natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
In the event of contamination of the stock culture e.g. by algae, fungi and/or bacteria a new culture should be prepared or a stock culture from another laboratory should be used to renewal of the one culture.
Kõnealuse meetodi vajalikkust põhjendati ka sellega, et võimalik kokkupuude selliste raskesti lahustuvate ainetega (st ained, mille log KOW > 5) võib keskkonnas toimuda suures osas toidu kaudu (vt viited 40–44).
Carl von Linné (* May, 23th, 1707 in Råshult/Älmhult; † January, 10th, 1778 in Uppsala).
Sel põhjusel on mõnes kemikaale käsitlevas avaldatud määruses viidatud toidukaudse kokkupuute katsetele [43].
MAINTENANCE OF PRE-CULTURE AND PREPARATION OF TEST ORGANISM FOR TESTING
Tuleks siiski meeles pidada, et siin kirjeldatud meetodi puhul hoidutakse hoolikalt veefaasi kaudu kokkupuute loomisest, mistõttu sel viisil leitud BMFi väärtus ei ole otseselt võrreldav väliuuringust saadud BMFi väärtusega (mille puhul kokkupuude võib üheaegselt toimuda nii vee kui ka toidu kaudu).
To obtain pre-culture, cut shoots of stock culture into segments with two whorls each; put segments into Fernbach flasks filled with modified Andrews' medium (with 3 % sucrose).
Käesoleva katsemeetodi käesolev osa põhineb eespool nimetatud meetodil (38) ning selles kirjeldatakse uut meetodit, mis puudus katsemeetodi C.13 eelmises versioonis.
Each flask can contain up to 50 shoot segments.
Kõnealune alternatiivne meetod võimaldab uurida otsest toidukaudset kokkupuudet kontrollitud laboritingimustes.
However, care is to be taken that the segments are vital and do not have any roots and lateral branches or their buds (see figure 1 in Appendix 3).
Kui aeg-ajalt kasutatakse võrdlusainet (vt punkt 25), on katserühmas soovitatav määrata selle sisaldus omastamisetapi lõpus ja kõikides uuritava aine puhul kasutatavates puhastumisetapi proovivõtupunktides (terve kala alusel); kontrollrühmas on võrdlusaine sisaldus vaja määrata üksnes omastamisetapi lõpus (terve kala alusel).
The pre-culture organisms are cultured for 14 to 21 days under sterile conditions in an environmental chamber with alternating 16/8 hour light/dark phases.
Teatavas olukorras (näiteks kui uuritava aine ja võrdlusaine puhul kasutatavad analüüsimeetodid on omavahel sobimatud ja proovivõtukavast kinni pidamiseks tuleks kasutada suuremat arvu kalu) võib täiendavalt vaja minevate kalade arvu minimeerimiseks kasutada teistsugust lähenemisviisi: võrdlusaine sisaldust mõõdetakse üksnes puhastumisetapis selle esimesel ja kolmandal päeval ning veel kahes proovivõtupunktis, mis on valitud nii, et oleks võimalik usaldusväärselt hinnata võrdlusaine sisaldust alghetkel (C0,d) ja võrdlusaine k2.
Light intensity selected from the range of 100-150 μE m– 2 s– 1.
Li, A., ja Doucette, W. J. (1993).
Since the modified Andrews' medium contains sucrose (which stimulates the growth of algae, fungi and bacteria), test chemical solutions should be prepared and culturing be conducted under sterile conditions.
12: 2031–2035.
Sterilisation is carried out via heated air treatment (210 °C) for 4 hours or autoclaving for 20 minutes at 121 °C.
OECD (1997).
In addition, all flasks, dishes, bowls etc. and other equipment undergo flame treatment at the sterile workbench just prior to use.
Guidance Document on Direct Phototransformation of Chemicals in Water (OCDE/GD(97)21).
Shoots are axenically removed from the pre-culture flasks, choosing material that is as homogeneous as possible.
