natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Óçìåßùóç : Ôá ôñßá óåíÜñéá õðïèÝôïõí üôé ï ëüãïò ôïõ ÷ ñÝïõò èá äéáìïñöùèåß ôï 1998 óýìöùíá ìå ôçí ðñüâëåøç ( 67,4% ) êáé üôé åßôå ôï óõíïëéêü áðïôÝëåóìá (- 2,2% ) Þ ôï ðñùôïãåíÝò áðïôÝëåóìá ( 2,1% ) èá äéáôçñçèåß óôáèåñü óå üëï ôï ðáñáðÜíù äéÜóôçìá , åßôå üôé ï ðñïûðïëïãéóìüò èá åßíáé éóïóêåëéóìÝíïò áðü ôï 1999 êáé åîÞò . ¢ ëëåò ðáñáäï ÷ Ýò åßíáé : áýîçóç ðñáãìáôéêïý ÁÅÐ : 2,9% ôï 1998 , üðùò ôï åêôéìÜ ç ÅðéôñïðÞ , ðëçèùñéóìüò : 2 % êáé , óôï óåíÜñéï ôïõ óôáèåñïý ðñùôïãåíïýò áðïôåëÝóìáôïò , ïíïìáóôéêü åðéôüêéï : 6 %.
Source : European Commission ( spring 1998 forecasts ) and EMI calculations . Note : The three scenarios assume that the debt ratio of 67.4% of GDP for 1998 is as forecast and that the 1998 overall balance of - 2.2% of GDP or the primary balance of 2.1% of GDP will be kept constant over the period considered ( as a percentage of GDP ) , or , alternatively , that a balanced budget is maintained from 1999 onwards .
Éóðáíßá : Äåßêôçò åîÜñôçóçò çëéêéùìÝíùí : ðñïâëÝøåéò 1990 Äåßêôçò åîÜñôçóçò çëéêéùìÝíùí ( ðëçèõóìüò 65 åôþí êáé Üíù åðß ôïõ óõíüëïõ ôïõ ðëçèõóìïý çëéêßáò 15-64 åôþí ) 19,8 23,5 25,9 30,7 41,0 2000 2010 2020 2030
Spain : Projections of elderly dependency ratio 1990 Elderly dependency ratio ( population aged 65 and over as a proportion of the population aged 15-64 ) 19.8 2000 23.5 2010 25.9 2020 30.7 2030 41.0
( á ) Éóðáíßá : Óôáèåñüôçôá óõíáëëáãìáôéêÞò éóïôéìßáò ( 1 Ìáñôßïõ 1996 - 27 Öåâñïõáñßïõ 1998 ) Óõììåôï ÷ Þ óôï Ìç ÷ áíéóìü Óõíáëëáãìáôéêþí Éóïôéìéþí ( ÌÓÉ ) Óõììåôï ÷ Þ áðü Õðïôßìçóç äéìåñïýò êåíôñéêÞò éóïôéìßáò ìå ðñùôïâïõëßá ôçò ÷ þñáò ÌÝãéóôåò ðñïò ôá Üíù (+) êáé ðñïò ôá êÜôù (-) áðïêëßóåéò áðü ôéò êåíôñéêÝò éóïôéìßåò óôï ðëÝãìá éóïôéìéþí ôïõ ÌÓÉ (%) Ýíáíôé ( á ) ÖñÜãêïõ Âåëãßïõ Êïñþíáò Äáíßáò ÌÜñêïõ Ãåñìáíßáò ÖñÜãêïõ Ãáëëßáò Ëßñáò Éñëáíäßáò Ëßñáò Éôáëßáò Öéïñéíßïõ Ïëëáíäßáò Óåëéíßïõ Áõóôñßáò Åóêïýäïõ Ðïñôïãáëßáò ÌÜñêïõ Öéëáíäßáò 2,0 3,5 2,4 3,3 5,1 1,4 1,7 2,4 2,4 0,2 - 0,2 0,2 - 0,1 0,2 - 9,7 - 0,9 - 0,5 - 0,1 - 1,7 - 2,1 Íáé 19 Éïõíßïõ 1989 ¼÷ é
( a ) Spain : Exchange rate stability ( 1 March 1996 - 27 February 1998 ) Membership of the Exchange Rate Mechanism ( ERM ) Membership since Devaluation of bilateral central rate on country 's own initiative Maximum upward (+) and downward (-) deviations from central rates in the ERM grid (%) against ( a ) Belgian franc Danish krone Deutsche Mark French franc Irish pound Italian lira Dutch guilder Austrian schilling Portuguese escudo Finnish markka
( â ) Âáóéêïß äåßêôåò ðéÝóåùí óôçí ðåóÝôá Éóðáíßáò ÌÝóïò üñïò 3 ìçíþí Ýùò : Ìåôáâëçôüôçôá óõíáëëáã / êÞò éóïôéìßáò ( á ) ÄéáöïñÝò âñá ÷ õðñüèåóìùí åðéôïêßùí ( â )
( b ) Key indicators of exchange rate pressure for the Spanish peseta Average of 3 months ending : Exchange rate volatility ( a ) Short-term interest rate differentials ( b ) May 96 Aug 96 Nov 96 Feb 97 May 97 Aug 97 Nov 97 Feb 98 3.7 4.4 2.9 3.8 1.3 3.6 2.2 2.9 1.6 2.3 1.4 2.0 0.8 1.6 0.5 1.1
98 3,7 4,4 2,9 3,8 1,3 3,6 2,2 2,9 1,6 2,3 1,4 2,0 0,8 1,6 0,5 1,1 ÐçãÞ : ÅõñùðáúêÞ ÅðéôñïðÞ , åèíéêÜ óôïé ÷ åßá êáé õðïëïãéóìïß ÅÍÉ .
