natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Vikingerne skulle forholde sig til traditioner, der var på vej ud, og til de nye traditioner, der var på vej ind.
The Vikings had to adopt a position regarding the old traditions that were on the way out and the new ones that were becoming more widespread.
Med kristendommen kom mange nye leveregler til: dåb, kirkegang, strengere bestemmelser for indgåelse af ægteskab samt begravelse på indviede kirkegårde uden gravgaver.
Accompanying Christianity were many new rules relating to baptism, church attendance, stricter conditions for marriage and burial in consecrated churchyards without grave goods.
Men vigtigst af alt troen på kun én Gud.
But most important of all was the belief in the one God.
For eksempel mod at sætte børn ud og mod at spise hestekød.
In addition, horsemeat was not to be eaten.
Hesten havde stor betydning i den gamle tro på grund af Odins hest Slejpner.
The horse had great significance in the old religion because of Odin’s horse, Sleipnir.
I en kammergrav på gravpladsen Thumby-Bienebek i Slesvig-Holsten ses et eksempel på en familie, der har villet være på den sikre side.
A chambered tomb at Thumby-Bienebek in Schleswig-Holstein is evidence of a family covering different options.
Den gravlagte kvinde bar et sølvkors om halsen.
The buried woman wore a silver cross around her neck.
Derfor har hun sandsynligvis været kristen.
She was therefore probably a Christian.
På kistens yderside var der påsømmet flere thorshamre af jern.
However, several iron Thor’s hammers had also been nailed into the outside of the coffin.
Det har næppe været den gravlagtes egen hensigt, men hendes familie har måske villet være helt sikre på, at alt gik på bedste måde i det hinsides.
This was probably not according to the buried woman’s own wishes, but may instead show how her family wanted to be completely sure that all went as well as possible in the afterlife.
I vikingetiden var forholdet mellem troen på de nordiske guder og kristendommen et hedt diskussionsemne.
The relationship between the belief in the Norse gods and Christianity during the Viking period has been the subject of much discussion.
Vikingernes overgang til kristendom handler ikke kun om tro, men også i høj grad om politik.
The Viking transition to Christianity did not just involve religion; politics also played a significant role.
I de store riger syd for Danmark var kristne herskere og kirken en stærk magtfaktor i vikingetidens og middelalderens Europa.
In the larger kingdoms south of Denmark, Christian rulers and the Church were powerful forces in Viking Age and medieval Europe.
Erobring af lande blev lovprist, hvis formålet var at kristne deres indbyggere.
The conquering of countries was praiseworthy if the objective was to Christianize their inhabitants.
Da Harald Blåtand lod sig døbe omkring 965, tyder meget på, at det ikke alene skyldtes overbevisningen om, at den kristne tro var den eneste sande vej.
When Harald Bluetooth agreed to be baptised around 965, it is unlikely that this was because he was convinced that the Christian religion was the only truthful way.
Haralds dåb synes snarere at være en taktisk manøvre for at holde den tyske kejser og ærkebispesædet i Hamborg-Bremen stangen.
His baptism is believed to have been rather a tactical manoeuvre to hold the German emperor and the archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen at bay.
På længere sigt passede kirken og kristendommen dog som hånd i handske for de danske konger, for den betød en styrkelse af kongens magtposition.
However, in the longer view the Church and Christianity suited the Danish kings very well, as a close relationship with them strengthened royal power.
Danmarks største problem i vikingetiden var den mægtige nabo mod syd – det tysk-romerske kejserrige.
Denmark’s biggest problem in the Viking period was its powerful neighbour to the south – the Holy Roman Empire.
Da Harald Blåtand lod sig døbe, blev det sværere for den tyske kejser at blande sig i danske forhold.
After Harald Bluetooth had been baptised, it was harder for the German emperors to interfere in Danish affairs.
Tyskerne var kristne og kunne muligvis finde på at tvangskristne danskerne, hvis de ikke blev kristne af egen fri vilje.
