natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
homogeneous atmospheric conditions (null vertical gradient of effective sound celerity) over the entire area of propagation.
Üksteisega mitteseotud allikatest pärinevate helitasemete summat tähistatakse märgiga  vastavalt järgmisele definitsioonile:
The method of calculation described in this document applies to industrial infrastructures and land transport infrastructures.
Geomeetrilised kaalutused
It therefore applies in particular to road and railway infrastructures.
Allika liigendus
Aircraft transport is included in the scope of the method only for the noise produced during ground operations and excludes take-off and landing.
Tegelikke allikaid kirjeldatakse punktallikate kogumi abil või raudtee- või maanteeliikluse puhul mitteseotud joonallikate abil.
Industrial infrastructures that emit impulsive or strong tonal noises as described in ISO 1996-2:2007 do not fall within the scope of this method.
Heli levimise meetodis eeldatakse, et joon- või pindallikad on eelnevalt osadeks jagatud nii, et neid kujutatakse ekvivalentsete punktallikate kogumina.
The method of calculation does not provide results in upward-refraction propagation conditions (negative vertical gradient of effective sound speed) but these conditions are approximated by homogeneous conditions when computing Lden.
See võib toimuda algandmete eeltöötlemise käigus või arvutustarkvara komponendis, millega tehakse kindlaks heli levikutee.
To calculate the attenuation due to atmospheric absorption in the case of transport infrastructure, the temperature and humidity conditions are calculated according to ISO 9613-1:1996.
Sellises protsessis kasutatavad vahendid ei kuulu käesoleva meetodi käsitlusalasse.
The method provides results per octave band, from 63 Hz to 8000 Hz.
Levikuteed
The calculations are made for each of the centre frequencies.
Meetodis kasutatakse geomeetrilist mudelit, mis koosneb maapinna ja ühendatud takistuste pindade kogumist.
Partial covers and obstacles sloping, when modelled, more than 15° in relation to the vertical are out of the scope of this calculation method.
Ühele või mitmele horisontaaltasapinna suhtes vertikaalsele tasapinnale kantakse heli vertikaalne levikutee.
A single screen is calculated as a single diffraction calculation, two or more screens in a single path are treated as a subsequent set of single diffractions by applying the procedure described further.
Kui trajektoor sisaldab peegeldusi vertikaalpindadele, mis ei ole langemistasandi suhtes risti, võetakse järgmisena kasutusele veel üks vertikaalne tasapind, mis sisaldab levikutee peegeldunud osa.
Definitions used
Sellistel juhtudel, kui allikast vastuvõtjani kulgeva kogu trajektoori kirjeldamiseks kasutatakse mitut vertikaalset tasapinda, sirgestatakse vertikaaltasapinnad lõpuks ühetasaseks sarnaselt sirmi lahtitõmbamisega.
All distances, heights, dimensions and altitudes used in this document are expressed in metres (m).
Olulised kõrgused maapinna kohal
The notation MN stands for the distance in 3 dimensions (3D) between the points M and N, measured according to a straight line joining these points.
Ekvivalentkõrgused leitakse allika ja vastuvõtja vahelise keskmise maatasapinna suhtes.
The notation M̂N stands for the curved path length between the points M and N, in favourable conditions.
Selliselt asendatakse tegelik maapind teoreetilise tasapinnaga, mis vastab maapinna keskmisele profiilile.
It is customary for real heights to be measured vertically in a direction perpendicular to the horizontal plane.
Joonis 2.5.a
Heights of points above the local ground are denoted h, absolute heights of points and absolute height of the ground are to be noted by the letter H.
Ekvivalentkõrguste asetus maapinna suhtes
To take into account the actual relief of the land along a propagation path, the notion of ‘equivalent height’ is introduced, to be noted by the letter z.
1 tegelik reljeef
This substitutes real heights in the ground effect equations.
2 keskmine tasapind
The sound levels, noted by the capital letter L, are expressed in decibels (dB) per frequency band when index A is omitted.
Punkti ekvivalentkõrgus on selle kõrgus risti keskmise maatasapinnaga.
The sound levels in decibels dB(A) are given the index A.