OECD Environmental Health and Safety Publications, Series on Testing and Assessment No. 7.
Each testing requires at least 60 test organisms (testing with eight test chemical concentrations).
Majanduskoostöö ja Arengu Organisatsioon (OECD), Pariis, Prantsusmaa.
For testing, take fresh lateral branches from pre-cultures, shorten them to 2,5 cm from base (measured with ruler) and transfer them into a beaker containing sterile modified Andrews' medium.
Connell, D. W.
These fresh lateral branches can be used for the sediment-free Myriophyllum spicatum toxicity test.
T. 102: 117–156.
Cutting of plants from the pre culture for the sediment-free Myriophyllum spicatum toxicity test
Bintein, S., Devillers, J., ja Karcher, W.
waste or further cultivation
OECD (2011).
fresh lateral branches for the test
QSAR Toolbox 2.1.
C.51 water-sediment Myriophyllum spicatum toxicity test
Brown, R. S., Akhtar, P., Åkerman, J., Hampel, L., Kozin, I. S., Villerius, L. A., ja Klamer, H. J. C. (2001).
This test method is equivalent to the OECD test guideline 239 (2014).
35: 4097–4102.
Test methods are available for the floating, monocotyledonous aquatic plant, Lemna species (1) and for algal species (2).
Fernandez, J. D., Denny, J. S., ja Tietge, J. E. (1998).
These methods are routinely used to generate data to address the risk of test chemicals, in particular chemicals with herbicidal activity, to non-target aquatic plant species.
17: 2058–2062.
However, in some cases, data for additional macrophyte species may be required.
Nichols, J. W., Fitzsimmons, P. N., Whiteman, F. W., ja Dawson, T. D. (2004).
Recent guidance published from the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) workshop on Aquatic Macrophyte Risk Assessment for Pesticides (AMRAP) proposed that data for a rooted macrophyte species may be required for test chemicals where Lemna and algae are known not to be sensitive to the mode of action or if partitioning to sediment is a concern, leading to exposure via root uptake (3).
77: 206–218.
Based on current understanding and experience, Myriophyllum spp were selected as the preferred species in cases where data are required for a submerged, rooted dicotyledonous species (4) (5) (6).
Parkerton, T. F., Arnot, J. A., Weisbrod, A. V., Russom, C., Hoke, R. A., Woodburn, K., Traas, T., Bonnell, M., Burkhard, L. P., ja Lampi, M. A. (2008).
The water-sediment Myriophyllum spicatum test method complements the sediment-free Myriophyllum spicatum Toxicity Test (7).
4: 139–155.
This document describes a test method, which allows assessment of the effects of a test chemical on the rooted, aquatic plant species Myriophyllum spicatum, growing in a water-sediment system.
Verbruggen, E. M. J., Beek, M., Pijnenburg, J., ja Traas, T. P. (2008).
The test method is based partly on existing methods (1) (2) (8) and takes account of recent research related to the risk assessment of aquatic plants (3).
27: 2436–2448.
The water-sediment method has been validated by an international ring-test conducted with Myriophyllum species grown under static conditions, which were exposed to the test chemical through applications made via the water column (9).
Schlechtriem, C., Fliedner, A., ja Schäfers, C. (2012).
However, the test system is readily adapted to allow for exposure via spiked sediment or exposure via the water phase in semi-static or pulsed-dose scenarios, although these scenarios have not been formally ring tested.
Determination of lipid content in fish samples from bioaccumulation studies: Contributions to the revision of OECD Test Guideline 305.
Furthermore, the general method can be used for other rooted, submerged and emergent species including other Myriophyllum species (e.g. Myriophyllum aquaticum) and Glyceria maxima (10).
Env.
Modifications of test conditions, design and duration may be required for alternative species.
Sci.
In particular, more work is needed to define appropriate procedures for Myriophyllum aquaticum.
OECD (2000).
