natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
The test should incorporate a minimum of six replicate test vessels for the untreated control and a minimum of four replicate test vessels for each of a minimum of five concentration levels.
kus k2 on teada varasematest arvutustest, Cf on kontsentratsioon kalas puhastumisetapi alguses ja Cw on keskmine kontsentratsioon vees omastamisetapi ajal [5].Mudeli sobivust andmetega saab visuaalselt hinnata, kui kanda tõusudega k1 and k2 sirged koos proovivõtupunktide andmetega graafikule.
Each test vessel represents a replicate containing three shoots.
Kui k1/k2 asendatakse võrrandis A5.25 või A5.26 BCFga (vt võrrand 5.4), saab leida ka BCFi standardvea ja usaldusvahemiku usaldusnivool 95 %.
There are two options for growing three shoots in each test vessel:
See on eriti kasulik juhul, kui võrreldakse eri hinnangulisi väärtusi, mis on saadud teisendatud andmete põhjal.
Test Design A: one shoot per pot and three pots per vessel.
Mudeli lähendamisel võib kasutada sõltuva muutuja (kalades täheldatav kontsentratsioon) nii logaritmimata kui ka naturaallogaritmitud väärtusi ning hinnata leitud BCFi usaldusväärsust.
Test Design B: three shoots per pot and one pot per vessel.
Kuna k1 and k2 üheaegse hindamise korral on need näitajad omavahel tugevalt korreleeritud, võib olla soovitatav arvutada esmalt k2 üksnes puhastumisandmete põhjal (vt eespool); enamikul juhtudel saab k2 hinnata puhastumiskõvera alusel suhteliselt suure täpsusega.
Alternative test designs of one shoot per pot per test vessel are acceptable provided that replication is adjusted as required to achieve the required validity criteria.
Seejärel saab omastamisandmete põhjal arvutada k1 mittelineaarse regressiooni teel [6].
The individual test vessels should be randomly assigned to the treatment groups.
Üks kõige sagedasem segav asjaolu on kalade kasv katse ajal.
A randomised design for the location of the test vessels in the test area is required to minimise the influence of spatial differences in light intensity or temperature.
KINEETILISE BCF-I JA BMF-I KORRIGEERIMINE KASVUST TINGITUD LAHJENEMISE SUHTES
Test chemical concentrations and control groups
Kui on viiteid sellele, et tegemist ei ole esimest järku reaktsiooni kineetikaga, soovitatakse kasutada kasvust tingitud lahjenemise asjakohasel viisil arvessevõtmiseks biostatistiku abi või rakendada allpool kirjeldatud massipõhist lähenemisviisi.
To determine an ECx, test concentrations should bracket the ECx to ensure an appropriate level of confidence.
Seda lähenemisviisi on tutvustatud käesoleva jaotise lõpus.
The use of more test concentrations will improve the confidence interval around the resulting ECx value.
Kasvu suhtes korrigeerimine kasvu kiiruskonstandi mahalahutamisel põhineva meetodiga
To determine the LOEC/NOEC (optional endpoint), the lowest test concentration should be sufficiently low such that growth is not significantly different from growth in control plants.
Käesoleva standardmeetodi puhul naturaallogaritmitakse iga kala massi- ja pikkuse andmed ning massi või selle pöördväärtuse naturaallogaritm kantakse graafikule, mis väljendab kasvu sõltuvust ajast (päevades); katserühma(de) ja kontrollrühma andmeid käsitletakse eraldi.
In addition, the highest test concentration should be sufficiently high such that growth is significantly lower than that in the control.
Üldjuhul on kasvust tingitud lahjenemise suhtes korrigeerimisel asjakohasem kasutada kasvu kiiruskonstandi (kg) leidmiseks kogu katse vältel kogutud massiandmeid, kuid statistiliselt olulised erinevused omastamisetappi ja puhastumisetappi iseloomustavate kasvu kiiruskonstantide vahel võivad viidata sellele, et tuleks kasutada puhastumisetapi kohta leitud kiiruskonstanti.
The use of more replicates will enhance the statistical power of the no effect-concentration/ ANOVA design.
