natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Τέλος, οι προσροφητικές ουσίες θα πρέπει επίσης να ζυγίζονται απευθείας μέσα στα δοχεία δοκιμής, για τα οποία θα πρέπει να χρησιμοποιείται σιλανιωμένο γυαλί, ώστε να ελαχιστοποιούνται οι απώλειες μέσω της προσρόφησης.
three successive analyses of BAF made on samples taken at intervals of at least two days vary no more than ± 20 % of each other;
ΟΟΣΑ (1984), Ενεργοποιημένη ιλύς, δοκιμή αναστολής της αναπνοής, κατευθυντήρια γραμμή δοκιμών 209, Κατευθυντήριες γραμμές για τις δοκιμές χημικών ουσιών, ΟΟΣΑ, Παρίσι.
Duration of the elimination phase
The use of copper(II)sulphate pentahydrate as reference substance in the activated sludge respiration inhibition test — συνοδεύει την κατευθυντήρια γραμμή 209 του ΟΟΣΑ.
The first sample should be taken between 4 and 24 h after start of elimination phase, since during the initial period, rapid changes in tissue residue may occur.
ISO 10634 Water Quality — Guidance for the preparation and treatment of poorly water-soluble organic compounds for the subsequent evaluation of their biodegradability in aqueous medium, International Organization for Standardization (ΕΛΟΤ EN ISO 10634 Κατευθυντήριες οδηγίες για την παρασκευή και την επεξεργασία των ελάχιστα υδατοδιαλυτών οργανικών ενώσεων με προοπτική την αξιολόγηση της βιοδιασπασιμότητάς τους σε υδατικό περιβάλλον).
It is recommended to terminate the elimination phase either when the concentration of test substance is less than 10 % of steady-state concentration, or after a maximum duration of 10 days.
ΟΟΣΑ.
The residue level in the worms at the end of the elimination phase is reported as a secondary endpoint.
Πηγές ειδών λέμνας
The period may, however, be governed by the period over which the concentration of the test substance in the worms remains above the analytical detection limit.
Τορόντο, Οντάριο, Καναδάς, M5S 3 B2
Numbers of test worms
ΗΠΑ Τηλ.:
The number of worms per sample must provide a mass of worm tissue such that the mass of test substance per sample at the beginning of the uptake phase and at the end of the elimination phase, respectively, is significantly higher than the detection limit for the test substance in biological material.
ΣΟΥΗΔΙΑ
In the mentioned stages of uptake and elimination phases the concentration in the test animals is usually relatively low (6)(8)(18).
Γερμανία
Since the individual weight in many species of aquatic oligochaetes is very low (5-10 mg wet weight per individual for Lumbriculus variegatus and Tubifex tubifex), the worms of a given replicate test chamber may be pooled for weighing and test chemical analysis.
Ρυθμίζεται το pH στην τιμή 6,5 ± 0,2 με 0,1 ή 1 mol HCl ή NaOH, και συμπληρώνεται ο όγκος μέχρι το 1 λίτρο με απιονισμένο νερό.
For test species with higher individual weight (e.g. Branchiura sowerbyi) replicates containing one individual may be used, but in such cases the number of replicates should be increased to five per sampling point (11).
Θρεπτικό μέσο 20X AAP
It should however be noted that B. sowerbyi was not included in the ring test (12), and is therefore not recommended as a preferable species in the method.
Τα διαλύματα παρακαταθήκης παρασκευάζονται με στείρο απεσταγμένο ή απιονισμένο νερό.
Worms of similar size should be used (for L. variegatus see Appendix 6).
Στις συνθήκες αυτές, η διάρκεια αποθήκευσης των διαλυμάτων παρακαταθήκης είναι τουλάχιστον 6-8 εβδομάδες.
They should come from the same source, and should be adult or large animals of the same age class (see Appendix 6).
Το θρεπτικό μέσο που προορίζεται για τη διεξαγωγή δοκιμών θα πρέπει να παρασκευάζεται 1-2 ημέρες πριν χρησιμοποιηθεί, ώστε να είναι δυνατόν να σταθεροποιηθεί το pH.