These options are not presented in detail in this test method, which describes the standard approach for exposure of Myriophyllum spicatum in a static system via the water phase.
Guidance Document on Aquatic Toxicity Testing of Difficult Substances and Mixtures (ENV/JM/MONO(2000)6).
This test method applies to substances, for which the test method has been validated, (see details in the ring test report (9)) or to formulations or known mixtures.
USA Keskkonnakaitseamet (1994).
A Myriophyllum test may be conducted to fulfil a Tier 1 data requirement triggered by potential test chemical partitioning to sediment or mode of action/selectivity issues.
Great Lake water quality initiative technical support document for the procedure to determine bioaccumulation factors (822-R-94-002).
Equally, a laboratory-based Myriophyllum test may be required as part of a higher-tier strategy to address concerns over the risk to aquatic plants.
USA Toidu- ja Ravimiamet (1999).
The specific reason for conducting a test will determine the route of exposure (i.e. via water or sediment).
USA Toidu- ja Ravimiamet (1974).
Before use of this test method for the testing of a mixture intended for a regulatory purpose, it should be considered whether, and if so why, it may provide adequate results for that purpose.
Jaotis 5, A (1) „Analysis of Human or Animal Adipose Tissue“.
The test is designed to assess chemical-related effects on the vegetative growth of Myriophyllum plants growing in standardised media (water, sediment and nutrients).
Bligh, E. G., ja Dyer, W.
For this purpose, shoot apices of healthy, non-flowering plants are potted in standardised, artificial sediment, which is supplemented with additional nutrients to ensure adequate plant growth, and then maintained in Smart and Barko medium (Appendix 1).
37: 911–917.
After an establishment period to allow for root formation, plants are exposed to a series of test concentrations added to the water column.
Gardner, W. S., Frez, W.
Alternatively, exposure via the sediment may be simulated by spiking the artificial sediment with the test chemical and transplanting plants into this spiked sediment.
30: 1099–1105.
In both cases, plants are subsequently maintained under controlled environmental conditions for 14 days.
Analyst 124: 1711–1718.
Effects on growth are determined from quantitative assessments of shoot length, fresh weight and dry weight, as well as qualitative observations of symptoms such as chlorosis, necrosis or growth deformities.
OECD (2006).
To quantify chemical-related effects, growth in the test solutions is compared with the growth of the control plants, and the concentration causing a specified x % inhibition of growth is determined and expressed as the ECx; “x” can be any value depending on the regulatory requirements, e.g. EC10 EC20 and EC50.
Springer, T. A., Guiney, P. D., Krueger, H. O., ja Jaber, M. J. (2008).
Both average specific growth rate (estimated from assessments of shoot length, shoot fresh weight and shoot dry weight) and yield (estimated from the increase in shoot length, shoot fresh weight and shoot dry weight) of untreated and treated plants should be determined.
27: 2271–2280.
If required, the lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) and the no observed effect concentration (NOEC) may be statistically determined from estimates of average specific growth rates and yield.
Springer, T. A. (2009).
An analytical method with adequate sensitivity for quantification of the chemicals in the test medium should be available.
Arnot, J. A., Meylan, W., Tunkel, J., Howard, P. H., Mackay, D., Bonnell, M., ja Boethling, R. S. (2009).
Information on the test chemical which may be useful in establishing the test conditions includes the structural formula, composition in the case of multi-constituent substances, UVCBs, mixtures or formulations, purity, water solubility, stability in water and light, acid dissociation constant (pKa), partition coefficient octanol-water (Kow), if available Kd to sediments, vapour pressure and biodegradability.
28: 1168–1177.
Water solubility and vapour pressure can be used to calculate Henry's Law constant, which will indicate whether significant losses of the test chemical during the test period are likely.
Parkerton, T., Letinski, D., Febbo, E., Davi, R., Dzambia, C., Connelly, M., Christensen, K., ja Peterson, D. (2001).
