natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Τα πραγματικά περιστατικά της παρούσας μέτρων που έχουν ληφθεί από τα κοινοτικά όρ­ υπόθεσης είναι όμοια με εκείνα της προηγούμενης, γανα (αν ναι, ποιων και από ποια ημερομηνία) στην προκειμένη περίπτωση όμως διαφέρουν τα ή πρέπει ο εθνικός νομοθέτης να θε­ νομικά ζητήματα που ανέκυψαν.
On 13 March 1968, Ms Defrenne brought an action before the tribunal du travail, Brussels, for compensa­tion for the loss she had suffered in terms of salary, allowance on termination of service and pension as a result of the fact that air hostesses and male members of the air crew performing identical duties did not receive equal pay.
ωρηθεί ο μόνος αρμόδιος ως προς το θέμα αυτό;
On 1 7 December 1970, all Ms Defrenne's claims were dismissed as unfounded by the same tribunal.
Στις 1 3 Μαρτίου 1968, η ϋβίΓβηηβ άσκησε αγωγή ενώπιον του Tribunal du Travail των
On 11 January 1971, she ap­pealed against this judgment to the cour du travail, Brussels, which upheld the judgment at first in­stance on the second and third heads of claim.
Βρυξελλών ζητώντας αποζημίωση για τη ζημία
As re­gards the question of arrears of salary, a reference for a preliminary ruling to the Court of Justice was made.
Καταρχάς, σχετικά με το ζήτημα του άμεσου απο­ του γεγονότος ότι οι γυναίκες και οι άνδρες αερο­ τελέσματος του άρθρου 1 1 9, το Δικαστήριο παρα­ συνοδοί δεν λάμβαναν την ίδια αμοιβή, μολονότι τήρησε ότι το εν λόγω άρθρο επιδιώκει διπλό ασκούσαν όμοια καθήκοντα. Στις 1 7 Δεκεμβρίου σκοπό, αφενός οικονομικό και αφετέρου κοινωνικό,
To begin with the Court of Justice stated that, with regard to the question of the direct effect of Article 119, this article pursued a double aim which was at once economic and social, thus showing that the prin­ciple of equal pay formed part of the foundations of the Community.
1 971, το εν λόγω δικαστήριο απέρριψε όλα τα καταδεικνύοντας έτσι ότι η αρχή της ισότητας αιτήματα της Defrenne ως αβάσιμα. Στις 1 1 Ιανουα­ των αμοιβών αποτελεί ένα από τα θεμέλια της Κοι­ ρίου 1 971, η Defrenne άσκησε έφεση κατά της νότητας.
It went on to hold that a distinction should be drawn within the whole area of applica­tion of Article 119 between, first, direct and overt dis­crimination which might be identified solely with the aid of the criteria based on equal work and equal pay referred to by the article in question and, sec­ondly, indirect and disguised discrimination which could only be identified by reference to more explicit implementing provisions of a Community or national character.
Συνεχίζοντας έκρινε ότι είναι απαραί­ απόφασης αυτής ενώπιον του Cour du Travail των τητο να καθιερωθεί διάκριση, εντός του γενικού πε­
Moreover, the Court explicitly mentioned that among the forms of direct discrimination included should be those which had their origin in legislative provisions or in collective labour agreements and which could be detected on the basis of a purely le­gal analysis of the situation.
Βρυξελλών, το οποίο επικύρωσε την πρωτόδικη δίου εφαρμογής του άρθρου 1 1 9, μεταξύ, αφε­ απόφαση ως προς το δεύτερο και τρίτο αίτημα.
Finally, the Court stated that since Article 119 was mandatory in nature, the prohibition on discrimination between men and wo­men applied not only to the action of public author­ities, but also to all agreements which were intended to regulate paid labour collectively, as well as to contracts between individuals.
νός, των άμεσων και εμφανών διακρίσεων που
By a judgment of 23 April 1975, the cour du travail, Brussels, referred two questions to the Court for a pre­liminary ruling under Article 177 of the EEC Treaty:
Δεκεμ­ τητας των αμοιβών στα οποία αναφέρεται το εν βρίου
Handbook on equal treatment for men and women in the European Community concerning pay periods prior to the date of this judgment.