The weight and age of an animal may have a significant effect on the BAF-values (e.g. due to different lipid content and/or presence of eggs);
Το pH του θρεπτικού μέσου θα πρέπει να ελέγχεται πριν από τη χρήση του και, εάν είναι απαραίτητο, να ρυθμίζεται εκ νέου με την προσθήκη διαλύματος NaOH ή HCl 0,1 ή 1 M, όπως περιγράφεται ανωτέρω.
these parameters should be recorded accurately.
Sims, P.
To measure the mean wet and dry weight a sub-sample of worms should be weighed before starting the test.
Whitehouse και R.
With Tubifex tubifex and Lumbriculus variegatus, reproduction is expected during the test period.
Lacey.
A lack of reproduction in a bioaccumulation test should be recorded, and considered when interpreting the test results.
Agro.
Sediment-water ratio
0,06 — 0,08 (4, 14)
The photoperiod in the culture and the test is 16 hours (1)(6).
25 — 61 (14, 29)
Light intensity in the test area should be kept at about 500-1000 lx.
10 — 20 (6, 21)
The temperature should be 20 ± 2 °C throughout the test.
10 — 20
One test concentration (as low as possible) is used for determination of the uptake kinetics, but a second (higher) concentration may be used (e.g. (46)).
10 — 20 (6, 10)
In that case, samples are taken and analysed at steady state or after 28 d to confirm the BAF measured at the lower concentration (11).
23 — 28
The higher concentration should be selected so that adverse effects can be excluded (e.g. by choosing approximately 1 % of the lowest known chronic effect concentration ECx as derived from relevant chronic toxicity studies).
14 — 18
The lower test concentration should be significantly higher than the detection limit in sediment and biological samples by the analytical method used.
0,9 — 1,6
If the effect concentration of the test substance is close to the analytical detection limit, the use of radiolabelled test substance with high specific radioactivity is recommended.
7 — 37,5 (14, 30)
Treated and Control Replicates
0,45 — 2,28 (14, 29)
The minimum number of treated replicates for kinetic measurements should be three per sampling point (11) throughout uptake and elimination phase.
0,5 — 0,7 (14, 19, 29)
Additional replicates should be employed e.g. for optional additional sampling dates.
0,52 — 0,6 (14, 30)
For the elimination phase, a matching number of replicates is prepared with non-spiked sediment and overlying water, so that the treated worms can be transferred from designated treated vessels to non-treated vessels at the end of the uptake phase.
10 — 20 (7, 21)
The total number of treated replicates should be sufficient for both uptake and elimination phase.
14 — 28
Alternatively, the worms designated for sampling during the elimination phase may be exposed in one large container containing spiked sediment of the same batch as used for uptake kinetics.
1,53 — 2,2 (16, 19)
It should be demonstrated that the test conditions (e.g. sediment depth, sediment water ratio, loading, temperature, water quality) are comparable to the replicates designated for the uptake phase.
5 — 8 (4, 14, 29)
At the end of the uptake phase, water, sediment and worm samples should be taken from this container for analysis, and a sufficient number of large worms that show no sign of recent fragmentation, should be removed carefully and transferred to the replicates prepared for the elimination phase (e.g. ten organisms per replicate vessel).
1,8 — 2,5 (14)
If no solvent other than water is used, at least 9 replicates of a negative control (at least 3 sampled at start, 3 at end of uptake and 3 at end of elimination) should be provided for biological and background analysis.
2,1 — 2,3 (14, 19)
In this case, at least 4 replicates of a negative control (no solvent) should be provided for sampling at the end of the uptake phase.
1,3 — 1,5 (4, 14, 19)
These replicates can be compared biologically with the solvent control in order to gain information on possible influence of the solvent on the test organisms.
0,4 — 1,5 (4, 14, 19)
Details are given in Appendix 3.
1,5 — 8 (14, 19, 29)
Frequency of water quality measurements
41-56 (19, 29)
As a minimum, the following water quality parameters should be measured in the overlying water during uptake and elimination phase:
0,5 — 0,6 (14, 19)
Temperature
Unwin Hyman Ltd., Λονδίνο
in one vessel of each treatment level per sampling date, and in one control vessel once per week and at the start and the end of the uptake and elimination period;
350 ± 50 ppm·
temperature in the surrounding medium (ambient air or water bath) or in one representative test vessel may also be recorded e.g. in continuous or hourly intervals;
Ο φορέας ψεκάζεται ή αναμειγνύεται με μικρή ποσότητα, π.χ. 2,5 g, λεπτής χαλαζιακής άμμου.