If losses of the test chemicals are likely, the losses should be quantified and the subsequent steps to control such losses should be documented.
A practical testing approach for assessing bioaccumulation potential of poorly water soluble organic chemicals (ettekanne).
Where information on the solubility and stability of the test chemical(s) is uncertain, it is recommended that these properties are assessed under the conditions of the test, i.e. growth medium, temperature, lighting regime to be used in the test.
SETAC Europe 12th Annual Meeting, Madrid, Hispaania.
Note: when light dependent peroxidising herbicides are tested, the laboratory lighting used should contain the equivalent presence of solar ultraviolet light found in natural sunlight.
Fisk, A. T., Cymbalisty, C. D., Bergman, Ã., ja Muir, D. C. G. (1996).
The pH should be measured and adjusted in the test medium as appropriate.
15: 1775–1782.
The pH control of the test medium is particularly important, e.g. when testing metals or chemicals which are hydrolytically unstable.
Anonüümne autor (2004).
Further guidance for testing chemicals with physical-chemical properties that make them difficult to test is provided in a OECD Guidance Document (11).
Fish, dietary bioaccumulation study – Basic protocol.
For the test results to be valid, the mean total shoot length and mean total shoot fresh weight in control plants at least double during the exposure phase of the test.
Uute ja olemasolevate kemikaalide tehnilise komitee püsivate, bioakumuleeruvate ja toksiliste ainete töörühmale esitatud dokument.
In addition, control plants must not show any visual symptoms of chlorosis and should be visibly free from contamination by other organisms such as algae and/or bacterial films on the plants, at the surface of the sediment and in the test medium.
Anonüümne autor (2004).
The mean coefficient of variation for yield based on measurements of shoot fresh weight (i.e. from test initiation to test termination) in the control cultures does not exceed 35 % between replicates.
Background document to the fish dietary study protocol.
A reference chemical(s), such as 3,5-dichlorophenol used in the ring test (9), should be periodically tested in order to check the performance of the test procedure over time.
Uute ja olemasolevate kemikaalide tehnilise komitee püsivate, bioakumuleeruvate ja toksiliste ainete töörühmale esitatud dokument.
The ring test data indicate that the mean EC50 values of 3,5-DCP for the different response variables were between 4,7 and 6,1 mg/l (see the ring-test report for details of anticipated confidence interval around these values).
Bruggeman, W. A., Opperhuizen, A., Wijbenga, A., ja Hutzinger, O. (1984).
It is advisable to test a reference chemical at least twice a year or, where testing is carried out infrequently, in parallel with the definitive toxicity tests.
Muir, D. C. G., Marshall, W.
A guide to expected EC50 values for 3,5-DCP is provided in the Statistical Report of the International Ring-test (9).
Chemosphere 14: 829–833.
Test apparatus
Thomann, R. V. (1989).
The test should be conducted under controlled environmental conditions, i.e. in a growth chamber, growth room or laboratory, with controllable day length, lighting and temperature (see section “Test conditions”, paragraphs 56-58).
23: 699–707.
Stock cultures should be maintained separately from test vessels.
Nichols, J. W., Fitzsimmons, P. N., ja Whiteman, F. W.
The study should be conducted using glass test vessels such as aquaria or beakers; 2-l glass beakers (approximately 24 cm high and 11 cm in diameter) are commonly used.
77: 219–229.
However, other (i.e. larger) vessels may be suitable provided that there is sufficient depth of water to allow unlimited growth and keep the plants submerged throughout the test duration.
Gobas, F. A. P. C., de Wolf, W., Burkhard, L. P., Verbruggen, E., ja Plotzke, K. (2009).
Plastic or glass plant pots (approximately 9 cm diameter and 8 cm high and 500 ml volume) may be used as containers for potting the plants into the sediment.
Revisiting bioaccumulation criteria for POPs and PBT assessments.
Alternatively, glass beakers may be used and are preferred in some cases (e.g. testing hydrophobic chemicals or chemicals with high Kow).
