natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
food ingestion rate constant (g food g– 1 fish day– 1);
ECx (kontsentratsioon, mille puhul mõju ulatus on x %) kontsentratsioon, mille juures teatava kokkupuuteperioodi vältel katseorganismidele avalduva mõju ulatus on x % kontrollrühma asjaomase näitaja väärtusest.
The growth-corrected half-life (t1/2) is calculated as follows.
Näiteks EC50 on kontsentratsioon, mille puhul kindlaksmääratud kokkupuuteperioodi vältel avaldub kemikaali mõju katses uuritavale näitajale 50 protsendil kemikaaliga kokku puutuvast populatsioonist.
[Equation A7.6]
Vähima täheldatava toime avaldumise kontsentratsioon
The substance assimilation efficiency from the diet can also be estimated if tissue residues are determined during the linear phase of the uptake phase (between days 1 and 3).
uuritava kemikaali väikseim kasutatud kontsentratsioon, mille puhul täheldatakse kemikaali statistiliselt olulist (p < 0,05) mõju võrdluses kontrolliga.
In this case the substance assimilation efficiency (α) can be determined as follows
Sellekohased juhised on esitatud 5. ja 6. liites.
[Equation A7.7]
Täheldatava toime puudumise kontsentratsioon
the concentration of test substance in the fish at time t (mg kg– 1 wet weight).
uuritava kemikaali kontsentratsioon, mille juures ei täheldata kindlaksmääratud kokkupuuteperioodi jooksul kontrolliga võrreldes statistiliselt olulist (p < 0,05) mõju ja mis on kasutatud kontsentratsioonide jadas vahetult allpool vähima täheldatava toime avaldumise kontsentratsiooni.
LIPID CORRECTION
Uuritav kemikaal iga aine või segu, mida uuritakse käesoleva katsemeetodi abil.
If lipid content was measured on the same fish as chemical analysis for all sampling intervals, then individual concentrations should be corrected on a lipid basis and the ln(concentration, lipid corrected) plotted against depuration (day) to give C0,d and k2.
UVCB
Assimilation efficiency (Equation A7.1) can then be calculated on a lipid basis, using Cfood on a lipid basis (i.e. Cfood is multiplied by the mean lipid fraction of the food).
tundmatu või muutuva koostisega aine, kompleksne reaktsioonisaadus või bioloogilist päritolu materjal.
Subsequent calculation using Equation A7.4 and Equation A7.5 will give the lipid-corrected (and growth-dilution corrected) BMF directly.
IUPAC
Otherwise, the mean lipid fraction (w/w) in the fish and in the food are derived for both treatment and control groups (for food and control group fish this is usually from data measured at exposure start and end; for treatment group fish this is usually from data measured at end of exposure only).
KATSETINGIMUSED, KATSE KESTUS JA ELULEMUSKRITEERIUMID SOOVITATAVATE LIIKIDE JAOKS
In some studies, fish lipid content may increase markedly; in such cases it is more appropriate to use a mean test fish lipid concentration calculated from the measured values at the end of exposure and end of depuration.
Selgitus
In general, data from the treatment group only should be used to derive both of the lipid fractions.
LIIK
The lipid-correction factor (Lc) is calculated as:
KATSETINGIMUSED
[Equation A7.8]
SOOVITATAV KATSE KESTUS
where Lfish and Lfood are the mean lipid fractions in fish and food, respectively.
Kontrollrühma kalade tavapärane minimaalne keskmine üldpikkus katse lõpus (mm) [1]
The lipid-correction factor is used to calculate the lipid-corrected biomagnification factor (BMFL):
ELULEMUS KONTROLLRÜHMAS (minimaalne)
[Equation A7.9]
Temperatuur (°C)
EVALUATION OF DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MEASURED TIME ZERO CONCENTRATION (C0,M) AND DERIVED TIME ZERO CONCENTRATION (C0,D)
Soolsus (0/00)
The measured time zero concentration (C0,m) and derived time zero concentration (C0,d) should be compared.
Valgustusperiood (tundides)
If they are very similar, then this supports the first order model used to derive the depuration parameters.
