natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
For de ansvarlige for den økonomiske politik på nationalt plan er dette en uundvær lig variabel inden for den industrielle strategi: den sætter rege ringen i stand til at forudse mulige andre veje til produktionssy stemets udvikling og til at influere dets udvikling ved at forføl ge en hensigtsmæssig uddannelsespolitik og ved at anerkende kvali fikationer, baseret på andre kriterier end de af virksomhederne anvendte, idet der tillægges grunduddannelserne og arbejdsstyrkens tilpasningsevne større betydning til fremme af den erhvervsfaglige mobilitet og til nedsættelse af faren for arbejdsløshed.
For those responsible for economic policy at national level it is a vital variable in industrial strategy: it enables government to envisage possible different ways in which the production system may evolve and to influence its develop ment by pursuing appropriate policies on training and by recognizing qualifications based on criteria other than those applied by enter prises, attaching greater importance to basic training, to adaptability on the part of the labour force, which will promote occupational mobility and reduce the risk of unemployment.
Vi foreslår ikke i denne rapport, at en af disse holdninger bør vedtages, for at en metode til evaluering af arbejdsvilkårene kan afledes heraf for færdighedernes vedkommende.
For the purposes of this report we are not suggesting that one of these stances should be adopted so that a method of evaluating working con ditions can be deduced from it from the standpoint of skills.
Vi ønsker tvært imod at foreslå en angrebsmåde, der giver mulighed for at stille de forskellige interesser ansigt til ansigt, uden at det er nød vendigt forud at reducere disse til de eneste dimensioner, der an ses for at være berettigede eller udelukket på grund af de anvendte målingsinstrumenter.
On the contrary, we would suggest an approach which enables the different pre occupations to be brought face to face with each other without requiring that they should be reduced in advance to the only dimensions that are judged to be legitimate or ruled out on account of the measuring instruments used.
Denne angrebsmåde er ikke tilskyndet af en udelukkende teo retisk interesse i lighed.
This approach is not prompted by a purely theoretical concern for equality; it is already beginning to be accepted, even if still in embryonic form, in the reality of social life, though it has not given rise to many concrete studies, at least as far as we can judge from examination of the documents used for preparation of this report.
Selv om den endnu befinder sig på be gyndelsesstadiet, er den allerede ved at blive accepteret i virke lighedens sociale liv, men har dog ikke givet anledning til mange konkrete studier, i det mindste ikke så vidt vi kan bedømme ud fra en undersøgelse af de til udarbejdelsen af nærværende rapport an vendte dokumenter.
Thus in Norway Ødegaard has examined how different study groups, composed of management and supervisory staff on the one hand and shop stewards and workers on the other, analysed, firstly, their own work situation and, secondly, the work situation of other groups in the same organization .
I Norge har Ødegaard f.eks. undersøgt, hvorledes forskellige
Quoted by P. Docherty: User participation in and influence on system design in Norway and Sweden, in: The human side of information processing - North Holland - 198O.
Analysetype
Type of analysis
Tilskrivelse til årsager lait (som % af det samlede antal)
Attribution to causes (as % of total)
23 analyse af egen situation tion
23 analysis of own . situation
Vurderingsforskellene, man fandt, illustrerer klart ændringerne, som medindflydelse af de direkte involverede arbejdere eventuelt kan bidrage til en evaluering af en situation, fordi: i.
The differences of assessment found clearly illustrate the changes which participation of the workers directly concerned may introduce into evaluation of a situation.
når arbejderne undersøger andre arbejderes situationer, er år sagerne, de identificerer, hovedsageligt tekniske og menneske lige, men når de derimod analyserer deres egen situation,
For: i. when workers examine the situations of other workers, the causes they chiefly recognize are technical and human ones, whereas when they analyse their own situation they show a better perception of how work organization can be a source of problems; ii. furthermore, in situations of which they have no direct experience, workers attribute almost all accidents to human failure, whereas when it comes to their own working sphere they have a much better appreciation of the technical and organizational causes of these accidents.
