natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Under hensyn til den høje procent bilister med spiritus i blodet, impliceret i ulykkestilfælde, og stigningen i spiritus forbruget i Storbritannien i øjeblikkat,, ville det væra uklogt at påstå, at, spiritus absolut, ikke spiller nogen rolle for ulykkestilfældene i industrien eller at, indtagelsen af spiritus er den samme på dag- og natskiftene: vi vad det simpelthen ikke.
In view of the high percentage of drivers involved in accidents with alcohol in their blood and the rise in alcohol intake in Britain at present, it would be unwise to say that alcohol is definitely not involved in industrial accidents; or that alcohol intake is equal on the day and night shifts: we just do not know.
(i) 3- Lægemidler
3.Medical Drugs
117 fandt Haumont og Gobert (1979), at mange af mændene regelmæssigt tog lette beroligende midlar - hovedsageligt under natskiftperio den.
Haumont and Gobert (1979) in their study of shiftwork in a Flemish power station found that many of the men took mild tranquillizers regularly, mainly during the night shift period.
Lægemidlerne, hjalp dem med at sove, lettede fordøjelsesvan- skeligheder og tarmbesværligheder.
The drugs helped them sleep, relieved indigestion and intestinal discomfort.
30% af bilistar sådanne lægemidler ifølge internationale statistik kar vedr. sikkerheden på landevejene (Crespy, 1974; jfr.
Although the number of night workers who take psychotropic drugs is unknown, according to international statistics relating to road safety (Cresny, 1974 see Carpentier et. al., 1975) 20 to 30% of drivers take such drugs.
Denne un dersøgelse etablerede også en svag forbindelse mellem brugen af antihistaminer og sandsynligheden for, at man kommer ud for et ulykkestilfælde.
In this study a weak link was also established between the use of anti-histamines and the likelihood of having an accident.
Søvnforstyrrelser har vist sig at være meget ud bredt blandt natarbejdere. En undersøgelse (Thiis-Evenson, 1958) fandt sådanna problemar blandt 60% af arbejderne på roterende skift, sammenlignet, med 11% for dagarbajdere.
Sleeping disorders have been found to be extremely frequent among night workers; an investigation (Thiis-Evenson, 1958) found such problems among 60% of rotating shift workers compared with 11% of day workers; similar figures have been found in other studies (Anderson, 1958; Uhlich, 1957, reported in Carpentier and Cazmien).
Det vides ikke, hvor al mindelig denne form for indtagelsen af lægemidler er, men efter som manga skiftaholdsarbejdera har søvnproblemer og mængdan af lægemidlar på recept, dar indtages i Storbritannien, er stigende, bør detta måske undersøgas nærmere.
It is not known how common this type of drug taking is, but as many night shift workers have sleeping problems and the amount of medically-prescribed drug taking in Britain is rising, this should perhaps be investigated. 4.
118 ufordalagtig indflydelse på tilbøjeligheden til ulykkestilfælde.
In this study it was found that smoking may have an adverse effect on accident liability.
Studien anvandte dog ikke kontrolordninger, afpasset, efter alder og baskæftigelse, og dans resultater ar derfor ikke helt igennem pålidelige.
However, this study did not employ age and occupation matched controls so its findings are not entirely relaible. Powell et. al.
(1971) ingen stigning i ulykkestilfældene for mænd, der røg - salv blandt sådanne, dar røg næstan 20 cigaretter om dagen.
(1971), in investigations in a despatch department, found no increase in accident rate for those men who smoked, even those who smoked nearly 20 cigarettes a day.
Stepney (1979) har gennemgået, emnet, rygning, og fandt, at rygning enten kan forøge aller reducare aktiveringen i forskel lige situationer, og han foreslår, at, rygning "til an vis grad kan normalisere aktivaringen, idet danne reduceres under stress og forøges under kedsommelige forhold". Er dette tilfældet - og
Stepney (1979) has reviewed the topic of smoking, finding that in different situations it may either increase arousal or decrease it and he suggests that smoking "may in some sense normalize arousal, decreasing it under stress and increasing it under boring conditions".
Stepney fremlægger nogle understøttende data - er det ikke over raskende, at man ikke har fundet, nogen klar forbindelse mellem rygning og ulykkestilfælde.
If this is true, and Stepney presents some supporting data, then it is not surprising that no clear cut relationship has been found between smoking and accidents.
Der foreligger ingen enkeltheder om antallet af skifteholdsarbejdere, dar ryger, og om de ryger mere eller mindre under dag- eller natarbejde eller ej.
Details about the amount of shiftworkers who smoke and whether or not they smoke more or less on day or night duty, are not known.
