, a number equivalent to approximately half the population of the European Union.
According to recent data provided by the International Labour Organisation (ILO), 171 million children work in places which are hazardous for their physical and mental health, 5.7 million have become slaves to pay family debts, 1.8 million are exploited by prostitution and pornography rackets, 1.2 million have fallen victim to trafficking or have been press-ganged into sexual exploitation, forced labour or work, 600 000 are involved in other illegal activities, while at least 300 000 children have been forcibly recruited into armed forces around the world.
According to recent data provided by the International Labour Organisation (ILO), 171 million children work in places which are hazardous for their physical and mental health, 5.7 million have become slaves to pay family debts, 1.8 million are exploited by prostitution and pornography rackets, 1.2 million have fallen victim to trafficking or have been press-ganged into sexual exploitation, forced labour or work, 600 000 are involved in other illegal activities, while at least 300 000 children have been forcibly recruited into armed forces around the world.
Of those children, 121 million (65 million of whom are girls) have never been to school, 73 million are under the age of 10 and some 179 million are victims of what the ILO describes as worst forms of labour.
Of those children, 121 million (65 million of whom are girls) have never been to school, 73 million are under the age of 10 and some 179 million are victims of what the ILO describes as worst forms of labour.
Furthermore, 70% of working children are ‘employed’ in the agricultural sector, while in the developing countries, one third of farmers are aged between 5 and 17.
Furthermore, 70% of working children are ‘employed’ in the agricultural sector, while in the developing countries, one third of farmers are aged between 5 and 17.
The children who work in the fields, under appalling conditions, often fall victim to both economic and physical exploitation.
The children who work in the fields, under appalling conditions, often fall victim to both economic and physical exploitation.
In commercial farming, principally in the production of cocoa, tea, coffee, cotton and rubber, where child labour is common, effective action to eliminate it is extremely important.
In commercial farming, principally in the production of cocoa, tea, coffee, cotton and rubber, where child labour is common, effective action to eliminate it is extremely important.
Child labour is not a phenomenon encountered only in the underdeveloped and developing countries.
Child labour is not a phenomenon encountered only in the underdeveloped and developing countries.
In eastern Europe and the Mediterranean region, 5 million children are subject to exploitation at places of work.
In eastern Europe and the Mediterranean region, 5 million children are subject to exploitation at places of work.
Despite this situation, labour for children under the age of 17 is not prohibited.
Despite this situation, labour for children under the age of 17 is not prohibited.
The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and many organisations dealing with children recognise that children's work can be of substantial assistance to the families who have problems surviving.
The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and many organisations dealing with children recognise that children's work can be of substantial assistance to the families who have problems surviving.
Moreover, work which brings the children money for their own use, which is performed in tandem with their studies at school is, in many cases, beneficial for their intellectual development and, therefore, acceptable.
Moreover, work which brings the children money for their own use, which is performed in tandem with their studies at school is, in many cases, beneficial for their intellectual development and, therefore, acceptable.
Unfortunately, however, according to ILO figures, 120 million of the total number of children working perform normal, and not reduced, working hours, with the result that their education ranges between inadequate and non-existent.
Unfortunately, however, according to ILO figures, 120 million of the total number of children working perform normal, and not reduced, working hours, with the result that their education ranges between inadequate and non-existent.
Child labour is a complex problem.
Child labour is a complex problem.
There are socio-economic reasons which have to be identified in order to find an effective solution.
There are socio-economic reasons which have to be identified in order to find an effective solution.
It is principally a product of poverty, a lack of equal opportunities, a lack of access to education and the gap between urban and rural areas.
It is principally a product of poverty, a lack of equal opportunities, a lack of access to education and the gap between urban and rural areas.
According to UNICEF, the basic cause is poverty .
According to UNICEF, the basic cause is poverty .
Poverty and child labour are bound up in a paradoxical relationship.
Poverty and child labour are bound up in a paradoxical relationship.
However, it had also been reported at the Oslo Conference on child labour that ‘the exploitation of children is both a cause and effect of poverty’.
However, it had also been reported at the Oslo Conference on child labour that ‘the exploitation of children is both a cause and effect of poverty’.