En angrebsmåde til arbejdsforholdene, som anerkender de mangesi dige dimensioner af økonomiske evalueringer og forskelligartetheden af de i denne angrebsmåde involverede interesser, bør kunne udvikle sig langs med flere akser, der stemmer forholdsvis godt overens med målene, som inspirerer til Det europæiske Instituts arbejde: udvidel sen af adgangen til informationer, behandlingen af disse informatio ner på hensigtsmæssige måder, systematisering af en social debat om brugen af disse informationer og konklusionerne, der'kan drages heraf for virksomhedernes ledelse og de offentlige organer.
An approach to work situations which recognizes the multiplicity of the dimensions of economic evaluation and the diversity of interests involved in that operation ought to be able to develop along several axes quite consistent with the aims which inspire the work of the European Foundation: enlargement of access to information, process ing of that information in appropriate forms, systematization of a social debate on the use of the information and the conclusions to be drawn from it for the management of enterprises and public bodies.
Kendskab til, hvorledes en virksomheds funktioner har udviklet sig under både interne og eksterne behovmæssige pres i forhold til organisationen: dette gælder naturligvis den kommercielle ledelses behov, men også ingeniørernes, som ønsker at beregne produktionsom kostninger og holde kontrol med forbruget af råmaterialer o.s.v.; aktionærernes behov og investorernes, der bruger finansmarkedet; statens behov i forbindelse med anliggender, associeret med skatte politik og arbejdskraftstyring på nationalt plan.
Knowledge of how an enterprise functions has developed under the pressure of needs both internal and external to the organization: the needs of commercial management, of course, but also those of engineers desiring to calculate production costs and to keep raw material consumption under review, etc, the needs of shareholders and investors using the financial market, the needs of the State in matters connected with fiscal policy and manpower management at national level.
Til en bedre forståelse af arbejdsvilkårene er det frem for alt nødvendigt at udvide denne tendens således, at de forskellige relevante organisationers funktion, specielt virksomhedernes, bli ver mere "sigtbare" for arbejderne.
For purposes of better evaluation of working conditions it is first of all necessary to extend this tendency so that the functioning of the various organizations in question, especially the enterprises, becomes more "transparent" for the workers.
Fremskridt af denne art kan være resultatet af lovbestemte forpligtelser eller kontraktlige procedurer.
Progress of this kind may be the result of statutory obligations or of contractual procedures.
I overensstemmelse med en mere definitiv tradition for statslig intervention i Frankrig påbyder loven af 12. juli 1977,
In France, for example, in keeping with a more definite tradition of state intervention, the law of 12 July 1977 requires enterprises with more than 300 employees to produce a social balance sheet each year containing information on employment, pay, hygiene and safety, working conditions, training, industrial relations, and conditions of life of employees and their families insofar as such conditions are dependent on the enterprise.
Denne angrebsmåde har sine fordele: den skaber forpligtelse, og den producerer en vis data-homogenitet.
This approach has its advantages: it creates an obligation and it pro duces a certain homogeneity of data.
Den har dog også sine ulemper: standardisering kan være vildledende og fører ikke nødven digvis til en afsløring af de virkeligt betydningsfulde elementer af en bestemt virksomheds forhold.
It also has its drawbacks: standardization can be deceptive and may not necessarily lead to dis closure of the truly significant elements of a particular enterprise's situation.
Det er derfor, fagforeningerne har været ivrige efter at udvikle deres egne informationskanaler og forhandle sig til en ret til direkte adgang til de data, de anser for at være mest nyttige til deres formål.
That is why the trade unions have been keen to develop their own information channels and to negotiate a right of direct access to the data which they consider most useful for their purposes.
Overenskomster på nationalt og virksomhedsplan tilstår sådanne rettigheder, specielt i Italien, Norge og Sverige.
Agreements at national and enterprise level grant such rights, notably in Italy, Norway and Sweden.
Fra 1974 og fremefter har de italienske fagforeninger f.eks.
From 1974 onwards, for example, the Italian trade unions have won recognition of various categories of specific rights: the right to carry out surveys assisted by experts chosen by agreement with the enterprise and paid by it; the right to know the risks attaching to certain types of work (in several cases the courts have upheld this right); the right to construct and administer an independent informa tion system (register of data on the working environment; individual health and risk books).
opnået anerkendelse af forskellige kategorier af specifike rettig heder: retten til at udføre undersøgelser med assistance fra eks perter, valgt efter aftale med virksomheden og betalt af denne; retten til at blive oplyst om de med visse former for arbejde for bundne farer (i flere tilfælde har domstolene givet medhold i disse rettigheder); retten til at konstruere og administrere et selvstæn digt informationssystem (dataregister vedr. arbejdsmiljøet; indivi duelle helbreds- og risikojournaler ).
