natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
ÅëëÜäá : ÄéÜñèñùóç áêáèÜñéóôïõ ÷ ñÝïõò åõñýôåñïõ êõâåñíçôéêïý ôïìÝá 1990 Óõíïëéêü ÷ ñÝïò (% ôïõ ÁÅÐ ) ÄéÜñèñùóç êáôÜ íüìéóìá (% óõíüëïõ ) Óå åã ÷ þñéï íüìéóìá Óå îÝíá íïìßóìáôá Åóùôåñéêü ÷ ñÝïò (% óõíüëïõ ) ÌÝóç äéÜñêåéá ( á ) ( Ýôç ) ÄéÜñèñùóç êáôÜ äéÜñêåéá ( á ) 1991 92,3 76,3 23,7 75,2 .
Greece : General government gross debt str uctural features Total debt ( as a percentage of GDP ) Composition by currency (% of total ) In domestic currency In foreign currencies Domestic ownership (% of total ) Average maturity ( years ) Composition by maturity ( a ) (% of total ) Short-term ( ≤ 1 year ) Medium and long-term (>1 year ) 1990 90.1 76.8 23.2 74.9 .
Óçìåßùóç : Óôï ÄéÜãñáììá 3â ïé áñíçôéêÝò ôéìÝò óçìáßíïõí óõìâïëÞ óå áýîçóç ôùí åëëåéììÜôùí , åíþ ïé èåôéêÝò ôéìÝò óçìáßíïõí óõìâïëÞ óå ìåßùóÞ ôïõò . 109
Note : In Chart 3b negative values indicate a contribution to an increase in deficits , while positive values indicate a contribution to their reduction .
ÄéÜãñáììá 4
99 Chart 4
ÅëëÜäá : ¸ óïäá êáé äáðÜíåò åõñýôåñïõ êõâåñíçôéêïý ôïìÝá ( ùò ðïóïóôü ôïõ ÁÅÐ ) 1990 Óýíïëï ôñå ÷ üíôùí åóüäùí Öüñïé ÅéóöïñÝò êïéíùíéêÞò áóöÜëéóçò ¢ ëëá ôñÝ ÷ ïíôá Ýóïäá Óýíïëï äáðáíþí ÔñÝ ÷ ïõóåò ìåôáâéâÜóåéò ÊáôáâëçèÝíôåò ôüêïé Äçìüóéá êáôáíÜëùóç ÊáèáñÝò êåöáëáéáêÝò äáðÜíåò Ðëåüíáóìá (+) Þ Ýëëåéììá (-) ÐñùôïãåíÝò áðïôÝëåóìá Ðëåüíáóìá (+) Þ Ýëëåéììá (-) , ÷ ùñßò ôéò äáðÜíåò äçìüóéùí åðåíäýóåùí ( á ) .
Greece : General government budgetary position ( as a percentage of GDP ) Total current receipts Taxes Social security contributions Other current receipts Total expenditure Current transfers Actual interest payments Public consumption Net capital expenditure Surplus (+) or deficit (-) Primary balance Surplus (+) or deficit (-) , net of public investment expenditure ( a )
áðïôÝëåóìá ( Ýëëåéììá : (-) , ðëåüíáóìá (+)) 1997 108,7 1998 107,7 1997 - 4,0 1998 - 2,2 2002 7,8 Óõíïëéêü áðïôÝëåóìá ðïõ åðéôñÝðåé ìåßùóç ôïõ ÷ ñÝïõò óôï 60 % ôïõ ÁÅÐ ôï Ýôïò ( á ) 2007 1,4 2012 - 0,4
surplus (+)) 1997 1998 - 4.0 - 2.2 Overall fiscal balance consistent with reduction of debt level to 60 % of GDP in ( a ) 2002 2007 2012 7.8 1.4 - 0.4
ÐçãÞ : ÅõñùðáúêÞ ÅðéôñïðÞ ( ðñïóùñéíÝò ðñïâëÝøåéò , Üíïéîç 1998 ) êáé õðïëïãéóìïß ÅÍÉ .
Source : European Commission ( spring 1998 forecasts ) and EMI calculations .
( á ) Ïé õðïëïãéóìïß õðïäçëþíïõí üôé ï ëüãïò ôïõ ÷ ñÝïõò èá ìåéùèåß óôï 60 % ôï 2002 , 2007 êáé 2012 áíôßóôïé ÷ á , åÜí ôá óõíïëéêÜ äçìïóéïíïìéêÜ áðïôåëÝóìáôá äéáìïñöùèïýí ôï 1998 óýìöùíá ìå ôçí ðñüâëåøç êáé áðü ôï 1999 êáé åîÞò äéáôçñçèïýí óôï 7,8% , 1,4% êáé - 0,4% ôïõ ÁÅÐ áíôßóôïé ÷ á .
( a ) Calculations indicate that the debt ratio would fall to 60 % in 2002 , 2007 and 2012 respectively , if the overall fiscal balance for 1998 is as forecast and the overall fiscal balances were maintained at 7.8% , 1.4% and - 0.4% of GDP respectively , from 1999 onwards .
Ïé õðïëïãéóìïß âáóßæïíôáé óôéò åîÞò ðáñáäï ÷ Ýò : áýîçóç ðñáãìáôéêïý ÁÅÐ ôï 1998 : 2,7% , üðùò åêôéìÜôáé áðü ôçí ÅðéôñïðÞ êáé ðëçèùñéóìüò : 2 %.
