natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
I anden halvdel af 800-årene blev det mere og mere almindeligt, at vikingerne bosatte sig i de lande, de havde hærget.
In the second half of the 9th century it became increasingly common for the Vikings to settle in the countries that they had previously ravaged.
Danskerne holdt især til i England og Normandiet i Frankrig.
The Danes lived especially in England and Normandy.
Nordmændene foretrak Skotland, Irland og øerne i Nordatlanten.
Scotland, Ireland and the islands of the North Atlantic were favoured by the Norwegians.
Svenskerne huserede i det nordvestlige Rusland.
The Swedes, on the other hand, settled in north-western Russia.
Nogle af tilflytterne levede som bønder, nogle som håndværkere og nogle andre igen var handlende.
These newcomers made a living as farmers, craftsmen and traders.
Vikingernes skibe var nøglen til deres succes.
The ships of the Vikings were the key to their success.
Selvom byggemetoden var ens, fandtes der flere forskellige typer af skibe, der alle udviklede sig løbende igennem vikingetiden.
Although the construction methods remained the same, several types of ship were produced and developed in the Viking period.
Langskibet er det mest kendte.
The longship is the most well known of these.
Vi ved fra de islandske og norske sagaer, at disse krigsskibe ofte havde navne og blev betragtet som det ultimative våben og statussymbol.
We know from the Icelandic and Norse sagas that these warships often had names and were regarded as the ultimate weapon and status symbol.
Den sene vikingetids langskibe var meget specialiserede fartøjer, bygget til fart og troppetransport.
The longships of the later Viking Age were highly specialised vessels, which were constructed in order to reach high speeds and transport troops.
Deres lange, smalle form gjorde dem hurtige i vandet, men bevirkede samtidig, at lastekapaciteten var meget begrænset.
Their long, narrow shape made them quick in water, but also meant a very limited capacity for cargo.
Der kunne oftest kun medbringes forsyninger til en uge på havet, hvilket stillede krav til logistikken bag vikingetogterne.
Typically there was only room on board for a week’s supplies, which placed logistical demands upon the Viking expeditions.
Der fandtes dog også andre typer af skibe, der var mindst ligeså vigtige for vikingerne.
However, there were also other types of ships, which were equally important to the Vikings.
Handelsskibet var en af disse.
The trading vessel was one of these.
Ligesom krigsskibet fandtes denne skibstype i forskellige størrelser.
Just like the warship, this type of ship was produced in different sizes.
Fra den lille kystfarer, der kunne fragte varer rundt i de indre danske farvande, til store havgående skibe med en lastekapacitet på op til 60 ton.
These ranged from small vessels, that could transport goods around Danish waters, to large ocean-going ships with a cargo capacity of up to 60 tons.
Når det gjaldt navigation og evnen til at finde vej, er en del viden gået tabt i de 1000 år, der skiller os fra vikingetiden.
Knowledge regarding navigation and the ability to find the way has been lost during the c. 1000 years since the end of the Viking Age.
Vi ved fra den norske middelalderkilde Hauksbók, at man brugte geografiske kendetegn til at pejle efter, og man har også sejlet efter sol og stjerner.
We know from the Norwegian medieval written source Hauksbók that bearings were taken using geographical features and that sailors were also guided by the sun and stars.
Overskyet vejr på åbent hav har givetvis givet vikingerne problemer, men de har samtidig haft et meget større kendskab til naturen, end vi har i dag.
Overcast weather on open sea must certainly have given the Vikings problems, but, on the other hand, they had a much greater knowledge about nature than we have today.
F.eks. har dyrelivet kunne fortælle dem en del om deres position og afstand fra land.
For example, wild animals could tell them about their position and distance from land.
Her kan nævnes fuglearter, der altid holder sig inden for en vis afstand af deres rede, og hvalernes vandring.
These included bird species, which always stay within a certain distance of their nests, and migrating whales.
Vikingerne selv efterlod sig kortfattede tekster skrevet med runer.
Instead they left behind short texts written in runes.
Deraf er der nogle, som belyser vikingernes færden ud i verden.
Some of these shed light upon their travels in the world.
Et af de mest kendte eksempler ses i moskeen Hagia Sofia i det nuværende Istanbul, Tyrkiet.
One of the most well-known examples can be seen in the mosque of Hagia Sophia in Istanbul, Turkey.
Her har to vikinger været på besøg og indridset deres navne med runer inde i bygningen, som dengang var en kirke.
Here two Vikings visited and carved their names in runes inside the building, which at that time was a church.
De hed Halvdan og Are.
They were called Halvdan and Are.
