natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
The requirement that signals intelligence activity be ‘as tailored as feasible’ applies to the manner in which signals intelligence is collected, as well as to what is actually collected.
Lisaks tagatakse kinnitustes, et luureandmete kogumise kohta ei hakka kaalutlusotsuseid tegema üksikud luureagendid, vaid rakendatakse põhimõtteid ja menetlusi, mille USA luureühenduse eri liikmed (asutused) peavad PPD-28 ellurakendamiseks kehtestama [64].
For example, in determining whether to collect signals intelligence, the Intelligence Community must consider the availability of other information, including diplomatic or public sources, and prioritize collection through those means, where appropriate and feasible.
Olemasolevast teabest, sealhulgas USA valitsuse kinnitustest tuleneb, et pärast andmete edastamist Ameerika Ühendriikide organisatsioonidele, kes on kinnitanud põhimõtete järgimist ELi-USA andmekaitseraamistiku Privacy Shield raames, võivad USA luureasutused neid isikuandmeid nõuda üksnes [78] juhul, kui nõue vastab välisluure ja jälitustegevuse seadusele (Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act, edaspidi „FISA“) või selle esitab Föderaalne Juurdlusbüroo (Federeal Bureau of Investigation, edaspidi „FBI“) nn julgeoleku-teabenõude (National Security Letter, edaspidi „NSL“) alusel [79].
Moreover, Intelligence Community element policies should require that wherever practicable, collection should be focused on specific foreign intelligence targets or topics through the use of discriminants (e.g., specific facilities, selection terms and identifiers).
FISA sisaldab mitmeid õiguslikke aluseid, millele tuginedes võib koguda (ja seejärel töödelda) ELi andmesubjektide isikuandmeid, mis on edastatud ELi-USA andmekaitseraamistiku Privacy Shield alusel.
It is important to view the information provided to the Commission as a whole.
Lisaks FISA paragrahvile 104, [80] millega on hõlmatud tavapärane individualiseeritud elektrooniline jälgimine, ja FISA paragrahvile 402 [81] pealtkuulamisseadmete paigaldamise kohta, on kaks peamist alust FISA paragrahv 501 (endine seaduse U.S. PATRIOT ACT paragrahv 215) ja FISA paragrahv 702 [82].
Decisions about what is ‘feasible’ or ‘practicable’ are not left to the discretion of individuals but are subject to the policies that agencies have issued under PPD-28 — which have been made publicly available — and to the other processes described therein [4].
Seega, nagu on märkinud eraelu puutumatuse ja kodanikuvabaduste järelevalve komisjon (Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board, edaspidi „PCLOB“), on paragrahvi 702 alusel toimuv luure „suunatud üksnes konkreetsetele [USA-välistele] isikutele, kelle kohta on antud individuaalne korraldus“ [87].
As PPD-28 says, bulk collection of signals intelligence is collection that ‘due to technical or operational considerations, is acquired without the use of discriminants (e.g., specific identifiers, selection terms, etc.).’
Aegumisklauslist tulenevalt vaadatakse FISA paragrahv 702 läbi 2017. aastal, mil komisjon peab uuesti hindama ka ELi andmesubjektidele pakutavaid kaitsemeetmeid.
In this respect, PPD-28 recognizes that Intelligence community elements must collect bulk signals intelligence in certain circumstances in order to identify new or emerging threats and other vital national security information that is often hidden within the large and complex system of modern global communications.
Teiseks andis USA valitsus komisjonile viited mitmele muule võimalusele, mida ELi andmesubjektid saavad kasutada õiguskaitse hankimiseks riigiametnike vastu, juhul kui valitsusel on tema isikuandmetele juurdepääs või neid kavatsetakse kasutada ebaseaduslikult, sealhulgas väidetavalt riikliku julgeoleku huvides (näiteks arvutipettuste ja sellealase kuritarvitamise seadus (Computer Fraud and Abuse Act), [162] elektroonilise side seadus [163] ja finantsandmetega seotud eraelu puutumatuse seadus (Right to Financial Privacy Act)) [164].
