natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
I den førkristne kult har kvinder også spillet en vigtig rolle.
Women also played an important role in the pre-Christian cult.
Vølver har været højt agtede personer.
Seeresses were highly revered people.
De har både spået om fremtiden på de enkelte gårde og været brugt af hærførerne før store slag.
They could foretell the future, for instance, on individual farms or for army commanders before great battles.
Vikingetidens rigeste grav er fundet i Oseberg i Norge.
The richest burial of the Viking Age was found at Oseberg in Norway.
Her blev en fornem kvinde, måske en dronning, begravet i et stort skib.
Here a noble woman, perhaps a queen, was buried in a large ship.
Blandt gravgaverne var der mange fine ting udskåret i træ.
Amongst the grave goods were many fine objects carved in wood.
Der var kister, spande, senge, en stol, en vogn og slæder.
There were chests, buckets, beds, a chair, a carriage and sledges.
Hun havde også fået sengetøj med, der var fyldt med de fineste fjer og dun.
She was also given bedding filled with fine feathers and down.
Olielamper til at tænde lys i fik hun også samt et vægtæppe med mange flotte mønstre og figurer.
Other grave goods included oil lamps, together with a tapestry displaying numerous fine patterns and figures.
Kvinden havde også fået masser af almindelige husholdningsredskaber med sig i graven.
The woman had also been given large quantities of ordinary household utensils to accompany her in the grave.
Blandt andet gryder, stegepander, spande og knive.
These included cooking pots, frying pans, buckets and knives.
Disse husholdningsting fortæller om kvindens rolle i samfundet.
The household items tell us about the woman’s role in society.
For selvom kvinderne i vikingetiden også kunne have magt ligesom mændene, var der nogle helt særlige ting, som de bestemte over: hjemmet og husholdningen.
Even if the women of the Viking Age could also achieve power like men, there were still some particular areas that they were responsible for: the home and the housekeeping.
Litteraturen fortæller os, at alle rige gifte vikingekvinder bar nøgler som en del af deres personlige udstyr.
The literature tells us that all rich married Viking women carried keys amongst their personal items.
Nøglen symboliserede hendes status som husfrue.
The key symbolised the woman’s status as housewife.
Eller gjorde den nu også det?
Or was this actually the case?
Denne opfattelse skyldes blandt andet, at der er fundet nøgler i rige vikingekvindegrave, samt at middelalderlige husfruer ifølge lovtekster havde råderet over husets nøgler.
This view can at least partially be attributed to the keys that have been found in rich Viking women’s graves, as well as the legal texts, which state that the medieval housewife had the right to the keys of the house.
Problemet er dog, at arkæologer finder flere og flere nøgler, men ikke nødvendigvis i grave.
However, archaeologists find increasing numbers of keys, but these are not necessarily from graves.
Det viser, at udbredelsen og brugen af nøgler var relativt omfattende.
This indicates that the distribution and use of keys was relatively extensive.
En nærmere undersøgelse af alle kvindegrave fra vikingetiden viser, at nøgler som gravgave snarere er en sjældenhed end en almindelighed.
A closer examination of all female burials from the Viking period shows that keys found as grave goods are a rarity, rather than commonplace.
Der er kun fundet nøgler i ca. 5 % af alle kvindegrave.
Keys have only been found in c. 5 % of all women’s graves.
Nærstuderes gravene, ses det, at nøgler kan forekomme i alle typer af grave, bortset fra de absolut rigeste!
Closer analyses show that keys are found in all types of burials, apart from those of the very wealthiest people.
Samtidig er der flere eksempler på, at nøglen ikke er funktionsdygtig.
In addition, it should be noted that a number of the keys that have been found would not have been useable.
Hvis nøglen ikke skal tolkes som udtryk for husfruestatus, hvad betyder den så?
If the key cannot be interpreted as an expression of housewife status then what does it indicate?
Nøgler kan åbne og lukke.
Keys can open and lock.
