natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Nogle er færdigproducerede og andre er forarbejder til rigtige perler.
Some are fully manufactured and others are preliminary stages of the beads.
Men hvorfor har man efterladt ravet?
But why was the amber abandoned?
Mindst 80% af de kendte ravdepoter fra perioden er fundet i moser og andre vådområder.
At least 80% of the known amber hoards from the period have been found in bogs and other wetland areas.
Det er meget usandsynligt, at man gemte det den slags steder, hvis man ville tilbage for at hente dem senere.
It is highly improbable that they would have been hidden in such places if people had wanted to go back and fetch them later.
Derfor skal de formentlig betragtes som offerfund til højere magter.
They must therefore presumably be regarded as sacrifices to the higher powers.
Ravperlerne fra gravene varierer meget i form, og de kan inddeles i utallige typer: dobbeltøkseformede perler, halvmåneformede perler og spidsovale perler, for bare at nævne nogle få.
The amber beads from the graves vary greatly in form, and they can be divided into numerous types: double-axe, crescent and pointed-oval beads, just to mention a few.
Desværre er perler fra grave ofte ret dårligt bevarede.
Unfortunately beads from graves are often rather poorly preserved.
Det gælder især for de perler, der er fundet på de jyske sandede jorder – her er de næsten smuldret væk.
This is especially the case with beads found in the sandy soils of Jutland, which have often almost crumbled away to nothing.
Især i stenalderen blev der produceret smuk keramik med flotte former og komplicerede mønstre.
In the Stone Age in particular, beautiful pottery was produced with fine forms and complex patterns.
Keramikken er et vigtigt hjælpemiddel for arkæologerne når de skal tidsbestemme fund.
Pottery is an important aid to archaeologists when they date finds.
Stenalderens keramik er nøje kortlagt ud fra form og dekoration.
Stone Age pottery has been precisely mapped on the basis of form and decoration.
Lerkarrene kan inddeles i forskellige stilarter af kortere eller længere varighed.
Ceramic vessels can be divided into various styles with different time durations.
Gennem disse stilarter kan vi følge keramikkens udvikling og fastslå, hvor gamle de forskellige kar er.
Through these styles we can follow the development of pottery and establish how old the various pots are.
Dette rigt dekorerede kar er lavet i tiden omkring 3200 f.Kr.
This richly decorated pot was made around 3200 BC.
For at gøre leret modstandsdygtigt over for ild og opvarmning blandede man det med knust granit.
To make the clay resistant to fire and heating it was mixed with crushed granite.
Når pottemageren formede karrene, blev det bygget op af tynde pølser af ler.
When the potter shaped a pot it was built up from thin ‘sausages’ of clay.
Netop bondestenalderens keramik er ofte dekoreret med smukke og komplicerede mønstre.
Neolithic pottery, in particular, is often decorated with beautiful, complex patterns.
Mønstrene kunne stemples ind.
The patterns were impressed into the vessel surface.
Stempelaftrykkene kunne laves med små pinde, muslingeskal, knogle eller fingerneglene.
The impressed decoration could be made with small sticks, seashells, bones or fingernails.
Snor af plantefibre kunne også bruges.
Cords of plant fibre were also used.
Efterfølgende kunne mønstrene udfyldes med en kalkholdig masse som kontrast til leret.
Later the patterns could be filled in with a chalky pulp, which contrasted with the clay.
Til sidste blev karret brændt ved temperaturer mellem 500 og 700 grader – måske i en åben mile.
Finally the pot was fired at temperatures between 500 and 700 degrees – perhaps in a bonfire kiln.
Disse forskellige stile kan opdeles i grupper, der kan dateres forholdsvist nøjagtigt.
These different styles can be divided into groups, which can be dated with relative precision.
Selv om pottemageriet i oldtiden var konservativt og traditionsbundent, har det også været følsomt over for forandringer og modestrømninger.
