natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
6ED฀ BESLUTNINGER฀ AF฀ ฀ SEPTEMBER฀ ฀ OG฀ ฀ SEPTEMBER฀ ฀ GODKENDTE฀ +OMMISSIONEN฀ HENHOLDSVIS฀ P � ฀ GRUNDLAG฀ AF฀ FORORDNING฀ N R ฀ ฀ OG฀ TRAKTATENS฀ARTIKEL฀ ฀ S T K ฀ ฀ %!฀ 3ALZGITTERS฀ ERHVERVELSE฀ AF฀ KONTROLLEN฀ OVER฀ - A NN ES M A NN R � H R EN฀ 7 E R K E ฀ 6ERBAND฀ DER฀ FREIEN฀2OHRWERKE฀ E 6 ฀ SOM฀ER฀ EN฀ SAMMENSLUTNING฀ AF฀ VIRKSOMHEDER฀ OG฀ TO฀ AF฀ S A M M E N SL UT N I N G E N S ฀ MEDLEMMER฀ ANLAGDE฀ SAG฀ MED฀ P � STAND฀ OM฀ ANNULLATION฀ AF฀ DISSE฀ BESLUTNINGER฀ $EN฀ SAG฀ SOM฀VAR฀ ANLAGT฀ I฀ M E D F� R ฀ AF฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ %!฀ BLEV฀ AFVIST฀ MENS฀ +OMMISSIONEN฀ BLEV฀ FRIFUNDET฀ I฀DEN฀ SAG฀ SOM฀VAR฀ ANLAGT฀ I฀ M E D F� R ฀ AF฀ TRAKTATENS฀ARTIKEL฀ ฀ % & ฀ 2ETTENS฀ DOM฀AF฀ ฀ SAG฀4 ฀ 6ERBAND฀ DER฀ FREIEN฀2OHRWERKE฀ E 6 ฀ MF L ฀ MOD฀+OMMISSIONEN฀ ENDNU฀ IKKE฀TRYKT฀ I฀3AMLING฀AF฀ ! F G� R E L S ER฀ IDET฀2ETTEN฀ FASTSLOG฀ AT฀ +OMMISSIONENS฀ VURDERING฀ AF฀ DEN฀ OMTVISTEDE฀ FUSIONS฀ VIRKNINGER฀ IKKE฀VAR฀ B E H� FT ET฀ MED฀ �B E NB A R E ฀ FE J L ฀
PRODUCT฀ SHOULD฀ BE฀ TAKEN฀ INTO฀ACCOUNT฀ IF฀ !RTICLE฀ E ฀ ALONE฀ APPLIES฀ TO฀ THREE DIMENSIONAL฀ MARKS฀ THE฀#OURT฀RECALLED฀ THAT฀ EACH฀ OF฀ THE฀ GROUNDS฀ FOR฀ REFUSING฀ REGISTRATION฀ IS฀ TO฀BE฀ INTERPRETED฀ IN฀ THE฀ LIGHT฀OF฀ THE฀UNDERLYING฀GENERAL฀ INTEREST฀ 4HE฀ R A T I ON A L E ฀ OF฀ THE฀ GROUNDS฀ FOR฀ REFUSING฀ REGISTRATION฀ LAID฀DOWN฀ IN฀ THAT฀PROVISION฀ IS฀ TO฀PREVENT฀ TRADE฀MARK฀ PROTECTION฀ FROM฀GRANTING฀ ITS฀PROPRIETOR฀A฀MONOPOLY฀ON฀ TECHNICAL฀SOLUTIONS฀OR฀ FUNCTIONAL฀ CHARACTERISTICS฀ OF฀ A฀ PRODUCT฀ WHICH฀ A฀ U S E R ฀ IS฀ LIKELY฀ TO฀ SEEK฀ IN฀ THE฀ PRODUCTS฀ OF฀ C O M P E T I T O R S ฀ 3 I M I L A R L Y ฀ !RTICLE฀ C ฀OF฀THE฀DIRECTIVE฀PURSUES฀AN฀AIM฀WHICH฀IS฀ IN฀THE฀PUBLIC฀ INTEREST฀ NAMELY฀ PREVENTING฀ SUCH฀ SIGNS฀OR฀ INDICATIONS฀ FROM฀BEING฀ RESERVED฀ TO฀ ONE฀UNDERTAKING฀ ALONE฀ BECAUSE฀ THEY฀ HAVE฀BEEN฀REGISTERED฀AS฀ TRADE฀MARKS฀ )T฀ FOLLOWS฀ THAT฀ WHEN฀ EXAMINING฀ THE฀GROUND฀ FOR฀ REFUSING฀ REGISTRATION฀ IN฀!RTICLE฀ C ฀ OF฀ THE฀DIRECTIVE฀ IN฀ A฀ CONCRETE฀ CASE฀ REGARD฀ MUST฀ BE฀ HAD฀ TO฀ THE฀PUBLIC฀ INTEREST฀ UNDERLYING฀ THAT฀PROVISION฀ WHICH฀ IS฀ THAT฀ ALL฀ THREE DIMENSIONAL฀ SHAPE฀ OF฀ PRODUCT฀ TRADE฀MARKS฀ WHICH฀ CONSIST฀ EXCLUSIVELY฀OF฀SIGNS฀OR฀ INDICATIONS฀WHICH฀MAY฀SERVE฀TO฀DESIGNATE฀THE฀CHARACTERISTICS฀OF฀ THE฀GOODS฀OR฀SERVICE฀WITHIN฀THE฀MEANING฀OF฀THAT฀PROVISION฀SHOULD฀BE฀FREELY฀AVAILABLE฀TO฀ ALL฀ AND฀ SUBJECT฀ ALWAYS฀ TO฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀ OF฀ THE฀DIRECTIVE฀ CANNOT฀ BE฀ REGISTERED฀
