natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Specifikke oplysninger om de sundhedsmæssigeog fysiske virkninger af cannabis kan findes på EONN’s websted.)Se Narkotikarelateret kriminalitet, tabel 5 i Statistical Bulletin 2004.)Den internationale klassifikation af sygdomme, 10. udgave (ICD-10, Verdenssundhedsorganisationen), nr. F10-F19, giver en definition af »afhængighed«og »skadelig brug«: psykiske og adfærdsmæssige forstyrrelser som følge af brug af psykoaktive stoffer. Et andet værk, der også anvendes hyppigt, er Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(4. udgave) (DSM-IV, American Psychiatric Association), som benytter begreberne »afhængighed«og »misbrug«.
Also frequently used is the Diagnostic and statistical manual of mentaldisorders(IV edition) (DSM-IV, American Psychiatric Association), which uses the concepts ‘dependence’ and ‘abuse’.
Årsberetning 2004: Narkotikasituationen i Den Europæiske Union og Norge tiden indberetter ni lande hyppigheden af cannabisbrug
Annual report 2004: the state of the drugs problem in the European Union and Norway
Figur 26: Rapporterede hovedstoffer blandt nye og alle klienteribehandling i 2002 idenne form(156
Figure 26:Reported primary drug among new and all clientsattending drug treatment services in 2002
Cannabis er det illegale stof, der bruges mest i Europa,men kun en lille andel af de personer, der har brugt stoffet,søger behandling. Alligevel er cannabis nu i mange landedet næsthyppigst indberettede primære stof, for hvilket dermodtages særlig narkotikabehandling.
The proportion of new clients (i.e. those with no previoustreatment history) seeking treatment for cannabis use variesconsiderably between countries, from almost zero in Lithuania to nearly half (48%) in Germany, but in generalis in excess of one fifth (20%) (Figure 27).
Ifølge TDI-data(treatment demand indicator) (se s.65) indsamlet fra alleformer for specialiserede behandlingstjenester, er ca. 12%af alle klienter og 30% af de klienter, der først lige erkommet i behandling, registreret som havende et primærtcannabisproblem(figur26).
However, not allcountries can provide data on new treatment demands andwithin the larger data set of all treatment demandscannabis problems are less evident.
0 Det er imidlertid ikke alle lande, der kan fremvise data omny efterspørgsel efter behandling, og inden for rammerneaf hele datasættet vedrørende efterspørgsel efterbehandling fremstår cannabisproblemerne mindre tydeligt.
0 New clients
Nye klienter
All clients
Skønt alle disse lande bortsetfra Grækenland og Det Forenede Kongerige(157) melder om n= 42568 (nye klienter), 351372 (alle klienter).Inkluderede lande (nye klienter): CZ, DK, DE, EL, ES, LT, NL, SI, FI, SE.Inkluderede lande (alle klienter): CZ, DK, DE, EL, ES, IT, LT, LU, HU, NL, SK,SI, FI, SE, UK.Vægtet efter antal klienter pr. land.National Reitox-rapport 2003.
NB:n= 42 568 (new clients), 351 372 (all clients).Countries providing data (new clients): CZ, DK, DE, EL, ES, LT, NL, SL, SK, FI, SE.Countries providing data (all clients): CZ, DK, DE, EL, ES, IT, LT, LU, HU, NL,SK, SL, FI, SE, UK.Weighted on the number of clients by country.Sources:Reitox national reports 2003.
Nederlandene er andelen af brugere, der søgerbehandling, stadig forholdsvis lille, omend voksende.
influenced by data from Spain and Germany, countries thathave seen particularly large increases in reports of primarycannabis problems; furthermore, in terms of overallnumbers, Spain accounts for around 50%of all reportedtreatment demands.
en stigning i nye cannabisklienters andel af alle nyeklienter, varierer stigningen fra 6% i Nederlandene til 31%i Tyskland.Af oplysningerne i de nationale Reitox-rapportersynes det at fremgå, at også antallet af personer, dermodtager behandling for primært cannabisbrug, erstigende i nogle af de nye medlemsstater (figur28).