Istanbul, som dengang hed Konstantinopel, var hovedstaden i Byzans – en af stormagterne i 900-tallet.
Istanbul, which was then known as Constantinople, was the capital of Byzantium – one of the great powers of the 10th century.
Vi har beretninger, der fortæller om vikingernes togter til Konstantinopel, hvor de plyndrede.
There are accounts that tell us about Viking expeditions to Constantinople, in which plundering took place.
Men det fortælles også, at de var ansat som livvagter for den byzantinske kejser.
But it is also mentioned that Vikings were employed as bodyguards to the Byzantine emperor.
Måske var Halvdan og Are ansat som livvagter ved hoffet?
Perhaps Halvdan and Are worked as bodyguards at the court?
Et andet kendt eksempel er en løvestatue af marmor.
Another known example of Viking “graffiti” appears on a marble statue of a lion.
Den stod i vikingetiden i Athens havn Piræus, da Grækenland var en del af det Byzantinske Rige.
In the Viking period it stood in Piraeus, the port city for Athens, at the time when Greece was part of the Byzantine Empire.
Her har en viking også været på besøg.
A Viking apparently visited the city at some point.
Ser man godt på løven, kan man se et runebånd, som slynger sig på skulderen.
If you look closely at the lion, you can see a rune band twisting around its shoulder.
En viking stod måske på vagt i Athen og indridsede den lange sætning?
Perhaps a Viking carved the long sentence whilst on a watch in Athens?
Desværre har vind og vejr og kampe ved havnen gjort indskriften ulæselig.
Unfortunately, weathering and conflict over the years have resulted in the inscription now being difficult to decipher.
Graffiti og tags kendes altså også fra vikingetiden.
Just like today, graffiti and tags were known in the Viking period.
Det kan både være nyt tøj, elektronik, idéer og smykker.
These include new clothes, electronics and jewellery, for instance.
På samme måde hjembragte vikingerne også en masse ting og ”souvenirs” fra deres rejser.
The Vikings also brought various objects and “souvenirs” back from their travels.
Smykker, der var datidens smarteste europæiske mode!
The jewellery included the smartest European designs of the time.
Vikingernes aktiviteter på det europæiske kontinent har medført, at der er fundet betydelige mængder frankisk sølv i Danmark.
The activities of the Vikings on the European continent have resulted in significant quantities of Frankish silver being recovered in Denmark.
En del kan dog også være givet i gave til vikingerne, fra den frankiske adel, enten for at stå på god fod med dem eller som løn til lejesoldater med skandinavisk baggrund.
However, some of the silver objects may also have been given to the Vikings as gifts by the Frankish nobility, either to keep on good terms with them or as payments for mercenary work.
Skattefund med drikkeservice fra Fejø indeholdende et frankisk sølvbæger og fire små nordiske bægre.
The treasure hoard from Fejø contains a Frankish silver cup and five small cups of Scandinavian origin.
Dekorationen består af to friser hver med seks buer.
The decoration consists of two friezes, each containing six arches resting on pillars.
Desuden omfattede fundet perler af glas og bjergkrystal, en hvæssesten og et stort vægtlod med imiteret arabisk skrift.
In addition, the hoard includes beads of glass and quartz, a whetstone and a weight displaying imitation Arabic script.
Målet var et kloster på den nordengelske ø Lindisfarne.
The target of the raid was a monastery on the island of Lindisfarne in Northern England.
Det fortælles i den angel-saksiske krønike, at de vilde hedninge trampede på helgeners knogler og ødelagde Guds hus.
The Anglo-Saxon chronicle tells us that the wild heathens trampled upon saints’ bones and destroyed God’s house.
Netop at denne nye skandinaviske trussel var rettet mod kirker og klostre, fandt man særlig horribelt i samtiden - vikingerne beskrives ofte som vantro eller hedninge og fuldstændig uden samvittighed.
The fact that the new Scandinavian threat was aimed at churches and monasteries was regarded as particularly horrifying at the time – the Vikings were often described as infidels or heathens, who were completely lacking in conscience.
Ud fra vikingernes synspunkt blev angrebene nok især sat ind, hvor man regnede med, at det bedst kunne betale sig, og hvor udbyttet blev størst.
From the point of view of the Vikings, these attacks were probably made where it was thought that they would pay and could reap great rewards.
Klostrene var ofte fyldt med kirkesølv og ydermere dårligere forsvaret end handelsbyerne.
The monasteries often contained large amounts of ecclesiastical silver and were not as well defended as the trading towns.
De første vikingetogter var ikke store samlede flåder med flere tusind mand, og kirker og klostre var derfor i høj grad egnede mål.
