natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Σε γενικές γραμμές, οι δυσμενείς επιδράσεις της υπό δοκιμή χημικής ουσίας σε σύγκριση με τον μάρτυρα διερευνώνται με χρήση της μονόπλευρης δοκιμασίας υποθέσεων με p ≤ 0,05.
The bioaccumulation factor (BAF) at any time during the uptake phase of this bioaccumulation test is the concentration of test substance in/on the test organism (Ca in g kg– 1 wet or dry weight) divided by the concentration of the substance in the surrounding medium (Cs as g kg– 1 of wet or dry weight of sediment).
ISO (1999) Soil Quality — Effects of soil pollutants on Collembola (Folsomia candida):
In order to refer to the units of Ca and Cs, the BAF has the units of kg sediment kg– 1 worm (15).
Διεθνής Οργανισμός Τυποποίησης, Γενεύη
Bioaccumulation factors calculated directly from the ratio of the sediment uptake rate constant divided by the elimination rate constants (ks and ke, respectively — see below) are termed kinetic bioaccumulation factor (BAFK).
Burges A και Raw F (εκδ.) (1967) Soil Biology.
Bioconcentration is the increase in concentration of the test substance in or on an organism, resulting exclusively from uptake via the body surface, relative to the concentration of the test substance in the surrounding medium.
Λονδίνο
Biomagnification is the increase in concentration of the test substance in or on an organism, resulting mainly from uptake from contaminated food or prey, relative to the concentration of the test substance in the food or prey.
Petersen H και Luxton M (1982) A comparative analysis of soil fauna populations and their role in decomposition processes.
Biomagnification can lead to a transfer or accumulation of the test substance within food webs.
Petersen H (1994) A review of collembolan ecology in ecosystem context.
The biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) is the lipid-normalised steady state concentration of test substance in/on the test organism divided by the organic carbon-normalised concentration of the substance in the sediment at steady state.
Hopkin SP (1997).
Ca is then expressed as g kg– 1 lipid content of the organism, and Cs as g kg– 1 organic content of the sediment.
Oxford University Press. σελ. 330 (ISBN 0-19-854084-1)
The conditioning period is used to stabilise the microbial component of the sediment and to remove e.g. ammonia originating from sediment components; it takes place prior to spiking of the sediment with the test substance.
In New trends in soil Biology (Lebrun Ph, André HM, De Medts A, Grégoire-Wibo, Wauthy G (εκδ.), Proceedings of the VI. international colloquium on soil zoology, Louvain-la-neuve (Βέλγιο), 30 Αυγούστου-2 Σεπτεμβρίου 1982, I Dieu-Brichart, Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, σελ. 261-268
The elimination rate constant (ke) is the numerical value defining the rate of reduction in the concentration of the test substance in/on the test organism, following the transfer of the test organisms from a medium containing the test substance to a chemical-free medium;
OECD (2006), Current approaches in the statistical analysis of ecotoxicity data:
ke is expressed in d– 1.
OECD series on testing and assessment Αριθμός 54, ENV/JM/MONO(2006)18, ΟΟΣΑ Παρίσι
The equilibration period is used to allow for distribution of the test substance between the solid phase, the pore water and the overlying water;
Scott-Fordsmand JJ και Krogh PH (2005) Background report on prevalidation of an OECD springtail test guideline.
it takes place after spiking of the sediment with the test substance and prior to addition of the test organisms.
Environmental Project Αρ. 986.
The octanol-water partitioning coefficient (Kow) is the ratio of substance's solubility in n-octanol and in water at equilibrium, also sometimes expressed as Pow.
Miljøstyrelsen σελ. 61 Danish Ministry for the Environment.
The logarithm of Kow (log Kow) is used as an indication of a substance's potential for bioaccumulation by aquatic organisms.
Krogh, P.H., 2009.
The organic carbon-water partitioning coefficient (Koc) is the ratio of a substance's concentration in/on the organic carbon fraction of a sediment and the substance's concentration in water at equilibrium.
Krogh PH, Johansen K και Holmstrup M (1998) Automatic counting of collembolans for laboratory experiments.
Overlying water is the water lying on top of the sediment in the test vessel.
7, 201-205.
A plateau or steady state is defined as the equilibrium between the uptake and elimination processes that occur simultaneously during the exposure phase.
Fjellberg A (1980) Identification keys to Norwegian collembolans.