The underlying assumptions are a real trend GDP growth rate of 2.7% in 1998 , as estimated by the Commission , and an inflation rate of 2 %.
( â ) ÂÜóåé ôùí ðñùôïãåíþí äçìïóéïíïìéêþí áðïôåëåóìÜôùí ( ùò ðïóïóôü ôïõ ÁÅÐ ) Óõíïëéêü áêáèÜñéóôï ÷ ñÝïò ÐñùôïãåíÝò áðïôÝëåóìá ÐñùôïãåíÝò áðïôÝëåóìá ðïõ åðéôñÝðåé ìåßùóç ôïõ ÷ ñÝïõò óôï 60 % ôïõ ÁÅÐ ôï Ýôïò ( á ) 1997 108,7 1998 107,7 1997 5,6 1998 6,8 2002 13,0 2007 6,4 2012 4,5
Primary fiscal balance 1997 5.6 1998 6.8 Primary fiscal balance consistent with reduction of debt level to 60 % of GDP in ( a ) 2002 2007 2012 13.0 6.4 4.5
( á ) Ïé õðïëïãéóìïß äçëþíïõí üôé ï ëüãïò ôïõ ÷ ñÝïõò èá ìåéùèåß óôï 60 % ôï 2002 , 2007 êáé 2012 áíôßóôïé ÷ á , åÜí ôá ðñùôïãåíÞ äçìïóéïíïìéêÜ áðïôåëÝóìáôá äéáìïñöùèïýí ôï 1998 óýìöùíá ìå ôçí ðñüâëåøç êáé áðü ôï 1999 êáé åîÞò äéáôçñçèïýí óôï 13,0% , 6,4% êáé 4,5% ôïõ ÁÅÐ áíôßóôïé ÷ á .
( a ) Calculations indicate that the debt ratio would fall to 60 % in 2002 , 2007 and 2012 respectively , if the primary fiscal balance for 1998 is as forecast and the primary fiscal balances were maintained at 13.0% , 6.4% and 4.5% of GDP , respectively from 1999 onwards .
Ïé õðïëïãéóìïß âáóßæïíôáé óôéò åîÞò ðáñáäï ÷ Ýò : áýîçóç ðñáãìáôéêïý ÁÅÐ ôï 1998 : 2,7% , üðùò åêôéìÜôáé áðü ôçí ÅðéôñïðÞ , ðëçèùñéóìüò : 2 % êáé ïíïìáóôéêü åðéôüêéï : 6 %.
The underlying assumptions are a real trend GDP growth rate of 2.7% in 1998 , as estimated by the Commission , an inflation rate of 2 % and a nominal interest rate of 6 %.
Óçìåßùóç : Ôá ôñßá óåíÜñéá õðïèÝôïõí üôé ï ëüãïò ôïõ ÷ ñÝïõò èá äéáìïñöùèåß ôï 1998 óýìöùíá ìå ôçí ðñüâëåøç ( 107,7% ) êáé üôé åßôå ôï óõíïëéêü áðïôÝëåóìá (- 2,2% ) Þ ôï ðñùôïãåíÝò áðïôÝëåóìá ( 6,8% ) èá äéáôçñçèåß óôáèåñü óå üëï ôï ðáñáðÜíù äéÜóôçìá , åßôå üôé ï ðñïûðïëïãéóìüò èá åßíáé éóïóêåëéóìÝíïò áðü ôï 1999 êáé åîÞò .
Note : The three scenarios assume that the debt ratio of 107.7% of GDP for 1998 is as forecast and that the 1998 overall balance of - 2.2% of GDP or the primary balance of 6.8% of GDP will be kept constant over the period considered ( as a percentage of GDP ) , or , alternatively , that a balanced budget is maintained from 1999 onwards .
¢ ëëåò ðáñáäï ÷ Ýò åßíáé : áýîçóç ðñáãìáôéêïý ÁÅÐ : 2,7% ôï 1998 , üðùò ôï åêôéìÜ ç ÅðéôñïðÞ , ðëçèùñéóìüò : 2 % êáé , óôï óåíÜñéï ôïõ óôáèåñïý ðñùôïãåí .
The underlying assumptions are a real trend GDP growth rate in 1998 of 2.7% as estimated by the Commission ;
ÅëëÜäá : Äåßêôçò åîÜñôçóçò çëéêéùìÝíùí : ðñïâëÝøåéò 1990 Äåßêôçò åîÜñôçóçò çëéêéùìÝíùí ( ðëçèõóìüò 65 åôþí êáé Üíù åðß ôïõ óõíüëïõ ôïõ ðëçèõóìïý çëéêßáò 15-64 åôþí ) 21,2 25,5 28,8 33,3 40,9 ÐçãÞ : Bos , E. et al. ( 1994 ) , World population projections 1994-95 , ÄéåèíÞò ÔñÜðåæá , ÏõÜóéãêôïí . 2000
Greece : Projections of elderly dependency ratio 1990 Elderly dependency ratio ( population aged 65 and over as a proportion of the population aged 15-64 ) 21.2 2000 25.5 2010 28.8 2020 33.3 2030 40.9 Source : Bos , E. et al. ( 1994 ) , World population projections 1994-95 , World Bank , Washington DC .