Although pottery in prehistory was conservative and determined by tradition, it was also sensitive to change and to currents of fashion.
Derfor er keramikken et uvurderligt værktøj til datering.
That is why pottery is an invaluable tool for dating.
Inden for en 600-årig periode (3.400-2.800 f.Kr.) kendes i alt syv forskellige stilfaser.
Within a 600-year period (3400-2800 BC) we know of a total of seven different stylistic phases.
I bondestenalderen fremstillede man flere forskellige slags lerkar.
In the Neolithic period several types of vessel were made.
Former og dekorationer må have haft både en symbolsk og en praktisk betydning.
The shapes and decorations must have had both a symbolic and a practical significance.
Nogle kar er slet ikke dekoreret; formentlig har de været hverdags-kar brugt i den daglige husholdning.
Some pottery vessels are not decorated at all and were probably everyday pots used in the household.
Nogle kar er rigt dekorerede; mange blev stillet uden for bondestenalderens gravhøje – formentlig som offerkar.
Other vessels are richly decorated; many were placed outside the Neolithic barrows – probably as sacrificial vessels.
Formen var næsten som de lerkar, vi også finder fra perioden.
The shape was almost the same as that of the ceramic vessels of the period.
I denne mose blev også fundet en ske skåret af egetræ.
A spoon carved in oak was also found in this bog.
Vi må formode, at træ har været et populært materiale til kar.
We must assume that wood was a popular material for vessels.
At vi ikke har fundet flere skyldes, at det er et lettere nedbrydeligt materiale end keramik.
If more has not been found, it is because wood is a more easily degradable material than pottery.
I de ældste høje var gravkamre bygget af træ.
In the oldest barrows the burial chambers were built of wood.
Siden hen blev kamrene bygget af store granitblokke.
Later the chambers were constructed of large granite blocks.
Højene var monumenter over forfædrene, og de blev opført i tusindvis.
The burial mounds were monuments to ancestors and they were built in their thousands.
De vidner om stor ingeniørkunst, og det krævede mange menneskers samarbejde at bygge dem.
They testify to great engineering skills, and it took the cooperation of many people to build them.
På samme velorganiserede måde opførte man store, indhegnede samlingspladser, hvor befolkningen kunne skabe sociale kontakter og udføre fælles ritualer.
In the same well organized way large enclosed gathering places were constructed where the population could forge social relations and perform collective rituals.
Akvareller af J. Kornerup, A.P. Madsen og Rondahl af dysser og jættestuer i Danmark.
Watercolours by J. Kornerup, A.P. Madsen and Rondahl of dolmens and passage graves in Denmark.
Ældst er de såkaldte langhøje, dernæst kommer dysserne og så jættestuerne.
The so-called long barrows are the earliest, next came the dolmens and afterwards the passage graves.
De ældste langhøje (3800-3500 f. Kr.)
The earliest long barrows (3800-3500 BC)
Kort tid efter landbrugets indførelse begyndte bønderne at bygge monumentale gravminder for personer af særlig betydning.
Not long after the introduction of agriculture farmers began building monumental tombs for people of special importance.
I begyndelsen opførte de langhøje af jord med gravkamre af træ.
At first they built long barrows of earth over wooden burial chambers.
Langhøjene vendte øst-vest og var bredest i østenden, hvor der stod en facade af kraftige stolper.
The earthen long barrows were oriented east-west and were widest at the eastern end, where there was a façade of large posts.
Her fandt rituelle handlinger sted.
This was where rituals took place.
Langhøjene af jord og træ var forløbere for dysserne, hvis kamre blev bygget af sten.
The long barrows of earth and wood were precursors of the dolmens with their chambers of stone.
Dysser af sten (3500-3200 f. Kr.)
Dolmens of stone (3500-3200 BC)
Dysserne blev bygget af store granitblokke.
The dolmens were built of large granite blocks.
De ældste dyssekamre er små og beregnet til en enkelt begravelse.