Koorumise edukus
In some studies there may be a marked difference between the derived time zero value, C0,d, and the mean measured time zero concentration.
Koorumisjärgne elulemus
C0,m (see last bullet point of paragraph 159 of this test method).
Mageveekalad
If C0,d is very much lower than C0,m (C0,d << C0,m), the difference may suggest the presence of undigested spiked food in the gut.
12–16 [3]
This may be tested experimentally by conducting separate analysis on the excised gut if additional (whole fish) samples were taken and stored at the end of the uptake phase.
2 nädalat alates hetkest, mil kontrollrühma kalad hakkavad vabalt toituma (või koorumisjärgselt 60 päeva)
Otherwise, if a statistically valid outlier test applied to the depuration phase linear regression indicates that the first sample point of depuration is erroneously elevated, carrying out the linear regression to derive k2 but omitting the first depuration concentration point may be appropriate.
32 päeva katse algusest (või koorumisjärgselt 28 päeva)
In such cases, if the uncertainty in the linear regression is greatly decreased, and it is clear that approximately first order depuration kinetics were obeyed, it may be appropriate to use the resulting C0,d and k2 values in the assimilation efficiency calculation.
12–16 [4]
This should be fully justified in the report.
Koorumisjärgselt 30 päeva
It is also possible that non-first order kinetics were operating in the depuration phase.
Jaapani riisikala
If this is likely (i.e. the natural logarithm transformed data appear to follow a curve compared with the straight-line linear regression plot), then the calculations of k2 and C0,d are unlikely to be valid and the advice of a biostatician should be sought.
Suudmeala- ja merekalad
If C0,d is very much higher than the measured value (C0,d >> C0,m) this may indicate: that the substance was depurated very fast (i.e. sampling points approached the limit of quantification of the analytical method very early in the depuration phase, cf.
22–25
Section 6 below); that there was a deviation from first order depuration kinetics; that the linear regression to derive k2 and C0,d is flawed; or that a problem with the measured concentrations in the study occurred at some sampling time points.
28 päeva
In such cases the linear regression plot should be scrutinised for evidence of samples at or near the limit of quantification, for outliers and for obvious curvature (suggestive of non-first order kinetics), and highlighted in the report.
Tavapärast minimaalset keskmist üldpikkust ei käsitata nõuetekohasuse kriteeriumina, kuid esitatud väärtusest väiksema näitaja korral tuleks seda asjaolu katses vaadeldavast tundlikkusest lähtuvalt põhjalikult uurida.
Any subsequent re-evaluation of the linear regression to improve estimated values should be described and justified.
Minimaalne keskmine üldpikkus põhineb valikul praegu kättesaadavatest andmetest.
If marked deviation from first order kinetics is observed, then the calculations of k2 and C0,d are unlikely to be valid and the advice of a biostatician should be sought.
Katses kasutatava konkreetse vikerforelliliini puhul võib olla vaja kasutada muud temperatuuri.
GUIDANCE FOR VERY FAST DEPURATING TEST SUBSTANCES
Sugukarja tuleb hoida samal temperatuuril kui marja saamiseks kasutatavaid kalu.
As discussed in paragraph 129 of the test method, some substances may depurate so fast that a reliable time zero concentration, C0,d, and k2 cannot be derived because in samples very early in the depuration phase (i.e. from the second depuration sample onwards) the substance is effectively no longer measured (concentrations reported at the limit of quantification).
Pärast marjaterade saamist marja tootvast ettevõttest on vaja kohandada neid saabumise järel lühiajaliselt (nt 1–2 tundi) katsetemperatuuriga.
This situation was observed in the ring test carried out in support of this test method with benzo[a]pyrene, and has been documented in the validation report for the method.
Vastseid hoitakse koorumisjärgselt nädal aega pimedas, välja arvatud nende kontrollimise ajal, ning seejärel kasutatakse kogu katse vältel vähest valgustust (valgustusperiood 12–16 tundi) (4).