Τέλος, το Δικα­ δεν έχει άμεσο αποτέλεσμα, η διάταξη αυτή στήριο επισήμανε ότι, δεδομένου ότι το άρθρο δεν μπορεί να ερμηνευθεί υπό την έννοια ότι
These courts have a duty to ensure the protec tion of the rights which that provision vests in indi viduals, in particular in the case of those forms of discrimination which have their origin in legisla tive provisions or collective labour agreements, as well as where men and women receive unequal pay for equal work which is carried out in the same establishment or service, whether private or public.
Το Δικαστήριο, κρίνοντας επί των ερωτημάτων
In this judgment, the ECJ had the opportunity to ex amine whether Article 119 was directly effective; i.e., whether it could be relied upon by individuals be fore national courts.
«lì Μπορεί να γίνει επίκληση της αρχής της ισό­ αμοιβών προγενέστερες της ημερομηνίας τητας των αμοιβών μεταξύ ανδρών και έκδοσης της παρούσας απόφασης, εκτός όσον γυναικών, η οποία καθιερώνεται στο άρθρο αφορά τους εργαζόμενους που έχουν ήδη
He took the view that instead of em ploying the terminology 'direct and overt' and 'in direct and disguised', Article 119 would be more ac curately described as not having direct effect where a court could not apply its provision by reference to the simple criteria that those provisions themselves laid down and where, consequently, implementing le gislation, either Community or national, was neces sary to lay down the relevant criteria.
119, ενώπιον των εθνικών δικαστηρίων, τα εγείρει αγωγές ή έχουν προβάλει ισοδύναμη οποία οφείλουν να εξασφαλίζουν την προστα­ αξίωση.» σία των δικαιωμάτων που η διάταξη αυτή απονέμει στους ιδιώτες, ιδίως στην περίπτωση
Moreover, by de claring that Article 119 applies to agreements which are intended to regulate paid labour collectively, as well as to contracts between individuals, the ECJ re cognized the horizontal direct effect of this article, de spite the fact that this provision is addressed to the Member States only.
1962, αρχή του τα άμεσα αποτελέσματα αυτά περιορίζονταν στις δεύτερου σταδίου της μεταβατικής περιόδου, περιπτώσεις άμεσης και εμφανούς διάκρισης.
Even in the areas in which Article 119 has no direct effect, that provision cannot be interpret ed as reserving to the national legislature exclusive power to implement the principle of equal pay since, to the extent to which such implementation is necessary, it may be achieved by a combination of Community and national provisions.
Η πρώτη από τις σματος αποσαφηνίσθηκε αργότερα στην υπόθεση
Except as regards those workers who have al ready brought legal proceedings or made an equivalent claim, the direct effect of Article 119 cannot be relied on in order to support claims
DE NAVIGATION AÉRIENNE SABENA σύμφωνα με το άρθρο 1 77 της Συνθήκης ΕΟΚ:
Subject-matter: Equal conditions of employment for men and women (EEC Treaty, Article 119).
Ρώμης, το οποίο καθιερώνει την αρχή «της
The facts of this case are also the same as for the two previous cases and, again, only the legal issues di­verge.
15 Ιουνίου 1978 ισότητας των αμοιβών για όμοια εργασία μεταξύ εργαζομένων ανδρών και γυναικών», ενόψει
This preliminary question referred to the Court of Justice was worded in two parts, which are: (a) the de­termination of the field of application of Article 119 of the Treaty and, (b) the possible existence of a gen­eral principle of Community law, the aim of which is to eliminate discrimination between men and women workers as regards conditions of employment and working conditions other than remuneration in the strict sense.
Παραπομπή: του διπλού σκοπού της Συνθήκης, οικονομικού και κοινωνικού, να ερμηνευθεί ότι επιτάσσει όχι μόνο ισότητα αποδοχών, αλλά και ισότητα μεταξύ ανδρών και γυναικών όσον αφορά
On 1 6 September 1976, Ms Defrenne lodged an ap­peal before the Cour de cassation, Belgium, against the judgment of the cour du travail, Brussels, of 23 April 1975, in so far as that judgment upheld the judg­ment of the tribunal du travail, Brussels, of 17 December 1970, on the second and third heads of claim (which sought an order to Sabena to pay a supplementary allowance on termination of service and compensation for the damage suffered as re­gards her pension).
