natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
To svarpersoner fra centralforvaltningen anførte, at der ikke var nogen konflikter mellem centraladministrationen og lokalforvaltningerne.
Question 3 about more or less legislative and executive powers for regional or local bodies was not answered by a substantial share of respondents in all
Sporgsmål 13: Adspurgt om, hvad de forbandt med udtrykket "Regionernes
countries except in Turkey, which shows that it was partly not understood.
Europa", afkrydsede alle svarpersoner med undtagelse af de 12, som var imod
This is also clear in the arguments supporting the relevant views.
EU-medlemskab. alle seks valgmuligheder med "i meget høj grad".
The answers to this question must therefore not be taken too seriously.
"Mindskelse af regionale uligheder" blev valgt af flest. Der blev ikke angivet andre konnotationer.
What can be concluded is that throughout the countries in question, except Turkey, a further transfer of executive powers to the regional as well as to the local tier is advocated, while legislative power is considered by a strong majority to be the prerogative of central authorities.
Sporgsmål 14: Med undtagelse af de 12 svarpersoner, som gav klart udtryk for deres modstand mod tiltrædelse af EU, forventede næsten alle de resterende svarpersoner meget positive virkninger inden for alle de områder, der var nævnt i sporgeskemaet.
When asked to propose policy fields in which regions should have stronger powers (Question 4), most respondents mentioned regional development and regional planning, structural policy, administration of regional development funds and EU funds, investment policy, environment protection, higher education, technical infrastructure, protection of regional art, handicrafts and culture.
Der var nogen tøven med hensyn til menneskerettigheder/mindretalsspørgsmål, navnlig fra de svarpersoner, der arbejdede i centraladministrationen.
In Turkey no proposal was made regarding the regional tier.
Sporgsmål 15: For så vidt angår RU's rolle og funktion, blev det nævnt, at RU bør spille en aktiv rolle, navnlig med hensyn til rådgivning af lokalforvaltninger og ikkc-statslige organisationer i ansøgerlandene om
With respect to the local tier, where there are substantial differences in surface area and population (the largest in Bulgaria and Lithuania), the most frequent proposals were local development, infrastructure, social matters (e.g. housing), health, environment protection, local territorial planning, primary and secondary education, public order, financial resources, investment promotion.
Sporgsmål 16: Adspurgt om, hvorvidt RU er et hensigtsmæssigt instrument til at repræsentere regionale/lokale interesser i EU. svarede tre svarpersoner
The question as to participation of regional and local authorities in European issues at the national level was sufficient (Question 5) was answered only by a small number of respondents.
"hensigtsmæssigt" for kommuner.
This may be interpreted to the effect that this question in most countries is not yet on the agenda of political discussions.
12 svarpersoner afviste at besvare spørgsmålet under henvisning til deres modstand mod EU-medlemskab, og 65 svarpersoner sagde, at de ikke havde nok kendskab til emnet.
A majority in all countries except Romania gave a rather negative judgement; the relative best, but still prevailingly negative, was provided by the Lithuanian
Sporgsmål 17: Spørgsmålet om. på hvilke opgaveområder RU's støtte kan hjælpe regionale institutioner, blev ikke besvaret af nogen af svarpersonerne.
respondents. In Romania, two almost equal groups of respondents, none of them corresponding to definite administrative levels or other categories, considered participation sufficient and insufficient, respectively.
I forbindelse med kommuner blev hjælp til gennemførelse af EU-programmer.
Slovak respondents remarked that the current reform will bring about improvements also in this respect.
økonomisk bistand, kultur, sociale anliggender og miljøspørgsmål nævnt hyppigst.
Possible improvements mentioned refer to better vertical communication, more active intervention by subnational authorities, institutional mechanisms requiring the central government to consider proposals of subnational authorities.
RU's sagkundskab på politikområder. Alle tre afkrydsede alle politikområderne og angav, at RU havde stor sagkundskab inden for dem alle.
Having been offered a choice of four strategies to strengthen the position of regional/local authorities within the EU, or to propose other strategies (Question 6), a majority of respondents in all countries except Lithuania and Slovakia preferred the strategy of interregional/cross-border cooperation with partners in EU Member States, while a broad coalition at the regional/local level as well as cooperation within the CoR, attracted the least support.