I overført betydning kan nøglen give adgang fra en fase til en anden, for eksempel fra barn til voksen.
If the meaning is transferred, then a key can also provide access from one phase to another, for example from childhood to adulthood.
Skal nøglekvinder ses som kvinder med en særlig evne, der kan åbnes og lukkes for, for eksempel evnen til at se ind i fremtiden?
Should women with keys be seen as having special powers, which could be opened up and then locked away again, for example the power to see into the future?
Derfor skal vi måske se nøglekvinder som kloge koner i stedet for husfruer.
Therefore we should perhaps look upon women with keys as knowledgeable women rather than housewives.
Men hvad med vikingebørnene?
But what did Viking children do?
Blev de sendt i skole?
Were they sent to school?
Lærte de at skrive og læse, når de blev gamle nok?
Did they learn to read and write when they were old enough?
Eller var der andet, som var vigtigere?
Or were there other things that were more important?
Men et er sikkert: som i dag legede vikingebørnene – også med legetøj.
One thing is certain is that Viking children played with toys, like today’s children do.
Selvfølgelig har vikingetidens børn også leget.
Viking children must have played, as all children do.
Man har fundet legetøj lavet af træ: små skibe, sværd, dukker og dyrefigurer.
Wooden toys have been found: small ships, swords, dolls and animal figures.
Træsværdet var god træning, indtil det skulle skiftes ud med ét af jern.
A wooden sword could be used for training until it was exchanged for an iron one.
Leg kunne altså være alvorlig nok.
Play could therefore also be used for more serious purposes.
Betegnelsen ”leg”, som vi kender i dag, var i vikingetiden ikke kun forbeholdt børns leg.
The word ”play”, as we know it today, was not just reserved for children in the Viking period.
”Leg” blev brugt om idræt, spil på instrumenter og selvfølgelig våbenleg.
“Play” was also used in relation to sports and exercise, musical instruments and weapons.
De voksne legede altså også med hinanden.
Adults also played together.
I vikingetiden var børnenes liv ikke adskilt fra de voksnes, som det er i dag.
In the Viking Age children’s lives were not differentiated from those of adults like they are today.
De var en del af familien og skulle hjælpe til med de daglige gøremål – det skal børn nu også i dag.
They were part of the family and had to help with the daily tasks.
De var også ude, hvor de hjalp til med dyrene, knoklede i marken, og i skoven samlede de brænde, bær og frugter.
They also spent time outdoors, where they helped with the animals, worked hard in the fields, as well as gathering firewood, berries and fruit in the woods.
Børnedødeligheden var høj i vikingetiden.
The infant mortality rate was high in the Viking period.
Mange børn døde, mens de ikke var særlig gamle.
Many children died at a young age.
Vi ved desuden, at man sommetider satte nyfødte ud for at dø.
We also know that newborn babies were sometimes put out to die.
Det kunne ske, hvis man ikke havde råd til at brødføde barnet.
This might happen if the parents could not afford to support the child.
Ved kristendommens indførelse blev udsættelse af børn forbudt ved lov.
After the introduction of Christianity the putting out of children to die was forbidden by law.
Vanskabte børn var dog en undtagelse.
The practice was still allowed for children with deformities, however.
Man mener, at børnene blev tidligere voksne end i dag.
It is likely that children became adults earlier than they do today.
Da den gennemsnitlige levealder var 40-45 år i vikingetiden, var det vigtigt, at børnene tidligt hjalp til og kunne udføre en voksens arbejde.
Given the average life expectancy of 40-45 in the Viking Age, it was important that early on children could help and carry out the work of an adult.
På Island var myndighedsalderen 16 år for mænd.
In Iceland males were legally adults at the age of 16.
Piger blev gift meget tidligt.
Girls married at a very young age.
De blev betragtet som voksne, når de blev gift.
They were regarded as adults once they were married.
Der er kun få arkæologiske fund, der fortæller om denne underholdende side af livet.
