natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Hvor der findes generelledata, angiver de en udbredelse på 40% eller derover.Dette angiver, at nye injektionsmisbrugere har meget højesmitterater.
•Prevalence of HIV infection among injecting drug usersunder age 25, EU, 1996–2000
Men det kan ikke udelukkes, at akutte smitteoverførsler er overrepræsenteret, og at udbredelsen således er overvurderet i kilder, der indberetter udbredelsen iforbindelse med rutinemæssig diagnostisk testning (Coimbra, Portugal) eller baseret på selvindberettede testresultater (Frankrig).
Antibodies for the hepatitis B virus (HBV) indicatewhether somebody has ever been infected or vaccinated. Thus, the proportion with no antibodies, i.e. thepotential for vaccination among IDUs, is important toknow for vaccination policy.
I lokale undersøgelser i England og Walesindberettes der om smitterater hos nye injektionsmisbrugere, der ligger helt nede på 2% uden for London.
Antibody prevalence for HBV seems less similar across the EU than prevalenceof HCV.
Detteangiver, at forekomsten af nye smitteoverførsler er megetlav, og muligvis, at HCV-forebyggelsesindsatsen i Englandog Wales er relativt effektiv (se figur 15).
In the EU, roughly between 20 and 60% of IDUs have antibodies against hepatitis B, suggesting alarge potential for vaccination programmes (40 to80%).
•Sammenfattende tabel over »Forekomsten af HCV-smitteblandt intravenøse stofbrugere i EU, 1996-2001«
•Prevalence of HCV infection among injecting drug users inthe EU, 1996–2001
•Forekomsten af hiv-smitte blandt injektionsmisbrugere i EU,1996-2001
•Prevalence of HCV infection among injecting drug usersunder age 25, EU, 1997–2000
Udbredelse og tendenser vedrørendehepatitis B-virus
•Prevalence of HCV infection among new injecting drug usersin the EU, 1996–2000
•Forekomsten af hiv-smitte blandt injektionsmisbrugere under25 år i EU, 1996-2000
•Prevalence of current hepatitis B infection (HbsAg) amonginjecting drug users in the EU, 1996–2001
•Forekomsten af hiv-smitte blandt nye injektionsmisbrugere i EU, 1996-2000
•Prevalence of HBV antibodies among injecting drug users inthe EU, 1996–2001
Antistoffer mod hepatitis B-virus (HBV) angiver, om enperson nogensinde er blevet smittet eller vaccineret.
Prevalenceof current HBV infection is only available from a limited number of countries, but appears to differ muchand is in some cases high.
Afbetydning for vaccinationspolitikken er derfor andelenuden antistoffer, dvs. potentialet for vaccination blandt in-
In northern Greece, IDUs inmethadone programmes may have experienced animportant outbreak of hepatitis B infection prior to1998, as levels were extremely high in 1998 butdeclined strongly between 1998 and 1999. In Belgium,
•Indberettede tilfælde af hiv blandt injektionsmisbrugere i EU,1991-2001
Drugrelated deaths and mortality among drug users purity.
•Forekomsten af HCV-smitte blandt injektionsmisbrugere i EU,1996-2001
In addition, most overdoses happen in the presence of other users, and usually death is not immediate,allowing time for intervention.
•Forekomsten af HCV-smitte blandt injektionsmisbrugereunder 25 år i EU, 1997-2000
However, reactions ofwitnesses are often inappropriate or delayed, due to lackof knowledge or fear of police intervention.
De fleste ofre for overdoser er unge mænd i 20-30-årsalderen, som har brugt opiater i flere år.
The number of ‘drug deaths’is often used in publicdebates and the media, and in discussions about illegaldrug problems.
Injektion udgøren væsentlig risikofaktor, mens ikke-injektionsmisbru-gere har en lavere risiko for overdosis.
National statistics on ‘drug deaths’usually refer to acutedeaths directly related to drug consumption or ‘over- doses’(22).
Som for klienter,der tilmeldes behandling, ses en klar aldring blandtofrene i de fleste lande.
The definition used in the EMCDDAkey indicator also refers to these deaths(23).
