natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Forbindelsen mellem sådanne disfunktioner og det socialtekniske og organisationsmæssige system bliver imidlertid ikke alment forstået af virksomheden, der højst sandsynligt mener, at løsningen findes i en eller anden ad hoc og ufuldstandig uddannelsesordning: uddannelse for mellemste ledelse, uddannelse for det tilsynsførende personale eller bedre kommunikationer.
However, the link between such dysfunctions and the sociotechnical and organizational system is not generally perceived by the company, which is likely to believe that the solution lies in some ad hoc and incomplete training scheme: training for middle management, training for supervisory staff or improvement of communications.
Virksomheden tilkalder herefter en konsulent, der er ekspert i både uddannelse og organisation, og anmoder denne om at tilrettelægge et begrænset, formelt uddannelsesprogram.
It will then call in a consultant, expert in both training and organization, inviting him to arrange a limited programme of formal training.
Konsulenten foreslår herefter en aktion, der går langt videre end formel uddannelse og indebærer en socialteknisk andring, der til en vis grad vil være foranlediget og til en vis grad blive gennemført af de implicerede.
The consultant will then propose action far beyond the scope of formal training, involving a sociotechnical change which will be to some extent induced, and to some extent put into effect by those concerned.
Mens formel uddannelse ville have dækket over virksomhedens interne konflikter, vil det af konsulenten introducerede bredere ændringsprogram bidrage til at tilvejebringe en forskydning i den eksisterende magtbalance.
Whereas formal training would have covered up the company's internal conflicts, the broader programme of change introduced by the consultant will help to bring about a shift in the existing balance of power.
På denne måde kan konsulenten have en igangsætters eller endog en oprørers rolle - en rolle, fagforeningerne i Frankrig i almindelig hed ikke spiller på dette område , til dels på grund af magtbalancen og systemet for forholdene på arbejdsmarkedet,
In this way the consultant can play the role of initiator or even militant -a role which the trade unions in France do not generally perform in this field, for reasons connected with the balance of power and the system of industrial relations.
UDDANNELSE MED SIGTE PÅ AT FREMME NYE FORMER FOR ARBEJDSORGANISATION
TRAINING AIMED AT PROMOTING NEW FORMS OF WORK ORGANIZATION
Det er fordelagtigt at justere vor angrebsmåde, der især har koncen treret sig om observerede uddannelsestilfælde associeret med introduktionen af nye former for arbejdsorganisation, således at den sættes i et bredere perspektiv m,h,t, uddannelse, der vedrører nye former for arbejdsorganisation eller endog forbedring af arbejdsvilkårene, samt at se herpå ud fra det almene forskningsmønster med sigte på at fremme ud dannelsens rolle med en forbedring af arbejdsvilkårene som formål.
It is desirable to adjust our approach, which has concentrated primarily on observed cases of training associated with the introduction of new forms of work organization, to put it into a broader perspective of training concerned with new forms of work organization, or indeed the improvement of working conditions, and to view it in the context of the general pattern of research aimed at promoting the role of training for the purposes of improvement of working conditions.
Det er vigtigt at huske, at de offentlige organers politik i Frankrig (ANACT eller Statssekretariatet for manuelle Arbejderes Status)
It is important to remember that the policy of public bodies in France (ANACT or the State Secretariat for the Status of Manual Workers) aims to encourage an overall approach in -which the improvement of physical working conditions is not dissociated from organizational changes designed to upgrade skills or to humanize work.
Derfor den sammenfattende vending, "forbedring af arbejdsvilkårene",
Hence the portmanteau term "improvement of working conditions".
I Btudierne og eksperimenterne, vi skal se nærmere på i det følgende, må vi derfor isolere det, der specifikt drejer sig om nye former for ar bejdsorganisation (dog inklusive eksperimenter, der også omfatter foranstaltninger til nødvendige forbedringer i de fysiske vilkår) og se bort fra forbedringer, der udelukkende vedrører fysiske forhold, og som ikke er emnet i nærværende rapport,
In the studies and experiments which we are about to consider here, we must accordingly isolate that which is concerned specifically with new forms of work organization (although including experiments which make provision for necessary improvements in physical conditions as well) and disregard improvements concerned exclusively with physical conditions, which are not the subject of this report.