It also recognizes the privacy and civil liberties concerns raised when bulk signals intelligence is collected.
Kõik need kaebeõiguse alused on seotud konkreetsete andmete, sihtmärkide ja/või juurdepääsu liikidega (nt kaugjuurdepääs arvutile Interneti kaudu) ning neile saab tugineda teatavatel tingimustel (nt tahtlik/teadlik tegevus, ametivolituste ületamine, tekitatud kahju) [165].
PPD-28 therefore directs the Intelligence Community to prioritize alternatives that would allow the conduct of targeted signals intelligence rather than bulk signals intelligence collection.
Üldisem õiguskaitsevõimalus on olemas haldusmenetluse seaduse (Administrative Procedure Act, 5 U.S.C. § 702) näol, mille kohaselt on „igal isikul, kelle õigusi on rikutud ametkonna tegevusega või keda on negatiivselt mõjutanud või kahjustanud ametkonna tegevus“ õigus pöörduda kohtusse.
Accordingly, Intelligence Community elements should conduct targeted signals intelligence collection activities rather than bulk signal intelligence collection activities whenever practicable [5].
See hõlmab võimalust taotleda kohtult, et „tunnistatakse ebaseaduslikuks ja jäetakse arvesse võtmata organi tegevus, uurimistulemused ja järeldused, mis leitakse olevat [---] meelevaldsed, suvalised või põhinevat kaalutusõiguse kuritarvitamisel või mis pole muul viisil seadusega kooskõlas“ [166].
These principles ensure that the exception for bulk collection will not swallow the general rule.
Samas.
As for the concept of ‘reasonableness,’ it is a bedrock principle of U.S. law.
108–458, 17.12.2004.
It signifies that Intelligence Community elements will not be required to adopt any measure theoretically possible, but rather will have to balance their efforts to protect legitimate privacy and civil liberties interests with the practical necessities of signals intelligence activities.
12333 paragrahv 1.3 a), b).
Here again, the agencies' policies have been made available, and can provide assurance that the term ‘reasonably designed to minimize the dissemination and retention of personal information’ does not undermine the general rule.
12333: United States Intelligence Activities, Federal Register Vol.
PPD-28 also provides that signals intelligence collected in bulk can only be used for six specific purposes: detecting and countering certain activities of foreign powers; counterterrorism; counter-proliferation; cybersecurity; detecting and countering threats to U.S. or allied armed forces; and combating transnational criminal threats, including sanctions evasion.
40, No.
The President's National Security Advisor, in consultation with the Director for National Intelligence (DNI), will annually review these permissible uses of signals intelligence collected in bulk to see whether they should be changed.
E.O.
The DNI will make this list publicly available to the maximum extent feasible, consistent with national security.
Mõiste „luureühendus“ määratluse kohta vt E.O.
This provides an important and transparent limitation on the use of bulk signals intelligence collection.
12333 paragrahv 3.5 (h) ja PPD-28 märkus 1.
Additionally, the Intelligence Community elements implementing PPD-28 have reinforced existing analytic practices and standards for querying unevaluated signals intelligence [6].
Vt justiitsministeeriumi (Department of Justice) õigusbüroo seisukoht president Clintonile, 29. jaanuar 2000.
Analysts must structure their queries or other search terms and techniques to ensure that they are appropriate to identify intelligence information relevant to a valid foreign intelligence or law enforcement task.
Selle juriidilise arvamuse kohaselt on presidendi suunistel „sisuliselt sama õigusmõju, mis korraldusel“.
To that end, IC elements must focus queries about persons on the categories of signals intelligence information responsive to a foreign intelligence or law enforcement requirement, so as to prevent the use of personal information not pertinent to foreign intelligence or law enforcement requirements.
ODNI kinnitused (VI lisa), lk 6 (viitega direktiivile Intelligence Community Directive 204).