( á ) ÅëëÜäá : Óôáèåñüôçôá óõíáëëáãìáôéêÞò éóïôéìßáò ( 1 Ìáñôßïõ 1996 - 27 Öåâñïõáñßïõ 1998 ) Óõììåôï ÷ Þ óôï Ìç ÷ áíéóìü Óõíáëëáãìáôéêþí Éóïôéìéþí ( ÌÓÉ ) Óõììåôï ÷ Þ áðü Õðïôßìçóç äéìåñïýò êåíôñéêÞò éóïôéìßáò ìå ðñùôïâïõëßá ôçò ÷ þñáò ÌÝãéóôåò ðñïò ôá Üíù (+) êáé ðñïò ôá êÜôù (-) áðïêëßóåéò áðü ôéò êåíôñéêÝò éóïôéìßåò óôï ðëÝãìá éóïôéìéþí ôïõ ÌÓÉ (%) Ýíáíôé ( á ) Íïìßóìáôá ÌÓÉ ÖñÜãêïõ Âåëãßïõ Êïñþíáò Äáíßáò ÌÜñêïõ Ãåñìáíßáò ÐåóÝôáò Éóðáíßáò ÖñÜãêïõ Ãáëëßáò Ëßñáò Éñëáíäßáò Ëßñáò Éôáëßáò Öéïñéíßïõ Ïëëáíäßáò Óåëéíßïõ Áõóôñßáò Åóêïýäïõ Ðïñôïãáëßáò ÌÜñêïõ Öéëáíäßáò Íïìßóìáôá ðïõ äåí ìåôÝ ÷ ïõí óôï ÌÓÉ Êïñþíáò Óïõçäßáò Ëßñáò Áããëßáò ÐçãÞ : ÅõñùðáúêÞ ÅðéôñïðÞ êáé õðïëïãéóìïß ÅÍÉ .
( a ) Greece : Exchange rate stability ( 1 March 1996 - 27 February 1998 ) Membership of the Exchange Rate Mechanism ( ERM ) Membership since Devaluation of bilateral central rate on country 's own initiative Maximum upward (+) and downward (-) deviations from March 1996 average bilateral rates (%) against ( a ) ERM currencies : Belgian franc Danish krone Deutsche Mark Spanish peseta French franc Irish pound Italian lira Dutch guilder Austrian schilling Portuguese escudo Finnish markka Non-ERM currencies : Swedish krona Pound sterling Source : European Commission and EMI calculations .
( â ) Âáóéêïß äåßêôåò ðéÝóåùí óôç äñá ÷ ìÞ ÌÝóïò üñïò 3 ìçíþí Ýùò : Ìåôáâëçôüôçôá óõíáëëáã / êÞò éóïôéìßáò ( á ) ÄéáöïñÝò âñá ÷ õðñüèåóìùí åðéôïêßùí ( â ) ÌÜé .
( b ) Key indicators of exchange rate pressure for the Greek drachma Average of 3 months ending : Exchange rate volatility ( a ) Short-term interest rate differentials ( b ) May 96 Aug 96 Nov 96 Feb 97 May 97 Aug 97 Nov 97 Feb 98 2.7 10.6 2.6 10.5 2.1 9.9 4.4 9.1 3.1 7.7 2.5 8.2 3.1 12.4 1.6 13.4
98 2,7 10,6 2,6 10,5 2,1 9,9 4,4 9,1 3,1 7,7 2,5 8,2 3,1 12,4 1,6 13,4 ÐçãÞ : ÅõñùðáúêÞ ÅðéôñïðÞ , åèíéêÜ óôïé ÷ åßá êáé õðïëïãéóìïß ÅÍÉ .
Source : European Commission , national data and EMI calculations .
ÄéÜãñáììá 6
Chart 6 Greek drachma : Bilateral exchange rates ( daily data ;
Äñá ÷ ìÞ : Äéìåñåßò óõíáëëáãìáôéêÝò éóïôéìßåò GRD / BEF GRD / DKK GRD / DEM GRD / ESP ( çìåñÞóéá óôïé ÷ åßá , ìÝóïò üñïò Ìáñôßïõ 1996 = 100 , 1.3.96 - 27.2.98 ) GRD / FRF GRD / IEP
average of March 1996 = 100 ; 1 March 1996 to 27 February 1998 ) GRD / BEF 110 100 90 80 70 Q2 1996 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 1997 Q3 Q4 Q1 GRD / DKK GRD / DEM GRD / ESP GRD / FRF GRD / IEP
GRD / ITL
GRD / ITL 110 100 90 80 70
Äñá ÷ ìÞ : Äåßêôåò ðñáãìáôéêÞò óôáèìéóìÝíçò óõíáëëáãìáôéêÞò éóïôéìßáò Ýíáíôé ôùí Êñáôþí-Ìåëþí ôçò ÅÅ ÌÝóïò üñïò Áðñ . 73 - Öåâ .
Greek drachma : Measures of the real effective exchange rate vis - - vis EU Member States ( monthly data ; percentage deviations ;
98 ÐñáãìáôéêÝò óôáèìéóìÝíåò óõíáëëáãìáôéêÝò éóïôéìßåò : ÂÜóåé ôïõ ÄÔÊ ÂÜóåé ôïõ Äåßêôç Ôéìþí Ðáñáãùãïý /× ïíäñéêÞò Õðüìíçóç : ÏíïìáóôéêÞ óôáèìéóìÝíç óõíáëëáãìáôéêÞ éóïôéìßá - 71,2 12,1 10,9
February 1998 compared with different benchmark periods ) Average Apr 73-Feb 98 Real effective exchange rates : CPI-based PPI / WPI-based Memo item : Nominal effective exchange rate Source : BIS and EMI calculations .