Dissolved oxygen content
Εναλλακτικά, μια δοκιμασία U πολλαπλής σύγκρισης, π.χ. η δοκιμασία U Bonferroni κατά Holm (29), ή όταν αυτά τα δεδομένα παρουσιάζουν ετεροσκεδαστικότητα αλλά συμφωνούν, κατά τα άλλα, με μια υποκείμενη μονότονη σχέση δόσης-απόκρισης, μπορεί να εφαρμοστεί μια άλλη μη παραμετρική δοκιμασία [π.χ. Jonckheere-Terpstra (30) (31) ή Shirley (32) (33)], η οποία θα ήταν, κατά κανόνα, προτιμότερη από τις δοκιμασίες t άνισης διασποράς (βλ. επίσης το σχήμα στο προσάρτημα 7).
in one vessel of each treatment level, and in one control vessel per sampling date;
Elsevier, Άμστερνταμ.
expressed as mg/L and % ASV (air saturation value);
Soil Quality -Effects of pollutants on earthworms (Eisenia fetida).
Air supply
Charles Griffin & Company Ltd, Λονδίνο.
controlled at least once per day (workdays) and adjusted if needed;
edition.
in one treated vessel of each treatment level per sampling date, and in one control vessel once per week and at the start and the end of the uptake and elimination period;
η διάρκεια της δοκιμής αναπαραγωγής μπορεί (αλλά δεν είναι απαραίτητο) να είναι μικρότερη, δηλ. τέσσερις αντί για έξι εβδομάδες· ωστόσο, η διάρκεια της δοκιμασίας προσδιορισμού του εύρους δεν πρέπει να αλλάξει·
Total water hardness
Μετασχηματισμός για σταθεροποίηση διασποράς
at least in one treated vessel and one control test vessel at the start and the end of the uptake and elimination period, expressed as mg/l CaCO3;
Ναι
Total ammonia content
Μη παραμετρικοί έλεγχοι
at least in one treated vessel and one control test vessel at the start and the end of the uptake and elimination period;
log Kow·
Sampling and analysis of worms, sediment, and water
(ISO (International Organization for Standardization) (1994).
Sampling Schedule
Soil Quality — Determination of pH, No.
Examples of sampling schedules for a 28-day uptake phase and a 10-day elimination phase are given in Appendix 3.
10390.
Sample the water and sediment from the test chambers for determination of test substance concentration before adding the worms, and during both uptake and elimination phases.
ISO, Γενεύη.
During the test the concentrations of test substance are determined in the worms, sediment, and water in order to monitor the distribution of the test substance in the compartments of the test system.
Παραμετρικοί έλεγχοι
Sample the worms, sediment, and water on at least six occasions during the uptake as well as the elimination phase.
(τυπική απόκλιση)
Continue sampling until a plateau (steady state) has been established (see Appendix 1) or for 28 days.
Συνιστώνται γυάλινες φιάλες ορού ονομαστικού όγκου 125 ml, με πραγματική χωρητικότητα περίπου 160 ml, σφραγισμένες με πώμα ορού [5] και επιπώματα αλουμινίου· μπορούν όμως να χρησιμοποιηθούν επιτυχώς και φιάλες συνολικής χωρητικότητας μεταξύ 0,1 και 1 λίτρου·
If the plateau has not been reached within 28 days, begin the elimination phase.
μικροσύριγγες, για την αεροστεγή σύνδεση του μορφοτροπέα πίεσης [βλ. σημείο 12 στοιχείο γ)] με τον υπερκείμενο χώρο στις φιάλες [βλ. σημείο 12 στοιχείο β)]· επίσης, για την προσθήκη αδιάλυτων υγρών υπό δοκιμή ουσιών στις φιάλες·
When beginning the elimination phase, transfer the designated worms to replicate chambers containing untreated sediment and water (see also paragraphs 17 and 18).
Διεθνής Οργανισμός Τυποποίησης (1995) ISO 10 634 Water Quality — Guidance for the preparation and treatment of poorly water-soluble organic compounds for the subsequent evaluation of their biodegradability in an aqueous medium.
