natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Εάν ένας αυξημένος αριθμός γυρίνων παρουσιάζει ανάπτυξη πέρα από το στάδιο 60 (≥ 20 %) σε μία ή περισσότερες ονομαστικές συγκεντρώσεις, θα πρέπει να εφαρμόζεται ανάλυση ANOVA δύο παραγόντων με φωλιασμένη (εγκλωβισμένη) δομή διασποράς σε όλους τους γυρίνους ώστε να εκτιμώνται οι επιδράσεις στην ανάπτυξη εξαιτίας της αγωγής με χημικές ουσίες, λαμβάνοντας ταυτόχρονα υπόψη και την επίδραση της ανάπτυξης προχωρημένων σταδίων.
In addition, it is recommended that stock solutions be analysed when they are changed, especially if the volume of the stock solution does not provide adequate amounts of chemical to span the duration of routine sampling periods.
Στο προσάρτημα 3 παρέχεται καθοδήγηση για την ανάλυση ANOVA δύο παραγόντων, βάρους και μήκους.
In the case of chemicals which cannot be detected at some or all of the concentrations used in a test, stock solutions should be measured and system flow rates recorded in order to calculate nominal concentrations.
Αρ. 77, Παρίσι.
Chemical Delivery
Lofts, B. (εκδ.), Academic Press, Νέα Υόρκη, σελ. 467-599
The method used to introduce the test chemical to the system can vary depending on its physicochemical properties.
Πειραματικές συνθήκες για τη δοκιμασία μεταμόρφωσης αμφιβίων 21 ημερών
Water soluble chemicals can be dissolved in aliquots of test water at a concentration which allows delivery at the target test concentration in a flow-through system.
Ζώο δοκιμής
Chemicals which are liquid at room temperature and sparingly soluble in water can be introduced using liquid:liquid saturator methods.
Προνύμφες του Xenopus laevis
Chemicals which are solid at room temperature and are sparingly soluble in water can be introduced using glass wool column saturators (7).
Αρχικό προνυμφικό στάδιο
The preference is to use a carrier-free test system, however different test chemicals will possess varied physicochemical properties that will likely require different approaches for preparation of chemical exposure water.
Στάδιο 51 κατά Nieuwkoop και Faber
It is preferred that effort be made to avoid solvents or carriers because:
Περίοδος έκθεσης
certain solvents themselves may result in toxicity and/or undesirable or unexpected endocrinological responses, ii) testing chemicals above their water solubility (as can frequently occur through the use of solvents) can result in inaccurate determinations of effective concentrations, and iii) the use of solvents in longer-term tests can result in a significant degree of “biofilming” associated with microbial activity.
21 ημέρες
For difficult to test chemicals, a solvent may be employed as a last resort, and the OECD Guidance Document on aquatic toxicity testing of difficult substances and mixtures should be consulted (4) to determine the best method.
Κριτήρια επιλογής προνυμφών
Solvents which have been found to be effective for aquatic toxicity testing include acetone, ethanol, methanol, dimethyl formamide and triethylene glycol.
Στάδιο ανάπτυξης και συνολικό μήκος (προαιρετικά)
In case a solvent carrier is used, solvent concentrations should be below the chronic No Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC);
Συγκεντρώσεις δοκιμής
the OECD Guidance Document recommends a maximum of 100 μl/l;
Τουλάχιστον 3 συγκεντρώσεις που καλύπτουν περίπου μία τάξη μεγέθους
a recent review recommends that solvent concentrations as low as 20 μl/l of dilution water be used (12).
Πρόγραμμα έκθεσης
If solvent carriers are used, appropriate solvent controls should be evaluated in addition to non-solvent controls (clean water).
Συνεχής ροή νερού (προτιμάται) ή/και στατική ανανέωση
If it is not possible to administer a chemical via the water, either because of physicochemical characteristics (low solubility) or limited chemical availability, introducing it via the diet may be considered.
Ταχύτητα ροής συστήματος δοκιμής
Preliminary work has been conducted on dietary exposures;
25 ml/λεπτό (πλήρης αντικατάσταση του όγκου περίπου κάθε 2,7 ώρες)
however, this route of exposure is not commonly used.
Πρωτεύοντα τελικά σημεία / Ημέρες προσδιορισμού
The choice of method should be documented and analytically verified.
