natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Vi finder, at alle disse faktorer bør behandles i diskussionen nedenfor for at give et så fuldstændigt billede som muligt af, hvad den erfarne arbejdstager får at gøre med, når han stilles over for teknologiske forandringer.
It is felt that all these should be adhered to in the subsequent discussion, in order to build as complete a picture as possible of what the experienced operator has to deal with in the face of technological change.
På få undtagelser nær synes arbejderne som helhed at være udsat for færre risici for skader på helbredet og ulykker som følge af øget automatisering, navnlig inden for servicesektoren.
With a few exceptions, it seems that the workforce as a whole are exposed to less health and accident risks as a result of increased automation, particularly in the service sector.
Fra de undersøgte elektronik-, maskin- og metal industrivirksomheder berettedes om øgede problemer med hensyn til støj, utilstrækkelig ventilation og (i sidstnævnte industri) ubehag fra dampe fra kølemedier.
The electronics, mechanical engineering and metalworking industries studied reported increased problems with regard to noise, inadequate ventilation and (in the latter) discomfort from coolant vapours.
Det mest almindelige miljøpro blem inden for serviceindustrierne var belysningen, idet mange arbejdsta gere berettede om problemer med at skulle tilpasse sig store variationer i lysstyrken på forskellige steder på arbejdspladsen.
The most common environmental problem in the service industries was that of lighting, many operatoras reporting problems with adjusting to wide variations in luminance in different areas of the workplace.
EDB-baserede teknologier, navnlig ergonomiske problemer i forbindelse med brug af skærmterminaler, og dette gjaldt både selve terminalen og omgivelserne på arbejdspladsen.
However, there was a strong indication of the emergence of new physical/environmental stressors specific to new computer-based technologies, in particular ergonomie problems with the use of VDUs pertaining both to the terminal itself and the surrounding workplace.
Her var det mest fremtrædende problem igen reguleringen af belysningen på arbejds stedet, men der var også andre problemer, som f.eks.
Again the most striking problem was with the regulation of workstation lighting, but other problems included those of reflection and contrast, contrast between the screen and the rest of the work environment, character size and keyboard design.
En række af de mest påfaldende, gennemgående klager med hensyn til ændringerne i arbejdets indhold var dem, som angik sammenbrud af maskiner, overvågning og fejlretning.
The results linked these factors to psychosomatic symptoms of stomach pains, back pain, eye strain, flickering in front of the eyes and headaches.
I samtlige de undersøgte erhverv blev der udtrykt bekymring med hensyn til disse sider af arbejdet, og problemerne var mest udtalte hos den mindre erfarne arbejder.
In all the industries studied, anxieties were expressed about this aspect of their work, and for the less experienced worker the problems were most pronounced.
Alminde ligvis følte man, at større agtpågivenhed var nødvendig og i nogle tilfælde berettedes det, at fejlretning gik meget langsommere.
In general it was felt that increased attentiveness was called for, and in some cases fault rectification was reported to be much slower.
Særlig inden for de undersøgte telekommunikations- og elektronikvirksomheder krævedes der mere komplicerede aktiviteter, større færdigheder og initiativ, og behovet for opfattelsesevne og vurdering under brug af sanserne var mindre, medens den kognitive side af arbejdet var blevet udvidet.
Particularly in the telecommunications, banking and electronics industries studied, more complex intervention, with increased skill and initiative, was required, with less demand for perception and sensory evaluation, and an increase in the cognitive aspect.
I telekommunikationsvirksomhederne og pengeinstitutterne var der betydelig uro på grund af muligheden for fuldstændige sammenbrud, der ikke kunne forekomme før.
In telecommunications and banking considerable anxiety was experienced due to the possibility of complete breakdown, an eventuality which could not happen before.
Arbejderne var udsat for stress, ikke blot når et sådant sammenbrud forekom, men også ved udsigten til, at det kunne ske.
Stress was caused not only by the occurrence of such a breakdown, but also by the anticipation of one.
I telekommunikationsvirksomhederne foregik fejlretning nu på algoritmisk grundlag og ikke ved, at man forsøgte sig frem, og arbejdet var mindre varieret end før.
Furthermore, in telecommunications, fault rectification was conducted on an algorithmic rather than heuristic basis, and there was less variety than before.