The Germans were Christian and might have forced the Danes to convert to Christianity, if they had not become Christian of their own free will.
Derfor fandt Harald det sandsynligvis politisk klogt at blive kristen for at undgå krig med det tysk-romerske kejserrige.
Therefore Harald probably thought it was a good political move to become Christian in order to avoid war with the Holy Roman Empire.
Harald og de efterfølgende danske konger forsøgte i de følgende århundreder at løsrive sig fra ærkebispesædet i Hamborg-Bremen.
In the following centuries Harald and subsequent Danish kings tried to detach themselves from the control of the archbishopric of Hamburg-Bremen.
Bispesædet havde i slutningen af vikingetiden et stærkt greb om Danmark.
The archbishopric had a strong hold on Denmark in the late Viking period.
Derfor forsøgte de danske konger at knytte sig stærkere til den engelske kirke, hvormed der gennem hele vikingetiden havde været nære forbindelser.
As a result, the Danish kings tried to link themselves more closely to the English Church, with which there had been close connections throughout the Viking period.
For eksempel indsatte Knud den Store i år 1018 fire engelske biskopper i henholdsvis Ribe, Odense, Roskilde og Lund.
In the year 1018 King Canute 'The Great' placed four English bishops at Ribe, Odense, Roskilde and Lund.
Alle vigtige bispesæder på den tid.
All of these were important bishoprics at the time.
Det var først under Erik Ejegod i år 1103, at Danmark fik sit eget ærkebispesæde og dermed frigjorde sig fra ærkebispesædet i Hamborg-Bremen.
It was not until the reign of Eric I in the year 1103 that Denmark was granted its first archbishopric and thus was freed from the control of the archbishopric of Hamburg-Bremen.
Erik Ejegod var selv rejst helt til Rom for at forhandle med Paven.
Eric I had travelled to Rome himself in order to negotiate with the pope.
Meget tyder på, at prisen var høj.
However, the price for this was apparently high.
Ejegod skulle inddele landet i sogne og opkræve tiende til kirken.
Eric now had to divide the land up into parishes and collect tithes for the Church.
I 826 lod vikingekongen Harald Klak sig døbe, og dermed blev han den første danske kristne vikingekonge.
In 826 Harald Klak consented to be baptised and thus became the first Danish Christian Viking king.
Han gjorde det dog næppe på grund af overbevisning.
Apparently he did not agree to this out of a strong commitment to Christianity.
På dette tidspunkt befandt han sig i eksil hos frankerkongen Ludvig den Fromme (814-840).
At this point in time Harald was in exile, after having been granted refuge by the Frankish king Louis the Pious (814-840).
Eksilet skyldtes stridigheder om kongemagten over Danmark, der opstod i kølvandet på kong Godfreds død i 810.
This exile had resulted from various disputes over the royal rule of Denmark, which arose in the wake of King Godfrey’s death in 810.
Efterfølgende blev Harald konge sammen med sin bror 812-13 og sammen med Godfred-sønnerne 819-27.
Subsequently Harald became king, together with his brother in 812-13, and with Godfrey’s sons in the period 819-27.
Delingen af landet med Godfred-sønnerne var dog ikke uden konflikter.
However, dividing up the land with Godfrey’s sons was not without its conflicts.
Derfor søgte Harald i to omgange støtte hos frankerkongen Ludvig den Fromme.
Therefore Harald twice sought the support of the Frankish king, Louis the Pious.
Støtten krævede. at Harald lod sig døbe.
This support was offered on the condition that Harald agreed to be baptised.
Harald må have ment, at Danmark nok var en messe værd.
Harald must have believed that the prize of Denmark was worth taking part in a ceremony for.
I hvert fald lod han sig døbe ved en større højtidelighed i Ingelheim ved Rhinen, hvor han svor kejseren troskab.
He agreed to be baptised at a great ceremony at Ingelheim on the Rhine, at which he swore allegiance to the emperor.
