natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Éñëáíäßá : Äåßêôåò ðëçèùñéóìïý êáé óõíáöåßò äåßêôåò ( åôÞóéåò åêáôïóôéáßåò ìåôáâïëÝò , åêôüò åÜí áíáöÝñåôáé äéáöïñåôéêÜ ) 1990 Äåßêôåò ðëçèùñéóìïý Äåßêôçò Ôéìþí ÊáôáíáëùôÞ ( ÄÔÊ ) 3,4 ÄÔÊ ÷ ùñßò ìåôáâïëÝò êáèáñþí Ýììåóùí öüñùí ( â ) 4,1 ÁðïðëçèùñéóôÞò éäéùôéêÞò êáôáíÜëùóçò 2,0 ÁðïðëçèùñéóôÞò ÁÅÐ - 0,8 ÔéìÝò ðáñáãùãïý - 1,6 Óõíáöåßò äåßêôåò Áýîçóç ðñáãìáôéêïý ÁÅÐ 8,5 Ðáñáãùãéêü êåíü ( åêáôïóôéáßåò ìïíÜäåò ) 2,2 Ðïóïóôü áíåñãßáò (%) 13,3 Êüóôïò åñãáóßáò áíÜ ìïíÜäá ðñïúüíôïò , óýíïëï ïéêïíïìßáò 0,0 Áðïæçìßùóç áíÜ áðáó ÷ ïëïýìåíï , óýíïëï ïéêïíïìßáò 5,4 Ðáñáãùãéêüôçôá åñãáóßáò , óýíïëï ïéêïíïìßáò 5,4 ÁðïðëçèùñéóôÞò ôéìþí åéóáãïìÝíùí - 3,7 Áíáôßìçóç íïìßóìáôïò ( ã ) 7,1 ÐñïóöïñÜ ÷ ñÞìáôïò ìå åõñåßá Ýííïéá ( Åíáñì . Ì3 )( ä ) .
1990 Measures of inflation Consumer price index ( CPI ) CPI excluding changes in net indirect taxes ( b ) Private consumption deflator GDP deflator Producer prices Related indicators Real GDP growth Output gap ( p.pt s ) Unemployment rate (%) Unit labour costs . whole economy Compensation per employee , whole economy Labour productivity , whole economy Import price deflator Exchange rate appreciation ( c ) Broad monetary aggregate ( M3H )( d ) Stock prices House prices ( e ) 3.4 4.1 2.0 - 0.8 - 1.6 8.5 2.2 13.3 0.0 5.4 5.4 - 3.7 7.1 .
20,2 0,9 1994 2,4 2,1 2,8 1,1 1,1 7,8 - 4,0 14,1 - 1,7 2,3 4,1 2,7 0,2 9,3 17,6 4,1 1995 2,5 2,4 2,0 0,5 2,5 11,1 - 0,7 12,2 - 4,1 1,9 6,3 4,0 1,0 10,7 7,5 7,2 1996 1997 ( á ) 1,6 1,5 1,2 1,1 0,7 8,6 0,1 11,8 - 2,6 2,4 5,1 - 0,7 2,3 14,4 25,2 11,8 1,5 1,2 1,2 1,6 - 0,8 10,0 1,9 10,8 - 1,3 4,0 5,3 1,1 - 0,1 21,3 33,7 15,1
1995 2.5 2.4 2.0 0.5 2.5 11.1 - 0.7 12.2 - 4.1 1.9 6.3 4.0 1.0 10.7 7.5 7.2 1996 1997 ( a ) 1.6 1.5 1.2 1.1 0.7 8.6 0.1 11.8 - 2.6 2.4 5.1 - 0.7 2.3 14.4 25.2 11.8 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.6 - 0.8 10.0 1.9 10.8 - 1.3 4.0 5.3 1.1 - 0.1 21.3 33.7 15.1
( â ) ÐñïâëÝøåéò ãéá ôïí ðëçèùñéóìü 1998 ÅõñùðáúêÞ ÅðéôñïðÞ ( Üíïéîç 1998 ) , ÅíÄÔÊ ÏÏÓÁ ( ÄåêÝìâñéïò 1997 ) , áðïðëçèùñéóôÞò éäéùôéêÞò êáôáíÜëùóçò ÄÍÔ ( Ïêôþâñéïò 1997 ) , ÄÔÊ ÐçãÞ : ÅõñùðáúêÞ ÅðéôñïðÞ ( ðñïâëÝøåéò Üíïéîçò 1998 ) , ÏÏÓÁ êáé ÄÍÔ . 1999 3,1 2,4 .
( b ) Inflation forecasts 1998 2.8 2.2 2.1 1999 3.1 2.4 . European Commission ( spring 1998 ) , HICP OECD ( December 1997 ) , private consumption deflator IMF ( October 1997 ) , CPI Source : European Commission ( spring 1998 forecasts ) , OECD and IMF .
Éñëáíäßá : ¸ ëëåéììá êáé ÷ ñÝïò åõñýôåñïõ êõâåñíçôéêïý ôïìÝá ( ùò ðïóïóôü ôïõ ÁÅÐ ) 1996 Ðëåüíáóìá (+) / Ýëëåéììá (-) åõñýôåñïõ êõâåñíçôéêïý ôïìÝá ÔéìÞ áíáöïñÜò Ðëåüíáóìá (+) / Ýëëåéììá (-) , ÷ ùñßò ôéò äáðÜíåò äçìüóéùí åðåíäýóåùí ( â ) ÁêáèÜñéóôï ÷ ñÝïò åõñýôåñïõ êõâåñíçôéêïý ôïìÝá ÔéìÞ áíáöïñÜò - 0,4 - 3 1,8 72,7 60 1997 0,9 - 3 3,2 66,3 60 1998 ( á ) 1,1 - 3 .
