natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
animal condition prior to and throughout the test period, including signs of toxicity;
OECD (2009), Detailed Review Paper on Transgenic Rodent Mutation Assays, Series on Testing and Assessment, No 103, ENV/JM/MONO(2009)7, OECD, Paris.
body and organ weights at sacrifice;
Tindall (1995), „Study Design and Sample Sizes for a lacI Transgenic Mouse Mutation Assay”, Environ.
for each tissue/animal, the number of mutants, number of plaques or colonies evaluated, mutant frequency;
Gorelick (1997), „Sources of Variability in Data from a Positive Selection lacZ Transgenic Mouse Mutation Assay: an Interlaboratory Study”, Mutation.
for each tissue/animal group, number of packaging reactions per DNA sample, total number of mutants, mean mutant frequency, standard deviation;
Yauk (2006), „Detection of Induced Male Germline Mutation: Correlations and Comparisons between Traditional Germline Mutation Assays, Transgenic Rodent Assays and Expanded Simple Tandem Repeat Instability Assays”, Mutation.
dose-response relationship, where possible;
Kurata, M. Takamune, M. Yamada, H. Sanada, T. Umemura, A. Nishikawa and T. Nohmi (2010), „Integration of in vivo Genotoxicity and Short-term Carcinogenicity Assays using F344 gpt delta Transgenic Rats: in vivo Mutagenicity of 2,4-diaminotoluene and 2,6-diaminotoluene Structural Isomers”, Toxicol.
for each tissue/animal, the number of independent mutants and mean mutation frequency, where molecular analysis of mutations was performed;
Martus, J.C. Mirsalis, T. Suzuki and N. Yajima (2003), „In vivo Transgenic Mutation Assays”, Mutation Res., 540:
concurrent and historical negative control data with ranges, means and standard deviations;
Douglas (1996), „Bacteriophage λ and Plasmid lacZ Transgenic Mice for studying Mutations in vivo” in:
concurrent positive control (or non-concurrent DNA positive control) data;
Douglas (2005), „A lacZ Transgenic Mouse Assay for the Detection of Mutations in Follicular Granulosa Cells”, Mutation Res., 578(1–2):
analytical determinations, if available (e.g. DNA concentrations used in packaging, DNA sequencing data);
Martus, V. Thybaud (2011), „Compilation and Use of Genetic Toxicity Historical Control Data”, Mutation Res., doi:10.1016/j.mrgentox.2010.09.007.
statistical analyses and methods applied;
OECD (2011), Retrospective Performance Assessment of OECD Test Guideline on Transgenic Rodent Somatic and Germ Cell Gene Mutation Assays, Series on Testing and Assessment, No 145, ENV/JM/MONO(2011)20, OECD, Paris.
Conclusion
, „Kinetics of spermatogenesis in mammals seminiferous epithelium cycle and spermatogonial renewal”.
Skopek (1987), “Statistical Test for the Comparison of Samples from Mutational Spectra”, J. Mol.
, „The Epididymis”, in Neil, J.D., Pfaff, D.W., Chalis, J.R.G., de Kretser, D.M., Richards, J.S., and P. M, Wassarman (eds.), Physiology of Reproduction, Elsevier, the Netherlands, pp. 1071-1148.
, “A more Efficient Big Blue® Protocol Improves Transgene Rescue and Accuracy in an Adduct and Mutation Measurement”, Mutation Res., 518:
, „Effects of male germ-cell stage on the frequency, nature, and spectrum of induced specific-locus mutations in the mouse”, Genetica, 122:
Gossen and J. Vijg (1995), “Plasmid-based Transgenic Mouse Model for Studying in vivo Mutations”Nature, 377(6550):
MÕISTED
Gorelick (1995), “Statistical Design and Analysis of Mutation Studies in Transgenic Mice”, Environ.
Alusepaari asendumine
Gorelick (1996), “Mutational Spectra in Transgenic Animal Research: Data Analysis and Study Design Based upon the Mutant or Mutation Frequency”, Environ.
12 nukleotiidi pikkune üheahelaline DNA-lõik, mis asub λ-bakteriofaagi kaheahelalise genoomi mõlemas otsas.