Finland og i mindre grad DetForenede Kongerige er undtagelser fra denne aldrings-
In addition, problem
•Forekomsten af HCV-smitte blandt nye injektionsmisbrugere i EU, 1996-2000 tendens (24) (
However, several countries (Spain,France, Italy, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom)have reported national or local increases of cases where cocaine is found (generally in addition to other substances).
•Forekomsten af aktuel hepatitis B-smitte (HbsAg) blandtinjektionsmisbrugere i EU, 1996-2001
Inaddition, some deaths related to cocaine may take the formof cardiovascular problems and pass unnoticed.
•Forekomsten af HBV-antistoffer blandt injektionsmisbrugere i EU, 1996-2001
drug users — in particular opiate users — suffer a highoverall mortality rate mainly due to overdoses, but alsodue to AIDS, accidents, violence, etc.
Narkotikarelaterede dødsfald og dødelighed blandt stofbrugere
Impact and characteristics of acute drugrelated deaths
Der er tilstrækkelig information til at konkludere, at en betydelig andel af overdoserne (dødelige og ikke-dødelige)kunne undgås.
Deaths directly caused by ecstasy are unusual, but theyraise serious concern because they happen unexpectedly among very young people, and because some couldbe prevented through simple measures, such as properventilation and the availability of water in dance places,in addition to health education.
Endvidere sker de fleste overdoser i selskabmed andre brugere, og brugeren dør ikke øjeblikkeligt, såder er tid til at gribe ind.
The impact of acute drugrelated deaths becomes evident when it is considered that each year between 7000and 8000 deaths are reported by EU countries.
Men vidners reaktioner er ofteuhensigtsmæssige eller forsinkede på grund af manglendeviden eller angst for politiindgreb.
Mostcountries consider that there is some level of undernotification, in some cases significant under-notification.
Antallet af »narkotikadødsfald« bringes ofte op i offentlige debatter, i medierne og i drøftelser om problemer med illegale stoffer.
Methadone has been detected in a certain number ofdeaths, although several sources (e.g. from the UnitedKingdom or Germany) indicate that deaths involvingmethadone were more likely to be the result of illicitrather than prescribed use.
Disse dødsfald giver anledning til alvorlige sociale bekymringer og kan øve indflydelse på udformningen og evalueringen af narkotikapolitikker.
It should be underlined thatresearch shows that substitution programmes reduce therisk of mortality among programme participants.
Nationale statistikker om »narkotikadødsfald« henvisersom oftest til akutte dødsfald, der er direkte relateret til
Opiates are present in most cases of overdose deaths,although concentrations found in toxicology vary widely,with very frequent presence of other substances, whichin some cases may play a contributory role to the fataloutcome.
22 forbrug af stoffer eller »overdoser«(
Trends in acute drugrelated deaths
Flere lande(Spanien, Frankrig, Italien, Nederlandene og Det Forenede Kongerige) har imidlertid indberettet nationale ellerlokale stigninger, i tilfælde hvor der er fundet kokain(almindeligvis ud over andre stoffer).
In a long-term perspective of trends in EU countries(15–20 years), a marked increase of drugrelated deathswas observed during the 1980s and early 1990s.
Desuden kan noglekokainrelaterede dødsfald antage form af kardiovaskulære problemer og gå ubemærket hen.
Duringrecent years, the number of acute deaths has stabilised atthis higher level of between 7000 and 8000 per year inthe EU as a whole, although with different nationaltrends (Figure 16).
Indvirkningen af akutte narkotikarelaterede dødsfald bliver klar, når det tages i betragtning, at mellem 7000 og8000 dødsfald hvert år indberettes af EU-landene.
It is worrying that some EU countries report recent increasesafter a period of stabilisation or decreases.
Defleste lande mener, at der til en vis grad bliver anmeldtfor få og i nogle tilfælde alt for få.
Other countries,such as Australia and the United States, have also reportedincreases of opiate-related deaths in recent years.
Metadon er blevet sporet i en række dødsfald, selv omflere kilder (f.eks. fra Det Forenede Kongerige eller Tyskland) angiver, at dødsfald, der involverer metadon, medstørre sandsynlighed skyldes illegal end lægeordineretbrug.
