natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Remove all worms from the test replicate at the sampling time, e.g. by suspending the sediment with overlying water and spreading the contents of each replicate on a shallow tray and picking the worms using soft steel forceps.
Rabeliimuka suur eelis muude vee väheharjasussiliikide ees on kiire paljunemine, mille tulemusena laborikultuuri biomass suureneb kiiresti (1, 6, 9, 10).
Rinse them quickly with water in a shallow glass or steel tray.
Phipps et al.
Remove the excess water.
(1993) (10), Brunson et al.
Transfer the worms carefully to a pre-weighed vessel and weigh them.
(1998) (28), ASTM (2000) (1), U.S.
Sacrifice the worms by freezing (e.g. ≤ – 18 °C).
Usse saab kasvatada suures akvaariumis (57–80 l) 23 °C juures, valgustusperiood 16 tundi valgust ja 8 tundi pimedust (valgustatus 100–1000 luksi), kasutades iga päev vahetatavat looduslikku vett (45–50 liitrit akvaariumi kohta).
The presence and number of cocoons and/or juveniles should be recorded.
Uus substraat peab kasvatamisnõus tavaliselt vastu ligikaudu kaks kuud.
In general, the worms should be weighed and sacrificed immediately after sampling without a gut purging phase to obtain a conservative BAF which includes contaminated gut content, and to avoid losses of body residues during any gut-purging period in water only (8).
Iga ussikultuuri alustatakse 500–1000 ussiga; söödaks antakse neile 3 korda nädalas 10 ml suspensiooni, mis sisaldab 6 g forelli startersööta;
Substances with log Kow above 5 are not expected to be eliminated significantly during any gut-purging period in water only, while substances with log Kow lower than 4 may be lost in notable amounts (47).
kasutada võib nii uuendatavat kasvukeskkonda kui ka läbivoolukatse tingimusi.
During the elimination phase, the worms purge their gut in clean sediment.
Staatilises või poolstaatilises kultuuris tuleb söötmist vähendada, et vältida bakterite või seente kasvu.
This means, measurements immediately before the elimination phase include contaminated gut sediment, while after the initial 4-24 h of the elimination phase, most of the contaminated gut content is assumed to be replaced by clean sediment (11)(47).
Sööta ja pabersubstraati tuleks analüüsida ainete suhtes, mida uuritakse bioakumulatsiooni katses.
The concentration in the worms of this sample may then be considered as the tissue concentration after gut purge.
Sellistel tingimustel kahekordistub isendite arv kultuuris üldiselt ligikaudu 10–14 päevaga.
To account for dilution of the test substance concentration by uncontaminated sediment during the elimination phase, the weight of the gut content may be estimated from worm wet weight/worm ash weight or worm dry weight/worm ash weight ratios.
Rabeliimukat võib kasvatamisnõust välja võtta näiteks substraadi eemaldamisega, kasutades peenesilmalist võrku, või usside väljavõtmisega, kasutades tulel poleeritud laiasuulist (läbimõõt umbes 5 mm) klaaspipetti, et tõsta neid eraldi keeduklaasi.
If the purpose of a specific study is to measure the bioavailability and true tissue residues in the test organisms, then at least a sub-sample of treated animals (e.g. from three additional replicate vessels), preferably sampled during steady state, should be weighed, purged in clean water for a period of 6 hours (47), and weighed again before analysis.
Seejärel saab ussid üle viia värskelt ettevalmistatud kasvatusnõusse või kasutada neid katse alustamiseks, nagu on kirjeldatud publikatsioonides (1) ja (6).
Data on worm weight and body concentration of this sub-sample can then be compared to values obtained from un-purged worms.
Usside vigastamist või eneseköndistamist tuleks vältida, selleks tuleb nende usside käsitsemiseks kasutada tulel poleeritud otsaga pipette või roostevabast terasest pintsette.
The worms designated for measurement of elimination should not be purged before the transfer to clean sediment to minimise additional stress for the animals.