In addition, the various trade union confed erations have pooled their resources to create their own study and information centres on working conditions; these centres, operating at both national and local level, process information, organize train ing, and publish documents designed to help industrial medical officers and the member trade unions.
Herudover har de forskellige fagforeningsorganisationer slået deres ressourcer sammen for at skabe deres egne studie- og informationscentre for arbejdsvilkår.
In Norway, the industrial democracy movement led, at the end of the 1960s, to the passing of a law on the working environment which gives workers a very full set of rights of information and intervention in the field of working conditions.
Disse centre, der drives på både nationalt og lokalt plan, behand ler informationer, arrangerer uddannelse og udgiver dokumenter, tilrettelagt til at hjælpe bedriftslæger og fagforeninger, der er medlemmer af centrene.
These principles have taken concrete form in various agreements at industry and enterprise level setting up trade union committees on the working environment and setting out the content of and procedures for worker participation in the planning and implementation of work organi zation.
I slutningen af I960'erne førte ØD-bevægel- sen i Norge til vedtagelsen af en lov om arbejdsmiljøet, som giver arbejderne et meget komplet sæt informations- og interventionsret- tigheder på arbejdsvilkårenes område.
The Norwegian movement has had a profound impact in Sweden, where it led to the passing of the law on co-determination in the man agement of enterprises (1977) an < i the law on the working environment (1978).
95 konkret form i forskellige aftaler på industrigrens- og virksomheds plan, så som etableringen af fagforeningsudvalg for arbejdsmiljøet og en fastlæggelse af indholdet af og proceduren for arbejdernes medindflydelse ved planlægningen og gennemførelsen af arbejdsorgani sationen.
93 work organization and working conditions; in addition, the laws extend employees' rights to information.
Den norske bevægelse har haft dybtgående indflydelse i
Here, too, the laws serve as a framework for the negotiation of enterprise or industry-wide agreements.
Sverige, hvor den medførte vedtagelsen af Loven om medbestemmelse i ledelsen af virksomheder (1977) og Arbejdsmiljøloven (1978).
The Scandinavian trade unions have thrown themselves into a long and exacting campaign to increase their knowledge and improve their ability to intervene in these spheres: specific study groups have been set up, research and development projects established on their initiative are,
Lovene udvider herudover arbejdstagernes ret til informationer.
1 being financed, action programmes are being developed, and so on .
Det bør dog siges, at disse udviklinger ikke afvikles uden vanskeligheder: der er juridiske vanskeligheder og vanskeligheder med adgang til forskningssektoren.
These developments, it should be said, are not proceeding without difficulty: there are legal difficulties and there are difficulties connected with entry into the research field.
Hvad det første punkt angår, er der stor græsrodsopposition mod lovbestemmelserne og de nationale overenskomster, og resulta terne lever som oftest ikke op til forventningerne.
On the first point, implementation of the legislative provisions and national agreements is being strongly resisted on the ground and the results often fall far short of expectations.
Den nye infor mationsret, arbejdstagerne har krævet, anses ofte for at være en krænkelse af territoriet, virksomhedsbestyrelserne sidder inde med, idet de håber at kunne bevare kontrollen over indholdet af informa tionerne, de offentliggør og at kunne bedømme, når disse skal of fentliggøres.
The new rights to information claimed by employees are more often than not regarded as a trespass on the territory of the directors of an enterprise, who hope to retain control of the content of the information they publish and to continue to be the judge of when it is to be published.
Eksperter, tilkaldt udefra og udpeget af fagforenin gerne, kommer følgelig ofte ud for, at de nægtes adgang til ar bejdspladserne under foregivende af kommerciel diskretion.
Consequently experts from outside the enterprise who have been appointed by the trade unions find they are refused access to workplaces under the pre text of industrial secrecy.