There is enough information to conclude that a significant proportion of overdoses (fatal and non-fatal) couldbe avoided.
Det bør understreges, at substitutionsprogrammerifølge undersøgelser reducerer dødelighedsrisikoenblandt deltagerne i programmerne.
Firstly, some risk factors for opiate overdosesare known: injection in comparison to other routes;combined use with other depressants; use after a periodof abstinence (e.g. after prison or treatment release);injecting alone; and probably unexpected changes in
Opiater er involveret i de fleste dødsfald forårsaget afoverdosis, selv om de toksikologiske koncentrationervarierer meget — med en meget hyppig tilstedeværelseaf andre stoffer, som i nogle tilfælde kan bidrage til dendødelige udgang.
These overall trends may be explained by the expansion ofheroin injection in many European countries during the1980s and early 1990s. The recent levelling off might be
)Boks 1 OL: Definitioner af »akutte narkotikarelaterede dødsfald« i EU-medlemsstater som anvendt i EONN’s årsberetning og ind- berettet i nationale rapporter (onlineversion).
)Box 1OL: Definitions of ‘acute drugrelated death’in EU Member States, as used in the EMCDDAannual report and reported in national reports (online version).
)Figur 12 OL: Udvikling i andelen af personer over 35 blandt de narkotikarelaterede dødsfald i en række EU-lande (onlineversion).
)Figure 12OL: Evolution of the proportion of people over 35 years among drugrelated deaths in some EU countries (online version).
Nylige stigninger i narkotikarelaterede dødsfald i en række lande, som havde indberettet fald i foregående år
Recent increases in drugrelated deaths in some countries that had reported decreases in previous years
Tendenser inden for akuttenarkotikarelaterede dødsfald
Overall historical trend in acute drugrelated deaths in the European Union, 1985–2000 (1)
Ikke alle lande leverede data for samtlige år, men der er tagethensyn til dette i beregningen af den generelle tendens — EONN-projektrapport CT.99.RTX.04, koordineret af Trimbos Institut.De nationale Reitox-knudepunkters rapporter 2001, taget fra nationale dødelighedsregistre eller særlige registre (retsmedicinske eller politiregistre). Baseret på nationale definitioner, som angivet i boks 1 OL »Definitioner af akutte narkotikarelaterede dødsfald«.
NB: Indexed: 1985 = 100%. Not all countries provided data for all years, but this situationhas been controlled in the computation of the overall trend — EMCDDA project report CT.99.RTX.04, coordinated by the Trimbos Instituut.Sources:Reitox national reports 2001, taken from national mortality registries or special registries (forensic or police).
Problematiske stofbrugere udgør lidt under 1% af denvoksne befolkning i EU, men betydelige sundheds- og
Problem drug users account for less than 1% of the adultpopulation of the EU but significant health and socialproblems are concentrated within this limited group.
Samlet dødelighed blandt problematiske stofbrugere i flere EU-byer og lande
Overall mortality among problem drug users in several EU cities and countries
En direkte sammenlignelighed på tværs af undersøgelsessteder har stadig sine begrænsninger.
tion in mind, trends on overall and cause-specific rateswithin each site can give valuable insights.
Der er en række forskelle i typen af rekrutteringsmiljøer (behandlingscentre) og behandlingsmetoder, om end behandlingsmiljøerne og -måderne har en tendens til at udgøre fælles typer af tilgængelig behandling på hvert sted. Se tabel 2 OL: Karakteristika for kohorter under behandling.
Mortality of injectors is two to four times higher thannon-injectors and (until recently) mortality of drug usersinfected by HIV was two to six times higher than noninfected users. With recent improvements in HIV treatment, this difference might be decreasing.
Adskillige kohorter har rekrutteret en del af klienterne via døgnbehandlingstjenester.
In several locations, mortalityrates were higher during the early or mid-1990s andhave decreased in recent years.
Klienter, som er rekrutteret via døgnbehandlingscentre, er muligvis ikke fuldstændigt sammenlignelige med andreeksempler på behandlede patienter.EONN-projekt CT.99.EP.07 og CT.00.EP.13, koordineret af Department of Epidemiology, Rome E Health Authority.