Küsimus, mida tuleb kriitiliselt hinnata rabeliimuka kasutamisel sette bioakumulatsiooni katsetes, on tema paljunemisviis (arhitoomia (jagunemine kaheks fragmendiks), millele järgneb morfallaksis (puuduvate fragmentide moodustamine)).
Preferably analyse the water, sediment, and worm samples immediately (i.e. within 1-2 d) after removal in order to prevent degradation or other losses and to calculate the approximate uptake and elimination rates as the test proceeds.
Sellisel mittesugulisel paljunemisel saadakse kaks fragmenti, kes teatava aja jooksul ei toitu, kuni on regenereerinud pea- või sabaosa (näiteks (36, 37)).
Immediate analysis also avoids delay in determining when a plateau has been reached.
See tähendab, et sette neelamine ja saasteaine omastamine rabeliimuka poolt võib mitte toimuda pidevalt nagu mudatuplastel, kes ei paljune fragmenteerumisega.
Failing immediate analysis, the samples should be stored under appropriate conditions.
Selline varieeruvus võib tekkida sellest, kui mõned isendid, kes on jagunenud ja seepärast ei söö teatava ajavahemiku vältel, puutuvad uuritava ainega vähem kokku kui muud isendid, kes katse ajal ei jagune (38).
Obtain information on the stability and proper storage conditions for the particular test substance before beginning the study, (e.g. duration and temperature of storage, extraction procedures, etc.).
10–14 päeva enne ainega kokkupuute algust tuleks ussid kunstlikult fragmenteerida (sünkroniseerimine) (65).
If such information is not available and it is judged to be necessary, spiked control tissues can be run concurrently to determine storage stability.
Tuleks kasutada suuri usse, kellel eelistatavalt ei ole näha hiljutise jagunemise märke.
Quality of analytical method
See tähendab, et kui sünkroniseeritud ussides toimub katse ajal morfallaksise kaudu regenereerimine, peaksid praktiliselt kõik loomad olema ühtmoodi kokkupuutes rikastatud settega.
Since the whole procedure is governed essentially by the accuracy, precision and sensitivity of the analytical method used for the test substance, check experimentally that the precision and reproducibility of the chemical analysis, as well as the recovery of the test substance from water, sediment and worm samples are satisfactory for the particular method.
Sünkroniseeritud usse tuleks sööta kohe, kui ussid hakkavad substraadisse kaevuma, või 7 päeva pärast fragmenteerimist.
Also, check that the test substance is not detectable in the control chambers in concentrations higher than background.
Pärast regenereerumist tuleks katses kasutamiseks valida terved tervikliku kehaga ussid, kes väikse mehaanilise ärrituse peale hakkavad aktiivselt ujuma või roomama.
If necessary, correct the values of Cw, Cs and Ca for the recoveries and background values of controls.
Kui katses kasutatakse rabeliimukat, peaks seoses selle liigi erilise paljunemisviisiga usside arv katse jooksul suurenema, kui tingimused on sobivad (6).
The overall recovery and the recovery of test substance in worms, sediment, water, and, if employed, in traps containing absorbents to retain evaporated test substance, should be recorded and reported.
Branchiura sowerbyi (BEDDARD), Tubificidae, Oligochaeta (ringkatsega kinnitamata)
Since the use of radiolabelled substances is recommended, it is possible to analyse for total radioactivity (i.e. parent and degradation products).
Branchiura sowerbyi elutseb mitmesuguse settetüübiga veekogudes – jõgedes, järvedes, tiikides, algselt troopilistel aladel.
However, if analytically feasible, quantification of parent substance and degradation products at steady state or at the end of the uptake phase can provide important information.
Neid võib leida ka põhjapoolkera sooja veega veekogudes.
If it is intended to perform such measurements, the samples should then be subjected to appropriate extraction procedures so that the parent substance can be quantified separately.
Siiski on neid sagedamini mudastes-savistes setetes, mille orgaanilise aine sisaldus on suur.
Where a detected degradation product represents a significant percentage (e.g. > 10 %) of the radioactivity measured in the test organisms at steady state or at the end of the uptake phase, it is recommended to identify such degradation products (5).