The steady state is reached in the plot of the BAF at each sampling period against time when the curve becomes parallel to the time axis and three successive analyses of BAF made on samples taken at intervals of at least two days are within 20 % of each other, and there are no statistically significant differences among the three sampling periods.
Goto HE (1960) Simple techniques for the rearing of Collembola and a not on the use of a fungistatic substance in the cultures.
For test substances which are taken up slowly, more appropriate intervals would be seven days (5).
Η εκχύλιση ξεκινάει στους 25 °C και η θερμοκρασία αυξάνεται αυτόματα κάθε 12 ώρες κατά 5 °C και διαρκεί συνολικά 48 ώρες.
The sediment uptake rate constant (ks) is the numerical value defining the rate of increase in the concentration of the test substance in/on the test organism resulting from uptake from the sediment phase. ks is expressed in g sediment kg– 1 of worm d– 1.
Μετά από 12 ώρες στους 40 °C, η εκχύλιση ολοκληρώνεται.
Spiked sediment is sediment to which test substance has been added.
η μέση αναλογία φύλου των πλήρως αναπτυχθέντων και ζωντανών ενήλικων ατόμων (ως κλάσμα θηλυκών ή αρσενικών) στην αγωγή-μάρτυρα και στις δύο γενιές θα πρέπει να είναι τουλάχιστον 0,4, αλλά να μην υπερβαίνει την τιμή 0,6,
The steady state bioaccumulation factor (BAFss) is the BAF at steady state and does not change significantly over a prolonged period of time, the concentration of the test substance in the surrounding medium (Cs as g kg– 1 of wet or dry weight of sediment) being constant during this period of time.
για κάθε κλωβό αναπαραγωγής, ο αριθμός των αλυσίδων αυγών στους μάρτυρες της πατρικής γενιάς θα πρέπει να είναι τουλάχιστον 0,6 ανά θηλυκό που προστίθεται στον κλωβό αναπαραγωγής,
The uptake or exposure phase is the time during which the test organisms are exposed to the test substance.
στο τέλος της περιόδου έκθεσης και για τις δύο γενιές, θα πρέπει να μετρώνται το pH και η συγκέντρωση διαλυμένου οξυγόνου σε κάθε δοχείο.
The main endpoint of a bioaccumulation test is the bioaccumulation factor, BAF.
Η συγκέντρωση του μέσου διαλυτοποίησης στο τελικό μέσο δοκιμής θα πρέπει να είναι ελάχιστη (δηλαδή ≤ 0,1 ml/l) και η ίδια σε κάθε αγωγή.
The measured BAF can be calculated by dividing the concentration of the test substance in the test organism, Ca, by the concentration of the test substance in the sediment, Cs, at steady state.
Όταν χρησιμοποιείται μέσο διαλυτοποίησης, αυτό δεν θα πρέπει να έχει σημαντικές επιδράσεις στην επιβίωση, όπως γίνεται αντιληπτό με έναν μάρτυρα του διαλύτη σε σύγκριση με έναν αρνητικό μάρτυρα (νερού).
If the steady state is not reached during the uptake phase, the BAF is calculated in the same manner for day 28.
Εντούτοις, θα πρέπει να καταβάλλεται κάθε δυνατή προσπάθεια για την αποφυγή της χρήσης τέτοιων υλικών.
However, it should be noted whether the BAF is based on steady state concentrations or not.
Διαλύματα παρακαταθήκης — Εμβολιασμένο ίζημα
The preferred means for obtaining the kinetic bioaccumulation factor (BAFK), the sediment uptake rate constant (ks) and the elimination rate constant (ke) is to use non-linear parameter estimation methods on a computer.
Η φυγοκέντριση, π.χ. σε 10000 g στους 4 °C για 30 λεπτά, αποτελεί τη συνιστώμενη διαδικασία για την απομόνωση του διάμεσου (= ενδοπορικού) νερού.
[equation 1]
Ωστόσο, εάν καταδεικνύεται ότι η υπό δοκιμή χημική ουσία δεν προσροφάται στους ηθμούς, μπορεί επίσης να χρησιμοποιηθεί η μέθοδος της διήθησης.
where AF(t) is the ratio of concentration of the test substance in worms and its concentration in the sediment at any given time point (t) of the uptake phase, these computer programs calculate values for BAFK, ks and ke.