The oldest dolmen chambers are small and thought to have been for single burials.
Siden hen blev dyssekamrene større, og de blev forsynet med en indgang, så de kunne anvendes til flere begravelser.
Later the dolmen chambers became larger and an entrance was added, so they could be used for several burials.
Dyssekamrene var overdækket med en aflang eller rund høj.
The dolmen chambers were covered with an oblong or round mound.
I Danmark er der bevaret 2300 dysser - kun en tiendedel af det oprindelige antal.
2300 dolmens are preserved in Denmark, only a tenth of the original number.
Jættestuer (3250-3100 f. Kr.)
Passage graves (3250-3100 BC)
Jættestuerne overgår dysserne i størrelse og har plads til mange begravelser.
The passage graves are larger than the dolmens and have space for many burials.
De vidner om en højt udviklet byggeteknik.
They testify to a highly-developed construction technology.
Jættestuerne blev bygget i en forholdsvis kort årrække, men herefter blev de brugt til begravelser gennem resten af bondestenalderen og nogle gange også i bronzealderen.
The passage graves were built over a relatively short period of time, but subsequently were used for burials throughout the remainder of the Neolithic period and sometimes also in the Bronze Age.
Kamrene er forsynet med en snæver gang, således at man igen og igen kunne besøge de dødes bolig.
The chambers are furnished with a narrow passage, so that the home of the dead could be visited again and again.
I Danmark er der bevaret ca. 500 jættestuer, men der kan have været ti gange så mange.
Around 500 passage graves are preserved in Denmark, but there may originally have been ten times as many.
Jættestuer har fået deres navn, fordi man i folketroen har antaget, at disse store monumenter blev bygget af væsener med overnaturlige kræfter – såsom jætter.
They have this name because, according to popular belief, it was thought that these large monuments had been built by beings with supernatural powers – such as giants.
Saxo Grammaticus, vores første historieskriver, skrev i sin fortale til Danmarks Riges Krønike: ”I gamle Dage maa Danmark være blevet bebygget og opdyrket af et Slags Jetter, thi det kan man se paa de uhyre store Stene over Grav-Kjældrene og Jette-Stuerne”.
Saxo Grammaticus, Denmark’s first historian, wrote in his preface to ‘The history of the Danes’: ”That the Danish area was once cultivated by a civilisation of giants is testified by the immense stones attached to ancient barrows and caves”.
Eksempelvis var jættestuernes konstruktion så gennemtænkt, at anlæggene har kunnet stå intakte indtil nutiden.
The construction of the passage graves was so well thought out that the monuments have been able to stand intact until the present day.
Mellemrummene mellem bærestenene var muret med flade fliser af sandsten.
The spaces between the uprights were filled with flat slabs of sandstone.
I en jættestue ved Knudsskov, nær Vordingborg, kan man se, hvordan jættestuernes karakteristiske tørmure, som udfylder hullerne mellem de store sten, ser ud.
The dry walls that fill out the spaces between the large upright stones of the chambers, like this example from Knudsskov near Vordingborg, are a very characteristic element in the construction of passage graves.
Nogle af de mest markante udstillingsgenstande stammer fra Det kongelige Kunstkammer, der blev dannet i midten af 1600-tallet.
Some of the most striking objects exhibited come from the Royal Art Museum, which was established in the mid-17th century.
Genstande blev senere indsamlet af Den kgl. Commission til Oldsagers opbevaring, og Oldnordisk Museum modtog i løbet af 1800-tallet mange genstande fra herregårde og kirker.
Objects were later collected by the Royal Commission for the Keeping of Antiquities, and in the 19th century the Old Nordic Museum in Copenhagen was given many items from manor houses and churches.
Fra slutningen af 1800-årene begyndte arkæologiske udgravninger i større omfang at bidrage med fund til samlingerne.
From the late 19th century onwards archaeological excavations increasingly contributed to the finds in the collections.