In Barcelona, rates wereparticularly high between 1992 and 1996, but havedecreased sharply in recent years, due mainly to thedecrease in AIDS mortality. In Lisbon, mortality rateshave been increasing until recent years (Figure 19).
Kilder:
With this limita-
Iagttagede og forventede dødelighedsrater blandt kohorter af opiatbrugere forskellige steder i EU (af alle årsager og for hele opfølgningsperioden)
Observed and expected mortality rates among cohorts of opiate users in different EU locations (from all causes and for the whole follow-up period)
Iagttaget
Observed
Forventet
Expected
0 Iagttaget Forventet
0 Observed Expected
Disse ”iagttagede dødelighedsrater“ udgør gennemsnittet for hele opfølgningsperioden på hvert enkelt sted (i parentes).
NB: These ‘observed mortality rates’ represent the average for the whole follow-up period in each site (in brackets).
På hvert undersøgelsessted er der sket betydelige ændringer over tid (sefigur 18).
In each study site there have been significant changes over time (see Figure18).
Hvis de ”iagttagede rater“ blev præsenteret år for år, ville disse rater ændre sig.
If‘observed rates’ were presented year by year these rates would change.
Se også tabel 2 OL: Karakteristika for kohorter under behandling.
See Table 2 OL: ‘Characteristics of cohorts enrolled’.
Adskillige kohorter har rekrutteret endel af klienterne via døgnbehandlingstjenester.
Several cohorts recruited a proportion of their cases through inpatient drug treatment services.
Klienter, som er rekrutteret via døgnbehandlingscentre, er muligvis ikke fuldstændigt sammenlignelige med andre eksempler på behandlede pati-enter.EONN-projekt CT.99.EP.07 og CT.00.EP.13, koordineret af Department of Epidemiology, Rome E Health Authority.
Clients recruited through inpatient services may not be fully comparable to other samples of treated clients.Sources:EMCDDA projects CT.99.EP.07 and CT.00.EP.13, coordinated by the Department of Epidemiology, Rome E Health Authority.
”Anholdelser“ for narkotikaovertrædelser i EU-landene og Norge i perioden 1991-2000 — 3 års glidende gennemsnit indekseret(1991=100) områder.
‘Arrests’ for drug offences in EU countries and Norway, 1991–2000 —three-year moving averages indexed (1991 = 100)
0 Cannabis er det mest beslaglagte stof i alle medlemsstater undtagen Portugal, hvor heroinbeslaglæggelserne erdominerende.
0 Finland Greece Spain Austria Portugal Ireland France United Kingdom Norway (16 countries) Germany Netherlands Belgium Sweden Italy Denmark Luxembourg
Definitioner af anholdelser for narkotikaovertrædelser findes i den statistiske tabel»Antallet af »anholdelser« for narkotikaovertrædelser i EU-landene og Norge, 19852000« (onlineversion).
NB: For definitions of arrests for drug offences, please refer to the statistical table Number of ‘arrests’ for drug law offences in EU countries and Norway, 1985–2000 (onlineversion).
De reelle værdier er indregnet for alle lande i 2000, for Finlandi 1998 og for Belgien i 1995 og 1997, eftersom de tilgængelige data ikke gør detmuligt at beregne de glidende gennemsnit i disse tilfælde.
Real values have been input for all countries in 2000, for Finland in 1998 andfor Belgium in 1995 and 1997, since data available do not allow the calculation ofmoving averages in these cases.
Serierne er afbrudte for Belgien i 1996 (hvor ingen data var tilgængelige).Denationale Reitox-knudepunkter.
The series is discontinued for Belgium in 1996 (datanot available).Sources: Reitox national focal points.
Kilder:
Trends
•Stof, der hyppigst er impliceret i »anholdelser« for narkotikalovovertrædelser i EU-lande og Norge
•Offence type mostly involved in the ‘arrests’for drug offencesin EU countries and Norway
•Type af overtrædelse, der hyppigst er impliceret i »anholdelser« for narkotikalovovertrædelser i EU-lande og Norge
•Number of ‘arrests’for drug law offences in EU countries and Norway, 1985–2000
•Antal »anholdelser« for narkotikalovovertrædelser i EU-landeog Norge, 1985-2000
•References to graph ‘Arrests for drug offences, 1991–2000.Three-year moving averages indexed (1991 = 100)’
I 2000 blev detailprisen for cannabis indberettet til atvariere mellem 1 og 20 EUR pr. gram cannabisharpiks ogmellem 2 og 8 EUR pr. gram cannabisblade.
