natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Το ΕΚΠΝΤ piροάγει τι1 έρευνε1 για την εκτί*ηση τη1 συνολική1 θνησι*ότητα1 των piροβλη*ατικών χρηστών ναρκωτικών.
Most substitution clients in Europe receive methadone (70 %), but the number of countries where it is the only prescribed substance is decreasing, with buprenorphine now available in all but four EU Member States (Bulgaria, Spain, Hungary, Poland).
Το 2008, στο piλαίσιο piρογρά**ατο1 piου υλοpiοιήθηκε σε συνεργασία *ε τσέχου1 ερευνητέ1, έγινε ανασκόpiηση τη1 βιβλιογραφία1, των piηγών δεδο*ένων και των piιθανών *εθόδων στο εν λόγω piεδίο (1).
In the Czech Republic, France, Latvia and Sweden, more than 50 % of those on substitution treatment are prescribed buprenorphine. Additional options include slow-release morphine (Bulgaria, Austria, Slovenia) and codeine (Germany, Austria, Cyprus).
Και οι δύο αυτέ1 *έθοδοι δοκι*άστηκαν *ε null
Reviews of randomised controlled trials and observational studies conclude that substitution treatment with either
Η συνολική θνησι*ότητα υpiολογίζεται *ε διάφορου1 τρόpiου1.
A set of minimum requirements and international guidelines for psychosocially assisted pharmacological treatment of persons dependent on opioids was recently developed by WHO (2009).
Μια *έθοδο1 συνδυάζει στοιχεία θνησι*ότητα1 αpiό *ελέτε1 κοόρτη1 *ε εκτι*ήσει1 τη1 εpiικράτηση1 τη1 χρήση1 ναρκωτικών (151).
This document is a response to a resolution from the United Nations Economic and Social Council (Ecosoc) and it is based on systematic reviews of the scientific literature and consultations with a range of renowned experts from different parts of the world.
Μια άλλη piροσέγγιση piαίρνει τα υpiάρχοντα στατιστικά στοιχεία σχετικά *ε τη θνησι*ότητα στον γενικό piληθυσ*ό και υpiολογίζει το piοσοστό piου αναλογεί στη χρήση ναρκωτικών.
Drugrelated infectious diseases highest rates of newly reported infections, Portugal and Estonia continued their downward trends, although in Portugal this trend seems to be levelling off. In contrast, in Latvia an increase from 47.1 cases per million population in 2006 to 58.7 cases per million in 2007 was reported (Figure 12).
Μpiορούν εpiίση1 να χρησι*οpiοιηθούν και άλλε1 εξειδικευ*ένε1 piηγέ1 piληροφόρηση1, όpiω1 γίνεται pi.χ. για τον υpiολογισ*ό τη1 θνησι*ότητα1 piου συνδέεται *ε τον ιό HIV ή το AIDS, όpiου συνδυάζονται στοιχεία τη1 Eurostat και του EuroHIV.
Infectious diseases such as HIV and hepatitis B and C are among the most serious health consequences of drug use. Even in countries where HIV prevalence in injecting drug users is low, other infectious diseases including hepatitis A, B and C, sexually transmitted diseases, tuberculosis, tetanus, botulism and human T-lymphotropic virus may disproportionately affect drug users.
) Βλέpiε «Μείωση των θανάτων αpiοφυλακισ*ένων χρηστών αpiό υpiερβολική δόση», σ. 102. )
Overall, marked increases in new HIV infection have not been observed between 2002 and 2007, and reported rates remain low.
Βλέpiε «Εκτί*ηση τη1 συνολική1 θνησι*ότητα1 piου αpiοδίδεται στην piροβλη*ατική χρήση ναρκωτικών — Νέε1 εξελίξει1».
By the end of 2007, the incidence of reported HIV infection among injecting drug users appears to have remained low in most countries of the European Union, and the overall EU situation appears relatively positive in a global context.
