natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Måske er disse spor af vold og mord udtryk for territoriekampe, der kunne skyldes en større befolkningstæthed mod slutningen af jægerstenalderen?
Perhaps these traces of violence and murder are evidence of territorial struggles, resulting from the increased population density at the end of Mesolithic period.
Allerede hos børn i 5-6-års alderen ses nedslidte mælketænder.
Even children of 5 or 6 years of age have been found with worn-down milk teeth.
Til gengæld var huller i tænderne et næsten ukendt fænomen for menneskene i jægerstenalderen.
On the other hand, dental cavities were almost unheard of in the Mesolithic period.
Huller opstår ved dårlig mundhygiejne og sukkerholdig kost.
Such holes in teeth are caused by poor oral hygiene and a sugary diet.
I Danmark var kosten proteinrig, og man havde ikke adgang til sød, solmoden frugt, der kunne give huller i tænderne.
In Denmark the diet was rich in protein and there was no access to sweet, sun-ripened fruit, which could produce dental cavities.
Kvindernes gennemsnitshøjde var 154 cm og mændenes var 166 cm.
A woman’s average height was 154 cm and a man’s 166 cm.
Men vi ville ikke kunne spørge ham, hvad han spiste – vores sprog ville være for forskelligt.
However, it would not be possible to ask him what he ate as our languages would be completely different.
Alt kan ske, hvis du finder den og trykker på den.
Anything can happen when you find it and give it a push!
Ingen ved, hvad der kommer til at ske.
Nobody knows just what to expect.
Børnenes Museum har åbent mandag til søndag 10-16.30
The Children’s Museum is open Monday – Sunday 10.00–16.30
Kedsomhedsknappen kan findes alle lørdage og søndage
The Boredom Button is active every weekend
Barn under 18 år Gratis
Children under 18 years free
Dagsbillet voksen DKK 95
Adult ticket DKK 85
Landet var dækket af udstrakte skove og mose- og sumpområder, som vanskeliggjorde færdsel til fods.
The land was covered with extensive forests and bog and marsh areas, which made travelling on foot difficult.
Båden var derfor et af stenaldermenneskenes vigtigste redskaber.
The boat was therefore one of Stone Age man’s most important tools.
Vi kender udelukkende til både lavet af en udhulet træstamme, såkaldte stammebåde, men måske fremstillede man også fartøjer af andre materialer som bark og skind.
We know only of canoes made of hollowed-out tree trunks, the so-called dugout boats, but perhaps vessels were also made from other materials like bark and skin.
Stammebåden kunne bruges til sejlads og fiskeri ved kysten og på indlandets søer og vandløb.
The dugout boat could be used for sailing and fishing in coastal areas and on inland lakes and water courses.
I jægerstenalderen blev stammebåde lavet af lindetræ, i bondestenalderen af el, lind eller eg.
The boats of the Stone Age hunters were made of limewood.
I agterenden ses en række huller til fastgørelse af en plade af træ, et såkaldt skot.
In the stern is a row of holes for the fastening of a wooden plate - a so-called bulkhead.
Mange af stenalderens både er udgravet af dykkere på undersøiske bopladser eller fundet ved tørvegravninger i indlandets moser.
Many of the Stone Age boats have been excavated by divers at underwater settlements or found during peat-digging at inland bogs.
Oftest er bådresterne bløde som kiks og totalt deformede af det lange ophold på bunden af havet eller i mosen.
The boat remains are often soft and deformed after the long period in the seabed or bog.
I heldige tilfælde har man også fundet huggespåner og kløvestykker fra tilvirkningen af stammebåde.
Chips and pieces from the chopping and splitting of wood for dugout boats have also been found in certain cases.
I jægerstenalderen var stammebådene oftest af lindetræ, en træsort som er nem at bearbejde med flintøkse, og som ikke revner så let.
The dugouts of the Mesolithic period were mostly of limewood, a kind of wood which is easy to work with a flint axe and does not split easily.