Ludvig den Fromme deltog selv i ceremonien, og efter denne skænkede han Harald et grevskab i Frisland.
Louis the Pious was present and rewarded Harald with an estate in Friesland.
Harald Klak kunne nu med den frankiske konge i ryggen gøre endnu et forsøg på at erobre den danske krone.
Now with the backing of the Frankish king, Harald Klak could make another attempt to seize the Danish throne.
Med på sin rejse fik han den frankiske munk Ansgar (801-865).
Accompanying him on this expedition was the Frankish monk Ansgar (801-865).
Han skulle på den frankiske konges foranledning drive missionsvirksomhed i Danmark under Haralds beskyttelse.
At the request of the Frankish king, Ansgar was to undertake missionary activity in Denmark under Harald’s protection.
Det kom der nu ikke meget ud af, for året efter blev Harald igen fordrevet fra Danmark, og Ansgar måtte følge ham.
Little came of this though, as the year after Harald was driven out of Denmark again, and Ansgar was forced to follow him.
Det blev snart klart, at Harald havde været den forkerte at satse på.
It soon became clear that Harald Klak had been a poor choice to rely upon.
Fra sit len i Frisland begyndte Harald nu at drive sørøvervirksomhed til stor gene for frankerne.
Using his estate in Friesland as a base, he now began to undertake acts of piracy, to the great annoyance of the Franks.
Sin kristentro synes han at have taget meget let.
He does not appear to have taken his Christian faith very seriously.
Kristendommen var også til fordel for kongen selv.
The adoption of Christianity was also beneficial to the king.
Den betød en styrkelse af kongemagten i landet.
It brought with it a strengthening of royal power in the land.
Harald må dog have fået støtte fra flere magtfulde stormænd til at tage dette skridt, ellers kunne han bringe sin magt i fare.
However, Harald Bluetooth needed the support of many powerful magnates in order to take this step, or else his power would be threatened.
I den første tid efter Haralds dåb var kristendommen først og fremmest for de rige stormænd og disses kvinder.
After Harald’s baptism, Christianity was initially primarily the preserve of rich magnates and their wives.
De havde råd til at bygge kirkerne.
They possessed the wealth and resources to enable them to build churches.
Stormændene byggede kirkerne for at være på god fod med kongen, men også for at sikre sig selv en plads i paradis efter døden.
The magnates constructed churches to remain on good terms with the king, but also to secure a place in paradise after death.
Det var nok ikke alle stormænd, som var parate til at følge trop med kong Harald Blåtand.
But probably not all magnates were willing to follow Harald Bluetooth’s lead.
Vi ved, at Paven i Rom forbød stormændene at eje kirker på deres gårde.
We know that the Pope in Rome forbid the magnates from owning the churches on their estates.
Harald Blåtands overgang til den kristne kirke var måske ikke kun et nødvendigt onde, men også et forsøg på at fravriste lokale stormænd deres magt.
Harald’s conversion to Christianity was perhaps not only a necessary evil, but also part of an attempt to wrest power from local magnates.
For gudsdyrkelsen, der tidligere havde været varetaget af lokale stormænd, blev nu lagt i hænderne på et præsteskab.
Religious worship, which previously had been the responsibility of local magnates, was now in the hands of the clergy.
Kristendommen har skiftet karakter på sin vandring fra det solrige og tørre Palæstina til det kolde nord.
The character of Christianity changed on its journey all the way from Palestine to Northern Europe.
Den kristne mission stødte i nord på en anden mentalitet end i Sydeuropa.
In Scandinavia Christianity encountered another mentality to that which was found in Southern Europe.
Hos vikingerne var idealet krigeren, og målet var sejr.
The ideal of the Vikings was the warrior and the aim was victory.
Derfor vandt ”den lidende Kristus” på korset ikke genklang hos vikingerne, og de kristne missionærer lagde i stedet vægt på ”den sejrende Kristus”.
Therefore “the suffering Christ” on the cross was not received sympathetically amongst the Vikings, and the Christian missionaries instead placed emphasis upon “the victorious Christ”.