In such cases linear regression cannot be carried out reliably, and is likely to give an unrealistically high estimate of C0,d, resulting in an apparent assimilation efficiency much greater than 1.
Konkreetsete katsetingimuste puhul peaks valgustusrežiim olema muutumatu.
It is possible to calculate a conservative estimate of k2 and an “upper bound” BMF in these instances.
Seda näitajat järgitakse igas konkreetses katses täpsusega ± 2 0/00.
Using those data points of the depuration phase where a concentration was measured, up to and including the first “non-detect” concentration (concentration set at limit of quantification), a linear regression (using natural logarithm transformed concentration data against time) will give an estimate of k2.
SOOVITATAVATE LIIKIDE SUGUKALADE JA KATSEALUSTE ISENDITE SÖÖTMISE JA KÄITLEMISE JUHISED
For these sorts of cases this is likely only to involve two data points (e.g. sample days 1 and 2 of depuration) and then k2 can be estimated using Equation A5.22 in Appendix 5.
FBS külmutatud soolase vee krevetid; Artemia sp. täiskasvanud isendid.
This k2 estimate can be used to estimate an assimilation efficiency according to equation A7.1, substituting the C0,d value in the equation with the measured time zero concentration (C0,m) in cases where C0,d is clearly estimated to be much higher than could have been achievable in the test.
BSN soolase vee krevettide noorjärgus isendid, äsja koorunud.
If C0,m was not measureable, then the limit of detection in fish tissue should be used.
BSN48 soolase vee krevettide noorjärgus isendid, 48 tunni vanused.
If, in some cases, this gives a value of α > 1, then the assimilation efficiency is assumed to 1 as a “worst case”.
SÖÖT [1]
The maximum BMFK can then be estimated using Equation A7.4, and should be quoted as a “much less than” (<<) value.
KOORUMISJÄRGSE ÜLEVIIMISE AEG
For example, for a study carried out with a feeding rate of 3 % and a depuration half-life less than 3 days, and a “worst case” α of 1, the BMFK is likely to be below about 0,13.
ESIMESE SÖÖTMISE AEG
Given the purpose of this estimation and the fact that values will be conservative in nature, it is not necessary to correct them for growth dilution or fish and food lipid content.
Sugukalad
In some regions it may only be possible to obtain fish food with a lipid concentration that falls far short of this upper limit.
Äsja koorunud vastsed
In such cases studies should be run with the lower lipid concentration in the food as supplied, and the feeding rate adjusted appropriately to maintain fish health.
Noorkalad
Diet lipids should not be artificially increased by the addition of excess oil.
Sööda liik
Appendix 8
Sagedus
APPROACHES TO ESTIMATE TENTATIVE BCFS FROM DATA COLLECTED IN THE DIETARY EXPOSURE STUDY
Forellisööt
The dietary method is included in this test method for the bioaccumulation testing of substances that cannot in practice be tested using the aqueous exposure method.
Puudub [2]
The aqueous exposure method gives a bioconcentration factor, whereas the dietary method leads directly to information on feeding biomagnification potential.
Forelli noorkalade sööt, BSN
In many chemical safety regimes information on aquatic bioconcentration is required (for example in risk assessment and the Globally Harmonization System of Classification).
2–4 söötmiskorda päevas
Hence there is a need to use the data generated in a dietary study to estimate a bioconcentration factor that is comparable to tests conducted according to the aqueous exposure method [1].
14–16 päeva pärast koorumist või pinnale ujumisel (ei ole vajalik)
This section explores approaches that may be followed to do this, while recognising the shortcomings that are inherent in the estimations.
19 päeva pärast koorumist või pinnale ujumisel
The dietary study measures depuration to give a depuration rate constant, k2.
BSN, helvessööt, FBS
If an uptake rate constant can be estimated with the available data for the situation where the fish had been exposed to the test substance via the water, then a kinetic BCF could be estimated.
BSN48, helvessööt
The estimation of an uptake rate constant for water exposure of a test substance is reliant on many assumptions, all of which will contribute to the estimate's uncertainty.