Det. er tvivl somt, om dette er en vigtig variabal m.h.t. ulykkestilfælde og skifteholdsarbejde.
It is doubtful whether this is an important variable in terms of accidents and shiftwork.
Andra aspekter af karakteregenskaberne
Other Aspects of Personal Characteristics
Arbajdernes social-økonomiske position kan eventuelt, have indflydelse på muligheden for at, komme ud for et, ulykkestilfælde, omend denne forbindelse atter engang lader til at, være indirekte.
The socio-economic position of workers may have an effect upon the chance of having an accident although this relationship again appears to be indirect.
Antallet af soveværelser og vægganes tykkelse i f.eks. et, arbejder hjem vil have indflydelse på den mængde søvn, han eller hun får om dagan.
For example the number of bedrooms in a worker's house and the thickness of the walls will have an effect upon the amount of sleep he or she gets during the day.
I an sammenligning mellem grupper mad mange eller få ulyk kestilfælde fandt, en brasiliansk studie (Dela Colera, 1979), at ulykkestilfælde var mare almindelige blandt ugifte arbejdera, barnløse arbajdere og arbejdere, der blev boende samme sted i lang tid.
A Brazilian study (Dela Colera, 1979) found that when a low and high accident group were compared accidents were commoner in unmarried workers, childless workers and those remaining for a long time at the same residence.
Denne studie etablerede også, at arbejdera foretrækker at. acceptere at meget farligt job frem for at være arbejdsløse.
It was also found in this study that workers were willing to accept a very hazardous job rather than be unemployed.
Hjemmets størrelse og beliggenhed har også vist, sig at. have en betydelig indflydelse på arbejdarans hvile og på stemningen i familien.
The size of the home and its situation have also been found to have an important effect on the quality of the worker's rest and on the family atmosphere.
I en fransk studie fandt Caillot (1959), at søvnvanske ligheder forekommer i 55%· af tilfældene, hvor familian ikke har
Caillot (1959) in a French study found that sleep difficulties occur in 55% of the cases where the family does not have two rooms (including the kitchen), 41% where it has three rooms, 27% of cases where it has 4 rooms and only 7.6% of the cases where it has 5 rooms. A rural
Landlige omgivelser i stedet for et. bymil jø hjælper også an arbejder med at sove, specielt om dagen.
96 environment rather than an urban one will also help a worker's sleep especially during the day.
Der er større sandsynlighad for, at. natarbejde fører til problemer for virksomheden, så som mange forsømmelser, flera ulykkestilfælde og lavere produktivitet, hvis arbejderne har på fornemmelsen, at de bliver utilstrækkeligt, belønnet, for deres ar bejde aliar undervurderes på anden måde. Dette har tilknytning til dat psykosociale klima.
Night work is more likely to lead to problems for the company such as high absenteeism, increased accidents and lower productivity if workers feel that they are insufficiently rewarded for their work or are otherwise undervalued.
Rent bort set fra de miljømæssige ændringer lod alane kendsgarningen, at dar var nogen, der intaresserede sig for vadkommanda arbajdere, til at, resultere i større pro duktivitet.
Regardless of the environmental changes, the very fact that someone was taking an interest in the workers concerned appeared to lead to increases in productivity.
Salv om denne studie ar blevet kritiseret, i forskel lige punkter (Rose, 1975, s. 134), er der ingen tvivl om, at, psyko-socials aspekter er af betydning.
Although this study has been criticised on various counts (Rose, 1975, p.134) there is no doubt that psychosocial concerns are important.
Moral og effaktivitet, kan påvirkas positivt aller negativt af organisationsmæssige faktorer: jobbets stabilitet/manglende stabilitet, tilsynsform, personlige konflikter, gruppesolidaritet, hvilepausarnes tids punkter o.s.v. (Surry, 1969).
Morale and efficiency can be positively or negatively influenced by organisational factors: job stability-instability, type of supervision, personal conflicts, group solidarity, timing of rest pauses, etc.
Det stærke "esprit de corps" aliar sociale sammenhold blandt skifteholdsarbejdere menes at, være en af grundene til færre for sømmelser på grund af sygdom blandt skifteholdsarbejdere, sammen lignet, med dagarbajdere (Aanonsen, 1964), til trod for det. la vara almindelige velbefindende, der ofte rapporteres af denne gruppe (Dirkan, 1966).
The high 'esprit de corps' or social cohesion among shiftworkers is one of the reasons attributed to lower sickness absence among shiftworkers as compared with day workers (Aanonsen, 1964) despite the lower general well being often reported by this group (Dirken, 1966).