The first Viking expeditions did not involve large fleets and thousands of men, so the churches and monasteries presented ideal targets for the smaller Viking contingents.
Det faktum, at de udfarende vikinger ikke bekendte sig til den kristne gud og derfor ikke gik af vejen for at plyndre kirker, har i høj grad været med til at tegne eftertidens billede af dem.
The fact that the travelling Vikings did not adhere to the Christian God, and thus did not shy away from plundering churches, has greatly influenced the image of them that has built up since the Viking Age.
Mange af de bevarede skriftlige kilder fra perioden er skrevet ned af munke, og deres beskrivelser er udpræget negative.
Many of the preserved written sources of the period were written by monks, and their descriptions of the Vikings are distinctly negative.
Da vikingerne ikke selv havde for vane at nedskrive krøniker, er billedet af vikingerne stadig farvet af disse gamle beskrivelser.
As the Vikings did not write their own chronicles, our picture of them is still coloured by these early descriptions.
Selv i dag bliver vikingerne betegnet som særligt blodtørstige og ugudelige, selvom arkæologien har løftet sløret for en periode, hvor handel, fiskeri og jordbrug i ligeså høj grad kendetegnede hverdagen.
Today the Vikings are often described as especially bloodthirsty and ungodly, even if the archaeological evidence has revealed a period in which trade, fishing and agriculture were just as characteristic of daily life.
Vikingerne er især kendt for deres plyndringer og hærgen i naboegnene til Danmark.
The Vikings are well known for their plundering and ravaging of Denmark’s neighbouring territories.
Under disse plyndringer kom de i besiddelse af genstande fra klostre og kirker i Vesteuropa.
This plundering brought them into possession of objects from the monasteries and churches of Western Europe.
Fra Danmark kendes to frankiske sølvbægre, som er fremstillet i Vesteuropa umiddelbart før år 800.
Two Frankish silver cups, which were made in Western Europe just before the year 800, are known from Denmark.
Bægrene er såkaldte pyxis, som i kirkerne anvendtes til opbevaring af alterbrødet under uddelingen af sakramentet.
Such cups are called pyxes and were used in churches to hold the communion wafers during the administering of the sacrament.
Havnebyen Hedeby ved Slesvig i det nuværende Tyskland var Danmarks vigtigste handelscentrum i vikingetiden.
The port of Hedeby in Schleswig, which is located in Germany today, was Denmark’s most important trading centre during the Viking period.
Hedeby var en havneby omkredset af en beskyttende vold.
Hedeby was surrounded by protective fortifications.
Inden for volden var der et net af gader, og her holdt købmænd og håndværkere til.
Inside the fortifications was a network of streets where merchants and craftsmen were based.
De var under beskyttelse og kontrol af kongemagten.
They operated under the protection and control of the king.
Byens rødder går tilbage til 700-tallet.
The origins of the town date back to the 8th century.
Igennem vikingetiden voksede den i størrelse og betydning.
In the course of the Viking period it grew in size and importance.
En af Hedebys store fordele var, at den lå ved et trafikalt knudepunkt – både i forhold til landeveje og vandveje.
One of Hedeby’s great advantages was that it was located at a traffic junction of land and water routes.
En anden vigtig handelsby i vikingetiden var Ribe.
Ribe was another important trading town in the Viking Age.
Før vikingetiden fandtes særligt udvalgte pladser for handel samt landsbyer af betydelig størrelse, men egentlige byer var det ikke.
Before the Viking Age locations were chosen for trading and larger villages existed, but there were no proper towns.
I starten af vikingetiden udvikledes de første egentlige handelsbyer i Skandinavien.
At the beginning of the Viking Age, the first proper trading towns developed in Scandinavia.
De skød op centrale steder langs Skandinaviens kyster ved naturhavne eller i fjorde.
These appeared in central locations along Scandinavia’s coasts, near to natural harbours or on fjords.
Nogle af disse var blot mindre strandmarkeder, der voksede sig store.
Some of the towns were just small markets located on beaches, which grew in size.
Andre synes at være planlagte og opbygget efter en stram byplan fra begyndelsen.
Others are thought to have been planned and built up according to rigid town plans.
Dette viser en stormagt som bygherre og initiativtager, hvilket kunne være en central kongemagt eller den lokale stormand.
The individuals responsible for such projects must have been very powerful individuals, perhaps kings or local magnates.
Et sådan initiativ ses med anlæggelsen af handelsbyen Ribe.
Such an initiative was involved in the foundation of the trading town of Ribe.
Forinden havde man overstrøet området med et tykt lag sand.
The plots were separated by boundary ditches and planking paths.