Αντικείμενο: τερματίζεται μόλις αυτή γίνει 40 ετών, ενώ
By judgment of 28 November 1977, the Cour de cassation of Belgium referred a question to the Court of Justice for a preliminary ruling under Article 177 of the EEC Treaty:
( Άρθρο 1 1 9 της Συνθήκης ΕΟΚ) την ίδια εργασία, συνιστά δυσμενή διάκριση η οποία απαγορεύεται από το άρθρο 119 της
In determining the scope of Article 119, the Court of Justice took the view that the field of application of Article 119 should be determined within the context of the system of the social provisions of the Treaty, which are set out in the chapter formed by Article 117 et seq.
Συνθήκης της Ρώμης ή από μια αρχή του κοινο­ τικού δικαίου, αν η εν λόγω ρήτρα μπορεί να
Thus, in the opin­ion of the Court, it was impossible to extend the scope of Article 119 to elements of the employment rela­tionship other than those expressly referred to therein as this could jeopardize the direct effect of the provision's own sphere and also intervene in an area
Τα πραγματικά περιστατικά της παρούσας υπόθεσης είναι όμοια με εκείνα των δύο προη­ γουμένων, αλλά και πάλι είναι διαφορετικά τα
However, the Court stressed that, at the period under consideration, Community law contained only the provisions in the nature of a programme laid down by Articles 117 and 118 of the Treaty, which related to the general development of social welfare, in particular as regards conditions of employment and working conditions.
Στις 1 6 Σεπτεμβρίου 1976, η Defrenne προσέ­ σμό του πεδίου εφαρμογής του άρθρου 1 1 9 της βαλε ενώπιον του Cour de Cassation του Βελγίου
Article 119 of the EEC Treaty cannot be interpreted as prescribing, in addition to equal pay, equality in re spect of the other working conditions applicable to men and women.
Συνθήκης και β) την πιθανή ύπαρξη γενικής αρχής την απόφαση του Cour du Travail των Βρυξελ­ του κοινοτικού δικαίου, η οποία να αποβλέπει λών, της 23ης Απριλίου 1 975, στο μέτρο στην εξάλειψη των διακρίσεων μεταξύ εργαζο­ που η απόφαση αυτή επικύρωνε την απόφαση μένων ανδρών και γυναικών όσον αφορά τους του Tribunal de Travail, των Βρυξελλών, της 1 7ης όρους απασχόλησης και τις συνθήκες εργασίας
At the time of the events which form the basis of the main action there was, as re gards the relationships between employer and em ployee under national law, no rule of Community law prohibiting discrimination between men and women in the matter of working conditions other than the requirements as to pay referred to in Article 119 of the Treaty.
Όσον αφορά τον καθορισμό του πεδίου εφαρ­ και αποζημίωση για τη ζημία που υπέστη από μογής του άρθρου 1 1 9, το Δικαστήριο έκρινε ότι πλευράς σύνταξης.
Partially in response to the fact that Article 119 could not be interpreted as prescribing equality in re spect of other working conditions applicable to men and women, on 9 February 1976, EEC Council Direc tive 76/207 on the implementation of the principle of equal treatment for men and women as regards ac cess to employment, vocational training and pro motion, and working conditions, was adopted.
Νομολογία του Δικαστηρίου των Ευρωπαϊκών Κοινοτήτων το πεδίο αυτό πρέπει να προσδιορισθεί στο πλαί­
(1 ) Is the principle of equal pay for equal work, contained in Article 119 of the EEC Treaty and Article 1 of the EEC Council Directive of 10 Fe­bruary 1975 (75/117/EEC), confined to situa­tions in which men and women are contemporan­eously doing equal work for their employer?
Με βάση το παραπάνω σκεπτικό, το Δικαστήριο σιο του συστήματος των κοινωνικού χαρακτήρα αποφάνθηκε ότι: διατάξεων της Συνθήκης, οι οποίες βρίσκονται στο κεφάλαιο που αποτελείται από τα άρθρα 1 1 7
(2) If the answer to question 1 is in the negative, does the said principle apply where a worker can show that she receives less pay in respect of her employment from her employer:
ταξύ εργοδότη και εργαζομένου που διέπον­
(b) than had been received by a male worker who had been employed prior to her period of employment and who had been doing equal work for the employer?
αναγνωρίζεται ότι έχει η διάταξη αυτή στον τομέα της και επίσης να θεωρηθεί επέμβαση σε έναν
(4) If the answer to question 3 is in the affirmative, is Article 1 of the said Directive directly applica­ble in Member States?