It is important to emphasize that any bulk collection activities regarding internet communications that the U.S.
Vt ka PPD-28 paragrahv 3.
Intelligence Community performs through signals intelligence operate on a small proportion of the internet.
Vt nt NSA kodanikuvabaduste ja eraelu puutumatuse kaitse büroo (edaspidi „NSA CLPO“), NSA's Civil Liberties and Privacy Protections for Targeted SIGINT Activities under Executive Order 12333, 7. oktoober 2014.
Additionally, the use of targeted queries, as described above, ensures that only those items believed to be of potential intelligence value are ever presented for analysts to examine.
Vt ka ODNI seisundiaruanne 2014.
The United States has elaborate processes to ensure that signals intelligence activities are conducted only in furtherance of appropriate national security purposes.
Vt NSA CLPO, NSA's Implementation of Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act Section 702, 16. aprill 2014.
The DNI is responsible for translating these intelligence priorities into the National Intelligence Priorities Framework, or NIPF.
Vt ka ODNI kinnitused (VI lisa), lk 6, 8–9, 11.
The priorities in the NIPF are at a fairly high level of generality.
702 Report, lk 32–33 koos edasiviidetega.
They include topics such as the pursuit of nuclear and ballistic missile capabilities by particular foreign adversaries, the effects of drug cartel corruption, and human rights abuses in specific countries.
PCLOB, Sec.
And they apply not just to signals intelligence, but to all intelligence activities.
702 Report, lk 111.
The organization that is responsible for translating the priorities in the NIPF into actual signals intelligence collection is called the National Signals Intelligence Committee, or SIGCOM.
Vt „Statistical Transparency Report Regarding Use of National Security Authorities“, 22. aprill 2015.
It operates under the auspices of the Director of the National Security Agency (NSA), who is designated by Executive Order 12333 as the ‘functional manager for signals intelligence,’ responsible for overseeing and coordinating signals intelligence across the Intelligence Community under the oversight of both the Secretary of Defense and the DNI.
Interneti andmevoogude kohta üldiselt vt nt Euroopa Liidu Põhiõiguste Amet, Surveillance by Intelligence Services: Fundamental Rights Safeguards and Remedies in the EU (2015), lk 15–16.
The SIGCOM has representatives from all elements of the IC and, as the United States fully implements PPD-28, also will have full representation from other departments and agencies with a policy interest in signals intelligence.
Ka FISA paragrahvi 501 (endine seaduse U.S. PATRIOT ACT paragrahv 215) puhul on säilitamistähtaeg viis aastat, välja arvatud juhul, kui isikuandmed moodustavad osa nõuetekohase loa alusel jagatavatest välisluureandmetest või justiitsministeerium teatab NSA-le kirjalikult, et andmeid tuleb säilitada seoses käimasoleva või kavandatava kohtumenetlusega.
All U.S. departments and agencies that are consumers of foreign intelligence submit their requests for collection to the SIGCOM.
Vt NSA, CLPO, Transparency Report: The USA Freedom Act Business Records FISA Implementation, 15. jaanuar 2016.
The SIGCOM reviews those requests, ensures that they are consistent with the NIPF, and assigns them priorities using criteria such as:
Eriti just FISA paragrahvi 501 (endine seaduse U.S. PATRIOT ACT paragrahv 215) puhul võib isikuandmeid jagada üksnes terrorismivastasel otstarbel või kuriteo tõendina ning FISA paragrahvi 702 puhul üksnes juhul, kui selleks on õiguspärane välisluure või õiguskaitsega seotud vajadus.
Can signals intelligence provide useful information in this case, or are there better or more cost-effective sources of information to address the requirement, such as imagery or open source information?
Vt NSA CLPO, NSA's Implementation of Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act Section 702, 16. aprill 2014.
What type of signals intelligence could be used?
Vt nt NSA, PPD-28 Section 4 Procedures, 12. jaanuar 2015, paragrahvid 7.3, 8.7(c), (d).
Is the collection as tailored as feasible?