7 και 21
Establishing the High Test Concentration
Ιστολογία θυρεοειδούς Ημ.
For the purposes of this test, the high test concentration should be set by the solubility limit of the test chemical;
Νερό αραίωσης / Εργαστηριακός μάρτυρας
the maximum tolerated concentration (MTC) for acutely toxic chemicals;
Αποχλωριωμένο νερό βρύσης (φιλτραρισμένο με άνθρακα) ή η ισοδύναμη εργαστηριακή πηγή
or 100 mg/l, whichever is lowest.
Πυκνότητα προνυμφών
The MTC is defined as the highest test concentration of the chemical which results in less than 10 % acute mortality.
20 προνύμφες / δοχείο δοκιμής (5 / λίτρο)
Using this approach assumes that there are existing empirical acute mortality data from which the MTC can be estimated.
Διάλυμα δοκιμής / Δοχείο δοκιμής
Although the use of regression models may be the most technically sound approach to estimating the MTC, a useful approximation of the MTC can be derived from existing acute data by using 1/3 of the acute LC50 value.
4-10 l (10-15 cm νερό τουλάχιστον) / Δοχείο δοκιμής από γυαλί ή ανοξείδωτο χάλυβα (π.χ. 22,5 cm × 14 cm × 16,5 cm)
However, acute toxicity data may be lacking for the species on test.
Επανάληψη
If species specific acute toxicity data are not available, then a 96-hour LC50 test can be completed with tadpoles that are representative (i.e., same stage) of those on test in the AMA.
4 δοχεία δοκιμής επανάληψης / συγκέντρωση δοκιμής και μάρτυρα
Optionally, if data from other aquatic species are available (e.g. LC50 studies in fish or other amphibian species), then professional judgment may be used to estimate a likely MTC based on inter-species extrapolation.
Αποδεκτό ποσοστό θνησιμότητας στους μάρτυρες
Alternatively, if the chemical is not acutely toxic and is soluble above 100 mg/l, then 100 mg/l should be considered the highest test concentration (HTC), as this concentration is typically considered “practically non-toxic.”
≤ 10 % ανά δοχείο δοκιμής επανάληψης
Although not the recommended procedure, static renewal methods may be used where flow-through methods are inadequate to achieve the MTC.
Μονιμοποίηση θυρεοειδούς
If static renewal methods are used, then the stability of the test chemical concentration should be documented and remain within the performance criteria limits.
Αριθμός μονιμοποιημένων
Twenty-four hour renewal periods are recommended.
Όλοι οι γυρίνοι (αρχικά αξιολογούνται 5/επανάληψη)
Renewal periods exceeding 72 hours are not acceptable.
Περιοχή
Additionally, water quality parameters (e.g. DO, temperature, pH, etc.) should be measured at the end of each renewal period, immediately prior to renewal.
Κεφαλή ή ολόκληρο το σώμα
Test Concentration Range
Υγρό μονιμοποίησης
There is a required minimum of three test concentrations and a clean water control (and vehicle control if necessary).
Μονιμοποιητικό υγρό του Davidson
The minimum test concentration differential between the highest and lowest should be about one order of magnitude.
Τροφή
The maximum dose separation is 0,1 and the minimum is 0,33.
Sera MicronÒ ή ισοδύναμη
Test Initiation and Conduct
Ποσότητα / Συχνότητα
The exposure should be initiated when a sufficient number of tadpoles in the pre-exposure stock population have reached developmental stage 51, according to Nieuwkoop and Faber (8), and which are less than or equal to 17 days of age post fertilisation.
Για το καθεστώς σίτισης με τη χρήση τροφής Sera Micron®, βλ. πίνακα 1
For selection of test animals, healthy and normal looking tadpoles of the stock population should be pooled in a single vessel containing an appropriate volume of dilution water.
Φωτισμός
For developmental stage determination, tadpoles should be individually removed from the pooling tank using a small net or strainer and transferred to a transparent measurement chamber (e.g. 100 mm Petri dish) containing dilution water.
Φωτοπερίοδος
For stage determination, it is preferred not to use anaesthesia, however one may individually anaesthetise the tadpoles using 100 mg/l tricaine methanesulfonate (e.g. MS-222), appropriately buffered with sodium bicarbonate (pH 7,0), before handling.
