natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
De opnåede resultater vises i fig. 21-26, og det vil ses, at den virke lige fritid ("reel fritid") dagen forud for 1. natskift principielt fandt sted mellem kl. 09.00 og 19.00, og at måltiderne hovedsageligt må antages at ligge mellem kl. 12.00 og 14.00, samt omkring kl. 18.00.
21) "genuine leisure" occurred principally between 9 and 19 hrs. and that time for meals is mainly to be assumed as being between 12 and 14 hrs., resp. around 18 hrs.
Det vil ses, at fordi arbejdere fra forskellige skift (I-6) måske skal begynde på natskiftet (hvilket kræver andre sovemønstre), finder søvnen før 1. natskift tilsyneladende sted hele dagen.
It will be noticed that, because workers from various shifts (1-6) are entering night shift, this making different sleeping patterns necessary, sleep before the 1st. night shift takes place throughout the day.
Det 1. natskift selv (fig. 22) endte omkring kl. O6.OO eller kl. O6.3O og efterfulgtes normalt direkte af søvn fra kl. 08.OO til gen nemsnitligt kl. 14.00-15.00.
The 1st night shift itself (fig. 22) ended around 6.00, resp.
Den reelle fritid var herefter fra ca. kl. 15.OO-I6.OO (skift 8) eller til ca. kl. 20.00 (skift 9), alt ef ter natskifttypen.
6.30 hrs. and was usually immediately followed by sleep from 8.00 hrs. to on average 14.00 - 15.00 hrs.
Efter sidste natskift (fig. 23) er søvnmønstret praktisk talt det samme som for tiden mellem to natskift.
Real free time then occured from approximately 15.00 -16.00 hrs. (shift 8) or to approx.
Det er påfaldende, at på alle sådanne dage gik arbejderne meget sent i seng (fra kl. 23.00-24.00).
20 hrs. (shift 9), depending upon the type of night shift.
Arbejdstiden efterfølges af den ønskede komplette fritidsblok fra kl. 15.00 til 22.00. Søvnen begynder - formodentligt alt efter næste dags skift - mellem kl. 21.00 og 24.00.
It will be noticed that many workers beginning night shift at 20 hrs. started their journey to work much earlier - on account of the rush hour traffic - than would be assumed from the travelling times at the end of the shift.
Η arbejdspladsen
22 24 [time of day]
(tidspunkt i dpgnet)
Time elements at a day with morning shift (airport, 282 days)
(22arbejde
The day of the 1st evening shift (fig. 25), lasting from 14.00 ­ 22.00 hrs. resp.
18 20 22 (tidspunkt i døgnet)
Starting from characteristics on days off (fig.
ES arbejde
IWl work j\N
3 tidspunkter σι ?r ρ·
111,111 ^ from work
Φ lililJ rejse til og ES)fra
MINI , , from work
(kl. 07.00-12.00) og eftermiddag/aften (kl. 18.00-24.00) og anvende ligheden heraf varierer meget.
Time elements at a day with midday shift (second broadcasting station, 72 days)
Den dårlige anvendelighed af den "reelle fritid" fremgår også tyde ligt af dagen mellem to aftenskift (fig. 30), idet aftenskiftet be gyndte mellem kl. 14.00 og 17.00.
The unfavourable usage value of "real free time" also shows itself on the day between two evening shifts (fig. 30) with the evening shift commencing between 14.00 and 17.00 hrs.
Natskiftene på radiostation 2 (fig. 31) begyndte og sluttede også på vidt forskellige tidspunkter.
Because of the late end of work on the previous day and the subsequent late commencement of sleep (1.00 - 2.00 hrs.), the period of sleep must be extended late into the morning (in some cases to 10.00 resp.
Natskiftenes begyndelse lå mellem kl. 18.OO og 24.00, og de endte mellem kl. 00.30 og 07.00.
12.00 hrs.) with the result that real free time only occurred between 8.00 and 14.00 hrs.
... , . tidspunkter arbejdspladsen J^
Contacts with "normal" workers are naturally impossible in this period.