Kokkupuutest tuleneva võimaliku mõju tuvastamiseks saab võrrelda veekaudse kokkupuute katses täheldatud üldist kasvukiirust katserühma(de)s ja kontrollrühmas.
In cases where a range-finding test indicates that the test chemical does not have an adverse effect at concentrations up to 100 mg/l or up to its limit of solubility in the test medium, or in the case of a formulation up to the limit of dispersibility, a limit test may be undertaken to facilitate comparison of responses in a control group and one treatment group — 100 mg/l or a concentration equal to the limit of solubility, or 1000 mg/kg dry sediment.
Arvutatakse saadud sirgete tõusu iseloomustavate väärtuste hajuvus ja hinnatakse selle kaudu Studenti t-testi (või mitme kontsentratsiooni kasutamisel dispersioonanalüüsi) abil tõusude (kasvu kiiruskonstantide) erinevuse statistilist olulisust (p = 0,05).
This test should follow the general principles of a standard dose-response test, with the exception that an increase in the minimum number of replicates to six test vessels per control and concentration is advised.
Üldjuhul kasutatakse kasvu suhtes korrigeerimiseks eelistatavalt massiandmeid.
Test solutions are usually prepared by dilution of a stock solution, prepared by dissolving or dispersing the test chemical in Smart and Barko media, using demineralised (i.e. distilled or deionised) water (see Appendix 1).
Samal viisil töödeldud andmetest pikkuse kohta võib olla kasu kontrollrühma ja katserühma(de) võrdlemisel kokkupuutest tuleneva mõju suhtes.
The highest test concentration should normally not exceed the water solubility of the test chemical or, in the case of formulations, the dispersibility under the test conditions.
Kui massiandmete analüüsi käigus ei täheldata statistiliselt olulisi erinevusi, võib katserühma(de) ja kontrollrühma andmed ühte koondada ning arvutada üldisele lineaarsele korrelatsioonile vastava sirge tõusu näol kalade kasvu üldise kiiruskonstandi katses tervikuna (kg).
For test chemicals of low water solubility, it may be necessary to prepare a concentrated stock solution or dispersion of the chemical using an organic solvent or dispersant in order to facilitate the addition of accurate quantities of the test chemical to the test medium and aid in its dispersion and dissolution.
Statistiliselt oluliste erinevuste ilmnemisel esitatakse kasvu kiiruskonstandi väärtus eraldi iga kalade rühma ja/või katseetapi kohta.
Every effort should be made to avoid the use of such solvents or dispersants.
Sel juhul tuleks igas rühmas leitud kiiruskonstanti kasutada asjaomase konkreetse rühma andmete korrigeerimiseks kasvust tingitud lahjenemise suhtes.
For example, commonly used solvents, which do not cause phytotoxicity at concentrations up to 100 μl/l, include acetone and dimethylformamide.
Kui täheldatakse statistiliselt olulisi erinevusi omastamis- ja puhastumisetapi kiiruskonstantide vahel, tuleks kasutada puhastumisetapi andmete põhjal leitud kiiruskonstanti.
If a solvent or dispersant is used, its final concentration should be reported and kept to a minimum (≤ 100 μl/l).
Arvutatud kasvu kiiruskonstandi (kg, väljendatud päeva kohta) saab üldisest puhastumise kiiruskonstandist (k2) maha lahutada, et saada puhastumise kiiruskonstant k2g.
Under these circumstances all treatments and (solvent) controls should contain the same concentration of solvent or dispersant.
[võrrand A5.27]
Untreated control replicates that do not contain a solvent or dispersant are also incorporated into the test design.
Omastamise kiiruskonstandi jagamisel kasvu suhtes korrigeeritud puhastumise kiiruskonstandiga saadakse kasvu suhtes korrigeeritud kineetiline BCF, mille tähis on BCFKg (või leitakse BMFKg).
Further guidance on the use of dispersants is given in an OECD Guidance Document (11).
[võrrand A5.28]
The test procedure varies according to the application route of the test chemical (i.e. via the water or sediment phase).
Kasvu suhtes korrigeeritud teguri BMFKg leidmiseks kasutatakse toidukaudse kokkupuute katses saadud kasvu kiiruskonstanti võrrandis A7.5 (vt 7. liide).