A few archaeological finds tell us about this aspect of life.
Fløjten har været et vigtigt instrument.
The flute was an important instrument.
Den blev gerne fremstillet af ben – og undertiden også af træ.
It was usually made out of bone, but sometimes from wood.
Endelig er der lyren, et harpelignende instrument med seks strenge.
There was also the lyre, a harp-like instrument with six strings.
Man har aldrig fundet en hel lyre, men af de små stumper, som er bevaret, kan man alligevel danne et ret sikkert billede af instrumentet.
A complete lyre has never been recovered, but from the small fragments that have been preserved, a very good idea of the instrument can nevertheless be obtained.
Ikke særlig flatterende for vores vikinger.
This was not exactly a flattering description of Viking singing!
Vi må trøste os med, at de sikkert selv har haft glæde deraf.
We must assume that at least they got some pleasure from the singing themselves.
De drak og spiste simpelthen alt for meget efter englændernes opfattelse.
They ate and drank too much according to the English.
I dag er vores madkultur præget af globaliseringen, hvor råvarer fra hele verden kan købes året rundt.
Today our food culture is influenced by globalisation and products from all over the world can be bought all year round.
Der var dog også mennesker, der ikke producerede al deres mad selv, men som i stedet købte ”take-away”.
There were also people who did not produce all their food and needed to buy as well.
Det kunne være smeden eller fiskeren, der fik sit behov for mad dækket ved at handle eller bytte på det lokale marked.
The blacksmith or fisherman could satisfy his food requirements by buying or exchanging products at the local market.
De historiske tekster, der giver os viden om den mad, vikingerne spiste, er typisk lidt senere end vikingetiden.
The historical texts, that give us knowledge about the food that the Vikings ate, typically date to after the Viking period.
Derfor må man være varsom med disse oplysninger.
We must therefore regard such information with caution.
Langt bedre kilder til belysning af vikingekøkkenet er planterester og knogler fundet ved arkæologiske udgravninger i forrådsdepoter, stolpehuller, ildsteder og affaldslag.
A much better source of information about the Viking kitchen are the plant remains and bones recovered from archaeological excavations of decomposed deposits, post holes, fireplaces and waste layers.
I kvadet om Harbard og Tor beskrives et typisk vikingemåltid.
In the poem about Hárbard and Thor, a typical Viking meal is described.
Tor forsøger at overtale færgemanden Harbard – Odin i forklædning – til at bringe ham tørskoet over et sund: Færg mig over sundet, så fodrer jeg dig i morgen!
Thor tries to persuade the ferryman Hárbard – Odin in disguise – to take him over a sound: "Ferry me over the sound, then I will feed you tomorrow!
Madkurv har jeg på ryggen, aldrig var maden bedre.
I have a basket on my back, never was the food better.
Jeg spiste i fred hjemme før jeg fôr, sild og havre, så jeg er stadig mæt.
I ate in peace before I left home, herrings and oatmeal, so I am still full."
Frugt, bær og nødder
Fruit and berries
Krydderier og grøntsager
Beer and mead
Brød og grød
Herbs, spices and vegetables
Øl og mjød
Bread and porridge
Penge til erhvervelse af fyrskibet blev doneret af A.P. Møller og Hustru Chastine McKinney Møllers Fond til almene Formaal.
The money for the acquisition of the lightship was donated by A.P. Møller and Chastine Mc-Kinney Møller's Foundation for General Purposes.
Fyrskibet blev lagt op i Nyhavn, der dengang lå øde hen, efter at de sidste paketfartøjer og kartoffelbådene var forsvundet i begyndelsen af 50-erne.
The lightship was moored at Nyhavn, which at that time was a run down area, after the last packet vessels and potato boats disappeared at the beginning of the 1950s.
De første år blev skibet vedligeholdt af en gruppe pensionister, bl.a. en tidligere fyrskibsmatros, Mads Hansen.