( ìçíéáßá óôïé ÷ åßá , åêáôïóôéáßåò áðïêëßóåéò , ÖåâñïõÜñéïò 1998 óå óýãêñéóç ìå äéáöïñåôéêÝò ðåñéüäïõò âÜóçò ) ÌÝóïò üñïò Éáí .
Note : A positive ( negative ) sign indicates an appreciation ( depreciation ) .
87 - Öåâ .
Average Jan 87-Feb 98 12.3 13.8 - 25.1
98 12,3 13,8 - 25,1 ÌÝóïò üñïò 1987 26,7 26,0 - 47,8
Average 1987 26.7 26.0 - 47.8 12.1 10.9 - 71.2
ÅëëÜäá : ÅîùôåñéêÝò åîåëßîåéò ( ùò ðïóïóôü ôïõ ÁÅÐ ) 1990 Éóïæýãéï ôñå ÷ ïõóþí óõíáëëáãþí óõí êßíçóç êåöáëáßùí ( â ) ÊáèáñÞ èåôéêÞ (+) Þ áñíçôéêÞ (-) åîùô . èÝóç ÅîáãùãÝò ( áãáèÜ êáé õðçñåóßåò )( ä ) ÅéóáãùãÝò ( áãáèÜ êáé õðçñåóßåò )( å ) ( ã )
Current account plus new capital account Net foreign assets (+) or liabilities (-) ( c ) Exports ( goods and services )( d ) Imports ( goods and services ) ( e ) ( b )
1996 1997 ( á ) - 3,7 18,5 30,0 - 3,8 18,7 30,6 - 4,3 - 24,3 16,8 28,1
1995 - 2.5 - 19.8 18.9 29.6 1996 1997 ( a ) - 3.7 - 3.8 - 15.5 - 19.5 18.5 18.7 30.0 30.6
( ä ) Ðïóïóôü åîáãùãþí áãáèþí åíôüò ÅÅ óôï óýíïëï åèíéêþí åîáãùãþí áãáèþí , 1996 : 56,4% .
( d ) In 1996 the share of intra-EU exports of goods in total national exports of goods was 56.4% ;
Direction of Trade Statistics Yearbook , 1997 , ÄÍÔ .
Direction of Trade Statistics Yearbook 1997 , IMF .
( å ) Ðïóïóôü åéóáãùãþí áãáèþí åíôüò ÅÅ óôï óýíïëï åèíéêþí åéóáãùãþí áãáèþí , 1996 : 69,5% .
( e ) In 1996 the share of intra-EU imports of goods in total national imports of goods was 69.5% ;
ÅëëÜäá : Ìáêñïðñüèåóìá åðéôüêéá ( åðß ôïéò åêáôü ) 1996 Ìáêñïðñüèåóìï åðéôüêéï ÔéìÞ áíáöïñÜò 14,4 9,1 1997 9,9 8,0 ÍïÝ .
Greece : Long-term interest rates ( percentages ) 1996 Long-term interest rate Reference value 14.4 9.1
97 10,8 Äåê .
Nov 97 10.8 -
97 10,5 Éáí .
Dec 97 10.5 -
98 11,0 Öåâ . 97-Éáí .
Jan 98 Feb 97 - Jan 98 11.0 9.8 7.8
Óçìåßùóç : Ïé åíáñìïíéóìÝíåò óåéñÝò ãéá ôçí ÅëëÜäá îåêéíïýí óôá ìÝóá ôïõ 1997 .
Note : The harmonised series for Greece starts in mid-1997 .
Ðñéí áðü áõôÞí ôçí çìåñïìçíßá , ôá óôïé ÷ åßá âáóßæïíôáí óôéò êáëýôåñåò äéáèÝóéìåò ðñïóåããéóôéêÝò ìåôáâëçôÝò . Ãéá ôçí ðåñßïäï áðü ôïí ÌÜñôéï Ýùò ôïí Éïýíéï 1997 , ÷ ñçóéìïðïéïýíôáí ôá óôïé ÷ åßá ãéá ôéò áðïäüóåéò ìáêñïðñüèåóìùí ïìïëüãùí ìå ìéêñüôåñç äéÜñêåéá áðü ôéò åíáñìïíéóìÝíåò óåéñÝò .
Before this , data were based on available best proxies : for the period from March to June 1997 , yield data for long-term bonds with shorter maturities than the harmonised series were used ;
Ãéá ðåñáéôÝñù åîÞãçóç ôùí óôïé ÷ åßùí , âë . õðïóçìåßùóç Ðßíáêá 12 .
for further explanation of the data used , see footnote on Table 12 ;
ÉÓÐÁÍÉÁ Ç åîÝëéîç ôùí ôéìþí Óôç äéÜñêåéá ôçò ðåñéüäïõ áíáöïñÜò ( ÖåâñïõÜñéïò 1997-ÉáíïõÜñéïò 1998 ) ï ìÝóïò ñõèìüò ðëçèùñéóìïý âÜóåé ôïõ ÅíÄÔÊ óôçí Éóðáíßá Þôáí 1,8% , äçë . áñêåôÜ êÜôù áðü ôçí ôéìÞ áíáöïñÜò 2,7% .