!RTIKEL฀ ฀ I฀ FORORDNING฀ N R ฀ ฀ GIVER฀ P � ฀ VISSE฀ BETINGELSER฀ +OMMISSIONEN฀ ADGANG฀ TIL฀AT฀ HENVISE฀ EN฀ ANMELDT฀ FUSION฀ TIL฀ EN฀MEDLEMSSTATS฀ KOMPETENTE฀MYNDIGHEDER฀
฀ 4HE฀ JUDGMENT฀IN฀#ASE฀# ฀ , I B E R T E L ฀ ; = ฀ %#2฀) ฀ EXAMINED฀WHETHER฀ AND฀ IN฀ WHAT฀ CIRCUMSTANCES฀ A฀ COLOUR฀ MAY฀ CONSTITUTE฀A฀ MARK฀ WITHIN฀ THE฀MEANING฀OF฀ !RTICLES฀ ฀ AND฀ ฀OF฀$IRECTIVE฀ ฀ 4HE฀#OURT฀ BEGAN฀ BY฀ FINDING฀ THAT฀A฀ COLOUR฀ IS฀ CAPABLE฀OF฀CONSTITUTING฀A฀MARK฀IF฀IT฀IS฀A฀SIGN฀WHICH฀IS฀CAPABLE฀OF฀GRAPHIC฀REPRESENTATION฀ AND฀ OF฀ DISTINGUISHING฀ THE฀ GOODS฀ OR฀ SERVICES฀ OF฀ ONE฀UNDERTAKING฀ FROM฀ THOSE฀ OF฀ OTHER฀ U N D E R T A K IN G S
2ETTEN฀HAR฀ I฀ TO฀SAGER฀HAFT฀ LEJLIGHED฀TIL฀AT฀ TAGE฀STILLING฀TIL฀ LOVLIGHEDEN฀AF฀BESLUTNINGER฀OM฀ HENVISNING฀ TIL฀DE฀ NATIONALE฀ MYNDIGHEDER฀ !NLEDNINGEN฀ TIL฀ DEN฀ F� R S T E ฀ SAG฀ VAR฀ +OMMISSIONENS฀ BESLUTNING฀OM฀ AT฀ HENVISE฀ FUSIONEN฀ MELLEM฀ 3%"฀ OG฀ -OULINEX฀ TIL฀DE฀ FRANSKE฀ KONKURRENCEMYNDIGHEDER฀ FOR฀ S� ฀ VIDT฀ A N G� R ฀ DE฀ FRANSKE฀MARKEDER฀ FOR฀ S M � ฀ ELEKTRISKE฀ HUSHOLDNINGSAPPARATER฀ MED฀ HENBLIK฀ P � ฀ ANVENDELSE฀AF฀ DE฀ NATIONALE฀ REGLER฀ 0HILIPS DOMMEN฀ )฀ DEN฀ANDEN฀ SAG฀ BLEV฀ U N D E R S� G E L S EN฀ AF฀ EN฀ FUSION฀ SOM฀ I N D E B A R ฀ EN฀ SAMMENSLUTNING฀ AF฀ 6� A ฀ $IGITAL฀ OG฀ 3OGECABLE฀ HENVIST฀ TIL฀DE฀ SPANSKE฀ MYNDIGHEDER฀ 2ETTENS฀ DOM฀AF฀ ฀ FORENEDE฀SAGER฀4 ฀ OG฀4 ฀ #ABLEUROPA ฀ MF L ฀ MOD฀+OMMISSIONEN฀ ENDNU฀ IKKE฀TRYKT฀ I฀3AMLING฀AF฀ ! F G� R E L S ER฀
)N฀ VIEW฀ OF฀ THE฀ LIMITED฀ NUMBER฀ OF฀ COLOURS฀ THAT฀ THE฀RELEVANT฀ PUBLIC฀ COMPOSED฀ OF฀ THE฀ AVERAGE฀ CONSUMER฀ REASONABLY฀ WELL฀ INFORMED฀ AND฀ REASONABLY฀ OBSERVANT฀ AND฀ C I R C U M S P E C T ฀ IS฀ CAPABLE฀OF฀ DISTINGUISHING฀ AND฀ OF฀ THE฀ AIM฀ IN฀THE฀PUBLIC฀ INTEREST฀ PURSUED฀ BY฀ !RTICLE฀ C ฀OF฀$IRECTIVE฀ ฀ WHICH฀ REQUIRES฀ THAT฀ THE฀ SIGNS฀ AND฀ INDICATIONS฀ DESCRIPTIVE฀OF฀THE฀CATEGORIES฀OF฀GOODS฀OR฀SERVICES฀FOR฀WHICH฀REGISTRATION฀IS฀SOUGHT฀MAY฀ BE฀ FREELY฀ USED฀ BY฀ ALL฀ *OINED฀#ASES฀# ฀ AND฀# ฀ 7 IN D S U R F IN G ฀ #HIEMSEE ; = ฀ %#2฀) ฀ AND฀ , IN D E ฀ AND฀ /THERS฀ REGISTRATION฀ AS฀ TRADE฀MARKS฀ OF฀ COLOURS฀ PER฀ SE฀ WOULD฀ HAVE฀ THE฀EFFECT฀ OF฀ CREATING฀ AN฀ EXTENSIVE฀ MONOPOLY฀ WHICH฀ WOULD฀ BE฀ INCOMPATIBLE฀WITH฀ A฀ SYSTEM฀ OF฀ UNDISTORTED฀ COMPETITION฀ IN฀PARTICULAR฀ BECAUSE฀ IT฀ COULD฀ HAVE฀ THE฀EFFECT฀ OF฀ CREATING฀ AN฀ UNJUSTIFIED฀ COMPETITIVE฀ ADVANTAGE฀ FOR฀ A฀ SINGLE฀ TRADER฀ PARAGRAPH฀ ฀ 4HERE฀ IS฀ THEREFORE฀ A฀ PUBLIC฀ INTEREST฀ IN฀ NOT฀ UNDULY฀ RESTRICTING฀ THE฀ AVAILABILITY฀OF฀COLOURS฀ FOR฀ THE฀OTHER฀ TRADERS฀WHO฀OFFER฀ FOR฀SALE฀GOODS฀OR฀SERVICES฀OF฀ THE฀ SAME฀ TYPE฀ AS฀ THOSE฀ IN฀RESPECT฀OF฀ WHICH฀ REGISTRATION฀ IS฀ SOUGHT฀ PARAGRAPH฀ ฀ AND฀ THAT฀ INTEREST฀ IS฀ RELEVANT฀ IN฀ ASSESSING฀ THE฀ POTENTIAL฀ DISTINCTIVENESS฀ OF฀ A฀ GIVEN฀ COLOUR฀ AS฀A฀ TRADE฀MARK฀
& OR฀ S� ฀ VIDT฀ A N G� R ฀ REALITETEN฀ SKULLE฀ 2ETTEN฀ E FT E R P R � VE ฀ OM฀ BETINGELSERNE฀ FOR฀ HENVISNING฀ ; I฀ARTIKEL฀ ฀ S T K ฀ ฀ LITRA฀ A =฀ VAR฀ OPFYLDT฀ OG฀ OM฀ DET฀ VAR฀ MED฀ RETTE฀ AT฀ +OMMISSIONEN฀ I฀ M E D F� R ฀ AF฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ S T K ฀ ฀ HAVDE฀ BESLUTTET฀ AT฀ HENVISE฀ U N D E R S� G E L S EN฀ AF฀ FUSIONENS฀ VIRKNINGER฀ TIL฀DE฀ NATIONALE฀ MYNDIGHEDER฀ I฀ STEDET฀ FOR฀ SELV฀ AT฀ BEHANDLE฀ DETTE฀ S P � R G S M � L ฀
!S฀ TO฀ THE฀CONDITIONS฀ UNDER฀ WHICH฀ A฀ COLOUR฀ MAY฀ BE฀ REGARDED฀ AS฀ DISTINCTIVE฀ AND฀ SO฀ ELIGIBLE฀ FOR฀ REGISTRATION฀ IN฀ACCORDANCE฀WITH฀ !RTICLE฀ B ฀ AND฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀ OF฀ THE฀DIRECTIVE฀ THE฀#OURT฀ FIRST฀ RECALLED฀ THE฀ESSENTIAL฀ FUNCTION฀OF฀ A฀ TRADE฀MARK฀ NAMELY฀ TO฀ GUARANTEE฀THE฀IDENTITY฀OF฀THE฀ORIGIN฀OF฀THE฀MARKED฀GOODS฀OR฀SERVICE฀TO฀THE฀CONSUMER฀BY฀ ENABLING฀ HIM฀ WITHOUT฀ ANY฀ POSSIBILITY฀ OF฀ CONFUSION฀ TO฀ D I S T IN G U I S H ฀ THEM฀ FROM฀ O T H E R S ฀ WHICH฀ HAVE฀ ANOTHER฀ ORIGIN฀ #ASE฀# ฀ # A NON ฀ ; = ฀ %#2฀) ฀AND฀#ASE฀# ฀ - E R Z
)฀ FORBINDELSE฀MED฀ U N D E R S� G E L S EN฀ AF฀ +OMMISSIONENS฀ VURDERING฀ AF฀ DEN฀ANDEN฀ BETINGELSE฀ P R � C I S E R E DE฀ 2ETTEN฀ AT฀ M A R K E DETS฀ KARAKTER฀ AF฀ ET฀ S� R S K I L Tfi฀ MARKED฀ SKAL฀ BESTEMMES฀ P � ฀ GRUNDLAG฀ AF฀ FOR฀DET฀ F� R S T E ฀ EN฀ A F G R � N SN I N G ฀ AF฀ DET฀ RELEVANTE฀ PRODUKT฀ ELLER฀ T J E N ES T E Y D E L S ES MARKED฀ OG฀ FOR฀DET฀ANDET฀ EN฀ A F G R � N SN I N G ฀ AF฀ DET฀ RELEVANTE฀ GEOGRAFISKE฀ MARKED฀ )฀DET฀KONKRETE฀ T I L F�L DE฀ FANDT฀2ETTEN฀ IKKE฀ AT฀ +OMMISSIONEN฀HAVDE฀ B E G� ET฀ EN฀ �B E NB ART฀ S K � N SF E J L ฀ VED฀AT฀ L � G G E ฀ TIL฀GRUND฀ AT฀ DE฀ RELEVANTE฀ MARKEDER฀ VAR฀ S� R S K I L T E ฀ NATIONALE฀ MARKEDER฀ 3 A G S� G E R N ES ฀ ARGUMENTATION฀ SOM฀ BYGGEDE฀ P � ฀ FUSIONSPARTERNES฀ OG฀ DERES฀ MOD E R S E L S K A B E R S ฀ S T � R K E ฀ FO D F� S T E ฀ I฀ %UROPA ฀ FOR฀ S� ฀ VIDT฀ A N G� R ฀ S� VE L ฀ AKTIVITETER฀ INDEN฀FOR฀ TELEKOMMUNIKATIONS O M R � DET฀ SOM฀ INDEN฀FOR฀ BETALINGS T V ฀ P � ฀ DEN฀ G R � N S E OV E R S K R I D E N DE฀ DIMENSION฀ AF฀ MARKEDET฀ FOR฀ AUDIOVISUELLE฀ RETTIGHEDER฀ TIL฀ TRANSMISSION฀AF฀SPORTSUDSENDELSER฀OG฀MARKEDET฀ FOR฀VISSE฀ F I L M ฀ P � ฀ DEN฀ O M S T � N D I G H E D ฀ AT฀ SPROGFAKTOREN฀ ER฀ IRRELEVANT฀ FOR฀ A F G R � N SN INGEN฀ AF฀ DEN฀ GEOGRAFISKE฀ U D S T R � K N I N G ฀ AF฀ MARKEDERNE฀ FOR฀ BETALINGS T V ฀ TRANSMISSION฀ I฀HENHOLD฀TIL฀ AUDIOVISUELLE฀ RETTIGHEDER฀OG฀ TELEKOMMUNIKATION฀ SAMT฀ P � ฀ DEN฀ G R � N S E OV E R S K R I D E N DE฀ DIMENSION฀ AF฀ MARKEDERNE฀ FOR฀ TELEKOMMUNIKATION฀ ) N T E R NET฀ OG฀ T I L KNYTTEDE฀ T J E N ES T ER฀ BLEV฀ S� L E DES฀ FORKASTET฀
& IN A L L Y ฀ AS฀ REGARDS฀ THE฀ QUESTION฀ WHETHER฀ THE฀COMPETENT฀ REGISTRATION฀ AUTHORITY฀ HAS฀ TO฀ CARRY฀OUT฀AN฀EXAMINATION฀IN฀THE฀ABSTRACT฀OR฀BY฀REFERENCE฀TO฀THE฀ACTUAL฀SITUATION฀IN฀ORDER฀ TO฀ A S S E S S ฀ DISTINCTIVE฀ CHARACTER฀ THE฀#OURT฀ CONFIRMED฀ THAT฀ THE฀ EXAMINATION฀ MUST฀ REFER฀ TO฀ THE฀ ACTUAL฀ SITUATION฀ AND฀ TAKE฀ ACCOUNT฀ OF฀ ALL฀ THE฀RELEVANT฀ CIRCUMSTANCES฀OF฀ THE฀ CASE฀ INCLUDING฀ ANY฀ USE฀WHICH฀ HAS฀ BEEN฀MADE฀ OF฀ THE฀SIGN฀ IN฀RESPECT฀OF฀ WHICH฀ TRADE฀MARK฀ REGISTRATION฀ IS฀ SOUGHT฀ ฀ )N฀#ASE฀# ฀ 0฀ 7 R I G L E Y ฀ JUDGMENT฀ OF฀ ฀ /CTOBER฀ ฀ NOT฀ YET฀PUBLISHED฀IN฀THE฀%#2 ฀ THE฀#OURT฀ RULED฀ ON฀ APPEAL฀ ON฀ THE฀CONCEPT฀OF฀ MARKS฀ WHICH฀ CONSIST฀ EXCLUSIVELY฀ OF฀SIGNS฀OR฀INDICATIONS฀WHICH฀MAY฀SERVE฀TO฀DESIGNATE฀THE฀CHARACTERISTICS฀OF฀GOODS฀WITHIN฀ THE฀MEANING฀OF฀ !RTICLE฀ C ฀OF฀2EGULATION฀ .
(VAD฀ A N G� R ฀ DET฀ VIDE฀ S K � N฀ +OMMISSIONEN฀ ER฀ TILLAGT฀ N� R ฀ DEN฀ SKAL฀ A F G� R E ฀ OM฀ DER฀ SKAL฀ SKE฀HENVISNING฀AF฀EN฀ FUSION฀ ELLER฀ E J ฀ FASTSLOG฀2ETTEN฀ AT฀ +OMMISSIONEN฀HAVDE฀ U D �V ET฀ DETTE฀ S K � N฀ UDEN฀ �B E NB A R E ฀ FE J L ฀ 2ETTEN฀ FASTSLOG฀ S� L E DES฀ IDET฀ DEN฀ANVENDTE฀ DEN฀ I฀ 0HILIPS DOMMEN฀ FASTLAGTE฀ REGEL฀ AT฀ +OMMISSIONEN฀HAVDE฀ RIMELIG฀ GRUND฀ TIL฀AT฀ HENVISE฀ FUSIONEN฀ EFTERSOM฀ DER฀ IKKE฀ FO R E L � ฀ P R � C I SE฀ OG฀ SAMSTEMMENDE฀ INDICIER฀ FOR฀AT฀ HENVISNINGEN฀ VILLE฀ V � R E ฀ TIL฀ SKADE฀ FOR฀ BEVARELSEN฀ AF฀ EN฀ EFFEKTIV฀ KONKURRENCE฀ P � ฀ DE฀ RELEVANTE฀ MARKEDER฀ OG฀ EFTERSOM฀ DE฀ SPANSKE฀ MYNDIGHEDER฀ HAVDE฀ FORETAGET฀ EN฀ N� J A G T I G ฀ BESKRIVELSE฀ AF฀ DE฀ K O N K U R R E N C E P R OB L E M ER฀ FUSIONEN฀ GAV฀ ANLEDNING฀ TIL฀