Κεφάλαιο 7: Λοι*ώδη νοσή*ατα piου συνδέονται *ε τα ναρκωτικά και θάνατοι piου συνδέονται *ε τα ναρκωτικά
Data on newly reported cases related to injecting drug use for 2007 suggest that infection rates are still generally falling in the European Union, following the peak in 2001–02, which was due to outbreaks in Estonia, Latvia
Πα ρ ε βάσει
0 and Lithuania (130
Ετήσια έκθεση 2009: Η κατάσταση του piροβλή*ατο1 των ναρκωτικών στην Ευρώpiη
NB: For Estonia, the value for 2002 is off-scale (516 cases per million). For further information, see Table INF-104 in the 2009 statistical bulletin.Sources: ECDC and WHO Europe.
Μείωση των θανάτων αpiοφυλακισένων χρηστών αpiό υpiερβολική δόση
Chapter 7: Drugrelated infectious diseases and drugrelated deaths available from 25 countries over the period 2002–07 (132
Στην Αγγλία εκτι*άται ότι, το 2005, piοσοστό 15 % εpiί συνόλου 1 506 θυ*άτων υpiερβολική1 δόση1 ήταν χρήστε1 piου είχαν αpiοφυλακιστεί piρόσφατα (Υpiουργείο null piολλέ1 υpiηρεσίε1 αpiεξάρτηση1 διανέ*ουν στου1 χρήστε1 ναλοξόνη για την αντι*ετώpiιση εpiειγόντων piεριστατικών, ενώ διατίθεται και αpiό τα φαρ*ακεία χωρί1 συνταγή.
In 11 countries, HIV prevalence remained unchanged during the period. In six countries (Bulgaria, Germany, Spain, Italy, Latvia, Portugal) HIV prevalence showed statistically significant decreases, all based on national samples.
Στο Ηνω*ένο Βασίλειο, το νο*ικό καθεστώ1 τη1 ναλοξόνη1 τροpiοpiοιήθηκε τον Ιούνιο του 2005 και piλέον εpiιτρέpiεται η χορήγησή τη1 αpiό οpiοιονδήpiοτε σε piερίpiτωση θανάσι*ου κινδύνου.
Regional increases were reported, however, in two of these countries: in Bulgaria, one city, Sofia; and in Italy, three out of 21 regions. In two countries (Lithuania, Poland) HIV prevalence showed statistically significant increases, both based on national samples.
Τα αpiοτελέσ*ατα έδειξαν καλύτερη γνώση των ση*είων υpiερβολική1 δόση1 και *εγαλύτερη αυτοpiεpiοίθηση όσον αφορά τη χρήση ναλοξόνη1.
The comparison of trends in newly reported infections related to injecting drug use with trends in HIV prevalence among injecting drug users suggests that the incidence of HIV infection related to injecting drug use is declining in most countries at national level.
Μια άλλη α*φιλεγό*ενη piροσέγγιση είναι οι αίθουσε1 εpiιτηρού*ενη1 χρήση1 ναρκωτικών (156), *ε στόχο να *ειωθεί ο κίνδυνο1 θανάτου του χρήστη *έσω τη1 piαροχή1 ά*εση1 και ενδεδειγ*ένη1 ιατρική1 φροντίδα1 σε piερίpiτωση λήψη1 υpiερβολική1 δόση1 στον χώρο.
Information on the incidence of AIDS, though not a good indicator of HIV transmission, is important for showing the new occurrence of symptomatic disease. High incidence rates of AIDS in some European countries may indicate that many injecting drug users infected with HIV do not receive highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART) at a sufficiently early stage in their infection to obtain maximum benefit from the treatment.
Τα στοιχεία σχετικά *ε τη λειτουργία των αιθουσών αυτών στην Ευρώpiη, στον Καναδά και την Αυστραλία δείχνουν ότι τα piεριστατικά piου συνέβησαν εκεί αντι*ετωpiίστηκαν εpiιτυχώ1 και δεν αναφέρθηκε λήψη θανατηφόρου υpiερβολική1 δόση1.
While high prevalence levels of HIV infection are found only in some EU Member States, viral hepatitis and, in particular, infection caused by hepatitis C virus (HCV), is more highly prevalent in injecting drug users across Europe. HCV antibody levels among national samples of injecting drug users in 2006–07 vary from around 18 % to 95 %, with half of the countries reporting levels in excess of 40 %.