Ireland : General government financial position ( as a percentage of GDP ) General government surplus (+) / deficit (-) Reference value Surplus (+) / deficit (-) , net of public investment expenditure ( b ) General government gross debt Reference value Source : European Commission ( spring 1998 forecasts ) and EMI calculations .
ÄéÜãñáììá 2
59.5 60 Chart 2
Ðßíáêáò 5 Éñëáíäßá : ÄéÜñèñùóç áêáèÜñéóôïõ ÷ ñÝïõò åõñýôåñïõ êõâåñíçôéêïý ôïìÝá 1990 Óõíïëéêü ÷ ñÝïò (% ôïõ ÁÅÐ ) ÄéÜñèñùóç êáôÜ íüìéóìá (% óõíüëïõ ) Óå åã ÷ þñéï íüìéóìá Óå îÝíá íïìßóìáôá Åóùôåñéêü ÷ ñÝïò (% óõíüëïõ ) ÌÝóç äéÜñêåéá ( á ) ( Ýôç ) ÄéÜñèñùóç êáôÜ äéÜñêåéá ( á ) (% óõíüëïõ ) Âñá ÷ õðñüèåóìç ( â ) ( ≤1 Ýôïò ) Ìåóïðñüèåóìç ( 2-5 Ýôç ) Ìáêñïðñüèåóìç (>5 Ýôç ) .
Ireland : General government gross debt str uctural features Total debt ( as a percentage of GDP ) Composition by currency (% of total ) In domestic currency In foreign currencies Domestic ownership (% of total ) Average maturity ( a ) ( years ) Composition by maturity ( a ) (% of total ) Short-term ( b ) ( ≤ 1 year ) Medium-term ( 2-5 years ) Long-term (>5 years ) 1990 96.0 65.9 34.1 51.0 .
Ìüíï êñáôéêÜ ïìüëïãá êáé äÜíåéá åîùôåñéêïý , ôá ïðïßá áíôéðñïóùðåýïõí áðü 82,4% ( 1997 ) Ýùò 90,4% ( 1993 ) ôïõ óõíïëéêïý ÷ ñÝïõò .
Government bonds and foreign loans only , which represent between 82.4% ( 1997 ) and 90.4% ( 1993 ) of the total debt .
Éñëáíäßá : ¸ óïäá êáé äáðÜíåò åõñýôåñïõ êõâåñíçôéêïý ôïìÝá ( ùò ðïóïóôü ôïõ ÁÅÐ ) 1990 Óýíïëï ôñå ÷ üíôùí åóüäùí Öüñïé ÅéóöïñÝò êïéíùíéêÞò áóöÜëéóçò ¢ ëëá ôñÝ ÷ ïíôá Ýóïäá Óýíïëï äáðáíþí ÔñÝ ÷ ïõóåò ìåôáâéâÜóåéò ÊáôáâëçèÝíôåò ôüêïé Äçìüóéá êáôáíÜëùóç ÊáèáñÝò êåöáëáéáêÝò äáðÜíåò Ðëåüíáóìá (+) Þ Ýëëåéììá (-) ÐñùôïãåíÝò áðïôÝëåóìá Ðëåüíáóìá (+) Þ Ýëëåéììá (-) , ÷ ùñßò ôéò äáðÜíåò äçìüóéùí åðåíäýóåùí ( á ) .
Ireland : General government budgetary position ( as a percentage of GDP ) Total current receipts Taxes Social security contributions Other current receipts Total expenditure Current transfers Actual interest payments Public consumption Net capital expenditure Surplus (+) or deficit (-) Primary balance Surplus (+) or deficit (-) , net of public investment expenditure ( a )
Éñëáíäßá : Äåßêôçò åîÜñôçóçò çëéêéùìÝíùí : ðñïâëÝøåéò 1990 Äåßêôçò åîÜñôçóçò çëéêéùìÝíùí ( ðëçèõóìüò 65 åôþí êáé Üíù åðß ôïõ óõíüëïõ ôïõ ðëçèõóìïý çëéêßáò 15-64 åôþí ) 18,4 16,7 18,0 21,7 25,3 ÐçãÞ : Bos , E. et al. ( 1994 ) , World population projections 1994-95 , ÄéåèíÞò ÔñÜðåæá , ÏõÜóéãêôïí . 2000
Ireland : Projections of elderly dependency ratio 1990 Elderly dependency ratio ( population aged 65 and over as a proportion of the population aged 15-64 ) 18.4 2000 16.7 2010 18.0 2020 21.7 2030 25.3 Source : Bos , E. et al. ( 1994 ) , World population projections 1994-95 , World Bank , Washington DC .