On the one hand, poverty drives many families to put their children to work as the only means of survival.
On the one hand, poverty drives many families to put their children to work as the only means of survival.
On the other hand, economic exploitation of children perpetuates the problems of illiteracy, social exclusion and inequality, and delays development.
On the other hand, economic exploitation of children perpetuates the problems of illiteracy, social exclusion and inequality, and delays development.
Moreover, an important cause of economic exploitation of children is lack of education .
Moreover, an important cause of economic exploitation of children is lack of education .
In many cases, the absence of alternative activities drives children into work.
In many cases, the absence of alternative activities drives children into work.
The lack of school facilities or the need to pay school fees for basic education, which may not be high but are considered to be a luxury for many families, keep the children away from the place where they should ‘work’.
The lack of school facilities or the need to pay school fees for basic education, which may not be high but are considered to be a luxury for many families, keep the children away from the place where they should ‘work’.
The fact that in many developing countries education is not an alternative solution to work is often the result of the irresponsibility of governments, which consider investment in other areas more pressing.
The fact that in many developing countries education is not an alternative solution to work is often the result of the irresponsibility of governments, which consider investment in other areas more pressing.
Child labour may also be a consequence of marginalisation of certain social groups, owing to the lack of legislation to ensure equality in education or owing to historical or religious traditions.
Child labour may also be a consequence of marginalisation of certain social groups, owing to the lack of legislation to ensure equality in education or owing to historical or religious traditions.
Discrimination relating to gender, nationality, social class, religion or even health pushes children from these social groups into the ‘worst forms of labour’.
Discrimination relating to gender, nationality, social class, religion or even health pushes children from these social groups into the ‘worst forms of labour’.
A significant impediment to combating child labour is the failure to register children’s births
A significant impediment to combating child labour is the failure to register children’s births
‘The child shall be registered immediately after birth and shall have the right from birth to a name, the right to acquire a nationality and, as far as possible, the right to know and be cared for by his or her parents’, Article 7 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child ’. .
‘The child shall be registered immediately after birth and shall have the right from birth to a name, the right to acquire a nationality and, as far as possible, the right to know and be cared for by his or her parents’, Article 7 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child ’. .
The registration of children at the registry office and, by extension, the issuing of a birth certificate, ensures that in future they have the right to enjoy the protection of the State, including the right to vaccination, access to medical care and to education.
The registration of children at the registry office and, by extension, the issuing of a birth certificate, ensures that in future they have the right to enjoy the protection of the State, including the right to vaccination, access to medical care and to education.
Some of the reasons for the failure to register new-born babies are the relatively high cost, ignorance of the procedure, distance from towns in which registry offices are located or even lack of information as to the importance of acquiring a birth certificate.
Some of the reasons for the failure to register new-born babies are the relatively high cost, ignorance of the procedure, distance from towns in which registry offices are located or even lack of information as to the importance of acquiring a birth certificate.
Official registration of children’s births is a fundamental instrument of supervision and prevention of uncontrolled child labour and of all forms of exploitation.
Official registration of children’s births is a fundamental instrument of supervision and prevention of uncontrolled child labour and of all forms of exploitation.
It has been calculated that registration at a registry office costs less than 1 dollar per person
It has been calculated that registration at a registry office costs less than 1 dollar per person
According to UNICEF data, in Bangladesh where there was a legal basis, it cost 0.20 $ for each child of a total of 5 million children. .
According to UNICEF data, in Bangladesh where there was a legal basis, it cost 0.20 $ for each child of a total of 5 million children. .
Nevertheless, each year, one third of new-born babies (some 40 million) are deprived of this right and therefore run the risk in future of falling victim to exploitation.
Nevertheless, each year, one third of new-born babies (some 40 million) are deprived of this right and therefore run the risk in future of falling victim to exploitation.
Elimination of child labour and promotion of education
Elimination of child labour and promotion of education
It is a fact that poverty, lack of education and child labour form a vicious circle.
It is a fact that poverty, lack of education and child labour form a vicious circle.
Where the levels of poverty are high, children are required to work from an early age, and thus stay away from school, while their lack of education makes them more susceptible to exploitation and deprives them of a better future.