Bådens sider blev hugget ned til blot 1-2 cm’s tykkelse, mens bunden var 3-5 cm tyk.
The boat sides were worked to a thickness of around 1-2 cm and the bottom to around 3-5 cm.
Stævnen var tilspidset, agterenden var lige afskåret og lukket med et halvcirkulært skot.
The bow was pointed and the stern cut off straight and finished with a half-circular bulkhead.
Denne løse plade blev fæstnet til bådens inderside vha. tappe.
This loose plate was fastened to the boat’s inner side by pegs.
På den måde fik man et let og smidigt fartøj på 250-350 kg, som kunne bære op til 6-8 personer ad gangen.
In this way it was possible to create a light and flexible vessel weighing 250-350 kg, which could carry between six and eight people at a time.
Nogle padleårer var langskaftede med ovalt til afrundet blad, mens andre var korte med bredt, hjerteformet blad.
Some paddles were long shafted with oval or rounded blades, whilst others were short with wide, heart-shaped blades.
Deres bopladser lå ofte ved et åudløb, hvor fødegrundlaget var stort og varieret.
Their settlements often lay close to where streams met the sea and food supplies were varied and plentiful.
Ved kysten finder vi deres store affaldsdynger af ophobede østersskaller og andet husholdningsaffald, de såkaldte ”køkkenmøddinger”.
On the coast we find their large rubbish dumps of piled-up oyster shells and other household waste, the so-called “kitchen middens”.
Udover indsamling af skaldyr var fiskeri en vigtig beskæftigelse.
In addition to shellfish collecting, fishing was an important occupation.
Nogle fisk blev fanget tæt ved kysten med lystre, ruser og vha. lange fiskegærder.
Some fish were caught close to the coast using spears, traps and long fish weirs.
På åbent vand fiskede man f.eks. torsk med line og krog.
In open water people fished for cod with hook and line.
Selv større dyr som sæler og småhvaler blev jaget, og også her var stammebådene uundværlige.
Larger animals like seals and small whales were hunted, and for this the dugout boats were indispensable.
Mange af de forhistoriske stammebåde har rester af bålsteder anlagt på en plade af ler og sand i agterenden.
Many of the prehistoric dugouts show traces of fires, which were placed upon a plate of clay and sand in the stern of the vessel.
Lerpladen forhindrede, at bålet brændte ned i bådtræet.
The clay plate prevented the fire from burning down into the wood of the boat.
Man har sandsynligvis ”blusset” ål, dvs. brugt bålet til at tiltrække ål ved fiskeri om natten.
Fishermen probably used fires to attract eels during fishing expeditions at night.
Både rundvisning og foredrag har en varighed af ca. 50 minutter.
The guided tours and talks both last about 50 minutes.
Hans kranie viste helede spor af et slag.
His skull showed the healed traces of a blow.
Den døde var tilsyneladende blevet anbragt på båddelen, dækket med et lag bark og derefter begravet i vandet, ganske tæt ved bredden af bopladsen.
The dead man was apparently placed in the boat, covered with a bark layer and then buried under water, close to the settlement.
Skovområder blev fældet, afbrændt og erstattet af kornmarker.
Wooded areas were cleared, burnt and replaced with fields of arable crops.
Kvæg, gris og får dukkede op som husdyr.
Cattle, pigs and sheep appeared as domesticated animals.
Den store forandring var, at man nu kunne fremstille fødevarer selv.
The big change was that people could produce their own food products.
Kystfiskeriet var stadig godt, og derfor fortsatte bondebefolkningen længe med at jage og fiske fra de gamle fangstbopladser.
Coastal fishing was still good and therefore the farming population continued for a long time to hunt and fish from the old settlements on the coast.
Bøndernes gravmonumenter i form af stendysser og jættestuer blev opført over alt i landet.
The farmers’ grave monuments in the form of dolmens and passage graves were constructed all over Denmark.
Dem kan man stadig se mange steder i det danske landskab.
They can be seen still in many places in the Danish landscape.