Over the last three years, the number of drug-related‘arrests’increased in most EU countries.
Procentdelen af THC-indhold i cannabisharpiks varierer mellem 2og 13% i gennemsnit, selv om der er blevet meldt omstikprøver, der varierer mellem 0 og 50% THC i EU.THC-indholdet i cannabisblade er generelt lavere, nemlig omkring 1-6%, bortset fra i Belgien (hvor det gennemsnitligt er 17%) og »nederwiet« i Nederlandene,som har et højere indhold (nemlig gennemsnitligt 10%).
The highestincreases were reported by Greece, Ireland and Norway.In 2000, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom werethe only countries reporting a fall in the number of drugrelated ‘arrests’(28) (Figure 20).
•Referencer til grafen »Anholdelser for narkotikalovovertrædelser, 1991-2000.
(27)Figure 14OL: Drug mostly involved in the ‘arrests’for drug offences in EU countries (online version).
Tre års glidende gennemsnit indekseret(1991= 100)«
(28)There was a fall in ‘arrests’in Belgium too, but it is due to a change in recording procedures.
Narkotikamarkeder og -tilgængelighed
2002 Annual report on the state of the drugs problem in the European Union and Norway
Mængderne steg også, men de har stabiliseret sigsiden 1995.
Drug markets and availability bilised since 1995.
I 2000 faldt de beslaglagte mængder i de fleste medlemsstater.
In 2000, quantities seized went downin most of the Member States.
Prisen på cannabis er generelt stabil i EU, selv om denvar stigende i Luxembourg og Portugal (harpiks) i 2000.
The price of cannabis is generally stable in the EU, althoughincreasing in Luxembourg and Portugal (resin) in 2000.
Narkotikabeslaglæggelser anses sædvanligvis for at væreindirekte indikatorer for udbud og tilgængelighed af stoffer, selv om de afspejler retshåndhævelsesressourcer,-prioriteter og -strategier såvel som narkotikaforhandlernes sårbarhed over for håndhævelse.
Drug seizures are usually considered as indirect indicators ofsupply and availability of drugs, although they reflect law enforcement resources, priorities and strategies, as well as vulnerability of traffickers to enforcement.
De beslaglagtemængder kan svinge fra år til år på grund af et mindreantal store beslaglæggelser(29).
Quantities seized mayfluctuate from one year to another due to a small number of large seizures(29).
I alle lande omfatter de en større andel for tendenser( små beslaglæggelser på markedets detailniveau.
In all countries, they include a major proportion of small seizuresfrom the retail level of the market.
Hvis deter kendt, kan oprindelses- og bestemmelsesstedet for debeslaglagte stoffer angive handelsveje og produktions-
Price and purity of drugs at retail levelare reported by most of the Member States, but data are tooscarce to allow for accurate comparisons.
I 2000 blev der beslaglagt næsten 9 tons heroin i EU,hvoraf mere end en tredjedel kunne tilskrives Det Forenede Kongerige (figur 21).
In 2000, almost 9 tonnes of heroin were seized in the EU, ofwhich over a third was accountable to the United Kingdom(Figure 21).
Den heroin, der beslaglæggesi EU, kommer hovedsageligt fra Den Gyldne Halvmåne
The percentage of THC content in cannabis resinranges between 2 and 13% on average, although samples ranging from 0 to 50% of THC have been reportedin the EU.
(29)Figur 15 OL: Mængder af beslaglagt cannabis, kokain, heroin og amfetaminer i EU-lande (1985-2000) (onlineversion).
(29)Figure 15OL: Quantities of cannabis, cocaine, heroin and amphetamines seized in EU countries (1985–2000) (online version).
(30)Der bør udvises forsigtighed ved analyse af tendenser på EU-plan, da undersøgelsesserierne starter ved forskellige årstal i for- skellige lande.