The likely behaviour of the test chemical in a water-sediment system should be considered to inform the choice of exposure regime used in the test (i.e. static or static renewal, spiked water or spiked sediment).
Kasvu suhtes korrigeerimine massipõhise meetodiga
Spiked sediment tests may be preferred in some cases for chemicals that are predicted to significantly partition to sediment.
Eespool kirjeldatud kasvu kiiruskonstandi mahalahutamise meetodi asemel võib kasutada järgmist alternatiivset meetodit, mille puhul kasvu suhtes korrigeerimine ei ole vajalik.
Establishment phase
See meetod tugineb puhastumisandmete massipõhisele kasutamisele lähtuvalt terve kala massist, mitte kontsentratsioonist.
Healthy shoot apices/tips, i.e. without side shoots, are cut from the culture plants to give a shoot length of 6 cm (± 1 cm).
Puhastumisetapis täheldatud kontsentratsioon kudedes (uuritava aine mass kala massiühiku kohta) teisendatakse uuritava aine massiks kala kohta: kontsentratsioon igas kalas viiakse tabelis (nt arvutipõhises tabelis) kokku asjaomase kala massiga ja iga kontsentratsioon korrutatakse vastava terve kala massiga, et saada uuritava aine mass kala kohta kõikides puhastumisetapi proovides.
For Test Design A (one shoot per pot and three pots per vessel) single shoot tips are planted into each pot.
Aine massi naturaallogaritmitud väärtused kantakse tavapärasel viisil graafikule katse (puhastumisetapi) kulgu väljendava aja funktsioonina.
For Test Design B (three shoots per pot and one pot per vessel) four to five shoot apices are planted into each pot containing the sediment.
Veekaudse kokkupuute meetodi puhul leitakse omastamise kiiruskonstant tavapärasel viisil (vt jaotised 4 ja 6; tuleb tähele panna, et k1 arvutamisel tuleks kõvera lähendamise võrrandites kasutada „tavapärast“ k2 väärtust) ja puhastumise kiiruskonstant eespool kirjeldatud andmete põhjal.
In both cases surplus pots should be planted to allow for selection of uniform plants at test initiation, as well as to provide spare plants to be used for inspection of root growth immediately prior to treatment and spare plants to be harvested for shoot biomass and length measurements on Day 0.
Kuna saadud puhastumise kiiruskonstant põhineb aine massil terve kala kohta ega sõltu seega kasvust, tuleks selle tähisena kasutada k2 asemel k2g-d.
Shoots are inserted such that approximately three cm, covering at least two nodes, are beneath the sediment surface.
LIPIIDISISALDUSE SUHTES NORMALISEERIMINE LÄHTUVALT LIPIIDISISALDUSEST 5 % (ÜKSNES VEEKAUDSE KOKKUPUUTE MEETODI PUHUL)
Pots are then transferred to test vessels under the same environmental conditions as for the exposure phase and maintained for seven days in Smart and Barko medium to induce root development.
Veekaudse kokkupuute katsest leitud kineetilise ja statsionaarset olekut iseloomustava BCFi väärtus tuleks lisaks esitada lähtuvalt standardsest kala lipiidisisaldusest 5 % märgmassist, välja arvatud juhul, kui on võimalik tõendada, et uuritav aine akumuleerub peamiselt mujal kui rasvas (näiteks võib mõni perfluoritud aine seonduda valkudega).
After this time, several plants in spare pots should be removed for inspection of root growth.
Kalades esinev kontsentratsioon või BCF tuleb ümber arvutada lähtuvalt lipiidisisaldusest 5 % märgmassist.
If root growth is not visible (i.e. root tips are not visible), then the establishment phase should be extended until root growth is visible.
Kui igas proovivõtupunktis on nii uuritava aine kui ka lipiidide sisalduse mõõtmiseks kasutatud sama kala, tuleb iga mõõdetud kontsentratsiooni korrigeerida asjaomase konkreetse kala lipiidisisalduse suhtes.
This step is recommended to ensure that plants are actively growing at the time of test initiation.