Obtain water samples by decanting, siphoning or pipetting a volume sufficient for measuring the quantity of the test substance in the sample.
Phipps, G.L., Ankley, G.T., Benoit, D.A. και Mattson, V.R.
Transfer the worms carefully to a pre-weighed vessel and weigh them.
Bioaccumulation of14C-17α-ethinylestradiol by the oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus in artificial sediment.
If the purpose of a specific study is to measure the bioavailability and true tissue residues in the test organisms, then at least a sub-sample of treated animals (e.g. from three additional replicate vessels), preferably sampled during steady state, should be weighed, purged in clean water for a period of 6 hours (47), and weighed again before analysis.
Egeler, Ph., Römbke, J., Meller, M., Knacker, Th., Franke, C., Studinger, G. και Nagel, R.
Data on worm weight and body concentration of this sub-sample can then be compared to values obtained from un-purged worms.
(1997).
The worms designated for measurement of elimination should not be purged before the transfer to clean sediment to minimise additional stress for the animals.
Egeler, Ph., Römbke, J., Knacker, Th., Franke, C. και Studinger, G.
Preferably analyse the water, sediment, and worm samples immediately (i.e. within 1-2 d) after removal in order to prevent degradation or other losses and to calculate the approximate uptake and elimination rates as the test proceeds.
Suedel, B.C. και Rodgers, J.H.
Failing immediate analysis, the samples should be stored under appropriate conditions.
Kaster, J.L., Klump, J.V., Meyer, J., Krezoski, J. και Smith, M.E.
Obtain information on the stability and proper storage conditions for the particular test substance before beginning the study, (e.g. duration and temperature of storage, extraction procedures, etc.).
Διαλύονται 11,76 g CaCl2 × 2 H2O σε απιονισμένο νερό, συμπληρώνονται έως 1 λίτρο με απιονισμένο νερό
If such information is not available and it is judged to be necessary, spiked control tissues can be run concurrently to determine storage stability.
Επισκόπηση του χρονοδιαγράμματος της δοκιμής παρατίθεται στο προσάρτημα 8.
Since the use of radiolabelled substances is recommended, it is possible to analyse for total radioactivity (i.e. parent and degradation products).
Ο φορέας ψεκάζεται σε μικρή ποσότητα, π.χ. 10 g, λεπτής χαλαζιακής άμμου ή αναμειγνύεται με αυτήν.
However, if analytically feasible, quantification of parent substance and degradation products at steady state or at the end of the uptake phase can provide important information.
Σε ειδικές περιπτώσεις (π.χ. όταν η γήρανση του εδάφους θεωρείται καθοριστικός παράγοντας), το χρονικό διάστημα μεταξύ της παρασκευής του τελικού υποστρώματος δοκιμής και της προσθήκης των ακάρεων μπορεί να παραταθεί [για λεπτομέρειες σχετικά με τη γήρανση, βλ. (18)].
If it is intended to perform such measurements, the samples should then be subjected to appropriate extraction procedures so that the parent substance can be quantified separately.
Ωστόσο, σε τέτοιες περιπτώσεις πρέπει να παρέχεται επιστημονική αιτιιολογία.
Where a detected degradation product represents a significant percentage (e.g. > 10 %) of the radioactivity measured in the test organisms at steady state or at the end of the uptake phase, it is recommended to identify such degradation products (5).
Academia Prague & SPD Academic Publishing bv, The Hague, Vol.
If a specific statistical procedure and power are important considerations, then an adequate number of test animals and/or replicate test chambers to accommodate the desired pooling, procedure and power, should be included in the test.
Θα πρέπει να διατηρούνται πολλές καλλιέργειες πριν από τη δοκιμή.
Since the various methods do not give identical values (48), it is important to detail the method used.
Συγχρονισμός καλλιέργειας:
at steady state or at day 28mean
Συνεπώς, προτείνεται η ακόλουθη διαδικασία (24) (25):
The elimination constant (ke) is usually determined from the elimination curve (i.e. a plot of the concentration of the test substance in the worms during the elimination phase).
Συσκευή:
The uptake rate constant ks is then calculated from the uptake curve kinetics.