12 ώρες φως:
If used, methodology for appropriately using e.g. MS-222 for anaesthesia should be obtained from experienced laboratories and reported with the test results.
12 ώρες σκοτάδι
Animals should be carefully handled during this transfer in order to minimise handling stress and to avoid any injury.
Ένταση
The developmental stage of the animals is determined using a binocular dissection microscope.
600 έως 2000 lux (μέτρηση στην επιφάνεια του νερού)
To reduce the ultimate variability in developmental stage, it is important that this staging be conducted as accurately as possible.
Θερμοκρασία νερού
According to Nieuwkoop and Faber (8), the primary developmental landmark for selecting stage 51 organisms is hind limb morphology.
6,5-8,5
The morphological characteristics of the hind limbs should be examined under the microscope.
Συγκέντρωση διαλυμένου οξυγόνου (DO)
While the complete Nieuwkoop and Faber (8) guide should be consulted for comprehensive information on staging tadpoles, one can reliably determine stage using prominent morphological landmarks.
> 3,5 mg/l (> 40 % κορεσμός με αέρα)
The following table can be used to simplify and standardise the staging process throughout the study by identifying those prominent morphological landmarks associated with different stages, assuming that development is normal.
Χρονοδιάγραμμα δειγματοληψίας για χημική ανάλυση
Prominent morphological staging landmarks based on Neuwkoop and Faber guidance
Μία φορά / εβδομάδα (4 δείγματα / δοκιμή)
Prominent Morphological Landmarks
Πίνακές αναφοράς για ανεπεξέργαστα δεδομένα και συνοπτικά δεδομένα
Developmental Stage
Γενικές πληροφορίες για την υπό δοκιμή χημική ουσία
Hindlimb
Πληροφορίες για τη χημική ουσία
Forelimb
Εισαγάγετε την υπό δοκιμή χημική ουσία, τις μονάδες συγκέντρωσης και τις αγωγές
Craniofacial structure
Μονάδες συγκέντρωσης:
Olfactory nerve morphology
Αγωγή 1
Tail length
Αγωγή 2
For test initiation, all tadpoles should be at stage 51.
Αγωγή 3
The most prominent morphological staging landmark for that stage is hind limb morphology, which is demonstrated in Figure 1.
Αγωγή 4
Hind limb morphology of a stage 51 X. laevis tadpole
Ημερομηνία (ημέρα 0):
In addition to the developmental stage selection, an optional size selection of the experimental animals may be used.
Εισαγάγετε ημερομηνία (μμ/ηη/εε)
For this purpose, the whole body length (not SVL) should be measured at day 0 for a sub-sample of approximately 20 NF stage 51 tadpoles.
Ημερομηνία (ημέρα 7):
After calculation of the mean whole body length for this group of animals, minimum and maximum limits for the whole body length of experimental animals can be set by allowing a range of the mean value ± 3 mm (mean values of whole body length range between 24,0 and 28,1 mm for stage 51 tadpoles).
Ημερομηνία (ημέρα 21):
However, developmental staging is the primary parameter in determining the readiness of each test animal.
Φύλλα συλλογής ανεπεξέργαστων δεδομένων για την 7η και 21η ημέρα
Tadpoles exhibiting grossly visible malformations or injuries should be excluded from the assay.
ΗΜΕΡΑ Χ
Tadpoles that meet the stage criteria described above are held in a tank of clean culture water until the staging process is completed.
ΗΜΕΡΟΜΗΝΙΑ 00/00/00
Once the staging is completed, the larvae are randomly distributed to exposure treatment tanks until each tank contains 20 larvae.
Αριθμός αγωγής
Each treatment tank is then inspected for animals with abnormal appearance (e.g., injuries, abnormal swimming behaviour, etc.).
Αριθμός επανάληψης
Overtly unhealthy looking tadpoles should be removed from the treatment tanks and replaced with larvae newly selected from the pooling tank.
Αριθμός ατόμου
For more in-depth information on test termination procedures and processing of tadpoles, refer to the OECD Guidance Document on Amphibian Thyroid Histology (9).
Μήκος οπίσθιων άκρων (mm)
The random procedure used should give each organism on test equal probability of being selected.