Arnot, J. A., ja Gobas, F. A. P. C. (2004).
Selection of uniform plant material
Spacie, A., ja Hamelink, J. L. (1982).
For Test Design A (one shoot per pot and three pots per vessel) pots are selected for uniformity prior to test initiation.
Kristensen, P. (1991).
For Test Design B (three shoots per pot and one pot per vessel), surplus plants are removed to leave three plants that are uniform in size and appearance.
Bioconcentration in fish: comparison of BCF's derived from OECD and ASTM testing methods; influence of particulate matter to the bioavailability of chemicals.
Exposure via the water phase
Branson, D. R., Blau, G. E., Alexander, H. C., ja Neely, W. B. (1975).
Pots, selected for uniformity, are placed into the test vessels as required for the experimental design.
Bioconcentration of 2,2',4,4' tetrachlorobiphenyl in rainbow trout as measured by an accelerated test.
Smart and Barko medium is then added to the test vessels.
Ernst, W.
Care should be taken to avoid disturbance of the sediment.
Reilly, P. M., Bajramovic, R., Blau, G. E., Branson, D. R., ja Sauerhoff, M. W.
For this purpose, media may be added using a funnel or a plastic disc to cover the sediment while the medium is poured into the test vessels provided that the disc is removed immediately afterwards.
Hawker, D. W., ja Connell, D. W.
Alternatively, plant pots may be placed in the test vessels after the addition of the media.
Konemann, H., ja van Leeuwen, K. (1980).
In both cases, fresh media may be used at the beginning of the exposure phase, if necessary to minimise the potential build-up of algae and bacteria or to allow preparation of single batches of test solution across replicates.
Toorkiud
The shoot length above sediment is measured, either prior to or after the addition of the medium.
≥ 2,0 % Niiskus ≥ 12 % Tuhk ≥ 8 % 2.
The relevant amounts of the test chemical may be added to the test medium before it is added to the test vessels.
SÖÖDA RIKASTAMISE MEETODITE NÄITED Üldnõuded Kontrollrühma sööt tuleks valmistada täpselt samal viisil kui rikastatud sööt, kuid ilma uuritava aineta.
Alternatively, the test chemical may be introduced into the medium after it has been added to the test vessels.
Töödeldud söödas aine sisalduse kontrollimiseks tuleks rikastatud söödast võtta sobiva meetodiga kolm paralleelproovi ja mõõta saadud proovides uuritava aine sisaldus või radioaktiivsus.
In this case, care should be taken to ensure that the test chemical is homogeneously distributed throughout the test system without disturbing the sediment.
Tuleks tõendada, et analüütilise tuvastamise tõhusus on suur (> 85 %) ja proovidevaheline varieeruvus väike (aine sisaldus katse alguses võetud kolmes proovis ei tohiks keskväärtuse suhtes varieeruda rohkem kui ± 15 %).
In all cases, the appearance (e.g. clear, cloudy, etc.) of the test media is recorded at test initiation.
Toidukaudse kokkupuute katses tuleks uuritava aine sisalduse määramiseks söödas võtta kolm söödaproovi katse nullpäeval ja omastamisetapi lõpus.
Exposure via sediment
Kalasööda valmistamine puhta vedela uuritava ainega Määratakse kindlaks soovitud nominaalne katsekontsentratsioon töödeldud kalasöödas, näiteks 500 μg uuritavat ainet grammi sööda kohta.
Spiked sediments of the chosen concentration are prepared by addition of a solution of the test chemical directly to fresh sediment.
Cf(t)
A stock solution of the test chemical dissolved in deionised water is mixed with the formulated sediment by rolling mill, feed mixer or hand mixing.
Sijm, D. T. H. M., Pärt, P., ja Opperhuizen, A. (1993).
If poorly soluble in water, the test chemical can be dissolved in as small a volume as possible of a suitable organic solvent (e.g. hexane, acetone or chloroform).
The influence of temperature on the uptake rate constants of hydrophobic compounds determined by the isolated perfused gills of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).
This solution is then mixed with ca.
Sijm, D. T. H. M., Verberne, M. E., Pärt, P., ja Opperhuizen, A. (1994).
