natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
R T I K LEN฀ ER฀DIREKTE฀INSPIRERET฀AF฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ OG฀ ฀ I฀(AAGERKONVENTIONEN฀ AF฀ ฀ OM฀ BESKYTTELSE฀ AF฀ M IN D R E � R I GE ฀
฀ 7 O R T H Y ฀ OF฀ SPECIAL฀ M E N TION฀ IS฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀ FOR M E R L Y ฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀WHOSE฀PROVI SIONS฀ON฀LIS฀PENDENS฀AND฀DEPENDENT฀ACTIONS฀ARE฀AMONG฀THE฀MOST฀IMPORTANT฀ PROVISIONS฀ IN฀ THE฀REGULATION ฀ AND฀ IN฀ M Y ฀ VIEW฀ TO G E T H E R ฀ WITH฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀ FOR M E R L Y ฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀ TO฀WHICH฀ ) ฀ SHALL฀ REFER฀ LATER฀ WOULD฀ BE฀ SUFlCIENT฀ IN฀ THEMSELVES฀TO฀JUSTIFY฀ADOPTION฀OF฀THE฀REGULATION฀AND฀THE฀DRAFTING฀AMEND MENTS฀ MADE฀ TO฀ FACILITATE฀ U N D E R S T AN D IN G
฀ 3 KAL ฀ FORORDNINGEN฀ FU N GERE฀ O P T I M A L T ฀ K R � VE R ฀ DET฀ EN฀ R � K K E ฀ REGLER฀ FOR฀ H V O R D AN ฀ K OM P E T E N C E REGLERNE฀ SKAL฀ ANVENDES฀ OG฀ DETTE฀ E M N E ฀ BE H AN D L EffS ฀ NU฀ I฀ K A P I T E L ฀ )) ฀ AF D E LING฀ ฀ w & � L L EffS ฀ BESTEMMELSERi฀ DER฀ OMFATTER฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀
/ N E ฀OF฀THE฀ PROBLEMS฀ WITH฀ M A T R I M O N I AL ฀ PROCEEDINGS฀ IS฀ THAT฀ EACH฀ OF฀ THE฀ SPOUSES฀ MAY฀ A D D RE S S ฀ THE฀ COURT฀OF฀ A฀ DIFFERENT฀ 3TATE฀ RESULTING฀ IN฀ PARALLEL฀ PROCEEDINGS฀ THAT฀ MAY฀ L E A D ฀ TO฀ TWO฀ CON T R A DI C TO R Y ฀ JUDGMENTS฀ ( E N C E ฀ W E ฀ HAVE฀ LIS฀ PENDENS฀ IN฀ THE฀ CLASSIC฀ S E N S E ฀ ON฀ THE฀ ONE฀ H AND฀ AND฀DEPENDENT฀ ACTIONS฀OR฀ @ F AL S E ฀ LIS฀ PENDENS฀ ฀ ON฀ THE฀ OTHER฀ IN฀ ADDITION฀ TO฀ D IF FERENCES฀ BETWEEN฀ LEGAL฀ SYSTEMS฀ ON฀ THE฀ QUESTIONS฀ CONCERNED฀ 3 I G N I l C AN T L Y ฀ SIMPLIFYING฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀OF฀THE฀ ฀ CONVENTION฀ AND฀OF฀ 2EGULATION฀ % # ฀.O฀ ฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀OF฀THE฀ NEW฀ REGULATION฀ C O V E R S ฀ M A T R I M O N I AL ฀ PROCEEDINGS฀ AND฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀COVERS฀ PROCEEDINGS฀ RELATING฀ TO฀ PARENTAL฀ RESPONSIBILITY฀ - A T R I M O N I AL ฀ PROCEEDINGS฀ PO S E ฀ A฀ NUMBER฀ OF฀ QUESTIONS฀ SUCH฀ AS฀ W H AT฀ H A P P E N S ฀ WHEN฀ ONE฀ OF฀ THE฀ LEGAL฀SYSTEMS฀INVOLVED฀HAS฀NO฀PROVISION฀ FOR฀ SEPARATION฀OR฀ AN N U L MENT฀ OR฀ WHAT฀HAPPENS฀WHEN฀THE฀lRST฀CASE฀lLED฀IS฀FOR฀ANNULMENT฀AND฀THE฀SECOND฀FOR฀ DI V O R C E ฀ 4HE฀ ONLY฀ RE Q U I RE MENT฀ IN฀ SUCH฀ S I T U A T I O N S ฀ IS฀ THAT฀ THE฀PROCEEDINGS ฀ BE฀ @ BETWEEN฀ THE฀ SAME฀ PARTIES฀ IN฀WHICH฀ CASE฀ THE฀ COURT฀ SECOND฀ SEISED฀ S T A Y S ฀ ITS฀ PROCEEDINGS฀OF฀ITS฀OWN฀MOTION฀UNTIL฀THE฀JURISDICTION฀OF฀THE฀COURT฀lRST฀SEISED฀ IS฀ ESTABLISHED฀ " Y ฀ CON T R A S T ฀ PROCEEDINGS฀ IN฀ RELATION฀ TO฀ PARENTAL฀ RESPONSIBILITY฀ MUST฀ @ RELATE฀ TO฀ THE฀ SAME฀ C H I L D ฀ AND฀ INVOLVE฀ THE฀ SAME฀ C A USE฀ OF฀ ACTION฀ WITH฀ THE฀ SAME฀ PROCE E D IN G S T A Y ING฀ CON S E Q U E N C E ฀ AS฀ IN฀ P A R A G R A P H ฀
