natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
På baggrund af samtidige afbildninger kan vi se, at de har været skæftet på et over 1 m langt skaft og sandsynligvis har været svunget med begge hænder.
Contemporary illustrations indicate that they had a shaft measuring over 1 metre and were probably wielded with both hands.
Øksen er kendt under navnet “den danske økse”, eller “daneøkse”, hvilket vidner om, at våbnet har været populært blandt danske vikinger.
This type of axe is known as “the Danish axe”, or “Dane axe”, which reflects its popularity amongst the Danish Vikings.
Mens vikingetidens sværd var forbeholdt de få, var der mange flere, der ejede en økse.
Whilst the swords of the Viking Age were preserved for the use of just a few, many Vikings owned axes.
Økserne finder vi både i vikingetidens rigt udstyrede krigergrave såvel som i simple grave, hvor den døde ikke havde fået så meget med sig på den sidste rejse.
They have been found in the richly furnished warrior graves of the Viking Age, as well as in simple graves, in which the deceased had little to accompany them on their last journey.
Alle økser er lavet af jern, men nogle er mere kunstfærdigt udført end andre.
All the axes are made of iron, but some are more elaborately decorated than others.
Øksen fra en stormandsgrav ved Mammen (Midtjylland) er for eksempel udsmykket med indlagt sølvtråd.
The axe from the magnate’s grave at Mammen in Jutland, for example, is decorated with inlaid silver decoration.
Et andet eksempel på en økse, der må have tilhørt en stormand, er en langbladsøkse fra Over Hornbæk ved Randers.
Another example of an axe that must have belonged to a magnate is the long-bladed axe from Over Hornbæk, near Randers.
Dette eksemplar er dekoreret med både sølv og kobberindlægninger i mønstre, der måske forestiller en dyrefigur.
This is decorated with silver and copper inlay in patterns that possibly form an animal figure.
Fra den sidste del af vikingetiden kender vi korsøkserne.
There were also the cross axes of the later Viking period.
Det er nogle gådefulde økser med et perforeret blad med et korsmotiv.
These mysterious axes had a partially solid head that featured a cross motif.
Undersøgelser viser, at økserne var stærke nok til praktisk brug.
Research indicates that such axes were robust enough for practical use.
Men det er dog sandsynligt, at de er blevet brugt til ceremonier.
However, it is more likely that they were reserved for ceremonial purposes.
Ejerne af disse korsøkser var ikke nødvendigvis kristne, men økserne viser, at der var stærke kristne strømninger i denne del af vikingetiden.
The owners of these cross axes were not necessarily Christian, but the axes reflect the strong Christian currents that existed in this part of the Viking period.
Den døde stormand fra Mammen fik en pragtfuld økse med sig.
The deceased magnate from Mammen was given a magnificent axe to accompany him in the grave.
Den er af jern og dekoreret med sølvtråd.
It is made of iron and decorated with silver inlay.
Motiverne er omgærdet af mystik.
However, the motifs present on the axe are somewhat ambiguous.
Her kan nemlig både være tale om kristne motiver eller hedenske (førkristne) motiver.
Arguments can be made for both Christian and pagan (pre-Christian) motifs.
På den ene side af øksen fra Mammen ses et træmotiv.
On one side of the axe a tree is depicted.
Det kan enten tolkes som det hedenske træ ”Yggdrasil” eller som det kristne ”Livets Træ”.
This can be interpreted as the pagan tree ”Yggdrasil”, but also as the Christian ”Tree of Life”.
På den anden side ses en fugl.
The other side of the axe from Mammen displays a bird motif.
Denne fugl kan enten være ”Hanen Gyldenkam” eller ”Fugl Fønix”.
The bird is either the rooster Gullinkambi (Old Norse “golden comb”) or the Phoenix.
Hanen Gyldenkam hører – lige som Yggdrasil – til i den nordiske mytologi.
The rooster Gullinkambi, like Yggdrasil, belongs to Norse mythology.