Brooks, B. Burlinson, J. Mirsalis, B. Myhr, L. Recio and V. Thybaud (1999), “Transgenic Mouse Mutation Assay Systems can Play an important Role in Regulatory Mutagenicity Testing in vivo for the Detection of Site-of-contact Mutagens”, Mutagenesis, 14(1):
Deletsioon
Soper(1995), “Temporal and Molecular Characteristics of Mutations Induced by Ethylnitrosourea in Germ Cells Isolated from Seminiferous Tubules and in Spermatozoa of lacZ Transgenic Mice”, Proc.
mutatsioon, millega genoomist läheb kaduma üks nukleotiid või (järjestikuste) nukleotiidide lõik.
Soper and J. Jiao (1997), “Toward an Understanding of the Use of Transgenic Mice for the Detection of Gene Mutations in Germ Cells”, Mutation Res., 388(2-3):
Ekstrabinomiaalne variatsioon
Tindall (2000), “Bayesian Analysis of Mutational Spectra”, Genetics, 156:
populatsiooni osatähtsuse korduvate hindamiste suurem varieeruvus, kui võiks oodata juhul, kui populatsioonil on binomiaaljaotus.
Knook and J. Vijg(1989), “Efficient Rescue of Integrated Shuttle Vectors from Transgenic Mice: a Model for Studying Mutations in vivo”, Proc.
Elektroporeerimine
Gossen, J.A. and J. Vijg (1993), “A Selective System for lacZ-Phage using a Galactose-sensitive E. coli Host”, Biotechniques, 14(3):
elektriimpulsside kasutamine rakumembraanide läbilaskvuse suurendamiseks.
, “Somatic Gene Mutation and Human Disease other than Cancer”, Mutation Res., 543:
Endogeenne geen genoomile algselt omane geen.
, “Somatic Gene Mutation and Human Disease other than Cancer: an Update”, Mutation Res., 705:
Insertsioon genoomile ühe nukleotiidse alusepaari või (järjestikuste) nukleotiidsete alusepaaride lõigu lisamine.
Douglas and D. Krewski (1998), “Statistical Analysis of lacZ Mutant Frequency Data from Muta™Mouse Mutagenicity Assays”, Mutagenesis, 13(3):
Jackpot
Skopek, V. Thybaud, K.R.Tindall and N. Yajima (2000), “In vivo Transgenic Mutation Assays”, Environ.
suur arv mutante, mis on tekkinud ühestainsast mutatsioonist klooni kasvu tulemusel.
Douglas (2003), “Treatment and Sampling Protocols for Transgenic Mutation Assays”, Environ.
Kapsiid
Muller, B. Paul, S. Adhya and S. Garges (1996), “Analysis of Genetic Instability during Mammary Tumor Progression using a novel Selection-based Assay for in vivo Mutations in a Bacteriophage λ Transgene Target”, Proc.
valgukest, mis ümbritseb viiruseosakest.
Short (1990), “The Use of Transgenic Mice for Short-term, in vivo Mutagenicity Testing”, Genet.
Kemikaal aine või segu.
Burns (2008), “Comparison of Induced and Cancer-associated Mutational Spectra using Multivariate Data Analysis”, Carcinogenesis, 29(4):
Klooni kasv
Nohmi, T., M. Katoh, H. Suzuki, M. Matsui, M. Yamada, M. Watanabe, M. Suzuki, N. Horiya, O. Ueda, T. Shibuya, H. Ikeda and T. Sofuni (1996), “A new Transgenic Mouse Mutagenesis Test System using Spi– and 6-thioguanine Selections”, Environ.
paljude rakkude tekkimine ühestainsast (muteerunud) rakust.
OECD (2011), Retrospective Performance Assessment of OECD Test Guideline on Transgenic Rodent Somatic and Germ Cell Gene Mutation Assays, Series on Testing and Assessment, No 145, ENV/JM/MONO(2011)20, OECD, Paris.
Pakendamine
, “Kinetics of spermatogenesis in mammals seminiferous epithelium cycle and spermatogonial renewal”.
nakatamisvõimeliste faagiosakeste sünteesimine faagi kapsiidi ja faagi saba valkude valmistisest ning faagi DNA-molekulide konkatameerist.
, “The Epididymis”, in Neil, J.D., Pfaff, D.W., Chalis, J.R.G., de Kretser, D.M., Richards, J.S., and P. M, Wassarman (eds.), Physiology of Reproduction, Elsevier, the Netherlands, pp. 1071-1148.
Kasutatakse tavaliselt kloonitud DNA pakendamiseks λ-vektorisse (mis on eraldatud cos-saitidega), et saada nakatamisvõimelised λ-osakesed.