Sporgsmål 19: Kun tre svarpersoner besvarede spørgsmålet om "merværdien" af
In Lithuania, interregional/cross-border cooperation with partners in other applicant states for EU membership was the most frequent choice.
RU's arbejde i forhold til Kongressen af Lokale og Regionale Myndigheder
In Slovakia a larger number of respondents mentioned first and foremost cooperation at the regional and local level within the country as the best means of strengthening the position of regional/local authorities within the EU.
Repræsentationen af lokale interesser i overensstemmelse med de kulturelle og strukturelle forskelligheder blev nævnt af' alle som den störste merværdi.
A typical reply is that the national level (except in Turkey) is considered to be prepared, while subnational levels (except for administrative structures in Romania and Slovakia, economic jurisdiction in Romania and
1 Det subnationale plans interne rolle
minority protection in all relevant countries) are seen as predominantly illprepared.
De muligheder, de nuværende strukturer for regional/lokal repræsentation har for at tilgodese subnationale enheders interesser på nationalt plan
In countries with substantial minorities (Romania, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovakia, Turkey; Bulgarian experts did not answer to this question), views on minority protection vary: while it is considered to be well-prepared for EU accession at all administrative levels in Latvia and Romania, Lithuanian respondents admitted that the status of preparation was somewhat weaker at the subnational levels, and a majority of the Slovak experts found minority protection ill-developed at all administrative levels.
(sporgsmål 1). blev vurderet forskelligt i de enkelte lande:
Turkish respondents answered this question only for the national level and were equally divided in their opinions.
Svarpersonerne på Malta og i Rumænien har et overvejende positivt indtryk af den nuværende situation.
Question 8 on the effect of EU financial programmes like PHARE on the subnational level attracted a wide range of answers.
1 begge lande er der for nylig gennemført bemærkelsesværdige administrative reformer, hvor der blev indført selvstyre på lokalt plan (Malta) og på lokalt og regionalt plan (Rumænien).
While the vast majority of respondents in Bulgaria, Romania and Slovakia talked of very positive effects on the political and economic development of the regional as well as of the local level, in Malta, Latvia and Lithuania the vote was quite the opposite; Latvia, did however regard the effects on the regional level as rather strong.
De første resultater af disse reformer har allerede vist sig.
In Turkey most respondents did not answer to this question due to a lack of knowledge.
Der hersker utilfredshed med den nuværende situation blandt de bulgarske og slovakiske svarpersoner.
A clear majority of respondents in all countries except Turkey supported more active participation of the regional as well as of local level in transnational networks (Question 9).
I Bulgarien er kritikken især møntet på det regionale plan. der savner selvstyre; i Slovakiet er den seneste reform for 2000-2002 endnu ikke afsluttet.
None of the 80 respondents in Turkey replied to this question as regards the regional level, while a vast majority opted for more active participation of the local level.
De foreslåede forbedringer angår i høj grad de enkelte landes situation, og der kan derfor ikke generaliseres.
"Restrictions in representation due to legal provisions at the national level" were only considered as a problem by a majority of the respondents in Turkey and by a small minority of respondents in Lithuania.
For så vidt angår sporgsmål 2 vedrørende præference for mere centraliserede eller mere decentraliserede strukturer, var der i alle lande et klart flertal for mere decentraliserede strukturer, selv om der blandt svarpersonerne fandtes enkelte erklærede "centralister", og i Tyrkiet svarede halvdelen af svarpersonerne
In addition to the ready-made answers, in Bulgaria the "excessive will of regions and communes to be represented by national authorities", in Latvia "not enough knowledge how to lobby regional and local interests", "insufficient information on European institutions", in Lithuania "lack of competence and experience" and in Slovakia "the risk of excessive bureaucracy and corruption" were mentioned as main problems.
"ingen ændringer" (af det temmelig centraliserede system). Denne store støtte til mere decentralisering var nærmest uafhængig af graden af tilfredshed med landets nuværende administrative strukturer.
Question 11 asked respondents to qualify the importance of interregional and/or cross-border cooperation for political efficiency, economic efficiency, democratic efficiency and the integration of minorities; there was unanimity that interregional and/or cross-border cooperation had importance for all of these fields.
Naturligvis har decentraliseringen stadig lang vej igen i alle landene.
A certain focus on economic efficiency and democratic consolidation was observed.
Nogle ser også en trussel i lokal og regional "feudalisme".