( á ) Éñëáíäßá : Óôáèåñüôçôá óõíáëëáãìáôéêÞò éóïôéìßáò ( 1 Ìáñôßïõ 1996 - 27 Öåâñïõáñßïõ 1998 ) Óõììåôï ÷ Þ óôï Ìç ÷ áíéóìü Óõíáëëáãìáôéêþí Éóïôéìéþí ( ÌÓÉ ) Óõììåôï ÷ Þ áðü Õðïôßìçóç äéìåñïýò êåíôñéêÞò éóïôéìßáò ìå ðñùôïâïõëßá ôçò ÷ þñáò ÌÝãéóôåò ðñïò ôá Üíù (+) êáé ðñïò ôá êÜôù (-) áðïêëßóåéò áðü ôéò êåíôñéêÝò éóïôéìßåò óôï ðëÝãìá éóïôéìéþí ôïõ ÌÓÉ (%) Ýíáíôé ( á ) ÖñÜãêïõ Âåëãßïõ Êïñþíáò Äáíßáò ÌÜñêïõ Ãåñìáíßáò ÐåóÝôáò Éóðáíßáò ÖñÜãêïõ Ãáëëßáò Ëßñáò Éôáëßáò Öéïñéíßïõ Ïëëáíäßáò Óåëéíßïõ Áõóôñßáò Åóêïýäïõ Ðïñôïãáëßáò ÌÜñêïõ Öéëáíäßáò 11,9 11,6 11,8 10,7 12,5 11,3 11,7 11,8 10,3 10,0 - 4,1 - 2,5 - 3,7 - 4,8 - 1,8 2,3 - 4,4 - 3,8 - 2,9 0,6 Íáé 13 Ìáñôßïõ 1979 ¼÷ é
( a ) Ireland : Exchange rate stability ( 1 March 1996 -- 27 February 1998 ) Membership of the Exchange Rate Mechanism ( ERM ) Membership since Devaluation of bilateral central rate on country 's own initiative Maximum upward (+) and downward (-) deviations from central rates in the ERM grid (%) against ( a ) Belgian franc Danish krone Deutsche Mark Spanish peseta French franc Italian lira Dutch guilder Austrian schilling Portuguese escudo Finnish markka
( â ) Âáóéêïß äåßêôåò ðéÝóåùí óôç ëßñá Éñëáíäßáò ÌÝóïò üñïò 3 ìçíþí Ýùò : Ìåôáâëçôüôçôá óõíáëëáã / êÞò éóïôéìßáò ( á ) ÄéáöïñÝò âñá ÷ õðñüèåóìùí åðéôïêßùí ( â )
( b ) Key indicators of exchange rate pressure for the Irish pound Average of 3 months ending : Exchange rate volatility ( a ) Short-term interest rate differentials ( b ) May 96 Aug 96 Nov 96 3.4 1.6 4.8 2.0 4.7 2.4 Feb 97 May 97 Aug 97 Nov 97 Feb 98 7.5 2.6 8.2 2.6 7.3 2.9 6.8 2.6 6.1 2.4
98 3,4 1,6 4,8 2,0 4,7 2,4 7,5 2,6 8,2 2,6 7,3 2,9 6,8 2,6 6,1 2,4 ÐçãÞ : ÅõñùðáúêÞ ÅðéôñïðÞ , åèíéêÜ óôïé ÷ åßá êáé õðïëïãéóìïß ÅÍÉ .
Source : European Commission , national data and EMI calculations .
ÄéÜãñáììá 5 Ëßñá Éñëáíäßáò : Áðïêëßóåéò áðü êåíôñ .
Irish pound : Deviations from ERM bilateral central rates ( daily data ;
éóïôéìßåò ÌÓÉ ( çìåñÞóéá óôïé ÷ åßá , óå åêáôïóôéáßåò ìïíÜäåò , 1.3.96 - 27.2.98 ) IEP / BEF IEP / DKK IEP / DEM IEP / ESP IEP / FRF
1 March 1996 to 27 February 1998 ) IEP / BEF 15 10 5 0 - 5 - 10 - 15 Q2 1996 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 1997 Q3 Q4 Q1 IEP / DKK
IEP / ITL
IEP / ITL 15 10 5 0 - 5 - 10 - 15 Q2
Ëßñá Éñëáíäßáò : Äåßêôåò ðñáãìáôéêÞò óôáèìéóìÝíçò óõíáëëáãìáôéêÞò éóïôéìßáò Ýíáíôé ôùí Êñáôþí-Ìåëþí ôïõ ÌÓÉ ÌÝóïò üñïò ÐñáãìáôéêÝò óôáèìéóìÝíåò óõíáëëáãìáôéêÝò éóïôéìßåò : ÂÜóåé ôïõ ÄÔÊ ÂÜóåé ôïõ Äåßêôç Ôéìþí Ðáñáãùãïý /× ïíäñéêÞò Õðüìíçóç : ÏíïìáóôéêÞ óôáèìéóìÝíç óõíáëëáãìáôéêÞ éóïôéìßá - 10,4 0,1 0,7 0,1 - 2,1 0,7 ÌÝóïò üñïò
Irish pound : Measures of the real effective exchange rate vis - - vis ERM Member States ( monthly data ; percentage deviations ;
( ìçíéáßá óôïé ÷ åßá , åêáôïóôéáßåò áðïêëßóåéò , ÖåâñïõÜñéïò 1998 óå óýãêñéóç ìå äéáöïñåôéêÝò ðåñéüäïõò âÜóçò ) ÌÝóïò üñïò 1987 - 5,4 0,4 - 0,8
February 1998 compared with different benchmark periods )
163 Ðßíáêáò 10
Average Jan 87-Feb 98 - 2.1 0.7 0.1
Éñëáíäßá : ÅîùôåñéêÝò åîåëßîåéò ( ùò ðïóïóôü ôïõ ÁÅÐ ) 1990 Éóïæýãéï ôñå ÷ ïõóþí óõíáëëáãþí óõí êßíçóç êåöáëáßùí ( â ) ÊáèáñÞ èåôéêÞ (+) Þ áñíçôéêÞ (-) åîùô . èÝóç ( ã ) ÅîáãùãÝò ( áãáèÜ êáé õðçñåóßåò )( ä ) ÅéóáãùãÝò ( áãáèÜ êáé õðçñåóßåò )( å ) 0,0 .