Source : European Commission , national data and EMI calculations .
éóïôéìßåò ÌÓÉ ( çìåñÞóéá óôïé ÷ åßá , óå åêáôïóôéáßåò ìïíÜäåò , 1.3.96 - 27.2.98 ) ESP / BEF ESP / DKK ESP / DEM ESP / FRF ESP / IEP
1 March 1996 to 27 February 1998 ) ESP / BEF 15 10 5 0 - 5 - 10 - 15 Q2 1996 ESP / NLG Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 1997 Q3 Q4 Q1 ESP / DKK
ESP / ITL ESP / NLG
ESP / IEP ESP / ITL 15 10 5 0 - 5 - 10 - 15 Q2
ÐåóÝôá Éóðáíßáò : Äåßêôåò ðñáãìáôéêÞò óôáèìéóìÝíçò óõíáëëáãìáôéêÞò éóïôéìßáò Ýíáíôé ôùí Êñáôþí-Ìåëþí ôïõ ÌÓÉ ÌÝóïò üñïò ÐñáãìáôéêÝò óôáèìéóìÝíåò óõíáëëáãìáôéêÝò éóïôéìßåò : ÂÜóåé ôïõ ÄÔÊ ÂÜóåé ôïõ Äåßêôç Ôéìþí Ðáñáãùãïý /× ïíäñéêÞò Õðüìíçóç : ÏíïìáóôéêÞ óôáèìéóìÝíç óõíáëëáãìáôéêÞ éóïôéìßá - 27,8 - 12,1 0,3 - 1,6 - 5,1 - 3,8 ÌÝóïò üñïò
Spanish peseta : Measures of the real effective exchange rate vis - - vis ERM Member States ( monthly data ; percentage deviations ;
( ìçíéáßá óôïé ÷ åßá , åêáôïóôéáßåò áðïêëßóåéò , ÖåâñïõÜñéïò 1998 óå óýãêñéóç ìå äéáöïñåôéêÝò ðåñéüäïõò âÜóçò ) ÌÝóïò üñïò 1987 3,5 2,2 - 12,4
February 1998 compared with different benchmark periods )
131 Ðßíáêáò 10
Average Jan 87-Feb 98 - 5.1 - 3.8 - 12.1
Éóðáíßá : ÅîùôåñéêÝò åîåëßîåéò ( ùò ðïóïóôü ôïõ ÁÅÐ ) 1990 Éóïæýãéï ôñå ÷ ïõóþí óõíáëëáãþí óõí êßíçóç êåöáëáßùí ( â ) ÊáèáñÞ èåôéêÞ (+) Þ áñíçôéêÞ (-) åîùô . èÝóç ÅîáãùãÝò ( áãáèÜ êáé õðçñåóßåò )( ä ) ÅéóáãùãÝò ( áãáèÜ êáé õðçñåóßåò )( å ) ( ã )
Spain : External developments ( as a percentage of GDP ) Current account plus new capital account ( b ) Net foreign assets (+) or liabilities (-) ( c ) Exports ( goods and services ) ( d ) Imports ( goods and services ) ( e )
1996 1997 ( á ) 1,3 - 18,0 27,2 26,6 1,4 . 29,7 28,3
1995 1.2 - 18.6 25.4 25.6 1996 1997 ( a ) 1.3 1.4 - 18.0 .
( ä ) ÅíäïêïéíïôéêÝò åîáãùãÝò åðß ôïõ óõíüëïõ ôùí åèíéêþí åîáãùãþí áãáèþí , 1996 : 71,0% , Direcction of Trade Statistics Yearbook 1997 , ÄÍÔ .
( d ) In 1996 the share of intra-EU exports of goods in national exports of goods was 71.0% ; Direction of Trade Statistics Yearbook 1997 , IMF .
( å ) ÅíäïêïéíïôéêÝò åéóáãùãÝò åðß ôïõ óõíüëïõ ôùí åèíéêþí åéóáãùãþí áãáèþí , 1996 : 66,3% .
( e ) In 1996 the share of intra-EU imports of goods in national imports of goods was 66.3% ;
Éóðáíßá : Ìáêñïðñüèåóìá åðéôüêéá ( åðß ôïéò åêáôü ) 1996 Ìáêñïðñüèåóìï åðéôüêéï ÔéìÞ áíáöïñÜò ÐçãÞ : ÅõñùðáúêÞ ÅðéôñïðÞ .
Spain : Long-term interest rates ( percentages ) 1996 Long-term interest rate Reference value Source : European Commission .
ÍïÝ . 97 6,0 -
Nov 97 6.0 -
Äåê . 97 5,6 -
Dec 97 5.6 -
Éáí . 98 5,4 -
Jan 98 Feb 97 - Jan 98 5.4 6.3 7.8
ÃÁËËÉÁ Ç åîÝëéîç ôùí ôéìþí Óôç äéÜñêåéá ôçò ðåñéüäïõ áíáöïñÜò ( ÖåâñïõÜñéïò 1997-ÉáíïõÜñéïò 1998 ) ï ìÝóïò ñõèìüò ðëçèùñéóìïý âÜóåé ôïõ ÅíÄÔÊ óôç Ãáëëßá Þôáí 1,2% , äçë . áñêåôÜ êÜôù áðü ôçí ôéìÞ áíáöïñÜò 2,7% .