1) Elementer, der peger i samme retning, findes muligvis i EF-landene, omend de sikkert er mindre systematisk organiseret: britisk LO (TUC) har således etableret et forskningsorgan for erhvervssygdomme. Jfr. G. Bélier - ovenfor citerede rapport .
Elements pointing in the same direction can probably be found in other EEC countries, though they are perhaps less systematically organized: thus in Britain the Trades Union Congress (TUC) has set up a body to research into occupational diseases.
Resultatet er, at arbejdsgiver ne har afgørende indflydelse på retningen, studierne følger, og det er disse studier, der bestemmer ændringerne i arbejdsvilkårene, der udføres på mellemlangt sigt, samt retningen for de offentlige myn digheders aktioner.
94 decisive influence over the direction taken by the studies and it is these studies which determine the changes that will be made in the medium term to working conditions and to the direction taken by action undertaken by the public authorities.
Af sociologiske grunde er fagforeningernes relationer med forsk- ningsorganerne desuden problematiske.
In addition, for sociological reasons, the trade unions' relations with the research bodies are problematical.
Forskerne sidder inde med de res egne behov: deres synspunkter menes ofte at være for teoretiske eller for "neutrale"; fagforeningsfunktionærerne synes, at deres sprog, deres værdier og deres erfaringer ikke bliver tilstrækkeligt forstået, og at forskerne ikke tager ordentligt hensyn hertil.
The researchers have their own needs: their views are often considered too theoretical or too "neutral"; trade unionists feel that their language, their values and their experience are not properly understood and not properly taken into account by the research workers.
I sin ovennævnte rapport til Instituttet erklærer G. Bélier, at "arbejdsstudier er knyttet til videnskabelig styring, før de overhovedet starter, og at de finder sted på en baggrund, ud fra hvilken produktivitetsproblemer er forskningens essentielle element, inklusive forskning vedr. sikkerhed.
In his report for the Foundation, mentioned above, G. Bélier notes that "studies on work were linked before the start with scientific management and took place in a context in which productivity problems were the essential element of the research, including research on safety.
Forskning, som omfatter menne- skeliggørelsesfaktoren,afspejler ret nye interesseområder, og inte grationen heraf er ikke altid lige nem".
Research which includes the factor of humanization is a reflection of recent preoccupations and its integration is not always an easy matter".
Han konkluderer imidlertid, at "forskningsmetoderne har gjort et betydeligt fremskridt i de forskellige EF-lande i 1970'erne.
However, he concludes that "research methods have progressed appreciably in the various Community countries during the 1970s.
Dette fremskridt har fundet sted i retning af en mindre "teknokratisk" metodologi; man er med andre ord mere opmærksom på arbejdernes erfaringer".
The progress has taken place in the direction of a less 'technocratic' methodology, in other words paying more attention to workers' experience".
Hidtil har vi udelukkende beskæftiget os med virksomhederne: det er dem, der er problemets kerne, når det drejer sig om arbejds livet.
We have been speaking, up to now, mainly of enterprises: it is they who are at the heart of the problems posed by working life; but similar observations could be made about the information held by public authorities and social institutions.
Man kunne dog også observere noget lignende m.h.t. informa tionerne, offentlige myndigheder og sociale institutioner sidder inde med. For at disse organisationers informationer kan uddrages af datamassen, de er begravet i og kan anvendes af de interesserede
In order that the information kept by these organizations may be extracted from the mass of entries in which it is buried and may be used by the interested parties, it is necessary, as in the case of enterprises, that social pressure, both internal and external, should be exerted in favour of more complete evaluation of work situations.
Det stigende behov for informationer, forbundet med arbejdsvil kårene, er ikke blot ledsaget af en udvikling af dataenes indsamlings- og behandlingssystemer, men også af en justering af normerne, der styrer disse systemer.
The increase in the need for information connected with working con ditions is accompanied not only by a development in the systems for collection and processing of the data but also by an adjustment to the norms governing those systems.
Det er ganske naturligt for regnskabsmodeller at spille en do minerende rolle på dette område.
It is quite natural that accounting models should exercise a dominant influence in this field.
Ligegyldigt om de er udvidet eller ej, er det når alt kommer til alt regnskabsteknikker, der har gjort det muligt at samle hovedparten af de foreliggende data.