Χοάνη Tullgren ή παρόμοιες μέθοδοι, όπως π.χ. η μέθοδος McFadyen (θέρμανση από πάνω, τοποθέτηση του δείγματος πάνω από χοάνη)
The preferred method for obtaining BAFK and the rate constants, ks, and ke, is to use non-linear parameter estimation methods on a computer (see Appendix 2).
Προγραμματισμός θέρμανσης:
If the elimination is obviously not first-order, then more complex models should be employed (25)(27)(52).
25 °C επί 12 ώρες, 35 °C επί 12 ώρες, 45 °C επί 24 ώρες (συνολικά 48 ώρες).
The biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) is determined by normalising the BAFK for the worm lipid content and the sediment total organic carbon content.
Η θερμοκρασία θα πρέπει να μετριέται στο υπόστρωμα.
The results should be interpreted with caution where measured concentrations of test concentrations occur at levels close to the detection limit of the analytical method used.
Υγρό καθήλωσης:
Clearly defined uptake and elimination curves are an indication of good quality bioaccumulation data.
(MITOX), 23 Ιανουαρίου 2007
Generally the confidence limits for the BAF values from well-designed studies should not exceed 25 % (5).
Παρίσι
source of the test substance, identity and concentration of any solvent used;
Ρυζόψαρο
if radiolabelled, the precise position of the labelled atoms, the specific radioactivity, and the percentage of radioactivity associated with impurities.
Ηλικία των οργανισμών δοκιμής
scientific name, strain, source, any pre-treatment, acclimation, age, size-range, etc..
21 ημέρες
type and characteristics of illumination used and photoperiod(s);
Μετοσχηματισμóς για σταθεροποίηση διασπορός; Όχι Ναι Ναι
test design (e.g. number, material and size of test chambers, water volume, sediment mass and volume, water volume replacement rate (for flow-through or semi-static procedures), any aeration used before and during the test, number of replicates, number of worms per replicate, number of test concentrations, length of uptake and elimination phases, sampling frequency);
Όχι Μετασχηματισμός καυονικοποίησης
method of test substance preparation and application as well as reasons for choosing a specific method;
Μη ομαλή φωλισμένη ANOVA
the nominal test concentrations;
Μη ομαλή κατανομή μέσων τιμώ ν των επαν αλήψεων
source of the constituents of the artificial water and sediment or — if natural media are used — origin of the water and the sediment, description of any pre-treatment, results of any demonstration of the ability of the test animals to live and/or reproduce in the media used, sediment characteristics (pH and ammonia of the pore water (natural sediments), organic carbon content (TOC), particle size distribution (percent sand, silt, and clay), percent water content, and any other measurements made) and water characteristics (pH, hardness, conductivity, temperature, dissolved oxygen concentration, residual chlorine levels (if measured), and any other measurements made);
Έχουν διεξαχθεί προκαταρκτικές εργασίες σχετικά με τις εκθέσεις μέσω της διατροφής, ωστόσο αυτή η οδός έκθεσης δεν χρησιμοποιείται συχνά.
the nominal and measured dry weight in % of wet weight (or dry weight-to-wet weight ratio) of the artificial sediment;
φυσικοχημικές ιδιότητες, πληροφορίες σχετικά με τη σταθερότητα και τη βιοαποικοδομησιμότητα,
the measured dry weight in % of wet weight (or dry weight-to-wet weight ratio) for field sediments;
μέθοδος και συχνότητα προετοιμασίας των αραιώσεων.
water quality within the test chambers as characterised by temperature, pH, ammonium, total hardness, and dissolved oxygen concentration;
Οι πληροφορίες σχετικά με την υπό δοκιμή χημική ουσία περιλαμβάνουν τις πραγματικές και ονομαστικές συγκεντρώσεις της υπό δοκιμή χημικής ουσίας και, σε μερικές περιπτώσεις, της μη μητρικής χημικής ουσίας, εάν απαιτείται.
detailed information on the treatment of water, sediment, and worm samples, including details of preparation, storage, spiking procedures, extraction, and analytical procedures (and precision) for the test substance and lipid content, and recoveries of the test substance.