FRANCE Price developments Over the reference period from February 1997 to January 1998 the average rate of HICP inflation in France was 1.2% , i.e. well below the reference value of 2.7% .
Ôï 1996 ï ìÝóïò ñõèìüò ðëçèùñéóìïý ( ÅíÄÔÊ ) Þôáí 2,1% ( âë . Ðßíáêá 1 ) .
In 1996 average HICP inflation was 2.1% ( see Table 1 ) .
Áðü ôçí åîÝôáóç ôùí ìÝ ÷ ñé óÞìåñá åîåëßîåùí ðñïêýðôåé üôé ï ðëçèùñéóìüò ôéìþí êáôáíáëùôÞ óôçí Ãáëëßá , üðùò ìåôñÜôáé âÜóåé ôïõ ÄÔÊ , åß ÷ å ðôùôéêÞ ôÜóç áðü ôéò áñ ÷ Ýò ôçò äåêáåôßáò ôïõ 1990 .
Looking back , consumer price inflation in France , as measured on the basis of the CPI , has followed a downward trend since the early 1990s .
Áðü ôï 1993 ï ðëçèùñéóìüò åßíáé êïíôÜ Þ ÷ áìçëüôåñïò áðü ôï 2 % ( âë . ÄéÜãñáììá 1 ) .
Since 1993 inflation has been close to or below 2 % ( see Chart 1 ) .
Åéäéêüôåñá óôï ðëáßóéï ôçò ýöåóçò ôïõ 1993 ðñïÝêõøå Ýíá áñíçôéêü ðáñáãùãéêü êåíü ( âë . Ðßíáêá 2 ) .
Notably , a negative output gap emerged in the context of the 1993 recession ( see Table 2 ) .
Áðü ôï 1994 ç ïéêïíïìéêÞ äñáóôçñéüôçôá áíÝêáìøå , áëëÜ áõôü äåí åðáñêïýóå ãéá ôçí åîáöÜíéóç ôïõ ðáñáãùãéêïý êåíïý .
Since 1994 economic growth has recovered , but this has not been sufficient to eliminate the output gap .
Ìå ôá äåäïìÝíá áõôÜ , ç áýîçóç ôïõ 134 êüóôïõò åñãáóßáò áíÜ ìïíÜäá ðñïúüíôïò ðáñáìÝíåé óå ìÝôñéá åðßðåäá áðü ôï 1994 .
Against this background , growth in unit labour costs has been moderate since 1994 .
ÅðéðëÝïí , ç ðñáãìáôéêÞ óôáèìéóìÝíç óõíáëëáãìáôéêÞ éóïôéìßá ðáñÝìåéíå åí ãÝíåé óôáèåñÞ êáôÜ ôç äéÜñêåéá ôçò äåêáåôßáò ôïõ 1990 , óõìâÜëëïíôáò Ýôóé óôï íá äéáôçñçèåß õðïôïíéêÞ ç áýîçóç ôùí ôéìþí ôùí åéóáãïìÝíùí .
Moreover , the broadly stable effective exchange rate during the 1990s has helped to keep growth in import prices subdued .
¼ óïí áöïñÜ ôéò ðñüóöáôåò ôÜóåéò êáé ðñïâëÝøåéò , ôá óçìåñéíÜ óôïé ÷ åßá ãéá ôïí ðëçèùñéóìü ìå âÜóç ôï äùäåêÜìçíï ñõèìü áýîçóçò ôïõ äåßêôç ôéìþí êáôáíáëùôÞ åìöáíßæïõí ìåßùóç ôïõ ñõèìïý óôï 0,5% êáé äåí õðÜñ ÷ ïõí åíäåßîåéò üôé èá áóêçèïýí Üìåóåò áíïäéêÝò ðéÝóåéò , üðùò ðñïêýðôåé áðü ôïõò äåßêôåò ôïõ Ðßíáêá 3á .
Looking at recent trends and forecasts , current outturns for consumer price inflation ( measured as a percentage change over the corresponding month a year earlier ) have been decreasing to ‰ % and there are no signs of immediate upward pressure on the basis of the measures shown in Table 3a .
ÐñïâëÝðïíôáé ñõèìïß ðëçèùñéóìïý ãåíéêþò áñêåôÜ ÷ áìçëüôåñïé áðü 2 % ãéá ôï 1998 êáé ôï 1999 ( âë . Ðßíáêá 3â ) .
Forecasts of inflation suggest rates of generally well below 2 % for 1998 and 1999 ( see Table 3b ) .
ÄçìïóéïíïìéêÝò åîåëßîåéò Óôï Ýôïò áíáöïñÜò 1997 , ï ëüãïò ôïõ åëëåßììáôïò Þôáí 3,0% , äçë . óôï åðßðåäï ôçò ôéìÞò áíáöïñÜò 3 %, êáé ï ëüãïò ôïõ ÷ ñÝïõò Þôáí 58,0% , äçë .
Fiscal developments In the reference year 1997 the deficit ratio was 3.0% , i.e. at the level of the 3 % reference value , and the debt ratio was 58.0% , i.e. just below the 60 % reference value .