Off฀ ฀ WHICH฀ LAYS฀ DOWN฀ THAT฀ REGISTRATION฀ IS฀ TO฀BE฀ REFUSED฀ IN฀ SUCH฀ A฀ CASE฀ )N฀ THE฀#OURTgS฀ VIEW฀ BY฀ PROHIBITING฀ THE฀ REGISTRATION฀ AS฀ #OMMUNITY฀ TRADE฀MARKS฀ OF฀ SUCH฀ SIGNS฀ AND฀ INDICATIONS฀ THAT฀PROVISION฀ PURSUES฀ AN฀ AIM฀ WHICH฀ IS฀ IN฀THE฀PUBLIC฀ INTEREST฀ NAMELY฀ THAT฀ DESCRIPTIVE฀ SIGNS฀OR฀ INDICATIONS฀ RELATING฀ TO฀ THE฀ CHARACTERISTICS฀ OF฀ GOODS฀ OR฀ SERVICES฀ IN฀RESPECT฀OF฀ WHICH฀ REGISTRATION฀ IS฀ SOUGHT฀MAY฀ BE฀ FREELY฀ USED฀ BY฀ ALL฀ 4HAT฀ PROVISION฀ ACCORDINGLY฀ PREVENTS฀ SUCH฀SIGNS฀AND฀INDICATIONS฀FROM฀BEING฀RESERVED฀TO฀ONE฀UNDERTAKING฀ALONE฀BECAUSE฀THEY฀ HAVE฀BEEN฀REGISTERED฀AS฀ TRADE฀MARKS฀ 7 IN D S U R F IN G ฀ #HIEMSEE ฀ AND฀ , IN D E ฀ AND฀ / T H E R S
F G� R E L S ER฀ 3 M L ฀ ))฀ S ฀ ฀
3 E E ฀ N O T E ฀ ฀
)฀ DEN฀ KONKRETE฀ SAG฀ FASTSLOG฀2ETTEN฀ AT฀ S A G S� G E R NE฀ IKKE฀ HAVDE฀ G O D T GJORT฀ AT฀ +OMMISSIONENS฀ VURDERING฀ AF฀ DERES฀ A N S� G N I N G ฀ VAR฀ B E H� FT ET฀ MED฀ EN฀ �B E NB A R ฀ FE J L ฀ $ET฀ ER฀ S� L E DES฀ BLEVET฀ B E K R � FT ET฀ AT฀ +OMMISSIONEN฀ KAN฀ A F VISE฀ A N S� G N I N G ER฀ FRA฀ K �B E R E ฀ N� R ฀ DET฀ F R E M G� R ฀ AT฀ DISSE฀ IKKE฀KAN฀ OPFYLDE฀ FORM � LET฀ MED฀ TILSAGNENE฀
& OR฀/()-฀TO฀ REFUSE฀ON฀ THE฀BASIS฀OF฀ THAT฀PROVISION฀ TO฀ REGISTER฀A฀ TRADE฀MARK฀ IT฀SUFFICES฀ THAT฀ THE฀ SIGNS฀ AND฀ INDICATIONS฀ CAN฀ BE฀ USED฀ TO฀ DESCRIBE฀ GOODS฀ OR฀ SERVICES฀ !฀ W O R D ฀ SIGN฀ MUST฀ THEREFORE฀ BE฀ REFUSED฀ REGISTRATION฀ IF฀ AT฀ LEAST฀ ONE฀ OF฀ ITS฀ POSSIBLE฀ MEANINGS฀ DESIGNATES฀ A฀ CHARACTERISTIC฀ OF฀ THE฀ GOODS฀ OR฀ SERVICES฀ CONCERNED฀ 4O฀ CONSIDER฀ AS฀ THE฀#OURT฀ OF฀ & IRST฀ )NSTANCE฀ DID฀ THAT฀ THE฀ COMPOUND฀ $ O U B L E M IN T ฀ COULD฀ NOT฀ BE฀ REFUSED฀ REGISTRATION฀ BECAUSE฀ IT฀ COULD฀ NOT฀ BE฀ C H A R A C T E R I S E D ฀ AS฀ EXCLUSIVELY฀ DESCRIPTIVE฀ AMOUNTED฀ TO฀ CONSIDERING฀ THAT฀ THE฀ PROVISION฀ IN฀QUESTION฀ MUST฀ BE฀ INTERPRETED฀ AS฀ PRECLUDING฀ THE฀ REGISTRATION฀OF฀ TRADE฀MARKS฀ WHICH฀ARE฀ EXCLUSIVELY฀ DESCRIPTIVE฀ OF฀ THE฀ GOODS฀ OR฀ SERVICES฀ IN฀RESPECT฀OF฀ WHICH฀ REGISTRATION฀ IS฀ SOUGHT฀ OR฀ OF฀ THEIR฀ CHARACTERISTICS฀ 4HE฀#OURT฀ OF฀ & IRST฀ )NSTANCE฀ HAD฀ THEREFORE฀ APPLIED฀ A฀ TEST฀ WHICH฀ IS฀ NOT฀ LAID฀DOWN฀ BY฀ 2EGULATION฀ . Off฀ ฀ WITHOUT฀ A S C E R T A IN IN G ฀ WHETHER฀ THE฀WORD฀AT฀ ISSUE฀COULD฀BE฀USED฀ BY฀ OTHER฀ OPERATORS฀ TO฀DESIGNATE฀ A฀ CHARACTERISTIC฀ OF฀ THEIR฀ GOODS฀AND฀ SERVICES฀ AND฀ THEREBY฀ ERRED฀ AS฀ TO฀ THE฀SCOPE฀OF฀ THAT฀PROVISION฀ 4HE฀#OURT฀ CONCLUDED฀ THAT฀ /()-gS฀ SUBMISSION฀ THAT฀ THE฀CONTESTED฀ JUDGMENT฀ WAS฀ VITIATED฀ BY฀ AN฀ ERROR฀ OF฀ LAW฀ WAS฀ WELL฀ FOUNDED฀ AND฀ SET฀ ASIDE฀ THE฀ JUDGMENT฀ ฀ 4HE฀ JUDGMENT฀IN฀#ASE฀# ฀ !