Ο Milloy και οι συνεργάτε1 του υpiολόγισαν τον αριθ*ό των piιθανών θανάτων piου αpiοτράpiηκαν *ε τη λειτουργία τη1 αίθουσα1 εpiιτηρού*ενη1 χρήση1 στο Βανκούβερ.
Three countries (Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Slovenia) report a prevalence of under 25 % in national samples of injecting drug users (135); though infection rates at this level still constitute a significant public health problem.
Σύ*φωνα *ε τι1 εκτι*ήσει1 του1, αpiοτράpiηκαν αpiό 2 έω1 12 θάνατοι τον χρόνο (Milloy κ.ά., 2008).
Within countries, HCV prevalence levels can vary considerably, reflecting both regional differences and the characteristics of the sampled population.
) Για εpiισκόpiηση του συγκεκρι*ένου θέ*ατο1, βλέpiε ΕΚΠΝΤ (2004).
) See Figure INF-1 in the 2009 statistical bulletin.) See Tables INF-111 to INF-113 in the 2009 statistical bulletin.
Στη διάρκεια του 2008, 13 νέε1 ψυχοτρόpiοι ουσίε1 κοινοpiοιήθηκαν εpiίση*α για piρώτη φορά στην ΕΕ *έσω του ΣΕΠ.
Recent studies (2006–07) show a wide range of prevalence levels among injecting drug users under 25 years and those injecting for less than 2 years, suggesting different levels of HCV incidence in those populations across Europe (136
Η χη*ική σύνθεση των δύο κοινοpiοιηθέντων φυτών —του κράτο* (Mitragyna speciosa) και του κάβα (Piper methysticum)— είναι σχετικά ικανοpiοιητικά γνωστή αpiό τη βιβλιογραφία.
However, some insight into the epidemiology of these infections may be provided by the proportion of injecting drug users among all notified cases where risk factors are known (Wiessing et al., 2008a). For hepatitis B, the proportion of injecting drug users has declined between 2002 and 2007 in four out of 17 countries.
Χρησι*οpiοιούνται ανέκαθεν σε άλλε1 piεριοχέ1 του κόσ*ου, ενώ η piαρουσία του1 στην ευρωpiαθκή σκηνή των ναρκωτικών *οιάζει να είναι piεριορισ*ένη.
In the case of hepatitis C, the proportion of injecting drug users among notified cases has declined in seven countries between 2002 and 2007, and has increased in four other countries (Czech Republic, Luxembourg, Malta, United Kingdom) (138).
Παρά ταύτα, η ση*ασία του εντοpiισ*ού piιθανών νέων αpiειλών αναγνωρίζεται ευρέω1.
The prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis B virus (HBV) also varies to a great extent, possibly partly due to differences in vaccination levels, although other factors may play a role.
Το σύστη*α έγκαιρη1 piροειδοpiοίηση1 (ΣΕΠ) τη1 Ευρωpiαθκή1 Ένωση1 piαρέχει έναν *ηχανισ*ό ταχεία1 αpiόκριση1 στην ε*φάνιση νέων ψυχοδραστικών ουσιών στη σκηνή των ναρκωτικών.
The most complete data set available is that for the antibody to the hepatitis B core antigen (antiHBc), which indicates a history of infection. For 2006–07, three of the 10 countries providing data on injecting drug users report anti-HBc prevalence levels of over 40 % (137).
< ράση τη ΕΕ για τα νέα ναρκωτικά
Trends over time in notified cases of hepatitis B and C show different pictures, but these are difficult to interpret.
Η αpiόφαση του Συ*βουλίου σχετικά *ε τι1 νέε1
Hepatitis C prevalence as a possible indicator of injection-related HIV risk
Σε σύγκριση *ε piροηγού*ενα έτη, λιγότερε1 νέε1 ουσίε1 εξ όσων κοινοpiοιήθηκαν το 2008 ανήκουν στι1 κύριε1 χη*ικέ1 ο*άδε1 —φαιναιθυλα*ίνε1 (*ία), τρυpiτα*ίνε1 (δύο) και piιpiεραζίνε1 (κα*ία).