Lisaks elavad need ussid settekihi sees.
Due to low individual biomass, it is often not possible to determine the concentration of test substance in each individual worm, unless Branchiura sowerbyi (40-50 mg wet weight per worm) is used as test species (11).
Isegi usside tagaosa on tavaliselt sisse kaevunud.
Therefore, pooling of the individuals sampled from a given test vessel is acceptable, but it does restrict the statistical procedures which can be applied to the data.
Kõnealune liik on hästi määratav lõpusekiudude järgi nende tagaosas.
If a specific statistical procedure and power are important considerations, then an adequate number of test animals and/or replicate test chambers to accommodate the desired pooling, procedure and power, should be included in the test.
Täiskasvanud ussid võivad saavutada pikkuse 9–11 cm ja märgkaalu 40–50 mg.
It is recommended that the BAF is expressed both as a function of total wet weight, total dry weight, and, when required (e.g. for highly lipophilic substances) as a function of the lipid content and the TOC of the sediment.
Usside paljunemiskiirus on suur, isendite arv kahekordistub vähem kui kahe nädalaga allpool kirjeldatud temperatuuri- ja söötmistingimustes (Aston et al., 1982, (65)).
Suitable methods should be used for determination of lipid content (48)(49).
B. sowerbyi't on kasutatud nii toksilisuse kui ka bioakumulatsiooni uuringutes (vastavalt Marchese ja Brinkhurst 1996, (31), Roghair et al.
The chloroform/methanol extraction technique (50) may be recommended as standard method (48).
1996, (67)).
However, to avoid the use of chlorinated solvents, a ring-tested modification of the Bligh & Dyer method (50) as described in (51) might be used.
Allpool on esitatud kokkuvõte Branchiura sowerbyi' kultuuris pidamise tingimustest (esitanud Mercedes R. Marchese, INALI, Argentina, ja Carla J. Roghair, RIVM, Madalmaad).
Since the various methods do not give identical values (48), it is important to detail the method used.
Usside kultuuris pidamiseks ei ole vaja järgida üht kindlat meetodit.
When possible, i.e. if sufficient worm tissue is available, the lipid content is measured in the same sample or extract as that produced for analysis for the test substance, since the lipids often have to be removed from the extract before it is analysed by chromatography (5).
Usside kasvatamiseks võib kasutada saastamata looduslikku setet (31).
However, it is practical to use acclimatised control animals at least at start or — preferably — at the end of the uptake phase to measure the lipid content, e.g. in three samples.
Praktilised kogemused on näidanud, et keskkond, mis koosneb looduslikust settest ja liivast, sobib ussidele paremini kui puhas looduslik sete (32, 67).
The uptake curve of the test substance is obtained by plotting in arithmetic scale the concentration of test substance in/on the worms during the uptake phase against time.
Kultuuri jaoks sobivad 3 l keeduklaasid, mis sisaldavad 1500 ml sette ja vee süsteemi, milles on 375 ml saastamata looduslikku setet (orgaanilise süsiniku üldsisaldus ligikaudu 10 %; ligikaudu 17 % osakesi suurusega ≤ 63 μm), 375 ml puhast liiva (M32) ja 750 ml taastatud või deklooritud kraanivett (31, 32, 67).
If the curve has reached a plateau, calculate the steady state BAFss:
Substraadina võib kasutada ka paberrätikuid, kuid selles kasvab usside arv aeglasemalt kui looduslikus settes.
at steady state or at day 28mean
Poolstaatilistes süsteemides aereeritakse keeduklaasis olevat katvat veekihti aeglaselt ja kord nädalas tuleks veekihti uuendada.
Determine the kinetic bioaccumulation factor (BAFK) as the ratio ks/ke.
Igasse keeduklaasi pannakse alustuseks 25 noort ussi.
The elimination constant (ke) is usually determined from the elimination curve (i.e. a plot of the concentration of the test substance in the worms during the elimination phase).