& O R ORDNING฀ N R ฀ ฀ T I L L � G G ER฀ TREDJEPARTER฀ ADGANG฀ TIL฀ KONTRADIKTION฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ S T K ฀ ฀ $ISSE฀ KAN฀ S� L E DES฀ F R E M S� T T E ฀ DERES฀ B E M � R K N I N G ER฀ SKRIFTLIGT฀ TIL฀ +OMMISSIONEN฀ BL A ฀ FORANLEDIGET฀ AF฀ OF FE N TL I G G� R E L S EN฀ I฀ $EN฀ % U R O P � I SKE฀ 5 N I O N S ฀ 4 I D E N DE฀ AF฀ A N M E L D E L S EN฀ AF฀ EN฀ FUSION฀ SOM฀ER฀OMFATTET฀AF฀ FORORDNING฀ N R ฀ ฀ ELLER฀ SOM฀ SVAR฀ P � ฀ EN฀ O P FO R D R I N G ฀ FRA฀ +OMMISSIONEN฀ J F ฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ I฀ FORORDNING฀ N R ฀ ฀ $E฀ KAN฀ NAVNLIG฀ GIVES฀ MULIGHED฀ FOR฀AT฀ F R E M S� T T E ฀ B E M � R K N I N G ER฀ TIL฀DE฀ TILSAGN฀ SOM฀ER฀ FO R ES L � ET฀ AF฀ DE฀ A N M E L D E N DE฀ PARTER฀ OG฀ SOM฀SKAL฀ G O D T G� R E ฀ AT฀ FUSIONEN฀HVERKEN฀ SKABER฀ ELLER฀ STYRKER฀ EN฀DOMINERENDE฀STILLING฀ SOM฀ BEVIRKER฀ AT฀ DEN฀ EFFEKTIVE฀ KONKURRENCE฀ H� M M ES ฀ BETYDELIGT฀ P � ฀ DET฀ RELEVANTE฀ M A R K E D )฀ DEN฀ OVENFOR฀ N �V N T E ฀ DOM฀ I฀ SAGEN฀!2$฀MOD฀+OMMISSIONEN฀ HAVDE฀ S A G S� G E R EN฀ KUN฀ HAFT฀ ฀ TIMER฀ TIL฀AT฀ F R E M S� T T E ฀ B E M � R K N I N G ER฀ TIL฀DE฀ OPRINDELIGE฀ TILSAGN฀ 2ETTEN฀ FANDT฀ IKKE฀ AT฀ DENNE฀ FRIST฀ KUNNE฀ P �V I R K E ฀ BESLUTNINGENS฀ L OV L I G H E D ฀
D I D AS฀ JUDGMENT฀ OF฀ ฀ /CTOBER฀ ฀ NOT฀ YET฀PUBLISHED฀IN฀THE฀%#2 ฀ WHICH฀WAS฀ GIVEN฀ ON฀ A฀ REFERENCE฀ FOR฀ A฀ PRELIMINARY฀ RULING฀ RULED฀ ON฀ THE฀EXTENT฀OF฀ THE฀PROTECTION฀ CONFERRED฀BY฀ A฀ TRADE฀MARK฀ WITH฀ A฀ REPUTATION฀ WITHIN฀ THE฀MEANING฀OF฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀OF฀$IRECTIVE฀ ฀ )N฀ANSWER฀ TO฀ THE฀ FIRST฀ QUESTION฀ WHETHER฀ TRANSPOSITION฀OF฀THAT฀PROVISION฀ENTITLES฀-EMBER฀3TATES฀TO฀PROVIDE฀PROTECTION฀FOR฀THE฀MARK฀ WITH฀ A฀ REPUTATION฀ IN฀ CASES฀ WHERE฀ THE฀ L A T E R ฀ MARK฀ OR฀ SIGN฀ WHICH฀ IS฀ IDENTICAL฀ WITH฀ OR฀ SIMILAR฀ TO฀ IT฀ IS฀ INTENDED฀ TO฀BE฀ USED฀ OR฀ IS฀ USED฀ IN฀ RELATION฀ TO฀ GOODS฀ OR฀ SERVICES฀ IDENTICAL฀ WITH฀ OR฀ SIMILAR฀ TO฀THOSE฀ COVERED฀ BY฀ THE฀ MARK฀ THE฀#OURT฀ RECALLING฀ ITS฀ JUDGMENT฀IN฀#ASE฀# $ A V I D OF F ฀ ; = ฀ %#2฀) ฀ STATED฀ THAT฀WHERE฀ THE฀SIGN฀ IS฀ USED฀ FOR฀ IDENTICAL฀ OR฀ SIMILAR฀ GOODS฀ OR฀ SERVICES฀ A฀MARK฀ WITH฀ A฀ REPUTATION฀MUST฀ENJOY฀PROTECTION฀WHICH฀ IS฀AT฀ LEAST฀ AS฀ EXTENSIVE฀ AS฀ WHERE฀ A฀ SIGN฀ IS฀ USED฀ FOR฀ NON SIMILAR฀ GOODS฀ OR฀ SERVICES฀ 4HE฀ -EMBER฀3TATE฀ MUST฀ THEREFORE฀ GRANT฀ PROTECTION฀WHICH฀ IS฀AT฀ LEAST฀ AS฀ EXTENSIVE฀ FOR฀ IDENTICAL฀OR฀SIMILAR฀GOODS฀OR฀SERVICES฀AS฀FOR฀NON SIMILAR฀ GOODS฀ OR฀ SERVICES฀