18 20 22 (tidspunkt i døgnet)
Time elements at a day between two evening shifts (second broadcasting station, 54 days)
(JUU rejse til ogrr^
The night shifts at broadcasting station 2 (fig.
ΓΓΠ reel fritid vn fra arbejdspladsen
31) also commenced and ended at greatly differing times.
5¿aj arbejde llHllre.jse til og [\\] sjrivn
22 24 [time of day]
ES arbejde
ES work
Effl] rejse til ogCD
K3 sleep genuine leisure
(ZZI ikke­de fineredetidspunkter arbejdspladSen
Time elements at a day off (first broadcasting station, 231 days)
Soveperioden begyndte fra kl. 21.00 og fremover.
ODD HO/ fo and from worA
I 30% af de daglige fordelingsmønstre var søvnen ikke begyndt omkring kl. 24.00.
Time elements at a day with midday shift (first broadcasting station, 111 days)
Fritiden, der står til rådighed i forbindelse med disse skift, er således splittet, men den store fritidsblok sent på aftenen kan i det mindste i byområder også udnyttes effektivt uden for familien.
Under these circumstances, real free time occurred in three differentlyr-sized blocks, namely from 24.00 - 1.30 hrs., from 7.00 - 12.00 hrs., and from 16.00 to 24.00 hrs., with emphasis between 20.00 and 24.00 hrs.
H+H reel fritid fra rt Ο
The evening shifts (fig.
ESS3 arbejde
MIMI way to and trom work
16 18 20 (tidspunkt i døgnet)
NEULOH (1964). therefore speaks of the "Evening Society".
Οε/ίνη reel fritid φ llllllre.ise til og fra arbejd8pladsen
This period of time presents a great multitude of free time possibilities for the further sphere of social life, as is proved in club life, courses and individual functions for example.
Ρ- lililí rejse til og fra arbejdspladsen
A membership proportion of 19.5 % results when one adds the German and immigrant airport workers together.
3 lililí rejse til og fra arbe j dspladsen ω
In this context, the reasons for non-participation are of special interest.
83 tre blokke af forskellig størrelse fra kl. 00.00 til 03.30, fra kl.
63 lity of activating shift workers to participation in further education in family circles.
20.00 til 24.00, mens morgensøvnperioden endte mellem kl. 08.00 og
Finally an evaluation was made as to the extent of interest in educational holidays.
På dagen mellem to aftenskift (fig. 36) er denne situation endnu mere markeret Bpecielt m.h.t. fritidsadfærden efter aftenskiftet, der i nogle tilfælde varede til kl. 01.30.
If one includes the number of undecideds ("possibly") the figure in both cases is more than 90 %,
Afsluttende kan det siges, at de fleste skift, der findes i de enkelte koncerner, viser sig at have servicefagenes typiske, uregelmæssige skiftsystemmønster.
If one compiles the findings of the various, abovementioned spheres one reaches the conclusion of a clear constriction of the further social life of the shift workers in the service sections studied.
Når man - omend ikke helt vilkårligt - sammensmel ter disse skift til større systemblokke m.h.t. deres centrumspunkter, vil det ses, at morgen- og eftermiddagsskiftene byder på specielt ugun stige betingelser for sociale kontakter.
In this context, NEULOH (1964) spoke of a general "shortening of social perspective" in the case of the shift worker.
Endelig er aften- og natskif tene særligt ugunstige for søvn, mens de på grund af de kortere sove- perioder i forbindelse med disse skifttyper tilsyneladende er rela tivt gunstige set ud fra arbejderens fritid.
Shift work obviously impedes and prevents the continual confrontation with new tasks, with other groups and with other styles of life.
Den traditionelle tidsinddeling for arbejde, fritid og søvn ændres funda mentalt, når et menneske arbejder i skift, mens skifteholdsarbejderens omgivelser i verden udenfor bibeholder den traditionelle livsrytme.
The characterssistic of the basic structure of the shift worker lies therefore in the direction of a loss of workexternal activity which leads to resignation and behavioural insecurity in the social spheres outside of family life.
Ud fra dette taler NEULOH (1964) om "aftensamfundet".