Óå óýãêñéóç ìå ôï ðñïçãïýìåíï Ýôïò , ï ëüãïò ôïõ åëëåßììáôïò ìåéþèçêå êáôÜ 1,1 åêáôïóôéáßá ìïíÜäá êáé ï ëüãïò ôïõ ÷ ñÝïõò áõîÞèçêå êáôÜ 2,3 åêáôïóôéáßåò ìïíÜäåò .
Compared with the previous year , the deficit ratio has been reduced by 1.1 percentage points and the debt ratio has increased by 2.3 percentage points .
Ôï 1998 ï ëüãïò ôïõ åëëåßììáôïò ðñïâëÝðåôáé íá ìåéùèåß óå 2,9% ôïõ ÁÅÐ , åíþ ï ëüãïò ôïõ ÷ ñÝïõò íá áõîçèåß ïñéáêÜ óôï 58,1% .
In 1998 the deficit ratio is forecast to decrease to 2.9% of GDP , while the debt ratio is projected to increase marginally to 58.1% .
Ôï 1996 êáé ôï 1997 ï ëüãïò ôïõ åëëåßììáôïò õðåñÝâç ôï ëüãï ôùí äáðáíþí äçìüóéùí åðåíäýóåùí ðñïò ôï ÁÅÐ êáôÜ 1,5 êáé 0,2 åêáôïóôéáßåò ìïíÜäåò , áíôßóôïé ÷ á ( âë . Ðßíáêá 4 ) .
In 1996 and 1997 the deficit ratio exceeded the ratio of public investment expenditure to GDP by 1.5 percentage points and 0.2 percentage points respectively ( see Table 4 ) .
Áðü ôçí åîÝôáóç ôùí åôþí 1990-1997 ðñïêýðôåé üôé óôç Ãáëëßá ï ëüãïò ÷ ñÝïõò / ÁÅÐ áõîÞèçêå êáôÜ 22,5 åêáôïóôéáßåò ìïíÜäåò ( âë . ÄéÜãñáììá 2á ) .
Looking back over the years 1990 to 1997 , the French debt-to-GDP ratio increased by 22.5 percentage points ( see Chart 2a ) .
¼ ðùò áðåéêïíßæåôáé ëåðôïìåñÝóôåñá óôï ÄéÜãñáììá 2â , ïé êýñéïé ðáñÜãïíôåò ðïõ óõíÝâáëáí óôçí åîÝëéîç ôïõ ëüãïõ ôïõ ÷ ñÝïõò , Þôáí , áðü ôç ìéá ðëåõñÜ , ôá ðñùôïãåíÞ åëëåßììáôá ðïõ ðáñáôçñÞèçêáí ôá Ýôç 1992-96 êáé , áðü ôçí Üëëç ðëåõñÜ , ç áýîçóç ôïõ ÷ ñÝïõò ðïõ ðñïêÜëåóå ç áñíçôéêÞ äéáöïñÜ áíÜðôõîçò-åðéôïêßùí óå ïëüêëçñç ôçí ðåñßïäï .
As is shown in greater detail in Chart 2b , the 123 main factors underlying the evolution of the debt ratio were , on the one hand , primary deficits recorded in the years 1992-96 and , on the other , the debtincreasing effects of a negative growth / interest rate differential over the whole period .
Ìüíï ôï 1997 ôï ðñùôïãåíÝò áðïôÝëåóìá åìöÜíéóå êáé ðÜëé Ýíá ìéêñü ðëåüíáóìá , ìåéþíïíôáò Ýôóé ïñéáêÜ ôçí áýîçóç ôïõ ëüãïõ ôïõ ÷ ñÝïõò .
Only in 1997 did the primary balance again show a small surplus , thereby marginally curbing the growth of the debt ratio .
Ïé åîåëßîåéò ðïõ ðáñáôçñÞèçêáí ìÝ ÷ ñé óÞìåñá êáôÜ ôç äéÜñêåéá ôçò äåêáåôßáò ôïõ 1990 ìðïñïýí íá èåùñçèïýí åíäåéêôéêÝò ôùí êéíäýíùí ðïõ áðåéëïýí ôï ëüãï ôïõ ÷ ñÝïõò , ïé ïðïßïé ìðïñïýí íá ðñïêýøïõí üôáí ïé ìïíéìüôåñåò åðéäñÜóåéò ðïõ Ý ÷ åé ç äõóìåíÞò ó ÷ Ýóç áíÜðôõîçò-åðéôïêßùí äåí åîïõäåôåñþíïíôáé áðü ðñùôïãåíÞ ðëåïíÜóìáôá .
The patterns observed thus far during the 1990s may be seen as indicative of the risks to the debt ratio which can arise when the lasting effects of an unfavourable growth / interest rate differential are not counteracted by primary surpluses .
Óôï ðëáßóéï áõôü , óçìåéþíåôáé üôé ôï ðïóïóôü ôïõ ÷ ñÝïõò ìå ìéêñÞ åíáðïìÝíïõóá äéÜñêåéá Ý ÷ åé ðáñáìåßíåé óå ó ÷ åôéêþò õøçëÜ åðßðåäá áðü ôéò áñ ÷ Ýò ôçò äåêáåôßáò ôïõ 1990 ( áí êáé ìåéþíåôáé ) , åíþ ç ìÝóç äéÜñêåéá Ý ÷ åé ðáñáìåßíåé ðåñßðïõ óôáèåñÞ ( âë .