Ireland : External developments ( as a percentage of GDP ) Current account plus new capital account ( b ) Net foreign assets (+) or liabilities (-) ( c ) Exports ( goods and services )( d ) Imports ( goods and services ) ( e )
83,7 62,8 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 ( á )
1996 1997 ( a ) 3.2 2.8 .
( ä ) ÅíäïêïéíïôéêÝò åîáãùãÝò åðß ôïõ óõíüëïõ ôùí åèíéêþí åîáãùãþí áãáèþí , 1996 : 66,0% , Direction of Trade Statistics Yearbook 1997 , ÄÍÔ .
( d ) In 1996 the share of intra-EU exports of goods in total national exports of goods was 66.0% ; Direction of Trade Statistics Yearbook 1997 , IMF .
( å ) ÅíäïêïéíïôéêÝò åéóáãùãÝò åðß ôïõ óõíüëïõ ôùí åèíéêþí åéóáãùãþí áãáèþí , 1996 : 53,6% .
( e ) In 1996 the share of intra-EU imports of goods in total national imports of goods was 53.6% ;
Éñëáíäßá : Ìáêñïðñüèåóìá åðéôüêéá ( åðß ôïéò åêáôü ) 1996 Ìáêñïðñüèåóìï åðéôüêéï ÔéìÞ áíáöïñÜò ÐçãÞ : ÅõñùðáúêÞ ÅðéôñïðÞ .
Ireland : Long-term interest rates ( percentages ) 1996 Long-term interest rate Reference value Source : European Commission .
ÄéÜãñáììá 6 ( á ) Éñëáíäßá : Ìáêñïðñüèåóìá åðéôüêéá ( ìçíéáßïé ìÝóïé üñïé , ðïóïóôÜ åðß ôïéò åêáôü )
( a ) Ireland : Long-term interest rate ( monthly averages ; in percentages ) 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
ÉÔÁËÉÁ Ç åîÝëéîç ôùí ôéìþí Óôç äéÜñêåéá ôçò ðåñéüäïõ áíáöïñÜò ( ÖåâñïõÜñéïò 1997-ÉáíïõÜñéïò 1998 ) ï ìÝóïò ñõèìüò ðëçèùñéóìïý âÜóåé ôïõ ÅíÄÔÊ óôçí Éôáëßá Þôáí 1,8% , äçëáäÞ áñêåôÜ êÜôù áðü ôçí ôéìÞ áíáöïñÜò 2,7% .
ITALY Price developments Over the reference period from February 1997 to January 1998 the average rate of HICP inflation in Italy was 1.8% , i.e. well below the reference value of 2.7% .
Aõôü óõíÝâç êáé óå üëç ôç äéÜñêåéá ôïõ 1997 .
This was also the case in 1997 as a whole .
Ôï 1996 ï ìÝóïò ðëçèùñéóìüò âÜóåé ôïõ ÅíÄÔÊ Þôáí 4,0% ( âë . Ðßíáêá 1 ) .
In 1996 average HICP inflation was 4.0% ( see Table 1 ) .
Áðü ôçí åîÝôáóç ôùí ìÝ ÷ ñé óÞìåñá åîåëßîåùí ðñïêýðôåé üôé ï ðëçèùñéóìüò óôçí Éôáëßá , üðùò ìåôñÜôáé âÜóåé ôïõ ÄÔÊ , áêïëïýèçóå ãåíéêþò êáèïäéêÞ ðïñåßá áðü ôéò áñ ÷ Ýò ôçò äåêáåôßáò ôïõ 1990 ( âë . ÄéÜãñáììá 1 ) .
Looking back , consumer price inflation in Italy , as measured on the basis of the CPI , has followed a broad downward trend since the early 1990s ( see Chart 1 ) .
Ï ðëçèùñéóìüò ìåéþèçêå óôáäéáêÜ áðü 6,4% ôï 1991 óå 3,9% ôï 1994 .
Inflation gradually declined from 6.4% in 1991 to 3.9% in 1994 .
Ç êáèïäéêÞ ðïñåßá äéáêüðçêå ôï 1995 , åí ìÝñåé ëüãù ôçò áýîçóçò ôùí óõíôåëåóôþí ôïõ ÖÐÁ , áëëÜ êáôüðéí óõíå ÷ ßóôçêå ìå ôá ÷ ýôåñï ñõèìü .
Following an interruption in the downward movement in 1995 , which was partly due to the impact of increased VAT rates , it has continued to fall at an accelerated pace .
Áîßæåé íá óçìåéùèåß üôé , óôï ðëáßóéï ôçò ýöåóçò ôïõ 1993 , äçìéïõñãÞèçêå áñíçôéêü ðáñáãùãéêü êåíü ( âë .
Notably , in the context of the recession in 1993 , a negative output gap emerged ( see Table 2 ) .
Ðßíáêá 2 ) , ôï ïðïßï åðÝìåéíå íá õðÜñ ÷ åé óôç äéÜñêåéá ôïõ 1997 , êáèþò ç 166 áíÜêáìøç ôçò ïéêïíïìéêÞò äñáóôçñéüôçôáò ôï 1994-95 áðïäåß ÷ èçêå âñá ÷ ýâéá .