Gyldenkam sidder i toppen af Yggdrasil.
Gullinkambi sits on top of the tree Yggdrasil.
Her er dens opgave at vække vikingekrigerne, og når Ragnarok kommer, vil den gale.
His task is to wake the Viking warriors every morning and when Ragnarok comes he will crow.
Fugl Føniks er et symbol på genfødsel og hører til den kristne mytologi.
The Phoenix, on the other hand, is a symbol of rebirth belonging to Christian mythology.
Der er således elementer på øksen, der kan tolkes som både hedenske og kristne.
The motifs on the axe can therefore be interpreted as both pagan and Christian.
Der er tale om tynde, sammensatte planker, der danner en cirkelrund form.
It consists of thin planking, which forms a circular shape.
I midten er en hvælvet jernknop, der har beskyttet bærerens hånd.
In the middle is a dome of iron to protect the shield bearer’s hand.
Denne kaldes skjoldbulen og er oftest det eneste, der er bevaret efter 1000 år i jorden.
This is called the shield boss and is often the only part which is preserved after 1000 years in the ground.
Skjoldets alder kan dateres ud fra skjoldbulens form, der skifter løbende gennem jernalder og vikingetid.
The date of a shield can be established from the form of the shield boss, which varied throughout the Iron Age and the Viking period.
Skjoldbulerne findes ofte i grave, hvor de har ledsaget den døde på den sidste rejse.
Shield bosses are often found in graves, in which shields accompanied the dead on their final journey.
Et sjældent fund blev i 2008 gjort ved Trelleborg uden for Slagelse.
A rare find was made at Trelleborg, near Slagelse, in 2008.
Ved dette fæstningsanlæg afslørede arkæologiske udgravninger et næsten helt skjold.
Archaeological excavations at the site uncovered an almost complete shield.
Det var lavet af fyrretræ og havde en diameter på ca. 80 cm.
This is made of pine wood and has a diameter of around 80 cm.
Skjoldet har formentlig været brugt samtidig med, at borgen var i brug i slutningen af 900-årene.
Presumably the shield was used when the fortress was in operation at the end of the 900s.
Det er blot det andet fund af et helt vikingeskjold, der kendes fra Norden.
This is only the second site from Scandinavia that has produced one or more complete Viking shields.
Skjoldet har ligget fugtigt – hvilket har medført, at det er bevaret til i dag.
The shield was found in waterlogged conditions – which have resulted in it still being preserved today.
Skjoldet har et hul i midten med et greb henover.
It has a hole in the middle and a grip is also present.
Oprindeligt har der været påmonteret en skjoldbule, men denne blev ikke fundet ved udgravningen.
Originally a boss must have been attached in this part of the shield, but it was not found in the excavations.
Det bedste fund af hele skjolde fra vikingetiden er det store norske gravfund fra Gokstad.
The most impressive collection of complete Viking shields was recovered from the Norwegian burial at Gokstad.
Her blev et gammelt skib begravet med fyrste eller konge sammen med en masse gravgaver.
Here a ship was buried, together with a prince or king and large numbers of grave goods.
Blandt disse var 64 runde skjolde med rester af gul og blå bemaling.
Amongst these were 64 round shields painted with yellow and blue paint.
Skjoldende er relativt tynde, og forsøg har vist, at de flækker nemt, når de rammes af pile eller af hug fra økser og sværd.
The shields are relatively thin, and research has shown that they would split easily when struck with arrows, axes and swords.
Man mener derfor, at de har været beklædt med dyrehud, der, når det tørrer, krymper en smule og derved øger skjoldets styrke.
It is therefore thought that they were originally covered with animal skin, which shrinks slightly when it dries out, thus increasing the strength of the shields.
Med denne behandling flækker skjoldet heller ikke nær så nemt, og man kan derfor bruge relativt tyndt træ og derved holde vægten nede.
The addition of animal skin also meant that the shields were less lightly to split, and thus relatively thin pieces of wood could be used to keep their weight down.