See võimaldab defineerida allika ekvivalentkõrguse zs ja vastuvõtja ekvivalentkõrguse zr.
The sum of the sound levels due to mutually incoherent sources is noted by the sign  in accordance with the following definition:
Keskmisele maatasapinnale projitseeritud allika ja vastuvõtja vahelise kauguse tähis on dp.
Geometrical considerations
Kui punkti ekvivalentkõrgus muutub negatiivseks, st punkt asub keskmisest maatasapinnast allpool, võetakse kõrgus võrdseks nulliga ja ekvivalentpunkt langeb sel juhul kokku oma võimaliku näivpunktiga.
Source segmentation
Keskmise tasapinna arvutamine
Real sources are described by a set of point sources or, in the case of railway traffic or road traffic, by incoherent source lines.
Levikutee tasapinna topograafiat (maastik, kõrgendikud, vallid, muud inimtekkelised takistused, hooned jne) saab kirjeldada diskreetsete punktide korrastatud kogumina (xk, Hk); k є 1,…,n.
The propagation method assumes that line or area sources have previously been split up to be represented by a series of equivalent point sources.
Sellise punktikogumi põhjal defineeritakse murdjoon või samaväärne sirglõikude jada Hk = akx + bk, x є [xk, xk + 1]; k є 1,…,n, kus:
This may have occurred as pre-processing of the source data, or may occur within the pathfinder component of the calculation software.
Keskmisele tasapinnale vastab sirgjoon Z = ax + b; x є [x1, xn], millega murdjoont lähendatakse vähimruutude meetodil.
The means by which this has occurred is outside the scope of the current methodology.
Sellise kesksirge võrrand leitakse analüütiliselt.
Propagation paths
Kasutades valemeid
The method operates on a geometrical model consisting of a set of connected ground and obstacles surfaces.
leiame sirgjoone võrrandi tõusu ja vabaliikme järgmiselt:
A vertical propagation path is deployed on one or more vertical planes with respect to the horizontal plane.
Peegeldused hoonefassaadidelt ja muudelt vertikaalsetelt takistustelt
For trajectories including reflections onto vertical surfaces not orthogonal to the incident plane, another vertical plane is subsequently considered including the reflected part of the propagation path.
Peegelduste mõju arvesse võtmiseks võetakse kasutusele allpool kirjeldatud näivallika mõiste.
In these cases, where more vertical planes are used to describe the entire trajectory from the source to the receiver, the vertical planes are then flattened, like an unfolding Chinese screen.
Heli levimise mudel
Significant heights above the ground
Vastuvõtja R kohta tehakse arvutused vastavalt järgmistele etappidele:
The equivalent heights are obtained from the mean ground plane between the source and the receiver.
igal levikuteel:
This replaces the actual ground with a fictitious plane representing the mean profile of the land.
soodsates tingimustes toimuva sumbumise arvutamine;
Figure 2.5.a
homogeensetes tingimustes toimuva sumbumise arvutamine;
Equivalent heights in relation to the ground
iga tee pikaajalise helitaseme arvutamine;
1 Actual relief
konkreetset vastuvõtjat mõjutavate kõigi teede pikaajaliste helitasemete ühendamine, mis võimaldab arvutada koguhelitaseme vastuvõtupunktis.
The equivalent height of a point is its orthogonal height in relation to the mean ground plane.
Arvutuskäik
The equivalent source height zs and the equivalent receiver height zr can therefore be defined.
Suunatud helivõimsuse Lw,0,dir punktallika S ja antud sagedusriba ekvivalentne püsiv helirõhutase vastuvõtupunktis R antud atmosfääritingimuste korral leitakse allpool esitatud valemitega.
The distance between the source and receiver in projection over the mean ground plane is noted by dp.
Helitee (S,R) helitase soodsates tingimustes (LF)
If the equivalent height of a point becomes negative, i.e. if the point is located below the mean ground plane, a null height is retained, and the equivalent point is then identical with its possible image.
Valemi liige AF vastab soodsates tingimustes levikuteel esinevale kogusumbumisele ning see koosneb järgmistest osadest:
Calculation of the mean plane
Adiv on geomeetrilisest hajuvusest tingitud sumbumine;
In the plane of the path, the topography (including terrain, mounds, embankments and other man-made obstacles, buildings, …) may be described by an ordered set of discrete points (xk, Hk); k є 1,…,n.