Υπολογισμένα συνοπτικά στοιχεία για δεδομένα τελικών σημείων από την 7η και την 21η ημέρα
Tadpoles not selected are returned to the tank of origin and the selected tadpoles are humanely euthanised in 150 to 200 mg/l e.g. MS-222, appropriately buffered with sodium bicarbonate to achieve pH 7,0.
Οι υπολογισμοί κελιών σχετίζονται με τις καταχωρίσεις των δεδομένων στον πίνακα 2.
The euthanised tadpoles are rinsed in water and blotted dry, followed by body weight determination to the nearest milligram.
Βάρος (mg)
Hind limb length, snout to vent length, and developmental stage (using a binocular dissection microscope) are determined for each tadpole.
ΑΓΩΓ
Day 21 Measurements (Test Termination)
ΕΠΑΝΛ
At test termination (day 21), the remaining tadpoles are removed from the test tanks and humanely euthanised in 150 to 200 mg/l e.g. MS-222, appropriately buffered with sodium bicarbonate, as above.
ΕΛΑΧ
Tadpoles are rinsed in water and blotted dry, followed by body weight determination to the nearest milligram.
ΔΙΑΜΕΣΟ
Developmental stage, SVL, and hind limb lengths are measured for each tadpole.
ΜΕΓ
All larvae are placed in Davidson's fixative for 48 to 72 hours either as whole body samples or as trimmed head tissue samples containing the lower jaw for histological assessments.
ΜΕΣΟ
For histopathology, a total of five tadpoles should be sampled from each replicate tank.
ΤΥΠ ΑΠΟΚΛ
Since follicular cell height is stage dependent (10), the most appropriate sampling approach for histological analyses is to use stage-matched individuals, whenever possible.
Δεδομένα καθημερινής θνησιμότητας
In order to select stage-matched individuals, all larvae should first be staged prior to selection and subsequent processing for data collection and preservation.
Οι υπολογισμοί κελιών σχετίζονται με τις καταχωρίσεις των δεδομένων στον πίνακα 1.
This is necessary because normal divergence in development will result in differential stage distributions within each replicate tank.
Ημέρα δοκιμής
Animals selected for histopathology (n = 5 from each replicate) should be matched to the median stage of the controls (pooled replicates) whenever possible.
Αριθμός επαναλήψεων
If there are replicate tanks with more than five larvae at the appropriate stage, then five larvae are randomly selected.
Κριτήρια ποιότητας νερού
That is, if the chemical treatment is associated with a retardation of development, then additional larvae should be sampled from the next lower stage.
Σύστημα έκθεσης (συνεχούς ροής νερού/στατικής ανανέωσης):
In turn, if the chemical treatment is associated with an acceleration of development, then additional larvae should be sampled from the next upper stage.
Ένταση φωτός:
In cases of severe alterations of tadpole development due to treatment with a test chemical, there might be no overlap of the stage distribution in the chemical treatments with the calculated control median developmental stage.
Κύκλος φωτός-σκοταδιού:
In only these cases, the selection process should be modified by using a stage different from the control median stage to achieve a stage-matched sampling of larvae for thyroid histopathology.
Τροφή:
Furthermore, if stages are indeterminate (i.e., asynchrony), then 5 tadpoles from each replicate should be randomly chosen for histological analysis.
Ρυθμός σίτισης:
The rationale underlying sampling of any larvae that are not at a stage equivalent to the control median developmental stage should be reported.
pH νερού:
Determination of Biological Endpoints
Συγκέντρωση ιωδίου στο νερό δοκιμής:
During the 21 day exposure phase, measurement of primary endpoints is performed on days 7 and 21, however daily observation of test animals is necessary.
Πίνακας 6
Table 3 provides an overview of the measurement endpoints and the corresponding observation time points.
Συνοπτικά χημικά δεδομένα
More detailed information for technical procedures for measurement of apical endpoints and histological assessments is available in the OECD guidance documents (9).
Χημική ονομασία:
Observation time points for primary endpoints in the AMA
Αρ. Cas:
Apical Endpoints
Πίνακας 7
Daily
Πίνακες αναφοράς ιστοπαθολογίας για βασικά κριτήρια
Mortality
Ημερομηνία:
Hind Limb Length
Χημική ουσία:
Snout-Vent Length
Παθολογοανατόμος:
Wet Body Weight
Υπερτροφία θυρεοειδούς αδένα
Thyroid Gland Histology
Ατροφία θυρεοειδούς αδένα
Developmental stage, hind limb length, SVL and wet weight are the apical endpoints of the AMA, and each is briefly discussed below.