Vt FISA paragrahv 103 (50 U.S.C. § 1803 (a)); PCLOB, Sec.
Should there be time, geographic, or other limitations?
215 Report, lk 174–187.
The U.S. signals intelligence requirements process also requires explicit consideration of other factors, namely:
Kohtunikke abistavad kogenud kohtunikuabid, kes moodustavad kohtu juriidilise personali ning valmistavad ette kogumistaotluste õiguslikud analüüsid.
Is the target of the collection, or the methodology used to collect, particularly sensitive?
Näiteks täiendavad faktilised andmed jälgitava sihtmärgi kohta, jälgimismeetodite tehnilised andmed ja kinnitused selle kohta, kuidas saadud andmeid kasutatakse ja jagatakse.
If so, it will require review by senior policymakers.
§ 1804 (a), § 1801 (g).
Will the collection present an unwarranted risk to privacy and civil liberties, regardless of nationality?
Kuigi FISC kiidab suurema osa lõplikest taotlustest heaks, sisaldab märkimisväärne osa neist algse taotlusega võrreldes olulisi muudatusi – näiteks juulist septembrini 2013 heaks kiidetud taotlustest muudeti 24 %.
Are additional dissemination and retention safeguards necessary to protect privacy or national security interests?
215 Report, lk 179; Waltoni kiri, lk 3.
Any selector must be reviewed and approved before it is entered into NSA's collection systems.
Nende uute sätetega rakendati ellu PCLOBi soovitused luua eraelu puutumatuse ja kodanikuvabaduste kaitse ekspertide kogu, mille liikmed saaksid täita amicus curiae ülesandeid, et anda kohtule õiguslikke argumente eraelu puutumatuse ja kodanikuvabaduste edendamiseks.
Even then, however, whether and when actual collection takes place will depend in part on additional considerations such as the availability of appropriate collection resources.
702 Report, lk 46.
This process ensures that U.S. signals intelligence collection targets reflect valid and important foreign intelligence needs.
PCLOB andmetel on need kategooriad seni seondunud peamiselt rahvusvahelise terrorismi ning massihävitusrelvade hankimise sarnaste teemadega.
And, of course, when collection is conducted pursuant to FISA, NSA and other agencies must follow additional restrictions approved by the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court.
702 Report, lk 27.
In short, neither NSA nor any other U.S. intelligence agency decides on its own what to collect.
Vt ka PCLOB, Sec.
Overall, this process ensures that all U.S. intelligence priorities are set by senior policymakers who are in the best position to identify U.S. foreign intelligence requirements, and that those policymakers take into account not only the potential value of the intelligence collection but also the risks associated with that collection, including the risks to privacy, national economic interests, and foreign relations.
Olulistest mittevastavuse juhtumitest tuleb FISC-ile teatada viivitamata ja muudest juhtumitest kvartaliaruandes.
With respect to data transmitted to the United States pursuant to the Privacy Shield, although the United States cannot confirm or deny specific intelligence methods or operations, the requirements of PPD-28 apply to any signals intelligence operations the United States conducts, regardless of the type or source of data that is being collected.
§§ 2701–2712.
Further, the limitations and safeguards applicable to the collection of signals intelligence apply to signals intelligence collected for any authorized purpose, including both foreign relations and national security purposes.
Sarnased seadused on olemas osariikide tasandil.
The procedures discussed above demonstrate a clear commitment to prevent arbitrary and indiscriminate collection of signals intelligence information, and to implement — from the highest levels of our Government — the principle of reasonableness.
215 Report, lk 107, viide kohtulahendile Samson vs. California, 547 U.S.
PPD-28 and agency implementing procedures clarify new and existing limitations to and describe with greater specificity the purpose for which the United States collects and uses signals intelligence.
Pooled valivad vahekohtunikud allpool vaadeldud vahekohtunike nimekirjast.
These should provide assurance that signals intelligence activities are and will continue to be conducted only to further legitimate foreign intelligence goals.