The output gap persisted into 1997 as the recovery in economic activity in 1994-95 proved to be short-lived .
Óôï ðëáßóéï áõôü , ï ñõèìüò ôùí ìéóèïëïãéêþí áõîÞóåùí áíÜ áðáó ÷ ïëïýìåíï ìåéþèçêå óôá ìÝóá ôçò äåêáåôßáò ôïõ 1990 , ãåãïíüò ðïõ óõíÝâáëå óôç óõãêñÜôçóç ôùí áõîÞóåùí ôïõ êüóôïõò åñãáóßáò áíÜ ìïíÜäá ðñïúüíôïò .
Against this background , growth in compensation per employee declined in the mid-1990s , which helped to subdue increases in unit labour costs .
Ï ñõèìüò ôùí ìéóèïëïãéêþí áõîÞóåùí Þôáí 5,0% êáôÜ ôç äéÜñêåéá ôïõ 1995-97 , åíþ ôçí ßäéá ðåñßïäï , ôï êüóôïò åñãáóßáò áíÜ ìïíÜäá ðñïúüíôïò áõîÞèçêå êáôÜ 3,3% åôçóßùò .
Wage increases were 5.0% over 1995-97 while over the same period , unit labour costs rose by 3.3% per annum .
Ç ãåíéêÞ ôÜóç ðñïò ÷ áìçëïýò ñõèìïýò ðëçèùñéóìïý ðñïêýðôåé åðßóçò óáöþò êáé áðü Üëëïõò ó ÷ åôéêïýò äåßêôåò ôéìþí , áí êáé ïñéóìÝíïé äåßêôåò åìöÜíéóáí ñõèìü õøçëüôåñï áðü ü , ôé âÜóåé ôïõ ÅíÄÔÊ ôï 1997 ( âë . Ðßíáêá 2 ) .
The general trend towards low rates of inflation is also apparent when it is measured in terms of other relevant price indices , while some measures exceeded HICP inflation in 1997 ( see Table 2 ) .
¼ óïí áöïñÜ ôéò ðñüóöáôåò ôÜóåéò êáé ðñïâëÝøåéò , ôá óçìåñéíÜ äéáèÝóéìá óôïé ÷ åßá ãéá ôïí ðëçèùñéóìü ìå âÜóç ôï äùäåêÜìçíï ñõèìü áýîçóçò ôïõ äåßêôç ôéìþí êáôáíáëùôÞ åìöáíßæïõí ñõèìü ðëçèùñéóìïý ó ÷ åäüí óôáèåñü ãýñù óôï 1,5% êáé õðÜñ ÷ ïõí ìéêñÝò ìüíï åíäåßîåéò üôé èá áóêçèåß Üìåóç áíïäéêÞ ðßåóç , üðùò ðñïêýðôåé áðü ôïõò äåßêôåò ôïõ Ðßíáêá 3á .
Looking at recent trends and forecasts , current outturns for consumer price inflation ( measured as a percentage change over the corresponding month a year earlier ) have been broadly stable at around 1‰ % and there is little sign of immediate upward pressure on the basis of the measures shown in Table 3a .
Óýìöùíá ìå ôéò ðéï ðñüóöáôåò ðñïâëÝøåéò , ï ðëçèùñéóìüò èá åßíáé åëáöñÜ ÷ áìçëüôåñïò áðü 2 % ãéá ôï 1998 êáé ãýñù óôï 2 % ôï 1999 ( âë . Ðßíáêá 3â ) .
The most recent forecast of inflation suggests a rate of slightly below 2 % for 1998 and of around 2 % for 1999 ( see Table 3b ) .
ÄçìïóéïíïìéêÝò åîåëßîåéò Óôï Ýôïò áíáöïñÜò 1997 ï ëüãïò ôïõ åëëåßììáôïò ôïõ åõñýôåñïõ êõâåñíçôéêïý ôïìÝá Þôáí 2,7% , äçëáäÞ ÷ áìçëüôåñïò áðü ôçí ôéìÞ áíáöïñÜò 3 %, êáé ï ëüãïò ôïõ ÷ ñÝïõò Þôáí 121,6% , äçëáäÞ ðïëý õøçëüôåñïò áðü ôçí ôéìÞ áíáöïñÜò 60 %.
Fiscal developments In the reference year 1997 the general government deficit ratio was 2.7% , i.e. below the 3 % reference value , and the debt ratio was 121.6% , i.e. far above the 60 % reference value .
Óå óýãêñéóç ìå ôï ðñïçãïýìåíï Ýôïò , ï ëüãïò ôïõ åëëåßììáôïò ìåéþèçêå êáôÜ 4,0 åêáôïóôéáßåò ìïíÜäåò êáé ï ëüãïò ôïõ ÷ ñÝïõò êáôÜ 2,4 åêáôïóôéáßåò ìïíÜäåò .
Compared with the previous year , the deficit ratio has been 153 reduced by 4.0 percentage points and the debt ratio by 2.4 percentage points .
Ôï 1998 , ï ëüãïò ôïõ åëëåßììáôïò ðñïâëÝðåôáé íá ìåéùèåß óôï 2,5% ôïõ ÁÅÐ , åíþ ï ëüãïò ôïõ ÷ ñÝïõò óôï 118,1% .
In 1998 the deficit ratio is forecast to decrease to 2.5% of GDP , while the debt ratio is projected to decline to 118.1% .