Genbegravelse
Reburial
Der findes eksempler på, at folk, der allerede var blevet begravet på hedensk vis, bagefter er blevet kristent genbegravet.
Examples can be found of people, who having already been buried in a pagan way, were subsequently reburied as Christians.
På et senere tidspunkt var højen blevet fjernet, og der var i stedet blevet bygget en lille trækirke direkte over gravkammeret.
Later on the mound was removed and a small wooden church was built directly over the burial chamber.
Sandsynligvis for at sørge for, at den gravlagte kvinde kom under den nye tros beskyttelse.
This was probably to ensure that the buried woman came under the protection of the new faith.
Hvad kvinden har ment om dette, er ikke til at vide?
What the woman would have thought about this, we will never know.
I vikingetiden opførtes de første kirker.
In the Viking period the first churches were built.
De tidligste kirker blev bygget af træ (stavkirker).
These buildings were made of wood (stave churches).
Ingen af de tidlige trækirker er bevaret, men man har fundet spor af dem under gulvene, og indmuret tømmer er bevaret i de nuværende stenkirker.
None of the early wooden churches are preserved today, but traces of them have been found under floors and as timbers forming parts of existing stone churches.
Der er fundet spor af omtrent 30 trækirker i Danmark.
Around 30 wooden churches are known from Denmark.
De kirker, der omtales i de skriftlige kilder, må også have været af træ.
The churches mentioned in the written sources must have been made of wood.
Vi ved, at den danske kong Horik omkring 850 gav missionæren Ansgar lov til at bygge kirker i handelsbyerne Hedeby og Ribe.
We know that around 850 the Danish king Horik I gave the missionary Ansgar permission to build churches in the trading settlements of Hedeby and Ribe.
Men det vides ikke med sikkerhed, om Ansgars kirker nogensinde blev bygget, for det er endnu ikke lykkedes at finde dem.
But it is not known whether Ansgar’s churches were ever built, because traces of them have never been found.
Arkæologer har under udgravninger ved Ribe Domkirke til gengæld fundet rester af kristne vikingegrave.
However, during excavations at Ribe Cathedral archaeologists found the remains of Viking burials.
Gravene har med stor sandsynlighed haft en tilknytning til en kirkebygning og kan dateres til 800- og 900-årene.
The graves are likely to have been connected to a church building and date to the 800s or 900s.
Måske blev Ansgars kirke opført under den nuværende Ribe Domkirke?
Perhaps the remains of Ansgar’s church lie under today’s Ribe Cathedral.
I løbet af 1000-tallet blev mange af vikingetidens trækirker erstattet af solide stenkirker.
During the course of the 1000s many of the wooden churches of the Viking Age were replaced by stone churches.
Bygmestrene til stenkirkerne formodes at være hentet i England.
The master builders of the stone churches are believed to have come from England.
Et eksempel på engelsk indflydelse findes i Sankt Jørgensbjerg Kirke i Roskilde.
An example of this English influence can be found at the Church of St Jørgensbjerg in Roskilde.
Her ses en meget speciel udformning af en dørportal.
Here a door portal has a very unusual design.
Tilsvarende dørportaler kendes fra Østengland.
Examples of similar doorways are known from Eastern England.
Det tyder på, at det var engelske håndværkere, der indførte den revolutionerende nye stenbygningsteknik i Danmark.
This indicates that it was English craftsmen who introduced revolutionary stone building techniques to Denmark.
Sankt Jørgensbjerg Kirke er bygget i 1020’erne og regnes for at være den ældste stenkirke i Danmark.
The Church of St Jørgensbjerg was built in the 1020s and is considered to be one of the oldest stone churches in Denmark.
Kirken hed oprindelig Sankt Clemens, opkaldt efter de søfarendes skytsengel, som var populær i England.
It was originally called St Clement’s, after the seafarers’ guardian, who was popular in England.
Dette er også med til at bestyrke antagelsen om en engelsk indflydelse.