NEULOH (1964) saw at that time an escape from this situation only through professional advancement or a workexternal hobby.
Selv om fleksible fritidsbeskæftigelser (f.eks. havearbejde, gåture) og kontakter med venner og bekendte ikke er udtrykkeligt knyttet til bestemte tidspunk ter om dagen, er det accepteret, at ovennævnte aftentimer reserveres til større sociale begivenheder.
A decision as to whether this situation is especially precarious for employees in servie industries cannot be made from our investigations; there seems, however, to be a tendency in this direction.
Personalet på denne radiostation angav gennemsnitlig tid til regelmæs- sige fritidsaktiviteter uden for hjemmet, der beløb sig til 6,7-5,3 timer/ ugen, og transportarbejderne i lufthavnen et gennemsnit på 9,3-6,1 timer/ ugen.
According to all existing investigations (e. g. WEDDERBURN; KNAUTH et al., 1975; RUTENFRANZ et al., 1977 a; BANKS; ULICH; MOTT et al.; NEULOH et al.) shift work is of particular consequence to the disturbance of family life.
Det bør dog understreges, at 42,4%(radiostation 2) og 48,8% (luft havn) af de adspurgte personer ikke deltog i nogen form for fritidsakti viteter uden for hjemmet.
Although it could be shown in these studies that even in the industrial sector, with its regular types of shifts, family disturbance is great (KNAUTH et al., 1975), this disturbance is kept at a minimum by the personal sacrifice of the shift workers' wives for family life - this can lead, for example, to the wives having to prepare meals very often (KNAUTH et al., 1975).
Fritidsmulighederne kan eventuelt påvirkes af ugunstige faktorer, så som ekstra deltidsjob, fridagenes placering i ugens løb og hvor arbejdsskiftet falder om dagen.
Against this background one has to consider the statements of the same shift workers who regard the disturbance of family life, as a result of shift work, as relatively minor compared to the disturbance of the further social sphere (NACHREINER and RUTENFRANZ).
Hvorom alting er, tilstod 10,7% af lufthavnens transport arbejdere og 26,6% af personalet på radiostation 2, at de havde ekstra deltidsjob.
For the service industry there fore, we have again studied intensively the division of the shift worker's day in terms of a small family group and documented, by means of interviews, the effects of shift work on family life in a larger group.
Ca. havldelen af de interviewede personer foretrak at have frie skift i weekenden og ikke i ugens løb.
a) The Influence of shift work on the timestructure within the family
Før vi går videre til specifike fritidsaktiviteter eller klubber, bør det nævnes, at aktivt klubmedlemskab blandt de adspurgte varierede meget fra 13,8% for gæstearbejderne i lufthavnen til 22,9% for arbejderne på radiostation 2 og til 45,5% af de tyske transportarbejdere; 57,7% af alle lufthavnsarbejdere, men kun 29,7% af personalet på radiostation 2 angav skifteholdsarbejde som grunden til, at de ikke tilhørte en klub.
In our society, work and family are among thé most important areas of life. It is therefore important for the individual that he complies as fully as possible with the role demands placed upon him by these areas of life.
Blandt alle klubber havde sportsklubber det største antal skifteholds arbejdere som medlemmer, nemlig 7,3% af transportafdelingens gæstear bejdere, 10,1% af personalet på radiostation 2 og 30,9% af de tyske transportarbejdere.
The role demands imposed by work and the family sphere lead, even in the case of normal working hours, to occasional conflicts - these, however, are intensified in the case of the shift worker and his family; the man's, resp. father's working rhythm during evening and night shifts clashing with the rhythm of life to which the wife and children are subjected.
Når de tyske arbejdere og gæstearbejderne i luft havnen lægges sammen bliver medlemsskabsforholdet 19,5%· Ialt 16,4%
The fact that shift workers' families are hereby exposed to particular problems has already been proved in several investigations (BANKS; ULICH; MOTT et al.; NEULOH et al.; KNAUTH et al., 1975)
Kun 5,6% af transportarbejderne i lufthavnen og dobbelt så mange blandt personalet på radiostation 2 var regelmæssigt politisk aktive i politi ske partier, fagforbund og borgeraktionsgrupper; 8,4% af lufthavnens transportarbejdere og 13,4% af personalet på radiostation 2 var medlem mer af et politisk parti, mens hhv. 56,7% og 75,8% af disse to grupper var fagforeningsmedlemmer.