Det var for at gøre handelsområdet attraktivt.
Prior to this, the ground surface had been covered with a thin layer of sand.
Nu kunne købmændene sejle helt ind til pladsen og handlende som håndværkere gå tørskoet rundt.
Merchants could sail their vessels up close to the trading area, and traders and craftsmen could now walk around on a dry ground surface.
Inden længe var parcelgrundene beboet og fulde af aktivitet.
Before long the plots were occupied and bustling with activity.
I begyndelsen var handelspladsen kun i brug i bestemte sæsoner og lå øde hen om vinteren.
To start with the trading centre was only used at certain times of the year and was deserted in the winter.
Det var især håndværkere og handlende, der boede i byerne.
It was craftsmen and traders in particular who lived in the towns.
Her servicerede de et købestærkt publikum og de mange købmænd, der kom strømmende fra nær og fjern.
Here they served a public, which had resources to purchase goods, and the many merchants that streamed in from near and far.
Fra byerne blev importvarer fordelt videre ud i lokalsamfundet, mens de lokalt producerede varer blev sendt ud i verden.
Imported products were distributed further on into local areas from the towns, whilst the locally produced products were sent out into the world.
I Jylland finder man ofte de importerede varer, når man udgraver de omkringliggende landsbyer fra vikingetiden..
In Jutland, for instance, imported products are often found when Viking Age villages located near to towns are excavated.
Skulle en by kunne tiltrække handel, var det altafgørende, at købmændene kunne handle i fred og føle sig sikre.
For a town to attract trade, it was crucial that the merchants could trade in peace and feel safe.
Til gengæld kunne kongen så pålægge købmændene og håndværkerne forskellige afgifter og skatter, når de slog sig ned i byen.
However, the king could also charge the merchants and craftsmen various duties and taxes, when they were based in the town.
Derfor var vikingetidens handelsbyer et økonomisk aktiv for kongen.
The trading towns of the Viking period were therefore an economic asset to the king.
Han anlagde og plejede dem efter alle kunstens regler.
He founded the towns and thoroughly encouraged their development.
Måske var det derfor, at den danske konge Godfred lod handelsbyen Reric i Nordtyskland ødelægge i 808.
This may have been why the Danish king Godfrey destroyed the trading town of Reric in North Germany in 808.
Efter angrebet tvang Godfred alle handelsfolkene og håndværkerne til at flytte til handelsbyen Hedeby, så de kunne sælge deres varer der.
After the attack Godfrey forced all its tradesfolk and craftsmen to move to the trading centre of Hedeby, and to sell their goods there instead.
Det var en effektiv måde at udkonkurrere Reric på og skabe større rigdom og handel i Hedeby.
This was an effective way of removing the competition from Reric and creating more wealth and trading for Hedeby.
Særligt for kongen selv, der nu kunne opkræve skatter hos de mange nye købmænd.
The king could also gain financially from this, as he could now demand taxes from the influx of new merchants.
Samtidig reparerede og udbedrede Godfred formentlig grænsevolden Danevirke.
At the same time Godfrey apparently also repaired the border fortification known as the Danevirke.
Danevirke lå lige op til Hedeby, og dannede en grænse mellem det danske rige og saksernes land, der var under frankernes indflydelse.
The Danevirke was located near Hedeby and formed a boundary between the Danish kingdom and the territory inhabited by the Saxons, which was under Frankish influence.
På den måde kunne indbyggere såvel som tilrejsende købmænd føle sig trygge i Hedeby.
This meant that Hedeby’s inhabitants, as well as visiting merchants, could now feel more secure.
I slutningen 900-tallet forstærkede kong Harald Blåtand yderligere Hedeby.
At the end of the 900s King Harald Bluetooth strengthened Hedeby further.
Harald opførte et forsvarsanlæg, som bestod af en halvkredsformet jordvold omkring byen.
He constructed a defensive structure, consisting of a semi-circular earthwork, around the town.
Fra volden kunne kongens hird – hans private følge af krigere – bevogte og forsvare byen, hvis den blev angrebet.
From this earthwork the king’s housecarls – his private retinue of warriors – could guard and defend the town against attack.
På samme tid blev havnen også beskyttet af en pælespærring.
At the same time the harbour was also safeguarded with a boundary of stakes.
I slutningen af 1000-tallet blev Hedeby angrebet flere gange, og handlen flyttede nu til Slesvig.
At the end of the 1000s Hedeby was attacked several times and trading activity subsequently moved to Schleswig.
Kæmpe mængder affald i havnen gjorde det også svært for den ny tids fartøjer at anløbe skibsbroerne.