Aatm on atmosfääris neeldumisest tingitud sumbumine;
This set of points defines a polyline, or equivalently, a sequence of straight segments Hk = akx + bk, x є [xk, xk + 1]; k є 1,…n, where:
Aboundary,F on helikandja piirist tingitud sumbumine soodsates tingimustes.
The mean plane is represented by the straight line Z = ax + b; x є [x1, xn], which is adjusted to the polyline by means of a least-square approximation.
See võib sisaldada järgmisi liikmeid:
The equation of the mean line can be worked out analytically.
Aground,F on maapinnast tingitud sumbumine soodsates tingimustes;
Using:
Adif,F on difraktsioonist tingitud sumbumine soodsates tingimustes.
The coefficients of the straight line are given by:
Konkreetse tee ja sagedusriba puhul on kaks võimalikku arvutuskäiku:
Where segments with xk + 1 = xk shall be ignored when evaluating eq.
Aground,F arvutatakse ilma difraktsioonita (Adif,F = 0 dB) ja Aboundary,F = Aground,F;
2.5.3.
või arvutatakse Adif,F.
Reflections by building façades and other vertical obstacles
Maapinna mõju võetakse arvesse juba Adif,F valemis (Aground,F = 0 dB).
Contributions from reflections are taken into account by the introduction of image sources as described further.
Seega on tulemus Aboundary,F = Adif,F.
Sound propagation model
Helitee (S,R) helitase homogeensetes tingimustes (LH)
For a receiver R the calculations are made according to the following steps:
Arvutuskäik on täpselt sama nagu eelmises punktis esitatud soodsate tingimuste helitaseme arvutuskäik.
on each propagation path:
Valemi liige AH vastab homogeensetes tingimustes levikuteel esinevale kogusumbumisele ning see koosneb järgmistest osadest:
calculation of the attenuation in favourable conditions,
Αatm on atmosfääris neeldumisest tingitud sumbumine;
calculation of the attenuation in homogeneous conditions,
Aboundary,H on helikandja piirist tingitud sumbumine homogeensetes tingimustes.
calculation of the long-term sound level for each path;
Αground,H on maapinnast tingitud sumbumine homogeensetes tingimustes;
accumulation of the long-term sound levels for all paths affecting a specific receiver, therefore allowing the total sound level to be calculated at the receiver point.
Adif,H on difraktsioonist tingitud sumbumine homogeensetes tingimustes.
It should be noted that only the attenuations due to the ground effect (Aground) and diffraction (Adif) are affected by meteorological conditions.
Αground,H (Adif,H = 0 dB) arvutatakse kas ilma difraktsioonita ja Aboundary,H =Αground,H;
Calculation process
või arvutatakse Adif,H (Αground,H = 0 dB).
For a point source S of directional sound power Lw,0,dir and for a given frequency band, the equivalent continuous sound pressure level at a receiver point R in given atmospheric conditions is obtained according to the equations following below.
Maapinna mõju võetakse arvesse juba Adif,H valemis.
Sound level in favourable conditions (LF) for a path (S,R)
Seega on tulemus Aboundary,H = Adif,H
The term AF represents the total attenuation along the propagation path in favourable conditions, and is broken down as follows:
Linnapiirkondades levikutee (S,R) puhul kasutatav statistiline meetod
Adiv is the attenuation due to geometrical divergence;
Linnapiirkondades on lubatud esimese hoonete rea taga leviva heli arvutamiseks kasutada ka statistilist meetodit tingimusel, et meetod on nõuetekohaselt dokumenteeritud ja dokumendid sisaldavad olulist teavet meetodi kvaliteedi kohta.
Aatm is the attenuation due to atmospheric absorption;
Kõnealuse meetodi korral võidakse Aboundary,H ja Aboundary,F arvutamise asemel leida otsetee ja kõigi peegelduste kogusumbumise ligikaudne väärtus.
Aboundary,F is the attenuation due to the boundary of the propagation medium in favourable conditions.
Arvutuse aluseks on keskmine hoonestustihedus ja piirkonna kõigi hoonete keskmine kõrgus.