In the following years the ship was maintained by a group of pensioners, amongst them a former lightship seaman Mads Hansen.
To ældre maskinmestre sørgede for at passe maskinen året rundt.
Two elderly engineers looked after the machinery all year round.
Motor, ankerspil, tågehorn mm. var fuldt ud funktionsdygtige, da skibet blev overtaget af Nationalmuseet.
The motor, windlass and foghorn were fully operational when the ship was taken over by the National Museum.
Trods løbende vedligeholdelse begyndte de første alderdomstegn at vise sig på det gamle skib, og en større reparation var uundgåelig.
Despite the continuous maintenance the first signs of ageing began to show on the old ship and large-scale repairs were inevitable.
Fyrskib XVII har været påsejlet flere gange under sin lange tjenestetid.
The Lightship XVII was involved in several collisions during its long period of service.
Matrosen, der havde vagt og stod på udkik, nåede at varsko den øvrige besætning, der alle blev reddet.
The seaman on duty and lookout managed to warn the rest of the crew, who were all rescued.
Uheldigvis blev selv samme sømand slynget over bord under kollisionen og druknede.
Unfortunately the sailor himself was thrown overboard in the collision and drowned.
Fyrskibet Gedser Rev fremstår helt unikt, med sin nuværende aptering og udseende, som det så ud umiddelbart efter den tragiske hændelse i 1954.
The Lightship Gedser Rev is completely unique, with its present appearance and accommodation just as they were immediately after the tragedy of 1954.
Den 3-cylindrede Vølund-motor, ankerspillet, tågehorn mm. er fuldt ud funktionsdygtige.
The three-cylinder Vølund engine, windlass and foghorn are fully operational.
Men hvordan var smagen af det daglige brød i vikingetiden?
But what did everyday bread taste like in the Viking period?
Vikingernes vigtigste kornsorter var rug og byg.
The most important cereals were rye and barley.
Desuden dyrkedes havre, hirse, hvede og hestebønne.
In addition, oats, millet and wheat were cultivated.
Kornet blev udover til brød brugt til grød og til ølbrygning.
Apart from bread, cereals were also used to make porridge and beer.
Netop rugen var god til surdejsbrød – et groft brød, der minder nutidens rugbrød.
Rye, in particular, was used for making sour dough bread – a coarse bread, quite similar to today’s Danish rye bread.
Hvede var dengang en sjælden sort og blev anvendt som luksusprodukt forbeholdt de rige.
At this time wheat was a rare cereal crop and a luxury product preserved for the rich.
Der blev også bagt fladbrød.
Flat breads were also baked.
Det var små flade brød, der blev lavet af mel, æg og vand.
These small breads were made of flour, eggs and water.
Lidt honning gjorde brødene ekstra gode.
Honey made the breads tastier.
Først i slutningen af vikingetiden vandt ovnen indpas i husholdningen.
It was not until the end of the Viking period that ovens were widely used in the household.
Vikingerne havde flere muligheder, når de skulle lave grød, der kunne være lavet af byg, havre, boghvede og hirse.
It could be made from barley, oats, buckwheat or millet.
I grøden blandede vikingerne gerne bær og æbler for at give den sødme.
They mixed berries and apples into the porridge to add sweetness.
Grød var en almindelig spise, især for de fattige
Porridge was typically part of the daily food intake, especially that of the poor.
I vikingetiden skiftede man den primitive plov arden ud med muldfjældsploven.
During the Viking period the primitive plough, the ard, was replaced by the mouldboard plough.
Det var et stort fremskridt for landbruget, og den betød et større udbytte og et mindre arbejde for bønderne.
This was a big step for agriculture, as it resulted in a greater yield and less work for the farmers.
Til forskel fra arden, der nøjedes med at trække en fure i jorden, kunne muldfjældsploven vende mulden som forberedelse til såning.
In contrast to the ard, which was restricted to cutting one furrow in the soil, the mouldboard plough could also turn the soil in preparation for sowing.