2–3 korda päevas
Furthermore, this approach to estimating a BCF assumes that the overall rate of depuration (including contributory factors like distribution in the body and individual depuration processes) is independent of the exposure technique used to produce a test substance body burden.
Kui koorumise määr on 90 %
The main assumptions inherent in the estimation approach can be summarised as follows.
2 päeva pärast koorumist
Depuration following dietary uptake is the same as depuration following aqueous exposure for a given substance
BSN, helvessööt
uptake can be correlated with fish weight alone
BSN – kord päevas; helvessööt – kaks korda päevas
This adds to the uncertainty in using a model to predict an uptake rate constant for a different type of substance, in addition to test-specific considerations like species, temperature, etc.
Sööda ülejäägid ja väljaheited tuleks vajaduse korral kõrvaldada, et vältida jäätmete kogunemist.
The purpose of the added response variable is to align this response variable with other reproduction test methods on invertebrates.
Pikkuse, kehamassi, koorumiseni jõudnud marjaterade osakaalu, vastsete suremuse, kõrvalekaldega vastsete osakaalu ning esimese ja viimase koorumispäeva ja pinnale ujumise päeva puhul tuleks lahjendusveega kontrolli ja lahustiga kontrolli võrdlemiseks olulisusnivool 0,05 kasutada T-testi või Manni-Whitney testi ning kõik uuritava kemikaaliga rühmad kõrvale jätta.
This enables that, contrary to other invertebrate reproduction test methods, if the parent animal dies accidentally and/or inadvertently during the test period, its offspring production can be excluded from data assessment.
Normaaljaotust ja hajuvuse homogeensust on vaja hinnata üksnes parameetrilise (nt Williamsi või Dunnetti) testi puhul.
If media are used which include undefined additives, these additives should be specified clearly and information should be provided in the test report on composition, particularly with regard to carbon content as this may contribute to the diet provided.
Tarone'i C(α)-test (Tarone, 1979)
A smaller number of test organisms may be used and a minimum of 20 animals per concentration divided into two or more replicates with an equal number of animals (e.g. four replicates each with five daphnids) is recommended.
Analüüsile eelneval andmete teisendamisel tuleks alati säilitada vaatluste sõltumatus ning ECx ja selle usaldusvahemikku tuleks väljendada algsetes, mitte teisendatud mõõtühikutes.
Note that for tests where animals are held in groups, it will not be possible to exclude any offspring from the statistical analysis if inadvertent/ accidental parental mortality occurs when the reproduction has begun, and hence in these cases the reproductive output should be expressed as total number of living offspring produced per parent present at the beginning of the test.
Näiteks ei ole pikkuse logaritmi 20 % suurune muutus sama kui pikkuse 20 % suurune muutus (Lyles et al., 2008; Draper ja Smith, 1999).
Treatments should be allocated to the test vessels and all subsequent handling of the test vessels should be done in a random fashion.
Joonisel 4 kujutatud vooskeem annab ülevaate ECx hindamisest.
Failure to do this may result in bias that could be construed as being a concentration effect.
Üksikasjalik kirjeldus on esitatud allpool tekstis.
In particular, if experimental units are handled in treatment or concentration order, then some time-related effect, such as operator fatigue or other error, could lead to greater effects at the higher concentrations.
Joonis 4
Furthermore, if the test results are likely to be affected by an initial or environmental condition of the test, such as position in the laboratory, then consideration should be given to blocking the test.
Arvutatakse uuritava muutuja mudelikohase väärtuse usaldusvahemik usaldusnivool 95 % kontrollrühmas ja ECx juures.
For semi-static tests, feeding should preferably be done daily, but at least three times per week (i.e. corresponding to media changes).
Arvutatakse ECx usaldusvahemik usaldusnivool 95 %.
The possible dilution of the exposure concentrations by food addition should be taken into account and avoided as much as possible with well concentrated algae suspensions.
Mudeleid võrreldakse lähtuvalt kriteeriumist AICc või professionaalsest hinnangust ning valitakse välja kõige paremini sobiv mudel.
Deviations from this (e.g. for flow-through tests) should be reported.