I 1976 anmodede Statssekretariatet for manuelle Arbejderes Status -
In 1976 the State Secretariat for the Status of Manual Workers asked the FNEGE (Fondation Nationale pour l'Enseignement de la Gestion - national
Denne arbejdsgruppes rapport blev offentliggjort i Formation et
management training foundation) to lead a working party on the potential role of initial training in the improvement of working conditions.
(2) højskoler for virksomhedsledelse og resultaterne af undersøgelser på tyve tekniske højskoler.
It was based on earlier research into training in industrial relations in management schools (2) and the results of a survey of twenty engineering schools.
Resultaterne viser, at selvom dov gives uddannelse i socialvidenskaberne, i problemerne vedr, forholdene på arbejdsmarkedet eller i socialøkonomiske fremgangsmåder, er denne stort set periferisk og tillæg ges ikke væsentlig betydning i læseplanerne, står ikke i hensigtsmæssig relation til de centrale discipliner og udbredes ikke med samme viden skabelige rigorisme.
The findings show that although some training is given in the social sciences, industrial relations problems or socio-economic approaches, is generally peripheral and given little prominence in syllabuses, not properly related to the central disciplines and not dispensed with the same scientific rigour.
Pladsen her er for begrænset til at give en detaljeret beskrivelse af anbefalingerne, der danne afslutningen på denne rapport
We do not have space here for a detailed account of the recommendations with which this report concluded (3), but the main points may be summarized as follows: initial
(3) Disse findes på side 85-92 i ovennævnte publikation.
(3) These are set out on pages 85-92 of the publication quoted above.
Det, der kræves, er ikke introduktionen af nye emner i den indledende uddannelse og at sidestille disse med dem, der allerede undervises i, men
Two engineering schools deserve to be singled out for their pioneering work in this field: the Ecole Centrale for its development of socio- technical training
- at fremhæve sociale, økonomiske og psykologiske parametre i studiet vedr. videnskabelige og teknologiske problemer;
(1), and the Ecole Polytechnique for the research into organization and working conditions carried out by its management research centre
- at eksperimentere - i selve uddannelsens verden - med nye former for organisation, læretid og socialisering;
As regards the contribution of continuing education to the improvement of working conditions, a first study was carried out on behalf of the
- at smede forbindelser mellem undervisningsetablissementer og industri ens verden bl.a, gennem kontakter mellem uddannere i indledende uddan nelse og i videregående uddannelse.
Secretariat for the Status of Manual Workers by a working party led by the CESI (Centre d'Etudes Supérieures Industrielles - centre for higher industrial studies), whose conclusions and recommendations are contained in part two of the publication mentioned above, Formation et amélioration des conditions de travail.
Denne rapport og forslagene, der afslutter denne, kan eventuelt være et udgangspunkt for systematiske bestræbelser i Frankrig til inklusion af dette emneområde i indledende uddannelseskurser og især i kurser for ingeniører og virksomhedsledere, der har afgørende indflydelse på ar be jdsorganisationsmetoderne.
The Ministry of Labour has now made the ANACT responsible for co-ordinating and promoting activities in this field, which it does in three ways: by means of studies, by the development of training aids and by support for training programmes.
To tekniske højskoler fortjener at blive fremhævet for deres pionerarbejde på dette område: Ecole Centrale for dens udvikling af socialtekniske uddannelseskurser (Oscar Ortsman) og Ecole Polytechnique for forskningen vedr, organisationer og arbejdsvilkår, udført af højskolens forskningscenter for virksomhedsledelse (Michel Berry),
The ANACT has commissioned two studies, one on French organizations involved in training in the field of improvement of working conditions
2.2 VIDEREGÅENDE UNDERVISNING
(carried out by the Centre INFFO)
Hvad bidraget af videregående undervisning til arbejdsvilkårenes forbedring angår, blev en indledende undersøgelse for Statesekretariatet for manuelle Arbejderes Status udført af en arbejdsgruppe under
(2), and the other on 11 cases of improvement of working conditions in which training played a role
Den første er en kvalitativt dybtgående undersøgelse af tyve orga nisationer, valgt fra en af ANACT opstillet liste over organisationer, der tilbyder uddannelse på dette område.
The first study is a qualitative in-depth survey of twenty organizations selected from the list of organizations providing training in this field drawn up by the ANACT.