όγκος του υπερκείμενου και του ενδοπορικού νερού, βάρος του υγρού ιζήματος με και χωρίς ενδοπορικό νερό για τα δοχεία δοκιμής και τα δοχεία κρυστάλλωσης,
When steady state is reached during the uptake phase (i.e. t = ∞), equation 1 may be reduced to:
SETAC (1993), Guidance Document on Sediment toxicity Tests and Bioassays for Freshwater and Marine Environments, Από το εργαστήριο WOSTA που πραγματοποιήθηκε στις Κάτω Χώρες.
[equation 2]
Environment Canada (1997), Test for Growth and Survival in Sediment using Larvae of Freshwater Midges (Chironomus tentans or Chironomus riparius), Biological Test Method, Έκθεση SPE 1/RM/32, Δεκέμβριος 1997.
uptake rate constant in tissue [g sediment kg– 1 of worm d– 1]
US-EPA (2000), Methods for Measuring the Toxicity and Bioaccumulation of Sediment-associated Contaminants with Freshwater Invertebrates, Δεύτερη έκδοση, EPA 600/R-99/064, Μάρτιος 2000, Αναθεώρηση της πρώτης έκδοσης με ημερομηνία Ιούνιος 1994.
elimination rate constant [d– 1]
Milani, D., Day, K.E., McLeay, D.J. και R.S.
Then ks/ke × Cs is an approach to the concentration of the test substance in the worm tissue at steady state (Ca,ss).
Kirby (1996), Recent intra- and inter-laboratory studies related to the development and standardisation of Environment Canada's biological test methods for measuring sediment toxicity using freshwater amphipods (Hyalella azteca) and midge larvae (Chironomus riparius), Technical Report, Environment Canada, National Water Research Institute, Burlington, Οντάριο, Καναδάς.
The Biota-Sediment Accumulation Factor (BSAF) should be calculated as follows:
Taenzler, V., Bruns, E., Dorgerloh, M., Pfeifle, V. και L.
where foc is the fraction of sediment organic carbon, and flip is the fraction of worm lipid, both based either on dry weight, or on wet weight.
Weltje (2007), Chironomids:
Given a time series of concentration values, the elimination kinetics can be modelled using the following model equations and a computer calculation based non-linear parameter estimation method.
J.
The mean measured body residue at the end of the uptake phase is recommended as the default starting point.
Sanit.
The value modeled/estimated from the uptake phase should only be used, e.g. if the measured value deviates significantly from the modelled body residue.
OECD (2000), Guidance Document on Aquatic Toxicity Testing of Difficult Substances and Mixtures, Environment, Health and Safety Publications, Series on Testing and Assessment Αρ. 23, ENV/JM/MONO(2000)6, ΟΟΣΑ, Παρίσι.
See also paragraph 50 for alternative pre-exposure of worms designated for elimination;
Weltje, L., Rufli, H., Heimbach, F., Wheeler, J., Vervliet-Scheebaum, M. και M.
with this approach, samples of these pre-exposed worms on day 0 of the elimination phase are thought to provide a realistic body residue to start the elimination kinetics with.
Hamer (2010), The chironomid acute toxicity test:
If the data points plotted against time indicate a constant exponential decline of the test substance concentration in the animals, a one-compartment model (equation 4) can be used to describe the time course of elimination.
Oetken, M, Nentwig, G., Löffler, D, Ternes, T. και J.
[equation 3]
Oehlmann (2005), Effects of pharmaceuticals on aquatic invertebrates, Part I, The antiepileptic drug carbamazepine, Arch.
Elimination processes sometimes appear to be biphasic, showing a rapid decline of Ca during the early phases, that changes to a slower loss of test substances in the later phases of the elimination (8)(19)(25)).
Naylor, C. και C.
The two phases can be interpreted by the assumption, that there are two different compartments in the organism, from which the test substance is lost with different velocity.
Rodrigues (1995), Development of a test method for Chironomus riparius using a formulated sediment, Chemosphere, 31:
In these cases specific literature should be studied (15)(16)(17)(25).
Vogt, C., Belz, D., Galluba, S., Nowak, C., Oetken, M. και J.
A two-compartment elimination is described e.g. by the following equation (25):
Oehlmann (2007), Effects of cadmium and tributyltin on development and reproduction of the non-biting midge Chironomus riparius (Diptera) — baseline experiments for future multi-generation studies, J.
[equation 4]
Environ.
A and B represent the size of the compartments (in percent of overall tissue residue), where A is the compartment with rapid loss of substance, and B the compartment with slow loss of test substance.
Health Μέρος Α, 42:
The sum of A and B equals 100 % of the whole animal compartment volume at steady state. ka and kb represent the corresponding elimination constants [d– 1].