, “Effects of male germ-cell stage on the frequency, nature, and spectrum of induced specific-locus mutations in the mouse”, Genetica, 122:
Pakendamise tõhusus
Administration period
tõhusus, millega pakendatud bakteriofaagid leitakse peremeesbakterites.
the total period during which an animal is dosed.
Positiivne selektsioon
Base pair substitution
meetod, mille puhul jäetakse ellu üksnes mutandid.
a type of mutation that causes the replacement of a single DNA nucleotide base with another DNA nucleotide base.
Proovivõtuaeg
Capsid
Punktmutatsioon
the protein shell that surrounds a virus particle.
Raaminihke mutatsioon
a substance or a mixture.
geneetiline mutatsioon, mis tekib valku või peptiidi kodeerivas DNA-järjestuses, kui insertsiooniga on lisatud või deletsiooniga eemaldatud selline arv nukleotiide, mida ei saa jäägita jagada kolmega.
Clonal expansion
Reportergeen
the production of many cells from a single (mutant) cell.
geen, mille mutantne geenisaadus on kergesti avastatav.
Colony-forming unit (cfu)
Suur deletsioon DNA-st mitme tuhande alusepaari väljalangemine (mida saab tõhusalt kindlaks teha Spi–-selektsiooni ja lacZ-plasmiidi katsega).
a measure of viable bacterial numbers.
Süstikvektor
Concatamer
selliselt konstrueeritud vektor, mis saab paljuneda kahes erinevas peremeesliigis; tänu sellele saab süstikvektorisse sisestatud DNA-d tuvastada või muuta kahes erinevat tüüpi rakus või kahes erinevas organismis.
a long continuous biomolecule composed of multiple identical copies linked in series.
Uuritav kemikaal iga aine või segu, mida uuritakse käesoleva katsemeetodi abil.”
Cos site
Kognitiivse talitluse katsed: tundlikkusest olenevalt tuleb kaaluda suurema arvu loomade kasutamist, nt kuni 1 isas- ja 1 emasloom igast pesakonnast (loomade rühmadeks jagamine, vt 1. liide) (täiendavad juhised valimi suuruse kohta on esitatud OECD juhenddokumendis 43 (8)).
a 12-nucleotide segment of single-stranded DNA that exists at both ends of the bacteriophage lambda's double-stranded genome.
Selles tabelis on esitatud minimaalne mõõtmiskordade arv.
Deletion
Sõltuvalt oodatavast mõjust ja esialgsete mõõtmiste tulemustest võib olla soovitatav lisada täiendavaid aegu (näiteks vanad loomad) või teha mõõtmisi muudes arengustaadiumides.
a mutation in which one or more (sequential) nucleotides is lost by the genome.
Poegadega ei soovitata teha katseid kahel võõrutusjärgsel päeval (vt punkt 32).
Electroporation
Soovitatav vanus noorloomadega katsete tegemiseks on järgmine:
the application of electric pulses to increase the permeability of cell membranes.
õppimine ja mälu — PND 25 ± 2;
Endogenous gene
motoorne ja sensoorne funktsioon — PND 25 ± 2.
a gene native to the genome.
Soovitatav vanus katsete tegemiseks noorte täiskasvanutega on PND 60–70.
Extrabinomial variation
Poegadele dooside otse manustamise korral tuleks kehamassi mõõta vähemalt kaks korda nädalas, et kohandada doose vastavalt kehamassi kiirele suurenemisele.
greater variability in repeat estimates of a population proportion than would be expected if the population had a binomial distribution.
Aju massi ja neuropatoloogiat võib hinnata varasemal ajal (nt PND 11), kui see on sobiv (vt punkt 39).
Frameshift mutation
Muid arengu näitajaid lisaks kehamassile (nt silmade avanemine) tuleb registreerida sündmuse toimumise ajal (vt punkt 31).
a genetic mutation caused by insertions or deletions of a number of nucleotides that is not evenly divisible by three within a DNA sequence that codes for a protein/peptide.
Vt punkt 35.
Insertion
CV künnisväärtus teatava koe jaoks määrati CV väärtuste graafikult, millele olid kantud kõikide valideerimisuuringute konkreetse mudeliga (agonist või antagonist) leitud keskväärtuste CV-d järjestatuna väikseimast suurimani.
the addition of one or more nucleotide base pairs into a DNA sequence.
CV künnisväärtuseks loeti punkt, mille juures CV-väärtuste suurenemised järgmiste kõrgemate CV-de suunas muutusid järsult suuremaks kui mõne eelneva CV vahel — see loeti murdepunktiks.