Resultaterne med hensyn til psykisk belastning står mindre klart.
The findings pertaining to mental workload are less clear-cut.
I telekommunikationssektoren fandtes ikke større tegn på objektiv psykisk belastning, selv om niveauet allerede lå ret højt.
In the telecommunications sector, there was no greater incidence of objective mental workload, although the level was already quite high.
Derimod berettede arbejderne om subjektiv belastning.
However, there was an increase reported by the operators in terms of subjective workload.
Her spillede alder og i dette tilfælde tillige erfaring en betydelig rolle, og en klart større del af de ældre arbejdere berettede om øget belastning.
Here age, and also in this case experience, played a significant part with a significantly higher proportion of older workers reporting an increase in load.
(hvilket i dette tilfælde tillige betød en næsten lige så stor erfaring).
63 need for mental alertness was also reported for all operators (which in this case also meant almost equivalent experience).
Der var tale om meget udpræget forøgelse af arbejdsbe lastningen for den erfarne arbejder i forsikringsselskaberne.
There was a very definite increase in workload for the experienced operator in the insurance industry.
Men selv om der klart var tale om en øget arbejdsbelastning, var det lige så klart, at denne ikke var betinget af selve teknologien, men af de oplæringsord- ninger, den var forbundet med.
But if the increase in workload was apparent, it was equally apparent that it was not determined by the technology itself but the training arrangements around it.
Uerfarne arbejdere havde langt større problemer med indtastning af data, de havde ikke modtaget tilstrækkelig oplæring og var afhængige af de mere erfarne med hensyn til hjælp.
Inexperienced operators had far more problems with data entry, were inadequately trained and were relying on the more experienced for assistance.
- 54 - for interaktion, var det klart at disse problemer skyldtes utilstrækkeligt kendskab til forsikringsbranchen som helhed hvilket ikke på nogen måde gjaldt den erfarne arbejder.
Even though their problems were expressed in terms of increased needs for memorisation, difficulty with computer dialogue and more complex interactions, it was clear that these problems arose from inadequate knowledge of the insurance system as a whole, something which the experienced operator certainly did not lack.
En lignende situation iagttoges i pengein stitutterne, hvor de erfarne arbejdere havde langt færre vanskeligheder ved at tilegne sig de fornødne nye færdigheder.
A similar situation was observed in the banking section where the experienced operators had far less difficulty in acquiring the new skills involved.
"foran dring" blev ikke betragtet som mere revolutionerende end mange af de forandringer, de allerede havde oplevet.
Computerisation was viewed by them more as an aid to their work, the basic understanding required remained the same, and this new "change" was not regarded as any more revolutionary than many of the other changes they had been through.
Spørgsmålet om arbejdets tilrettelæggelse er måske ikke den mest væsentlige faktor at undersøge under eventuelle overvejelser vedrørende nye teknologiske
The question of work organisation is perhaps the most important factor to examine in any consideration of new technological "impacts".
¡det det frister til at antage, at der er forudbestemte resultater af enhver situa tion med teknologiske forandringer.
It would seem a very obvious point that the technology itself is constant, and that the use to which it is put by humans is variable, but it is a point which is often forgotten with the technology being regarded as an end in itself, rather than a means to an end. That
At resultaterne af teknologiske forandringer ikke er bestemt på forhånd, men præget af antagelser, slutninger, opfattelser og iagttagelser hos ledelsen, fremgik særdeles klart af resultaterne af de foreliggende undersøgelser.
64 outcomes of technological change are not determinate, but are mediated by management assumptions, deductions, perceptions and obervations, was very apparent from the results of the present studies.
Valget af metoder til arbejdets tilrettelæggelse synes at være den afgørende faktor for beskaffenheden og omfanget af det stress, der oplevedes.
The choice of work organisation methods seemed to be the determining factor in the nature and degree of experienced stress.
Som følge af indførelsen af digitale centraler i telekommunikations sektoren berettedes der om, at rutiner og fremgangsmåder var mere flek sible, men standardiseringsniveauet betragtedes stadig af forskerne som liggende meget højt.
Following the implementation of digital exchanges in the telecommunications sector, routines and procedures were reported as being more flexible, but the level of standardisation was still regarded by the researchers as very high.