It may contain the following terms:
Helitee (S,R) pikaajaline helitase
Aground,F which is the attenuation due to the ground in favourable conditions;
Punktallikast alanud tee pikaajalise helitaseme leidmiseks kasutatakse homogeensetes tingimustes esineva kaalutud helienergia ja soodsates tingimustes esineva helienergia logaritmilist summat.
Adif,F which is the attenuation due to diffraction in favourable conditions.
Nimetatud helitasemeid kaalutakse soodsate tingimuste keskmise esinemissagedusega p helitee (S,R) suunal:
For a given path and frequency band, the following two scenarios are possible:
Esinemissagedust p väljendatakse protsentides.
either Aground,F is calculated with no diffraction (Adif,F = 0 dB) and Aboundary,F = Aground,F;
Näiteks kui esinemissagedus on 82 %, kasutatakse valemis (2.5.9) väärtust p = 0,82.
or Adif,F is calculated.
Kõigi teede pikaajaline helitase punktis R
The ground effect is taken into account in the Adif,F equation itself (Aground,F = 0 dB).
Summaarne pikaajaline helitase vastuvõtja asukohas sagedusriba kohta leitakse kõigi N tee energeetilise summana, võttes arvesse kõiki tüüpe:
This therefore gives Aboundary,F = Adif,F.
n on S ja R vaheliste teede indeks.
Sound level in homogeneous conditions (LH) for a path (S,R)
Allpool on kirjeldatud peegelduste arvessevõtmist näivallikate abil.
The procedure is strictly identical to the case of favourable conditions presented in the previous section.
Soodsate tingimuste esinemise protsent tee peegeldumisel vertikaalselt takistuselt loetakse võrdseks otseteel soodsate tingimuste esinemise protsendiga.
The term AH represents the total attenuation along the propagation path in homogeneous conditions and is broken down as follows:
Kui S′ on allika S näivallikas, siis loetakse tingimuste esinemissagedus p′ teel (S′,R) võrdseks esinemissagedusega p teel (Si,R).
Αatm is the attenuation due to atmospheric absorption;
Punkti R pikaajaline helitase detsibell-Ades (dBA)
Aboundary,H is the attenuation due to the boundary of the propagation medium in homogeneous conditions.
Koguhelitaseme leidmiseks detsibell-A-des (dBA) liidetakse kõigi sagedusribade helitasemed:
Αground,H which is the attenuation due to the ground in homogeneous conditions;
kus i on sagedusriba indeks; AWC on rahvusvahelisele standardile IEC 61672-1:2003 vastav A-sageduskorrektsioon.
Adif,H which is the attenuation due to diffraction in homogeneous conditions.
Tase LAeq,LT on lõpptulemus, st pikaajaline A-korrigeeritud helirõhutase vastuvõtupunktis teatud võrdlusajavahemiku jooksul (nt päev, õhtu või öö või päeva, õhtu või öö sisse jääv lühem ajavahemik).
either Αground,H (Adif,H = 0 dB) is calculated with no diffraction and Aboundary,H = Αground,H;
Geomeetriline hajuvus
or Adif,H (Αground,H = 0 dB) is calculated.
Geomeetrilisest hajuvusest tingitud sumbumine Adiv vastab helitaseme langusele levimiskauguse suurenemisel.
The ground effect is taken into account in the Adif,H equation itself.
Vabas väljas oleva punktallika korral leitakse sumbumine [dB] valemiga
This therefore gives Aboundary,H = Adif,H
kus d on allika ja vastuvõtja vaheline kaugus meetrites piki sirget kolmemõõtmelises ruumis, nn kaldkaugus.
Statistical approach inside urban areas for a path (S,R)
Neeldumine atmosfääris
Inside urban areas, a statistical approach to the calculation of the sound propagation behind the first line of buildings is also allowed, provided that such a method is duly documented, including relevant information on the quality of the method.
Kauguse d läbimise ajal atmosfääris neeldumisest tingitud sumbumine Aatm detsibellides (dB) leitakse valemiga
This method may replace the calculation of the Aboundary,H and Aboundary,F by an approximation of the total attenuation for the direct path and all reflections.
d on allika ja vastuvõtja vaheline kaugus meetrites piki sirget kolmemõõtmelises ruumis, nn kaldkaugus;
The calculation will be based on the average building density and the average height of all buildings in the area.