SPAIN Price developments Over the reference period from February 1997 to January 1998 the average rate of HICP inflation in Spain was 1.8% , i.e. well below the reference value of 2.7% .
Ôï 1996 ï ìÝóïò ñõèìüò ðëçèùñéóìïý ( ÅíÄÔÊ ) Þôáí 3,6% ( âë . Ðßíáêá 1 ) .
In 1996 average HICP inflation was 3.6% ( see Table 1 ) .
Áðü ôçí åîÝôáóç ôùí ìÝ ÷ ñé óÞìåñá åîåëßîåùí ðñïêýðôåé üôé ï ðëçèùñéóìüò ôéìþí êáôáíáëùôÞ óôçí Éóðáíßá , üðùò ìåôñÜôáé âÜóåé ôïõ ÄÔÊ , åß ÷ å êáèïäéêÞ ôÜóç áðü ôéò áñ ÷ Ýò ôçò äåêáåôßáò ôïõ 1990 , ïðüôå ï ðëçèùñéóìüò âñéóêüôáí óôï 6,7% ( âë . ÄéÜãñáììá 1 ) .
Looking back , consumer price inflation in Spain , as measured on the basis of the CPI , has followed a downward trend since the early 1990s , when inflation stood at 6.7% ( see Chart 1 ) .
Áðü ôï 1995 áõôüò ï óêïðüò Ý ÷ åé åíóùìáôùèåß óå ñçôïýò óôü ÷ ïõò ãéá ôïí ðëçèùñéóìü , âÜóåé ôùí ïðïßùí óÞìåñá åðéäéþêåôáé ç äéáôÞñçóÞ ôïõ óå åðßðåäï 2 %.
Since 1995 this objective has been enshrined in explicit inflation targets , which currently seek to maintain inflation at 2 %.
ÓõãêåêñéìÝíá , ç áýîçóç ôïõ ðñáãìáôéêïý ÁÅÐ åðéâñáäýíèçêå óçìáíôéêÜ óôéò áñ ÷ Ýò ôçò äåêáåôßáò ôïõ 1990 êáé ç ïéêïíïìßá åéóÞëèå óå öÜóç ýöåóçò ôï 1993 , ìå ìåßùóç ôçò ðáñáãùãÞò êáôÜ 1 % êáé ðåñéóóüôåñï ( âë . Ðßíáêá 2 ) .
In particular , real GDP growth decelerated markedly in the early 1990s and the economy entered a recession in 1993 , with output declining by over 1 % ( see Table 2 ) .
Áðü ôï 1994 , ç ïéêïíïìéêÞ äñáóôçñéüôçôá Ý ÷ åé óçìåéþóåé áîéüëïãç áíÜêáìøç , áëëÜ ôï ðáñáãùãéêü êåíü ðáñáìÝíåé óçìáíôéêü .
Since 1994 economic activity has recovered significantly , but the output gap has remained sizable .
Ìå áõôÜ ôá äåäïìÝíá , ç áýîçóç ôùí ìéóèïëïãéêþí ðáñï ÷ þí áíÜ áðáó ÷ ïëïýìåíï ðåñéïñßóôçêå êáé ç áýîçóç ôïõ êüóôïõò åñãáóßáò áíÜ ìïíÜäá ðñïúüíôïò Ý ÷ åé óçìåéþóåé óçìáíôéêÞ ðôþóç áðü ôéò áñ ÷ Ýò ôçò äåêáåôßáò ôïõ 1990 .
Against this background , growth in compensation per employee has been restrained and growth in unit labour costs has come down markedly since the early 1990s .
Ïé áõîÞóåéò ôùí ôéìþí ôùí åéóáãïìÝíùí ðáñïõóßáóáí óçìáíôéêÞ ðïéêéëßá ôç äåêáåôßá ôïõ 1990 , åí ìÝñåé ùò áðïôÝëåóìá ôùí ìåôáâïëþí ôùí óõíáëëáãìáôéêþí éóïôéìéþí .
Import price increases varied considerably in the 1990s , partly as a result of exchange rate movements .
Áðü ôï 1993 , ï ñõèìüò áíüäïõ ôùí ôéìþí ôùí åéóáãïìÝíùí ìåéþèçêå óôáäéáêÜ ðñéí áñ ÷ ßóåé íá óçìåéþíåé êáé ðÜëé Üíïäï ôï 1997 .
Since 1993 growth rates of import prices have declined gradually before picking up again in 1997 .
× áìçëüò ñõèìüò ðëçèùñéóìïý ðñïêýðôåé åðßóçò êáé áðü Üëëïõò óõíáöåßò äåßêôåò ôéìþí ( âë . Ðßíáêá 2 ) .
Low rates of inflation are also apparent when it is measured in terms of other relevant price indices ( see Table 2 ) .