In 2002,averaged across the 11 countries for which data areavailable, such clients represented 29%of all new clients,up from 9%in 1996 (see Figure 20 for data sources).Although all these countries, with the exceptions of Greeceand the United Kingdom (157), report an increase in newcannabis clients as a proportion of all new clients, themagnitude of the increase varied from 6%in the Netherlands to 31%in Germany.
Ennylig gennemgang af anmodninger omcannabisbehandling, som det nederlandskeinformationssystem for alkohol og narkotika (LADIS) harudført, viser, at 29% af de nye klienter, der kom ibehandling i 2002, havde cannabisproblemer, og atcannabisklienter repræsenterer et lille, men hvert årvoksende antal personer.
Information provided inthe Reitox national reports suggests that the number ofpeople receiving treatment for primary cannabis use is alsoincreasing in some of the new Member States (Figure 28).A recent review of cannabis treatment demands conductedby the Dutch national alcohol and drugs information system(LADIS) noted that 29%of new clients entering treatment in2002 were reported as having cannabis problems and thatcannabis clients represented a small yet annually increasingnumber of individuals.
Af rapporten fremgår det tillige,at i betragtning af udbredelsen af cannabisbrug i
The report also noted that, given thescale of cannabis use in the Netherlands, the proportion ofthose seeking treatment although growing remainedrelatively small.
Man skal være varsom med at generalisere ud fra dekonsoliderede europæiske data.
An increase in cannabis treatment demands is not restrictedto Europe.
Desuden tegner Spanien sigalt i alt for ca. 50% af alle indberettedebehandlingsanmodninger.
In the United States, where a different drug treatment registration system is used (158), treatment
Data for Finland fremlægges ikke på grund af det lille antal »senestemåned«-brugere i den finske undersøgelse (35).
It is alsoimportant to note here that the increase in cannabistreatment demands reflected by TDI data is strongly admissions for marijuana increased from around 20000 in1992 to nearly 90000 in 2000 (SAMHSA, 2001;EMCDDA, 2003d).
Antallet af tilfælde og procenttallene for hvert land vises i Behandling, tabel 1 i Statistical Bulletin 2004.)Der foreligger ikke data om nye klienter for Det Forenede Kongerige, og oplysningerne er indberettet i de nationale rapporter.
)Data on new clients are not available for the United Kingdom and information is reported in the national reports.)In the United States, admissions to treatment, rather than individuals, are registered. In addition, in contrast to Europe, alcohol is included among the
Figur 27: Cannabis som rapporteret hovedstof blandt nye klienter,der anmodede om behandling i 2002
Figure 27: Cannabis as reported primary drug among new clientsattending treatment in 2002
— udvidelse af de former for behandlingsfaciliteter, derer til rådighed, og især specifikkebehandlingstjenester for unge og meget unge(nationale Reitoxrapporter, 2003)
— changes to the way cannabis use is dealt with by thecriminal justice system, within schools or by agenciesworking with young people, with an increase inreferrals to treatment of individuals who would nototherwise have sought help spontaneously.
Cannabisklienter: kendetegn og brugsmønstre
Most cannabisclients are referred to treatment by family and friends,social services or the criminal justice system. In comparison
0 Henvisningen af stofbrugere til behandling kan ske gennemflere kanaler. Der sondres mellem stofbrugere, der har
0 Figure 28:Trends in cannabis as reported primary drug amongnew clients attending treatment: 1996–2002
Stigningen i efterspørgslen efter cannabisbehandling er ikkebegrænset til Europa. I USA, hvor der anvendes et andet
In considering the implications of increased treatmentdemands for cannabis the following key questions arise:
Danmark marihuanabrug fra ca. 20000 i 1992 til næsten 90000 i2000 (SAMHSA, 2001; EONN, 2003d).
Does this finding represent an increase in the number ofpeople with physical and psychological problemsrelating to their use of cannabis? If so,
Med hensyn til implikationerne af den stigendeefterspørgsel efter cannabisbehandling rejser der sigfølgende væsentlige spørgsmål:
— Does it result from an increase in the regularintensive use of cannabis?
— skyldes dette en stigning i den regelmæssigeintensive brug af cannabis?