Where the levels of poverty are high, children are required to work from an early age, and thus stay away from school, while their lack of education makes them more susceptible to exploitation and deprives them of a better future.
The elimination of the economic exploitation of children is therefore a basic factor in achieving Goal 1 of the Millennium Development Goals (eradication of poverty) and Goal 2 (compulsory and free basic education for all).
The elimination of the economic exploitation of children is therefore a basic factor in achieving Goal 1 of the Millennium Development Goals (eradication of poverty) and Goal 2 (compulsory and free basic education for all).
In 1990, the conclusions of the World Summit on Children included the goal that by the year 2000 all children in the world should have access to education and at least 80% of them should have the possibility of completing primary education.
In 1990, the conclusions of the World Summit on Children included the goal that by the year 2000 all children in the world should have access to education and at least 80% of them should have the possibility of completing primary education.
In 2000, the Dakar Summit adopted the document ‘Education for All’ whereby 181 states committed themselves to providing basic, quality education for all children, in particular girls.
In 2000, the Dakar Summit adopted the document ‘Education for All’ whereby 181 states committed themselves to providing basic, quality education for all children, in particular girls.
Despite that, 113 million children of school age at the present time have never been to school.
Despite that, 113 million children of school age at the present time have never been to school.
The abolition of tuition fees and charges for basic education, the creation of new schools and increasing awareness among children and parents that only education can give them a better future, would give children and their families an incentive to return to the classroom.
The abolition of tuition fees and charges for basic education, the creation of new schools and increasing awareness among children and parents that only education can give them a better future, would give children and their families an incentive to return to the classroom.
The European Union’s support for this initiative is also demonstrated by the importance which the Council has attached to the Millennium Development Goals
The European Union’s support for this initiative is also demonstrated by the importance which the Council has attached to the Millennium Development Goals
Achieving the Millennium Development Goals as a key objective for the European Union’s 2559th Council meeting, Brussels 26 January 2004, 5519/04 press 26. .
Achieving the Millennium Development Goals as a key objective for the European Union’s 2559th Council meeting, Brussels 26 January 2004, 5519/04 press 26. .
Furthermore, this initiative was recognised by the European Parliament in two resolutions.
Furthermore, this initiative was recognised by the European Parliament in two resolutions.
The first concerns the need to support compulsory and free basic education accessible to all, and the second concerns child labour in the production of sports equipment
The first concerns the need to support compulsory and free basic education accessible to all, and the second concerns child labour in the production of sports equipment
2001/2030(INI) and OJ No 261 E of 30.10.2003 p.
2001/2030(INI) and OJ No 261 E of 30.10.2003 p.
However, these initiatives do not find practical expression in terms of EU cooperation with third countries, which continues to make a distinction between the exploitation of children and lack of education.
However, these initiatives do not find practical expression in terms of EU cooperation with third countries, which continues to make a distinction between the exploitation of children and lack of education.
Legal framework: Instruments and international commitments
Legal framework: Instruments and international commitments
In 1989, the protection of children's rights was set out in the first world-wide legally binding code concerning the rights every child should enjoy, which was adopted by almost the entire international community.
In 1989, the protection of children's rights was set out in the first world-wide legally binding code concerning the rights every child should enjoy, which was adopted by almost the entire international community.
This document was the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child which detailed the minimum standards and basic principles for the protection of children from various forms of exploitation
This document was the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child which detailed the minimum standards and basic principles for the protection of children from various forms of exploitation
In particular, Article 32 provides for the protection of children from any form of work that is likely to be hazardous or to interfere with the child’s education, or to be harmful to the child’s health or physical, mental, spiritual, moral or social development.
In particular, Article 32 provides for the protection of children from any form of work that is likely to be hazardous or to interfere with the child’s education, or to be harmful to the child’s health or physical, mental, spiritual, moral or social development.
Moreover, the Convention contains measures against the use of children in the trafficking of drugs and other illegal substances, sexual exploitation, slave trading and against their participation in armed conflicts.
Moreover, the Convention contains measures against the use of children in the trafficking of drugs and other illegal substances, sexual exploitation, slave trading and against their participation in armed conflicts.