120 og friheden, det, reducarede tilsyn giver, muliggør også eventuelt bedre kommunikation mellem arbejdsstyrkens medlemmer.
The continuous pattern of night work and having fewer people in the workplace may contribute to a feeling of team spirit and the freedom offered by lower levels of supervision may enable greater communication between members of the workforce.
Som Wedderburn (1975) understregede, kan det være, at, den uformelle organisation, der eksisterer after at, ledelsen har forladt fabrikken, kan have lighed af en autonom arbajdsgruppe, men som sådan kan det, alligevel ikke påstås, "at alting er lys og lykke, for en besværlig tilsynesførenda er højst, sandsynlig mera gnaven og har mere magt, om natten".
However, as Wsdderburn (1975) pointed out, the informal organisation which exists after management leave the factory may resemble that of an autonomous working group and as such "all is not sweetness and light, though, as an awkward supervisor is likely to be both more grumpy and more powerful at night".
Virkningen af gruppernes indbyrdes forhold på ulykkestilfælde blev undersøgt i U.S. Air Force. En eskadrille med meget, store tab viste sig at have an meget, upopulær chef og stærke interne kliker (jfr. Surry, 1969, s. 117).
The effect of intergroup relationships on accidents was studied in the U.S. Air Force; a squadron with a very high loss rate was found to have had an unpopular leader and strong internal cliques (see Surry, 1969, p.117).
Holdklimaet under natarbejde ud fra gruppernes indbyrdes forhold kan salades ganska klart hava stor indflydelse på præstationsaspekterne - måske stærkere end den psykosociale faktor på dagskiftena.
So, clearly, the team 'atmosphere' on nightwork stemming from intergroup relationships may have powerful effects on aspects of performance - perhaps more powerful than the psychosocial factor on dayshifts,
Jobbets art influerer også dat enkelte menneskes psykologiske tilstand.
The nature of the job will also influence the psychological state of the individual.
Træthed kan eventuelt batyde flere fejl i forbindelse med ensformige arbejdsopgaver, der krævar stor årvågenhed, så som tog kørsel (Kogi og Ohta, 1975; Hildebrandt et, al., 1974), og dette for værres, når togføreren arbajder alene.
(Kogi and Ohta, 1975; Hildebrandt et. al., 1974) and this will be exacerbated if the driver is working alone.
Med interessante, krævende arbejdsopgaver kan det imidlertid være, at arbejderen ikke oplever virkningerne af træthed i samme udstrækning. Masterton (1965) foreslår f.eks., at, kirurgen ikke falder i søvn, mens han opererer, hvorimod hans lige så trætte assistent måske "slumrer ind".
However, in interesting, demanding tasks the worker may not experience the effects of fatigue to the same extent, e.g. Masterton (1965) suggested that the surgeon does not fall asleep while operating although his equally tired assistant may
Dette understreger betydningen af at vælga det rigtige mennaske til job bet, således at jobkravene ikke underbelaster evnerna.
This points out the importance of selecting the correct person for the job so that job demands do not underload ability.
Forskerne i den ovenfor citerede studie på et, flamsk el-værk (Haumont og Gobert, 1978) etablerede, at det var langt nemmere at, klare fysisk arbejde, når man var træt, end mentalt arbejde.
(Haumont and Gobert, 1978) found that physical work was much more easily managed in a fatigued state than was mental work.
Re sultaterne af deres studie understøttede datte: de tilsynsførende på el-værket mente, at dat store ansvar og specielt de med natskiftene forbundne prås ikka blev tilstrækkeligt forstået af mændene, der udførte dat, nammare, fysiska arbejde.
This reinforced the results of their study: the supervisors in the power station felt that the high level of responsibility and burden of pressure imposed especially on nightshifts was not appreciated by men who carried out the easier physical work.
Det er måske af særlig betydning, at der tages hensyn til jobdesignet, når dar opstår et behov for natarbejde.
It is perhaps particularly important that the job design is considered when nightwork is to be required.
121 betyder, at andre arvagenhedsreducerende faktorer, sa som mono tont arbejde, rolige omgivelser, reduceret stimulering fra andre kilder og ensomhed, bør holdes på et minimum, hvis der skal ud føres farefrit, sundt arbejde.
The fatiguing effect of this work means that other factors in reducing alertness such as a monotonous task, quiet conditions, reduced stimulation from other sources and solitariness should be kept to a minimum if safe, healthy work is to be performed.
(1971), at manga timer uden søvn førte til forøgede fornemmelser af tungsind og træthed, som man normalt ikke oplevede.
(1971) found that long hours of sleep deprivation led to increased feelings of sadness and fatigue not normally experienced.