Can this increase be explained by factors independentof an increased need for help, such as:
— afspejler det andre faktorer som f.eks. en muligstigning i stoffets styrke?
— improvements in the coverage of the treatmentreporting system;
Behandling i alt (% af alle klienter).Gennemsnitlige tendens (%) i de enkelte lande.For Sverige gælder tallene for perioden 1996-1999 sygehusbehandling:Antallet af cannabistilfælde er dermed forholdsvis lavt sammenlignet mdandre år.Nationale Reitox-rapporter 2003 — ST 03.
NB: Treatment in overall numbers (% of all clients).Average of trends (%) within countries.Countries providing data: CZ, DK, DE, EL, ES, NL, SL, SK, FI, SE.In Sweden, data for 1996–99 are from hospital treatment: the number ofcannabis cases is thus relatively low compared with other years.Sources:Reitox national reports 2003.
Se SAMHSA-webstedet (http://www.samhsa.gov); bemærk, at i USA, Canada og Australien anvendes udtrykket »marihuana«, fordiudtrykket »hash« (cannabisharpiks) ikke er almindeligt.
— expansion of the types of treatment facilitiesavailable, and in particular specific treatmentservices targeting adolescents and young people(Reitox national reports, 2003);
Årsberetning 2004: Narkotikasituationen i Den Europæiske Union og Norge
Annual report 2004: the state of the drugs problem in the European Union and Norway with users of other drugs, a smaller proportion of cannabis
Figur 29: Nye klienter, der er kommet i behandling for cannabisien række lande (1996-2002) (landetendenser)
Figure 29: Distribution of reported primary drug amongoutpatient treatment attendees, by age group: 2002 clients are self-referred for treatment (159
Sovemidler og beroligende midler
Hypnotics and sedatives
Cannabisklienter, der er nye i behandlingssystemet, erprimært unge mænd (83%) med en gennemsnitsalder på22-23 år, mens andelen af mandlige klienter er lavere ogden samlede gennemsnitsalder højere, hvis der er tale omandre stoffer.
Cannabis clients new to treatment are predominantlyyoung, males (83%), with a mean age of 22–23 years,whereas, in the case of other drugs, the proportion ofclients who are males is marginally lower and the meanage higher.
Hvad angår næsten 80% af de nye klienter,der klassificeres som »meget unge« (under 15 år), og 40%af dem på 15-19 år, er det primært cannabisbrug, dersøges behandling for (figur29)(160).
In the case of almost 80%of new clientsclassified as ‘very young’ (under 15 years of age) and40%of those aged 15–19, the primary drug for whichtreatment is sought is cannabis (Figure 29) (160).
Disse grupper harogså en overvægt af mænd, men andelen af kvinder erstørre end for den samlede klientgruppe.
Thesegroups are still predominantly male but include a higherproportion of women than the client group overall.Differences in age and gender distribution by countrybroadly reflect the same patterns found among all clients.
Cannabisklienters forholdsvis unge alder afspejles i denstore andel (45%), der stadig er under uddannelse, modkun 8% af de klienter, der behandles for problemer medandre stoffer.
The relatively young age of cannabis clients is reflected bythe large proportion, 45%, who are still in education,compared with only 8%of clients being treated forproblems with other drugs.
Yderligere 24% af de personer, derbehandles for cannabisproblemer, er i fast arbejde, og der er en lige så stor andel arbejdsløse(161
A further 24%of those beingtreated for cannabis problems are in regular employment, equal to the number who are unemployed (161
Blandt klienter i behandling for et primærtcannabisproblem i 2002 var kun 36% daglige forbrugereaf stoffet, og kun 17% brugte cannabis mere end én gangom ugen (to-seks gange om ugen), 15% brugte stoffet éngang om ugen eller mindre, og 28% var lejlighedsvisebrugere eller havde ikke brugt cannabis inden for denseneste måned.
), which is in frequently than once a week (2–6 times per week); 15%used the drug once a week or less often and 28%wereoccasional users or had not used cannabis in the lastmonth.
Derimod er 84% af de opiatbrugere, der eri behandling, daglige brugere.