$OMMEN฀ I฀ SAGEN฀!2$฀MOD฀+OMMISSIONEN฀ VISER฀ ENDVIDERE฀ AT฀ N� R ฀ +OMMISSIONEN฀ IKKE฀ I฀ M E D F� R ฀ AF฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ S T K ฀ ฀ I฀ FORORDNING฀ N R ฀ ฀ ER฀ FORPLIGTET฀ TIL฀ I฀ FASE฀ ))฀ AT฀ FREMSENDE฀ DEN฀ENDELIGE฀UDGAVE฀AF฀DE฀ TILSAGN฀ SOM฀ER฀ AFGIVET฀ AF฀ DE฀ D E L T A G E N DE฀ VIRKSOMHEDER฀ P � ฀ GRUNDLAG฀ AF฀ +OMMISSIONENS฀ I N D VE N D I N G ER฀ TIL฀DE฀ TREDJEPARTER฀ SOM฀ HAR฀ EN฀ BERETTIGET฀ INTERESSE฀ HERI฀ EFTER฀ AT฀ DER฀ BL A ฀ ER฀ INDHENTET฀ B E M � R K N I N G ER฀ FRA฀ DISSE฀ TREDJEPARTER฀ VE D R � R E N DE฀ DE฀ FORSLAG฀ OM฀ TILSAGN฀ SOM฀ER฀ A F F A T T ET฀ AF฀ DE฀ D E L T A G E N DE฀ VIRKSOMHEDER฀ DOM฀AF฀ ฀ SAG฀4 ฀ + A Y S E R S B E R G ฀ MOD฀+OMMISSIONEN฀ 3 M L ฀ ))฀ S ฀ ฀ ER฀ DETTE฀ S� ฀ MEGET฀ DESTO฀MINDRE฀ T I L F�L DET฀ FOR฀ S� ฀ VIDT฀ A N G� R ฀ EN฀BESLUTNING฀ TRUFFET฀ EFTER฀ FASE฀ )฀ $EN฀ O M S T � N D I G H E D ฀ AT฀ !2$฀ n฀ DER฀ SOM฀ I N T E R ES S E RET฀ T R E D J E PART฀ ALLEREDE฀ VAR฀ BLEVET฀ H� R Tfi฀ AF฀ +OMMISSIONEN฀ UNDER฀ SAMME฀ PROCEDURE฀ n฀ IKKE฀VAR฀ BLEVET฀ H� R Tfi฀ VE D R � R E N DE฀ EN฀ AF฀ � N D R I N G E R NE฀ TIL฀DE฀ OPRINDELIGE฀ TILSAGN฀ KUNNE฀ S� L E DES฀ IKKE฀ M E D F� R E ฀ BESLUTNINGENS฀ U G Y L D I G H E D
4HE฀#OURT฀ THEN฀ ADDRESSED฀ THE฀ QUESTION฀ WHETHER฀ THE฀PROTECTION฀ CONFERRED฀BY฀ THAT฀PROVISION฀ IS฀CONDITIONAL฀ON฀A฀FINDING฀OF฀A฀DEGREE฀OF฀SIMILARITY฀BETWEEN฀THE฀MARK฀WITH฀A฀ REPUTATION฀AND฀THE฀SIGN฀SUCH฀THAT฀ THERE฀EXISTS฀A฀ LIKELIHOOD฀OF฀CONFUSION฀BETWEEN฀THEM฀ ON฀ THE฀ PART฀OF฀ THE฀RELEVANT฀ SECTION฀ OF฀ THE฀PUBLIC฀ )T฀ RECALLED฀ THAT฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀ OF฀ THE฀DIRECTIVE฀ ESTABLISHES฀ FOR฀ THE฀BENEFIT฀OF฀ TRADE฀MARKS฀ WITH฀ A฀ REPUTATION฀ A฀ FORM฀ OF฀ PROTECTION฀WHOSE฀ IMPLEMENTATION฀DOES฀NOT฀ REQUIRE฀ THE฀EXISTENCE฀OF฀SUCH฀A฀ L I K E L I H O OflD ฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀ APPLIES฀ TO฀ SITUATIONS฀ IN฀WHICH฀ THE฀ SPECIFIC฀ CONDITION฀ OF฀ THE฀PROTECTION฀ CONSISTS฀ OF฀ A฀ USE฀ OF฀ THE฀SIGN฀ IN฀QUESTION฀ WITHOUT฀ DUE฀ CAUSE฀ WHICH฀ TAKES฀ UNFAIR฀ ADVANTAGE฀ OF฀ OR฀ IS฀DETRIMENTAL฀ TO฀ THE฀DISTINCTIVE฀CHARACTER฀OR฀ THE฀ REPUTE฀OF฀ THE฀ TRADE฀MARK฀ #ASE฀# ฀ - A R C A฀ -ODE฀ ; = ฀ %#2฀) ฀ 4HE฀ CONDITION฀ OF฀ SIMILARITY฀