Question 12 asking whether cooperation of regional/local authorities in a country with other regional/local authorities in Europe will reduce existing
Dette fremgår også klart af de begrundelser, der er anført til støtte for de forskellige svar. Svarene på dette sporgsmål skal derfor tages med et gran salt.
Except for Lithuania, where a majority of respondents expected rather more conflicts, or was at least sceptical, a majority in all other countries felt that conflicts would be reduced.
De konklusioner, der kan drages, er, at der i alle de pågældende lande, undtagen Tyrkiet, slås til lyd for en yderligere overdragelse af udøvende beføjelser til både det regionale og lokale plan, mens de lovgivende beføjelser af flertallet anses for at være de centrale myndigheders ansvarsområde. I Tyrkiet var der ingen, der onskede flere regionale beføjelser, idet delte ville blive betragtet som en trussel mod statens enhed.
It was argued that the national level will then better understand the problems of regions, that the regions will then be able to benefit from the experience of other regions in Europe, that tolerance will increase, the exchange of experiences will help to develop "political culture" and that subnational authorities will then have more financial resources.
Med hensyn til forslag til politikområder, hvor de regionale beføjelser burde styrkes (sporgsmål 4). nævnte de fleste svarpersoner regional udvikling og planlægning, strukturpolitik, forvaltning af regionale udviklingsfonde og
Those who felt that conflicts will increase (more widespread among Lithuanian respondents only) argued that the national and regional level did not have the same interests and that the national level will not accept loosing power and influence in/on economic decisions.
Tyrkiet blev der ikke fremsat nogen forslag om det regionale plan.
The "Europe of Regions" in general
boliger), sundhed, miljøbeskyttelse, lokal arealplanlægning, skoler og gymnasier, offentlig orden, økonomiske ressourcer og investeringsfremme.
The term "Europe of the Regions" (Question 13) was by most of the respondents closely linked with "political decisionmaking close to the citizens", followed by "reduction of regional disparities".
Spørgsmålet om. hvorvidt de regionale og lokale myndigheders havde mulighed for at deltage i EU-relaterede sporgsmål i tilstrækkeligt omfang på nationalt
Additional connotations mentioned by the respondents were the "loss of regional and local identity", "unification of Europe in a common space" and "informal regional network".
plan (sporgsmål 5) blev kun besvaret af få svarpersoner.
Positive effects from a "Europe of the Regions" (Question 14) were expected in all policy fields offered by the questionnaire, with a certain focus on structural and regional policy, transport and employment.
Dette kan tilskrives den kendsgerning, at dette spørgsmål i de fleste lande endnu ikke er på den politiske dagsorden.
In Turkey, the least positive effects are clearly expected in the field of human rights/minority issues.
Et flertal i alle landene med undtagelse af Rumænien gav en temmelig negativ bedømmelse; den relativt bedste, men stadig overvejende negative vurdering, blev givet af de litauiske svarpersoner.
Knowledge on the CoR is not really widespread, especially not among players at the lower subnational levels.
I Rumænien mente to næsten lige store grupper af" svarpersoner, som ikke tilhørte bestemte administrative planer eller andre kategorier, at deltagelsen var henholdsvis tilstrækkelig og utilstrækkelig. De slovakiske svarpersoner bemærkede, at den nuværende reform også vil medføre forbedringer i denne henseende.
This had a certain impact on the results of this section, which may, on the one hand, be classified as well-balanced and undecided, on the other as "polite".
Stillet over for valget mellem fire strategier til styrkelse af de regionale/lokale myndigheders rolle i EU eller at foreslå andre strategier (sporgsmål 6) foretrak et flertal af svarpersonerne i alle lande undtagen Litauen og Slovakiet strategien med tværregionalt/grænseoverskridende samarbejde med partnere i
• political representation: spearhead of regional and local interests at the EU level, focal point for local government within the EU;
EU-medlemsstaterne. mens en bred koalition på regionalt eller lokalt plan samt samarbejde inden for RU var de mindst populære strategier.
• information provider: e.g. dissemination of information on the EU, on devolution;
I Litauen var tværregionalt grænseoverskridende samarbejde med partnere i andre ansøgerlande del mest populære valg.