To illustrate which problems arise from the diverging rhythms of life of the various family members and which adaptation strategies are developed by families to prevent or alleviate these problems and create a family life in which the man, despite his working habits, is integrated as far as possible, time-budget-studies, in reference to WERNER (1962, see also KNAUTH et al., 1975), were carried out in chosen shift workers' families.
På spørgsmålet om, hvor vidt arbejdet gav dem tilstrækkelig tid til at overvære kulturelle begivenheder (biografer, koncerter eller teatre), svarede ca. en trediedel af skifteholdsarbejderne på radiostation 2 be kræftende (ja/snarere ja end nej).
During conversations with the wives, the "typical" daily patterns of each family member were reconstructed for each of the man's shift.
Sammenligner man dette med inter viewerne med arbejderne i den kemiske industri (NACHREINER og RUTEN-
This method encounters difficulties in that only a few areas of daily life recur regularly and with hardly any change.
8-timers kontinuerlige skift bekræftende på dette spørgsmål, mens
In this, work and travel time, as well as periods of attendance in school, kindergarten and occupational training, these all being exactly fixed, can be well evaluated.
86,4% af dagarbejderne og så mange som 96,3% af tidligere skifteholds arbejdere på den anden side svarede bekræftende.
It is more difficult to determine the moment of retiring and the period of sleep; although these are dictated primarily by the time of work, they are also subject to the influence of other factors (e. g. television programme).
Kun 3,4% af lufthavnsarbejderne og 1% af personalet på radiostation 2 var medlemmer af kirkelige eller velgørende foreninger.
Time for real free time and housework was extremely difficult to determine.
Det forholds mæssige antal af regelmæssigt aktive på dette område var dog kun 2,0%
Free time was therefore evaluated not only in terms of real free time, but also in terms of free time connected in some way to work-related activities.
(lufthavn) og 5,0% (radiostation 2).
This is obviously a disadvantage.
Eftersom man ikke har været tilstrækkelig opmærksom på området, videre gående uddannelse, i tidligere undersøgelser, har vi analyseret spørgs målet mere indgående. Ca.
Despite this, however, the method gives indications as to the possibilities of collective family free time, even if no sure statement can be made as to its extent.
På denne baggrund er årsagerne til ikke-deltagelse af særlig interesse.
Various family types, arising from the criteria wife with/ without occupation and families with/without children, were allowed for in the course of the time-budget-studies.
Mens den dominerende grund til lufthavnsar- bejdernes deltagelse var erhvervsfaglig (63,1%), var grunden for største delen personlig for personalet på radiostation 2 (39,5%)· Andenpladsen blev således indtaget af hhv. personlige (25,1%) og erhvervsfaglige
The husbands of the remaining eight women worked in the services sector (broadcasting stations); one of these women was without either occupation or children, six were without occupation and had children and one was with parttime occupation and had children.
5% af personalet på radiostation 2 og dobbelt så mange blandt lufthavnens transportarbejdere overværede disse kurser for at "få mulighed for at se eller høre noget andet".
Families in which the woman is without occupation and does not have children a) Services sector none b) Services sector(broadcasting stations):
20% af tilfældene var det radiostation 2.
Family 1 : The woman is 2 3 years of age.
Når kurserne klassificeres efter emnemateriale, indtager erhvervsfaglige kurser førstepladsen ikke blot blandt transportarbejdere (24,6%), men også for personalet på radiostationen (21,2%).
She is an acoustics engineer, has been unemployed for several months and is looking for a position.
Almene uddannelseskurser fulgte efter med hhv. 12,4% og 19,2%.
The woman's unemployment is not planned therefore, but has arisen compulsorily.