Ôï 1996 êáé ôï 1997 , ï ëüãïò ôïõ åëëåßììáôïò õðåñÝâç ôï ëüãï ôùí äáðáíþí ãéá äçìüóéåò åðåíäýóåéò ðñïò ôï ÁÅÐ êáôÜ 4,4 åêáôïóôéáßåò ìïíÜäåò êáé 0,3 åêáôïóôéáßåò ìïíÜäåò , áíôßóôïé ÷ á ( âë . Ðßíáêá 4 ) .
In 1996 and 1997 the deficit ratio exceeded the ratio of public investment expenditure to GDP by 4.4 percentage points and 0.3 percentage point respectively ( see Table 4 ) .
Áðü ôçí åîÝôáóç ôùí åôþí 1990-1997 ðñïêýðôåé üôé ï ëüãïò ÷ ñÝïõò / ÁÅÐ óôçí Éôáëßá áõîÞèçêå êáôÜ 23,6 åêáôïóôéáßåò ìïíÜäåò .
Looking back over the years 1990 to 1997 , the Italian debt-to-GDP ratio increased by 23.6 percentage points ;
Áñ ÷ éêÜ , ï ëüãïò åß ÷ å ôÜóç Ýíôïíçò áíüäïõ , áðü 98 % ôï 1990 óôï 124,9% ôï 1994 , åíþ áêïëïýèùò ìåéùíüôáí êÜèå ÷ ñüíï , áñ ÷ éêÜ êáôÜ 0,5% ðåñßðïõ êáô  Ýôïò êáé êáôÜ 2,4% ôï 1997 , êáôÜ ôï ïðïßï êáé äéáìïñöþèçêå óôï 121,6% ( âë . ÄéÜãñáììá 2á ) , äçë .
initially the ratio tended to rise steeply , from 98 % in 1990 to reach 124.9% in 1994 , whereas it declined year by year thereafter , initially by around 0.5% per annum and by 2.4% in 1997 to reach 121.6% that year ( see Chart 2a ) , i.e. a decline of 3.3 percentage points over three years .
ôï ìåãáëýôåñï äéÜóôçìá Ýùò ôï 1994 ôá áõîáíüìåíá ðñùôïãåíÞ ðëåïíÜóìáôá äåí Þôáí éêáíÜ íá áíôéóôáèìßóïõí ôç óçìáíôéêÞ áõîçôéêÞ åðßäñáóç åðß ôïõ ÷ ñÝïõò ôçí ïðïßá áóêïýóå ç áñíçôéêÞ äéáöïñÜ áíÜðôõîçò-åðéôïêßùí .
As is shown in greater detail in Chart 2b , for most of the time up to 1994 growing primary surpluses were not sufficient to outweigh the sizable debtincreasing effects of a negative growth / interest rate differential .
Åðßóçò , ìéá óåéñÜ  ðñïóáñìïãÝò ìåôáâëçôþí ñïÞò êáé ìåôáâëçôþí áðïèÝìáôïò  óõíÝâáëáí óôçí áýîçóç ôïõ ÷ ñÝïõò êáôÜ ôá ßäéá Ýôç , ãåãïíüò ðïõ óõíäÝåôáé , ìåôáîý Üëëùí , ìå ôçí õðïôßìçóç ôçò éôáëéêÞò ëßñáò ôï 1992 êáé ôçí Ýêäïóç êñáôéêþí ïìïëüãùí ôï 1993 , ùò áðïôÝëåóìá óçìáíôéêÞò õðåñ ÷ ñçìáôïäüôçóçò , ðïõ óôü ÷ åõå óôç äçìéïõñãßá êáôÜèåóçò ôïõ Äçìïóßïõ óôçí ÔñÜðåæá ôçò Éôáëßáò , ðñïêåéìÝíïõ íá ÷ ñçóéìåýóåé ùò áðïèåìáôéêü êÜëõøçò ñåõóôüôçôáò , äåäïìÝíïõ üôé áðü ôï 1994 êáôáñãÞèçêå ç äéåõêüëõíóç ôïõ Äçìïóßïõ ãéá õðåñáíáëÞøåéò áðü ôçí êåíôñéêÞ ôñÜðåæá .
In addition , a number of stock-flow adjustments contributed to debt growth in these years , related to , inter alia , the depreciation of the Italian lira in 1992 and the issuance of Treasury bonds in 1993 , as a result of a sizable overfunding aimed at building up a deposit of the Treasury at the Banca d Italia as a liquidity reserve in the context of the abolition of the Treasury s overdraft facility at the central bank , effective in 1994 .
ÌåôÜ ôï 1994 , ôï ðñùôïãåíÝò ðëåüíáóìá áõîÞèçêå ðåñáéôÝñù êáé áíôéóôÜèìéóå ôçí áõîçôéêÞ åðßäñáóç ôïõ ìáêñïïéêïíïìéêïý ðåñéâÜëëïíôïò óôï ÷ ñÝïò .
After 1994 the primary surplus increased further , and it outweighed the debt-increasing effects of the macroeconomic environment .
Ç ðïñåßá ðïõ ðáñáôçñÞèçêå êáôÜ ôéò áñ ÷ Ýò ôçò äåêáåôßáò ôïõ 1990 ìðïñåß íá èåùñçèåß åíäåéêôéêÞ ôùí êéíäýíùí ðïõ åíäÝ ÷ åôáé íá ðñïêýøïõí ãéá ôá äçìüóéá ïéêïíïìéêÜ üôáí ÷ åéñïôåñåýïõí ïé ìáêñïïéêïíïìéêÝò óõíèÞêåò êáé ôï ðñùôïãåíÝò ðëåüíáóìá åßíáé áíåðáñêÝò ãéá íá áíôéóôáèìßóåé áõôÝò ôéò óõíÝðåéåò .