I de undersøgte forsikringsselskaber førte automati seringen til nedlæggelse af mange arbejdspladser og i begyndelsen til specialisering inden for visse opgaver med vægten lagt på videnskabelige ledelsesformer på de tidlige stadier.
In the insurance organisations studied, automation led to the elimination of many jobs, and initially to specialisation in some tasks, with an emphasis towards scientific management in the early stages.
Senere teknologiske udviklinger førte imidlertid til decentralisering af visse former for arbejde og udløste en ændring, hvor hovedvægten lå på alsidige færdigheder, og udvidelse af visse opgaver, selv om utilstrækkelig oplæring til tider var til hinder herfor.
However, the more recent technological developments led to decentralisation of some tasks, and started a change in emphasis towards multiskilling and the enlargement of some tasks, although this is being hindered by inadequate training.
I øjeblikket er linjerne for arbejdet mere afstukne i denne sektor, idet medarbejderne har mindre kontrol over indholdet af deres arbejde efter automatiseringen.
At present jobs were more delineated in this sector, with operators having less control over their work content following automation.
I den tyske fabriksin dustri føltes næsten alle former for kognitivt og psykisk stress hyppigere af dem, der arbejdede med højt automatiserede maskiner.
In the German manufacturing industry, nearly all the cognitive and psychological stresses were more frequently experienced by those working on highly automated machinery.
Forskerne fandt, at dette højst sandsynligt havde at gøre med arbejdets tilrettelæggelse og navnlig med den stærkt rationaliserede arbejdsdeling, der bevirkede, at arbejderen hele tiden skulle arbejde meget intenst.
The researchers felt that this was very likely to have been influenced by the organisation of work, and particularly by the highly rationalised division of labour, making for high levels of work intensity for the operator.
De vidtrækkende virkninger af valget af den måde, hvorpå arbejdet tilrettelægges, illustreredes mest slående ved resulaterne inden for de to undersøgte elektronikvirksomheder.
The far-reaching effects of the choice of work organisation made were most strikingly illustrated by the results of the two electronics firms studied. Both had
De stress reaktioner, hvorom der berettedes, lå på et bemærkelsesværdigt lavere niveau, og blandt disse reaktioner var de psykosomatiske
65 initially retained a scientific management approach when changing their technology, but had eventually switched to the use of semiautonomous work groups.
"sypmtomer", hvorom der berettedes, kun få og af begrænset intensitet.
There was a strikingly lower level of stress reactions reported, and of these the psychosomatic "symptoms" reported were infrequent and only of moderate intensity.
Arbejderne berettede om større tilfredshed på grund af mere varierende arbejde, øget brug af færdigheder og initiativ, frihed med hensyn til fastsættelse af deres eget arbejdstempo og bedre forhold til deres overordnede.
Operators reported greater satisfaction as regards increased variety, increased use of skills and initiative, freedom in pacing their own work, and better relationships with supervisors.
Graden af utilfredshed med de forskellige sider ved arbejdet og det psykosociale stress, der oplevedes i de øvrige virksomheder stod mindre klart.
The level of dissatisfaction with job characteristics and the amount of psychosocial stress experienced in the other industries was less clear-cut.
I undersøgelserne af de irske telekommunikationsselskaber var det klart, at de som forudså overførsel til andet arbejde, var dem, som var mindst tilfredse med sådanne sider af arbejdet som f.eks.
In the Irish telecom munications studies, it was evident that those anticipating redeployment were the least satisfied with job character istics such as variety, autonomy and task identity, and also experienced more psychosocial stressors such as low job decision latitude.
få muligheder for valg af beskæftigelse.
However, the motivating potential of all the jobs studied was not particularly high.
Yderligere var det denne gruppe, som fik den ringeste støtte fra omgivelserne, og alle disse faktorer førte til, at der stilledes meget høje krav til disse arbejderes tilpasningsevne.
Experienced workers did not suffer any great difference in effects, and it was concluded that the important factor to consider was the transition status of these workers and their state of uncertainty.
Ingen af de under søgte arbejdsopgaver rummede imidlertid særlig store motiverende faktorer.
In the insurance sector there was anxiety about less social contact; however, there was a spontaneous use of oral communication between the operators which was regarded as being equally important with or without automation.