Fagforenings-, religions-, politik og håndværksemner overværedes kun af 12% af lufthavnsarbejderne.
The married couple lives in a high-rise block in a large town's new development area.
Kun 1% af både lufthavnsarbejderne og arbejderne på radiostationen var interes seret i musik/kunstkurser.
The man has been a shift worker for five years.
Idet skifteholdsarbejderens familieliv i alle tilfælde lader til at være begrænset, iværksatte man en mindre prøveundersøgelse i Forbundsrepublik ken vedr. skifteholdsarbejderfamiliers deltagelse i videregående under visning.
Being bound, as far as time is concerned, by neither occupation nor children, the woman is in a position to be able to adapt herself widely to her husband's working rhythm.
Dette lader til at pege på en vej til at opmuntre skifteholdsarbejdere til deltagelse i videregående undervis ning inden for deres familiekreds.
She had a negative attitude towards shift work because it brings the whole rhythm of life, not only for her husband but for herself as well, into confusion.
Endelig undersøgte vi omfanget af interessen for uddannelsesferier. Mene
When her husband is on night shift she also sleeps until midday because, in consideration of her husband, she does not venture to set an alarm for herself.
55% af lufthavnsarbejderne viste interesse, var antallet 71,3% for perso nalet på radiostation 2, Inkluderer man antallet af ubeslutsomme heri
Although her husband sleeps until 17.00 or 18.00 hrs. after the first night shift, he still does not come to himself at all; only after the following night shifts, after which he only sleeps until 14.00 hrs., can a certain adaptation be noticed so that mutural free time can be exploited.
("måske"), bliver tallet over 90% i begge tilfælde.
Because of shift work, friends are not met so often, this, however, has not caused friendships or acquaintances to be disrupted.
Sammenlægges resultaterne på de netop omtalte forskellige områder, kan man konkludere, at det bredere sociale liv blandt de undersøgte skifte holdsarbejdere i servicesektorens grene ganske indlysende er begrænset.
Both sides of the marriage consider it as positive that the woman does not have to work at the present, this leading to a lot of mutual free time (fig, 37).
Ifølge de udførte studier (f.eks. WEDDERBÜRN; KNAUTH et al., 1975;
I working time (not at home) t=l way to work I meals at home ίϋϋτϋ leisure time TO housework
RUTENFRANZ et al., 1977a; BANKS; ULICH; MOTT et al.; NEULOH et al.) har forstyrrelser i familielivet på grund af skifteholdsarbejde særlig betydning.
Over a period of some weeks in which the woman worked parttime, time spent together was considerably reduced.
Selv om det kunne påvises i disse studier, at en sådan for styrrelse allerede er betydelig selv i industrisektoren med sine regel mæssige skifttyper (KNAUTH et al., 1975), holdes dette på et minimum gennem skifteholdsarbejderkonernes personlige ofre for familiens skyld - dette kan f.eks. føre til, at de bliver nødt til at tilberede hyppige måltider (KNAUTH et al., 1975).
Since then, the husband has insisted that his wife work no more in future. She, on the other hand, has attempted to persuade her husband to give up shift work.
Mod denne baggrund bør man overveje erklæringerne fra samme skifteholdsarbejdere, der anser den af skifteholdsarbejdet forvoldte forstyrrelse i familielivet for at være relativt ubetydeligt, sammenlignet med forstyrrelsen i deres bredere sociale liv (NACHREINER og RUTENFRANZ).
The husband will continue to work 'shifts because working where he does is enjoyable for him.
Børnene på 30 og 25 år har al lerede forladt hjemmet.
The children, 30 and 25 years of age, have already left home.
Parret bor i eget hus i en lille by.
The married couple lives in its own, self contained house in a small town.
Manden har været skifteholdsarbejder i 30 år.
The man has been a shift worker for 30 years.
Eftersom konen hverken har job eller børn at tage hensyn til, kan hun helt tilpasse sig mandene arbejdstider, hvad måltider og sovetider angår (fig. 38).
As this woman as well does not have to take occupation or children into consideration she can adapt herself complete ly, as far as meal times and sleeping times are concerned, to the working rhythm of her husband (fig, 38).