Great quantities of waste in the harbour also made it difficult for the latest vessels to reach Hedeby’s quays.
Samtidig var nye handelsruter også blevet mere tillokkende.
At the same time new trade routes were also becoming more attractive.
Det satte et punktum for 300 års aktivitet i Hedeby.
This marked the end of 300 years of activity at Hedeby.
Det fortælles for eksempel om Ansgar, at han i 830 på sin første missionsrejse til den svenske handelsby Birka blev overfaldet af sørøvere.
It describes how whilst on his first missionary expedition to the Swedish trading town of Birka in 830, he was attacked by pirates.
Såvel Ansgar som de købmænd, han rejste med, mistede alt, hvad de ejede.
Ansgar and the merchants he was travelling with were robbed of all their possessions.
Det er normalt krige og slag, der optager historieskriverne, men fra Europa kendes samtidig en række beskrivelser om diplomatiske aftaler.
Despite the fact that historical writers are very often preoccupied with wars and battles, the written sources also feature a number of descriptions of diplomatic agreements.
I Fulda-annalerne under året 873 fortælles, at danerkongen Sigfreds sendemænd ankom til Worms for at indgå aftale med Kong Ludvig den Tyske.
The Annals of Fulda for the year 873 describe how the Danish king Sigfred’s emissaries travelled to Worms to make an agreement with King Louis the German.
De ville sikre freden i grænseegnene mellem danerne og sakserne.
Their objective was to secure peace in the border areas between the territories of the Danes and the Saxons.
Det var så købmændene kunne handle i naboriget i fred og sikkerhed.
Merchants would therefore be able to trade in peace and safety in the neighbouring empire.
Handelsaftalerne vidner om en fredelig sameksistens imellem landene, men også at handel ikke kunne foregå uden beskyttelse og nødvendige aftaler kongerne imellem.
Trading agreements testify to peaceful coexistence between countries, but also to the fact that trade could not take place without the protection of kings and agreements between them.
Fra Hedeby kendes en runeindskrift, der fortæller, at Oddulfr gav Eyrikr et skjold, og Eyrikr gav Oddulfr et odderskind.
A runic inscription from Hedeby tells us that Oddulfr gave Eyríkr an otter skin and Eyríkr gave Oddulfr a sword.
Her er vi vidne til en ren byttehandel, som var meget almindeligt i vikingetiden.
This describes a straight exchange, which was a very common type of transaction in the Viking Age.
Meget af byttehandlen var baseret på overskud fra egen gård.
Many of the exchanges that took place involved surplus farm products.
Det var korn, grøntsager og husdyr.
These included cereals, vegetables and domestic animals.
Disse varer bragte bønderne ind til byerne, hvor de byttede dem væk for andre nødvendigheder som tøj eller redskaber eller luksusprægede varer som smykker og glas.
They were brought into the towns by farmers and exchanged for necessities, such as clothes or tools, and luxury items, like jewellery and glass.
Igennem vikingetiden blev sølvet mere og mere vigtigt i handlen.
During the course of the Viking period, silver became a more and more important component of trading.
I starten som en vare, hvormed man betalte efter vægt.
It was a product which could be used for payment according to its weight.
Derfor findes ofte ituklippede smykker, barrer og mønter af sølv.
Cut-up silver jewellery, ingots and coins have therefore often been found.
Det var for at få sølvvægten afstemt i den indgående handel.
These were required to make the weight of silver balance in a transaction.
Med skålvægte, som holdes i hånden, og vægtlodder kunne man præcis afgøre, hvor meget sølv der skulle til, for at en handel var på plads.
Using a set of scales and weights, the amount of silver that was required to complete a deal could be precisely determined.
De ældste danske mønter er fundet i både Ribe og Hedeby, men overgangen til at bruge mønter som betalingsmiddel slog først for alvor igennem i 1000-tallet, under kong Svend Estridsen.
The earliest known Danish coins have been found at Ribe and Hedeby, but coins first began to be used more widely as a method of payment during the 11th century, in the reign of King Sweyn II Estridsen.
Ifølge forskellige kilder kunne en stigbøjle byttes lige over med et sværd eller købes for 125 gram sølv.
According to various written sources, a stirrup could be exchanged directly for a sword or bought for 125 grams of silver.
Ville man købe sig en slavinde kostede hun en ko og en okse.
A female slave, on the other hand, cost a cow and an ox.
Tre køer gik lige op med en hest, mens man måtte af med to heste eller fire mandlige slaver for en ringbrynje.
Three cows were equal to a horse, whilst two horses or four male slaves were needed to acquire a suit of chain mail.