Large deletions
On soovitatav, et käesolevas katsemeetodis nähtaks ette noorte kummastki soost poegade rinnanäärmete uurimine pärast seda, kui see on valideeritud.
the covalent linking of two ends of DNA molecules using DNA ligase.
kui on vajalik ekstraheerimine, tehakse iga ekstraktiga kolm paralleelset määramist.
Mitogen
Iga proovi ekstraheeritakse ainult üks kord.
a chemical that stimulates a cell to commence cell division, triggering mitosis (i.e. cell division).
meetodi mõõtmispiirid põhinevad tabelis 5 esitatud hormoonide sünteesi baastaseme väärtustel ja sõltuvad määramise kvaliteedist.
Neutral gene
Kui saavutatakse kõrgem hormoonide baastase, võib piir olla kõrgem.
a gene that is not affected by positive or negative selective pressures.
Mõned T ja E2 antikehad võivad suurema protsendimäära korral ristreageerida vastavalt androsteendiooni ja östrooniga.
the synthesis of infective phage particles from a preparation of phage capsid and tail proteins and a concatamer of phage DNA molecules.
Siiski võib andmetest saada kasulikku teavet mõju kohta üldisele östrogeenide või androgeenide sünteesile.
Commonly used to package DNA cloned onto a lambda vector (separated by cos sites) into infectious lambda particles.
Sellistel juhtudel tuleks andmed väljendada pigem androgeeni/östrogeeni toimena, mitte E2 ja T-na.
Packaging efficiency
Need hõlmavad järgmisi:
the efficiency with which packaged bacteriophages are recovered in host bacteria.
kolesterool, pregnenoloon, progesteroon, 11-desoksükortikosteroon, kortikosteroon, aldosteroon, 17α-pregnenoloon, 17α-progesteroon, desoksükortisool, kortisool, DHEA, androsteendioon, östroon.
Plaque forming unit (pfu)
Lahusti (DMSO) kontroll (0), 1 μl DMSOd süvendisse.
a measure of viable bacteriophage numbers.
+, positiivne
Point mutation
Tühikatse süvendites olevatele rakkudele lisatakse ainult keskkonda (st lahustit ei lisata).
a general term for a mutation affecting only a small sequence of DNA including small insertions, deletions, and base pair substitutions.
Metanool (MeOH) lisatakse pärast seda, kui kokkupuude on lõpetatud ja keskkond on nendest süvenditest eemaldatud.
Positive selection
DMSO lahusti kontrolli katse (1 μl süvendi kohta).
a method that permits only mutants to survive.
Kinnita eelmist katset, kasutades sama eksperimendiplaani.
Reporter gene
Korda katset poole logaritmilise ühiku suuruste kontsentratsioonivahemikega (mõlemale poole kontsentratsioonist, mis eelmises katses osutus oluliselt erinevaks).
a gene whose mutant gene product is easily detected.
Suuruse suhteline muutus (kordades) on lahusti kontrolliga võrreldes statistiliselt oluline ühel kontsentratsioonil.
Sampling time
Tähendab ühe ja sama proovi kordusmõõtmisi.
the end of the period of time, prior to sacrifice, during which the chemical is not administered and during which unprocessed DNA lesions are fixed into stable mutations.
Arenguhäireid põhjustava neurotoksilisuse uuringu võib teha eraldi või reproduktiivtoksilisuse ja/või neurotoksilisuse uuringu raames (nt katsejuhendid B.34 (14), B.35 (15), B.43 (16)) või lisaks sünnieelseid arenguhäireid põhjustava toksilisuse uuringule (nt katsejuhend B.31 (17)).
Shuttle vector
Kui arenguhäireid põhjustavat neurotoksilisust uuritakse muu uuringu raames, on tingimata vaja säilitada kummagi uuringutüübi terviklikkus.
a vector constructed so that it can propagate in two different host species;
Kõik katsed peaksid olema kooskõlas kohaldatavate õigusaktidega või valitsuse ja institutsiooniliste suunistega katseloomade kasutamise kohta teadusuuringutes (nt 18).
accordingly, DNA inserted into a shuttle vector can be tested or manipulated in two different cell types or two different organisms.
uuritava kemikaali nimetus ja struktuur, füüsikalis-keemilised omadused, muud sama kemikaaliga in vitro või in vivo tehtud mürgisuskatsete tulemused, struktuurilt sarnaste ainete toksikoloogilised andmed ning kemikaali eeldatav(ad) kasutusala(d).