Ikke alle natarbejdere lider under søvntab.
Not all nightworkers suffer from sleep loss.
Nogle studier har dog etab leret, at, natarbejdere får så lidt som gennemsnitligt 5_BAR_ timers søvn om dagen (Andlauer og Metz, I967), og sådanne kumulative søvntab kan eventuelt bidrage til en forøgalse af tendensen til depressioner. Selv om man ikke kunne finde nogen forskning vedr.
5^ hours sleep on average during the day (Andlauer and Metz, 1967) and such cumulative sleep loss could have the effect of heightening any tendency towards depression.
dag/nathumørændringer, sammenfattede Simpson og Bohlen (1973) data, indsamlet, fra I896 og fremefter, som antydeda, at, der skete megat yderliggående humørsvingninger under forhold med kontinu erligt dagslys, som oplavet ved nord- og sydpolen af opdagelses rejsende og disse områders beboere.
Although no research on day-night mood changes could be found, Simpson and Bohlen (1973) summarise data collected from 1896 onwards suggesting that in the continuous daylight experienced at the north and south poles by explorers and the inhabitants of these areas, there were very extreme mood changes.
Den mest slående virkning var an forbigående psykisk lidelse, kaldet "pibloctoq".
The most striking effect resulted in a transient mental illness called pibloctoq.
Det hæv des ikke, at, natarbejdere oplever yderliggående symptomer af danna art, men forklaringen på sådanne antydede humørændringer var, at, de er resultatet, af en intern desynkronisering af det, cirkadiske system.
It is not suggested that night workers would experience extreme symptoms of this sort, however the explanation of such mood changes suggested was that they were a result of internal desynchronisation of the circadian system.
Natarbejdere oplever en vis forstyrrelse i deres cirkadiske rytmer, og dat, er derfor muligt, at de kommer ud for humørændringar af den ene eller anden art. Der er brug for yderligara forskning vedr. de psykiske virkninger af natar bejde og roterende skiftordninger.
Nightworkers experience a certain disruption of their circadian rhythms so it is possible that they experience mood changes of some sort.
Faktorer med relation til miljøet
Factors Related to the Environment
( i) Udstyrets udformning
(i) Equipment Design
Da vigtigste karakteregenskaber, som gør natarbejde anderledes end dagarbejde, er, at førstnævnte udføres i kunstig belysning.
The main characteristic of nightwork rendering it different from daywork is that it must normally be performed in artificial light.
Selv den mest omhyggeligt formgivna kunstige belysning kan have ulemper, sammanlignet med dagslys, og disse skal tages i betragt ning ved udstyrets formgivning.
Even the most carefully planned artificial light may have disadvantages over daylight and these must be taken into consideration when designing equipment.
Denne nedsatte årvågenhed gør det specialt vigtigt at have konstante kontrolanordninger fra det.
This lower alertness makes it particularly important that controls are consistent from one piece of equipment to another and that they follow population stereotypes.
Når der er et behov for natarbejde, er det særligt vigtigt, at der tages hensyn hertil ved formgivningen af kontroltavler el- lar andre systemer: en operatør har et mindre godt periferisk ud syn, når han er mindre årvågen, og vigtige drejeskiver skal såle des placeres ordentligt.
When nightwork is to be required it is particularly important to consider this in the design of the control panel or other system: an operator has less good peripheral vision when he is less alert so important dials should be well placed.
Der foreligger mundtlige rapporter om operatører på atomkraftværker, der - for at få et mere fredeligt skift - lukkede for "nødsbelysningen", som blev ved med at blinke.
There have been verbal reports of operators in nuclear power plants turning off "emergency" lights which kept flashing so that they had a more peaceful shift.
Allereda på designstadiet bør formgiveren af kontroltavler huske på operatørens sandsynlige opfattelsesevner og handlinger.
The designer of control panels must keep the likely perceptions and actions of the operator in mind at the design stage.
Dette kan forekomme urimeligt, men i Storbritannien har fabrikanter pligt til at advare kunderne om farerne ved misbrug, og det, er sandsynligt, at, fabrikanten i fremtiden bliver holdt, i hvert fald dalvis ansvarlig for kvæstelser, forårsaget af misbrug af dennes produkt, (Wilson, 1979).
This may seem unreasonable but, in Britain, manufacturers are held to have a duty to warn consumers against the dangers of misuse and it is likely that in future a manufacturer will be held at least partly liable for injuries caused by misuse of his product (Wilson, 1979).
Natarbejde omfatter også job, så som togførere, bilister og lastbilchauffører, dar arbejder om natten.
Nightwork also involves such jobs as those of train, car and lorry drivers working at night.