[___jrejse til arbejdet fritid
I working time (not at home i
1 larbejdstid (ikke hjemme)
_ working time (not at home)
Mrejse til arbejdet fritid
§_ leisure time TO housework way to work meals at home
Eftersom sønnen ikke er hjemme om dagen, synes hun, det er nemt at tilpasse sig mandens skiftturnuser, hvad måltider og husarbejde angår (fig. 39).
39: Activities of different members of a family depending on the time of day (wife not in employment, four grown-up children, one 16-year-old son)
Hun udtaler, at hendes mand har afvist tanken om, at hun vender tilbage til et deltidsjob, idet han ræsonnerer, det ville være umuligt på grund af hans skifteholdsarbejde.
She states that her husband rejected the idea of her returning to a parttime job, reasoning that it would be impossible because of his shift work.
Hustruens reaktion var: "Det havde jeg helt glemt", selvom hun faktisk allerede har tænkt på, hvorledes hun skulle sørge for regelmæssige måltider til trods for deltidsjobbet.
The woman's res­ponse was: "I had completely forgotten about that", although she had repeatedly considered the possibilities of ensuring regular meals despite parttime work.
Det lod til, at manden ved at understrege, hvordan tingene var på grund af hans skifteholdsarbejde uden dis kussion ønskede at gennemtvinge sine rolleopfattelser.
It seemed as if the husband, with his reference to the compulsory state of things due to shift work, mainly wanted to put over his conceptions of role without any discussion.
b) Servicesektoren på radiostationerne:
91 b) Service industry broadcasting stations:
Familie 4: Hustruen er 35 år og har en søn på 4 år, samt en to år gammel datter.
Family 4: The woman is 35 years of age. She has a four-year-old son and a two-year-old daughter.
Parret bor i egen lejlighed i et etagehus i en lille by.
The married couple lives in its own apartment in a small-town apartment house.
Manden har været skifteholdsarbejder i 20 år. Han spiser regel mæssigt morgenmad alene (fig. 40).
The man has been ashift worker for 20 years.
3 "* kl. 13.45-21.45
_ working (not at time home)
"Jrbejdstid (ikke hjemme) t^j ρ
The worst times for her are her hus band's working weekends.
\~-^Ξ\ rejse til arbejdet ijllHjIj fritid ρ-Η maltider i hjemmet
He also knows that his wife is afraid of being alone in the apartment at night.
4 tidspunkt i d/gnet
4 time of day sleep
] arbejdstid (ikke hjemme) b\v^j s/Svn
_ working (not at time home) way to work meals at home school
Ρ- fcrrd rejse til arbejdet fritid
HI leisure time llllll housework __ kindergarten
Skifteholdsarbejdet har også fordele for børnene - deres far har mere tid til at være sammen med dem om dagen.
The couple can only seldom meet friends because of shift work.
Til trods for dette klager hustruen over de betydelige ulemper ved skifteholdsarbejde.
The woman would like to attend adult education courses and go to the theatre.
De værste tider for hende er, når manden arbej der i weekenden.
This has remained a wish as she wants to undertake such things together with her husband and is moreover afraid of returning home also.
Eftersom parret ikke kan deltage i aktiviteter, der for det meste finder sted i weekenden, er der blevet revet en del op i venskaber og bekendtskaber.
The woman feels that she is socially isolated because of her husband's shift work.
Efter at sønnen er begyndt at gå i børnehave, har faderen haft bedre mulighed for at sove uforstyrret om dagen.
Family 7: The woman is 58 years of age.
I de ti år, kvinden har kendt sin mand, har hun lagt mærke til, at skifteholdsarbejdet er blevet en stadig større byrde for ham.
She has a 30­year­old daughter, no longer living with her parents, and a 22­year­old son.
Han er overtræt efter et aftenskift og specielt efter et natskift.
The family lives in its own, self con­tained house in a suburb of a large town.
Han har lavt blodtryk og lider derfor specielt under den konstante veks len fra skift til skift.
The man has been a shift worker for 14 years (fig. 43).