Transgenic
Selline teave on vajalik kõikide asjaosaliste veenmiseks, et katse on tähtis inimeste tervise kaitsmiseks, ja aitab valida sobivat lähtedoosi.
of, relating to, or being an organism whose genome has been altered by the transfer of a gene or genes from another species.’
mõju uuritava kemikaali keemilistele omadustele, mis võib muuta selle toksilisi omadusi, ning mõju loomade sööda- või veetarbimisele või toitumusele.
Depending on the sensitivity of cognitive function tests, investigation of a large higher number of animals should be considered e.g. up to 1 male and 1 female per litter (for animal assignments see Appendix 1) (further guidance on sample size is provided in the OECD Guidance Document 43 (8)).
Manustamisviis on tavaliselt suukaudne (näiteks sundsöötmine sondiga või sööda või joogivee kaudu), kuid kasutada võib ka muid manustamisviise (nt naha kaudu, sissehingamise teel), sõltuvalt kemikaali omadustest ning eeldatavast või teadaolevast kokkupuuteteest inimese puhul (täiendavad juhised on esitatud juhenddokumendis 43 (8)).
This table presents the minimum number of times when measurements should be performed.
Valitud manustamisviisi tuleks põhjendada.
Depending on the anticipated effects, and the results of the initial measurements, it may be advisable to add additional time points (e.g. aged animals) or to perform the measurements in other developmental stages.
Uuritavat kemikaali tuleks manustada igal päeval ligikaudu samal ajal.
It is recommended that pups not be tested during the two days after weaning (see paragraph 32).
OECD (1995).
Recommended ages for adolescent testing are:
Copenhagen, Denmark, 13–14 June 1995.
learning and memory = PND 25 ± 2;
US EPA (1998).
motor and sensory function = PND 25 ± 2.
Cory-Slechta, D.A., Crofton, K.M., Foran, J.A., Ross, J.F., Sheets, L.P., Weiss, B., Mileson, B. (2001).
Recommended ages for testing young adults is PND 60-70.
Health Perspect., 109:79–91.
Body weights should be measured at least twice weekly when directly dosing pups for adjustment of doses at a time of rapid body weight gain.
Dorman, D.C., Allen, S.L., Byczkowski, J.Z., Claudio, L., Fisher, J.E.
Brain weights and neuropathology may be assessed at some earlier time (e.g. PND 11), if appropriate (see paragraph 39).
Health Perspect., 109:101–111.
Other developmental landmarks in addition to the body weight (e.g. eye opening) should be recorded when appropriate (see paragraph 31).
Garman, R.H., Fix,A.S., Jortner, B.S., Jensen, K.F., Hardisty, J.F., Claudio, L., Ferenc, S. (2001).
See paragraph 35.
Health Perspect., 109:93–100.
The threshold CV for a given tissue was identified from a graph of CV values — arranged from smallest sequentially to largest — for all means from all experiments in the validation exercise using a specific model (agonist or antagonist).
OECD (2003).
The threshold CV was read from the point at which the increments between to the next highest CVs in the series are dramatically larger than the preceding few CVs- the “breakpoint”.
Washington D.C., US, 23–25 October 2000.
It should be noted that although this analysis identified relatively reliable “breakpoints” for the antagonist model of the assay, CV curves for the agonist assay showed a more uniform increase making identification of a threshold CV by this method somewhat arbitrary.
OECD (2008).
Research has shown the mammary gland, especially in early life mammary gland development, to be a sensitive endpoint for oestrogen action.
July 2008.
It is recommended that endpoints involving pup mammary glands of both sexes be included in this test method, when validated.
Vt:
“New batch” refers to a fresh batch of cells received from ATCC.
Kimmel, C.A., Rees, D.C., Francis, E.Z.
“Frozen batch” refers to cells that have been previously cultured and then frozen at a laboratory other than ATCC.
Spencer, P.S., Schaumburg, H.H., Ludolph, A.C.
If extraction is required, three replicate measurements are made for each extract.
Experimental and Clinical Neurotoxicology, 2nd Edition, ISBN 0195084772, Oxford University Press, New York.
Method measurement limits are based on the basal hormone production values provided in Table 5, and are performance based.
Slikker, W.B., Chang, L.W.
If greater basal hormone production can be achieved the limit can be greater.
Handbook of Developmental Neurotoxicology, 1stEdition, ISBN 0126488606, Academic Press, New York.
Some T and E2 antibodies may cross-react with androstendione and oestrone, respectively, at a greater percentage.