OECD (2010), Validation report of the Chironomid full life-cycle toxicity test, Forthcoming publication in the Series on Testing and Assessment, ΟΟΣΑ, Παρίσι.
If the two compartment model is fitted to the depuration data, the uptake rate constant ks may be determined as follows (53)(54):
Εάν υπάρχουν μάζες αυγών, θα πρέπει να αφαιρούνται με προσοχή και να μεταφέρονται σε έναν μικρό δίσκο που περιέχει δείγμα του νερού αναπαραγωγής.
[equation 5]
Elendt, B.P. και W.-R.
Nevertheless, these model equations should be used with caution, especially when changes in the test substance's bioavailability occur during the test (42).
Meller, M., Egeler, P., Roembke, J., Schallnass, H., Nagel, R. και B.
As an alternative to the model equations described above, the kinetics (ks and ke) may also be calculated in one run by applying the first order kinetics model to all data from both the uptake and elimination phase together.
Streit (1998), Short-term toxicity of lindane, hexachlorobenzene and copper sulfate on tubificid sludgeworms (Oligochaeta) in artificial media, Ecotox.
For a description of a method that may allow for such a combined calculation of uptake and elimination rate constants, references (55), (56) and (57) may be consulted.
Α γυάλινος σωλήνας (εσωτερική διάμετρος περίπου 5 mm) συνδεδεμένος σε αντλία αυτόματης πλήρωσης
The Non-Eliminated Residues (NER) should be calculated as a secondary endpoint by multiplying the ratio of the average concentration in the worms (Ca) on day 10 of the elimination phase and the average concentration in the worms (Ca) at steady state (day 28 of uptake phase) by 100:
Β πώμα από βουλκανισμένο καουτσούκ, διατρημένο με γυάλινο σωλήνα (A).
Example of a Sampling Schedule for a 28-day Bioaccumulation Test
Ρυθμός πλήρωσης
Uptake phase (including a 4 d- equilibration phase)
Για την ημιστατική τεχνική, είναι δυνατόν να ακολουθούνται δύο διαφορετικές διαδικασίες ανανέωσης.
Activities
Είτε προετοιμάζονται καινούρια διαλύματα δοκιμής σε καθαρούς θαλάμους και τα αυγά και οι προνύμφες που επιβιώνουν μεταφέρονται προσεκτικά στους καινούριους θαλάμους, είτε οι οργανισμοί δοκιμής διατηρούνται στους θαλάμους δοκιμής και ένα μέρος (τουλάχιστον τα δύο τρίτα) του νερού δοκιμής ανανεώνεται σε καθημερινή βάση.
Preparation of peat suspension for sediment;
Σχετικές φυσικοχημικές ιδιότητες, στοιχεία ταυτοποίησης της χημικής ουσίας, δεδομένα συμπεριλαμβανομένης της καθαρότητας και της αναλυτικής μεθόδου για τον ποσοτικό προσδιορισμό της υπό δοκιμή χημικής ουσίας.
conditioning of the suspension for 48 h;
OECD (1992), Fish, Early Life Stage Toxicity Test, Test Guideline Αρ. 210, Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, ΟΟΣΑ, Παρίσι.
Spiking of the sediment or sediment fraction;
Hahlbeck, E., I.
mixing of all sediment constituents;
Katsiadaki, I.
removing sediment samples of treated and solvent control sediment for determination of test substance concentration;
Mayer, M.
addition of overlying water;
Adolfsson-Erici, J.
incubation at test conditions (equilibration phase);
James και B.E.
Separation of the test organisms from the culture for acclimatisation;
Jensen, K.M. και G.T.
of water quality (see paragraph 52);
OECD (2010), Guidance Document on the Diagnosis of Endocrine-related Histopathology in Fish Gonads, Series on Testing and Assessment Αρ. 123, ENV/JM/MONO(2010)14, ΟΟΣΑ, Παρίσι.
removing replicates for taking samples of water and sediment for determination of test substance concentration;
Kobayashi, T., M.
randomised distribution of the worms to the test chambers;
Matsuda, H.
retaining of sufficient sub-samples of worms for determination of analytical background values;
Kajiura-Kobayashi, A.
controlling air supply, if closed test system is used;
Suzuki, N.
Remove replicates for sampling;
Saito, M.
controlling air supply, worm behaviour, water quality (see paragraph 56);
Nakamoto, N.
taking water, sediment and worm samples for determination of test substance concentration;
Shibata και Y.