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BETWEEN฀ THE฀MARK฀AND฀ THE฀SIGN฀ REQUIRES฀ THE฀ EXISTENCE฀ OF฀ ELEMENTS฀ OF฀ VIS U A L ฀ A U R A L ฀ OR฀ C ON C E P T U A L ฀ SIMILARITY฀ WHEREAS฀ THE฀ INFRINGEMENTS฀ REFERRED฀ TO฀ IN฀ THE฀ PROVISION฀ IN฀QUESTION฀ WHERE฀ THEY฀ O C C U R ฀ ARE฀ THE฀CONSEQUENCE฀OF฀A฀CERTAIN฀DEGREE฀OF฀SIMILARITY฀BETWEEN฀ THE฀MARK฀AND฀ THE฀SIGN฀ BY฀ VIRTUE฀ OF฀ WHICH฀ THE฀RELEVANT฀ PUBLIC฀ MAKES฀ A฀ CONNECTION฀ BETWEEN฀ THE฀SIGN฀ AND฀ THE฀ MARK฀ THAT฀ IS฀ TO฀ SAY฀ ESTABLISHES฀ A฀ LINK฀BETWEEN฀THEM฀EVEN฀THOUGH฀ IT฀ DOES฀NOT฀ C ON F USE฀ THEM฀ SEE฀ TO฀ THAT฀ EFFECT฀ #ASE฀# ฀ ' E N E R A L ฀ - O T O R S ฀ ; = ฀ %#2฀)
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!S฀ REGARDS฀ FINALLY฀ THE฀EFFECT฀ ON฀ THE฀ QUESTION฀ CONCERNING฀ THE฀ SIMILARITY฀ BETWEEN฀ THE฀ MARK฀WITH฀A฀REPUTATION฀AND฀THE฀SIGN฀OF฀A฀FINDING฀OF฀FACT฀BY฀THE฀NATIONAL฀COURT฀TO฀THE฀EFFECT฀ THAT฀ THE฀SIGN฀ IN฀QUESTION฀ IS฀ V I E W E D ฀ BY฀ THE฀PUBLIC฀ PURELY฀ AS฀ AN฀ E M B E L L I S H M E N T ฀ THE฀#OURT฀CONSIDERED฀THAT฀ IN฀ SUCH฀ CIRCUMSTANCES฀ THE฀PUBLIC฀ BY฀ DEFINITION฀ DOES฀NOT฀ ESTABLISH฀ ANY฀ L IN K ฀ WITH฀ A฀ REGISTERED฀ MARK฀ WITH฀ THE฀ RESULT฀ THAT฀ONE฀OF฀ THE฀CONDITIONS฀OF฀ THE฀PROTECTION฀ CONFERRED฀BY฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀ OF฀ THE฀DIRECTIVE฀ IS฀ THEN฀ NOT฀ SATISFIED฀
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A M O U N T IN G ฀ TO฀ PROCEDURAL฀ DOCUMENTS฀ SUCH฀AS฀ L E T T E R S ฀ UNDER฀ COVER฀ OF฀ WHICH฀ /()-฀ S E N D S ฀ PROCEDURAL฀ DOCUMENTS฀ OR฀ BY฀ WHICH฀ IT฀ C O M M U N I C A T E S ฀ INFORMATION฀ TO฀ A P P L I C A N T S ฀
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4HE฀#OURT฀ G O IN G ฀ ON฀ TO฀ A N A L Y SE฀ THE฀OBLIGATION฀ IMPOSED฀ON฀ AN฀ APPLICANT฀ FOR฀ REGISTRATION฀OF฀A฀ #OMMUNITY฀ TRADE฀MARK฀ BY฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀ TO฀ INDICATE฀ A฀ SECOND฀ LANGUAGE฀ WHICH฀ SHALL฀BE฀A฀LANGUAGE฀OF฀;/()-=฀THE฀USE฀OF฀WHICH฀HE฀ACCEPTS฀AS฀A฀POSSIBLE฀LANGUAGE฀OF฀ PROCEEDINGS฀ FOR฀ O P POSITION฀ REVOCATION฀OR฀ INVALIDITY฀ PROCEEDINGS฀ DECIDED฀ THAT฀ IT฀DOES฀ NOT฀INFRINGE฀THE฀PRINCIPLE฀OF฀NON DISCRIMINATION฀ 4HE฀ LANGUAGE฀ REGIME฀ OF฀ A฀ BODY฀ SUCH฀AS฀ /()-฀IS฀THE฀RESULT฀OF฀A฀DIFFICULT฀PROCESS฀WHICH฀SEEKS฀TO฀ACHIEVE฀THE฀NECESSARY฀BALANCE฀ BETWEEN฀THE฀INTERESTS฀OF฀ECONOMIC฀OPERATORS฀AND฀THE฀PUBLIC฀INTEREST฀IN฀TERMS฀OF฀THE฀COST฀ OF฀ PROCEEDINGS฀ BUT฀ ALSO฀ BETWEEN฀ THE฀ INTERESTS฀OF฀ A P P L I C A N T S ฀ FOR฀ #OMMUNITY฀ TRADE฀MARKS฀ AND฀THOSE฀OF฀OTHER฀ECONOMIC฀OPERATORS฀IN฀REGARD฀TO฀ACCESS฀TO฀TRANSLATIONS฀OF฀DOCUMENTS฀ WHICH฀ C ON F E R ฀ RIGHTS฀ OR฀ PROCEEDINGS฀ INVOLVING฀ MORE฀ THAN฀ ONE฀ ECONOMIC฀ O P E R A T OR฀ SUCH฀AS฀ THE฀ O P POSITION฀ REVOCATION฀ AND฀ INVALIDITY฀ PROCEEDINGS฀ REFERRED฀ TO฀ IN฀ 2EGULATION฀ .