In contrast, 84%of opiate users in treatment aredaily users.
kontrast til klienter, der bruger stoffer som f.eks. heroin.Endvidere angiver cannabisklienter oftere, at de har fastbolig, end klienter, der behandles for problemer med andre stoffer (162
stark contrast to clients using drugs such as heroin. Inaddition, cannabis clients more often report living in stableaccommodation than those being treated for problems with other drugs (162
), hvilket afspejler, at mange af dem er unge, studerende og bor med deres forældre.
), reflecting the fact that many are young people, students and living with their parents.
Andelen af daglige cannabisbrugere blandt de klienter,derbehandles ambulant, varierer mellem landene.Nederlandene og Danmark angiver den højeste andelafdaglige cannabisbrugere (henholdsvis 80% og 76%),mens Tyskland angiver den højeste andel af lejlighedsvise
The proportion of outpatient treatment clients who usecannabis daily varies between countries. The highestproportions of daily cannabis users are reported in the Netherlands (80%) and Denmark (76%), while the highestproportion of occasional users is reported in Germany
)Se figur 22 OL: Kilder til henvisning for alle klienter: for alle stoffer og for cannabis.)Se også Behandling, tabel 4 i Statistical Bulletin 2004.)Se figur 23 OL: Beskæftigelsesstatus blandt cannabisklienter og alle klienter.)Se figur 24 OL: Levevilkår blandt cannabisklienter og alle klienter.)Se figur 25 OL: Hyppighed af cannabisbrug efter land.
)See Figure 22 OL: Source of referral among all clients: for all drugs and for cannabis.)See also TDI_Tbl 4 in the 2004 statistical bulletin.)See Figure 23 OL: Labour status among cannabis clients and all clients.)See Figure 24 OL: Living conditions among cannabis clients and all clients.)See Figure 25 OL: Frequency of cannabis use by country.
Udvalgte aspekter 2: Baggrund for cannabisproblemerne — Hvorfor stiger behandlingsefterspørgslen i Europa?
Selected issue 2: Cannabis problems in context — understanding the increase in European treatment demands than the latter.
De hyppigst indberettede sekundære stoffer,der anvendes af primære cannabisklienter, er alkohol
The most commonly reported secondarysubstances used by primary cannabis clients are alcohol
164), selv om fordelingen
164), although the distribution
Jo yngre cannabisbrugere er, når de første gang brugercannabis, des højere er risikoen for at udviklenarkotikaproblemer senere (Kraus mfl., 2003).
(32.9%) and stimulants (25%) (varies from country to country.
I Europabegyndte 28% af alle cannabisklienter, der var i behandling i2002, at bruge stoffet, inden de var 15 år, og hovedparten(80%), inden de var 20 år.
clients in treatment in 2002 started using the drug beforethe age of 15, and the majority (80%) before 20 years ofage.
De tilsvarende tal for opiatklienterer 9% og 42,8% og for kokainklienter 6% og 26,5%.
The corresponding figures for opiates are 9%and42.8%and for cocaine 6%and 26.5%.
De fleste lande angiver, at klienter i behandling, som harprimære cannabisproblemer, ofte har et blandingsbrug.Dette kan måske tilskrives registreringsmåden, f.eks. hvisklienter med blandingsbrugsproblemer for nemheds skyldregistreres som primære cannabisbrugere.
Some cannabis clients in treatment also admit to injectingother drugs, and some report lifetime experience ofinjecting despite currently using no drugs other thancannabis.
Der findesimidlertid ikke kvantitative data om andelen afblandingsbrugere blandt klienter i almindelighed.
For example, in Greece in 2002, although14.7%of cannabis clients with recorded secondary druguse had injected in the previous 30 days, 25.4%of allcannabis clients reported lifetime experience of injectinganother substance (Greek national report, 2003).
Der erforskelle mellem klienter, der alene bruger cannabis, ogdem, som bruger cannabis i kombination med et andet stof(nationale Reitoxrapporter, 2003), idet de førstnævntenormalt er yngre og bedre socialt integrerede (og mere
Similarly,information from the Czech Republic (national report)suggests that in some treatment settings up to half ofcannabis clients are also injecting.