EU Member States respond to the spread of infectious diseases among drug users by a combination of approaches, including: drug treatment; the provision of sterile injection equipment; and communitybased activities that provide information, education, testing and behavioural interventions, often through outreach or lowthreshold agencies.
Συγκεκρι*ένα, έξι αpiό τι1 piρόσφατα κοινοpiοιηθείσε1 ουσίε1 είναι piαράγωγα καθινόνη1.
Experts from 27 countries reported on the level of priority given to selected interventions to prevent infectious diseases among drug users (139).
Οι piερισσότερε1 συνθετικέ1 ουσίε1 έχουν διεγερτικέ1 ιδιότητε1, ενώ τρει1 *όνον έχουν piαραισθησιογόνο δράση.
Access to sterile injecting equipment through needle and syringe programmes is reported as a priority by 23 countries, testing and counselling for infectious diseases by 16 countries and the dissemination of information, education and communication material by 14 countries.
Παρέχει εpiίση1 τη δυνατότητα να κινηθεί εpiίση*η διαδικασία αξιολόγηση1 κινδύνου, τα ευρή*ατα τη1 οpiοία1 ενδέχεται να οδηγήσουν στη λήψη piολιτική1 αpiόφαση1 για την υpiοβολή των νέων ουσιών σε *έτρα ελέγχου σε ολόκληρη την Ευρωpiαθκή Ένωση.
Analysis of paired HCV and HIV prevalence data has shown that HCV prevalence among injectors of up to about 30 % (95 % confidence interval, 21–38 %) is associated with zero or very low prevalence of HIV. At higher levels of HCV prevalence, a linear relationship was found between HIV and HCV prevalence, and time series data suggest that the observed HIV prevalence increases at about half the rate of HCV prevalence.
Περισσότερε1 αpiό 90 ουσίε1 κοινοpiοιήθηκαν *έσω του συστή*ατο1 έγκαιρη1 piροειδοpiοίηση1 αpiό την ίδρυσή του το 1997.
These results suggest that HCV prevalence could be used to help develop targeted prevention and harmreduction interventions among injecting drug users.
Μέχρι piρόσφατα, *εγάλο piοσοστό
In addition, it might also be used to assess the risk of an HIV outbreak in countries where HIV prevalence among injecting drug users is still low.
Το 2008 κοινοpiοιήθηκε για piρώτη φορά *έσω του ΣΕΠ συνθετικό κανναβινοειδέ1, το JWH-018.
Research has shown that sustained treatment is associated with reductions in injecting drug use and related risk behaviours, and thereby with protection from HIV infection.
Κεφάλαιο 8: Νέα ναρκωτικά και αναδυό*ενε1 τάσει1
Chapter 7: Drugrelated infectious diseases and drugrelated deaths drug users, involving peer educators, are also reported by 17 countries.
Σουηδία1, το ΣΕΠ piαρακολουθεί τα piροθόντα Spice αpiό τι1 αρχέ1 του 2008.
In 15 countries, most injecting drug users are estimated to have received syringes from such a programme during the last 12 months at least once.
Στη συσκευασία των piροθόντων Spice αναγράφονται 14 συστατικά φυτική1 piροέλευση1.
Current treatments for chronic hepatitis C — a 6 to 12 months course of combination therapy with longacting interferon and ribavirin — are effective with more than 50 % of patients achieving a sustained virological response.
Τουλάχιστον δύο αpiό τα συστατικά (τα Pedicularis densiflora και Leonotis leonurus) ενδέχεται να έχουν ψυχοτρόpiο δράση, ωστόσο ελάχιστα στοιχεία είναι γνωστά για τι1 φαρ*ακολογικέ1 και τοξικολογικέ1 ιδιότητε1 των φυτών piου υpiοτίθεται ότι piεριέχουν τα piροθόντα Spice και, εpiο*ένω1, δεν είναι δυνατόν να αpiοφανθού*ε οριστικά για του1 piιθανού1 κινδύνου1 για την υγεία ή την piιθανή ψυχοτρόpiο δράση των εν λόγω piροθόντων.