It is, after all, accounting techniques, whether extended or not, that have made it possible to gather the bulk of the available data.
En enorm informationsmasse ligger dog stadig begravet i talrige institutio ner, specielt bistands- og socialsikringsafdelinger.
A great mass of information is still buried in numerous institutions, notably in the social assistance and social security agencies.
Visse justerin ger i overensstemmelse med regnskabsprincipperne af disse informatio ners indsamlings- og behandlingsmåde ville gøre brugen heraf langt nemmere.
Certain adjustments to the way this infor mation is recorded and processed, made in accordance with accounting principles, would make it much easier to use.
Mere generalt svarer de regnskabspraktiske målsætninger præcist til behovet for at gøre de virkelige driftsbetingelser for arbejdsprocesserne og deres følger mere klart synlige.
More generally, the objectives of accounting practices correspond exactly to the need to make the real'conditions of operation of working processes and their consequences more clearly visible.
En nøjagtig erhvervelse af data, registrering af begivenheder ved hjælp af stan dardiserede procedurer, henførelse af virkninger til årsager, til vejebringelse af en kontrolleret informationsstrøm, på hvilken be slutninger baseres - er alle almengyldige principper.
Accurate acquisition of data, the recording of events by standardized procedures, assignment of effects to causes, the provision of a controlled flow of information on which decisions can be based - all these are principles that are universally valid.
I praksis har udviklingen af informationer om den menneskelige faktor i virksomhederne i allerhøjeste grad været i form af en ny udvidelse af regnskabsprincipper og -metoder.
Moreover, in practice the development of information about the human factor in enterprises has indeed taken the form of a fresh extension of accounting principles and methods.
I almindelighed accepteres det f.eks. nu, at den såkaldte
It is now generally admitted, for instance, that the so-called "rational" allocation of fixed costs in cost accounting is largely arbitrary and that there is no decisive scientific reason why one method should be chosen in preference to another.
"rationelle" fordeling af faste udgifter inden for omkostnings beregninger i det store og hele er vilkårlig, og at der ikke er
In this sense it can be said that the balance sheet does not furnish any certainties but provides a point of departure for management to ponder on. Moreover, the
Desuden er omfanget af de inden for statusopgørelsens rammer offentliggjorte informationer vokset betydeligt.
96 volume of information published outside the framework of the balance sheet has been growing substantially.
Med nogen vanskelighed består en regnskabsevaluering specielt i at reducere, alle de indsamlede data til en monetær form på en så dan måde, at de bliver ligeligt målelige for at tilgodese den cen trale konvention, som anser regnskabssystemet for at være komplet og selvstændigt, hvilket symboliseres af kendsgerningen, at de to sider af regnskabet stort set skal være lig med hinanden.
Accounting evaluation consists, in particular, in reducing, not with out difficulty, all the assembled data into monetary form in such a way as to make them uniformly measurable in order to satisfy the central convention which regards the system of accounting representation as being complete and self-contained, as is symbolized by the fact that the two sides of the accounts must basically be equal.
Men skal der tages hensyn til arbejdssituationer i al deres forskelligartethed, bliver vi nødt til at opgive disse regnskabs- konventioner og acceptere situationsindikatorer med deres uensarte de indhold og udarbejdelsesmåder.
But if work situations, in the diversity of their dimensions, are to be taken into consideration, we shall have to abandon these account ing conventions and admit situation-indicators that are heterogeneous in content and mode of elaboration.
Man kan få et vist indtryk af denne nye situation gennem de mange forskellige metoder, der anvendes i EF-landene til opstillin gen og præsentationen af sociale statusopgørelser eller dokumenter, der erstatter disse.
Some idea of this new situation is provided by the variety of methods used for the compilation and presentation of social balance sheets, or documents which take their place, in the Community countries.
Som eet alternativ kan sociale statusopgørelser eller tilsva rende betragtes som sociale ledelsesdiagrammer, udarbejdet af specia lister og kun distribueret til en begrænset personkreds.
Social balance sheets or their equivalent may, as one alternative, be thought of as social management charts, drawn up by specialists and distributed only to a limited circle of people.