¼ óïí áöïñÜ ôéò ðñüóöáôåò ôÜóåéò êáé ðñïâëÝøåéò , ôá óçìåñéíÜ óôïé ÷ åßá ãéá ôïí ðëçèùñéóìü ìå âÜóç ôï äùäåêÜìçíï ñõèìü áýîçóçò ôïõ äåßêôç ôéìþí êáôáíáëùôÞ åìöáíßæïõí ñõèìü ðëçèùñéóìïý óôáèåñü óôï 2 % êáé õðÜñ ÷ ïõí ìéêñÝò ìüíï åíäåßîåéò üôé èá áóêçèïýí Üìåóåò áíïäéêÝò ðéÝóåéò , üðùò ðñïêýðôåé áðü ôïõò äåßêôåò ôïõ Ðßíáêá 3á .
Looking at recent trends and forecasts , current outturns for consumer price inflation ( measured as a percentage change over the corresponding month a year earlier ) have been stable at 2 % and there is little sign of immediate upward pressure on the basis of the measures shown in Table 3a .
ÐñïâëÝðïíôáé ñõèìïß ðëçèùñéóìïý ëßãï áíþôåñïé áðü 2 % ãéá ôï 1998 êáé ôï 1999 ( âë . Ðßíáêá 3â ) .
Forecasts of inflation suggest rates of somewhat above 2 % for 1998 and 1999 ( see Table 3b ) .
Åîßóïõ óçìáíôéêü èá åßíáé íá éó ÷ õñïðïéçèïýí ïé åèíéêÝò ðïëéôéêÝò ðïõ 117 áðïâëÝðïõí óôçí åíßó ÷ õóç ôïõ áíôáãùíéóìïý óôéò áãïñÝò ðñïúüíôùí êáé óôç âåëôßùóç ôçò ëåéôïõñãßáò ôùí áãïñþí åñãáóßáò , ëáìâáíïìÝíïõ õðüøç ôïõ óçìåñéíïý ðïëý õøçëïý , áí êáé ìåéïýìåíïõ , ðïóïóôïý áíåñãßáò óôçí Éóðáíßá .
it will be equally important to strengthen national policies aimed at enhancing competition in product markets and improving the functioning of labour markets against the background of the current very high , albeit declining , rate of unemployment in Spain .
ÄçìïóéïíïìéêÝò åîåëßîåéò Óôï Ýôïò áíáöïñÜò 1997 , ï ëüãïò ôïõ åëëåßììáôïò ôïõ åõñýôåñïõ êõâåñíçôéêïý ôïìÝá Þôáí 2,6% , äçë . ÷ áìçëüôåñïò áðü ôçí ôéìÞ áíáöïñÜò 3 %, êáé ï ëüãïò ôïõ ÷ ñÝïõò Þôáí 68,8% , äçë .
Fiscal developments In the reference year 1997 the general government deficit ratio was 2.6% , i.e. below the 3 % reference value , and the debt ratio was 68.8% , i.e. above the 60 % reference value .
Óå óýãêñéóç ìå ôï ðñïçãïýìåíï Ýôïò , ï ëüãïò ôïõ åëëåßììáôïò ìåéþèçêå êáôÜ 2,0 åêáôïóôéáßåò ìïíÜäåò êáé ï ëüãïò ôïõ ÷ ñÝïõò êáôÜ 1,3 åêáôïóôéáßåò ìïíÜäåò .
Compared with the previous year , the deficit ratio has been reduced by 2.0 percentage points and the debt ratio by 1.3 percentage points .
Ôï 1998 ï ëüãïò ôïõ åëëåßììáôïò ðñïâëÝðåôáé íá ìåéùèåß óå 2,2% ôïõ ÁÅÐ , åíþ ï ëüãïò ôïõ ÷ ñÝïõò óôï 67,4% .
In 1998 the deficit ratio is forecast to decrease to 2.2% of GDP , while the debt ratio is projected to decline to 67.4% .
Ôï 1996 ï ëüãïò ôïõ åëëåßììáôïò õðåñÝâç ôï ëüãï ôùí äçìüóéùí åðåíäýóåùí áëëÜ ôï 1997 ìåéþèçêå óå åðßðåäá ÷ áìçëüôåñá áðü ôïí ôåëåõôáßï ( âë . Ðßíáêá 4 ) .
In 1996 the 107 deficit ratio exceeded the ratio of public investment but it fell below it in 1997 ( see Table 4 ) .
Áðü ôçí åîÝôáóç ôùí åôþí 1990-1997 ðñïêýðôåé üôé óôçí Éóðáíßá ï ëüãïò ÷ ñÝïõò / ÁÅÐ áõîÞèçêå êáôÜ 24,0 åêáôïóôéáßåò ìïíÜäåò .
Looking back over the years 1990 to 1997 , the Spanish debt-to-GDP ratio increased by 24.0 percentage points ;
Áñ ÷ éêÜ ï ëüãïò Ýôåéíå íá áõîÜíåôáé óôáäéáêÜ , áðü 44,8% ôï 1990 óå 48,0% ôï 1992 , åíþ ôï 1993 óçìåéþèçêå áðüôïìç áýîçóç óôï 60,0% ôïõ ÁÅÐ .
initially the ratio tended to rise gradually , from 44.8% in 1990 to 48.0% in 1992 , whereas there was a steep increase in 1993 to 60.0% of GDP .
Ôá åðüìåíá Ýôç , ï ëüãïò áíáññé ÷ Þèçêå óôï 70,1% ôï 1996 , êáé Ýðåóå óôï 68,8% ôï 1997 ( âë . ÄéÜãñáììá 2á ) , äçë .