αatm on atmosfääris neeldumise tegur [dB/km] iga sagedusriba nimikesksagedusel vastavalt standardile ISO 9613-1.
The ‘long-term’ sound level along a path starting from a given point source is obtained from the logarithmic sum of the weighted sound energy in homogeneous conditions and the sound energy in favourable conditions.
Väärtused arvutatakse sagedusriba täpsel kesksagedusel.
These sound levels are weighted by the mean occurrence p of favourable conditions in the direction of the path (S,R):
Nimetatud väärtused vastavad standardile ISO 9613-1.
NB: The occurrence values for p are expressed in percentages.
Meteoroloogiliste andmete olemasolu korral kasutatakse pikaajalist meteoroloogilist keskmist.
So for example, if the occurrence value is 82 %, equation (2.5.9) would have p = 0,82.
Maapinna mõju
Long-term sound level at point R for all paths
Maapinna mõjust tingitud sumbumine toimub peamiselt peegeldunud heli ja allikast otse vastuvõtjani leviva heli interferentsi tagajärjel.
The total long-term sound level at the receiver for a frequency band is obtained by energy summing contributions from all N paths, all types included:
See on füüsikaliselt seotud helilaine levikutee all oleva maapinna akustilise neelduvusega.
n is the index of the paths between S and R.
Samal ajal sõltub see oluliselt ka levimise ajal valitsevatest atmosfääritingimustest, sest kiirte paindumine muudab maapinna kohal oleva levikutee kõrgust ning see suurendab või vähendab allika lähedal asuva maapinna mõju.
Taking reflections into account by means of image sources is described further.
Kui heli levimist allika ja vastuvõtja vahel mõjutab levitasapinnal asuv takistus, arvutatakse maapinna mõju allika ja vastuvõtja poolel eraldi.
The percentage of occurrences of favourable conditions in the case of a path reflected on a vertical obstacle is taken to be identical to the occurrence of the direct path.
Sellisel juhul tähistavad zs ja zr allika ja/või vastuvõtja ekvivalentset asukohta, mida selgitatakse täpsemalt difraktsiooni Adif arvutamist käsitlevas osas.
If S′ is the image source of S, then the occurrence p′ of the path (S′,R) is taken to be equal to the occurrence p of the path (Si,R).
Maapinna akustiline kirjeldamine
Long-term sound level at point R in decibels A (dBA)
Maapinna akustiline neelduvus on seotud põhiliselt selle poorsusega.
The total sound level in decibels A (dBA) is obtained by summing levels in each frequency band:
Tihe pinnas on üldjuhul hästi peegeldav ja poorne on hästi neelav.
where i is the index of the frequency band.
Arvutuste tegemiseks väljendatakse maapinna akustilist neelduvust ühikuta teguriga G, mille väärtus on vahemikus 0–1.
AWC is the A-weighting correction according to the international standard IEC 61672-1:2003.
G ei sõltu sagedusest.
This level LAeq,LT constitutes the final result, i.e. the long-term A-weighted sound pressure level at the receiver point on a specific reference time interval (e.g. day or evening, or night or a shorter time during day, evening or night).
Tabelis 2.5 on esitatud G väärtused välitingimustes asuva maapinna kohta.
Geometrical divergence
Üldiselt jääb levikuteed iseloomustava teguri G keskmine väärtus 0 ja 1 vahele.
The attenuation due to geometrical divergence, Adiv, corresponds to a reduction in the sound level due to the propagation distance.
Tabel 2.5.a
For a point sound source in free field, the attenuation in dB is given by:
Teguri G väärtused erinevate maapinnatüüpide korral
where d is the direct 3D slant distance between the source and the receiver.
Tüüp
Atmospheric absorption
(kPa s/m2)
The attenuation due to atmospheric absorption Aatm during propagation over a distance d is given in dB by the equation:
G väärtus
d is the direct 3D slant distance between the source and the receiver in m;
Väga pehme (lumi või samblataoline)
αatm is the atmospheric attenuation coefficient in dB/km at the nominal centre frequency for each frequency band, in accordance with ISO 9613-1.