Her kan du se de pragtfulde slebne flintøkser og de store samlinger af ravperler, som man ofrede til guderne i håb om en god høst.
Here you can see the splendid polished flint axes and large collections of amber beads which were offered to the gods in hope of a good harvest.
Du kan også se, hvordan Skarpsalling-karret - Danmarks smukkeste lerkar fra bondestenalderen - er udsmykket.
You can also see how the Skarpsalling Pot – Denmark’s most attractive pottery vessel from the Neolithic period – is decorated.
Eller du kan få mere at vide om, hvordan man producerede dolke og andre redskaber af flint, som f.eks. Hindsgavldolken.
Or you can learn more about how daggers, such the one from Hindsgavl, and other flint tools were produced.
Ældst er en dobbelt kvindegrav fra sen Ertebølletid.
The earliest is a double women’s grave from the later Ertebølle period.
Med i graven havde de to kvinder blandt andet fået mange tandperler, og der var strøet okker omkring dem, som det kendes fra andre af jægerstenalderens grave.
Amongst the objects placed in the grave with the two women were tooth beads, and ochre had been sprinkled over the bodies like in other Mesolithic graves.
De to kvinder må være begravet samtidig.
The women must have been buried at the same time.
Den ene var omkring 18 år, og den anden var 40-50 år gammel.
One was around 18 years old and the other was between 40 and 50.
Den unge kvinde havde fået en flåkniv af ben med, og i hoved-enden af graven lå en bennål og en pilespids af flint.
The young woman was accompanied by a flaying knife of bone and at the head end of the grave lay a bone needle and a flint arrowhead.
Den anden grav, fra tidlig bondestenalder, var en mandsgrav, der indeholdt en af landets første bønder.
The other grave, dating to the early Neolithic period, belonged to a man, who was one of Denmark’s first farmers.
I graven lå hans bue og pile, et lille drikkekar af brændt ler, nogle flintflækker og en stridsøkse.
In the grave lay his bow and arrows, a small drinking vessel of fired clay, some flint blades and a battle axe.
Han havde en håndledsbeskytter af ben fæstnet ved venstre håndled, og dragten var påsyet ravperler.
He wore a bone wristguard upon his left wrist and amber beads were sewn on to his clothes.
Gravgaverne afspejler hans liv som bonde, jæger og kriger.
The grave goods reflect his life as farmer, hunter and warrior.
Mens jægerne og fiskerne var afhængige alene af naturens ressourcer, kunne de første bønder i Nordeuropa både jage og fiske, men også som det vigtigste selv fremstille fødevarer.
Whilst the hunters and fishermen depended solely on natural resources, the first farmers in northern Europe could hunt and fish but also, most importantly, grow their own food.
Det betød mere arbejde men også mad til flere munde, og befolkningen voksede.
This meant more work, but also more mouths could be fed and the population increased.
Det krævede plads at dyrke korn og opdrætte husdyr.
Cultivating corn and keeping domestic animals required space.
Mennesket greb nu for alvor ind i naturens orden.
Man began to disturb the balance of nature.
I det sidste årtusinde af jægerstenalderen fik bondesamfundene i syd og jægerfolket i nord kontakt med hinanden.
In the last millennium of the Mesolithic period the farming societies in the south and hunters in the north made contact with each other.
Den nye viden blev ligesom nytteplanter og husdyr overtaget fra den bondekultur, der allerede havde etableret sig syd for Østersøen.
The new knowledge, like domesticated plants and animals, came from the farming culture which had already established itself south of the Baltic Sea.
Landbruget kom til Norden med hele sit udstyr.
Farming came to Scandinavia with all its equipment.
Hertil hørte slebne flintøkser, høstredskaber og et mere udviklet pottemageri.
This included polished flint axes, harvesting tools and more developed pottery making.
De første bønder havde effektive redskaber til at fælde skovens træer og bygge huse og hegn.
The first farmers had effective tools to fell the forest’s trees and construct houses and fences.
De nye, slebne flintøkser havde i begyndelsen en ”spidsnakket” form.