Υπερτροφία θυλακικών κυττάρων
Further technical information for collecting these data is available in the guidance documents referenced including procedures for computer-assisted analysis which are recommended for use.
Υπερπλασία θυλακικών κυττάρων
The developmental stage of X. laevis tadpoles is determined using the staging criteria of Nieuwkoop and Faber (8).
Αναγνωριστικό ζώου μάρτυρα – επανάληψη 1
Developmental stage data are used to determine if development is accelerated, asynchronous, delayed or unaffected.
Αναγνωριστικό δόσης ζώου – επανάληψη 1
Acceleration or delay of development is determined by making a comparison between the median stage achieved by the control and treated groups.
Αναγνωριστικό ζώου μάρτυρα – επανάληψη 2
Asynchronous development is reported when the tissues examined are not malformed or abnormal, but the relative timing of the morphogenesis or development of different tissues is disrupted within a single tadpole.
Αναγνωριστικό δόσης ζώου – επανάληψη 2
Differentiation and growth of the hind limbs are under control of thyroid hormones and are major developmental landmarks already used in the determination of developmental stage.
Σύνολο:
Hind limb development is used qualitatively in the determination of developmental stage, but is considered here as a quantitative endpoint.
Πίνακας 8
Therefore, hind limb length is measured as an endpoint to detect effects on the thyroid axis (Figure 2).
Πρόσθετα κριτήρια ιστοπαθολογίας
For consistency, hind limb length is measured on the left hind limb.
Αύξηση περιοχής θυλακικού αυλού
Hind limb length is evaluated both at day 7 and at day 21 of the test.
Μείωση περιοχής θυλακικού αυλού
On day 7, measuring hind limb length is straightforward, as illustrated in Figure 2.
Πίνακας 9
However, measuring hind limb length on day 21 is more complicated due to bends in the limb.
Λεπτομερείς περιγραφές ιστοπαθολογικών ευρημάτων
Therefore, measurements of hind limb length at day 21 should originate at the body wall and follow the midline of the limb through any angular deviations.
Λεπτομερής περιγραφή
Changes in hind limb length at day 7, even if not evident at day 21, are still considered significant for potential thyroid activity.
Πίνακας 10
Length measurements are acquired from digital photographs using image analysis software as described in the OECD Guidance Document on Amphibian Thyroid Histology (9).
Πρότυπο συνοπτικού πίνακα αναφοράς για την ημέρα × (7η ή 21η) της δοκιμασίας AMA
Body Length and Wet Weight
Μάρτυρας
Determinations of snout to vent length (SVL) (Figure 2) and wet weight are included in the test protocol to assess possible effects of test chemicals on the growth rate of tadpoles in comparison to the control group and are useful in detecting generalised toxicity to the test chemical.
Δόση 1
Because the removal of adherent water for weight determinations can cause stressful conditions for tadpoles and may cause skin damage, these measurements are performed on the day 7 sub-sampled tadpoles and all remaining tadpoles at test termination (day 21).
Δόση 2
For consistency, use the cranial aspect of the vent as the caudal limit of the measurement.
Δόση 3
Snout to vent length (SVL) is used to assess tadpole growth as illustrated in Figure 2.
Τελικό σημείο
Types of body length measurements and (B) Hind limb length measurements for X. laevis tadpoles (1)
Επανάληψη
While developmental stage and hind limb length are important endpoints to evaluate exposure-related changes in metamorphic development, developmental delay cannot, by itself, be considered a diagnostic indicator of anti-thyroidal activity.
Μέση τιμή
Some changes may only be observable by routine histopathological analysis.
Τιμή p
Diagnostic criteria include thyroid gland hypertrophy/atrophy, follicular cell hypertrophy, follicular cell hyperplasia, and as additional qualitative criteria:
Μέση τιμή:
follicular lumen area, colloid quality and follicular cell height/shape.
Υγρό βάρος
Severity grading (4 grades) should be reported.
Πίνακας 11
Information on obtaining and processing samples for histological analysis and for performing histologic analyses on tissue samples is available in “Amphibian Metamorphosis Assay: Part 1 — Technical guidance for morphologic sampling and histological preparation” and “Amphibian Metamorphosis Assay: Part 2 — Approach to reading studies, diagnostic criteria, severity grading and atlas” (9).