In this context , it may be noted that the share of debt with a short-term residual maturity has remained at relatively high levels since the early 1990s ( though decreasing ) , while the average maturity has remained broadly stable ( see Table 5 ) .
Ôï 1997 , ôï ðïóïóôü ôïõ ÷ ñÝïõò ìå ìéêñÞ åíáðïìÝíïõóá äéÜñêåéá åîáêïëïõèåß íá åßíáé õøçëü , êáé , ëáìâáíïìÝíïõ õð  üøç ôïõ óçìåñéíïý åðéðÝäïõ ôïõ ëüãïõ ôïõ ÷ ñÝïõò , ôá äçìïóéïíïìéêÜ áðïôåëÝóìáôá åßíáé ó ÷ åôéêþò åõáßóèçôá óôéò ìåôáâïëÝò ôùí åðéôïêßùí .
With regard to 1997 , the proportion of debt with a short-term residual maturity is still relatively high , and , taking into account the current level of the debt ratio , fiscal balances are relatively sensitive to changes in interest rates .
Áðü ôçí Üëëç ðëåõñÜ , ôï ðïóïóôü ôïõ ÷ ñÝïõò óå óõíÜëëáãìá åßíáé ÷ áìçëü êáé ôï ìåãáëýôåñï ìÝñïò ôïõ åßíáé åêöñáóìÝíï óå ÅCU êáé åíäÝ ÷ åôáé ôåëéêÜ íá åðáíåêöñáóôåß óå åõñþ .
On the other hand , the proportion of foreign currency debt in France is low and most is in ECU and may eventually be redenominated in euro ;
ÊáôÜ ôç äéÜñêåéá ôçò äåêáåôßáò ôïõ 1990 ï ëüãïò åëëåßììáôïò / ÁÅÐ áñ ÷ éêÜ ÷ åéñïôÝñåõóå êáé áêïëïýèùò âåëôéþèçêå .
During the 1990s a pattern of first deteriorating and subsequently improving outturns was observed in the deficit-toGDP ratio .
Áñ ÷ ßæïíôáò áðü ëüãï 1,6% ôï 1990 , ôï Ýëëåéììá áõîÞèçêå áðüôïìá ãéá íá öèÜóåé óôï áíþôáôï óçìåßï ôïõ 5,8% ôï 1994 .
Starting from a ratio of 1.6% in 1990 , the deficit increased sharply to reach a peak of 5.8% in 1994 ;
Áðü ôüôå , áêïëïýèçóå ðôùôéêÞ ðïñåßá áðü Ýôïò óå Ýôïò êáôáëÞãïíôáò óôï 3,0% ôï 1997 ( âë . ÄéÜãñáììá 3á ) .
since then , the deficit has declined year by year to stand at 3.0% in 1997 ( see Chart 3a ) .
¼ ðùò öáßíåôáé ëåðôïìåñÝóôåñá óôï ÄéÜãñáììá 3â , ôï ïðïßï åðéêåíôñþíåôáé óôéò ìåôáâïëÝò ôùí åëëåéììÜôùí , ïé êõêëéêïß ðáñÜãïíôåò äéáäñáìÜôéóáí êõñßáñ ÷ ï ñüëï óôçí áýîçóç ôïõ ëüãïõ ôïõ åëëåßììáôïò ôï 1991 êáé ôï 1993 êáé óôïí Ýëåã ÷ ï ôçò áýîçóÞò ôïõ ôï 1994 .
As is shown in greater detail in Chart 3b , which focuses on changes in deficits , cyclical factors played a dominant role in increasing the deficit ratio in 1991 and 1993 , and in checking its increase in 1994 .
Ôá äéáèÝóéìá óôïé ÷ åßá õðïäçëþíïõí üôé ôá ìÝôñá ìå ðñïóùñéíÞ åðßäñáóç äéáäñáìÜôéóáí ñüëï ôï 1997 , êáèþò ðåñéüñéóáí ôï Ýëëåéììá êáôÜ 0,6% ôïõ ÁÅÐ .
Evidence available suggests that measures with a temporary effect played a deficit-reducing role in 1997 , amounting to 0.6% of GDP .
ÅðåéäÞ ôá ìÝôñá áõôÜ Þôáí êõñßùò  áõôïáíáóôñåöüìåíá , ôá áíôéóôáèìéóôéêÜ ìÝôñá ( Þäç Ý ÷ ïõí óõìðåñéëçöèåß óôïí 135 ðñïûðïëïãéóìü ôïõ 1998 ) èá ÷ ñåéáóôåß íá Ý ÷ ïõí ôçí áðüäïóç ðïõ áíáìÝíåôáé êáé , åðéðëÝïí , èá áðáéôçèïýí áíôéóôáèìéóôéêÜ ìÝôñá ôá åðüìåíá ÷ ñüíéá , üôáí ôá áõôïáíáóôñåöüìåíá áðïôåëÝóìáôá èá åêôõëßóóïíôáé óôï ìÝëëïí .
As they were mainly of a self-reversing nature , compensating measures already included in the 1998 budget will need to yield their expected results and , in addition , compensating measures will need to be taken in later years when the self-reversing effects unwind .