10 g of fine quartz sand for one test vessel.
Experimentally determined blood and water flow limitations for uptake of hydrophobic compounds using perfused gills of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): Allometric applications.
The solvent is allowed to evaporate and the sand is then mixed with the suitable amount of sediment per test beaker.
Barber, M. C. (2003).
Only agents that volatilise readily can be used to solubilise, disperse or emulsify the test chemical.
Opperhuizen, A. (1986).
It should be borne in mind that the volume/weight of sand spiked with the test chemical has to be taken into account in the final preparation of the sediment (i.e. the sediment should thus be prepared with less sand).
Bioconcentration of hydrophobic chemicals in fish.
Care should be taken to ensure that the test chemical added to sediment is thoroughly and evenly distributed within the sediment.
Väljaandes: Aquatic Toxicology and Environmental Fate.
The spiked sediment is filled into the pots (as described above).
Hendriks, A. J., van der Linde, A., Cornelissen, G., ja Sijm, D. T. H. M. (2001).
Plants, selected for uniformity and an adequate root system, are removed from the pots used during the establishment phase and transplanted into the spiked sediment as described above.
Campfens, J., ja Mackay, D. (1997).
Pots are placed into the test vessels as required for the experimental design.
Fugacity-based model of PCB bioaccumulation in complex aquatic food webs.
Smart and Barko medium is then added carefully (i.e. using a funnel) in order to avoid disturbance of the sediment.
Crookes, M., ja Brooke, D. (2010).
The shoot length above sediment is measured, either prior to or after the addition of the media.
Estimation of fish bioconcentration factor (BCF) from depuration data.
Maintenance of water levels over the test duration
Gobas, F., ja Morrison, H. (2000).
The final water volume must be recorded and the water level marked on each test vessel.
Bioconcentration and biomagnification in the aquatic environment.
If water evaporates during the test by more than 10 %, the water level should be adjusted with distilled water.
Väljaandes: Handbook of property estimation methods for chemicals.
If necessary, beakers may be loosely covered by a transparent cover such as transparent plastic lids to minimise evaporation and contamination with algal spores.
Katse kestus
Warm and/or cool white fluorescent lighting are used to provide light irradiance in the range of about 140 (± 20) μE·m–2 s–1 when measured as a photosynthetically active radiation (400-700 nm) at the water surface and using a light:dark ratio of 16:8 h.
Teadusuuringud (14) on näidanud, et hiidkiivrikute puhul on söödaratsioon 0,1–0,2 mg süsinikku kiivriku kohta päevas piisav, et saada katse nõuetekohasuse kriteeriumide täitmiseks vajalik arv järglasi.
Any differences from the selected light irradiance over the test area should not exceed the range of ± 15 %.
Sööta võib anda püsikogusena kogu katseperioodi jooksul või soovi korral võib alguses kasutada väiksemat kogust, mida siis katse käigus suurendatakse, et võtta arvesse vanemloomade kasvamist.
The temperature in the test vessels is 20 ± 2 °C.
nominaalsed uuritavad kontsentratsioonid ja kõigi analüüside tulemused, mis on tehtud katsenõudes oleva uuritava kemikaali kontsentratsiooni määramiseks (vt andmelehtede näidised, 5. liide); esitada tuleks ka meetodi tulemuslikkus ja määramispiir;
The pH of the control medium should not increase by more than 1,5 units during the test.
katsenõudes oleva vee kvaliteet (st pH, temperatuur ja lahustunud hapniku sisaldus, orgaanilise süsiniku kogusisaldus ja/või keemiline hapnikutarve ja vajaduse korral vee karedus) (vt andmelehe näidis, 4. liide);
However, deviation of more than 1,5 units would not invalidate the test when it can be shown that the validity criteria specified previously are met.
Baird, D.J. et al.
Test duration
(1991).
The exposure period is 14 days.
Protoplasma 154: 25–33.
After the establishment phase and immediately prior to treatment (i.e. on Day 0), spare plants from five randomly selected pots for the three plants per pot design or 15 pots for the one plant per pot design, are harvested for assessment of shoot length and fresh and dry weight as described below.