The new polished flint axes had a “point-butted” shape.
Kornet blev høstet med segl, som bestod af skarpe flintflækker indsat i et træskaft.
Corn was harvested with sickles, which consisted of a sharp flint blade inserted into a wooden handle.
Fødevarer blev opbevaret i lerkar af forskellige former med hver deres funktion.
Food was stored in pottery vessels of different shapes according to their function.
På en lerskive som denne fra Volbæk, nær Århus, bagte man fladbrød.
Round plates of clay like this plate from Volbæk near Århus were used for baking flat bread.
Lerskiven er dekoreret med tandmærker, som man har bidt ind i leret.
The plate is decorated with teeth marks.
Du kan læse mere om dekoration af keramik i bondestenalderen her.
You can read more about the ornaments on Neolithic pottery here.
Nationalmuseet har lukket på følgende dage:
Closed on the following days:
Den kgl. Mønt- og Medaillesamlings udstilling er for tiden lukket på grund af nødvendig renovering.
The galleries of the Royal Collection of Coins and Medals are temporarily closed due to necessary renovation.
Således er der i de nordlige, tempererede dele af jordkloden, et højere indhold af kulstof-13 i alle dyr og planter fra havet end i dyr og planter fra landjorden.
Therefore in the northern, temperate parts of the planet marine plants and animals have a higher carbon 13 content than those that live on the dry land.
Spiser et menneske fortrinsvis føde fra havet, vil han eller hun få et større indhold af kulstof-13 i knogler og muskler, end hvis føden kom fra landjorden.
If a human being mainly eats food from the sea, he or she will have a higher carbon 13 content in his or her bones and muscles than would be the case if the food originates from land.
Derfor kan man altså, ud fra en analyse af menneskeknogler, finde ud af, om et menneske primært har spist mad fra havet eller landjorden.
In other words analysis of human bones can show whether people primarily ate food from the land or sea.
Kulstof-13-analyserne af de tre skeletter fra Dragsholm viser, at de to kvinder fra jægerstenalderen især havde levet af føde fra havet.
The carbon 13 analysis of the three skeletons from Dragsholm shows that the two women from the Mesolithic period lived especially off food from the sea.
Manden, der derimod var bonde, havde især indtaget føde fra landjorden.
The male farmer on the other hand mainly consumed food which originated from the land.
Bønderne måtte rydde urskoven, fælde træer og brænde kvas, inden jorden kunne dyrkes.
The farmers had to clear the primeval forest, fell trees and burn brush before the soil could be tilled.
Til skovhugst og tømmerarbejde blev der anvendt slebne flintøkser.
For forest felling and timber work polished flint axes were used.
Flint var det vigtigste råmateriale til fremstilling af økser.
Flint was the most important raw material for making axes.
Flintøksen var dog ikke kun et arbejdsredskab.
However, the flint axe was not just a tool.
Økserne blev fremstillet af den bedste flint, og de var smukt tilhuggede og slebne.
The axes were made of the best flint, and they were beautifully knapped and polished.
At besidde pragtøkser af flint var tegn på rigdom og anseelse.
The possession of flint axes was a sign of wealth and status.
Samlinger af flintøkser blev ofret og lagt ned i søer.
Collections of them were sacrificed and deposited in lakes.
Mange samlinger af økser er fundet ved tørvegravning i nutiden.
Many collections of axes have been found during peat-digging in modern times.
Denne skik holdt ved helt frem til jernalderen.
This custom persisted all the way up to the Iron Age.
Ofte blev økserne lagt ned i forbindelse med vand – åer, søer eller moser.
Often the axes were deposited in water – rivers, lakes or bogs.
Betydningen af disse offerfund er uklar.
It is not clear what was meant by these sacrificial offerings.
Måske er de del af komplicerede ritualer, hvor samfundets ledende medlemmer ofrede på samfundets vegne?
Perhaps they were elements in complicated rituals, where the leading figures in the community made sacrifices on its behalf?