Erfarne arbejdere var ikke udsat for større påvirkninger, og man drog den slutning, at den væsentligste faktor, der må tages i betragtning, var disse arbejderes stilling i en overgangssituation og den usikkerhed, hvori de levede.
The banking workers reported less variety and less control over their work, and were particularly concerned about the decrease in social contact with co-workers, which they felt was reflected in the quality of the service offered to customers.
Det skal imidlertid gentages, at det var de unge, der af ovennævnte grunde følte, at deres arbejdsvilkår som helhed var blevet forringet som følge af automati s e ringen.
66 is important to reiterate, however, that it was the younger workers, particularly in the Danish study, who felt most deterioration in their working conditions as a whole as a result of automation, for reasons referred to earlier.
I metalindustrien var den side ved arbejdet, der voldte mest stress, at arbejderne ikke selv kunne bestemme deres eget arbejdstempo, hvilket forværredes ved, at de skulle vænne sig til nye arbejdstider som følge af indførelsen af skifteholdsarbejde.
In the metalworking industry the job characteristic which caused the most stress was their inability to pace their own work, which was exacerbated by having to cope with new working hours as a result of shift work being introduced.
En side ved arbejdet, der fortjener særlig omtale er arbejderens selvbestemmelsesret, navnlig med hensyn til ikke at føle sig overvåget.
One job characteristic which merits specific mention is that of operators' autonomy, particularly with regard to the privacy factor.
Denne side er særlig tydelig inden for bank- og forsikringsvæsenet, men viste sig også under de øvrige undersøgelser.
This aspect is particularly evident in the banking and insurance context but was also apparent from the other studies.
Teknologien fører på sit nuværende stade til individuel overvågning af medarbejdernes præstation er.
The current state of the art in technology is conducive to individual monitoring of an operator's performance.
Selv hvor dette ikke er tilfældet, ved arbejderne, at muligheden eksisterer, og dette kan medføre et helt unødigt stress, hvis de føler, at de ikke hele tiden præsterer deres fulde arbej dsy de I se.
Even when this does not occur, workers are aware that the possibility exists, and this can induce quite unnecessary stress if they feel that their optimum performance is not being consistently maintained.
Som påpeget i den hollandske rapport bør overvågning af denne karakter begrænses til det strengt nødvendige.
As pointed out in the Dutch report, such monitoring of behaviour should be limited to what is strictly necessary.
Undersøgelsen af de mindre specifikke stressindikatorer, fravær, hyppigt skifte af arbejdsplads og sygdom, gav ikke slående resultater, selv om der var en lettere tendens til mere sygefravær hos de ældre arbejdere.
Examination of the less specific indicators of stress, absenteeism, staff turnover and illness did not reveal any striking results, although there was a slight tendency to more absenteeism through illness in the older worker.
De psykosomatiske symptomer, der konstateredes, var gennem gående, og mest almindelige var søvnbesvær, fordøjelsesvanskel igheder, klage over muskelsmerter, hovedpine og problemer med øjnene.
Psychosomatic symptoms experienced were consistent, the most common being sleep disturbance, digestive troubles, general osteomuscular complaints, headaches and eye problems.
Disse klager havde ingen forbindelse med alder eller erfaring, men muligheden for, at arbejderne har besvaret spørgsmålet om kumulative virkninger benægtende på grund af tilpasning, kan ikke udelukkes.
These were not related to age or experience, but the possibility of cumulative effects being negated by adaptation cannot be ruled out.
Det mest gennemgående træk i samtlige undersøgelser er muligvis tegnene på oplevelse af større stress på indførelsesstadiet for ny teknolo gi.
Probably the most consistent finding in all the studies was the evidence of greater experienced stress in the implementation stage of the new technologies.
I samtlige rapporter uden undtagelse sættes dette i centrum i de væsentligste henstillinger.
Without exception, all reports highlighted this in their main recommendations.
I rapporterne anbefales det, at samtlige med arbejdere inddrages på de tidlige planlægningsstadier, og det påpeges, at navnlig den erfarne arbejder havde meget at tilbyde, og at hans kundskaber langtfra blev udnyttet tilstrækkeligt.