• consultative function: e.g. in administrative reforms and legislation, in harmonizing legislation, support with the implementation of the Acquis communautaire;
1 Slovakiet nævnte mange svarpersoner forst og fremmest samarbejde på regionalt og lokalt plan inden for landets grænser som den bedste strategi lil at styrke de regionale lokale myndigheders rolle i EU.
• practical policy: e.g. initiating and developing interregional/intercommunal and cross-border cooperation, a role in regional and structural policy, allocation of EU funding to regions.
7 omhandlede de enkelte territoriale administrative planers forberedelser til optagelse i EU med hensyn til administrative strukturer, okonomiske beføjelser, konkurrenceevne og beskyttelse af mindretal.
Whether the CoR was a promising instrument to represent regional/local interests in the EU (Question 16) was in general answered very positively.
Mange af svarpersonerne besvarede ikke dette sporgsmål.
But answers also show that the CoR has a better image as regards representing the interest of regions.
Sporgsmål 8 om virkningerne af EU's finansielle programmer, såsom Phare, på det subnationalc plan affødte en lang række forskellige svar.
Question 17 and 18 referring to fields of work in which the CoR could be helpful for regional/local institutions and to fields of the CoR's expertise received answers similar to those quoted with Question 15.
Mens det overvejende flertal af svarpersonerne i Bulgarien.
In Turkey most of the respondents refused to answer, especially as regards the regional level.
1 Tyrkiet besvarede størstedelen af svarpersonerne ikke dette sporgsmål, da de ikke havde tilstrækkelig kendskab til emnet.
Those, who could compare saw comparative advantages of the CoR with advice tendered on the basis of sound and broad information, with expertise in the field of devolution of powers to local authorities and in the field of defining powers which should be transferred from the central to the regional and local levels; CLRAE was seen as being focused on democratic practices.
Fællesskabets regelværk.
IDENTIFICATION OF PROBLEMS
Tyrkiet nægtede de fleste svarpersoner at svare, navnlig med hensyn til det regionale plan.
Compared to the first study on the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Poland and Cyprus, the countries analysed in this study are more diversified in terms of historical and cultural traditions.
Spørgsmålet om "merværdien" af RU's arbejde i forhold til Kongressen af
What was added in this respect in the Communist era in some of the countries in question (Latvia, Lithuania, Slovakia, Romania, Bulgaria), could only accentuate pre-Communist structures, but neither eradicate nor modify them decisively.
Lokale og Regionale Myndigheder (CLRAE) (sporgsmål 19) blev kun i sjældne tilfælde besvaret præcist som følge al" den manglende kendskab til begge institutioner. De, som kunne drage en sammenligning, mente, at RU
From late medieval times up to the advent of the Industrial Age and the rise of the Nation State idea, concerning the countries of this study, only (the coastal, Teutonic Order and Hanseatic) parts of modern Latvia and Lithuania, smaller parts of Slovakia (the Spis region) and Romania (historical Transylvania)
havde en komparativ fordel i form af rådgivning på baggrund af pålidelig og omfattende information, ekspertise inden for decentralisering af beføjelser til lokale myndigheder og definition af beføjelser, som bør overføres fra det centrale til det regionale og lokale plan; CLRAE blev anset for at fokusere på demokratiske traditioner.
The rise of the nation state idea in the 19thcentury and the actual implementation of nation states by the interwar period in East-Central Europe, Southeast Europe, as well as in Turkey, meant in general a strengthening of the position of the state at the expense of the nobility and the church, leaving cities and other subnational interests in a subordinate and marginal position. In Malta, the rule of the British Empire had similar effects.
"BYERNES OG REGIONERNES EUROPA" KONKLUSIONER OG LØSNINGER
As a consequence of this cultural and political heterogeneity, the degree to which, and the way by which, a régionalisation and devolution of the political-
I forhold til den første undersøgelse vedrørende Den Tjekkiske Republik.
Major problem fields related to decentralisation and régionalisation
"historiske landskab" (et begreb opfundet af geografen Friedrich Ratzel), er området syd og øst for Karpaterne i Rumænien samt Bulgarien baseret på de sydøsteuropæiske byzantinske traditioner.
• the lack of capacities manpower of an adequate professional level in sub- national administration, especially at the local level;
Disse forskellige tilknytninger til "historiske landskaber" har betydet meget både for de samfundsmæssige strukturer og den økonomiske udvikling og, hvad er vigtigere i denne forbindelse, for de politiske systemer og politiske "kulturer" indtil i dag.