I dag sker tilvæksten primært i form af danefæ og udgravningsfund.
Today accessions are mostly made up of treasure trove (“danefæ”) and finds from archaeological excavations.
Danmarks middelalder 1000-1536
Danish Middle Ages 1000-1536
Danmarks renæssance 1536-1660
Danish Renaissance (1536-1660)
Op mod 25.000 af dem blev opført inden for få hundrede år.
Up to 25,000 of them were built within a few hundred years.
Det er anslået, at bygningen af en storstensgrav i gennemsnit har taget 10.000 arbejdstimer.
It has been estimated that the building of a megalithic tomb on average took 10,000 working hours.
Men hvorfor investerede man så store ressourcer i byggeriet og håndteringen af op mod 20 tons tunge granitblokke?
But why were such great resources invested in the construction and handling of granite blocks weighing up to 20 tons?
Et af formålene med byggerierne var at konstruere varige monumenter for de afdøde forfædre.
One of the purposes of the work was to construct lasting monuments for deceased ancestors.
Monumenterne kunne formentlig også markere territorier – de der havde bygget monumenterne havde retten til landet.
The monuments could presumably also mark territories – those who had built the monuments had the right to the land.
Og endelig kunne selve byggeprocessen være vigtig for samfundet.
Finally the actual construction process could also be important to the community.
Ved at samle så mange mennesker og arbejde sammen, kunne man styrke sammenholdet i gruppen.
Gathering so many people and so much work together could strengthen the solidarity of the group.
Langhøjene blev efterfulgt af dysser.
The long barrows were succeeded by dolmens.
De ældste dyssekamre, af store granitblokke, var af ringe størrelse i forhold til deres efterfølgere.
The oldest dolmen chambers, made of large granite blocks, were smaller than their successors.
Kammeret blev lukket ved at lægge den øverste sten på.
The chamber was closed by laying the top stone over it.
Siden hen blev kamrene større, og en gang blev tilføjet.
Later the chambers grew larger and a passage was added.
Jættestuerne blev benyttet til begravelser i længere perioder.
The passage graves were used for burials over long periods.
De første begravelser blev ofte fjernet eller forstyrret for at gøre plads til nye.
The first burials were often removed or disturbed to make room for new ones.
I nogle tilfælde, hvor det har været muligt at undersøge begravelser i jættestuer, er et tilsyneladende kaos af skeletter dukket op!
In some cases where it has been possible to investigate burials in passage graves, skeletons seem to have been mixed chaotically.
Måske blev jættestuerne i lighed med dysserne benyttet som en slags ”benhuse”, hvor man opbevarede forfædrenes knogler, efter de var skeletteret et andet sted.
Perhaps the passage graves, like the dolmens, were used as a kind of ‘charnel house’, where the bones of ancestors were kept after they had decomposed somewhere else.
Det vil kunne forklare, hvorfor så mange skeletter er splittet ad.
This might explain why so many skeletons are split up.
Det er de såkaldte ”ansigtskar”.
These are the so-called ‘face pots’.
På disse kar stirrer to øjne med tilhørende øjenbryn ud fra karrenes sider!
Two eyes with eyebrows stare out from the vessel sides.
Nogle mener, at karrenes gådefulde motiv er udtryk for, at man i stenalderen dyrkede den store moder-gudinde.
Some people think that the enigmatic motif shows that in the Stone Age the great Mother Goddess was worshipped.
Andre mener, at ansigterne blot udgør et dekorativt element.
Others believe that the faces are simply a decorative element.
Øjenmotivet forekommer også andre steder i Europa i forbindelse med storstensgrave.
The eye motif also appears in other parts of Europe in connection with megalithic tombs.
Grøfterne blev tømt for jord og kastet til mange gange.
The ditches were emptied of soil and filled again many times.