Også fra kunsten kender vi til vikingeskjolde.
We are also familiar with Viking shields from the art of the period.
På Gotland findes adskillige billedsten, der viser bevæbnede krigere, hvis skjolde ser ud til at have været bemalede.
Various picture stones from the island of Gotland show armed warriors with shields that appear to be painted.
Figurer, der viser små bevæbnede valkyrier, er også udstyret med dekorerede skjolde.
Some of the small, valkyrie figures also carry decorated shields.
Skuldelev 5 krigsskibet fra Roskilde Fjord har givet os værdifuld viden om, hvordan skjoldene blev monteret på skibssiden.
The Skuldelev 5 warship from Roskilde Fjord has given us valuable knowledge about how shields were mounted on the side of a ship.
Langs den ene skibsside er bevaret rester af en såkaldt skjoldramme.
Along one side of the ship the remains of a so-called shield rack are preserved.
I denne langsgående liste har man kunne placere sit skjold, hvilket har beskyttet besætningen mod spyd og pile.
Shields could be placed in this longitudinal attachment to protect the crew against incoming spears and arrows.
Testsejladser med en lignende konstruktion har dog vist, at sejlegenskaberne forringes betragteligt, når man monterer skjolde langs skibssiden.
Test sailings with a similar shield rack have, however, demonstrated that a ship’s sailing capacity is reduced considerably when shields are mounted along its side.
Med dette in mente er det sandsynligt, at skjoldende først er blevet monteret umiddelbart inden kamp, eller i forbindelse med søslag.
It is therefore probable that the shields were not mounted until immediately before military action.
Læser vi de samtidige europæiske kilder, der beskriver deres mange plyndringer, kommer de desværre sjældent nærmere ind på kampformen.
If we examine the contemporary European written sources, which describe their plundering, these rarely provide any information about the forms of combat they used.
Derfor er et godt sted at komme lidt tættere på vikingetidens kampform at kigge på de våben, de har efterladt.
However, we can find out more about Viking battle techniques by looking at the weapons that they left behind.
Et slag blev indledt af langbuerne.
A battle started with the deployment of longbows.
På denne måde kunne man tynde ud i fjendens geledder, inden sværd, spyd og økser blev taget i brug.
The arrows shot from these could deplete enemy ranks, before swords, spears and axes were brought into action.
Vi kender sådanne vikingetids langbuer fra Hedeby.
Such Viking longbows have been found at Hedeby.
Når man fik kontakt med fjenden, dækkede man sig bag sine skjolde, mens lanser, økser og sværd blev taget i brug.
Upon making contact with the enemy, they used lances, axes and swords as weapons, whilst protecting themselves with shields.
Vi kan også sige en del om den overordnede taktik, der blev gjort brug af i de store flådeangreb.
We also have some knowledge about the tactics that were deployed in the major attacks carried out by Viking fleets.
Dette skyldes, at krønikeskriverne ofte giver et overslag på hvor mange mænd og skibe, de enkelte angreb bestod af.
This is because the chronicle writers often give an estimate of how many ships and men were involved in the individual attacks.
Vikingerne var for det første eksperter i at udnytte deres overlegne skibsteknologi.
The Vikings were very effective at deploying their advanced ship technology.
Langskibene med deres lave køl var perfekte instrumenter til overraskelsesangreb og til at sejle op ad de lange europæiske floder.
The longships, with their narrow and deep keels, were perfect tools for carrying out surprise attacks and sailing on long European rivers.
Der er krøniker, som beskriver vikingeflåder på hundredevis af skibe - et faktum der betyder, at den bagvedliggende organisation har været uhyre veludviklet.
The written records include descriptions of Viking fleets of hundreds of ships, indicating that there must have been a high level of organisation behind these expeditions.
Fra tidlig vikingetid kender vi også til navnene på de høvdinge, der ledede mange af angrebene.