$EN฀ N �ffS T E ฀ REGEL฀ OMHANDLER฀ P R � VE L S E ฀ AF฀ K OM P E TENCEN฀ OG฀ AF฀ SAGENS฀ AN TAGELSE฀ TIL฀ P� K E N DELSE฀ OG฀ lNDES฀ I฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ OG฀ ฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ OG฀ ฀ I฀ FORORDNING฀ % & ฀ N R ฀ ฀ DER฀ B Y G GE R ฀ P� ฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ OG฀ ฀ I฀"RUXELLES KONVENTIONEN฀AF฀ ฀ $ ET฀ SKAL฀ N � V N EffS ฀ AT฀ DET฀ H ER฀ TIL฀ FORSKEL฀ FRA฀ KONVENTIONEN฀AF฀ ฀ ER฀ UDEN฀ BE T Y D NING฀ FOR฀ K OM P E TENCEN฀ OM฀ S A G S � GT E ฀ GIVER฀ M � DE฀ ELLER฀ EJ ฀ $ ER฀ ER฀ TALE฀OM฀ EN฀ FOR P L I GT E L S E ฀ FOR฀ RETTEN฀ !RTIKEL฀ ฀ INDEHOLDER฀ NATURLIGVIS฀ EN฀ H E N V I S NING฀ TIL฀ FORORDNING฀ % & ฀ N R ฀ ฀ OM฀ FORKYNDELSE฀ I฀ MEDLEMSSTATERNE฀ ELLER฀ HVIS฀ DENNE฀ IKKE฀ lNDER฀ ANVENDELSE฀ TIL฀(AAGERKONVENTIONEN฀ AF฀ ฀ OM฀ SAMME฀ E M N E RAPPORTEN฀ TIL฀ KONVENTIONEN
P R I L ฀ ฀ IN฀#ASE฀# ฀ - I E T Z ฀ ; = ฀ %#2฀) ฀ !S฀ IT฀ IS฀ T E R M E D ฀ IN฀ THE฀EXPLANATORY฀REPORT฀ON฀THE฀ ฀ CONVENTION฀ PO IN T ฀ ฀ & OR฀ THE฀ I M PO R T ANCE฀ OF฀ THE฀ RULE฀ SEE฀ * ฀ 0 I R R U N G ฀ @ 5 N I l C A TION฀ E N ฀ M A T I �RE ฀ F A M I L I AL E ฀ L A฀ #ONVENTION ฀DE ฀ L 5 N I ON฀ % U R OP �E N N E ฀ S U R ฀ L A฀ RE CON N A I S S ANCE฀ DES฀DIVORCES฀ET฀LA฀QUESTION฀DE฀ N O U V E AU X ฀ T R A V AU X ฀ D 5 N I D R O IT฀ OP ฀ C IT฀ P ฀ 0 A R A G R A P H ฀ ฀ PROVIDES฀ THAT฀ PRIOR฀ T EM PO R IS฀ APPLIES฀ IN฀ BOTH฀ CASES฀ IF฀ THE฀ JU R I S DICTION฀OF฀THE฀COURT฀lRST฀SEISED฀IS฀ESTABLISHED�฀THE฀COURT฀SECOND฀SEISED฀IS฀
$ E R N �ffS T ฀ lNDES฀ DER฀ I฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ I฀ FORORDNING฀ % & ฀ N R ฀ ฀ EN฀ T R E D J E ฀ S � R L IG ฀ REGEL฀ FOR฀ S � ฀ VIDT฀ AN G � R ฀ FORE L � B I GE ฀ RETSMIDLER฀ $ ER฀ ER฀ TALE฀OM฀ EN฀ N Y T T IG ฀ REGEL฀ DER฀ T A GE R ฀ HENSYN฀ TIL฀% & $OMSTOLENS฀ RETSPRAKSIS฀ ฀ $ ER฀ ER฀ DOG฀ H ER฀ IN D F � R T ฀ TO฀ BE G R � NffS NING ER฀ & OR฀ DET฀ F � R SffT E ฀ G � L DER฀ DENNE฀ KOMPETENCE฀ KUN฀ I฀ H A SffT E T I L F � L DE฀ FOR฀ AT฀ U N D G � ฀ EN฀ OM G � E L S E ฀ AF฀ DE฀ � V R I GE ฀ KOMPETENCEREGLER฀ I฀ FORORDNINGEN฀ & OR฀ DET฀ AN DET฀ ER฀ K OM P E TENCEN฀ KUN฀ M I D L E R T I D IG ฀ IDET฀ DE฀ FORE L � B I GE ฀ RETSMIDLER฀ O PH� R ER฀ N � R ฀ DEN฀ I฀ MED F � R ฀ AF฀ FORORDNINGEN฀ K OM P E T E N T E ฀ RET฀ T R � F F ER฀DE฀ FORANSTALTNINGER฀ SOM฀ S I T U A T I O N EN฀ T I L S I GE R ฀ 3 � R L IG ฀ OM TALE฀ FOR T J E N ER฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ TIDLIGERE฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ DER฀ INDEHOLDER฀ EN฀ REGEL฀ OM฀ LITISPENDENS฀ OG฀ IN D B Y R D EffS ฀ S A M M E N H � N GE N DE฀ KRAV฀ SOM฀ER฀ EN฀ DE฀ V I GT IG SffT E ฀ BESTEMMELSER฀I฀FORORDNINGEN�฀EFTER฀MIN฀MENING฀ER฀DENNE฀BESTEMMELSE฀SAM MEN฀ MED฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ TIDLIGERE฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ SOM฀ VIL฀ B L I VE ฀ BEHANDLET฀ S E N E R E ฀ A L ENE฀ BEGRUNDELSE฀ NOK฀ FOR฀ FORORDNINGENS฀ VE D TAGELSE฀ LIGESOM฀ O G S � ฀ DEN฀ FORETAGNE฀ � N D RING฀ AF฀ O R D L Y DEN฀ DER฀ L E T T ER฀ FOR SffT� E L S EN฀ M A R K E R ER฀ EN฀ P O S I T I V ฀ U D V I K L IN G
REQUIRED฀ TO฀ DECLINE฀ JURISDICTION฀ IN฀ THE฀ l R S T SEISED฀ COURTS฀ FAVOUR฀ 4HE฀ IN NOVATION฀IS฀THAT฀THE฀PARAGRAPH฀PERMITS฀THE฀PARTY฀WHO฀BROUGHT฀THE฀ACTION฀ BEFORE฀ THE฀ COURT฀ SECOND฀ SEISED฀ IF฀ H E ฀ OR฀ S H E ฀ SO฀ W I S H E S ฀ TO฀ BRING฀ IT฀ BEFORE฀ THE฀ COURT฀ HAVING฀ JURISDICTION฀ BE C A USE฀ IT฀ WAS฀ lRST฀ SEISED฀ 4HAT฀ PROVISION฀ HAS฀ H O W E V E R ฀ E L I C I T E D ฀ RE S E R V A T I O N S ฀ SINCE฀ THE฀OPTION฀ IS฀NOT฀ LIMITED฀ 1 U E S T I O N S ฀ REMAIN฀ 7 H I C H ฀ LAW฀ IS฀ APPLICABLE฀ 7 H AT฀ WILL฀ BE฀ THE฀DOMESTIC฀ TERRITORIAL฀ RULE฀ OF฀ JURISDICTION฀ E T C ฀
SAG฀ # ฀ 6 AN ฀ 5 DEN฀ OG฀ DOM฀ AF฀ ฀ A P R I L ฀ ฀ SAG฀ # ฀ - I E T Z 2 ฀ 3 � L E D EffS ฀ KALDES฀ BEGREBET฀ I฀DEN฀
฀ ( O W E V E R ฀ AS฀ ALREADY฀ STATED฀ IN฀ THE฀ INITIAL฀ S T A G E ฀ OF฀ IMPLEMENTATION฀ OF฀ 2EGULATION฀ % # ฀.O฀ ฀ THERE฀ WERE฀ SOME฀ PROBLEMS฀ RE G A R D ING฀ T R AN S I TIONAL฀SITUATIONS฀WHICH฀WERE฀ NOT฀ RESOLVED฀ BY฀ THE฀ TRANSITIONAL฀ PROVISIONS฀ AND฀WHICH฀COULD฀BE฀EXACERBATED฀BY฀THE฀APPLICATION฀OF฀THE฀NEW฀2EGULATION฀ % # ฀.O฀ ฀ 4HESE฀ PROBLEMS฀ HAVE฀ SO฀ FAR฀ BEEN฀ OF฀ THREE฀DIFFERENT฀ K IN DfiS S
% T ฀ AF฀ P R O B L E M E R N E ฀ I฀ FORBINDELSE฀MED฀ � GT EffS K A B S SAGER฀ ER฀ AT฀ � GT EF� L L E R N E ฀ H E N VE N DER฀ SIG฀ TIL฀ RETTER฀ I฀ H VE R ฀ SIN฀ MEDLEMSSTAT฀ HVILKET฀ BE T Y DER฀ AT฀ DER฀ K � R ER฀ TO฀ PARALLELLE฀ SAGER฀ OG฀ AT฀ DER฀ EVENTUELT฀ T R � F F EffS ฀ TO฀ FORSKELLIGE฀ A FG � R E L S ER฀ $ ET฀ ER฀ H ER฀ LITISPENDENS฀ I฀ K LA S S I S K ฀ FORSTAND ฀ OG฀ IN D B Y R D EffS ฀ S A M M E N H � N GE N DE฀ KRAV฀ ELLER฀ w F A L S K ฀ L I T I S P E N D E NffS i฀ ฀ K OM MER฀ P� ฀ TALE฀ OG฀ E N D VIDERE฀ ER฀DER฀ FORSKELLENE฀ MELLEM฀ DE฀ NATIONALE฀ RETS O R D E N ER฀ MED฀ HENSYN฀ TIL฀ DISSE฀ S P� R G SffM � L ฀ !RTIKEL฀ ฀ I฀DEN฀ NYE฀ FORORDNING฀ U D G � R ฀ EN฀ V �ffS E N T L IG ฀ FORENKLING฀ AF฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ I฀ KONVENTIONEN฀AF฀ ฀ OG฀ FORORDNING฀ % & ฀ N R ฀ ฀ IDET฀ SffT K ฀ ฀ OMHANDLER฀ � GT EffS K A B S SAGER฀ OG฀ SffT K ฀ ฀ SAGER฀ VE D R � RENDE฀ FOR � L D R E AN S VAR฀ OVER฀ FOR฀ ET฀ B A R N ฀ & OR฀ S � ฀ VIDT฀ AN G � R ฀ DET฀ F � R SffT E ฀ A S P E K T ฀ REJSER฀ DER฀ SIG฀ EN฀ R � K K E ฀ S P� R G SffM � L ฀ ( V A D ฀ SKER฀ DER฀ F E K S ฀ HVIS฀ EN฀ AF฀ DE฀ BE R � R T E ฀ RETS O R D E N ER฀ IKKE฀ OPERERER฀MED฀ SEPARATION฀ ELLER฀ OM SffT� DELSE฀ AF฀ � GT EffS K A B ฀ ELLER฀ HVIS฀ DER฀ I฀DEN฀ F � R SffT E ฀ SAG฀ BE G �RES฀ OM SffT� DELSE฀ AF฀ � GT EffS K A B ฀ OG฀ I฀DEN฀ ANDEN฀ SKILSMISSE฀ ) ฀ DENNE฀ SITUATION฀ K R � VE S ฀ DET฀ BLOT฀ AT฀ S A GEN฀ ER฀ w MELLEM฀ DE฀ SAMME฀ P A R T E R i฀ IDET฀ DA฀ ENHVER฀ ANDEN฀ RET฀ END฀ DEN฀ VED฀ H VIL KEN฀ DER฀ F � R SffT ฀ ER฀ ANLAGT฀ SAG฀ P� ฀ E M BE D S ฀ VE G N E ฀ U D S � T T ER฀ S A GEN฀ IN D TIL฀ DENNE฀ RETS ฀ KOMPETENCE฀ ER฀ F A SffT S L � ET฀ 3 I T U A T I O N EN฀ ER฀ AN D E R L E D EffS ฀ I฀ SAGER฀ VE D R � RENDE฀ FOR � L D R E AN S VAR฀ OVER฀ FOR฀ ET฀ B A R N ฀ IDET฀ DET฀ H ER฀ ER฀ ET฀ KRAV฀ AT฀ S A GEN฀ w HAR฀ SAMME฀ GE NffS T AN D ฀ OG฀ H VIL ER฀ P� ฀ SAMME฀ G R U N D LA G i฀ MEN฀ I฀ � V R I GT ฀ U D S � T T EffS ฀ S A GEN฀ SOM฀ I฀ SffT K ฀ FORKLARENDE฀RAPPORT฀TIL฀ KONVENTIONEN฀AF฀ ฀ P U N K T ฀ ฀ / M ฀ R E G L E NffS ฀ BE T Y D NING฀ S E ฀ * ฀ 0I R R U N G ฀ w , U N I l C A T I O N ฀ i฀ ( A R M O N I S E RING฀ ฀ C I T ฀ S ฀ ฀
฀ 4HE฀ lRST฀ SITUATION฀ IS฀ ONE฀ IN฀WHICH฀ PROCEEDINGS฀ WERE฀ B R O U G H T ฀ BEFORE฀ THE฀COURT฀lRST฀SEISED฀BEFORE฀THE฀ENTRY฀INTO฀FORCE฀OF฀THE฀REGULATION฀WHILE฀ PROCEEDINGS฀BEFORE฀THE฀COURT฀SECOND฀SEISED฀WERE฀BROUGHT฀AFTER฀ENTRY฀ INTO฀ FOR C E ฀ )N฀ SUCH฀ A฀ CASE฀ IT฀ IS฀ POSSIBLE฀ TO฀ APPLY฀ THE฀ INTERPRETATION฀ GIVEN฀ BY฀ THE฀ #OURT฀ OF฀ *USTICE฀ IN฀ ITS฀ JUDGMENT฀ OF฀ ฀ / C TO BER฀ ฀ ฀ TO฀ THE฀EFFECT฀THAT฀THE฀LIS฀PENDENS฀RULE฀APPLIES฀WHERE฀BOTH฀COURTS฀WOULD฀ HAVE฀ JURISDICTION฀ UNDER฀ THE฀ CONVENTION฀ THAT฀ THE฀ P U R PO S E ฀OF฀THE฀ RULE฀ IS฀ TO฀HAVE฀ ONLY฀ ONE฀ SET฀ OF฀ PROCEEDINGS฀ WITHIN฀ THE฀#OMMUNITY฀ AND฀ lNALLY฀TO฀ALLOW฀A฀JUDGMENT฀WHICH฀CAN฀BE฀RECOGNISED฀IN฀ALL฀THE฀-EM BER฀ 3 T A T E S
DENNE฀ BE SffT E M M E L S E ฀ HAR฀ AF F � D T ฀ EN฀ DEL฀SKEPSIS฀I฀DEN฀RETSVIDENSKABELIGE฀ L I T T E R A TUR ฀ J F ฀ B LA ฀ " ฀ !
฀ )N฀MY฀ VIEW฀ THE฀ SAME฀ SOLUTION฀CAN฀BE฀USED฀ FOR฀ THE฀ SECOND฀GROUP฀OF฀ CASES฀ THOSE฀ IN฀WHICH฀ BOTH฀ SETS฀ OF฀ PROCEEDINGS฀ WERE฀ B R O U G H T ฀ BEFORE฀ THE฀ ENTRY฀INTO฀FORCE฀OF฀THE฀REGULATION฀BUT฀SINCE฀NO฀JUDGMENT฀WAS฀GIVEN฀BE FOR E ฀ ENTRY฀ INTO฀ FOR C E ฀IT฀WILL฀ OF฀ N E C E S S I T Y ฀ BE฀ GIVEN฀ AFTER฀ ENTRY฀ INTO฀ FOR C E ฀ 4O฀ M Y ฀ M IN D ฀ THE฀ REASONS฀ SET฀ OUT฀ IN฀ THE฀ lRST฀ P A R A G R A P H ฀ AS฀ TAKEN฀ FROM฀ #OURT฀ OF฀ *USTICE฀ CASE LAW฀ JU S T IF Y ฀ APPLICATION฀ OF฀ THE฀ SAME฀ R U L E
GEN฀ V � RET฀ BE G R � NffS ET฀ TIL฀ KUN฀ AT฀ OMFATTE฀ O P L �ffS NING฀ AF฀ DET฀ � GT EffS K A BE LIGE฀ B � N D ฀ VILLE฀ DISSE฀ A FG � R E L S ER฀ FOR฀ DET฀ F � R SffT E ฀ NORMALT฀ KUN฀ HAVE฀ F � ET฀ V I R K NING฀ FOR฀ S � ฀ VIDT฀ AN G � R ฀ REGI SffT R E RING฀ AF฀ CIVIL SffT AN D ฀ OG฀ DER฀ VILLE฀ IKKE฀ HAVE฀ V � RET฀ BE H OV ฀ FOR฀ BESTEMMELSER฀ OM฀ FULDBYRDELSE฀ $ ET฀ VAR฀ IN D A R BE J DELSEN฀AF฀ BESTEMMELSER฀ OM฀ FOR � L D R E AN S VAR฀ DER฀ G JO R DE฀ DET฀ N � D VE N D I GT ฀ MED฀ BESTEMMELSER฀ OM฀ FULDBYRDELSE฀ ALLEREDE฀ I฀ FORORDNING฀ % & ฀ N R ฀ ฀ OG฀ DERFOR฀ HAR฀ V I฀ NU฀ I฀DEN฀ NYE฀ FORORDNING฀ AF D E LING฀ ฀ OM฀ ANERKENDELSE฀ AF D E LING฀ ฀ OM฀ E R K L � R IN GE R ฀ AF฀ E K S IG I B I L I T ET฀ OG฀ AF D E LING฀ ฀ OM฀ F � L L EffS ฀ BESTEMMELSER฀ & OR฀ DET฀ ANDET฀ER฀DER฀INDARBEJDET฀NYE฀AFDELINGER฀OM฀HENHOLDSVIS฀wEKSIGIBILITETEN฀AF฀ VISSE฀ RETS A FG � R E L S ER฀ OM฀ S A M V � R S RET฀ OG฀ VISSE฀ RETS A FG � R E L S ER฀ OM฀ T I L B A GE G I VE L S E ฀ AF฀ B A R N E T i฀ AF D E LING฀ ฀ SOM฀ER฀ EN฀ V �ffS E N T L IG ฀ T I L F � J E L S E ฀ I฀ FOR L � N GE L S E ฀ AF฀ M AN D A T ET฀ FRA฀ 4 A M M E R FOR S ฀ w OF l C I E L T ฀ BE K R � FT E DE฀ DOKUMENTER฀ OG฀ A FT A L E R i฀ AF D E LING฀ ฀ HVILKET฀ VAR฀ N � D VE N D I GT ฀ FOR฀ NOGLE฀MEDLEMSSTATER฀ SELV฀ OM฀ F � N OM E NET฀ ER฀ UKENDT฀ I฀ ANDRE฀ MEDLEMSSTATER฀ OG฀ ENDELIG฀ wANDRE฀ BESTEMMELSERi฀ AF D E LING฀ ฀ DER฀ OMHANDLER฀ FULDBYR D E L S EffS P R O C E D U R E ฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ OMKOSTNINGER฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ F R I฀ P R O C EffS ฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ F R I TAGELSE฀ FOR฀ S IKKE R HED฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ OG฀ L E G A L I S E RING฀ ELLER฀ T I L SVARENDE฀ FOR M A L I T ET฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ ! N E R K E N DELSE฀ AF฀ RETS A FG � R E L S E R
M E R L Y ฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀ WHICH฀ RE IN FOR C E S ฀ THE฀ SCOPE฀OF฀ RECOGNITION฀ ) T ฀STIPULATES฀ THAT฀JUDGMENTS฀GIVEN฀IN฀A฀-EMBER฀3TATE฀ARE฀TO฀BE฀RECOGNISED฀IN฀THE฀OTHER฀ -EMBER฀ 3TATES฀ WITHOUT฀ ANY฀ SPECIAL฀ PROCEDURE฀ BEING฀ REQUIRED฀ A฀ PROVISION฀ BASED฀ ON฀ THE฀PRINCIPLE฀ OF฀ M U T U AL ฀ CON l D E N C E ฀ 4HE฀ M O S T ฀ IMPORTANT฀ PO IN T ฀ H O W E V E R ฀ IS฀ THAT฀ NO฀ SPECIAL฀ PROCEDURE฀ IS฀ REQUIRED฀ FOR฀ UPDATING฀ THE฀CIVIL STATUS฀ RE C O R DfiS ฀ OF฀ A฀-EMBER฀3TATE฀ P A R A G R A P H ฀ ฀ SINCE฀ THAT฀ IS฀ TO฀BE฀ D ONE฀ ON฀ THE฀BASIS฀OF฀THE฀JUDGMENT฀GIVEN฀IN฀MATRIMONIAL฀PROCEEDINGS฀ IN฀ANOTHER฀ -EMBER฀3TATE฀ )T฀ IS฀ THUS฀ O B V I O U S ฀ THAT฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀ N O W ฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀INTRO DUCED฀AN฀IMPORTANT฀CHANGE฀WHICH฀WILL฀BE฀APPRECIATED฀BY฀%UROPEAN฀CITI Z E N S ฀ GIVEN฀ THAT฀ UPDATING฀ THE฀CIVIL STATUS฀ RE C O R DfiS ฀ IS฀ THE฀ EFFECT฀ M O S T ฀ C O M M ONLY฀ SOUGHT฀ & O L L O W ING฀ ENTRY฀ INTO฀ FOR C E ฀ OF฀ THE฀REGULATION ฀ THAT฀ PROVISION฀ WILL฀SAVE฀TIME฀AND฀EXPENSE฀SINCE฀THE฀CIVILSTATUS฀RECORDS฀WILL฀BE฀UPDATED฀ WITHOUT฀ RE Q U I R ING฀ ANY฀ FURTHER฀ DECISION฀ & E W ฀ B I L A T E R AL ฀ AGREEMENTS฀ C U R RE N T L Y ฀ IN฀ FOR C E ฀ HAVE฀ G ONE฀ SO฀ FAR฀ . E V E R T H E LESS฀ PROBLEMS฀ ARISE฀ FROM฀ THE฀ FACT฀ THAT฀ RECOGNITION฀IS฀NOT฀JUDICIAL฀BUT฀IS฀EQUIVALENT฀TO฀RECOGNITION฀FOR฀THE฀PURPOSES฀ OF฀THE฀CIVIL STATUS฀ RE C O R DfiS S ฀
฀ & � R SffT ฀ OG฀ F R E M M EffS T ฀ SKAL฀ DER฀ FOR฀ S � ฀ VIDT฀ AN G � R ฀ � GT EffS K A B S SAGER฀ FORELIGGE฀ EN฀ F � L D E N DE฀ A FG � RELSE฀ S � L E D EffS ฀ SOM฀DET฀ F R E M G � R ฀ AF฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ N R ฀ ฀ TIDLIGERE฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ ฀ DER฀ UDTRYKKELIGT฀ S L � R ฀ F A SffT ฀ AT฀ DER฀ SKAL฀ V � R E ฀ TALE฀OM฀ EN฀ A FG � RELSE฀ OM฀ SKILSMISSE฀ SEPARATION฀ ELLER฀ OM SffT� DELSE฀ AF฀ � GT EffS K A B ฀ ( E R AF฀ F � LG ER฀ AT฀ DET฀ I฀ T I L F � L DE฀ AF฀ EN฀ F R I l N D E N DE฀ A FG � RELSE฀ E R ฀MULIG T ฀ AT฀ AN L � G GE ฀ SAG฀ VED฀ EN฀ RET฀ I฀ EN฀ ANDEN฀ MEDLEMSSTAT฀ DER฀ ER฀ K OM P E T E N T ฀ I฀ MED F � R ฀ AF฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ $ ER฀ ER฀ S � L E D EffS ฀ TALE฀OM฀ EN฀ FAVOR฀ N E G O T I I FORTOLKNING฀ % N D VIDERE฀ M � ฀ M AN ฀ H O L DE฀ SIG฀ FOR฀ � J E ฀ AT฀ KUN฀ F � L D E N DE฀ A FG � R E L S ER฀ F � R ฀ RETSKRAFT฀ R EffS ฀ JUDICATA ฀ 3 P� R G SffM � LET฀ ER฀ OM฀ DENNE฀ FORTOLKNING฀ UDELUKKENDE฀ G � L DER฀ SKILSMISSE฀ OG฀ SEPARATION฀ ELLER฀ OM฀ DEN฀ O G S � ฀ lNDER฀ ANVENDELSE฀ P� ฀ OM SffT� DELSE฀ AF฀ � GT EffS K A B ฀ %FTER฀ " O N OM I S ฀ ฀OPFATTELSE฀ KAN฀ DEN฀ IKKE฀ ANVENDES฀ EFT E R SOM฀ DER฀ I฀ET฀ S � D AN T ฀ T I L F � L DE฀ ER฀ TALE฀OM฀ ET฀ E X ฀ T U N CP R O B LEM฀ D V S ฀ ET฀ P R O B LEM฀ DER฀ E K S I SffT E R ER฀ P� ฀ DET฀ TIDSPUNKT฀ HVOR฀ � GT EffS K A B ET฀ IN D G �ffS ฀ %FTER฀ M IN ฀OPFATTELSE฀ ER฀ DENNE฀ S K E L N EN฀ IKKE฀ N � D VE N D IG ฀ IDET฀ � GT EffS K A B ET฀ FORTSAT฀ BE SffT� R ฀ B � DE฀ HVIS฀ DER฀ T R � F F EffS ฀ EN฀ F R I l N D E N DE฀ SKILS M I S S E A FG � RELSE฀ OG฀ HVIS฀ DER฀ T R � F F EffS ฀ EN฀ F R I l N D E N DE฀ OM SffT� D E L S EffS A FG � RELSE฀ OG฀ DER฀ ER฀ S � L E D EffS ฀ IKKE฀ NOGEN฀ G R U N D ฀ TIL฀ IKKE฀ AT฀ A C C E P T E R E ฀ EN฀ N Y ฀ BE G � R IN G F � L D E N DE฀ A FG � RELSE฀ S E ฀ " O R R �ffS RAPPORTEN฀ P U N K T ฀ ฀ OG฀ FOR฀ DEN฀ M O D S A T T E ฀ FORTOLKNING฀ ( ฀ 4 A G A R A S ฀ w 1 U EffS T I O NffS ฀ S P� C I A L EffS ฀ i฀ 3 P E C I l K K E ฀ S P� R G SffM � L ฀ ฀ C I T ฀ S ฀ ฀ " ฀ !
฀ ! ฀ SPECIlC฀ I S SUE฀ FOR฀ 3 P A IN฀ )TALY฀ AND฀ 0O R T U G AL ฀ IS฀ THAT฀ OF฀ CON C O R D A T S ฀ WITH฀ THE฀ ( O L Y ฀ 3 E E ฀ AS฀ REFERRED฀ TO฀ IN฀!RTICLE฀ ฀ FOR M E R L Y ฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀ 3 IN C E ฀ THE฀REGULATION ฀ IS฀CON l N E D ฀ TO฀ @ CIVIL฀MATTERS฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀ IT฀ WOULD฀HAVE฀ BEEN฀ CON SISTENT฀WITH฀THE฀SECULAR฀NATURE฀OF฀THE฀%UROPEAN฀PROJECT฀TO฀LIMIT฀THE฀SCOPE฀ OF฀ THE฀REGULATION ฀ TO฀ CIVIL฀ PROCE D U RE S ฀ AND฀ THAT฀ WOULD฀ NOT฀ HAVE฀ IN F R IN G E D ฀ THE฀AGREEMENTS฀WITH฀THE฀(OLY฀3EE฀BUT฀WOULD฀SIMPLY฀HAVE฀CIRCUMSCRIBED฀ THE฀ M A T E R I AL ฀ SCOPE฀OF฀ THE฀REGULATION ฀ " U T ฀ THE฀ T H RE E ฀ -EMBER฀ 3TATES฀ REFERRED฀ TO฀HAVE฀ CON C O R D A T S ฀ ALTHOUGH฀ THE฀ CON T ENT฀ IS฀ DIFFERENT฀ IN฀ EACH฀ CASE฀ AND฀ THIS฀ FACT฀ L E D ฀ TO฀ THE฀ IN S E R TION฀OF฀ A฀ PROVISION฀ ON฀ THE฀ M A T T E R
N C E L ฀ OG฀ ( ฀ - U I R ฀ 7 A T T ฀ w , A ฀ D �ffS U N I O N ฀ x i฀ %ffU R O P� I S K ฀ D I S H A R M O N I฀ ฀ C I T ฀ S ฀ ฀ P� P E GE R ฀ AT฀DET฀VAR฀PRESSET฀FRA฀ET฀ S K AN D IN A V I S K ฀ LAND฀ DER฀ F � R T E ฀ TIL฀ DENNE฀ L �ffS NING฀ 2 ฀ !ff฀ " O N OM I฀ w ) L ฀ 2 E G O LA M E N TO฀ i฀ % & FORORDNINGEN฀ ฀ C I T ฀ S ฀ ฀ 3OM฀ N � V N T ฀ I฀ FORBINDELSE฀MED฀ LITISPENDENS฀ ER฀DER฀ EN฀ ANDEN฀ REGEL฀ DER฀ A L ENE฀ KUNNE฀ V � R E ฀ BEGRUNDELSE฀ NOK฀ FOR฀ FORORDNINGENS฀ VE D TAGELSE฀ $ E T ฀DREJER฀SIG฀OM฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ TIDLIGERE฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ DER฀ SffT Y R K ER฀ ANERKEN D E L S E NffS ฀ OMFANG฀ ) ฀ MED F � R ฀ AF฀ DENNE฀ ARTIKEL฀ SKAL฀ RETS A FG � R E L S ER฀DER฀ ER฀ TRUFFET฀ I฀ EN฀MEDLEMSSTAT฀ ANERKENDES฀ I฀ DE฀ � V R I GE ฀ MEDLEMSSTATER฀ UDEN฀ AT฀ DER฀ STILLES฀ KRAV฀ OM฀ ANVENDELSE฀ AF฀ EN฀ S � R L IG ฀ P R O C E D U R E ฀ HVILKET฀ B Y G GE R ฀ P� ฀ PRINCIPPET฀OM฀GENSIDIG฀ T I L L I D ฀ $ ET฀ V I GT IG SffT E ฀ ER฀ IMIDLERTID฀ SffT K ฀ ฀ AT฀ DER฀ IKKE฀ STILLES฀ KRAV฀ OM฀ AN VE N
! ฀ M A T T E R ฀ OF฀ CON S I D E R ABLE฀ IN T E REST฀ IS฀ THE฀ PROTECTION฀ OF฀ D EF E N C E ฀ RIGHTS฀ IN฀ PROCEEDINGS฀ UNDER฀ C AN ON฀ LAW฀ AS฀ REFERRED฀ TO฀ BY฀ " A R A T T A฀ ฀IN฀RELATION฀TO฀THE฀ JUDGMENT฀ OF฀ THE฀ %UROPEAN฀ #OURT฀ OF฀ ( U M AN฀ 2 I G H T S ฀ OF฀ ฀ *U L Y ฀ ฀ ฀ )N฀ ADDITION฀ DEFAULT฀ OF฀ APPEARANCE฀ BY฀ THE฀ RE S PO N D ENT฀ IN฀ PROCEEDINGS฀ UNDER฀ CANON฀LAW฀MAY฀RAISE฀QUESTIONS฀RELATING฀TO฀THE฀PRINCIPLE฀OF฀FREEDOM฀OF฀RELI G I ON฀ AND฀ THE฀ NON D E N O M I NATIONAL฀ NATURE฀ OF฀ THE฀3TATE฀
DELSE฀ AF฀ EN฀ S � R L IG ฀ P R O C E D U R E ฀ I฀ FORBINDELSE฀MED฀ A JO U R F � RING฀ AF฀ EN฀ MEDLEMSSTATS฀ CIVIL SffT AN D S REGI SffT ER฀DER฀ SKAL฀ SKE฀ P� ฀ GRUNDLAG฀ AF฀ EN฀ RETS A FG � RELSE฀ DER฀ ER฀ TRUFFET฀ I฀ EN฀ � GT EffS K A B S SAG฀ I฀ EN฀ ANDEN฀ MEDLEMSSTAT฀ - E D ฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ NU฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ S K E T E ฀ DER฀ HELT฀ IN D L Y S E N DE฀ EN฀ V �ffS E N T L IG ฀ � N D RING฀ SOM฀ VIL฀ B L I VE ฀ P� S K � N NET฀ AF฀ %5 B O R GE R N E ฀ IDET฀ A JO U R F � RING฀ AF฀ CIVIL SffT AN D S REGI S TRET฀ ER฀ DET฀ DER฀ H Y P P IG SffT ฀ � NffS K EffS ฀ O PN� ET฀ - E D ฀ FORORDNINGENS฀ I K R A FT T R � DEN฀ VIL฀ DENNE฀ BE SffT E M M E L S E ฀ S P A R E ฀ B � DE฀ TID฀ OG฀ P E N GE ฀ IDET฀ A JO U R F � R IN GEN฀ AF฀ CIVIL SffT AN D S REGI S TRET฀ KAN฀ SKE฀ UDEN฀ YDERLIGERE฀ FOR M A L I T E T ER฀ $ ER฀ ER฀ IKKE฀ MANGE฀ N U G � L D E N DE฀ B I LA T E R A L E ฀ KONVENTIONER฀ DER฀ ER฀ S � ฀ V I D T R � K K E N DE฀ 0 R O B L E M ET฀ ER฀ DOG฀ AT฀ ANERKENDELSEN฀ ER฀ AF฀ IKKE RET L IG ฀ KARAKTER฀ MEN฀ A L L I GE VE L ฀ SVARER฀ TIL฀ ANERKENDELSE฀ FOR฀ S � ฀ VIDT฀ AN G � R ฀ CIVIL SffT AN D S REGI SffT RET
GROUNDS฀ OF฀ NON RECOGNITION฀OF฀ JUDGMENTS฀ RELATING฀ TO฀ A฀ DI V O R C E ฀ LEGAL฀ SEPARATION฀ OR฀MARRIAGE฀ AN N U L MENT฀ WHILE฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀ SETS฀OUT฀ THE฀GROUNDS฀OF฀ NON RECOGNITION฀OF฀ JUDGMENTS฀ RELATING฀ TO฀ PARENTAL฀ RESPONSIBILITY฀ 4HE฀ RE A S ON฀ FOR฀ THE฀ DISTINCTION฀ IS฀ THAT฀ ALTHOUGH฀ BOTH฀ T Y P E S ฀ OF฀ JUDGMENT฀ ARE฀ C L O S E L Y ฀ CON N E C T E D ฀ WITH฀ THE฀ M A T R I M O N I AL ฀ PROCEEDINGS฀ THEY฀ MAY฀ HAVE฀ BEEN฀ GIVEN฀ BY฀ DIFFERENT฀ AUTHORITIES฀ D E PENDING฀ ON฀ THE฀ IN T E R N AL ฀ DIS T R I BU TION฀OF฀ JURISDICTION฀ WITHIN฀ THE฀3TATE฀OF฀ ORIGIN฀ !
฀ % T ฀ S � R L I GT ฀ S P� R G SffM � L ฀ FOR฀ 3 P AN I EN฀ )TALIEN฀ OG฀0ORTUGAL฀ ER฀ KONKORDATERNE฀ MED฀ 0 A VE SffT O LEN฀ SOM฀ER฀ OM H AN D LET฀ I฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ TIDLIGERE฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ 6 A R ฀ FORORDNINGENS฀ AN VE N D E L S EffS OM R � DE฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ SffT K ฀ ฀ BE G R � NffS ET฀ TIL฀ w CIVILRETLIGE฀ S P� R G SffM � L i฀ VILLE฀ DET฀ HAVE฀ V � RET฀ I฀OVERENSSTEMMELSE฀MED฀ I D � EN฀ OM฀ET฀ VE R D S L I GT ฀ %UROPA ฀ AT฀ BE G R � NffS E ฀ FORORDNINGENS฀ AN VE N D E L S EffS OM R � DE฀ TIL฀ CIVILE฀ SAGER฀ HVILKET฀ IKKE฀ VILLE฀ V � R E ฀ AT฀ AN S E ฀ FOR฀EN฀ K R � N K E L S E ฀ AF฀ A FT A L E R N E ฀ MED฀ 0 A VE SffT O LEN฀ MEN฀ BLOT฀ EN฀ A FG R � NffS NING฀ AF฀ FORORDNINGENS฀ M A T E R I E L L E ฀ AN VE N D E L S EffS OM R � DE฀ ) M I D L E R TID฀ HAR฀ DE฀ P� G � L D E N DE฀ T R E ฀ MEDLEMSSTATER฀ IN D G � ET฀ DISSE฀ KON K O R D A T ER฀ � ฀ OM฀ END฀ IN D H O L DET฀ ER฀ M E G ET฀ FOR S K E L L I GT ฀ �฀OG฀ DERFOR฀ SKULLE฀ DER฀ IN D A R BE J D EffS ฀ EN฀ BE SffT E M M E L S E ฀ H E R OM
4HE฀ SECOND฀ GROUND฀OF฀ NON RECOGNITION฀ IS฀ DEFAULT฀ OF฀ APPEARANCE฀ BY฀ THE฀ RE S PO N D ENT฀ 4HE฀ T E X T ฀ OF฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀OF฀THE฀ ฀ "RUSSELS฀ )) ฀ #ONVENTION฀ WAS฀ A MENDED฀ ON฀ THIS฀ PO IN T ฀ FOLLOWING฀ THE฀ A M E N D MENT฀ MADE฀ TO฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀OF฀THE฀"RUSSELS฀)฀ #ONVENTION฀ ฀ 4HE฀ E A R L I E R ฀ PROVISION฀ WAS฀ A MENDED฀ TO฀ INTRODUCE฀SOME฀mEXIBILITY฀INTO฀THE฀REQUIREMENTS฀FOR฀PROPER฀NOTIlCATION฀BY฀ R EP L A C ING฀ THE฀ W O R DfiS ฀ @ WAS฀ NOT฀ D U L Y ฀ SERVED฀ BY฀ @ WAS฀ NOT฀ SERVED฀ x ฀ IN฀ SUCH฀ A฀ WAY฀ 4HE฀ D AN G E R ฀ IS฀ THAT฀ IN฀ P R A C T I C E ฀ THERE฀ IS฀ A฀ T E N D E NCY ฀ TO฀ INTERPRET฀ @ WAS฀ NOT฀ SERVED฀ x ฀ IN฀ SUCH฀ A฀ WAY฀ AS฀ M E AN ING฀ @ WAS฀ NOT฀ D U L Y ฀ SERVED฀ ฀ )T฀ ALSO฀ STANDS฀TO฀REASON฀THAT฀THAT฀GROUND฀OF฀NONRECOGNITION฀CANNOT฀BE฀USED฀IF฀THE฀ RE S PO N D ENT฀ HAS฀ A C C EP T E D ฀ THE฀ JUDGMENT฀ U N E Q U I V O C AL L Y ฀ AS฀ FOR฀ IN S T ANCE฀ BY฀ R EM A R R Y IN G
INDEN฀FOR฀ANERKENDELSE฀AF฀ K I R K E RETLIGE฀ A FG � R E L S ER฀ OM฀ OM SffT� DELSE฀ AF฀ � GT EffS K A B ฀ ! R AN Z A D I฀ CIVIL ฀ . R ฀ ฀ ฀ S ฀
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