The patterns observed during the early 1990s may be seen as indicative of the risks to public finances which can arise when macroeconomic conditions deteriorate and the primary surplus is insufficient to counterbalance such effects .
ÅîÜëëïõ , óçìåéþíåôáé üôé ôï ðïóïóôü ôïõ ÷ ñÝïõò ìå ìéêñÞ åíáðïìÝíïõóá äéÜñêåéá Ý ÷ åé ìåéùèåß áðü ôá õøçëÜ åðßðåäá ôùí áñ ÷ þí ôçò äåêáåôßáò ôïõ 1990 êáé , ðáñÜëëçëá , ç ìÝóç äéÜñêåéá áõîÞèçêå ( âë . Ðßíáêá 5 ) .
In this context , it may be noted that the share of debt with a shortterm residual maturity has been decreasing 154 from the high levels of the early 1990s , and in parallel the average maturity has increased ( see Table 5 ) .
Ùò ðñïò ôï 1997 , ôï ðïóïóôü ôïõ ÷ ñÝïõò ìå ìéêñÞ åíáðïìÝíïõóá äéÜñêåéá åîáêïëïõèåß íá åßíáé õøçëü êáé , ëáìâáíïìÝíïõ õðüøç ôïõ óçìåñéíïý åðéðÝäïõ ôïõ ëüãïõ ôïõ ÷ ñÝïõò , ôá äçìïóéïíïìéêÜ áðïôåëÝóìáôá åßíáé ðïëý åõáßóèçôá óå ìåôáâïëÝò ôùí åðéôïêßùí . Áðü ôçí Üëëç ðëåõñÜ , ôï ðïóïóôü ôïõ 167
With regard to 1997 , the proportion of debt with a short-term residual maturity is still high , and , taking into account the current level of the debt ratio , fiscal balances are highly sensitive to changes in interest rates .
Óôç äéÜñêåéá ôçò äåêáåôßáò ôïõ 1990 ç ðïñåßá ôïõ ëüãïõ åëëåßììáôïò / ÁÅÐ ðáñïõóßáæå óõíå ÷ Þ âåëôßùóç , ìå éäéáßôåñá Ýíôïíç ìåßùóç ôïõ åëëåßììáôïò ôï 1997 .
During the 1990s a pattern of continuously improving outturns can be observed in the deficit-to-GDP ratio , with a particularly strong deficit reduction in 1997 .
Îåêéíþíôáò áðü 11,1% ôï 1990 , ç äçìïóéïíïìéêÞ áíéóïññïðßá ðåñéïñßóôçêå óôï 9,2% ôïõ ÁÅÐ ôï 1994 .
Starting from a ratio of 11.1% in 1990 , the fiscal imbalance was reduced to 9.2% of GDP in 1994 ;
Áðü ôüôå , ôï Ýëëåéììá ìåéùíüôáí ôá ÷ ýôåñá êáé ôï 1997 äéáìïñöþèçêå óôï 2,7% ôïõ ÁÅÐ ( âë . ÄéÜãñáììá 3á ) .
since then , the deficit has declined faster to stand at 2.7% of GDP in 1997 ( see Chart 3a ) .
¼ ðùò öáßíåôáé áíáëõôéêüôåñá óôï ÄéÜãñáììá 3â , ðïõ åðéêåíôñþíåôáé óôéò ìåôáâïëÝò ôùí åëëåéììÜôùí , êõêëéêïß ðáñÜãïíôåò Ýôåéíáí íá åìðïäßæïõí ôç ìåßùóç ôùí åëëåéììÜôùí êáôÜ ôá ðñþôá Ýôç ôçò äåêáåôßáò êáé éäéáßôåñá óôç äéÜñêåéá ôïõ 1993 .
As is shown in greater detail in Chart 3b , which focuses on changes in deficits , cyclical factors tended to hinder the reduction in deficits in the first years of the decade and in particular during 1993 .
Ôá äéáèÝóéìá óôïé ÷ åßá õðïäçëþíïõí üôé ìÝôñá ìå ðñïóùñéíÞ åðßäñáóç ìåßùóáí ôï ëüãï ôïõ åëëåßììáôïò ôï 1997 ( ç åðßðôùóÞ ôïõò Ýöèáóå ðåñßðïõ ôï 1 % ôïõ ÁÅÐ ) êáé üôé Þôáí êõñßùò  åöÜðáî  öýóåùò .
Evidence available suggests that measures with a temporary effect reduced the deficit ratio in 1997 , with an impact of around 1 % of GDP , and that they were mostly of a one-off nature .
ÁíôéóôáèìéóôéêÜ ìÝôñá Ý ÷ ïõí Þäç óõìðåñéëçöèåß óôïí ðñïûðïëïãéóìü ôïõ 1998 .
Compensating measures have already been included in the 1998 budget .
Èá áðáéôçèïýí ðñüóèåôá áíôéóôáèìéóôéêÜ ìÝôñá üôáí ôá áðïôåëÝóìáôá ôùí  áõôïáíáóôñåöüìåíùí  ìÝôñùí ( 0,3% ôïõ ÁÅÐ ôï 1997 ) èá åêôõëßóóïíôáé óôï ìÝëëïí .
Additional compensating measures will be required when the effects of self-reversing measures ( amounting to 0.3% of GDP in 1997 ) unwind in the future .