From the early Viking Age we also know the names of the chieftains who led many of the attacks.
I sen vikingetid er det ofte konger, der har dette hverv.
In the later Viking period it was often kings who had this responsibility.
Disse har haft et enormt logistisk arbejde med at få de mange tusinde krigere til at fungere som en samlet hær.
An enormous amount of logistical work must have been involved to get the many thousands of warriors to function as a unified force.
Sådanne vikingeledere har haft et indgående kendskab til fjendens svagheder og til, hvor de mødte mindst modstand.
The Viking military leaders are likely to have had a thorough knowledge of the enemy’s weaknesses and of where they would meet with the least resistance.
Med deres hurtige skibe har vikingerne været meget mobile og i stand til at ramme fjenden, hvor de mindst ventede det.
With their fast ships, the Vikings were very mobile and were able to strike the enemy when they least expected it.
Det har også været nødvendigt at have store lastskibe med, der kunne bære ekstra udstyr og mad.
It was also necessary to take large cargo ships with them, which could carry extra equipment and food.
Alt i alt må de store kampagner mod blandt andet England og Frankerriget have været baseret på en fasttømret ledelsesstruktur og et højt organisationsniveau.
The campaigns against England and the Frankish Empire, for instance, must have been based upon a high level of organisation and solid leadership.
Opfyldt af raseri og uden frygt for eget liv, kastede bersærken sig ind i kampens midte til skræk for både ven og fjende.
Filled with rage and without fear for his own life, the berserker cast himself into the midst of the battle arousing terror amongst friends and foes alike.
Ordet kan også hentyde til, at den kæmpende har bjørnens styrke og vildskab.
The word may also refer to the fact that the fighters had a bear’s strength and wildness.
Bar de skjold, kunne de finde på at bide i det af rent raseri.
They were even known to bite their own shields out of pure rage.
Bersærkerne var farlige krigere, og sagaerne fortæller, hvorledes de til tider udgjorde hele kampgrupper, der kæmpede på samme blodtørstige maner.
The berserkers were dangerous warriors and the sagas describe how they could sometimes form whole combat groups that fought in the same bloodthirsty manner.
Flere sagaer fortæller om at gå bersærkergang, og om hvorledes store konger og jarler havde bersærker i deres hær.
Several of the sagas inform us about berserkers, and how kings and earls deployed them in their armies.
Nøgenheden har i sig selv været et godt psykologisk våben, for man har selvfølgelig frygtet mænd, der i en sådan grad har tilsidesat egen personlig sikkerhed.
The nakedness of the berserkers was in itself a good psychological weapon, because such men were naturally feared, when they showed such disregard for their own personal safety.
Derudover kan den nøgne krop være et symbol på en slags usårlighed, måske for at hædre en krigsgud.
In addition, the naked body may have symbolised invulnerability and was perhaps displayed to honour a war god.
At man vier sit liv og sin krop til kampen.
The berserkers were thus dedicating their lives and bodies to the battle.
Det er dog svært at finde arkæologiske levn efter bersærker.
It is, however, hard to find any archaeological evidence of berserkers.
Når man tager vildskaben og manglen på tøj ud af billedet, synes de ikke at have været anderledes end andre mænd.
On the other hand, apart from their wildness and lack of clothes, they are unlikely to have been any different to other warriors.
Der findes dog afbildninger af bersærker helt tilbage fra jernalderen.
Depictions of berserkers are known dating back to the Iron Age.
Bl.a. på det ene af de berømte guldhorn fra Gallehus i Møgeltønder fra ca. år 400 e.Kr. ses nøgne mænd med våben i hånd.
For instance, on one of the famous Golden Horns found near Møgeltønder, which dates to c. 400 AD, semi-naked men are displayed brandishing weapons.
Derudover ser de ud til at bære hornede hjelme.
In addition, two of these appear to be wearing horned helmets.
At vikingerne bar hornede hjelme har længe været kendt som en lidt sjov historie uden hold i virkeligheden.