Måske man har ladet de dødes lig ligge her, så de kunne skeletteres, og man senere kunne anbringe knoglerne i dysserne og jættestuerne?
Perhaps the bodies of the dead were left there to decay, and the bones could later be placed in the dolmens and the passage graves?
Samlingspladser var at finde hos næsten alle tidlige bondesamfund i Europa.
Gathering places were found in almost all the early farming societies in Europe.
Ved Sarup på Fyn blev der 3400 f.Kr. anlagt en samlingsplads på en højtliggende terrasse mellem to vandløb.
At Sarup on Funen around 3400 BC a gathering place was established on a high-lying terrace between two water courses.
3200 f.Kr. blev anlægget retableret i mindre målestok.
In 3200 BC the place was re-established on a smaller scale.
Derefter fungerede stedet som boplads indtil ca. 2800 f.Kr.
Afterwards it functioned as a settlement until c. 2800 BC.
Derfor må tolkningerne af anlæggene som grave endnu tages med forbehold.
So the interpretation of the features as burials must still be taken with some reservations.
Måske mangler knoglerne, fordi stendyngegrave især forekommer, hvor jorden er kalkfattig.
Perhaps the bones are absent because stone-packing graves mainly appear where the soil is too acidic.
Dermed udvaskes kalken af knoglerne, der ikke bevares for eftertiden.
This means that the calcium has leached out of the bones, which are not preserved for posterity.
Ser man på, hvordan stenene ligger i ”gravene”, synes der i nogle af dem at have været et hulrum, der rumme huse en død.
If one looks at the way the stones lie in the ‘graves’, in some of them there seems to have been a cavity that could have accommodated a body.
De består af en firkantet nedgravning, der er omtrent 20-30 cm dyb.
They consist of a square hole about 20-30 cm deep.
Mod bunden er de som regel opdelt i to grøfter, der formentlig har støttet en trækonstruktion.
Towards the bottom they are usually divided into two ditches that probably once supported a wooden construction.
Sommetider kan man også se spor efter stolper.
Sometimes one can also see traces of posts.
Disse stolper har raget op over jorden – men det er umuligt at vide, hvad stolperne har båret.
These posts would have projected above ground, but it is impossible to know what the posts supported.
Måske stilladser med platforme eller lette huskonstruktioner?
Perhaps it was scaffolding with platforms or insubstantial buildings.
Meget tyder på, at ritualerne ved dødehusene er foregået i flere omgange.
There is much to suggest that the rituals at the mortuary houses took place in several sessions.
Stolperne er siden hen blevet fjernet, nedgravningen er fyldt med sand, og til sidst er hele dødehuset blevet forseglet under et lag af mellemstore sten.
Later the posts were removed and the hole was filled with sand and finally the whole mortuary house was sealed under a layer of medium-sized stones.
Rækker på op til 1700 meter kendes, dog afbrudt enkelte steder.
Rows of up to 1700 metres, though interrupted at certain points, are known.
Antageligt er de lange rækker af stendyngegrave placeret langs gamle vejlinjer.
The long rows of stone-packing graves were presumably placed along old trackways.
En formodning om dette fik man ved Engedal, vest for Viborg, hvor arkæologerne fandt Danmarks ældste vejspor i tilknytning til stendyngegrave.
This was suspected at Engedal, west of Viborg, where the archaeologists found Denmark’s oldest wheel tracks close to stone-packing graves.
Mange forslag er fremsat.
A number of suggestions have been put forward.
Der er enighed om, at de har med bondebefolkningens gravkult at gøre.
It is agreed that they had some connection with the funerary cult of the Neolithic farmer population.
Et forslag går ud på, at den døde først blev placeret i dødehuset, der måske kun var en platform af træ.
One suggestion is that the deceased was first placed in the mortuary house, which was perhaps only a platform of wood.
Når der efter en tid kun var skelet tilbage, blev knoglerne flyttet over til en af gravene.
After a time, when there was nothing but the skeleton left, the bones were moved to one of the graves.