Disse organisationer kan deles i fire kategorier: "fælles virksomhedsuddannelsesetablissementer", maskintekniske uddannelsesorganisationer, forsknings- og industrielle udviklingsvirksomheder, samt konsulent foretagender med organisation og uddannelse som speciale.
These organizations fall into four categories: "inter-company" training establishments, training engineering organizations, research and industrial development firms, and firms of consultants specializing in organization and training.
Det var en almen antagelse i denne studie (hvilket også bekræftes af resultaterne), at organisationerne, der tilbyder uddannelse på dette område, alle har meget nær tilknytning til fabriks- eller serviceindustrierne enten i kraft af deres oprindelse, deres beliggenhed eller de res metoder og angrebsmåder til en forbedring af arbejdsvilkårene, der er nærmere beslægtet med samråd end med konventionel uddannelse.
The basic assumption made in this study (and fully confirmed by the results) was that the organizations providing training in this field are all very close to the manufacturing or service industries, whether by virtue of their origins, their location, or their methods and approach to improvement of working conditions, which approximate more to consultancy than to conventional training.
Sidstnævnte er det første af de fire vigtigste punkter, i hvilke disse organisationer samstemmer i deres angrebsmåde til en forbedring af arbejdsvilkårene:
The point just mentioned is the first of the four main points on which these organizations concur in their approach to improvement of werking conditions:
Forbedring af arbejdsvilkårene drejer sig snarere om et konsulta­tions- end om et uddannelsesområde.
Improvement of working conditions is more often a field for consultancy than for training.
Inden for konventionel uddan­nelse (kurser) kan dette ikke behandles isoleret fra andre af virksomhedslivets aspekter.
In conventional training (courses) it cannot be dealt with in isolation from other aspects of company life.
(1) der udelukkende dækker en forbedring af arbejdsvilkårene.
There is no market for courses concerned exclusively with improvement of working conditions (1).
Dette emne er derfor tilbøjeligt til at blive dækket af specifike moduler, der er inkorporeret i mere bredt baserede kurser, især hvad fælles virksomhedsordninger angår.
The subject therefore tends to be covered by specific modules incorporated into other more broadly-based courses, particularly in the case of inter-company schemes.
Det andet punkt, konsultationsfirmaer eller maskintekniske uddannel­sesorganisationer har til fælles, er at uddannelse i forbedring af arbejdsvilkårene kun er en understøttende aktivitet, der opstår i løbet af en konsultationsopgave eller et forskningsprojekt.
The second point in common, in the case of consultancy firms or training engineering organizations, is that training on improvement of working conditions is an auxiliary activity only, arising in the course of a consultancy commission or research project.
Tilret­telæggelsen af kurser i dette emne mellem virksomhederne er ikke deres primære funktion men et tilfældigt biprodukt af deres vigtig­ste aktivitet i en industriel situation.
The organization of inter-company courses on this subject is not their primary function, but an occasional by-product of their main activity in an industrial situation.
Den tredie konklusion: forbedrede arbejdsvilkår opstår ud fra en forfølgelse af målsætninger, der derejer sig om en reorganisation af virksomheden.
The third conclusion: improvement of working conditions follows from the pursuit of objectives concerned with company reorganization.
Og endelig bør alle foranstaltninger til en forbedring af arbejds­vilkårene omfatte mellemste ledelse og metodepersonalet.
Finally, all measures to improve working conditions must involve middle management and methods staff.
(2) nelse og undervisningsmetoder, der er baseret på aktiv deltagelse".
(1) This observation is discussed further later in the report.
Kombinationen af en uddannelses- og en konsultationsform er fak­tisk et fælles træk for næsten alle tilfælde vedr. forbedringer af arbejdsvilkårene.
The conclusion of this study is therefore that "for organizations providing training, improvement of working conditions calls for an industrial development strategy, an approach integrated with the company, a multidisciplinary type of training and teaching methods based on active participation" (1).
Det ses derfor, at nærværende undersøgelse, der op­rindeligt beskæftigede sig med organisationer, der stiller uddannelse
This is what makes consultancy or develop­ ment firms well equipped to run this type of combined training/ consultancy exercise.
(1) Denne observation drøftes yderligere senere i rapporten. (2) Op. cit., side 53.
The combination of a form of training and a form of consultancy is in fact a common feature of nearly all cases of improvement of working conditions.