The popular image of Vikings wearing horned helmets is now thought to be a myth rather than reality.
Grunden til dette er, at man aldrig har fundet en sådan hovedbeklædning fra vikingetiden.
This is partly due to the fact that no such headgear of a Viking Age date has ever been found.
Den lille figur på guldhornet viser dog, at fænomenet har været kendt.
However, two small figures on one of the Golden Horns show that horned helmets were worn before the Viking period.
Sammen med det faktum, at de afbillede krigere er nøgne, står vi sandsynligvis ansigt til ansigt med bersærker.
In addition, the fact that the depicted warriors are semi-naked means that we are probably looking at berserkers.
Der findes flere eksempler på afbillede, nøgne krigere.
We know of several other depictions of naked warriors.
Et godt eksempel er et lille metalstempel fra Sverige dateret til jernalderen.
One of these appears on a small metal stamp from Sweden dating to the Iron Age.
Pladen har været brugt ved fremstilling af dekoration af hjelme og viser to spændende figurer.
This was used in the production of decoration for helmets and displays two figures.
Den ene er en dansende person, nøgen bortset fra en hornet hjelm og et sværd, der er placeret i et bælte ved hans side.
One of these is naked apart from a horned helmet and a belt in which a sword is placed.
Han holder en lanse i hver hånd.
He holds a lance in each hand.
Denne figur kunne sagtens repræsentere en af de legendariske, nøgne krigere.
This figure could easily represent one of the legendary, naked warriors.
En mobil eller rejsende kongemagt kendes også fra Kontinentet i årene fra ca. 550 til 1000 e.Kr., bl.a. hos merovingerne og senere hos karolingerne og ottonerne.
Mobile or travelling monarchies are also known from the Continent in the years from c. 550 to 1000 AD, for example among the Merovingians and later the Carolingians and Ottonians.
Kombinationen af kongsgård, kultsted og marked ses f.eks. i Karl den Stores pfalzkompleks i Aachen.
The combination of royal residence, cult site and market can be seen for example at Charlemagne’s palatine complex in Aachen/Aix-la-Chapelle.
Når kejseren kom forbi paladset med hele sit hof, opstod der marked med et mylder af handlende og håndværkere.
When the Emperor visited the palace with his whole court, a market was held with crowds of traders and craftsmen.
Det er netop denne form for opblomstring af aktivitet, der også kan påvises på Tissø.
It is precisely this kind of flourishing of activity that can also be demonstrated at Tissø.
På bopladsen finder vi spor efter smeden, bronzestøberen og guldsmeden samt efter håndværkere som producerede glasperler, kamme og tekstiler.
At the site we find traces of the smith, the bronze caster and the goldsmith as well as craftsmen who produced glass beads, combs and textiles.
En del af varerne blev fremstillet til storgårdsejeren og hans husholdning, mens andre var beregnet som gaver til venner og allierede eller produceret med salg for øje.
Some of the goods were made for the magnate and his household, while others were meant as gifts to friends and allies or were produced with sale in mind.
Håndværkernes arbejde giver sig til kende i form af produktionsaffald, halvfabrikata, modeller og patricer, fejlstøbte genstande, værktøj, barrer og metalskrot.
The work of the craftsmen is evident in the form of production refuse, half-finished products, models and templates, defective castings, tools, bars and scrap metal.
Deres arbejdsplads var ofte en mindre hytte, et grubehus, et telt eller blot et ildsted under åben himmel.
Their workplace was often a small shed, a pit-house, a tent or simply a hearth under the open sky.
Mønter, smykker og våben vidner om kontakter til Kontinentet og til England og Irland.
Coins, jewellery and weapons testify to contacts with the Continent and with England and Ireland.
Enkelte kristne genstande er også endt på bopladsen, højst sandsynligt som plyndringsgods eller som ”souvenir” fra en vikings udlandsrejse.
A few Christian objects also ended up at the site.