Nogle cannabisklienter, der er i behandling, indrømmerogså intravenøs brug af andre stoffer, og enkelte angiverlangtidserfaring med intravenøs stofbrug, selv om de aktueltkun bruger cannabis.
Most countries report that clients in treatment who haveprimary cannabis problems often show a pattern ofpolydrug use.
F.eks. i Grækenland, hvor 14,7% afcannabisklienter med et registreret sekundært stofbrug i2002 havde sprøjtet sig inden for de seneste 30 dage,angav 25,4% af alle de klienter, der brugte cannabis,langtidserfaring med intravenøs brug af et andet stof(Grækenlands nationale rapport, 2003).
This may indicate a reporting artefact, forexample if clients with polydrug problems were, forconvenience, to be recorded as primary cannabis users.However, quantitative data on the proportion of polydrugusers among clients in general are not available.
Af oplysninger i Tjekkiets nationale rapport fremgår det, at indtil halvdelenaf cannabisklienterne i visse behandlingsmiljøer også erintravenøse stofbrugere.
There aredifferences between clients who use only cannabis andthose who use cannabis in combination with another drug(Reitox national reports, 2003): the former are usuallyyounger and better socially integrated (more likely to be inemployment and have achieved a higher educational leveland less likely to drop out or have dropped out of school)
Figur 30: Fordeling af brugshyppighed for indberettet hovedstofblandt klienter i poliklinisk behandling i 2002
Trends in treatment demand: changing factors
Tendenser i behandlingsefterspørgslen: ændrede faktorer
Figure 30:Distribution of frequency of use of reported primarydrug among all outpatient treatment attendees in 2002
0 Der foreligger ingen hårde data om tendenserne icannabisklienternes sociodemografiske kendetegn, selv omder i visse nationale rapporter (Tjekkiet, Frankrig og Luxembourg) angives en stigning i antallet af klienter meduddannelsesmæssige, sociale og psykiske problemer.Mellem 2001 og 2002 steg andelen af daglige brugere blandt cannabisklienter fra 31,7% til 39,2%(166
0 Nohard data on trends in the sociodemographiccharacteristics of cannabis clients are available, althoughsome national reports (Czech Republic, France and Luxembourg) describe an increase in the number of clientswith educational, social and psychological problems.Between 2001 and 2002 the proportion of daily usersamong cannabis clients increased from 31.7%to39.2% (166); some countries report that the proportionofdaily users is higher among older clients (more than20years old).
Sovemidlerog beroligendemidler
Hypnotics andsedatives
26 dage om ugen
2–6 days per week
Ikke brugt inden for den seneste måned, brugt lejlighedsvis
Not used in the past month/occasional
Ej oplyst
Not known
Inkluderede lande: CZ, DK, DE, EL, HU, LU, FI,SE, UK (CZ — alle typer behandlingscentre).Nationale Reitox-rapporter 2003; TDI-ambulatorier.
Countries providing data: CZ, DK, DE, EL, LU, HU,SE, FI, UK (CZ — all types of treatment centres).Sources:Reitox national reports 2003; TDI outpatient treatment centres.
Selv om cannabisbrugen voksede markant i næsten allelande i 1990’erne, og cannabis er det oftest brugte stof, erstørstedelen af brugen fortsat som nævnt ovenfor
As described above, although cannabis use increasedmarkedly in almost all countries during the 1990s and isthe most commonly used drug, most use still remainsoccasional or of short duration.
)Se figur 26 OL: Mest brugte sekundære stof efter land blandt alle cannabisklienter og Behandling, tabel 9 i Statistical Bulletin 2004.)Se figur 27 OL: Kilde til henvisninger blandt alle klienter, 2000-2002.)Se figur 28 OL: Brugshyppighed blandt alle cannabisklienter.
)See Figure 26 OL: Most used secondary drug among all cannabis clients by country and TDI_Tbl 9 in the 2004 statistical bulletin.)See Figure 27 OL: Source of referrals among all clients, 2000–02.)See Figure 28 OL: Frequency of use among all cannabis clients and TDI_Tbl 8 in the 2004 statistical bulletin.