• implementation of a NUTS-2 level, which is not only a basis for eligibility for EU Objective 1 funding, but has its own role in the framework of devolution and régionalisation;
Fra den sene middelalder og indtil industrialderens komme og nationalstatsbegrebets gennembrud er det i forbindelse med landene i denne undersøgelse kun visse dele af det moderne Letland og Litauen (kystområderne.
It is necessary to overcome these problems in order to support devolution at the subnational and national levels, weaken the arguments of "centralists" and to make devolution and régionalisation a goal of the countries themselves, rather than a matter of compliance to an external demand in the context of European integration and EU enlargement.
den teutonske og hanseatiske del), mindre dele af Slovakiet (Spis-regionen) og
2.1 The danger that devolution and régionalisation will promote spatial and interregional socioeconomic disparities
Rumænien (det historiske Transsylvanien), der mere eller mindre tilsluttede sig den "vestlige" samfundsmodel, som er kendetegnet ved balance mellem stat.
Spatial and interregional socioeconomic disparities have always been more accentuated in the eastern parts of Europe than in the West, have to some extent been smoothed out by the Communist policy of disparity equalisation, but have again been acerbated after the fall of Communism and by the move towards the market economy.
kirke, adel og uafhængige byer (borgerskabet), som de vigtigste politiske aktorer.
Currently, the gap between "winner" and "loser" regions is widening dramatically.
I resten af det nuværende territorium af det moderne Letland. Litauen. Slovakiet
This is true even more for the post-Communist countries analysed in this study than those in the first.
(som på den tid var en del af Ungarn) og Rumænien var der samfundssystemer, hvor høj- og lavadelen spillede en dominerende rolle, mens staten ikke var lige så magtfuld, og hvor borgerskabet kun spillede en perifer rolle.
While metropolises and other large cities and their catchment areas, western border regions and some regions benefiting from tourism are the "winners" in this process, the large rural areas, as well as old and Socialist-type industrial and mining regions are the major "losers".
1 nutidens Bulgarien, som dengang var en del af det osmanniske rige. og det moderne Tyrkiet, som var midtpunktet i dette rige. var staten, som delte magten med de religiøse myndigheder, hverken truet af adelen eller af de uafhængige byer.
It is therefore no surprise that the representatives of larger cities and of economically prosperous regions figure among the major driving forces of devolution and régionalisation in their countries.
Nationalstatsbegrebets gennembrud i det 19. århundrede og den faktiske indførelse af nationalstater i mellemkrigstiden i Ost- og Centraleuropa.
Being able to channel an ever larger share of tax and other public revenues into their own budget makes them independent and enables them to do more for their own city/region which in turn exacerbates disparities.
Sydosteuropa samt i Tyrkiet bctod generelt, at statens position blev styrket på bekostning af adelen og kirken, hvilket efterlod byerne og andre subnationale interesser i en underordnet og perifer position.
An important aspect of the instruments that may be used to manage economic development and even out regional disparities is therefore the redistribution of
Kommuniststaten, partiel og den økonomiske centralisme bidrog kun yderligere til denne situation.
It may be taken as a rule that the more financial independence is granted to the regional and local authorities, the more they will be able to act as part of a self-reliant region.
Det har ved en langsigtet vurdering af regionalpolitikken i de vesteuropæiske lande vist sig. at jo bedre regioner kan fungere som politiske instanser inden for den nationale ramme, desto bedre regional balance er der opnået.
But it is evident that by keeping an ever smaller share of tax income in the state budget, the state's capacity to support disadvantaged regions and local authority areas remain stable only if the reduced share in tax revenues is compensated by the growth of GDP.
Det fremgår tydeligt af kortet, at de lande, som er organiseret som foderationer, har de mest afbalancerede ("polycentriskc") fysiske strukturer.
Horizontal fiscal equalisation machinery exists so far only in Latvia and appears to be functional.
(Bulgarien) og i partier domineret af en karismatisk "leder" (Slovakiet).
Lack of manpower capacities of an adequate professional level in subnational administration
En anden faktor, som også kan være af stor betydning for den politiske kultur og de
Insufficient training and professional qualification in subnational administration, especially at the local level, is one of the most frequent arguments used by "centralists" and certainly a strong barrier to devolving functions and powers from the state to the subnational levels.