12 til rådighed til en forbedring af arbejdsvilkårene, når til samme konklusion, som vi har draget ud fra de få i denne rapport undersøgte tilfælde. (1,3.
Thus it may be seen that this study, which was originally concerned with organizations providing training on_ improvement of working conditions, reaches the same conclusion as we have drawn from the few cases studied in this report (1.3.
Fra uddannelse til konsultation), som vi skal vende tilbage til forneden.
From Training to Consultancy), to which we shall return below.
Den anden studie er en foreløbig undersøgelse, der dækker 11 tilfælde vedr. en forbedring af arbejdsvilkårene med sigte på at etablere:
The second study is a preliminary survey covering 11 cases of the improvement of working conditions aimed at establishing:
- en fremgangsmåde til mere udførlige Btudier; - kriterier for tildelingen af hjælpemidler til uddannelse på dette område ; - problemerne, der følger med at arbejde med uddannere.
- criteria for the allocation of aid for training in this field,
Af de 11 undersøgte tilfælde drejede kun k sig om arbejdsorganisation, men flere ser ud til engang med tiden at ville føre til en reorganisation.
Of the 11 cases studied, only 4 were concerned with work organization, but several seem likely to lead eventually to reorganization.
Det er derfor vanskeligt at fremhæve noget fra denne studie, der er relevant for vort formål, og endnu vanskeligere at sammenfatte det meget rige og stimulerende indhold af studiens konklusioner«
It is therefore difficult to extract what is relevant for our purpose from this study, and even more difficult to summarize the extremely rich and stimulating content of its conclusions.
Vi har valgt nogle få iøjnefaldende punkter:
We have selected a few salient points:
Det sker kun sjældent, at man ikke finder et uddannelsesindhold med opgaver, der sigter på at forbedre arbejdsvilkårene.
It is rare to find no training content in exercises aimed at improvement of working conditions.
Det er meget almindeligt for en forbedring af arbejdsvilkårene at (2) involvere selvuddannende arbejdssituationer; i alle tilfælde er uddannelse på arbejdspladsen et karakteristisk træk for alle k til fælde i denne rapport, der omfattede en reorganisation af arbejdet.
It is very common for improvement of working conditions to involve self-training work situations (2); at all events, on-the-job training
En forbedring af arbejdsvilkårene resulterer ofte i krav om yder ligere uddannelse.
Improvement of working conditions often gives rise to requests for additional training.
Virksomhedernes uddannelsesledere lader til at beskæftige sig meget lidt med en forbedring af arbejdsvilkårene; i ingen af de undersøgte tilfælde var de ansvarlige for opgavens gennemførelse.
Company training managers appear to have very little involvement in the improvement of working conditions; they were not responsible for running the exercise in any of the cases studied.
Mere fundamentalt analyserer denne forskning imidlertid et emne, der i allerhøjeste grad ligner vores: forholdet mellem forløbet af en medbestemmende introduktion af forbedringer af arbejdsvilkårene,
More fundamentally, however, this research analyses a subject very close to our own: the relationship between the process of participative introduction of improvements in working conditions, action-training and self-training work situations.
(1) Denne emne drøftes indgående i den sammenfattende rapport«
Training materials to be used as aids in courses on improvement of working conditions have been produced or are currently being prepared with assistance from the ANACT, and in many cases on its initiative.
Mon ikke der er et behov for homogenitet mellem disse tre faktorer eller stadier, specielt når der indføres nye former for arbejdsorganisation?
A second session is held at which they pool the experience gained in their respective work situations. The same organization (CEREP) has also produced another game on office jobs, called PACT, but this was without ANACT aid.
Uddannelses-hjælpemidler
Inter-company training courses
Uddannelsesmaterialer, der skal anvendes som hjælpemidler i kurser til en forbedring af arbejdsvilkårene, er blevet produceret eller udarbejdes i øjeblikket med hjalp fra ANACT og i mange tilfalde på dettes initiativ.
A large number of inter-company training courses on improvement of working conditions have appeared on the training market.
Direkte relevant for vort område er ACOTRA-spillet, der allerede er blevet udført af Dijons regionale uddannelsescenter, samt to projekter, der finder sted i øjeblikket: det økonomiske spil, der er udarbejdet af det Regionale Kontor for Virksomhedsledelsesstudier i Mulhouse, og arbejdsorganisationsspillet fra Centret for videregående Undervisning, Forskning og Udvikling i Lyon (CEREP).