Controlling air supply, worm behaviour and temperature;
OECD (2000), Guidance Document on Aquatic Toxicity Testing of Difficult Substances and Mixtures, Series on Testing and Assessment Αρ. 23, ΟΟΣΑ, Παρίσι.
Same as day 1;
OECD (2009), Fish Short Term Reproduction Assay, Test Guideline Αρ. 229, Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, ΟΟΣΑ, Παρίσι.
4 - 6
OECD (2012), Fish Toxicity Testing Framework, Series on Testing and Assessment Αρ. 171, ΟΟΣΑ, Παρίσι
Same as day 2;
OECD (2011), Validation Report (Phase 1) for the Fish Sexual Development Test, Series on Testing and Assessment Αρ. 141, ENV/JM/MONO(2011)22, ΟΟΣΑ, Παρίσι.
compensate evaporated water if necessary;
OECD (2011), Validation Report ( Phase 2) for the Fish Sexual Development Test, Series on Testing and Assessment Αρ. 142, ENV/JM/MONO(2011)23, ΟΟΣΑ, Παρίσι.
8 - 13
OECD (2011), Peer Review Report of the validation of the Fish Sexual Development Test, Series on Testing and Assessment Αρ. 143, ENV/JM/MONO(2011)24, ΟΟΣΑ, Παρίσι.
15 - 20
Η απορρόφηση μετριέται στα 450 nm (π.χ. σε συσκευή ανάγνωσης πλακών Molecular Devices Thermomax).
22 - 27
5 λεπτά στους 95 °C
end of uptake phase;
5′ GGG ACG AGC AAG ATT TAT TGG 3′
retaining of sufficient subsamples of worms for determination of analytical background values, wet and dry weight, and lipid content;
5′ TAT AGT TAG CCA GGA GAT GG 3′
transfer worms from remaining exposed replicates to vessels containing clean sediment for elimination phase (no gut-purging);
DOC,
sampling of water, sediment and worms from solvent controls; sampling of trapping solutions, if installed.
Εκτελείται κορεσμός του μέσου δοκιμής με αέρα στη θερμοκρασία δοκιμής μέσω αερισμού με καθαρό πεπιεσμένο αέρα για περίπου 20 λεπτά.
Pre-exposure activities (equilibration phase) should be scheduled taking into account the properties of the test substance.
Προσδιορίζεται η συγκέντρωση του διαλυμένου οξυγόνου για να χρησιμεύσει σαν μάρτυρας.
If required, conditioning of the prepared sediment under overlying water at 20 ± 2 °C for 7 days;
BOD του τυφλού για το θαλάσσιο νερό και
in this case, earlier preparation of the sediment!
Δείγματα με υψηλές συγκεντρώσεις σε χλωρίδιο ή/και μεγαλύτεροι όγκοι δείγματος μπορούν να αναλύονται σύμφωνα με αυτήν τη μέθοδο, με την προϋπόθεση ότι αποτρέπεται η συσσώρευση χλωριδίων στο δοχείο οξείδωσης.
Activities described for day 2 should be performed daily (at least on workdays).
Στη συνέχεια, είναι δυνατός ο προσδιορισμός του πτητικού οργανικού άνθρακα, εφόσον ισχύει, για τον υπό εξέταση τύπο δείγματος.
Elimination phase
Γ.9, Βιοαποικοδόμηση — Δοκιμή Zahn-Wellens,
Mixing of all sediment constituents;
Γ.10, Δοκιμή προσομοίωσης — Αερόβια επεξεργασία λυμάτων:
incubation at test conditions;
Μονάδες ενεργοποιημένης ιλύος, B:
0 (day 28 of uptake phase)
Βιομεμβράνες
Measurement of water quality (see paragraph 52);
Γ.11, Βιοαποικοδόμηση — Αναστολή αναπνοής ενεργοποιημένης ιλύος
transfer worms from remaining exposed replicates to vessels containing clean sediment;
Birch, R.
after 4 - 6 h removing replicates for taking samples of water, sediment and worms for determination of test substance concentration;
R., Biver, C., Campagna, R., Gledhill, W.E., Pagga,U., Steber, J., Reust, H. και Bontinck, W.J.
controlling air supply, worm behaviour, water quality (see paragraph 52);
Healy, J.B.Jr. και Young, L.Y.
end of elimination phase;
Battersby, N.S. και Wilson, V.
sampling of water, sediment and worms from solvent controls;
(1988) Evaluation of a serum bottle technique for assessing the anaerobic biodegradability of organic chemicals under methanogenic conditions.
sampling of trapping solutions, if installed.