A lisa
c.
Peainspektori amet (OIG) uurib väidetavaid tsiviil- ja kriminaalõiguse rikkumisi justiitsministeeriumi töötajate poolt, samuti auditeerib ja kontrollib justiitsministeeriumi programme.
To qualify for retention or dissemination as foreign intelligence, personal information must relate to an authorized intelligence requirement, as determined in the NIPF process described above; be reasonably believed to be evidence of a crime; or meet one of the other standards for retention of U.S. person information identified in Executive Order 12333, section 2.3.
Riikliku luurejuhi ameti kodanikuvabaduste ja eraelu puutumatuse bürood (ODNI CLPO) juhib riikliku luurejuhi ameti kodanikuvabaduste kaitse ametnik; see ametikoht loodi 1948. aasta muudetud riikliku julgeoleku seaduse (National Security Act of 1948) alusel.
Information for which no such determination has been made may not be retained for more than five years, unless the DNI expressly determines that continued retention is in the national security interests of the United States.
Riikliku luurejuhi ameti kodanikuvabaduste ja eraelu puutumatuse büroo ülesannete hulka kuulub selle tagamine, et luureühenduse liikmete poliitika ja töökord hõlmab privaatsuse ja kodanikuvabaduste piisavat kaitset, samuti riikliku luurejuhi ameti programmide ja tegevuse raames kodanikuvabaduste ja eraelu puutumatuse kuritarvitamise või rikkumisega seotud kaebuste läbivaatamine ja uurimine.
In addition, all agency policies implementing PPD-28 now explicitly require that information about a person may not be disseminated solely because an individual is a non-U.S. person, and ODNI has issued a directive to all IC elements [8] to reflect this requirement.
Juhul kui riikliku luurejuhi ameti kodanikuvabaduste ja eraelu puutumatuse büroole laekub kaebus seoses eraelu puutumatuse või kodanikuvabadustega, mis hõlmab luureühenduse programme või tegevust, kooskõlastab see muude luureühenduse liikmetega, kuidas seda kaebust luureühenduses edasi menetleda.
Intelligence Community personnel are specifically required to consider the privacy interests of non-U.S. persons when drafting and disseminating intelligence reports.
Pange tähele, et riiklikul julgeolekuasutusel (NSA) on samuti kodanikuvabaduste ja eraelu puutumatuse büroo (Civil Liberties and Privacy Office), mille vastutusalade kohta leiab teavet selle veebisaidilt: https://www.nsa.gov/civil_liberties/.
In particular, signals intelligence about the routine activities of a foreign person would not be considered foreign intelligence that could be disseminated or retained permanently by virtue of that fact alone unless it is otherwise responsive to an authorized foreign intelligence requirement.
Juhul kui andmetest nähtub, et amet ei järgi eraelu puutumatusega seotud nõudeid (nt presidendi poliitikasuunise nr 28 (PPD-28) paragrahvis 4 esitatud nõue), siis on ametitel olemas vastavusmehhanismid, et juhtum läbi vaadata ja olukorda parandada.
This recognizes an important limitation and is responsive to European Commission concerns about the breadth of the definition of foreign intelligence as set forth in Executive Order 12333.
Asutustel on kohustus teatada presidendi poliitikasuunise nr 28 (PPD-28) vastavusega seotud juhtumitest riiklikule luurejuhi ametile.
d.
Föderaalne kaubanduskomisjon avalikustas programmi Safe Harbor rakendamise kohustuse esmakordselt 2000. aastal.
The U.S. system of foreign intelligence oversight provides rigorous and multi-layered oversight to ensure compliance with applicable laws and procedures, including those pertaining to the collection, retention, and dissemination of non-U.S. person information acquired by signals intelligence as set forth in PPD-28.
A. Föderaalse kaubanduskomisjoni (FTC) eraelu puutumatuse kaitse rakendamine ja poliitikaalane tegevus
These include:
Föderaalsel kaubanduskomisjonil (FTC) on laiaulatuslik tsiviilõigusliku kaitse volitus selleks, et edendada tarbijakaitset ja konkurentsi kaubandussektoris.