Det særprægede hjem blev nærmest opdaget ved et tilfælde i 1944, da museumsinspektør Tove Clemmesen blev inviteret forbi af de to søstre, Gerda og Ellen Christensen, der var vokset op i og stadigt boede i lejligheden.
In 1886 it was acquired by the merchant Rudolph Christensen (1849-1925), joint owner of the ribbon factory Christensen and Hansen, which had a shop on Østergade in Copenhagen.
For de to søstre var formålet med invitationen at donere en sølvbryllupskjole fra 1903 til Nationalmuseet, men for den overraskede museumsinspektør og Nationalmuseet fik besøget en helt anden afgørende betydning.
In 1890 the merchant moved into the apartment on the second floor with his wife Elina Christensen, née Hamberg, and their three children.
Lørdag, søndag og helligdage kl. 11, 12 og 13
Saturdays, Sundays and public holidays at 11, 12 and 13
Kun i forbindelse med rundvisning
Guided tours only
Rundvisning DKK 50
Guided tour DKK 50
Fælles pris uanset alder
Same price for all ages
Køb billet
Tickets
Stenaldermenneskene har gravet prøvehuller i undergrunden for at finde flinten.
The Stone Age miners dug trial holes in the subsoil to find the flint.
Hvis de fandt flint, udvidede de hullerne.
If they found it, they then widened the holes.
I de øverste lag var der størst fare for sammenstyrtning – her gravede man brede huller med skrånende vægge.
In the upper strata where the risk of collapse was greatest they dug wide pits with sloping walls.
Når de nåede længere ned, blev undergrunden mere stabil, og man kunne grave regulære skakter.
When they reached further down, the chalk bedrock became more stable and proper shafts could be dug.
Skakterne blev fortsat, indtil man stødte på flinten; det skete gerne i 5-6 meters dybde.
The shafts were continued until flint was found, often at a depth of 5-6 metres.
Herfra gravede man vandrette gange ud til siderne for at bjerge så meget flint som muligt.
From there horizontal passages were dug out to the sides to collect as much flint as possible.
I en af de største miner har stenaldermenneskene i et område på mere end 60 m2, fulgt flintlag dybt under jordens overflade.
In one of the biggest mines the Stone Age people followed the flint layers deep under the surface of the soil over an area of more than 60m2.
Flintminedriften har været et risikabelt erhverv – men de har vidst, hvad de havde med at gøre!
Flint mining was a risky business – but the miners knew what they had to do!
Slibning af flint markerer et så betydeligt teknologisk skift, at arkæologer bruger dette til at sætte grænsen mellem ældre og yngre stenalder.
The polishing of flint marks such a significant technological advance that archaeologists use this to draw the boundary between the Mesolithic and the Neolithic periods.
De slebne flintøkser muliggjorde opdyrkningen af landet – med dem kunne store træer fældes, så der blev plads til marker.
The polished flint axes made it possible to cultivate the land – with them large trees could be felled so there was space for fields.
Men disse økser blev også brugt, når huse og hegn skulle bygges, eller hvis der skulle hugges brænde.
But these axes were also used when houses and fences were to be built or if firewood was to be chopped.
Udover at være et redskab kunne økser også have vigtige rituelle og sociale funktioner.
Besides being tools, axes could also have important ritual and social functions.
I løbet af bondestenalderen ændrede økserne udseende.
In the course of the Neolithic period the shape of axes changed.
Fra at være spidsnakkede, blev de tyndnakkede for til sidst at ende som tyknakkede.
First they were ‘point-butted’, then they became thin-butted and finally they were thick-butted.
Bonden kunne markere sin position ved kamp såvel som ved fredelig udveksling af gaver med naboer og venner.
The farmer could mark his position in battle, as well as with peaceful exchanges of gifts with neighbours and friends.
Gaver kunne bestå af pragtøkser af flint eller af ravperler.
Gifts could be ornate axes of flint or amber beads.
En del af disse rigdomme blev ofret i søer til de højere magter.
Many of these riches were sacrificed to the powers above in lakes.