Årsberetning 2004: Narkotikasituationen i Den Europæiske Union og Norge lejlighedsvis eller kortvarig. Det er sandsynligt, at depersoner, der har størst risiko for at udvikle problemer ellerblive afhængige, er dem, der bruger stoffet intensivt, mendet er på dette punkt, at informationskilderne er svagest.Det vides dog, at nylige brugere (brug inden for de seneste30 dage) typisk er unge mænd i byområder.
Annual report 2004: the state of the drugs problem in the European Union and Norway one exception (Latvia), approximately one quarter(19–33%) of those who had used cannabis in the last month recent users (use in the last 30 days) are typically youngmales living in urban areas.
Med en enkelt undtagelse (Letland) havdeca. en fjerdedel (19%-33%) af dem, der havde brugtcannabis inden for den seneste måned, et dagligt eller næsten dagligt forbrug(167)(
were doing so on a daily or almost daily basis (167
I disse lande udgjorde daglige brugere 0,5%-2,2% af den samlede befolkning(169) og 0,9%-3,7% af unge voksne (15-34 år)
Inthese countries, daily users represented 0.5–2.3%ofthetotal population (169) and 0.9–3.7%of young adults(15–34 years) (Figure 31).
»Brug inden for de seneste 30 dage« er en indikator foraktuel brug og omfatter også dem, der bruger stoffetintensivt.
‘Use in the last 30 days’ is an indicator of current use andincludes those who are using the drug intensively.
Hvis Sverige (0,1%) holdes uden for, viser nyereundersøgelser, at1%-7% af alle voksne og 3%-12% afunge voksne har brugt stoffet inden for de seneste 30 dage.Der er dog forskelle mellem landene, og aktuel brug ermest udbredt i Tjekkiet, Spanien, Frankrig, Irland og Det Forenede Kongerige.
In recentsurveys, if Sweden (0.1%) is excluded, 1–7%of all adultsand 3–12%of young adults report having used the drug inthe last 30 days.
I lande, hvor det er muligt atanalysere tidstendenser i nylig brug, er der konstateret enstigning, men ikke nogen drastisk stigning.
There are differences between countries,however, and current use is most common in the Czech Republic, Spain, France, Ireland and the United Kingdom.In countries where it is possible to analyse trends in recentuse over time, an increase is found, although not adramatic one.
Endvidere er dagligebrugere især mænd, selv om andelen varierer fra 62% i Nederlandene til 92% i Grækenland.
From these data, a crude estimate can be made of thenumber of people using cannabis intensively in Europe.Assuming that roughly 1%of the population usescannabison a daily basis, then, in a country with25million inhabitants (age 15–64 years), there wouldbe250000 daily cannabis users. In the EU as a whole,
Figur 31: Andel af daglige (eller næsten daglige) brugere af cannabis blandt alle voksne og unge i en del EU-lande ifølge nationalebefolkningsundersøgelser
Figure 31:Proportion of ‘daily users or almost daily users’ of cannabis among all adults and young adults in some EU countries, measuredby national population surveys
Alle voksne (15-64 år)
All adults (15–64 years)
Unge voksne (15-34 år)
Young adults (15–34 years)
Daglige eller næsten daglige brugere = brug 20 dage eller mere inden for sidste måned inden interviewet.Data er fra de senest tilgængelige nationale undersøgelser i hvert land.Aldersgrænserne for alle voksne er 15-64 år (Italien 44 år) og for unge voksne 15-34 år.
NB:Daily or almost daily users = use on 20 days or more during the month previous to the interview.Data are from the most recent national surveys available in each country.The age range for all adults is 15–64 years (Italy 44 years) and for young adults 15–34 years.
Variationer i aldersgrænserne kan føre til mindre forskelle mellem landene.Nationale Reitox-rapporter 2003 — oplysninger hentet i rapporter om befolkningsundersøgelser eller videnskabelige artikler. Se tillige epidemiologiske standardtabeller i Statistical Bulletin 2004.
Variations in age ranges may result in small disparities between countries.Sources: Reitox national reports 2003, taken from population survey reports or scientific articles.