Σχόλια τομέα που τα άρθρα 1 1 7 και 1 1 8 επιφυλάσσουν στη διακριτική ευχέρεια των αρχών που αυτά
Mrs Smith brought proceedings before an industrial tribunal in London claiming that, by virtue of Section 1 (1 ) and (2) of the Equal Pay Act 1970 as amended, her remuneration for the period worked should have been the same as that previously paid to Mr McCullough.
Στις 9 Φεβρουαρίου 1 976 εκδόθηκε η οδηγία αναφέρουν.
Macarthys then appealed to the Court of Ap­peal, Civil Division, of the Supreme Court of Judicature.
Συνεπώς, η Κοινότητα δεν μπορούσε να αναλάβει καμία ευθύνη για τον έλεγχο και τη διασφάλιση της τήρησης της αρχής της ισότητας μεταξύ εργα­ ζομένων ανδρών και γυναικών όσον αφορά τους όρους εργασίας εκτός από τις αποδοχές.
Based on the fact that the questions relating to the direct effect of Directive No 75/11 7 and to the inter­pretation of Article 1 thereof would only arise if the application of Article 119 of the Treaty should not per­mit the issue raised in the proceedings to be re­solved, the Court decided to consider first how Article 119 was to be interpreted having regard to the legal situation in which the dispute had its origin.
Εγχειρίδιο για την ίση μεταχείριση ανδρών και γυναικών στην Ευρωπαϊκή Κοινότητα φάσης αυτής ενώπιον του Employment Appeal
Handbook on equal treatment for men and women in the European Community ployees of different sex within the same establish ment or service.
Tribunal, η οποία απορρίφθηκε με απόφαση της
In answer to the questions referred to it, the Court held that:
Ημερομηνία έκδοσης της απόφασης:
Such a question of fact was, however, to be decided by the national court.
Ισότητα αμοιβών μεταξύ εργαζομένων γυναικών για όμοια εργασία, που περιέχει το ανδρών και γυναικών άρθρο 1 1 9 της Συνθήκης ΕΟΚ και το άρθρο
The principle of equal pay enshrined in Article 119 applies to the case where it is established that, having regard to the nature of her services, a woman has received less pay than a man who was employed prior to the woman's period of em ployment and who did equal work for the employer.
2) Σε περίπτωση αρνητικής απάντησης στο πρώτο ερώτημα, έχει η προαναφερθείσα
Moreover, due to this decision, the ECJ also missed the opportunity to further clarify the definition of indirect and dis guised discrimination when it examined the issue of the 'hypothetical male' raised in question 2(a).
β) απ' ό,τι θα λάμβανε άνδρας εργαζόμενος, ο οποίος είχε προσληφθεί πριν από εκείνη
What is important, however, is that as far as the con cept of 'equal work' is concerned, the ECJ allowed a comparison with a former employee.
3) Σε περίπτωση καταφατικής απάντησης στο η αμοιβή της, για την περίοδο που εργάσθηκε, θα ερώτημα 2α) ή 2β), εξαρτάται η απάντηση έπρεπε να είναι ίση με αυτή που καταβαλλόταν αυτή από τις διατάξεις του άρθρου 1 της προα­ προηγουμένως στον McCullough.
The second question put by the Court of Appeal concerned the framework within which the existence of possible discrimination in pay could be estab lished, i.e., whether a woman could claim not only the salary received by a man who previously did the same work for her employer but also, more generally, the salary to which she would be entitled were she a man, even in the absence of any man who was concur rently performing, or had previously performed, sim ilar work.
4) Σε περίπτωση καταφατικής απάντησης στο
This proposition was classified by the Court as indirect and disguised discrimination.
Με απόφαση της 27ης Ιουνίου 1977, το Indu­ ερώτημα 3, έχει το άρθρο 1 της οδηγίας strial Tribunal έκανε δεκτό το αίτημα της.
As ex plained in Defrenne II, this would imply comparative studies of entire branches of industry and therefore required, as a prerequisite, the elaboration by the Community and national legislative bodies of cri teria of assessment.
Η εται­ αυτής άμεση εφαρμογή στα κράτη μέλη; ρεία Macarthys άσκησε έφεση κατά της από-
In cases of actual discrimination falling within the scope of the direct application of Article 119, comparisons were confined to parallels which could be drawn on the basis of concrete ap praisals of the work actually performed by em
οποία οφειλόταν η διαφορά.
Date of judgment: 11 March 1981.