Although the number of long-term studies remains limited, available research has shown good compliance and success in antiviral treatment of injecting drug users (e.g. Moussalli et al., 2007). Cost-effectiveness of treating hepatitis C in prisons (Sutton et al., 2008) and the safety and effectiveness of the treatment for drug users with co-morbid psychiatric disorders have also been shown (Loftis et al., 2006).
Συνθετικά συστατικά δεν αναγράφονται στι1 piληροφορίε1 για το piροθόν.
The number of syringes provided through needle and syringe programmes increased between 2005 and 2007 in 18 of the 26 countries for which data are available.
Αυτέ1 οι εξελίξει1 αpiοτελούν συνεχή piρόκληση για του1 φορεί1 δη*όσια1 υγεία1 και τι1 διωκτικέ1 αρχέ1, αφενό1 ω1 piρο1 την ιατροδικαστική και τοξικολογική ταυτοpiοίηση νέων ουσιών και αφετέρου ω1 piρο1 την ταχεία αξιολόγηση του κινδύνου και την εφαρ*ογή *έτρων ελέγχου, εφόσον είναι αpiαραίτητα.
Hepatitis C therapy in the context of drug addiction is sometimes challenging, but it can improve with carefully planned and organised clinical management and with the patients’ cooperation following informed consent. Multidisciplinary teams, which can manage drug dependence, liver treatment and co-morbid mental problems, improve treatment outcomes (Grebely et al., 2007).
Προϊόντα Spice και συναφή συνθετικά κανναβινοειδή
substitution treatment is available in all EU Member States, Croatia and Norway, but in several countries the provision of this intervention remains limited (see Chapters 2 and 6).
Τα piροθόντα piου διακινούνται *έσω διαδικτύου και σε ορισ*ένα εξειδικευ*ένα καταστή*ατα *ε την ε*piορική ονο*ασία Spice κυκλοφορούν τουλάχιστον αpiό το 2006.
A recent evaluation of lowthreshold health service centres targeting injecting drug users in Finland concluded that this combination of services had played a significant role in the prevention of infectious diseases. It was also considered as a cost-effective innovation, capable of operating within the country’s restrictive drug policy (Arponen et al., 2008).
Έpiειτα αpiό αναφορά τη1
Health education activities for
Συνθετικά κανναβινοειδή εντοpiίστηκαν σε *ικρό *όνο αριθ*ό δειγ*άτων και σε piοικίλε1 piοσότητε1.
Training in health promotion, based on formal curricula or training handbooks, is offered to staff of needle and syringe programmes in 20 countries and to pharmacists in nine countries.
Θα *piορούσε κανεί1 να υpiοθέσει ότι οι συνθετικέ1 αυτέ1 ουσίε1 piροστέθηκαν λάθρα, δεδο*ένου ότι στη συσκευασία των piροθόντων Spice αναγράφονται *όνο φυτικά συστατικά.
Guidelines for work in lowthreshold settings, which cover topics such as infectious disease testing, syringe exchange, outreach work and peer training, are also reported in 11 EU Member States.
Οι ουσίε1 JWH-018 και CP 47,497 και τα ο*όλογά τη1, εξ όσων γνωρίζου*ε, δεν έχουν χρησι*οpiοιηθεί ευρέω1 ω1 ψυχοτρόpiε1 ουσίε1 αυτέ1 καθαυτέ1.
Drugrelated mortality includes deaths that are directly caused by the pharmacological action of one or several substances (drug-induced deaths) and deaths that are indirectly caused by the use of drugs, often with other concurrent factors (e.g. accidents).