This also strengthens the theory of English influence.
Missionæren Ansgar (o.801-865 e.Kr.) havde til opgave at udbrede kendskabet til kristendommen blandt Nordens ”hedninge”.
The missionary Ansgar (801-865 AD) had the task of spreading knowledge of Christianity amongst the “heathens” of the North.
Han var tilknyttet ærkebispesædet i Hamborg-Bremen.
He was employed by the archbishopric of Hamburg-Bremen.
Han er især kendt i nutiden, fordi der blev nedskrevet en ”levnedsbeskrivelse” om ham, som fortæller om hans gerninger.
Ansgar is especially well known today because of the “biography” describing his deeds, which was written about him.
Ansgar missionerede i Norden.
Ansgar was a missionary in Scandinavia.
Det kunne være en stor fordel for den frankiske kejser, hvis Norden blev kristnet – for måske ville det give færre problemer med disse naboer.
At this time it would have been beneficial to the Frankish emperors if Northern Europe adopted Christianity, as this might result in fewer problems with these neighbours.
Måske ville vikingerne ikke foretage voldelige overfald, hvis de blev kristne?
The Vikings might not make violent attacks if they became Christians.
I 826 e.Kr. foretog Ansgar en missionsrejse for at udbrede kendskabet om kristendommen blandt saksere og måske også danere i Sønderjylland.
In 826 AD Ansgar undertook a missionary journey to spread knowledge of Christianity amongst the Saxons, and perhaps also the Danes, of Southern Jutland.
Omkring år 830 e.Kr. rejste han til Sverige, hvor han især arbejdede i handelsbyen Birka.
Around the year 830 AD he travelled to Sweden, where he worked especially in the trading town of Birka.
Ifølge beretningen om ham, fik han tilladelse til at bygge en kirke i Birka – muligvis den første kirke i Norden?
According to the account of his life, he was given permission to build a church at Birka – possibly the first church in Scandinavia?
Sidenhen blev Ansgar udnævnt til ærkebiskop over Hamborg stift, og fik Norden som ansvarsområde.
Subsequently Ansgar was named archbishop of Hamburg and was given Scandinavia as his area of responsibility.
Efterfølgende var hans job i høj grad at være diplomat mellem den danske konge og den frankiske kejser.
His job was mainly to act as a diplomat between the Danish kings and the Frankish emperors.
Han fik tilladelse til at bygge kirker i både Ribe og Hedeby.
He was also given permission to build churches at Ribe and Hedeby.
Ansgar var ikke den eneste missionær fra det frankiske område, men han er en af de få, som vi har oplysninger om, fordi der er nedskrevet en levnedsbeskrivelse om ham.
Ansgar was not the only missionary from the Frankish area, but he is one of the few that we have information about, because of the biography of him that was written.
Sluppen Ruth blev bygget i 1854 i Svinör i Sydnorge.
The Sloop Ruth was constructed in 1854 at Svinör in South Norway.
Tidligere blev den handel foretaget med sandskuder, store åbne både med master der bærer råsejl.
Early on this trade used large open boats with masts bearing square sails.
Efter Englandskrigene 1807-14 forsvandt denne skibstype helt og erstattedes snart med dæksfartøjer, der kendtes som danmarksslupper.
After the English Wars (1807-14) this type of ship disappeared completely and was soon replaced with decked boats, known as Danish schooners.
Ruth er det sidst bevarede fartøj af denne type.
Ruth is the last preserved example of this type of vessel.
Da Danmarksfarten gradvis ophørte, kom skibet på danske hænder i 1888.
As the Denmark route gradually ceased to operate, the ship entered Danish hands in 1888.
Herefter indgik skibet i den almindelige danske småskibstrafik - med afstikkere til Sverige og til Nordtyskland - til alle steder, hvor der nu engang var fragt at få.
Afterwards it became part of the ordinary Danish traffic of small ships – with detours to Sweden and North Germany – to all the places where cargo could be obtained.