με τη βοήθεια των κριτηρίων της όμοιας εργασίας και της ισότητας των αμοιβών τα οποία περιέχονται
ployment and consented to the transfer of their ac­crued rights to the State pension scheme received a 'contributions equivalent premium', which entitled them to a refund, subject to deductions, with interest.
Συνεκτιμώντας όλους τους παραπάνω λόγους, στο εν λόγω άρθρο.
That amount included, in the case of men under the age of 25, the 5% contribution paid in their name by the employer.
119 της Συνθήκης και μόνο.
Reference: [1981] ECR 767.
κας που εκτελούν «όμοια εργασία» κατά την έν­ νοια του άρθρου 119. Κατ' αυτό τον τρόπο, το πε­
Subject-matter: Equal pay (EEC Treaty, Article 119; Article 1 of EEC Council Directive 75/11 7 of 10 February 1975; and EEC Council Directive 76/207 of 9 February 1976).
Το Δικαστήριο υπογράμμισε, ωστόσο, ότι δεν εγγύηση αποτελεί το άρθρο 1 19 της
In May and September 1977, Ms Worringham and Ms Humphreys commenced proceedings before an in­dustrial tribunal under the provisions of Section 1(2)(a) of the Equal Pay Act 1970 seeking relief from the alleged contravention of the equality clause in­corporated in their contracts of employment by virtue of the provisions of that act.
Συνθήκης μπορεί να αποκλεισθεί ότι μια διαφορά αμοιβών με­
The claim was rejected by the tribunal and they appealed to the Employment Appeal Tribunal, which held that there was an ine­quality of pay within the meaning of the Equal Pay Act.
ξένων προς κάθε διάκριση λόγω φύλου.
Lloyds, in turn, appealed against that decision to the Court of Appeal, London.
Η αρχή της ισότητας των αμοιβών, της κρίση του εθνικού δικαστή.
Lloyds Bank Limited ('Lloyds') applied to its staff two contracted-out retirement benefits schemes, one for men and one for women.
Το δεύτερο ερώτημα οποίας εγγύηση αποτελεί το άρθρο
Membership of these schemes was compulsory for both male and female employees at the commencement of their employ­ment.
119, που είχε υποβάλει το Court of Appeal αφορού­ εφαρμόζεται στην περίπτωση κατά την οποία
(b) are rights and benefits of a worker under such a scheme 'pay' within the meaning of Article 119 of the EEC Treaty?
Εγχειρίδιο για την ίση μεταχείριση ανδρών και γυναικών στην Ευρωπαϊκή Κοινότητα αποδεικνύεται ότι μια γυναίκα, λαμβανο­ μένης υπόψη της φύσης των προσφερο­ μένων υπηρεσιών, λαμβάνει χαμηλότερη αμοιβή από άνδρα ο οποίος εργάσθηκε πριν από τη χρονική περίοδο απασχόλησης της γυναίκας και ο οποίος προσέφερε στον εργο­ δότη όμοια εργασία.»
As far as the second question was concerned, the Court found that an examination of this question was not necessary, having regard to the interpretation already given to Article 119 of the EEC Treaty. The Court added that the objective of Directive 75/117/EEC was based on the concept of 'pay' as de fined in the second paragraph of Article 119 of the Treaty and that although Article 1 of this Directive ex plained that the concept of 'same work' contained in the first paragraph of Article 119 of the Treaty in cluded cases of 'work to which equal value was at tributed', it in no way affected the concept of 'pay' contained in the second paragraph of Article 119 but referred by implication to that concept.
Σχόλια
The judgment of the ECJ
Δεδομένου ότι το ΔΕΚ έκρινε ότι η παρούσα δια­ φορά έπρεπε να επιλυθεί από το εθνικό δικαστήριο στο πλαίσιο της ερμηνείας του άρθρου 1 1 9 και μόνο, παρέμεινε ανοικτό το ζήτημα του άμεσου αποτελέσματος του άρθρου 1 της οδηγίας
In considering Lloyds' request for limiting the temporal effect of this judgment, the Court took into account its findings in Case 43/75 —Defrenne II. According to the Court, the availability of information to the cir cles concerned as to the scope of Article 119 and the number of cases which would be affected by the direct effect of that provision did not justify a temporal restriction on the direct effect of Article 119.
7 5/1 1 7 κατά το χρόνο εκείνο.
The fourth question did not call for a reply as the two first questions were answered in the affirmative.