Εpiο*ένω1, *ένει να διαpiιστωθεί κατά piόσον υpiάρχει συγκεκρι*ένη ζήτηση για τι1 ουσίε1 αυτέ1 και κατά piόσον συντρέχει ανάγκη piεραιτέρω δράση1, όpiω1 piροβλέpiεται στην αpiόφαση null κανναβινοειδέ1 JWH-018 (159
Known causes of deaths include acute toxicity, traffic accidents in particular when combined with alcohol (EMCDDA, 2007c), violence, suicide among already vulnerable people, or chronic conditions due to repeated use (e.g. cardiovascular problems in cocaine users). While most drugrelated deaths occur among problem drug users, some occur among other groups of users, including those using drugs only occasionally (143).
JWH-018 piαρουσιάζει ουσιαστικέ1 διαφορέ1 αpiό αυτή τη1 τετραϋδροκανναβινόλη1 (THC), του κύριου δραστικού συστατικού όλων των piροθόντων κάνναβη1.
The EMCDDA definition of druginduced deaths refers to those deaths that are directly caused (overdoses) by the consumption of one or more drugs, of which at least one is an illicit drug. The number of deaths can be influenced
Σε piειρα*ατόζωα το JWH-018 έχει την ίδια δράση *ε την THC, και *άλιστα έχει αναφερθεί ότι είναι piιο δραστικό.
Drug use is one of the major causes of health problems and death among young people in Europe.
Στι1 αρχέ1 του 2009 ένα δεύτερο συνθετικό κανναβινοειδέ1, το CP 47,497 (160), και τρία εκ των ο*ολόγων του εντοpiίστηκαν σε δείγ*ατα piροθόντων Spice στην Ευρώpiη.
This can be illustrated by an international study supported by the EMCDDA, which found that, in seven European urban areas, between 10 % and 23 % of mortality among those aged 15 to 49 could be attributed to opioid use (Bargagli et al., 2005).
) Βλέpiε «Προθόντα Spice και συναφή συνθετικά κανναβινοειδή», σ. 105.null
0 g e public y y k land s ia ay us a ia w t r h Re c or us e m b our u x L y e k u rT ia o m an R e land I r in land F tu ga l or P a ly It o land P r an ce F there N n it ed Kingdom U yp r C to ni a Es hu an ia Lit o at ia Cr e ec e G r ed en Sw en ia v Sl o a ki a v Sl o m an G er
Ετήσια έκθεση 2009: Η κατάσταση του piροβλή*ατο1 των ναρκωτικών στην Ευρώpiη
For more information on the data see Figure DRD-7 (part i) in the 2009 statistical bulletin.Sources: Reitox national reports (2008), taken from national mortality registries or special registries (forensic or police) and Eurostat.
CND (2008), «World drug situation with regard to drug trafficking: report of the Secretariat», Εpiιτροpiή για τα Ναρκωτικά, Ηνω*ένα Έθνη: Οικονο*ικό και Κοινωνικό Συ*βούλιο, Βιέννη.
These deaths are concentrated among problem drug users, although some could happen among occasional users (e.g. traffic accidents, some suicides). Although the number of deaths indirectly related to drug use is difficult to quantify, its impact on public health can be considerable.
Ευρωpiαθκό Κέντρο Παρακολούθηση1 Ναρκωτικών και Τοξικο*ανία1, Λισαβόνα (http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/thematic-papers/indicated-prevention).
) See http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/themes/key-indicators/drd
ΕΚΠΝΤ (2002), Report on the risk assessment of GHB in the framework of the joint action on new synthetic drugs, Ευρωpiαθκό Κέντρο Παρακολούθηση1 Ναρκωτικών και Τοξικο*ανία1, Λισαβόνα.
Unfortunately, some countries show a low detection rate of overdoses in the general mortality registries and, therefore, a significant proportion of deaths recorded with an ‘unknown’ or an insufficiently specified cause (e.g. cardiac arrest) might be overdoses.
ΕΚΠΝΤ (2004), European report on drug consumption rooms, Ευρωpiαθκό Κέντρο Παρακολούθηση1 Ναρκωτικών και Τοξικο*ανία1, Λισαβόνα.
At present, estimated HIV/AIDS mortality rates among drug users are low in most countries, except in Spain and Portugal. In Italy, France and Latvia, HIV/AIDS mortality and overdose mortality are of similar levels (153).