Et lille byzantinsk blysegl fra det 9. årh., som blev fundet på markedspladsen, tilhørte oprindeligt embedsmanden Patrikios Theodosios.
A small Byzantine lead seal from the ninth century, found in the market place, originally belonged to the official Patrikios Theodosios.
Skriftlige kilder fortæller, at han var leder af det byzantinske rustkammer og militære hvervekontor, og at han i 840'erne var udsendt til Venedig og Trier.
Written sources tell us that he was the head of the Byzantine arsenal and military recruitment office, and that he was sent to Venice and Trier in the 840s.
Såkaldte Hedebymønter af sølv, slået i 9. årh. e.Kr., fundet på storgården ved Tissø.
Coins from Hedeby made of silver in the 9th century AD, found at the magnate courtyard at Tissø.
Mønterne er gennemborede og har været båret om halsen som smykker.
The coints are pierced and have been carried by the neck like a piece of jewellery.
Ved arbejdet stødte han på en ualmindelig rig grav – den er også kendt som Mammen-graven.
During this work he chanced upon an unusually richly-furnished grave, which has become known as the grave from Mammen.
Den gravlagte mand lå på et leje af dunpuder i en kiste placeret i et træbygget kammer – en såkaldt kammergrav.
The buried man lay upon a bed of down cushions in a coffin placed in a wooden chamber – a so-called chamber-grave.
Ved hans fødder lå to økser.
At his feet lay two axes.
På kistelåget var sat en bronzespand, to træspande og et stort vokslys.
On the coffin lid a bronze bucket, two wooden buckets and a large wax candle had been placed.
Manden bar en kostbar dragt prydet med purpur og rød silke samt broderier i rødt og blåt.
The man wore costly clothing decorated with purple and red silk, as well as embroideries in red and blue.
Det er uvist, om den gravlagte var kristen eller hedning.
It is not known whether the deceased was Christian or pagan.
Motivet på den ene økse kan tolkes som begge dele, mens det store vokslys sandsynligvis er et kristent symbol.
The motifs on the one axe can be interpreted as both of these, but the large candle is probably a Christian symbol.
Udstyrets fine kvalitet viser, at den gravlagte formentlig tilhørte kredsen omkring kong Harald Blåtand.
The fine quality of the furnishings shows that the deceased presumably belonged to the circle around King Harald Bluetooth.
Gårdmandens hårdhændede udgravning blev i 1986 fulgt op af en arkæologisk undersøgelse, hvor nye oplysninger om graven kom for dagen.
The farmer’s heavy-handed digging was followed up by an archaeological excavation, from which new information about the grave came to light.
Mammen er, ud over kammergraven, også kendt for et samtidigt skattefund fra en grusgrav nær landsbyen.
Mammen is, apart from the chamber-grave, also known for a hoard find made at the same time at a gravel quarry near the village.
Størstedelen af jordvoldene var umiddelbart synlige helt frem til udgravningens påbegyndelse, og den cirkulære indervold ses tydeligt på landkort fra 1600-tallet og fremefter.
Most of its earthworks were visible right up until the site was excavated, and the circular inner rampart can clearly be seen on maps from the 17th century and onwards.
Imidlertid blev anlæggets karakter af vikingebefæstning først erkendt, da Nationalmuseet påbegyndte udgravninger i 1934 under ledelse af arkæologen Poul Nørlund, som også udgravede nordbogravpladsen på Herjolfsnes i Grønland og foretog en række andre væsentlige udgravninger.
Trelleborg was first recognised as a Viking fortification when the National Museum commenced excavations in 1934, led by the archaeologist Poul Nørlund who also excavated the Scandinavian cemetery at Herjolfsnes in Greenland and undertook a number of other large excavations.
Udgravningen blev fremprovokeret, da en lokal motorcykelklub lejede området i 1933 med henblik på at lave det til motocrossbane.
The excavation was initiated after a local motorbike club rented the area in 1933 and planned to convert it into a motocross track.