¼ óïí áöïñÜ ôéò ôÜóåéò Üëëùí äçìïóéïíïìéêþí äåéêôþí , óôï ÄéÜãñáììá 4 öáßíåôáé üôé ï ëüãïò ôùí óõíïëéêþí äáðáíþí ôïõ åõñýôåñïõ êõâåñíçôéêïý ôïìÝá óçìåßùóå áðüôïìç Üíïäï ìåôáîý 1990 êáé 1993 .
Moving on to examine trends in other fiscal indicators , it can be seen from Chart 4 that the general government total expenditure ratio rose sharply between 1990 and 1993 .
ÓõãêåêñéìÝíá , ïé ôñÝ ÷ ïõóåò ìåôáâéâÜóåéò áõîÞèçêáí óçìáíôéêÜ , áíôáíáêëþíôáò ôçí áîéüëïãç áýîçóç ôùí êïéíùíéêþí äáðáíþí , åéäéêÜ ãéá óõíôÜîåéò , õãåéïíïìéêÞ ðåñßèáëøç êáé åðéäüìáôá áíåñãßáò , áëëÜ êáé ç äçìüóéá êáôáíÜëùóç êáé ïé ðëçñùìÝò ôüêùí åðßóçò áõîÞèçêáí ùò ðïóïóôü ôïõ ÁÅÐ ( âë . Ðßíáêá 6 ) .
In particular , current transfers increased substantially , reflecting a marked increase in social spending , particularly on pensions , health care and unemployment benefits ; but public consumption and interest payments as a percentage of GDP also increased ( see Table 6 ) .
ÓõíïëéêÜ , ï ëüãïò ôùí äáðáíþí ôï 1997 Þôáí ðåñßðïõ 3,5 åêáôïóôéáßåò ìïíÜäåò õøçëüôåñïò áðü ü , ôé óôéò áñ ÷ Ýò ôçò äåêáåôßáò ôïõ 1990 , áíôáíáêëþíôáò õøçëüôåñïõò ëüãïõò ðñïò ôï ÁÅÐ óå üëåò ôéò êýñéåò êáôçãïñßåò äáðáíþí ìå åîáßñåóç ôéò äçìüóéåò åðåíäýóåéò êáé Üëëåò êáèáñÝò êåöáëáéáêÝò äáðÜíåò .
On balance , the expenditure ratio in 1997 was nearly 3‰ percentage points higher than at the beginning of the 1990s , reflecting higher ratios to GDP for all major items with the exception of public investment and other net capital expenditure .
Ôá äçìüóéá Ýóïäá ùò ðïóïóôü ôïõ ÁÅÐ áõîÞèçêáí áðü ôï 1994 .
Government revenue in relation to GDP has tended to increase since 1994 ;
Ï ëüãïò ôïõò ôï 1997 Þôáí ðåñßðïõ 2 åêáôïóôéáßåò ìïíÜäåò õøçëüôåñïò áðü ü , ôé ôï 1990 êáé óõíåðþò Ý ÷ åé ßóùò ðñïóåããßóåé Ýíá åðßðåäï ðïõ åßíáé åðéâëáâÝò ãéá ôçí ïéêïíïìéêÞ áíÜðôõîç .
it was nearly 2 percentage points higher in 1997 than in 1990 , and it may have approached a level which is detrimental to economic growth .
Óýìöùíá ìå ôç ìåóïðñüèåóìç óôñáôçãéêÞ äçìïóéïíïìéêÞò ðïëéôéêÞò ôçò Ãáëëßáò , üðùò ðáñïõóéÜæåôáé óôï Ðñüãñáììá Óýãêëéóçò 1997-2001 ( ÖåâñïõÜñéïò 1997 ) , ôï 1998 ðñïâëÝðåôáé üôé ï ëüãïò ôïõ åëëåßììáôïò ôïõ åõñýôåñïõ êõâåñíçôéêïý ôïìÝá èá ìåéùèåß óå 2,7 - 2,8% ôïõ ÁÅÐ êáé ï ëüãïò ôïõ ÷ ñÝïõò èá áõîçèåß óå 58,5 - 59,0% ôïõ ÁÅÐ , áíÜëïãá ìå ôéò ïéêïíïìéêÝò åîåëßîåéò .
According to the French medium-term fiscal policy strategy , as presented in the Convergence Programme for 1997-2001 dated February 1997 , the general government deficit is expected to decline to 2.7 - 2.8% of GDP and the debt ratio to increase to 58.559.0% of GDP in 1998 , depending on economic developments .
Ï ðñïûðïëïãéóìüò ãéá ôï 1998 ðñïâëÝðåé ëßãï ÷ áìçëüôåñï ëüãï ÷ ñÝïõò , êáé ëüãï åëëåßììáôïò 3 % ôïõ ÁÅÐ , ðïõ åßíáé ëßãï õøçëüôåñïò áðü ü , ôé ðñïÝâëåðå ôï áíáèåùñçìÝíï ðñüãñáììá .
The budget plan for 1998 foresees a somewhat lower debt ratio and a deficit of 3 % of GDP , which is somewhat higher than envisaged in the updated programme .
ÐñïâëÝðåôáé üôé ìÝ ÷ ñé ôï 2001 ï ëüãïò ôïõ åëëåßììáôïò èá ìåéùèåß óôáäéáêÜ óå åðßðåäï ÷ áìçëüôåñï áðü 1,5% , åíþ ï ëüãïò äçìüóéïõ ÷ ñÝïõò / ÁÅÐ áíáìÝíåôáé üôé èá ðáñáìåßíåé ìüëéò ÷ áìçëüôåñïò áðü 60 % êáé êáôüðéí èá ìåéùèåß .