Kahe kuu pärast nopitakse suured ussid settest pintsettidega välja ja viiakse üle uude keeduklaasi, milles on värskelt valmistatud sette-vee kasvukeskkond.
The uptake rate constant ks is then calculated from the uptake curve kinetics.
Vana keeduklaas sisaldab ka kookoneid ja usside noorjärke.
The preferred method for obtaining BAFK and the rate constants, ks, and ke, is to use non-linear parameter estimation methods on a computer (see Appendix 2).
Sellisel viisil saab igast keeduklaasist koguda kuni 400 noort ussi.
If the elimination is obviously not first-order, then more complex models should be employed (25)(27)(52).
Täiskasvanud usse saab paljundamiseks kasutada vähemalt üks aasta.
The biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) is determined by normalising the BAFK for the worm lipid content and the sediment total organic carbon content.
Kasvukultuure tuleks hoida temperatuuril 21–25 °C.
The results should be interpreted with caution where measured concentrations of test concentrations occur at levels close to the detection limit of the analytical method used.
Temperatuuri muutumised tuleks hoida alla 2 °C.
Clearly defined uptake and elimination curves are an indication of good quality bioaccumulation data.
Aeg, mis kulub embrüonaalseks arenguks, alates munetud munast kuni noore ussi väljumiseni kookonist, on temperatuuril 25 °C umbes kolm nädalat.
Generally the confidence limits for the BAF values from well-designed studies should not exceed 25 % (5).
Munasaagis ühe elusa ussi kohta B. sowerbyi' kultuuris oli mudas temperatuuril 25 °C alates 6,36st (31) kuni 11,2ni (30).
The test report must include the following information.
Munade arv kookonis on vahemikus 1,8–2,8 (66, 69) või kuni 8 (68).
physical nature and, physicochemical properties e.g. log Kow, water solubility;
Iga nädal tuleks mõõta lahustunud hapniku kontsentratsiooni, vee karedust, temperatuuri ja pH-d.
chemical identification data;
Kalasööta (nt TetraMin®) võib lisada suspensioonina kaks või kolm korda nädalas ad libitum.
source of the test substance, identity and concentration of any solvent used;
Usse võib sööta ka ülessulatatud aedsalatiga ad libitum.
if radiolabelled, the precise position of the labelled atoms, the specific radioactivity, and the percentage of radioactivity associated with impurities.
Selle liigi üks peamisi suuri eeliseid on isendi suur biomass (isendi märgmass on 40–50 mg).
scientific name, strain, source, any pre-treatment, acclimation, age, size-range, etc..
Seepärast saab seda liiki kasutada radioaktiivse märgiseta uuritava aine bioakumulatsiooni katsetes.
type and characteristics of illumination used and photoperiod(s);
Selle liigi puhul võib mudatupe või rabeliimuka puhul kasutatud süsteemides viia uuritava ainega kokkupuutesse üheainsa isendi paralleelkatse kohta (11).
test design (e.g. number, material and size of test chambers, water volume, sediment mass and volume, water volume replacement rate (for flow-through or semi-static procedures), any aeration used before and during the test, number of replicates, number of worms per replicate, number of test concentrations, length of uptake and elimination phases, sampling frequency);
Paralleelkatseid tuleb siiski teha rohkem, kui ei kasutata suuremaid katsekambreid (11).
method of test substance preparation and application as well as reasons for choosing a specific method;
Ka usside kaevumiskäitumisega seotud katse nõuetekohasuse kriteeriumi tuleb selle liigi puhul muuta.
the nominal and measured dry weight in % of wet weight (or dry weight-to-wet weight ratio) of the artificial sediment;
Biokontsentratsioon: kaladega läbivoolukatse.
the measured dry weight in % of wet weight (or dry weight-to-wet weight ratio) for field sediments;
Käesoleva lisa peatükk C.27.
water quality within the test chambers as characterised by temperature, pH, ammonium, total hardness, and dissolved oxygen concentration;
Sette-vee mürgisuskatse surusääsklastel rikastatud sette kasutamisega.
detailed information on the treatment of water, sediment, and worm samples, including details of preparation, storage, spiking procedures, extraction, and analytical procedures (and precision) for the test substance and lipid content, and recoveries of the test substance.