De respektive fører huse, i hvilke de arbejder, har måske ikke tilstrækkelig indven dig belysning.
The respective cabs in which they work may not be appropriately illuminated inside.
Dat, betyder, at arbejdet udføres i et visuelt ikke-stimulerende miljø, og den eneste udsigt til verden udenfor ar vejen, som dan oplyses af bilernes hovedlygter: dette kan næsten ligestillas mad sensoriske afsavnsforhold. I denne meget
This means that work is being carried out in a visually unstimulating environment and the only view outside will be the road as lit by headlights: this almost ranks as conditions of sensory deprivation.
123 monotone situation kan kedsommelighed afhjælpes gennem en akustisk stimulering, som ar tilstrækkelig interessant til at udligne ens formigheden, men alligevel ikke interessant nok til at forringe kør- selsfærdighaden.
In this very monotonous situation, a method of relieving boredom is to provide acoustic stimulation which is sufficiently interesting to offset monotony but not so interesting as to impair driving ability.
(Wyatt, og Langdon, 1937 og andre, rapporteret af Murrell, 1976).
Little research on the optimum acoustic material has been carried out although various people have done work on the optimum times during the working day for light music in a factory (Wyatt and Langdon 1937 and others reported by Murrell, 1976.)
Utilstrækkelig belysning i førerhuset betydar, at kontrolan ordningerne enten skal belysas aller angives som lys på instrument brættet.
The lack of illumination within the cab means that controls must either be lit or indicated as lights on the control panel.
I første tilfælde kan der være problemer med lys-mørke tilpasningen, fordi synsfeltet bavæger sig fra udsigten til mørket udenfor til de oplyste kontrolanordninger.
In the first case there may be problems of light-dark adaptation as the field of vision moves from the dark external view to the lit controls.
I andet tilfælde skal kontrolanordningerne - anten gennem deras position alier andre identificerbare træk - tydeligt vise, hvad deres funktioner er.
In the second case the controls must, by their position or other identifying characteristics, show clearly what is their function.
Anvendes farver som en sådan identificaring, bør man ikke glemme problemarne for farveblinde menneskar.
If colour as an identifier is used then the problems of colourblind people must not be overlooked.
En del forskning har også antydet, at bilisters adfærd om natten er mindra sikker and om da gen. Forskning i f.eks.
Some research has also indicated that the way in which drivers behave at night is less safe than that in the daytime.
Missouri, U.S.A., etablerede, at brugen af sikkerhedsseler om natten blandt bilister, impliceret i sammenstød, lå ca. 10% lavere end gennemsnittet (Beitel, Sharp og Glauz, 1974).
For example, research in Missouri, U.S.A. found that seat belt use at night by crash-involved drivers was approximately 10% lower than average (Beitel, Sharp and Glauz, 1974).
På fabrikkerne arbejder at, begrænset antal mennesker på nat hold: da fiaste industrigrene forsøger at beskæftige så få folk som muligt, om natten ikke blot på grund af de sundhedsmæssige og sociale problemer for vadkommende arbejdere, men også på grund af de hermed forbundne ekstra omkostninger.
In factory situations a limited number of people work nightshifts: most industries try to employ the minimal number of people at night, not only because of health and social problems for the individuals concerned, but also because of the extra expense involved.
Dat, betyder, at det mindst mulige antal menneskar er til stada til udførelsen af uomgængeligt nødvendige arbejdsopgaver.
This means that the minimum number of people are available to carry out vital tasks.
Selv om de fleste studiar har fundet, at, der ar færra forsømmelser på natholdene, kan dat, alligevel ske, at, arbejdera bliver nødt. til at træde ind for en fraværende kol lega og såledas udføra job eller bruge udstyr,de ikka er fortro lige mad.
Although most studies have found that absenteeism is lower on night shifts, the occasion may still arrive when workers are required to stand in for an absent colleague, thereby carrying out tasks or using equipment with which they are unfamiliar.
Manglende arfaring med udstyr lader til at være en af fak torarne, der mest, sandsynligt fører til et, ulykkestilfælde (jfr.
Inexperience with equipment seems to be one of the factors most likely to lead to an accident (c.f.
Afsnit, 2). Powall at, al.
Section 2). Powell et. al.
(1971, s. 105) giver et godt eksempel herpå i an beskrivelse af et, ulykkestilfælde, der lige netop blav undgået, under an arbejdars justering af en mekanisk presse,
(1971, pp 105) give a good example of this in a description of a near disaster when a worker was setting a power press with which he was unfamiliar: he expected to be able to use it in the same way as the one he normally used -in psychological terminology the man experienced negative transfer of learning from one machine to another.