It is fairly difficult to establish what has been done in practice, but we attempt below to give some idea of what is available and what has been done.
ACOTRA-spillet er en simulering, hovedsageligt tilrettelagt for tilsynsførende arbejdere. Formålet hermed er at indføre disse i nye for mer for arbejdsorganisation.
In 1976 the CESI launched a 25-day course on all aspects of improvement of working conditions, with special reference to changes in work organization, which was intended to lead on to experimental application in companies, and thereby to reorganization projects.
Det varer tre til fire dage og spilles af en gruppe på mellem 12 og 15 deltagere, der deles i tre undergrupper. Det koncentrerer sig om samlingen af en pumpe.
It was designed for engineers and managers working in companies which had decided to make improvements in working conditions.
Endelig er et spil, skabt af CEREP for driftsingeniører og ledende tilsynsførende personale, ved at blive sendt på markedet.
The CESI had hoped to achieve nationwide coverage with this course, running it at its 8 establishments in various parts of France.
I dette spil skal deltagerne stille diagnose over en situation (som de stort set anmodes om selv at skabe), og de sendes herefter tilbage til deres egne arbejds pladser for at anvende de diagnosestillende teknikker, der har erhvervet.
This ambition was not realised, since it was held only once at national level and once in the East, although shorter courses of the same type were held in the North and in Marseilles.
Der afholdes et yderligere møde, på hvilket de puljer de i deres respektive arbejdssituationer vundne erfaringer.
In 1977 the ANFOPPE (a union of continuing education associations) launched a programme of three modules, each running for five days, on the subject of developments in organization and new labour relations.
Samme organisation (CEREP) har også udgivet et andet spil vedr. kontorjob, PACT, der dog ikke modtager ANACT-støtte.
These courses were scheduled to be held early in 1977 in five regions of the country, but in the event they were not used anywhere, except in a few large companies for in—house training purposes.
På uddannelsesmarkedet er der fremkommet et stort antal fælles ud dannelseskurser for virksomhederne med en forbedring af arbejdsvilkårene som emne.
The players begin in a situation in which the state of assembly-line technology is such that the assembly work has to be organized according to scientific work organization methods (stage 1) .
Nogle har modtaget støtte fra socialministeriet eller ANACT.
In the second stage they are required to incorporate developments in ergonomics into work—station design.
Det ser dog ud til, at kun få af disse er blevet fulgt op med praktisk anvendelse« Det er ret vanskeligt at etablere, hvad der er udført i praksis, men forneden forsøger vi at præsentere et nogenlunde klart billede af, hvad der kan fås, og hvad der er gjort.
In the third stage they have to plan an organizational model which caters for all the requirements of man at work and to visualize and deal with all the implicit consequences.
I 1976 lancerede CESI et 25-dagee kureus i alle aspekter af en forbedring af arbejdsvilkårene med speciel henvisning til ændringer i arbejdsorganisationen.
The materials for this game are three pumps, three tooling lists, slides showing work-stations and ergonomie improvements to them, and a series of files on the company, its plant layout etc..
Hensigten var, at dette skulle føre til en ekperimentel anvendelse i virksomhederne og herigennem til reorganisationsprojekter.
This game has already been used for inter-company schemes about ten times since the beginning of 1978.
Det var formgivet til ingeniører og virksomhedsledere, der arbejdede i selskaber, der havde besluttet at forbedre arbejdsvilkårene.
A number of companies have also bought it for use in in-house training.
Det var CESIs håb at opnå en landsomfattende dækning med dette kur sus, idet det blev afholdt i dets 8 etablissementer i forskellige dele af Frankrig. Denne ambition blev ikke realiseret, idet det kun afholdtes een gang på nationalt plan og een gang i den østlige del af landet, omend kortere kurser af samme type afholdtes i landets nordlige del og i
The other game which is currently being produced is concerned with the economic evaluation of working conditions.
I 1977 lancerede ANFOPPE (et forbund af videregående uddannelsesforeninger) et program med tre moduler à fem dages varighed vedr, emnet, organisationsudviklinger og nye arbejasmarkedsrelationer.
It too places great importance on possible variants of work organization, since it is at this level that economic effects are most perceptible in a company's economy.