I den tidlige bondestenalder skete det dog også, at mennesker blev henrettet og kastet i søer.
In the early Neolithic period people were also sometimes executed and thrown in lakes.
Bøndernes indbyrdes konflikter kan have udløst vold og drab.
Conflicts among the farmers may have triggered off violence and killings.
Men der kan også have været tale om menneskeofringer.
Human sacrifices were also made.
Både unge og gamle er kommet af dage på denne måde.
Both young and old people ended their days in this way.
Eksempelvis endte to unge pigers liv i en sø, nu Sigersdal Mose i Nordsjælland, for næsten 5500 år siden.
For example, two young girls ended their lives in a lake, now the bog Sigersdal Mose in northern Zealand, almost 5500 years ago.
Den ene af pigerne blev 18-20 år.
One of the girls was 18-20 years old.
Hun havde en snor strammet om halsen – hun er formentlig blevet kvalt.
She had a cord tightened around her neck and had probably been strangled.
På den ene side af hendes hoved er en læsion.
On one side of her head there is an injury.
Om hun har været udsat for vold, inden hun døde, eller om hendes kranium er blevet beskadiget af opholdet i mosen, kan dog ikke afgøres.
Whether she was subjected to violence before she died, or her skull was damaged during the time in the bog, cannot be determined.
Den anden pige fra Sigersdal Mose blev omkring 16 år.
The other girl in Sigersdal Mose was about 16.
Hendes dødsårsag kan ikke fastslås.
The cause of her death cannot be established.
Måske er hun også blevet kvalt.
Perhaps she also was strangled.
De to pigers kranier har fællestræk, og de kan have været søstre.
The skulls of the two girls have features in common and they may have been sisters.
Den ene kvinde fra Sigersdal havde et reb omkring halsen, da hun blev fundet.
One of the women from Sigersdal had a rope around her neck, when she was found.
Hun er sandsynligvis blevet kvalt med det.
She was probably strangled.
Kampene kunne formentlig dreje sig om retten til plads, magt og lederskab.
The fights were probably over the right to space, power and leadership.
Læsioner i hovedet blev behandlet ved trepanation: et operativt indgreb, hvor man fjernede bensplinter, svulster eller blodansamlinger.
Injuries to the head were treated with trepanning, a surgical intervention where splinters of bone, tumours or blood clots were removed.
Mange trepanationer blev foretaget på venstre side af hovedet, hvor en økse eller kølle ofte rammer i nærkamp.
Trepanations were carried out on the left side of the head, where an axe or club often strikes in close combat.
Kraftige benpile blev også brugt som kampvåben.
Large bone arrows were also used as battle weapons.
Fire tyndnakkede økser
Four thin-butted axes.
I efteråret 2001 blev der, ved drængravning, fundet seks slebne økser.
In the autumn of 2001 during the digging of drains, six polished axes were found.
Ved efterfølgende besigtigelse fremkom endnu en økse.
On further inspection another axe emerged.
3) Hagelbjerggård ved Sorø.
3) Hagelbjerggård near Sorø.
4) Jægstrup Bæk ved Viborg, tre tyndnakkede økser.
4) Jægstrup Bæk near Viborg, three thin-butted axes.
5) Staby Mose, Vestjylland, otte økser.
5) Staby Mose, western Jutland, eight axes.
6) Hesselbjerg, Midjylland, fire uslebne økser, en flintplanke og tre flintstykker.
6) Hesselbjerg, central Jutland, four unpolished axes, a flint blank and three pieces of flint.
De største mængder fandtes ved Jyllands kyster.
The largest amounts were found along the coasts of Jutland.
Ravet blev tilskåret som perler eller andre smykker til at hænge om halsen eller sy på dragten.
The amber was carved into beads or other jewellery to hang around the neck or sew on clothes.
I den tidlige bondestenalder blev der foretaget storstilet indsamling og forarbejdning af rav, og de største fund af ravperler er fra denne tid.
In the Early Neolithic period there was large-scale gathering and working of amber, and the biggest finds of amber beads are from this period.