Kas a) mudelikohane muutuja väärtus ECx juures jääb kontrollrühmas arvutatud usaldusvahemikku või b) mudelikohane muutuja väärtus kontrollrühmas jääb ECx juures arvutatud usaldusvahemikku või c) ECx usaldusvahemik on liiga lai?
During the test, the diet of the parent animals should preferably be living algal cells of one or more of the following: Chlorella sp., Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (formerly Selenastrum capricornutum) and Desmodesmus subspicatus (formerly Scenedesmus subspicatus).
8 või enam kontsentratsiooni ja kontroll
The supplied diet should be based on the amount of organic carbon (C) provided to each parent animal.
6 või 7 kontsentratsiooni ja kontroll 5 kontsentratsiooni ja kontroll Ei Jah
Research (14) has shown that, for Daphnia magna, ration levels of between 0,1 and 0,2 mg C/Daphnia/day are sufficient for achieving the required number of living offspring to meet the test validity criteria.
Kasutatakse ka Braini-Cousensi hormeetilist mudelit
The ration can be supplied either at a constant rate throughout the period of the test, or, if desired, a lower rate can be used at the beginning and then increased during the test to take account of growth of the parent animals.
Kaalutlused marjaterast koorumise ja vastsete suremuse andmete puhul Marjaterast koorumise ja vastsete suremuse andmete puhul saadakse üldjuhul parim tulemus väärtuse vähenemisel põhineva mudeli sobitamisega, juhul kui ei kasutata probitmudelit, nagu on kirjeldatud allpool.
In this case, the ration should still remain within the recommended range of 0,1 - 0,2 mg C/Daphnia/day at all times.
See tähendab, et mudelis ei tohiks kasutada koorumata jäänud marjaterade või surnud vastsete osakaalu.
If surrogate measures, such as algal cell number or light absorbance, are to be used to feed the required ration level (i.e. for convenience since measurement of carbon content is time consuming), each laboratory should produce its own nomograph relating the surrogate measure to carbon content of the algal culture (see Appendix 3 for advice on nomograph production).
Selle põhjuseks on asjaolu, et ECx väljendab kontsentratsiooni, mille juures täheldatakse x % suurust muutust kontrollrühma keskväärtusega võrreldes.
Nomographs should be checked at least annually and more frequently if algal culture conditions have changed.
Kui kontrollrühmas jääb koorumata 5 % marjateradest ja mudeliga hinnatakse koorumata jäänud marjaterade osakaalu, väljendab EC20 kontsentratsiooni, mille juures täheldatakse 20 % suurust muutust koorumata jäänud marjaterade osakaalus, mis on kontrollrühmas 5 %, see tähendab muutust väärtusega 0,2 × 0,05 = 0,01 ehk 1 protsendipunkt, mis vastab koorumata jäänud marjaterade osakaalu suurenemisele 6 protsendini.
Light absorbance has been found to be a better surrogate for carbon content than cell number (15).
Nii väikest muutust ei ole võimalik olemasolevate andmete alusel mõistlikult hinnata ja see ei ole bioloogiliselt oluline.
A concentrated algal suspension should be fed to the Daphnia to minimise the volume of algal culture medium transferred to the test vessels.
Kui aga mudelis kasutatakse koorumiseni jõudnud marjaterade osakaalu, on see kirjeldatud näite puhul kontrollrühmas 95 % ning selle vähenemine 20 % kontrollrühma keskväärtusega võrreldes tähendab muutust väärtusega 0,95 × 0,2 = 0,18 ehk koorumise edukuse vähenemist 95 protsendilt 77 protsendini (= 95 – 18); sellisel juhul on toime avaldumise kontsentratsiooni võimalik hinnata ja see pakub eeldatavalt suuremat huvi.
Concentration of the algae can be achieved by centrifugation followed by re-suspension in Daphnia culture medium.
Kõnealust probleemi ei teki suurust väljendavate mõõtmisandmete puhul, ehkki negatiivne mõju suurusele tähendab tavaliselt suuruse vähenemist.