5: 624–637.
The choice of pot/beaker size needs to be considered alongside the choice of test vessels and the preferred test design (see below).
Sijm, D. T. H. M., ja van der Linde, A. (1995).
If using Test Design A (one shoot per pot with three pots per vessel) then smaller pots or larger vessels may be needed.
Size-dependent bioconcentration kinetics of hydrophobic organic chemicals in fish based on diffusive mass transfer and allometric relationships.
If using Test Design B (three shoots per pot and one pot per vessel) then the stated pot and vessel sizes should be adequate.
29: 2769–2777.
In all cases, the minimum overlaying water depth should be 12 cm above the top of the sediment and the ratio of sediment surface area/volume to water surface area/volume should be recorded.
Sijm, D. T. H. M., Verberne M. E., de Jonge, W. J., Pärt, P., ja Opperhuizen, A. (1995).
The general approaches described in this test method can be used to test a range of aquatic plant species.
131: 130–135.
However, the conditions outlined in this test method have been tailored for testing the water milfoil species, Myriophyllum spicatum.
Fisk, A. T., Norstrom, R. J., Cymbalisty, C. D., ja Muir, D. G. G. (1998).
This species belongs to the dicotyledonous family, Haloragaceae.
17: 951–961.
Myriophyllum spicatum (Eurasian water milfoil) is a submerged, rooted species which tolerates a wide range of conditions and is found in both static and flowing water bodies.
McGrath, J. A., Parkerton, T. F., ja Di Toro, D. M. (2004).
M. spicatum is a perennial which dies back to the roots over winter.
23: 2503–2517.
Plants usually flower and set seed freely although vegetative propagation from axillary buds or stem fragments that detach naturally or after disturbance, is often the primary method of colonisation.
Poppendieck, D. G. (2002).
Cultivation of the test organism
McCarty, L. S., ja Mackay, D. (1993).
Plants may be obtained from natural populations or via aquatic plant suppliers.
Enhancing ecotoxicological modelling and assessment: body residues and modes of toxic action.
In both cases, the source of the plants should be documented and species identity should be verified.
27: 1718–1728.
If in doubt, use of verified laboratory cultures from known sources is recommended.
Part II – Additional Report including comparative analysis of trout and carp results (ENV/JM/MONO(2012)20).
Plants that have been exposed to any chemical contaminants, or collected from sites known to be contaminated, should not be used in this test.
OECD Environmental Health and Safety Publications, Series on Testing and Assessment No.
In regions where M. spicatum is not readily available during the winter months, long-term maintenance of stock cultures may be necessary under glasshouse or laboratory conditions.
20–25
Stock cultures should be maintained under conditions similar to the test conditions although irradiance and temperature may be reduced in order to reduce the frequency of culture maintenance (e.g. when Myriophyllum tests are not planned for a period).
(Teleostei, Centrarchidae)
Use of larger aquaria and plant pots, than would be used in tests, is recommended in order to allow space for proliferation.
(Teleostei, Salmonidae)
Sediment and water-media composition should be the same as would be used for tests although alternative methods of sediment fertilisation may be adopted (e.g. use of commercial slow-release fertiliser formulations)
13–17
Stock plants should be visibly free of contamination with any other organisms, including snails, filamentous algae, fungi and insects, e.g. eggs or larvae of the moth Paraponyx stratiotata and larve or adults of the curculionidae Eubrychius velutus.
(Teleostei, Gasterosteidae)
Rinsing plant material in fresh water may be necessary to eliminate visible contamination.
Meyer, A., Biermann, C. H., ja Orti, G. (1993).
In addition, efforts should be made to minimise the development of unicellular algae and bacterial contamination although complete sterility of the plant material is not necessary.
The phylogenetic position of the zebrafish (Danio rerio), a model system in developmental biology: An invitation to the comparative method.
Stock cultures should be monitored and transplanted as necessary to avoid development of algal and bacterial contamination.