Øl blev fremstillet af byg.
Beer was made from barley.
Det blev drukket i store mængder, fordi vandet i vikingetiden kunne være sundhedsskadeligt.
It was consumed in large quantities, because water could be dangerous to drink in the Viking period.
Derfor blev øllet lavet med både en stærk og en svag promille.
Therefore both weak and strong beer was produced.
Det svage øl kunne både børn og voksne drikke.
The weak beer could be consumed by children, as well as adults.
Det var godt til at slukke tørsten med efter vikingernes salte mad.
It quenched the thirst after the salty Viking food had been eaten.
Det stærke, lagrede øl drak vikingerne ved festlige lejligheder sammen med den populære mjød.
The Vikings drank strong beer at festive occasions, together with the popular drink of mead.
Mjød var en sød, gæret drik fremstillet af honning, vand og krydderier.
Mead was a sweet, fermented drink made from honey, water and spices.
Vin lavet af vindruer var også kendt, men den skulle importeres fra andre lande, for eksempel Frankrig.
Wine made from grapes was also known of, but had to be imported, from France, for example.
Derfor var vin en luksusvare, som kun de færreste havde råd til.
It was thus a luxury product, which only a few wealthy individuals could afford.
Vikingerne kunne blandt andet forsyne sig med hindbær, blåbær, blomme, vilde æbler og hasselnødder i skovene.
The Vikings could supply themselves with raspberries, bilberries, plums, wild apples and hazelnuts from the woods.
Nogle steder har man også haft valnødder.
Walnuts were also available in some areas.
Vikingerne har været klar over de sundhedsfremmende fordele ved æbler.
The Vikings knew about the health benefits of eating apples.
I nordisk mytologi holdt gudinden Yduns æbler guderne evigt unge, når bare de spiste dem regelmæssigt.
In Nordic mythology the goddess Idun’s apples kept the gods eternally young, if they ate them regularly.
Men også krydderier, vi i dag forbinder med sydligere himmelstrøg, har vokset i Danmark: koriander, merian, mynte og timian.
Other herbs also grew in Denmark, including coriander, marjoram, mint and thyme.
I middelalderen blev krydderier som allehånde, kanel, ingefær, muskat og nelliker almindelige.
In the Middle Ages spices like allspice, cinnamon, ginger, nutmeg and cloves were common.
Det kan ikke udelukkes, at vikingerne også har handlet sig til disse krydderier, da de havde adgang til de store internationale handelsmarkeder.
We cannot rule out the possibility that the Vikings also traded in these spices, as they had access to large international markets.
Men det har i givet fald kun været de færreste forundt.
But perhaps only small quantities of these were used.
De har anvendt forskellige kålsorter som strandkål, skvalderkål og havekål.
They cultivated different varieties of cabbage, including sea cale and goutweed.
Vikingerne havde også løg, bønner og ærter såvel som pastinak, selleri og gulerødder.
They also grew onions, beans and peas, as well as parsnips, celery and carrots.
Markerne blev højst sandsynligt dyrket hele året rundt.
The fields were most likely cultivated all year round.
De var fulde af farverige ukrudtsarter som kornblomst og klinte, som i dag er forsvundet fra vores marker.
They were filled with colourful species of weeds, such as cornflower and corn cockle, which have disappeared from the fields today.
Klintefrø er giftige og skal frasorteres, før kornet males til mel.
Corn cockle seeds are poisonous and have to be removed before corn is ground into flour.
Kommer frøene med i brødet får krummen en blågrønlig farve, og smagen bliver skarp og bedøvende.
If the seeds become incorporated into bread then the crumbs are a blue-green colour, the taste is sharp and eating the bread brings on drowsiness.
For høns og grise er frøene direkte giftige.
The seeds are poisonous to hens and pigs.
Men ristet bliver klintefrø spiselige.
However, they are edible if roasted.