Sediment test using benthic oligochaetes”, 26.-27.04.1999, Hochheim/Main, Germany.
mortality of the control worms and the worms in each test chamber and any observed sublethal effects including abnormal behaviour (e.g., sediment avoidance, presence or absence of fecal pellets, lack of reproduction);
Report on the R+D-project No.
the measured dry weight in % of wet weight (or dry weight-to-wet weight ratio) of the sediment and the test organisms (useful for normalisation);
R. Nagel and R. Loskill (eds.):
the lipid content of the worms;
Bioaccumulation of lipophilic compounds from sediments by oligochaetes.
curves showing the uptake and elimination kinetics of the test substance in the worms, and the time to steady state;
Wat.
Ca, Cs and Cw (with standard deviation and range, if appropriate) for all sampling times (Ca expressed in g kg– 1 wet and dry weight of whole body, Cs expressed in g kg– 1 wet and dry weight of sediment, and Cw in mg l– 1).
Res.
If a biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF; see Appendix 1 for definition) is required (e.g. for comparison of results from two or more tests performed with animals of differing lipid content), Ca should additionally be expressed as g kg– 1 lipid content of the organism, and Cs should be expressed as g kg– 1 organic carbon (OC) of the sediment;
23, 1443-1450.
BAF (expressed in kg wet sediment kg– 1 wet worm), sediment uptake rate constant ks (expressed in g wet sediment kg– 1 of wet worm d– 1), and elimination rate constant ke (expressed in d– 1);
A kinetic model for bioconcentration of lipophilic compounds by oligochaetes.
BSAF (expressed in kg sediment OC kg– 1 worm lipid content) may be reported additionally;
Wat.
Non-eliminated residues (NER) at end of elimination phase;
24, 1225-1231.
if measured:
Peatükk A.5.
percentages of parent substance, degradation products, and bound residues (i.e. the percentage of test substance that cannot be extracted with common extraction methods) detected in the test animals;
Pindpinevus.
methods used for statistical analyses of the data.
Käesoleva lisa peatükk C.4 A–F. Kohese biolagunduvuse määramine.
Evaluation of results
Käesoleva lisa peatükk C.19.
compliance of the results with the validity criteria as listed in paragraph 21;
Adsorptsiooniteguri (KOC) kindlaksmääramine mullas ja reoveesettes kõrgsurvevedelikkromatograafia (HPLC) abil.
unexpected or unusual results, e.g. incomplete elimination of the test substance from the test animals;
Käesoleva lisa peatükk C.29.
in such cases results from any preliminary study may provide useful information.
Kiire biolagundatavus – CO2 suletud nõudes (vabaruumi katse).
Artificial sediment, or formulated, reconstituted or synthetic sediment, is a mixture of materials used to mimic the physical components of a natural sediment.
In Hutzinger, O. (editor), The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, Vol.
Bioaccumulation is the increase in concentration of the test substance in or on an organism relative to the concentration of the test substance in the surrounding medium.
2 Part J (Vol. editor: B. Beek):
Bioaccumulation results from both bioconcentration and biomagnification processes (see below).
Influence of partition coefficient of lipophilic compounds on bioconcentration kinetics with fish.
The bioaccumulation factor (BAF) at any time during the uptake phase of this bioaccumulation test is the concentration of test substance in/on the test organism (Ca in g kg– 1 wet or dry weight) divided by the concentration of the substance in the surrounding medium (Cs as g kg– 1 of wet or dry weight of sediment).
Wat.
In order to refer to the units of Ca and Cs, the BAF has the units of kg sediment kg– 1 worm (15).
22, 701-707.
Bioaccumulation factors calculated directly from the ratio of the sediment uptake rate constant divided by the elimination rate constants (ks and ke, respectively — see below) are termed kinetic bioaccumulation factor (BAFK).
Development of ecotoxicological test systems to assess contaminated sediments.