The Convention, which has been ratified by all the states in the world except the USA and Somalia, is supplemented by two optional protocols from the year 2000 concerning the involvement of children in armed conflicts and trafficking in children, child prostitution and pornography.
The Convention, which has been ratified by all the states in the world except the USA and Somalia, is supplemented by two optional protocols from the year 2000 concerning the involvement of children in armed conflicts and trafficking in children, child prostitution and pornography.
The problems created by child labour are also covered by international labour rules.
The problems created by child labour are also covered by international labour rules.
Two International Labour Organisation (ILO) conventions are equally important.
Two International Labour Organisation (ILO) conventions are equally important.
Convention 138 concerning the minimum age for admission to employment (1973)
Convention 138 concerning the minimum age for admission to employment (1973)
Convention concerning Minimum Age for Admission to Employment, http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/english/convdisp1.htm. , which is 15 years of age (14 for the developing countries), while for hazardous work the minimum age is 18.
Convention concerning Minimum Age for Admission to Employment, http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/english/convdisp1.htm. , which is 15 years of age (14 for the developing countries), while for hazardous work the minimum age is 18.
Convention 138 has not been ratified by the USA and three Member States of the European Union.
Convention 138 has not been ratified by the USA and three Member States of the European Union.
Convention 182 (1999)
Convention 182 (1999)
Convention concerning the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour, http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/english/convdisp1.htm . defines the worst forms of child labour as (i) all forms of slavery or practices similar to slavery, such as debt bondage and serfdom and forced or compulsory labour, including forced or compulsory recruitment of children under the age of 18 for use in armed conflict, (ii) child prostitution or pornography, (iii) the use of children for illicit activities, such as the trafficking of drugs and (iv) any form of work which is likely to harm the physical or mental health of children.
Convention concerning the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour, http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/english/convdisp1.htm . defines the worst forms of child labour as (i) all forms of slavery or practices similar to slavery, such as debt bondage and serfdom and forced or compulsory labour, including forced or compulsory recruitment of children under the age of 18 for use in armed conflict, (ii) child prostitution or pornography, (iii) the use of children for illicit activities, such as the trafficking of drugs and (iv) any form of work which is likely to harm the physical or mental health of children.
Only one Member State of the European Union has not ratified this Convention.
Only one Member State of the European Union has not ratified this Convention.
At the regional level, significant progress was represented by the signing of the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child by the African Union in 1990
At the regional level, significant progress was represented by the signing of the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child by the African Union in 1990
African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child ,
African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child ,
Inter alia, Article 22.2 of the Charter states that no child under the age of 18 shall take a direct part in hostilities.
Inter alia, Article 22.2 of the Charter states that no child under the age of 18 shall take a direct part in hostilities.
The signing of various international conventions and special protocols represents only the beginning of the formation of a significant legal framework for the protection of children at international level.
The signing of various international conventions and special protocols represents only the beginning of the formation of a significant legal framework for the protection of children at international level.
Unfortunately, however, their ratification and implementation at national level remains inadequate.
Unfortunately, however, their ratification and implementation at national level remains inadequate.
In 1992, the ILO presented the International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour
In 1992, the ILO presented the International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour
IPEC - International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour which includes action in various areas such as exerting pressure on governments to adopt laws on compulsory basic education.
IPEC - International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour which includes action in various areas such as exerting pressure on governments to adopt laws on compulsory basic education.
The IPEC operates successfully in 51 countries and has the potential to develop, if its funding is bolstered.
The IPEC operates successfully in 51 countries and has the potential to develop, if its funding is bolstered.
In the United Nations, there are various departments and mechanisms responsible for promoting human rights and dealing with the phenomenon of child labour.
In the United Nations, there are various departments and mechanisms responsible for promoting human rights and dealing with the phenomenon of child labour.
One of these is the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights.
One of these is the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights.
This office comprises two categories which promote the protection of human rights: the bodies set up by the Charter of Human Rights and those prescribed by the Treaties.
This office comprises two categories which promote the protection of human rights: the bodies set up by the Charter of Human Rights and those prescribed by the Treaties.
The Committee on the Rights of the Child
The Committee on the Rights of the Child