En almindelig vikingehusholdning i et landbrugsområde havde kvæg, heste, svin, får og geder.
A typical Viking household in an agricultural area possessed cattle, horses, pigs, sheep and goats.
Dertil kom høns, gæs og ænder.
In addition, there were hens, geese and ducks.
Der blev også fanget fisk i havet og til tider sæler.
Fish were also caught in the sea and seals were sometimes hunted.
Vikingerne udnyttede deres husdyr optimalt.
The Vikings got the most out of their domestic animals.
Først tjente de som brugsdyr for senere at blive slagtet og spist.
First they were used as working animals, then later they were slaughtered and eaten.
Knogler, horn og skind blev derefter lavet til tøj og redskaber som nåle, skeer og meget andet.
The bones, horns and skins were later used to make clothes and implements, including needles, spoons and many other objects.
Var koen gammel og udslidt, vidste man altså godt, hvad menuen stod på de næste mange dage.
If the cow was old and worn out, it was obvious what the menu would consist of in the following days.
Svin var det eneste husdyr, der kun blev holdt for kødets skyld.
Pigs were the only domestic animals, that were solely kept for their meat.
Set med vore øjne var vikingerne utrolig resourcebevidste.
The Vikings were therefore extremely good at utilising their food resources.
Kød og fisk blev også tørret eller saltet, så det kunne opbevares i lang tid.
Meat and fish were also dried and salted so that they could be preserved for a long time.
De kunne vælge mellem 26 forskellige slags – og den vigtigste var silden, som man mener blev konserveret i saltlage.
They could choose from 26 different types of fish – the most important of these was herring, which was probably preserved in brine.
De arkæologiske fund viser også, at fiskeri var et vigtigt erhverv.
Archaeological finds also indicate that fishing was an important occupation.
Det viser fund i form af net, smedede kroge, ålelystre og forskellige fiskeknogler.
These include nets, metal hooks, eel spears and fish bones.
Af de let fordærvelige dele som indmad og blod lavede vikingerne pølser.
The Vikings made sausages from the offal and blood of their domestic animals.
Pølserne blev fremstillet i forbindelse med efterårets slagtninger.
The sausages were made after animals were slaughtered in the autumn.
Hestekød blev kun spist ved festlige lejligheder.
Horsemeat was only eaten on festive occasions.
I Håkon den Godes saga beskrives, hvordan hestekød kan tilberedes i en suppe.
In Haakon the Good's saga it is described how horsemeat can be used to make a soup.
Mælk, smør og ost
Milk, butter and cheese
Vikingerne drak mælk fra både køer, geder og får.
The Vikings drank milk from cows, as well as from goats and sheep.
Vi ved, at smørret var meget saltet for at kunne holde sig i lang tid.
We know that the butter was heavily salted so that it lasted longer.
Mælkeprodukterne var en uundværlig kilde til fedt i de lange vintre.
These milk products were an invaluable source of fat during the long winters.
Derfor ofrede vikingerne til guderne for at opnå deres gunst.
They therefore sacrificed to the gods to obtain their goodwill.
I de seneste årtier er der gjort opsigtvækkende fund, der viser, at der blev afholdt store religiøse offerfester i stormændenes haller til ære for guderne.
In recent decades dramatic finds have shown that large religious sacrifices in honour of the gods were held at magnates’ residences.
Men hvorfor blev den gamle asatro skiftet ud med kristendommen?
But why was the old Nordic religion replaced by Christianity?
Og hvorfor opgav nogle vikinger alligevel aldrig helt Odin, Thor og de andre gamle guder til fordel for Kristus?
In addition, why did some Vikings never completely abandon Odin, Thor and the other old gods in favour of Christ?
I Europa havde man taget kristendommen til sig, og derfor skilte vikingerne i nord sig ud.
Christianity was being adopted in Europe and therefore the Vikings in the north stood out as different.
De kristne kaldte vikingerne for hedninge.
The Christians of Europe called the Vikings heathens.