¼ óïí áöïñÜ ôéò ôÜóåéò Üëëùí äçìïóéïíïìéêþí äåéêôþí , áðü ôï ÄéÜãñáììá 4 ðñïêýðôåé üôé ï ëüãïò ôùí óõíïëéêþí äáðáíþí ôïõ åõñýôåñïõ êõâåñíçôéêïý ôïìÝá áõîÞèçêå êáôÜ 3,3 åêáôïóôéáßåò ìïíÜäåò ìåôáîý 1990 êáé 1993 , éäéáßôåñá ëüãù ôçò áíüäïõ ôùí ðëçñùìþí ôüêùí (+ 2,6 åêáôïóôéáßåò ìïíÜäåò ) êáé ôùí ôñå ÷ ïõóþí ìå168 ôáâéâÜóåùí ( âë .
Moving on to examine trends in other fiscal indicators , it can be seen from Chart 4 that the general government total expenditure ratio rose by 3.3 percentage points between 1990 and 1993 , in particular on account of increased interest payments (+ 2.6 percentage points ) and current transfers ( see Table 6 ) .
ÌåôÜ ôï 1993 , ï ëüãïò ôùí óõíïëéêþí äáðáíþí ðñïò ôï ÁÅÐ ìåéþèçêå êáôÜ 6,3 åêáôïóôéáßåò ìïíÜäåò , áíôáíáêëþíôáò êõñßùò ìéá ìåßùóç óôéò ðëçñùìÝò ôüêùí (- 2,6 åêáôïóôéáßåò ìïíÜäåò ) êáé ôéò êåöáëáéáêÝò äáðÜíåò , áëëÜ êáé ôç ìåßùóç ôùí ôñå ÷ ïõóþí ìåôáâéâÜóåùí êáé ôçò äçìüóéáò êáôáíÜëùóçò .
After 1993 the ratio of total expenditure to GDP declined by 6.3 percentage points , mainly reflecting a decline in interest payments (- 2.6 percentage points ) and capital expenditure but also due to reductions in current transfers and public consumption .
Ï ëüãïò ôùí äáðáíþí ôï 1997 Þôáí 3 åêáôïóôéáßåò ìïíÜäåò ÷ áìçëüôåñïò áðü ü , ôé óôéò áñ ÷ Ýò ôçò äåêáåôßáò , êõñßùò ëüãù ôçò ìåßùóçò ôùí êáèáñþí êåöáëáéáêþí äáðáíþí êáé ôçò äçìüóéáò êáôáíÜëùóçò .
The expenditure ratio in 1997 was 3 percentage points lower than at the beginning of the 1990s , primarily due to a reduction in net capital expenditure and public consumption .
Ôá äçìüóéá Ýóïäá ùò ðïóïóôü ôïõ ÁÅÐ åß ÷ áí ôÜóç áýîçóçò êáôÜ ôç äéÜñêåéá ôçò äåêáåôßáò ôïõ 1990 êáé åßíáé Þäç 5,5 åêáôïóôéáßåò ìïíÜäåò õøçëüôåñá áðü ü , ôé ôï 1990 .
Government revenue in relation to GDP has tended to increase over the 1990s and is now 5‰ percentage points higher than in 1990 ;
Óýìöùíá ìå ôç ìåóïðñüèåóìç óôñáôçãéêÞ äçìïóéïíïìéêÞò ðïëéôéêÞò ôçò Éôáëßáò , üðùò ðáñïõóéÜóôçêå óôï Ðñüãñáììá Óýãêëéóçò 1998-2000 ðïõ äçìïóéåýèçêå ôïí Éïýíéï 1997 , ç êáèïäéêÞ ôÜóç ôùí ëüãùí ôïõ åëëåßììáôïò êáé ôïõ ÷ ñÝïõò ðñïâëÝðåôáé íá óõíå ÷ éóôåß ôï 1998 .
According to the Italian medium-term fiscal policy strategy , as presented in the Convergence Programme for 1998-2000 issued in June 1997 , the declining trend in deficit and debt ratios is projected to continue in 1998 .
Ï ðñïûðïëïãéóìüò ôïõ 1998 ðñïâëÝðåé êÜðùò åõíïúêüôåñá áðïôåëÝóìáôá áðü ü , ôé ôï Ðñüãñáììá Óýãêëéóçò .
The budget for 1998 foresees somewhat more favourable outcomes than the Convergence Programme .
Åðß ôïõ ðáñüíôïò , õðÜñ ÷ ïõí åíäåßîåéò üôé ï ðñïûðïëïãéóìüò ôïõ 1998 ðåñéëáìâÜíåé ìÝôñá ìå ðñïóùñéíÞ åðßäñáóç , ôçò ôÜîåùò ôïõ 0,3% ôïõ ÁÅÐ .
Currently , there is evidence of measures with a temporary effect in the 1998 budget amounting to 0.3% of GDP .
Óýìöùíá ìå ôï Ðñüãñáììá Óýãêëéóçò , ôï Ýôïò 2000 ï ëüãïò ôïõ åëëåßììáôïò áíáìÝíåôáé íá äéáìïñöùèåß óôï 1,8% ôïõ ÁÅÐ êáé ï ëüãïò ôïõ ÷ ñÝïõò íá ìåéùèåß óôï 116,3% .
According to the Convergence Programme , in the year 2000 the deficit ratio is projected to stand at 1.8% of GDP and the debt ratio to decrease to 116.3% .