Man lod måske den dødes gravgaver blive i dødehuset, fordi man ikke mente, at den døde havde brug for dem mere.
Perhaps the grave goods of the deceased were left in the mortuary house, because it was thought that the deceased did not need them any more.
Det er også foreslået, at stendyngegravene, bestående af to grave og et dødehus, repræsenterer familiegravsteder.
It has also been suggested that the stone-packing graves, consisting of two graves and a mortuary house, represent family burials.
Efter at flere familiemedlemmer var gravlagt, fjernede man platformen og dækkede anlæggene med sten.
After several family members had been buried, the platform was removed and the structures were covered with stones.
Andre igen mener, at de to grave var beregnet til ofrede tamokser, og at dødehuset er den egentlige grav.
Others believe that the two graves were for sacrificed oxen and that the mortuary house was the true grave.
Landbruget blev mere pladskrævende med større vægt på kvægavl og dyrkning af byg som den vigtigste afgrøde.
Farming became more extensive, with greater emphasis on cattle-breeding and the cultivation of barley as the main crop.
Bonden havde sin egen gård og dyrkede sin egen jord.
The farmer had his own farm and tilled his own land.
Forandringerne skete først på de lette jorder i Syd- og Midtjylland.
The changes first began on the light soils of south and central Jutland.
At hjulet samtidigt blev introduceret betød en teknologisk revolution.
The introduction of the wheel at the same time meant a technological revolution.
Perioden kaldes Enkeltgravskulturen på grund af de tusindvis af enkeltgrave, der blev anlagt i lave gravhøje.
The Single Grave Culture period gets its name from the thousands of single graves constructed in low mounds, also known as barrows.
Enkeltgravskulturen tilhørte de snorekeramiske kulturer, der opstod i Mellem-, Øst- og Nordeuropa, og som var nært beslægtede.
The Single Grave Culture belongs to the Corded Ware cultures that arose in central, eastern and northern Europe, and which were closely related.
Lerkarrene var dekoreret med snoreornamenter i samme stil, og stridsøksen af sten var en fast del af mandens udstyr.
The pottery was decorated with cord impressions in a common style and the stone battle axe was a fixed part of man’s equipment.
Bag denne ensartethed lå fælles træk inden for erhverv, samfundsliv og tro.
This cultural uniformity reflected shared occupational, social and religious characteristics.
Snoreornamenteret lerkar fra en grav ved Ny Ågård ved Thyregod, Midtjylland.
Pottery vessel decorated with cord impressions from a grave at Ny Ågård, Thyregod, central Jutland.
Den er indrettet 1890 af grosserer Rudolph Christensen.
It was furnished in 1890 by the merchant Rudolph Christensen.
Hans døtre, frøknerne Gerda og Ellen Christensen har testamenteret Nationalmuseet indboet i dette enestående hjem.
His daughters Gerda and Ellen Christensen later left the contents of their unique home to the National Museum.
Takket være stor imødekommenhed fra ejendommens ejer, kan publikum i begrænset antal få lov til at se lejligheden på dens oprindelige sted.
With the kind permission of the owners of the property, limited numbers of visitors are able to see the apartment in its original surroundings.
Med undtagelse af to rum fremtræder den næsten helt, som den var i årene mellem 1890 og 1914.
With the exception of two rooms it appears almost completely as it did between 1890 and 1914.
Stuerne forevises for nedrullede gardiner, da dagslys vil ødelægge de snart 100 år gamle tekstiler.
The curtains are drawn in the sitting rooms as daylight would damage the almost 100-year-old textiles.
Begravelserne var i gravhøje, der var ganske små.
Burials were situated in fairly small barrows.
De ældste grave (ca. 2800-2600 f.Kr.) var anbragt i dybe nedgravninger under en lav høj.
The earliest burials (c. 2800-2600 BC) consisted of deep graves under a low mound.