The deficit ratio is projected to be cut gradually to less than 1.5% by 2001 and the ratio of government debt to GDP is expected to remain at just under 60 % before declining .
Ç óýãêñéóç ìå ôá äçìïóéïíïìéêÜ áðïôåëÝóìáôá ðïõ ðñïâëÝðïíôáé óôï Ðñüãñáììá Óýãêëéóçò 1999-2000 äåß ÷ íåé üôé áðáéôåßôáé ðåñáéôÝñù óçìáíôéêÞ ðñüïäïò áðü ðëåõñÜò äçìïóéïíïìéêÞò åîõãßáíóçò ðñïêåéìÝíïõ íá õðÜñîåé óõììüñöùóç ìå ôï ìåóïðñüèåóìï óôü ÷ ï ôïõ Óõìöþíïõ Óôáèåñüôçôáò êáé ÁíÜðôõîçò ôï ïðïßï ôåèåß óå éó ÷ ý áðü ôï 1999 .
Compared with fiscal balances projected in the Convergence Programme for 1999-2000 , further substantial progress in fiscal consolidation is required in order to comply with the medium-term objective of the Stability and Growth Pact , effective from 1999 onwards , of having a budgetary position that is close to balance or in surplus .
ÁíáöïñéêÜ ìå ôç äõíçôéêÞ ìåëëïíôéêÞ ðïñåßá ôïõ ëüãïõ ôïõ ÷ ñÝïõò , ç ¸ êèåóç ôïõ ÅÍÉ äåí åîåôÜæåé áõôü ôï èÝìá ëåðôïìåñþò ãéá ÷ þñåò ìå ëüãï ôïõ ÷ ñÝïõò ÷ áìçëüôåñï áðü 60 % ôïõ ÁÅÐ . Ùóôüóï , åßíáé óçìáíôéêü íá ôïíéóôåß üôé ç óçìåñéíÞ êáôÜóôáóç , ôüóï ôùí óõíïëéêþí üóï êáé ôùí ðñùôïãåíþí áðïôåëåóìÜôùí , äåí
It is , however , important to highlight the fact that current fiscal positions , in terms of both overall and primary balances , would not appear to be sufficient to stabilise the debt ratio at below 60 %, while over time a balanced budget would allow it to be brought further below the reference value .
öáßíåôáé íá åðáñêåß ãéá ôç óôáèåñïðïßçóç ôïõ ëüãïõ ôïõ ÷ ñÝïõò êÜôù áðü 60 %, åíþ äéá ÷ ñïíéêÜ Ýíáò éóïóêåëéóìÝíïò ðñïûðïëïãéóìüò èá åðéôñÝøåé ôç ìåßùóç ôïõ ëüãïõ óå åðßðåäï áêüìç ÷ áìçëüôåñï áðü ôçí ôéìÞ áíáöïñÜò .
In order to allow for a stabilisation of the debt ratio at just below 60 % of GDP , a deficit ratio of just below 2.5% would be required .
ÐñïêåéìÝíïõ íá êáôáóôåß äõíáôÞ ç óôáèåñïðïßçóç ôïõ ëüãïõ ôïõ ÷ ñÝïõò óå åðßðåäï åëáöñþò ÷ áìçëüôåñï áðü 60 % ôïõ ÁÅÐ , áðáéôåßôáé ëüãïò åëëåßììáôïò åëÜ ÷ éóôá êÜôù áðü 2,5% .
As noted above , a further reduction in the deficit ratio is necessary in the context of the Stability and Growth Pact .
Ïé ðñïâëçìáôéóìïß áõôïß åßíáé óçìáíôéêïß êáé óôçí ðåñßðôùóç ôçò Ãáëëßáò , áöïý èá ÷ ñåéáóôåß ðñüóèåôï ðåñéèþñéï ÷ åéñéóìþí ãéá ôçí áíôéìåôþðéóç ìåëëïíôéêþí ðñïêëÞóåùí óôá äçìüóéá ïéêïíïìéêÜ . ¼ ðùò öáßíåôáé óôïí Ðßíáêá 7 , áðü ôï Ýôïò 2010 ðåñßðïõ êáé Ýðåéôá áíáìÝíåôáé óçìáíôéêÞ ãÞñáíóç ôïõ ðëçèõóìïý êáé , óôï ðëáßóéï åíüò äéáíåìçôéêïý óõíôáîéïäïôéêïý óõóôÞìáôïò , ç äáðÜíç ôïõ Äçìïóßïõ ãéá óõíôÜîåéò ðñïâëÝðåôáé íá áõîçèåß ùò ðïóïóôü ôïõ ÁÅÐ , éäéáßôåñá åÜí ðáñáìåßíåé áìåôÜâëçôç ç ðïëéôéêÞ ôùí êïéíùíéêïáóöáëéóôéêþí ðáñï ÷ þí .
As is highlighted in Table 7 , from around 2010 onwards a marked ageing of the population is expected and , in the context of an unfunded pension system , public pension expenditure is forecast to increase in terms of GDP , particularly if policies regarding benefits continue unchanged . The overall burden of population ageing will become the more manageable the better the state of public finances when the demographic situation worsens .