Pehme metsaalune (lühike, tihe kanarbikutaoline taimkate või tihe sammal)
The values of the αatm coefficient are given for a temperature of 15 °C, a relative humidity of 70 % and an atmospheric pressure of 101325 Pa.
Tihendamata lahtine pinnas (rohukamar, rohi, lahtine muld)
They are calculated with the exact centre frequencies of the frequency band.
Tavaline tihendamata pinnas (metsaalune, karjamaa)
These values comply with ISO 9613-1.
Tihendatud põllud ja kruusased alad (tihendatud muru, pargid)
Meteorological average over the long term shall be used if meteorological data is available.
Tihendatud tihe pinnas (kruusatee, parkla)
Ground effect
Kõva pinnas (enamik tavalisi asfaltkatteid, betoon)
The attenuation due to the ground effect is mainly the result of the interference between the reflected sound and the sound that is propagated directly from the source to the receiver.
äga kõva ja tihe pinnas (tihe asfalt, betoon, vesi)
It is physically linked to the acoustic absorption of the ground above which the sound wave is propagated.
on heli neelava maapinna osakaal kogu levikutee ulatuses.
However, it is also significantly dependent on atmospheric conditions during propagation, as ray bending modifies the height of the path above the ground and makes the ground effects and land located near the source more or less significant.
Kui allikas ja vastuvõtja on nii lähestikku, et dp≤ 30(zs + zr), on allika lähedal asuva maapinna ja vastuvõtja lähedal asuva maapinnatüübi erinevused kaduvväikesed.
In case the propagation between the source and the receiver is affected by any obstacle in the propagation plane, the ground effect is calculated separately on the source and receiver side.
Et seda arvesse võtta, parandatakse maapinna neelduvustegurit Gpath järgmiselt:
In this case, zs and zr refer to the equivalent source and/or receiver position as indicated further where the calculation of the diffraction Adif is presented.
kui dp ≤ 30(zs + zr)
Acoustic characterisation of ground
kus Gs on allika piirkonna maapinna neelduvustegur.
The acoustic absorption properties of the ground are mainly linked to its porosity.
Teeplatvormi [4] ja plaatalusel rööbastee korral Gs = 0.
Compact ground is generally reflective and porous ground is absorbent.
Täiteainel asuva rööbastee korral Gs = 1.
For operational calculation requirements, the acoustic absorption of a ground is represented by a dimensionless coefficient G, between 0 and 1.
Tööstusallikate ja käitiste jaoks ei ole üldkehtivaid väärtusi määratud.
G is independent of the frequency.
G võib olla seotud voolutakistusega.
Table 2.5.a gives the G values for the ground outdoors.
Joonis 2.5.b
In general, the average of the coefficient G over a path takes values between 0 and 1.
Maapinna neelduvusteguri Gpath määramine heli levikuteel
Table 2.5.a
Tee G=0
G values for different types of ground
Parkla G=0
Type
Põllud G=1
(kPa · s/m2)
Aiad G=1
G value
Järgmises kahes alaosas, milles käsitletakse arvutusi homogeensete ja soodsate tingimuste korral, esitatakse üldised maapinna neelduvused Ḡw ja Ḡm.
Very soft (snow or moss-like)
Tabelis 2.5.b esitatakse ülevaade nimetatud suuruste ja suuruste Gpath ja G′path omavahelisest vastavusest.
Soft forest floor (short, dense heather-like or thick moss)
Tabel 2.5.b
Uncompacted, loose ground (turf, grass, loose soil)
Muutujate Ḡw ja Ḡm (Gpath, G′path) omavaheline vastavus
Normal uncompacted ground (forest floors, pasture field)
Homogeensed tingimused
Compacted field and gravel (compacted lawns, park area)
Soodsad tingimused
Compacted dense ground (gravel road, car park)
Arvutused homogeensete tingimuste korral
Hard surfaces (most normal asphalt, concrete)
Maapinna mõjust tingitud sumbumine homogeensete tingimuste korral arvutatakse vastavalt järgmistele valemitele:
hard and dense surfaces (dense asphalt, concrete, water)
kui Gpath ≠ 0