Πρότυπο συνοπτικού πίνακα αναφοράς για τα δεδομένα σταδίου ανάπτυξης της ημέρας × (7η ή 21η) της δοκιμασίας AMA
Laboratories performing the assay for the first time(s) should seek advice from experienced pathologists for training purpose prior to undertaking histological analysis and evaluation of the thyroid gland.
Διάμεση τιμή
Overt and significant changes in apical endpoints indicating developmental acceleration or asynchrony may preclude the necessity to perform histopathological analysis of the thyroid glands.
Ελάχ
However, absence of overt morphological changes or evidence of developmental delay warrants histological analyses.
Μέγ
All test tanks should be checked daily for dead tadpoles and the numbers recorded for each tank.
Εναλλακτική ανάλυσή βάρους και μήκους στην περίπτωσή ανάπτυξής προχωρημένου Σταδίου σε ποσοστό άνω του 20 % των γύψινων σε μια η περισσότερες συγκεντρώσεις
The date, concentration and tank number for any observation of mortality should be recorded.
Εάν ένας αυξημένος αριθμός γυρίνων παρουσιάζει ανάπτυξη πέρα από το στάδιο 60 (≥ 20 %) σε μία ή περισσότερες ονομαστικές συγκεντρώσεις, θα πρέπει να εφαρμόζεται ανάλυση ANOVA δύο παραγόντων με φωλιασμένη (εγκλωβισμένη) δομή διασποράς σε όλους τους γυρίνους ώστε να εκτιμώνται οι επιδράσεις στην ανάπτυξη εξαιτίας της αγωγής με χημικές ουσίες, λαμβάνοντας ταυτόχρονα υπόψη και την επίδραση της ανάπτυξης προχωρημένων σταδίων.
Dead animals should be removed from the test tank as soon as observed.
Η πρόταση συνιστά να χρησιμοποιούνται όλα τα δεδομένα αλλά να λαμβάνεται υπόψη η επίδραση της ανάπτυξης προχωρημένων σταδίων.
Mortality rates exceeding 10 % may indicate inappropriate test conditions or toxic effects of the test chemical.
Αυτό μπορεί να πραγματοποιηθεί με μια ανάλυση ANOVA δύο παραγόντων με φωλιασμένη (εγκλωβισμένη) δομή.
Additional Observations
Καθορίστε LateStage = ’Yes’ (Προχωρημένο στάδιο=Ναι) για ένα ζώο, εάν βρίσκεται στο στάδιο ανάπτυξης 61 ή άνω.
Cases of abnormal behaviour and grossly visible malformations and lesions should be recorded.
Διαφορετικά, καθορίστε LateStage = ’No’ (Προχωρημένο στάδιο=Όχι).
The date, concentration and tank number for any observation of abnormal behaviour, gross malformations or lesions should be recorded.
Στη συνέχεια, μπορεί να εφαρμοστεί ανάλυση ANOVA δύο παραγόντων με τη συγκέντρωση και το προχωρημένο στάδιο, και να γίνει η αλληλεπίδρασή τους, όπου το Rep(Conc) (Επαν.
Normal behaviour is characterised by the tadpoles being suspended in the water column with tail elevated above the head, regular rhythmic tail fin beating, periodic surfacing, operculating, and being responsive to stimulus.
(Συγκ.)) θα είναι ένας τυχαίος παράγοντας και το Tadpole(Rep) (Γυρίνος (Επαν.)) θα είναι μια άλλη τυχαία επίδραση.
Abnormal behaviour would include, for example, floating on the surface, lying on the bottom of the tank, inverted or irregular swimming, lack of surfacing activity, and being nonresponsive to stimulus.
Με αυτόν τον τρόπο, το rep (επανάληψη) εξακολουθεί να λαμβάνεται υπόψη ως μονάδα ανάλυσης και τα αποτελέσματα που προκύπτουν είναι ουσιαστικά ίδια με τη σταθμισμένη ανάλυση της μέσης τιμής rep*latestage (επανάληψη*προχωρημένο στάδιο), σταθμισμένης ως προς τον αριθμό των ζώων ανά μέση τιμή.
In addition, gross differences in food consumption between treatments should be recorded.