Stadig, med den originale rigning.
It still had the original rigging.
Men i 1898 blev skibet totalt ombygget.
However, in 1898 the ship was given a total renovation.
Klædningen blev ændret fra klink til kravel, og skibet gennemgik en omfattende reparation.
The planking was changed from clinker to carvel construction and the ship underwent extensive repairs.
I 45 år sejlede skibet paketfart på Limfjorden under navnet Ruth med hjemsted i Nykøbing Mors og med den samme skipper gennem alle årene.
For 45 years it sailed a packet route on the Limfjord under the name of Ruth.
Mange tror, at asatroen – troen på de nordiske guder – forsvandt med kristendommens indførelse.
Many think that the old Nordic religion - the belief in the Norse gods – disappeared with the introduction of Christianity.
Det gjorde den ikke, men den måtte foregå i det skjulte, for eksempel under kristent dække.
However, it did not, but was instead practised secretly or under a Christian cloak.
I dag findes der i Danmark mellem 500 og 1000 asatroende, der dyrker de gamle nordiske guder.
Today there are between 500 and 1000 people in Denmark who believe in the old Nordic religion and worship its ancient gods.
Ligesom i vikingetiden mødes moderne asatroende under åben himmel.
Modern believers in the old Nordic religion meet in the open air just as the Vikings did.
Her blóter de – hylder og ofrer til guderne.
Here they praise the gods and make offerings to them.
De asatroende ærer guderne ved at drikke en skål for dem og indtage et festmåltid.
They honour the gods by drinking a toast to them and eating a feast.
Skålen kan for eksempel være for frugtbarhedsguderne Njord og Frej ”for gode år og fred” med ønsket om velstand og god høst.
The toast may, for example, be to the fertility gods Njörd and Frej to wish for prosperity and a good harvest.
Den allersidste skål er en personlig skål.
Afterwards the modern believers make a personal toast.
Her kan den unge hylde Freja med ønsket om at blive gravid eller om evig kærlighed.
For example, young women can praise Freyja in order to become pregnant or find eternal love.
Står man over for en udfordring, kan Thor hyldes for at få styrke til en kommende prøvelse, eller Odin kan påkaldes med ønsket om visdom.
If a challenge is faced, then Thor can be praised in order to gain strength or Odin can be invoked for wisdom.
Den moderne asatro ligger ikke i direkte forlængelse af vikingernes tro.
The modern belief in the Norse gods is not a direct continuation of the beliefs of the Vikings.
Der er tale om en religiøs genoplivning og genfortolkning, fordi de skriftlige kilder herom er få.
It is more of a revival and reinterpretation of the old religion, as there are so few written sources on the subject.
Som oftest findes kun brudstykker skrevet af undrende kristne munke eller korte bemærkninger i sagaerne.
These mostly consist of brief pieces written by Christian monks or short accounts in the sagas.
Asatro er dyrkelsen af de gamle nordiske guder.
“Asatro” is the worship of the Norse gods.
Troen handler dog ikke kun om guder, men også om dyrkelsen af jætter og forfædre.
The religion does not only involve the gods, but also the worship of giants and ancestors.
Asatro er en nyere betegnelse, der vandt frem i det 19. århundrede.
Asatro is a relatively modern term, which became popular in the 19th century.
Vikingerne havde ikke et navn for deres religion, da de mødte kristendommen.
The Vikings did not have a name for their religion when they encountered Christianity.
Derfor kaldte de deres religion for ”den gamle skik” (Forn Sidr) modsat kristendommen, der var den nye skik.
Therefore they called it “the old way” (Forn Sidr), as opposed to Christianity, which was the new way.
Det største asatrossamfund i Danmark kaldes netop Forn Sidr.
The largest Nordic religion society in Denmark is also called Forn Sidr.
Det blev stiftet i 1997 og har ca. 600 medlemmer.
It was established in 1997, has around 600 members and is the only officially approved Nordic religion society in Denmark.