In subsequent years the ratio climbed to 70.1% in 1996 , before declining to 68.8% in 1997 ( see Chart 2a ) , i.e. a decline of 1.3 percentage points in one year .
ìåéþèçêå êáôÜ 1,3 åêáôïóôéáßåò ìïíÜäåò óå Ýíá Ýôïò . ¼ ðùò áðåéêïíßæåôáé ëåðôïìåñÝóôåñá óôï ÄéÜãñáììá 2â , ìÝ ÷ ñé ôï 1995 ôá ðñùôïãåíÞ åëëåßììáôá óõíÝâáëáí óå ãåíéêÝò ãñáììÝò óôçí áýîçóç ôïõ ÷ ñÝïõò , äéåõñýíïíôáò ðåñáéôÝñù ôçí áñíçôéêÞ äéáöïñÜ ìåôáîý áíÜðôõîçò êáé åðéôïêßùí , ç ïðïßá åðßóçò óõíÝâáëå óôçí áýîçóç ôïõ ÷ ñÝïõò .
As is shown in greater detail in Chart 2b , until 1995 primary deficits in general contributed to debt growth , adding to a negative growth / interest rate differential which also had a debt-increasing effect . In addition , an important factor underlying the steep rise in the debt ratio has been the impact of stock-flow adjustments .
ÓõãêåêñéìÝíá , ôï 1993 Ýëáâå ÷ þñá óçìáíôéêÞ õðåñ ÷ ñçìáôïäüôçóç ôïõ åëëåßììáôïò ðñïêåéìÝíïõ íá äçìéïõñãçèåß êáôÜèåóç ôïõ Äçìïóßïõ óôçí ÔñÜðåæá ôçò Éóðáíßáò ùò áðïèåìáôéêü áóöáëåßáò ãéá ôçí êÜëõøç áðñüâëåðôùí áíáãêþí ñåõóôüôçôáò . Ôï ßäéï Ýôïò ç õðïôßìçóç ôçò éóðáíéêÞò ðåóÝôáò , ç ïðïßá áýîçóå , óå ðåóÝôåò , ôçí áîßá ôïõ ÷ ñÝïõò ôï ïðïßï Þôáí åêöñáóìÝíï óå îÝíï íüìéóìá , åß ÷ å õðïäåÝóôåñç åðßäñáóç .
In particular , in 1993 a sizable overfunding of the deficit took place in order to build up a deposit of the Treasury at the Banco de Espaæa as a buffer stock to cover unforeseen liquidity needs , and in the same year the depreciation of the Spanish peseta , which increased the peseta value of debt denominated in foreign currency , had a minor impact .
Ç ìÝ ÷ ñé óÞìåñá åîÝëéîç óôç äåêáåôßá ôïõ 1990 ìðïñåß íá èåùñçèåß åíäåéêôéêÞ ôùí êéíäýíùí ðïõ ìðïñïýí íá ðñïêýøïõí ãéá ôá äçìüóéá ïéêïíïìéêÜ üôáí åðéäåéíùèïýí ïé ìáêñïïéêïíïìéêÝò óõíèÞêåò , åíþ åéäéêïß ðáñÜãïíôåò ìðïñåß íá ðñïêáëÝóïõí Üíïäï ôïõ ëüãïõ ôïõ ÷ ñÝïõò , éäéáßôåñá óå Ýíá ðåñéâÜëëïí üðïõ ôï ðñùôïãåíÝò ðëåüíáóìá åßíáé áíåðáñêÝò ãéá íá áíôéóôáèìßóåé áõôÝò ôéò åðéðôþóåéò .
The patterns observed thus far during the 1990s may be seen as indicative of the risks to public finances which can arise when macroeconomic conditions deteriorate while special factors drive up the debt ratio , particularly in an environment where the primary surplus is insufficient to counterbalance these effects .
Óôï ðëáßóéï áõôü , óçìåéþíåôáé üôé ôï ðïóïóôü ôïõ ÷ ñÝïõò ìå ìéêñÞ åíáðïìÝíïõóá äéÜñêåéá ìåéþíåôáé áðü ôá õøçëÜ åðßðåäá ôùí áñ ÷ þí ôçò äåêáåôßáò ôïõ 1990 êáé ðáñÜëëçëá ç ìÝóç äéÜñêåéá Ý ÷ åé áõîçèåß ( âë .
In this context , it may be noted that the share of debt with a short-term residual maturity has been decreasing from the high levels of the early 1990s , and in parallel the average maturity has increased ( see Table 5 ) .
Ôï 1997 , ôï ðïóïóôü ôïõ ÷ ñÝïõò ìå ìéêñÞ åíáðïìÝíïõóá äéÜñêåéá åîáêïëïõèåß íá åßíáé õøçëü , êáé , ëáìâáíïìÝíïõ õð  üøç ôïõ óçìåñéíïý åðéðÝäïõ ôïõ ëüãïõ ôïõ ÷ ñÝïõò , ôá äçìïóéïíïìéêÜ áðïôåëÝóìáôá åßíáé åõáßóèçôá óôéò ìåôáâïëÝò ôùí åðéôïêßùí .
With regard to 1997 , the proportion of debt with a short-term residual maturity is still high , and , taking into account the current level of the debt ratio , fiscal balances are sensitive to changes in interest rates .