Light
Mudelid suuruse (pikkus ja kehamass) ning marjaterast koorumise edukuse ja vastsete elulemuse hindamiseks
For light-measuring instruments calibrated in lux, an equivalent range of 1000-1500 lux for cool white light corresponds close to the recommended light intensity 15-20 μE · m-2 · s-1.
OECD mudeleid 2–5 on seoses ökotoksilisuse katsetega käsitletud ka viites Slob (2002).
The temperature of the test media should be within the range 18-22 °C.
Loomulikult on palju muidki mudeleid, mis võivad kasulikud olla.
However, for any one test, the temperature should not, if possible, vary by more than 2 °C within these limits (e.g. 18-20, 19-21 or 20-22 °C) as daily range.
Allpool loetletud mudeleid soovitatakse kui ökotoksilisuse katsete puhul iseäranis sobivaid mudeleid ning need on laialdaselt kasutusel.
It may be appropriate to use an additional test vessel for the purposes of temperature monitoring.
5 katsekontsentratsiooni lisaks kontrollrühmale
Aeration
Lihtne eksponentsiaalne mudel (OECD 2)
The test vessels should not be aerated during the test.
Kujuparameetriga eksponentsiaalne mudel (OECD 3)
Test design
Alampiiriga lihtne eksponentsiaalne mudel (OECD 4)
Range finding test
6 katsekontsentratsiooni lisaks kontrollrühmale
When necessary, a range-finding test is conducted with, for example five test chemical concentrations and two replicates for each treatment and control.
Kujuparameetri ja alampiiriga eksponentsiaalne mudel (OECD 5)
Additional information, from tests with similar chemicals or from literature, on acute toxicity to Daphnia and/or other aquatic organisms may also be useful in deciding on the range of concentrations to be used in the range-finding test.
Hormeesile viitavate visuaalsete tõendite olemasolu korral (marjaterast koorumise edukuse ja vastsete elulemuse puhul ebatõenäoline, kuid suurusega seotud vaatlusandmete puhul mõnikord täheldatav):
The duration of the range-finding test is 21 days or of a sufficient duration to reliably predict effect levels.
Braini-Cousensi hormeetiline mudel (Brain ja Cousens, 1989).
At the end of the test, reproduction of the Daphnia is assessed.
Alternatiivsed mudelid koorumata jäänud marjaterade osakaalu ja vastsete suremuse hindamiseks
Normally there should be at least five test concentrations, bracketing effective concentration (e.g. ECx), and arranged in a geometric series with a separation factor preferably not exceeding 3,2 An appropriate number of replicates for each test concentration should be used (see paragraphs 24-25).
Konkreetse mudeli sobivus andmetega
Justification should be provided if fewer than five concentrations are used.
Vaatlusandmete kohast ja mudelile vastavat hinnangulist protsentuaalset vähenemist igal katsekontsentratsioonil võrreldakse visuaalselt (Motulsky ja Christopoulos, 2004; Draper ja Smith, 1999).
Chemicals should not be tested above their solubility limit in test medium.
F-testi abil võrreldakse regressioonanalüüsi kohast vea ruutkeskmist puhta vea ruutkeskmisega (Draper ja Smith, 1999).
Before conducting the experiment it is advisable to consider the statistical power of the tests design and using appropriate statistical methods (4).
Veendutakse, et mudeli kõik argumendid erinevad oluliselt nullist (st tehakse kindlaks, kas mudeli kõik argumendid on olulised) (Motulsky ja Christopoulos, 2004).
In setting the range of concentrations, the following should be borne in mind:
Koostatakse diagramm, mis väljendab regressioonanalüüsi teel saadud hälvete sõltuvust katsekontsentratsioonist ja kus kontsentratsiooni puhul võib kasutada logaritmskaalat.
When ECx for effects on reproduction is estimated, it is advisable that sufficient concentrations are used to define the ECx with an appropriate level of confidence.
Sellest diagrammist ei tohiks nähtuda mingit sõltuvust; punktid peaksid olema nullkõrgusel asuva horisontaaljoone suhtes juhuslikult hajutatud.