In addition, the Department of Justice provides extensive oversight of intelligence activities, and oversight is also provided by the Department of Defense.
Oleme välja töötanud tugevad töösuhted föderaalsete ja riiklike asutustega ning teeme nendega tihedat koostööd, et koordineerida uurimisi ja esitada taotlusi, kui see on asjakohane.
Inspectors General are statutorily independent; have broad power to conduct investigations, audits and reviews of programs, including of fraud and abuse or violation of law; and can recommend corrective actions.
Sellel ajal reguleerisid paljud õigusaktid isikuandmete kogumist ja kasutamist ärilistel eesmärkidel kaugemaleulatuvalt kui föderaalse kaubanduskomisjoni seaduse (FTC Act) 5. paragrahv, sealhulgas: seadus kaabelsidepoliitika (Cable Communications Policy Act), sõidukijuhtide eraelu puutumatuse (Driver's Privacy Protection Act), elektroonilise side privaatsuse (Electronic Communications Privacy Act), elektrooniliste rahaülekannete (Electronic Funds Transfer Act), õiglase krediidiinfo (Fair Credit Reporting Act), finantspuutumatuse õiguse (Right to Financial Privacy Act), telefonimüügil tarbijate kaitsmise (Telephone Consumer Protection Act), ja eraelu puutumatuse kaitse kohta seoses videotega (Video Privacy Protection Act) kohta ning seadus Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act.
While Inspector General recommendations are non-binding, the Inspector General's reports are often made public, and in any event are provided to Congress; this includes follow-up reports in case corrective action recommended in previous reports has not yet been completed.
Paljudel osariikidel oli samuti analoogseid seadusi kõnealustes valdkondades.
Congress is therefore informed of any non-compliance and can exert pressure, including through budgetary means, to achieve corrective action.
Lisaks on California jõustanud mitmed eraelu puutumatuse seadused, sealhulgas seaduse, milles sätestatakse, et äriühingud peavad omama puutumatusnorme ja avalikustama oma mittejälgimise tavad, [14] seaduse, milles nõutakse enama valguse heitmist („Shine the Light“ law) andmevahendajate tegevuse läbipaistvusele [15] ja seaduse, milles tehakse kohustuslikuks „kustutamisnupp“, mis võimaldaks alaealistel nõuda teatava info kustutamist sotsiaalmeediast [16].Kasutades kõnealuseid seadusi ja teisi asutusi on föderaalvalitsus ja osariikide valitsused määranud märkimisväärseid trahve äriühingutele, kes ei ole kaitsnud tarbijate isikuandmete puutumatust ja turvalisust [17].Eraldi kohtuasjad on samuti viinud edukate otsuste ja lahendusteni, mis pakuvad täiendavat kaitset tarbijate eraelu puutumatusele ja andmete turvalisusele.
Other IC elements have their own privacy officers.
Transpordiministeeriumi volitused võtta selles valdkonnas meetmeid on kehtestatud õigusaktis 49 U.S.C.
The Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board (PCLOB), an independent body established by statute, is charged with analyzing and reviewing counterterrorism programs and policies, including the use of signals intelligence, to ensure that they adequately protect privacy and civil liberties.
41712, millega keelatakse vedajal või piletimüügiagendil rakendada ebaõiglaseid või pettusel põhinevaid tavasid või ebaõiglast konkurentsimeetodit lennutranspordi müügis, mille tulemusena on tõenäoline, et tarbijaid kahjustatakse.
It has issued several public reports on intelligence activities.
Samas on transpordiministeeriumil volitused kiita heaks lennundusjõustamisameti (Aviation Enforcement Office) uurimiste tulemusel saadud lahendid, mis toob tarbijatele otsest kasu (nt raha, vautšerid), korvamaks rahalisi trahve, mida muidu tuleks maksta USA valitsusele.