In: Annual Book of ASTM Standards; Water and Environmental Technology, vol.
For plants transferred into the exposure phase, the following assessments are made as shown in Table 1:
11.04; ASTM E729 – 96 (2007) American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA.
Assessments of main shoot length, side shoot number and side shoot length are recorded at least at the end of the exposure period (e.g. on day 14).
(H. Løkke, H. Tyle and F. Bro-Rasmussen Eds.) pp 144–148.
Visual assessments of plant health are recorded at least three times during the exposure period (e.g. on days 0, 7 and 14).
Parkhurst, B.R., J.L. Forte, and G.P.
Assessments of shoot fresh weight and dry weight are made at the end of the test (i.e. on Day 14).
Sims, I.R., S. Watson and D. Holmes (1993), „Toward a standard Daphnia juvenile production test“.
Shoot length is determined using a ruler.
Wilson, E.O. ja Bossert, W.H.
If side shoots are present, their numbers and length should also be measured.
McGraw-Hill Series in Population Biology, New York, p 532.
Visual assessments of plant health are made by recording the appearance of plants and the general condition of the test medium.
Meyer, J. S., Ingersoll, C. G., McDonald, L.L. ja Boyce, M.S.
Necrosis, chlorosis or other discoloration such as excessive reddening relative to control plants.
N.B.:
Development of bacterial or algal contamination;
, „Selenium deficiency in crustacea; an ultrastructural approach to antennal damage in Daphnia magna Straus“.
moderate root development
(2012).
Care should be taken to remove sediment particles that may adhere to the base of the shoot.
Suitability of sheepshead minnows (Cyprindon variegatus) for life-cycle toxicity tests.
60 °C and dried to a constant weight, prior to re-weighing and recording the dry weight.
Mayer, F. L., ja Hamelink, J. L.).
A summary of the minimum biological assessments required over the test duration is provided in Table 1.
Kimmel, H. B., et al.
Visual assessment of shoots
Rao, J. N. K., ja Scott, A. J. (1999).
The temperature of the medium in a supplementary vessel held under the same conditions in the growth chamber, incubator or room should be recorded at least daily (or continuously with a data logger).
Biometrics 20: 482–491.
The pH and dissolved oxygen concentration of the test medium should be checked at test initiation, at least once during the study and at the end of the study in all replicate vessels.
Rand, G. M., ja Petrocelli, S. R. (1985).
If bulk solutions are used to prepare all replicates at each test concentration, then a single measurement of each bulk solution is acceptable on Day 0.
≥ 4 paralleeli konts. kohta
Irradiance should be measured in the growth chamber, incubator or room at points equivalent to level of the water surface.
Täheldatava toime puudumise kontsentratsiooni määramise vooskeem marjaterast koorumise ja vastsete suremuse andmete puhul
Concentrations in sediment and sediment pore-water should be determined at test initiation and test termination, at least in the highest test concentration, unless the test chemicals are known to be stable in water (> 80 % of nominal).
A simple method for analyzing overdispersion in clustered Poisson data.
Measurements in sediment and pore-water might not be necessary if the partitioning of the test chemical between water and sediment has been clearly determined in a water/sediment study under comparable conditions (e.g. sediment to water ratio, application method, sediment type).
Stat.
Hence, additional treated test vessels may be required to facilitate analytical determinations at test initiation and test termination.
Biometrics 48: 577–585.
Centrifugation at, for example, 10000 g and 4 °C for 30 minutes is recommended to isolate interstitial water.
18: 1373–1385.
However, if the test chemical is demonstrated not to absorb to filters, filtration may also be acceptable.
Robertson, T., Wright, F. T., ja Dykstra, R. L. (1988).
Alternatively, the test solutions of all replicates for each concentration may be pooled for analyses.
Valitakse suurem x-i väärtus või mõni muu mudel
DATA EVALUATION
Bunke, O., Droge, B., ja Polzehl, J. (1999).
In cases where use of a solvent / dispersant is required, data from solvent and untreated controls may be pooled for the purposes of statistical analyses provided that the responses of the solvent and untreated controls are not statistically significantly different.
Collett, D. (2003).