Επιπλέον, εξαιτίας της απόφασης αυτής, το ΔΕΚ έχασε την ευκαιρία να παρέχει περισσότερες διευκρινίσεις όσον αφορά τον ορισμό των έμμεσων και συγκεκαλυμμένων διακρίσεων κατά τη στιγμή που εξέτασε το ζήτημα του «καθ' υπόθεση εργαζόμενου άνδρα» το οποίο προέκυπτε από το ερώτημα 2α).
In reply to question 1, and based on the concept of the term 'pay' contained in Article 119, the Court con sidered that sums such as those in question which were included in the calculation of the gross salary payable to the employee and which directly deter mined the calculation of other advantages linked to the salary, such as redundancy payments, unem ployment benefits, family allowances and credit facili ties, formed part of the worker's pay even if they were immediately deducted by the employer and paid to a pension fund on behalf of the employee.
Σημαντικό ήταν ωστόσο το γεγονός ότι, ως προς την έν­ νοια της «όμοιας εργασίας», το ΔΕΚ επέτρεψε τη σύγκριση με προηγούμενο εργαζόμενο.
This applied a fortiori where those sums were refunded in certain circumstances, subject to certain deductions, to the employee if he ceased to belong to the contractual retirement benefits scheme under which they were deducted.
Συλλογή 1981, σ.
Case-law of the European Court of Justice
Αντικείμενο: νούσαν να μεταφερθούν τα κεκτημένα δικαιώματα
In answer to the questions referred to it, the Court of Justice ruled that:
Η Lloyds Bank Limited (στο εξής: Lloyds) εφάρ­ σμό του ύψους ορισμένων παροχών και κοινω­ μοζε επί του προσωπικού της δύο συστήματα νικών οφελών.
A contribution to a retirement benefits scheme which is paid by an employer in the name of employees by means of an addition to the gross salary and which therefore helps to determine the amount of that salary constitutes 'pay' within the meaning of the second paragraph of Article 119oftheEECTreaty.
δικαστήριο απέρριψε την αγωγή και στη συνέχεια οι ενάγουσες άσκησαν έφεση ενώπιον του Em­
After Case 80/70 — Defrenne I, this was the second time that the effect of Article 119 on pensions was raised.
Η ανισότητα αμοιβών, την οποία επικαλέσθηκαν ployment Appeal Tribunal, το οποίο έκρινε ότι οι Worringham και Humphreys, πήγαζε από τις δια­ υπήρχε ανισότητα αμοιβής υπό την έννοια του τάξεις των προαναφερθέντων συστημάτων
Although the EG considered that sums such as those in question, which were included in the gross salary payable to the employee, formed part of the worker's pay (see Case 23/83 — Liefting), it did not deal with the applicability of Article 119 to those occupational pension schemes in which the employer's contribution was not added to the employee gross salary.
Η Lloyds, με τη σειρά της, προσέ­ συνταξιοδότησης, οι οποίες αναφέρονταν στην φυγε κατά της απόφασης αυτής ενώπιον του υποχρέωση καταβολής εισφορών εκ μέρους του
However, in examining the problem of the inequality between the gross salaries of men and women, the ECJ not only stated that this amounted to discrimina tion but also considered its effects on the benefits and social advantages to which women were entitled.
Court of Appeal του Λονδίνου.
On 24 July 1986, EEC Council Directive 86/378 on the implementation of the principle of equal treatment for men and women in occupational social security schemes was adopted.
Εγχειρίδιο για την ίση μεταχείριση ανδρών και γυναικών στην Ευρωπαϊκή Κοινότητα
cording to which the principle of equal pay for men and women applied in every case where a woman was employed on 'like work' with a man in the same employment.
76/207/Ε0Κ του Συμβουλίου, της 9ης
Questions referred to the ECJ
Court of Appeal του Λονδίνου υπέβαλε στο Δικα­ δότης σε κάποιο σύστημα συνταξιο­ στήριο των Ευρωπαϊκών Κοινοτήτων τα ακόλου­ δότησης λόγω αποχώρησης από την θα τέσσερα προδικαστικά ερωτήματα σύμφωνα με υπηρεσία ή το άρθρο 1 77 της Συνθήκης ΕΟΚ:
By an order dated 25 February 1980, the Employ­ment Appeal Tribunal of the United Kingdom referred the following questions to the Court for a prelimin­ary ruling under Article 177 of the EEC Treaty: