natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
At samtlige fagforbund underskrev virksomhedsoverenskomsten den 23/04/1982, viser, at der i virksomheden reelt er enighed om - eller i hvert fald en fælles interesse i - de nærmere regler om omlægningen og nødvendigheden af solidaritetsaftalen, nemlig:
We found appreciable differences in the ways in which individuals organized their lives and in their opinions on the relative arduousness of the shifts. The only factor which we were able to identify as accounting for these differences was age, with a tendency for respondents' reactions to conform to one of two patterns according to whether they were "young" or "old".
- Den ugentlige arbejdstid nedsættes fra 37,33 timer til 33,55 timer i årligt gennemsnit (47 arbejdsuger). De ansatte stemmer afdeling for afdelig om, hvilken turnus de ønsker (kort eller lang).
Among the younger workers, a higher than average proportion regard the morning shift as the most arduous, but they recover fairly well and compensate by taking a longer afternoon nap.
- Arbejdstiden om sommeren (de 15 uger fra juli til september) sættes til 37,33 timer med ni halve hold (som under den tidligere ordning).
In the case of the older workers, an exactly opposite deviation from the average is found: they regard the night shift and morning shift as equally arduous; this is seen in relation to the fact that they are able to sleep for long periods when on the morning shift (fhey go to bed early) and for only short periods when on the night shift (the little sleep they get is disturbed).
- Der ydes straks fuld lønkompensation for den nedsatte arbejdstid.
The older workers follow a stricter life discipline than the younger workers, who tend to be able to accumulate fatigue during working days and recover during rest days.
- Hver enkelt ansat er forpligtet til at tage seks ekstra vagter (kaldet "fridagsvagter" i virksomhedsoverenskomsten) efter ledelsens nærmere bestemmelse, og den kan herefter gennemføre sin uddannelsespolitik og bedre styre ferieperioder og fravær.
The older workers try not to overstep a certain fatigue threshold during working periods.
Disse er forholdsvis forskellige fra afdeling til afdeling i virksomheden :
Our analysis was based on the information given by the respondents in reply to four main questions:
- I presseafdelingen varierer arbejdet mere med den enkelte arbejdsplads.
With the last three of these questions, specific types of complaint were suggested to the respondents.
Den fysiske belatning er større, idet arbejdet foregår i nærmere kontakt med maskinerne og produktet.
The information on the workers' state of health was supplemented by additional questions, such as "Do you feel tired at this moment?".
Af de samme årsager er arbejdsvilkårene nærmest blevet forbedret.
Comparison between the results before and after introduction of the 5th crew was based on 7 indicators: tiredness, lack of appetite, digestive dysfunctions, nervous fatigue, general complaints, headache, backache.
Her er den fysiske belastning fremherskende.
General results_and_correlation between variables
Den stigende produktion har dog bevirket en stigning i arbejdstempoet.
1 in 3 (35%1 of the respondents stated at the 1st interview that they suffered loss of appetite.
- I vedligeholdelsesafdelingen er der tale om arbejde, der både er fysisk og psykisk belastende.
1 in 3 admitted to digestive dysfunctions (16% stomachaches; 11% indigestion; 8% ulcers!.
Nedgangen i antallet af maskinstop giver en tendens til lettelse af arbejdsbyrden.
48% said that they suffered from nervous fatigue, mostly irritation or impatience (37%).
- Sikkerhedstjenestens arbejde består især i overvågning (bevogtning).
55% mentioned general complaints, mainly stiffness and backache (21%X, headaches, ringing in the ears, dizziness, shaking (14%), general aches and pains (8%).
De yngre arbejdere har en bedre skole- og erhvervsuddannelse end de ældre. De bor næsten alle mindre end 20 minutter fra deres arbejde i en lille by (med 20.000 indbyggere) eller på landet.
These findings should be seen in the light of the nature of the work (more physically demanding than in the other departments) and the difficult working conditions during the start-up phase of the plant.
Alt i alt synes arbejdet i presseafdelingen og vedligeholdelsesaf delingen at være mest trættende.
The fall in the frequency with which these complaints were mentioned in the 3rd round of interviews can undoubtedly be attributed to the fact that the equipment was operating more smoothly by then.
2 - Skifteholdsarbejdernes levevis og virkningerne af overgangen til fem hold -
There are similarly significant correlations with age: the proportion of respondents admitting to nervous fatigue declines with age;
2.1.1 - Skifteholdsarbejderne levevis efter hvilket hold der er på -
— the proportion with, general complaints rises sharply with age; however, there is no clear correlation between age and dysfunctions of the digestive system.
På morgenholdet består belastningen navnlig i, at arbejderene skal så tidligt op (kl. 4.00 og 3.00 for sikkerhedspersonalets vedkommende).
Finally, correlations were found between marital status and digestive dysfunctions (more common among single than married workers) and between the number of children and nervous fatigue (more common among workers with children).
På eftermiddagsholdet ligger belastningen i, at arbej det ophører kl. 21.00.
There are also correlations between complaints: suffering from one complaint sharply increases the probability of suffering from one or more others (by between 20% and 30%1.
Følgerne heraf er en forskydning af af tensmåltidet og således mindre appetit, nogle foretrækker et
The clearest links were found between loss of appetite and general complaints, between nervous fatigue and nervous complaints, between tiredness and loss of appetite.
Dette medfører: Træt hed som følge af natarbejdet, dårlige søvn morgen og formiddag, en ret kort søvnperiode (6.34 timer), der dog til dels udlignes af 1 af 4 arbejdere, der sover til middag.
1) Comparison of the answers given in October 1982 and June 1983 respectively to three questions concerned with health:
Under den tredje spørgerunde ses der ligesom for morgenholdets vedkommende et fald i søvnperioden og vanskelighederne med at falde i søvn.
reveals the following: the rescheduling of working time did not lead to any change in the replies given to the questions on these complaints by the majority of respondents (between 60% and 70%), even though a very large majority had stated during the 2nd round of interviews that the change had brought improvements;
Arbejdet på skiftehold ligger forskudt i forhold til privatlivet (weekends og helligdage).
- 30% of the respondents changed their answers between the 1st and 3rd interviews, with, those stating that they were no longer suffering from any complaints (20% of the total number) outnumbering those who mentioned a complaint for the first time (10%);
Dette viser, at belastningen ved skifteholdsarbejdet ikke alene afhænger af, hvilket hold man arbejder på, men tillige af hvordan skiftene veksler.
- in the group over the age of 47, the indicators showed overall improvement, but respondents continued to report tiredness.
Skiftene betragtes dog ikke som lige belastende.
These results raise a number of interesting problems:
Det hold, der hyppigst erklæres at være det mest belastende at arbej de på, er morgenholdet, og hypigheden stiger fra 43,8% i den første spørgerunde til 61% i den tredje.
The fact that some respondents reported new complaints suggests that an improvement in working conditions prompts individuals to change their strategies for adaptation and that it therefore entails a "cost" which in some cases manifests itself in health problems.
Omvendt erklæres natholdet mindre hyppigt at være det mest belastende, og hyppigheden falder fra den første til den tredje spørgerunde.
The older the individual, the higher this "cost" of adaptation appears to be.
Skifteholdsarbejdernes reaktion på belastningen ved arbejdet er, at de søger en form for balance for ikke at akkumulere et for stort søvnbehov.
It would be desirable to establish whether the disappearance or appearance of one or more complaint is transitory or lasting.
De pålægger sig selv en vis "livsdisciplin" ved at bringe system i deres sove- og spisevaner og øvrige aktiviteter. Som følge af omlægningen er der konstateret en vis svækkelse med hensyn til sovevanerne i denne "livsdisciplin", navnlig i de lange fridagsperioder for dem, der arbej der i lang turnus.
This would require a further round of interviews, but the greater the remove in time from the introduction of the change the more likely it is that the effects attributable to the innovation will be diluted and superseded by the effects of subsequent developments.
2.1.2 - Alderforskellene og turnusafviklingen -
Moreover, the nature of the relationships between the innovation and the variables examined remains largely unknown.
Der er betydelige individuelle forskelle mellem de måder, hvorpå arbejderne "tilrettelægger deres liv" og deres syn på arbejdsbelastningen på de enkelte skift.
2) A sharp rise was recorded between the 2nd and 3rd rounds of interviews in the proportion of respondents in all age groups complaining of back trouble (from 21% in September 1982 to 51% in June 19831.
Det eneste forhold, der i et vist omfang kan forklare disse forskelle, er alderen.
In June 1983, almost 33% of the respondents stated that they suffered from this complaint whereas they had not mentioned it 9 months earlier, while the converse applied to only 2.9% of the sample.
Der er en vis tendens til forskellige betragtningsmåder blandt "de unge" og "de ældre".
Is the increase in the physical workload coinciding with the start-up of the plant to be regarded as a factor in this?
De unge betragter endnu ofte arbejdet på morgenholdet som det mest belastende, men de kommer sig ret hurtigt og kompenserer ved at sove længere til middag.
The only general observation that can be made about the effects of the innovation on selected indicators, of the workers' state of health is that they were extremely variable.
De føler en forholdsvis lige stor belastning ved arbejde på nat- og på morgenholdet, og de sover længere efter arbejde på morgenholdet (de går tidligt i seng) og sover ikke så længe, når de har natarbejde (de sover kort og dårligt).
Our approach, here was to adopt a single indicator: activity defined as movement, action with an aim in view. On the basis of this definition, we compiled an arbitrary list of 9 general categories:
De ældre har en strengere livsdisciplin end de yngre.
The predominant activities are those mentioned most frequently.
Sidstnævnte har en tendens til at ophobe deres søvnbehov, medens de arbejder om natten og derefter hvile ud i deres fridage.
Gardening was mentioned by 40% of the sample, taking part and helping in daily household life by 27%.
De ældre søger ar undgå at overskride en vis træthedstærskel i arbej dsperioderne.
Outings (walks, trips to the sea, short holidays) are a family activity, but an irregular one, being largely dependent on the season.
Den enkelte arbejders helbredstilstand og skifteholds arbejde kan ikke entydigt sættes i forbindelse med hinanden.
By that stage, the short rota did not appear to have had any disruptive effects on family life; nevertheless, few of the workers concerned had more frequent opportunities to pursue their customary activities.
Analysen er baseret på de oplysninger, der er blevet givet under interviewene i besvarelse af følgende fire hovedspørgsmål:
On the other hand, organization of leisure activities was easier with as many as 6 consecutive rest days than with shorter periods of time off.
- sker det, at De mister appetitten? - har De problemer med fordøjelsessystemet? - lider De af nervøs træthed? - har De andre problemer?
However, when the workers were interviewed again in June 1983, opinions had changed: fewer than a fifth of the respondents stated that they had more frequent opportunities for pursuing their customary activities.
Der er udtrykkeligt spurgt efter forskellige former for problemer i forbindelse med de tre sidste spørgsmål.
It may be that the relative merits of the rota systems were no longer the subject of such keen interest by June 1983.
Der er tillige stillet andre spørgsmål til supplering af oplysningerne om arbejdernes helbredstilstand, som f.eks.: "Føler De Dem træt lige nu?"
If this is correct, it has to be concluded that the new rota system in fact had little effect on the content of nonworking life, according to the indicators that we used, even in the case of the workers on the long rota.
Sammenligningen af resultaterne fra før og efter ind førelsen af det 5. hold angår fire forhold, nemlig følelse af træthed, manglende appetit, fordøjelsesbesvær, nervøs træthed, diffuse problemer, hovedpine og smerter over lænden.
However, fewer of the workers on the short rota were of this opinion in June than in January 1983. This has to be seen in context: the opinions of the workers who had chosen the short rota may have been influenced by the change of season and the fact that the plant was operating more smoothly.
2.3.1.2 - Almindelige resultater og korrelation mellem variable -
In winter, when the 2nd round of interviews was organized, the need for leisure is limited by both climatic and biological factors.
- En tredjedel af de adspurgte (35%) erklærer under den første spørgerunde, at de føler, at de mangler appetit.
The short rota is well suited to this situation, with short periods of time off.
- En tredjedel klager over fordøjelsessystemet, heraf 16% over mavepine, 11% over dårlig fordøjelse og 8% over mavesår.
Conversely, long periods of time off during the summer give the opportunity to take fuller advantage of the fine weather.
- 48% erklærer, at de føler nervøs træthed, og siger navnlig, at de er irriterede og utålmodige (37%).
Many of the workers thought that it was absurd to have most free time during the winter and least during the summer.
For visse vanskeligheders vedkommende er der en klar sammen hæng med arbejdet:
The overall findings indicated by the study are mixed:
- Manglende appetit og fordøjelsesbesvær findes hyppigst i presseafdelingen og vedligeholdelsesafdelingen.
Limited effects. The innovation did not affect the main constraints of shiftwork: the staggered sleeping hours, the short duration of sleep when working on the morning and night shifts, sleeping during the day, all of which are detrimental to the quality of sleep.
- Nervøs træthed og diffuse problemer finoes hyppigst i presseafdelingen.
After the innovation, the workers still found shiftwork, and the morning shift in particular, just as arduous, if not more arduous.
Disse resultater skal ses i forbindelse med arbejdets karakter (der her i højere grad er fysisk end i de øvrige afdelinger) og de vanskelige arbejdsvilkår i startfasen på fabrikken.
There was also the problem of being unable to eat at the family's normal mealtimes when working on the morning shift („ending at 1 p.m.), the afternoon shift (ending at 9 p.m.) and, in the case of some workers if they sleep on, the night shift.
Under den tredje spørgerunde kan det faldende antal klager over problemer sikkert forklares ved, at anlæggene nu fungerer bedre.
Finally, there was the inability to take full advantage of nonworking time ("free" time), most of which was spent recovering from accumulated tiredness.
Ligeledes betydningsfulde sammenhænge viser sig i forbindelse med alderen.
This was the majority opinion in January 1983, particularly among the workers on the long rota system, but by June 1983 it was still held by fewer than a fifth of the respondents.
- Antallet af arbejdere, der klager over nervøs træthed, aftager med alderen.
On the other hand, the feeling of being more fully involved in family life was widespread.
- Antallet af klager over diffuse problemer stiger stærkt med alderen, men der er ingen klar sammenhæng mellem alderen og klager over fordøjelsessystemet.
Contradictory effects. Some of the effects of the innovation made for an improvement in the physical and mental condition of respondents, while others led to deterioration in some health indicators.
Endelig er der sammenhæng mellem fordøjelsesproblemer og ægteskabelig stilling (de ugifte klager hyppigere end de gifte) og mellem antallet af børn og nervøs træthed (der er større hos arbejdere, der har børn).
On the one hand, there was a lower incidence of disturbed sleep on working days, awareness of tiredness, loss of appetite and digestive dysfunctions.
- Der er en indbyrdes sammenhæng mellem de forskellige former for problemer.
On the other hand, there was a slight increase in nervous complaints and a very sharp rise in mentions of backache.
En lidelse øger i betydelig grad muligheden for at få endnu en eller flere (fra 20 til 30%). De klareste
Respondents stating that complaints had cleared up (between 20% and 30% of the sample), outnumbered those who had developed new complaints C10%1.
2.2.2 - Ændringerne 9 måneder efter overgangen til 5 hold -
Variable effects according to the individual.
) Af en sammenligning mellem resultaterne fra oktober
The most noteworthy result of this study is the evidence that the innovation affected individuals differentially according to their age.
1982 og juni 1983 af svarene på følgende tre spørgsmål angående arbejdernes helbred:
The differences observed show that the patterns according to which daily life is organized vary according to age.
- er De træt lige nu? - føler De mangel på appetit? - har De problemer med fordøjelsen?
The younger workers submit less readily to the constraints created by shift work and organize recovery from fatigue over the whole period of a rota.
kan man drage følgende lære:
Age is not the only distinguishing variable.
- For de flestes vedkommende (60 - 70%) har omlægningen af arbejdstiden ikke medført nogen ændring i deres svar vedrørende disse vanskeligheder, selv om et stort flertal under den anden spørgerunde havde erklæret, at de fandt omlægningen positiv.
The accumulation of such complaints as nervous fatigue, digestive dysfunctions and general complaints has repercussions on the nonworking lives of some individuals, who seem to have a low tolerance to shift work.
- 3 0% af arbejderne ændrer deres svar mellem den første og den tredje spørgerunde.
The findings of the study indicate that it rises with age.
Antallet af dem, der ikke mere klager over besværligheder (20%), er større end antallet af dem, der nu klager over et eller andet problem.
Innovation has a destabilizing effect, because it disrupts the established pattern of adjust ment. Is it especially destabilizing for those whose ability to adjust is low and who have the strictest life discipline?
- I gruppen over 47 år ses en almindelig forbedring på samtlige punkter under et, men træthedsfølelsen er der stadig.
If this were so, it would explain the limited extent of the change: individuals confronted with such a situation seek to minimize the destabilizing effect of novelty.
- At der viser sig problemer hos nogen, lader formode, at en forbedring af arbejdsvilkårene medfører en ændring af den enkeltes tilpasningsstrategier, og at forbedringen derfor er en "omkostning", der for nogles vedkommende giver sig udslag i besværligheder.
The scheduling of working time is determined at company level, by management and labour, in the light of technical, economic and social factors and according to the company's traditions.
Denne tilpasningsomkostning synes at blive større med alderen.
Because of unemployment, innovation has only a limited power of attraction on the labour market; workers in employment hang on to their jobs, while young job—seekers have little choice.
De kan have andre årsager, der måske ligger uden for rammerne af undersøgelsen.
Shift pattern within the cycles
At de arbejdere, der arbejder i kort turnus i presseafdelingen og vedligeholdelsesafdelingen rammes hyppigere (61% mod 36,6%), tyder herpå.
Summer: July, August and September (15 weeks)
52% af de adspurgte beskæftiger sig hermed.
Remainder of the year (37 weeks)
- At gå på diskotek eller natklub, i teatret og biografen og deltage i foreningsarbejde er aktiviteter, der kun beskæf tiger et fåtal af arbejderne (9%).
9 halfcrews
Nat
Eest Night if
Nat
Rest Night if
Enkeltheder vedrørende turnusperioderne
Characteristics of the cycles
Skiftetider kl. 5-13-21
Shift starting times
9 uger = 63 dg.
9 weeks = 63 days
5 uger = 35 dg.
5 weeks = 35 days
Morgen - Nat - Eftermiddag
Morning - Night - Afternoon
Skifte mellem arbejdsperoder
Direction of shift rotation
7 arbejds dage
7 days of work
1 rïkke på 3 dage og 1 række på 4 dage
1 seriös of 3 days and 1 series of if days if-6 days
Fridage mellem arbejds perioderne
Rest period be tween each shift
Fridage i hver turnus
3 or if days
1 af 3 = 47/3 = 15,66
One in three = if7/3 = 15-66
Ugentlig Arbejdstid
Weekly working hours .
37,33 t 33,60 t 33,60 t Årligt gennemsnit: 35,55 t over 47 uger, idet der er 6 ekstravagter
37-33 hours 33-60 hours 33-60 hours Average over the year: 35-55 hours over i+7 weeks beca use there are 6 additional shift duties
Min. og max. langde pr. kalenderuge
Minimum and maximum hours per ordinary week
15 uger
58 over 15 weeks
Antal arbejds dage
Number of working days
Gennemsnitlig arbejdstid over 52 uger w_,_, ,
Average working hours over 52 weeks
"Undersøgelse inden for en række erhverv af skifteholdsarbejde og fornyelser i Italien"
"Multi-disciplinary study on Shiftwork and Innovation in Italy"
Det væsentligste træk ved den italienske papirindustri er, at den fortrinsvis består af små og middelstore virksomheder, hvilket klart fremgår af en sammenligning med de øvrige EF­lande.
The main feature of the paper industry in Italy is the prevalence of small and medium-sized companies, as is evident from a comparison with other EEC countries.
* Virksomheder, der producerer under 1.000 t om året er ikke medtaget.
*excluding firms producing under 1,000 tonnes per annum
Papirfabrikker med en produktionskapacitet på over 50.000 t om året udgør mindre end 10 % af det samlede antal fabrikker i Italien (medens antallet er over 20% i Tyskland, 13% i Frankrig og Stor­britannien og 15,5% i Nederlandene).
Paper factories with a production capacity of over 50,000 tonnes per annum account for under 10% of the total number of factories in Italy (compared with over 20% in Germany, 13% in France and Great Britain and 15.5% in the Netherlands).
Omsætningen, antallet af beskæftigede og bruttoproduktionen i de italienske virksomheder ligger også lavere i årligt gennemsnit end gennemsnitstallene for EF.
The average turnover, number of employees and gross annual production of firms in Italy are also less than the averages for the EEC.
Den gennemsnitlige størrelse af virksomheder, der producerer papirmasse, papir og pap i Italien og i EF (tallene er for 1976) gennemsnitligt
Table 2 - Average size of firms producing paper pulp, paper and board in Italy and in the EEC (1976 figures)
Gennemsnitlig årsomsætning pr. virksomhed (i mia ECU) gennemsnitsproduktion pr. virksomhed (i tus. t pr. år) antal beskæftigede pr. virksomhed
Average turnover average number average production per firm of employees per firm ('000 m ECU) per firm ('000 t per annum) 3.6 80 10.5
Det samlede antal beskæftigede i den del af den italienske papir industri, der foregår i Italien, faldt med 4.800 i årene fra 1971 til 1981 (fra 43.696 til 38.868).
The total number employed in the Italian paper industry in Italy fell by 4,800 between 1971 and 1981 (from 43,696 to 38,868).
Antallet af lokale produktions enheder faldt samtidig med 7% (fra 739 til 685, eller med 54 en heder).
The number of local production units also fell by 7% (from 739 to 685, a reduction of 54 units).
At produktionen steg, og beskæftigelsen faldt, er udtryk for en øget produktivitet, der er resultatet af tekniske forandringer, som igen understreger denne industris kapitalintensive natur.
The fact that production rose and employment fell indicated a growth in productivity, the result of technological changes that accentuated the capital-intensive nature of the industry.