ÄéÜãñáììá 5 êáé Ðßíáêá 8á ) . ÐåñéóôáóéáêÜ , äéáêõìÜíèçêå ðÝñá áðü ìéá óôåíÞ æþíç êïíôÜ óôéò êåíôñéêÝò ôïõ éóïôéìßåò Ýíáíôé äéáöüñùí Üëëùí íïìéóìÜôùí ôïõ ÌÓÉ .
Focusing on the reference period from March 1996 to February 1998 , the currency has normally traded close to its central rates against other ERM currencies ( see Chart 5 and Table 8a ) .
Ïé ìÝãéóôåò ðñïò ôá Üíù êáé ðñïò ôá êÜôù áðïêëßóåéò áðü ôéò êåíôñéêÝò éóïôéìßåò , ìå âÜóç ôïõò êéíçôïýò ìÝóïõò 10 åñãÜóéìùí çìåñþí , Þôáí 0,6% êáé - 3,5% áíôßóôïé ÷ á , ìå åîáßñåóç ôçí áõôüíïìç áíïäéêÞ ôÜóç ôçò ëßñáò Éñëáíäßáò ( âë . Ðßíáêá 8á ) .
On occasion the French franc traded outside a range close to its central rates vis - - vis various partner currencies . The maximum upward and downward deviations from central rates , on the basis of 10 business day moving averages , were 0.6% and - 3.5% respectively , abstracting from the autonomous upward trend of the Irish pound ( see Table 8a ) .
Ôá åðåéóüäéá áõôþí ôùí áðïêëßóåùí Þôáí ðñïóùñéíÜ , ï âáèìüò ìåôáâëçôüôçôáò ôçò óõíáëëáãìáôéêÞò éóïôéìßáò ôïõ ãáëëéêïý öñÜãêïõ Ýíáíôé ôïõ ãåñìáíéêïý ìÜñêïõ Þôáí ÷ áìçëüò êáé öèßíùí ( âë . Ðßíáêá 8â ) êáé ïé äéáöïñÝò ôùí âñá ÷ õðñüèåóìùí åðéôïêßùí Ýíáíôé ôùí ÷ ùñþí ôçò ÅÅ ìå ôá ÷ áìçëüôåñá âñá ÷ õðñüèåóìá åðéôüêéá Þôáí ìéêñÝò êáé Ýôåéíáí íá ìåéùèïýí ðåñáéôÝñù .
The episodes in which such deviations occurred were temporary , the degree of exchange rate volatility vis - - vis the Deutsche Mark was low and declining ( see Table 8b ) and short-term interest rate differentials against those EU countries with the lowest short-term interest rates were small and narrowing .
Áðü ðéï ìáêñïðñüèåóìç óêïðéÜ , äåßêôåò ôçò ðñáãìáôéêÞò óôáèìéóìÝíçò éóïôéìßáò ôïõ ãáëëéêïý öñÜãêïõ Ýíáíôé ôùí íïìéóìÜôùí ôùí Êñáôþí-Ìåëþí ðïõ óõììåôÝ ÷ ïõí óôï ÌÓÉ , üðùò áðåéêïíßæïíôáé óôïí Ðßíáêá 9 , õðïäçëþíïõí üôé ôá óçìåñéíÜ åðßðåäá åßíáé ðáñáðëÞóéá ìå ôéò ôéìÝò ðïõ Ý ÷ ïõí êáôÜ êáéñïýò óçìåéùèåß .
In a longer-term context , measures of the real effective exchange rate of the French franc vis - - vis the currencies of ERM 125 participating Member States depicted in Table 9 suggest that current levels are close to historical values .
¼ óïí áöïñÜ Üëëåò åîùôåñéêÝò åîåëßîåéò , ç Ãáëëßá Ý ÷ åé äéáôçñÞóåé ðëåïíÜóìáôá óôï éóïæýãéï ôñå ÷ ïõóþí óõíáëëáãþí ôá ôåëåõôáßá Ýôç , êáôÜóôáóç ðïõ áíôáíáêëÜôáé óôç âåëôßùóç ôçò áñíçôéêÞò êáèáñÞò åîùôåñéêÞò èÝóçò ôçò ( âë . Ðßíáêá 10 ) .
As regards other external developments , France has maintained current account surpluses in recent years , a situation which has been reflected in an improvement in the net external liability position ( see Table 10 ) .
Õðåíèõìßæåôáé åðßóçò üôé , óýìöùíá ìå ôá ðéï ðñüóöáôá äéáèÝóéìá óôïé ÷ åßá , ï ëüãïò ôïõ åîùôåñéêïý åìðïñßïõ ôçò Ãáëëßáò ðñïò ôï ÁÅÐ åßíáé 29 % ãéá ôéò åîáãùãÝò êáé 25 % ãéá ôéò åéóáãùãÝò êáé ôï ðïóïóôü åíäïêïéíïôéêïý åìðïñßïõ åßíáé 63 % ôüóï ãéá ôéò åîáãùãÝò üóï êáé ôéò åéóáãùãÝò . Ç åîÝëéîç ôçò óõíáëëáãìáôéêÞò éóïôéìßáò Ôï ãáëëéêü öñÜãêï óõììåôÝ ÷ åé óôï ÌÓÉ áðü ôçí ßäñõóÞ ôïõ óôéò 13 Ìáñôßïõ 1979 , äçë .
It may also be recalled that , according to the most recent data available , France has a ratio of foreign trade to GDP of 29 % for exports and 25 % for imports , and a share of intra-EU trade of 63 % for exports as well as for imports .