Για τις στατιστικές αναλύσεις των δεδομένων θα πρέπει, κατά προτίμηση, να ακολουθούνται οι διαδικασίες που περιγράφονται στο έγγραφο Current Approaches in the Statistical Analysis of Ecotoxicity Data:
mortality of the control worms and the worms in each test chamber and any observed sublethal effects including abnormal behaviour (e.g., sediment avoidance, presence or absence of fecal pellets, lack of reproduction);
Μετά το στάδιο 60, οι γυρίνοι εμφανίζουν μείωση μεγέθους και βάρους εξαιτίας αναρρόφησης ιστού και μείωσης της απόλυτης περιεκτικότητας σε νερό.
the measured dry weight in % of wet weight (or dry weight-to-wet weight ratio) of the sediment and the test organisms (useful for normalisation);
Συνεπώς, οι μετρήσεις του υγρού βάρους και του μήκους ρύγχους-κλοάκης δεν είναι κατάλληλες για εφαρμογή σε στατιστικές αναλύσεις για διαφορές στους ρυθμούς ανάπτυξης.
the lipid content of the worms;
Επομένως, το υγρό βάρος και τα δεδομένα μήκους από οργανισμούς > σταδίου 60 κατά NF θα πρέπει να αποκλείονται και δεν μπορούν να χρησιμοποιούνται σε αναλύσεις των μέσων τιμών επαναλήψεων ή των διάμεσων τιμών επαναλήψεων.
curves showing the uptake and elimination kinetics of the test substance in the worms, and the time to steady state;
Για την ανάλυση αυτών των παραμέτρων που σχετίζονται με την ανάπτυξη, θα μπορούσαν να χρησιμοποιηθούν δύο διαφορετικές προσεγγίσεις.
Ca, Cs and Cw (with standard deviation and range, if appropriate) for all sampling times (Ca expressed in g kg– 1 wet and dry weight of whole body, Cs expressed in g kg– 1 wet and dry weight of sediment, and Cw in mg l– 1).
American Society for Testing and Materials, ASTM E729-96(2002), Φιλαδέλφεια, PA
If a biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF; see Appendix 1 for definition) is required (e.g. for comparison of results from two or more tests performed with animals of differing lipid content), Ca should additionally be expressed as g kg– 1 lipid content of the organism, and Cs should be expressed as g kg– 1 organic carbon (OC) of the sediment;
Chemosphere 39, σελ. 539-551
BAF (expressed in kg wet sediment kg– 1 wet worm), sediment uptake rate constant ks (expressed in g wet sediment kg– 1 of wet worm d– 1), and elimination rate constant ke (expressed in d– 1);
Nieuwkoop, P.D. και Faber, J.
BSAF (expressed in kg sediment OC kg– 1 worm lipid content) may be reported additionally;
(1994) Normal Table of Xenopus laevis.
Non-eliminated residues (NER) at end of elimination phase;
Garland Publishing, Νέα Υόρκη
if measured:
Dodd, M.H.I. και Dodd, J.M.
percentages of parent substance, degradation products, and bound residues (i.e. the percentage of test substance that cannot be extracted with common extraction methods) detected in the test animals;
Physiology of Amphibia.
methods used for statistical analyses of the data.
ΣΕΙΡΑ
Evaluation of results
ΑΡ.
compliance of the results with the validity criteria as listed in paragraph 21;
ΑΓΩΓ
unexpected or unusual results, e.g. incomplete elimination of the test substance from the test animals;
Μήκος ρύγχους-κλοάκης
in such cases results from any preliminary study may provide useful information.
κάθε ουσία ή μείγμα που υποβάλλεται σε δοκιμή με τη χρήση της παρούσας μεθόδου δοκιμών
Artificial sediment, or formulated, reconstituted or synthetic sediment, is a mixture of materials used to mimic the physical components of a natural sediment.
Θα πρέπει να χρησιμοποιούνται κατάλληλες στατιστικές μέθοδοι σύμφωνα με το έγγραφο 54 του ΟΟΣΑ, Current Approaches in the Statistical Analysis of Ecotoxicity Data:
Bioaccumulation is the increase in concentration of the test substance in or on an organism relative to the concentration of the test substance in the surrounding medium.
a Guidance to Application (Τρέχουσες προσεγγίσεις στη στατιστική ανάλυση των δεδομένων οικοτοξικότητας: Οδηγός εφαρμογής) (9).
Bioaccumulation results from both bioconcentration and biomagnification processes (see below).