67 out that the experienced worker, in particular, had a lot to offer and that this knowledge was grossly under-utilised.
Hertil kommer, at der skal sørges for tilstrækkelig oplæring.
Related to this was the provision of adequate training.
I rapporterne anbefales det, at der skal gives mere end minimale færdigheder for at skabe bedre mulig heder for arbejdets tilrettelæggelse med i hvert fald et vist minimum af integration.
It was recommended that more than minimal skill requirements should be imparted in order to increase the chances of work organisation with at least a minimum level of integration.
For den mindre erfarne arbejders vedkommende bør man sørge for at bibringe ham en tilstrækkelig forståelse af de basale krav til hans arbejde og samspillet med de organisatoriske strukturer, navnlig inden for bank- og forsikringsvæsenet, førend han tilegner sig de yderligere færdigheder, der er forbundet med den ny teknologi, som herefter vil blive betragtet som et hjælpemiddel og ikke som en grundlæggende foran dring i hans arbejdes beskaffenhed.
For the less experienced worker, care should be taken to ensure they have an adequate understanding of the basic requirements of their work and interrelationships between organisational structures, particularly in banking and insurance, before they take on the additional skills associated with the new technology, which would then be regarded as an aid and not a basic change in the nature of their work.
For den mere erfarne arbejdstagers vedkommende er det væsentligt, at man ikke i for vidt omfang falder tilbage på teoretisk genoplæring.
For the more experienced operator, it is important not to slant too much towards theoretical retraining.
De fæl les_ konklusioner med hensyn til fysiske og psykiske stresspå virkninger af den erfarne arbejder kan kort gengives som følger:
The general conclusions with regard to physical and psychological stresses of the experienced worker can be summarised as follows:
I de fleste af de undersøgte virksomheder synes der at være tale om voksende subjektiv belastning af den erfarne arbejder.
There seems to be an increase in subjective workload for the experienced operator in most of the enterprises studied.
Når man betragter mulige stressfaktorer for den erfarne arbejder, bør dette navnlig gøres i lyset af den overgangsfase, hvori de befinder sig, og hvori de, som må forudse overførsel til andet arbejde, er de mest sårbare.
When considering potential stressors to the experienced operator, this should be done particularly in the light of the transition phase they are in, with those anticipating redeployment being the most vulnerable.
Erfarne arbejdere har en tendens til at opleve forholdsvis mindre utilfredshed med arbejdet og dets psykosociale sider som følge af ændrede forhold, navnlig inden for servicesektoren,
Experienced operators tend to experience relatively less dissatisfaction with job characteristics and psychosocial aspects, particularly in the service sector, following situations of change, as they feel secure in their knowledge and regard the change as less revolutionary than younger workers.
Der er behov for en mere omfattende oplæring, som bør være af praktisk art for den erfarne arbejdstagers vedkommende, og ikke blot tilskynde til en rent passiv tilpasning, men til opbygning af en ny arbejdsidentitet.
More extensive training is needed, which should be of a practical nature for the experienced operator, and which should encourage not mere passive adjustment, but the formation of a new working identity.
Det mest slående resultat af samtlige undersøgelser er, at den erfarne arbejdstager kan være af uvurderlig betydning, både under og efter teknologiske forandringer.
The most striking point to emerge from all the studies is that the experienced operator can be invaluable both during and after technological change.
Der er ikke meget i disse rapporter, som underbygger den stereotype forestilling om den erfarne arbejder som værende en hæmsko, enten det skyldes alder, konservativ indstilling, mangel på øvelse i brug af datamat eller negativ indflydelse fra hans tidligere uddannelse.
There was not much evidence in these reports to substantiate the stereotype image of the experienced worker being a liability, whether due to age, conservatism, lack of computer training, or contamination due to previous learning.
Det var gennemgående klart, at den erfarne lettere end den uerfarne tilpassede sig til nye former for teknologi, hovedsagelig fordi han har en større forståelse af de underliggende tankegange og fremgangsmåder, der er involveret, og at han er fortrolig med de situationer, der opstår under ændringer.
It was consistently apparent that the experienced operator adjusted to new technologies with greater ease than the non-experienced worker, largely due to a greater comprehension of the underlying concepts and procedures involved and a familiarity with situations of change.