Διεθνής Οργανισμός Τυποποίησης (1995) ISO 11 734 Water Quality — Evaluation of the ultimate anaerobic biodegradation of organic compounds in digested sludge — Method by measurement of the biogas production.
Preparation of the sediment prior to start of elimination phase should be done in the same manner as before the uptake phase.
Διεθνής Οργανισμός Τυποποίησης (2003) ISO 13 641-1 Water Quality — Determination of inhibition of gas production of anaerobic bacteria — Part 1 General Test.
Some physical-chemical characteristics of an acceptable dilution water
Pagga, U. και Beimborn, D.B., (1993) Anaerobic biodegradation test for organic compounds.
< 2μg/l
mv [7](mg):
COMPOSITION OF THE RECOMMENDED RECONSTITUTED WATER
Δp (αναφ.)
The sum of the calcium and magnesium ions in this solution is 2,5 mmol/l.
Guth, J.A., Burkhard, N. και Eberle, D.O.
The pH of an acceptable dilution water should be in the range of 6 - 9.
In progress in Pesticide Biochemistry and Toxicology, Τόμος 9 (Environmental Behaviour of Agrochemicals — T.R. Roberts και P.C. Kearney, εκδ.).
Artificial sediment — preparation and storage recommendations
Chiou, C.T., Porter, P.E. και Schmedding, D.W.
In contrast to the requirements in test method C.8 (40) the peat content of the artificial sediment is recommended to be 2 % instead of 10 % of dry weight, in order to correspond to a low to moderate organic content of natural sediments (58).
Παράρτημα Ι της οδηγίας 95/36/ΕΚ της Επιτροπής, της 14ης Ιουλίου 1995, για τροποποίηση της οδηγίας 91/414/ΕΟΚ του Συμβουλίου σχετικά με τη διάθεση στην αγορά φυτοπροστατευτικών προϊόντων, ΕΕ L 172 της 22.7.1995, σελ. 8.
Percentage of dry constituents of the artificial sediment:
Methods of Soil Analysis (1982).
% of dry sediment
ISO Standard Compendium Environment (1994).
Folia urticae, powdered leaves of Urtica sp.
In Research Methods in Weed Science, 2η έκδοση (B.
(stinging nettle), finely ground (particle size ≤ 0,5 mm), or a mixture of powdered leaves of Urtica sp. with alpha-cellulose (1:1);
Truelove, εκδ.).
in accordance with pharmacy standards, for human consumption;
In Research Methods in Weed Science, 3η έκδοση (N.D. Camper, εκδ.).
in addition to dry sediment
J.
If elevated ammonia concentrations are expected, e.g. if the test substance is known to inhibit the nitrification, it may be useful to replace 50 % of the nitrogen-rich urtica powder by cellulose (e.g., α-Cellulose powder, chemically pure, particle size ≤ 0,5 mm).
60 (1):
The peat is air-dried and ground to a fine powder (grain size ≤ 0,5 mm, no visible plant remains).
Hamaker, J.W. (1975).
A suspension of the required amount of peat powder is prepared using a portion of the deionised water to be added to the dry sediment (a water volume of 11,5 × dry weight of peat has been found useful to produce a stirrable peat slurry (8)) using a high-performance homogenising device.
Interpretation of soil leaching experiments.
The pH of this suspension is adjusted to 5,5 ± 0,5 with CaCO3.
In Environmental Dynamics of Pesticides (R.
The suspension is conditioned for at least two days with gentle stirring at 20 ± 2 °C, to stabilise pH and establish a stable microbial component.
Haque, V.H. Freed, εκδ.), 115-133.
The pH is measured again and is adjusted to 6,0 ± 0,5 with CaCO3 if necessary.
Plenum Press, Νέα Υόρκη.
Then all of the suspension is mixed with the other dry constituents, taking into account any portion used for spiking.
← Γυάλινη στήλη γεμισμένη με το έδαφος δοκιμής (κατά τη δοκιμή προϊόντων που είναι ασταθή παρουσία φωτός, οι στήλες θα πρέπει να τυλίγονται με αλουμινόχαρτο)
The remaining deionised water is added to obtain a homogeneous sediment.
Guth, J.A. και Hörmann, W.D.
The pH is measured again and is adjusted to 6,5 to 7,5 with CaCO3 if necessary.