Óôç äéÜñêåéá ôçò äåêáåôßáò ôïõ 1990 ç ðïñåßá ôïõ ëüãïõ åëëåßììáôïò / ÁÅÐ ðáñïõóéÜæåé ðïéêéëßá .
During the 1990s diverse patterns can be observed in the deficit-to-GDP ratio .
Áñ ÷ ßæïíôáò áðü Ýíá ëüãï ðåñßðïõ 4 % ôïõ ÁÅÐ ôçí ðåñßïäï 1990-92 , ïé äçìïóéïíïìéêÝò áíéóïññïðßåò Ýöèáóáí ôï 6,9% ôïõ ÁÅÐ ôï 1993 êáé êïñõöþèçêáí óôï 7,3% ôï 1995 .
Starting from a ratio of around 4 % of GDP in 199092 , fiscal imbalances reached 6.9% of GDP in 1993 and peaked at 7.3% in 1995 ;
¸ êôïôå , ï ëüãïò ôïõ åëëåßììáôïò áêïëïõèåß ðôùôéêÞ ðïñåßá êáé ôï 1997 âñÝèçêå óôï 2,6% ( âë .
since then , the deficit ratio has been declining , to stand at 2.6% in 1997 ( see Chart 3a ) .
¼ ðùò öáßíåôáé áíáëõôéêüôåñá óôï ÄéÜãñáììá 3â , ôï ïðïßï åðéêåíôñþíåôáé óôéò ìåôáâïëÝò ôùí åëëåéììÜôùí , êõêëéêïß ðáñÜãïíôåò óõíÝâáëáí ïõóéáóôéêÜ óôçí Üíïäï ôïõ ëüãïõ ôïõ åëëåßììáôïò ôï 1993 , áëëÜ ï ñüëïò ôïõò ðåñéïñßóôçêå óôá åðüìåíá Ýôç .
As is shown in greater detail in Chart 3b , which focuses on changes in deficits , cyclical factors contributed substantially to the increase in the deficit ratio in 1993 , but did not play a major role thereafter .
Ùóôüóï , ôá äéáèÝóéìá óôïé ÷ åßá õðïäçëþíïõí üôé ôá ìÝôñá ìå ðñïóùñéíÞ åðßäñáóç âåëôßùóáí ôá äçìïóéïíïìéêÜ áðïôåëÝóìáôá ôï 1997 óå ðïóïóôü ü ÷ é ìåãáëýôåñï áðü 0,1% ôïõ ÁÅÐ .
However , evidence available suggests that measures with a temporary effect did not improve the fiscal balance in 1997 by more than 0.1% of GDP .
¼ óïí áöïñÜ ôéò ôÜóåéò Üëëùí äçìïóéïíïìéêþí äåéêôþí , áðü ôï ÄéÜãñáììá 4 ðñïêýðôåé üôé ï ëüãïò ôùí óõíïëéêþí äáðáíþí ôïõ åõñýôåñïõ êõâåñíçôéêïý ôïìÝá óçìåßùóå Ýíôïíç Üíïäï ìåôáîý 1990 êáé 1993 .
Moving on to examine trends in other fiscal indicators , it can be seen from Chart 4 that the general government total expenditure ratio rose steeply between 1990 and 1993 .
ÐáñÜëëçëá , ç äçìüóéá êáôáíÜëùóç åðßóçò áõîÞèçêå óå ó ÷ Ýóç ìå ôï ÁÅÐ ( âë . Ðßíáêá 6 ) .
Meanwhile , public consumption also increased relative to GDP ( see Table 6 ) .
ÌåôÜ ôï 1993 , ï ëüãïò ôùí óõíïëéêþí äáðáíþí ðñïò ôï ÁÅÐ áêïëïýèçóå ðôùôéêÞ ðïñåßá , áíôáíáêëþíôáò êõñßùò ôç ìåßùóç ôùí ìåôáâéâáóôéêþí ðëçñùìþí ðñïò ôá íïéêïêõñéÜ , êáèþò êáé ôéò ðåñéêïðÝò ôçò äçìüóéáò êáôáíÜëùóçò êáé ôùí äçìüóéùí åðåíäýóåùí .
In the years following 1993 the ratio of total expenditure to GDP was on a declining path , mainly reflecting a reduction in transfers to households and cuts in public consumption and investment .
ÓõíïëéêÜ , ï ëüãïò ôùí äáðáíþí åðáíÞëèå óôá åðßðåäá ôïõ 1990 êáé , åîáéôßáò áõôïý , êïíäýëéá üðùò ïé ôñÝ ÷ ïõóåò ìåôáâéâáóôéêÝò ðëçñùìÝò , ïé ðëçñùìÝò ôüêùí êáé ç äçìüóéá êáôáíÜëùóç åßíáé ôþñá ðéï áõîçìÝíá ùò ðïóïóôü ôïõ ÁÅÐ ( áí êáé ïé ðëçñùìÝò ôüêùí Ý ÷ ïõí ìåéùèåß ôá ôåëåõôáßá Ýôç ) êáé ïé äçìüóéåò åðåíäýóåéò êáé ïé ëïéðÝò êåöáëáéáêÝò äáðÜíåò åßíáé ìéêñüôåñåò .
On balance , the expenditure ratio has returned to the level observed in 1990 , whereby categories like current transfers , interest payments and public consumption are now higher as a percentage of GDP ( although interest payments have eased in recent years ) , and public investment and other capital expenditures are lower .