(30)Caution is required when analysing trends at EU level, as series start at different years in different countries.
De statistiske tabeller på adressen http://annualreport.emcdda.eu.int indeholder yderligere oplysninger.
See the statistical tables (http://annualreport.emcdda.eu.int) for more information.
)»Nederwiet«: nederlandske cannabisplanter, der dyrkes lokalt i Nederlandene.
)‘Nederwiet’: Dutch cannabis leaves grown locally in the Netherlands.
Antal og mængder af heroinbeslaglæggelser i EU-lande og Norge 2000
Number and quantities of heroin seizures in EU countries and Norway, 2000
Detailprisen for kokain varierer mellem 45 og 170 EURpr. gram i 2000. De laveste priser fandtes i Spanien og Det Forenede Kongerige og de højeste i Finland.
Amphetamines are reported to be sold at between EUR5and EUR35 per gram on average, while ecstasy tabletsvary from EUR5 to EUR15 each.
NB: Kilder: n.a.= ingen tilgængelige data.De nationale Reitox-knudepunkters rapporter 2000.
Data for 2000 show thatsynthetic drugs are cheaper in Belgium and the United Kingdom.
Se de statistisketabeller »Antal heroinbeslaglæggelser, 19852000« og »Mængder afheroinbeslaglæggelser, 1985-2000 (kg)« på adressen: http//:annualreport.emcdda.eu.int
Amphetamine purity is very variable, from 3%in Ireland to 46% in Finland, but is typically between 10and 15% in the EU.
Tendenser Det samlede antal kokainbeslaglæggelser er steget støtsiden midten af 80’erne i EU og stabiliserede sig i 2000.Mængderne af beslaglagt kokain har svinget inden for enopadgående tendens, men i 2000 blev der meldt om etmarkant fald — primært grundet meget høje fald i lande,der beslaglægger størsteparten af kokainet i EU (Spanien,Frankrig og Nederlandene).
In 2% of cases in Greece to 100% in Finland, tablets sold as ecstasy contain ecstasy or ecstasylike substances (MDMA, MDEA, MDA). Amphetamines(or metamphetamines) are found in 2 to 22% of tablets,but various other psychoactive substances (2-CB, 2-CT7,4-MTAand recently PMAand PMMA) may also be found.
Kokainpriserne er stabile eller faldende i de fleste lande,men i 2000 steg de i Danmark, Portugal og Det Forenede Kongerige.
NB: n.a. = data not available.Sources:Reitox national focal points, 2000.
Renhedsgraden forbliver stabil eller faldende i de enkelte medlemsstater.
See statistical tables ‘Number ofheroin seizures, 1985–2000’ and ‘Quantities of heroin seized, 1985–2000(kg)’ (http//:annualreport.emcdda.eu.int).
På gadeplan varierede heroinpriserne mellem 25 og 330EUR pr. gram i 2000 over hele EU. De højeste priser blevindberettet af Irland, Finland og Norge.
Trends Amphetamine seizures — both numbers and quantities —have been rising since 1985.
I Finland, Norge og Sverige er amfetamin det næstalmindeligst beslaglagte stof (efter cannabis).
The number of amphetamineseizures went down in 1999 and 2000, especially in the United Kingdom.
Det Forenede Kongerige tegner sig for de største mængder amfetaminer, ecstasy og lsd beslaglagt i EU.
After decreases in 1998 and 1999, quantities rose again in 2000, particularly in Germany.
Nederlandene er et af hovedstederne for fremstilling afecstasy, amfetaminer og relaterede stoffer, men der indberettes også om produktion i andre medlemsstater (Belgien og Det Forenede Kongerige) og i de østeuropæiskelande (Tjekkiet og Estland).
Ecstasy seizures have been increasing in most of the EU since 1985, with marked increases in 2000.Amounts of ecstasy seized followed the same upwardtrend since 1985, and then stabilised from 1993 topeak in 1996 and increase again since 1999.
I 2000 faldt de i Irland, Luxembourg, Norge, Portugal og Spanien.
In 2000,they rose in all countries except Denmark, Luxembourg and Portugal.