WHO (1986) Principles and Methods for the Assessment of Neurotoxicity Associated with Exposure to Chemicals, (Environmental Health Criteria 60), Albany, New York:
However, the data can still provide useful information regarding the effects on oestrogen or androgen production in general.
Chang, L.W., Slikker, W.
In such cases data should be expressed as androgen/oestrogen responses rather than E2 and T.
Approaches and Methods, 1stEdition, ISBN 012168055X, Academic Press, New York.
These include:
De Cabo, C., Viveros, M.P.
cholesterol, pregnenolone, progesterone, 11-deoxycorticosterone, corticosterone, aldosterone, 17α-pregnenolone,17α-progesterone, deoxycortisol, cortisol, DHEA, androstenedione, oestrone.
Teratol., 19:499–509.
Solvent (DMSO) control (0), 1 μl DMSO/well.
Toxicol., 38:2–6.
+, positive
Avery, D.L., Spyker, J.M.
Methanol (MeOH) will be added after the exposure is terminated and the medium is removed from these wells.
Wier, P.J., Guerriero, F.J., Walker, R.F.
DMSO solvent control (1 μl/well).
Implementation of a primary screen for developmental neurotoxicity.
Confirm previous run using the same experimental design.
Fundam.
Fold-change at one concentration is statistically significantly different from the SC
Krasnegor, N.A., Blass, E.M., Hofer, M.A., Smotherman, W.
Refers to replicate measures of the same sample
Zoetis, T., Walls, I. (2003) Principles and Practices for Direct Dosing of Pre-Weaning Mammals in Toxicity Testing and Research.
José Manuel Barroso
Moser, V., Walls, I., Zoetis, T. (2005) Direct dosing of preweaning rodents in toxicity testing and research:
A developmental neurotoxicity study can be conducted as a separate study, incorporated into a reproductive toxicity and/or adult neurotoxicity study (e.g. test methods B.34 (14), B.35 (15), B.43 (16)), or added onto a prenatal developmental toxicity study (e.g. test method B.31 (17)).
Int.
When the developmental neurotoxicity study is incorporated within or attached to another study, it is imperative to preserve the integrity of both study types.
J. Toxicol., 24:87–94.
All testing should comply with applicable legislation or government and institutional guidelines for the use of laboratory animals in research (e.g. 18).
Conolly, R.B., Beck, B.D., Goodman, J.I.
The testing laboratory should consider all available information on the test chemical prior to conducting the study.
ICH (1993) ICH Harmonised Tripartite Guideline:
Such information will include the identity and structure of the chemical; its physico-chemical properties;
Detection of Toxicity to Reproduction for Medical Products (S5 A).
the results of any other in vitro or in vivo toxicity tests on the chemical; toxicological data on structurally related chemicals;
Lochry, E.A.
and the anticipated use(s) of the chemical.
Toxicol., 6:433–439.
This information is necessary to satisfy all concerned that the test is relevant for the protection of human health, and will help in the selection of an appropriate starting dose.
Tachibana, T., Narita, H., Ogawa, T., Tanimura, T. (1998) Using postnatal age to determine test dates leads to misinterpretation when treatments alter gestation length, results from a collaborative behavioral teratology study in Japan.
The route of administration will generally be oral (e.g.gavage, dietary, via drinking water), but other routes (e.g. dermal, inhalation) may be used depending on the characteristics and anticipated or known human exposure routes (further guidance is provided in the Guidance Document 43(8)).
Gallavan, R.H.
Justification should be provided for the route of administration chosen.
Toxicol., 13:383–390.
The test chemical should be administered at approximately the same time every day.
Gray, L.E.
For offspring killed through PND 22, brain tissues should be evaluated; for animals killed at termination, both central nervous system (CNS) tissues and peripheral nervous system (PNS) tissues should be evaluated.
Sci., 58:350–365.
OECD (1995).
Adams, J., Buelke-Sam, J., Kimmel, C.A., Nelson, C.J., Reiter, L.W., Sobotka, T.J., Tilson, H.A., Nelson, B.K.
Copenhagen, Denmark, 13-14 June 1995.
Teratol., 7:579–586.
US EPA (1998).
Korenbrot, C.C., Huhtaniemi, I.T., Weiner, R.W.
Available:
Reprod., 17:298–303.
Cory-Slechta, D.A., Crofton, K.M., Foran, J.A., Ross, J.F., Sheets, L.P., Weiss, B., Mileson, B. (2001).
Spear, L.P.
Health Perspect., 109:79-91.
Teratol., 12:489–95.