ΕΚΠΝΤ (2005), Comorbidity: drug use and mental disorders, Τα ναρκωτικά στο piροσκήνιο αριθ.
Other diseases that also account for a proportion of deaths among drug users include chronic conditions such as liver diseases (due to hepatitis C infection and heavy alcohol use), cancer and cardiovascular problems.
14, Ευρωpiαθκό Κέντρο Παρακολούθηση1 Ναρκωτικών και Τοξικο*ανία1, Λισαβόνα.
For instance, trauma (accidents, homicides and other violence) and suicide could account for 25 % or more of the mortality of problem drug users. A literature review
ΕΚΠΝΤ (2006β), Developments in drug use within recreational settings, «Epiιλεγ*ένο θέ*α», Ευρωpiαθκό Κέντρο Παρακολούθηση1 Ναρκωτικών και Τοξικο*ανία1, Λισαβόνα.
Reducing drugrelated deaths families of drug users to recognise and manage drug overdoses; in eight countries, such materials are available for police officers; and in seven countries, they have been developed for prison staff (155).
ΕΚΠΝΤ (2007α), Cocaine and crack cocaine: a growing public health issue, «Epiιλεγ*ένο θέ*α», Ευρωpiαθκό Κέντρο Παρακολούθηση1 Ναρκωτικών και Τοξικο*ανία1, Λισαβόνα.
It is estimated by national experts that in seven countries a majority of problem drug users received some overdose response training in the last 12 months, while in 10 countries only a minority received it, and in a further six countries (Belgium, Latvia, Austria, Poland, Romania, Slovakia) only a few problem drug users received this type of instruction. Overdose response training is not available in Estonia, Hungary and Turkey.
ΕΚΠΝΤ (2007β), Drugs and crime: a complex relationship, Τα ναρκωτικά στο piροσκήνιο αριθ.
Drug users with previous experience of nonfatal overdose are at high risk of experiencing future overdoses (Coffin et al., 2007) and should be specifically targeted.
16, Ευρωpiαθκό Κέντρο Παρακολούθηση1 Ναρκωτικών και Τοξικο*ανία1, Λισαβόνα.
According to experts, in nine countries most problem drug users received an overdose risk assessment at least once during the last year, while in 16 countries only a minority received this type of intervention.
ΕΚΠΝΤ (2007γ), Drugs and driving, «Epiιλεγ*ένο θέ*α», Ευρωpiαθκό Κέντρο Παρακολούθηση1 Ναρκωτικών και Τοξικο*ανία1, Λισαβόνα.
A large proportion of fatal and nonfatal drug overdoses are witnessed by others, including drug users’ peers or family members, health and social staff, police or prison guards, who would be in a position to intervene. Ten countries report specific materials that aim at helping
8, Ευρωpiαθκό Κέντρο Παρακολούθηση1 Ναρκωτικών και Τοξικο*ανία1, Λισαβόνα.
During the first 3 months, all 12 overdoses where naloxone was used had been reversed successfully, while one death had occurred in the six overdoses in which it was not used.
ΕΚΠΝΤ (2008γ), Drugs and vulnerable groups of young people, «Epiιλεγ*ένο θέ*α», Ευρωpiαθκό Κέντρο Παρακολούθηση1 Ναρκωτικών και Τοξικο*ανία1, Λισαβόνα.
However, in the past few years, a much more diverse range of substances has appeared. Included among these are numerous piperazine and cathinone derivatives, as well as a heterogeneous mix of other substances, including plant products, a few
ΕΚΠΝΤ (2008δ), Monitoring the supply of cocaine to Europe, Τεχνικό δελτίο δεδο"ένων, Ευρωpiαθκό Κέντρο Παρακολούθηση1 Ναρκωτικών και Τοξικο*ανία1, Λισαβόνα (http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/technical-datasheets/cocaine-trafficking).
) Council Decision 2005/387/JHA of 10 May 2005 on the information exchange, risk assessment and control of new psychoactive substances (OJ L 127, 20.5.2005, p. 32)(http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2005:127:0032:0037:EN:PDF). ) http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/themes/new-drugs/early-warning