Bioconcentration is the increase in concentration of the test substance in or on an organism, resulting exclusively from uptake via the body surface, relative to the concentration of the test substance in the surrounding medium.
Joint report no.
Biomagnification is the increase in concentration of the test substance in or on an organism, resulting mainly from uptake from contaminated food or prey, relative to the concentration of the test substance in the food or prey.
A. Mudroch, J.M.
Biomagnification can lead to a transfer or accumulation of the test substance within food webs.
Ülempiir on määratud vajadusega saavutada täielik faaside eraldumine pärast jaotumistasakaalu muutmist ja enne analüüsimiseks proovide võtmist.
The biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) is the lipid-normalised steady state concentration of test substance in/on the test organism divided by the organic carbon-normalised concentration of the substance in the sediment at steady state.
Hoolikalt tehtud katse puhul võib ülempiiriks olla suurem Pow väärtus.
Ca is then expressed as g kg– 1 lipid content of the organism, and Cs as g kg– 1 organic content of the sediment.
Nõukogu direktiiv 91/271/EMÜ, 21. mai 1991, asulareovee puhastamise kohta (ELT L 135, 30.5.1991, lk 40).
The conditioning period is used to stabilise the microbial component of the sediment and to remove e.g. ammonia originating from sediment components; it takes place prior to spiking of the sediment with the test substance.
Võrdluskemikaali puhul tuleks toimida samamoodi, et valmistada lahused nõudesse FR1-3.
The elimination of a test substance is the loss of this substance from the test organism tissue by active or passive processes that occurs independently of presence or absence of the test substance in the surrounding medium.
Soovitatav suurus on 0,1–1 liiter.
The elimination phase is the time, following the transfer of the test organisms from a contaminated medium to a medium free of the test substance, during which the elimination (or the net loss) of the substance from the test organisms is studied.
Soovitatakse kasutada gaasikindlaid silikoonmebraane.
The elimination rate constant (ke) is the numerical value defining the rate of reduction in the concentration of the test substance in/on the test organism, following the transfer of the test organisms from a medium containing the test substance to a chemical-free medium;
Peale selle on soovitatav kontrollida korgi, eriti butüülkummist korgi gaasikindlust, sest müügilolevad korgid ei ole mitmel juhul metaani suhtes piisavalt gaasikindlad ja mõni kork ei ole pärast sellest nõela läbitorkamist katsetingimustes enam gaasikindel.On soovitatav ja lenduvate kemikaalide puhul kohustuslik kasutada gaasikindlaid pinnakattega korke (mõni müügilolev kork on suhteliselt õhuke – paksusega alla 0,5 cm – ega säilita pärast sellest süstlanõela läbitorkamist gaasitihedust).Kui uuritav kemikaal ei ole lenduv, soovitatakse kasutada butüülkummist korki paksusega umbes 1 cm (see säilitab pärast nõela läbitorkamist tavaliselt gaasikindluse).Enne katset soovitatakse korki tähelepanelikult uurida, et veenduda, et see jääb pärast nõea läbitorkamist gaasikindlaks.
ke is expressed in d– 1.
Mõõturit tuleks kasutada ja korrapäraselt kaliibrida vastavalt tootja juhistele.
The equilibration period is used to allow for distribution of the test substance between the solid phase, the pore water and the overlying water;
Kui kasutatakse ettenähtud kvaliteediga manomeetrit, mis on näiteks ümbritsetud terasmembraaniga, ei ole vaja seda laboris kaliibrida.
it takes place after spiking of the sediment with the test substance and prior to addition of the test organisms.
Sellist mõõturit tuleks soovitatava intervalliga kaliibrida vastava loa saanud instituudis.
The octanol-water partitioning coefficient (Kow) is the ratio of substance's solubility in n-octanol and in water at equilibrium, also sometimes expressed as Pow.
Kaliibrimistäpsust saab laboris kontrollida ühe mõõtmisega rõhul 1 × 105 Pa, võrreldes saadud tulemust mehaanilise näidikuga rõhumõõturi näiduga.