252: 231–236.
Aeration of stock cultures may be beneficial should algal or bacterial contamination become problematic.
VEEKAUDSE JA TOIDUKAUDSE KOKKUPUUTE KATSETES KASUTATAVAD PROOVIVÕTUKAVAD
In all cases, plants are cultured/ acclimatised under conditions that are similar, but not necessarily identical, to those used in the test for an adequate period (i.e. > 2 weeks) before their use in a test.
Võetav kalaproov
Flowering stock cultures should not be used in a test as vegetative growth rates generally decline during and after flowering.
Kalade arv proovi kohta [1]
Sediment
Minimaalselt nõutavate proovide võtmise aeg (päevades) [2]
The following formulated sediment, based on the artificial sediment used in Chapter C.28 of this Annex (8), is recommended for use in this test.
Lisaproovide võtmise aeg (päevades) [2]
The sediment is prepared as described in TM C.28, except for the addition of nutrients as described below:
4–8 [5]
4-5 % peat (dry weight, according to 2 ± 0,5 % organic carbon) as close to pH 5,5 to 6,0 as possible; it is important to use peat in powder form, finely ground (preferably particle size < 1 mm) and only air dried.
40 –72
20 % (dry weight) kaolin clay (kaolinite content preferably above 30 %).
(48–80) [5]
75-76 % (dry weight) quartz sand (fine sand should predominate with more than 50 % of the particles between 50 and 200 μm).
05–10
An aqueous nutrient medium is added such that the final sediment batch contains 200 mg/Kg dry sediment of both ammonium chloride and sodium phosphate and the moisture content of the final mixture is in a range of 30-50 %.
(8–13) [8]
Calcium carbonate of chemically pure quality (CaCO3) is added to adjust the pH of the final mixture of the sediment to 7,0 ± 0,5.
5–10
The source of peat, kaolin clay and sand should be known and documented.
10–15 [10]
If the origin is unknown or gives some level of concern, then the respective components should be checked for the absence of chemical contamination (e.g. heavy metals, organochlorine compounds, organophosphorous compounds).
(13–18) [11]
The dry constituents of the sediment should be mixed homogenously prior to mixing the aqueous nutrient solution thoroughly into the sediment.
(8–13) [11]
The moist sediment should be prepared at least two days before use to allow thorough soaking of the peat and to prevent hydrophobic peat particles floating to the surface when the sediment is overlaid with media; before use, the moist sediment may be stored in the dark.
10–15 [10](13–18) [11]
For the test, the sediment is transferred into a suitable size containers, such as plant pots of a diameter which fit into the glass vessels (the sediment surface area should cover approximately 70 % or more of the vessel surface area).
59–120
In cases where the container has holes at the bottom, a piece of filter paper in the bottom of the container will help to keep the sediment within the container.
(63–126) [10] [11]
The pots are filled with the sediment such that the sediment surface is level, prior to covering with a thin layer (~ 2 to 3 mm) of an inert material such as sand, fine horticultural grit (or crushed coral) to keep the sediment in place.
50–110
Smart and Barko medium (12) is recommended for culturing and testing Myriophyllum spicatum.
(56–116) [10] [11]
Preparation of this media is described in the Appendix 1.
Jaotised 5, 6 ja 8 on siiski asjakohased üksnes veekaudse kokkupuute meetodi puhul, kuid on lisatud siia põhjusel, et tegemist on üldkasutatavate meetoditega.
The pH of the media (water phase) at test initiation should be between 7,5 and 8,0 for optimum plant growth.
Järjestikuse (jaotised 4 ja 5) ja üheaegse (jaotis 6) analüüsi meetodid võimaldavad arvutada omastamise ja puhastumise kiiruskonstandid, mida kasutatakse kineetilise BCFi leidmiseks.
Experimental design
Samal viisil võib leida aja, mille jooksul saavutatakse 95 % statsionaarsele olekule vastavast sisaldusest: