natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
฀ 0 � ฀ NOGLE฀ OM R � DER฀ DER฀ ER฀ K E N D E T E G NET฀ VED฀ AFTALER฀ HVOR฀ PARTERNE฀ NORMALT฀ IKKE฀ER฀ SffO C I A L T ฀ OG฀ � KON OM I S K ฀ L I GE SffT I L L E DE฀ VIL฀ DE฀ KOMPETENCEREGLER฀ DER฀ H I D TIL฀ ER฀BLEVET฀ BEHANDLET฀ OFT E ฀ I฀ S I D SffT E ฀ E N DE฀ GIVE฀ DEN฀ SffT� R K EffS T E ฀ P A R T ฀ EN฀ YDERLIGERE฀ FORDEL฀ $ETTE฀ ER฀ KLART฀ T I L F � L DET฀ MED฀ DET฀ ALMINDELIGE฀ V � R N E T IN G ฀ N � R ฀ DEN฀ S V A GE SffT E ฀ P A R T ฀ AN L � G GE R ฀ SAG฀ MOD฀ SIN฀ MEDKONTRAHENT฀ MEN฀ DET฀ G � L DER฀ O G S � ฀ FOR฀DE฀ SPECIELLE฀ KOMPETENCEREGLER฀ FORDI฀ DEN฀ SffT� R K EffS T E ฀ P A R T ฀ KAN฀ SffT I P U L E R E ฀ O P F YL D E L S EffS STEDET฀ I฀ A FT A LEN฀ & OR฀ AT฀ SIKRE฀ DEN฀ S V A GE SffT E ฀ P A R T ฀ EN฀ PASSENDE฀ BESKYTTELSE฀I฀FORBINDELSE฀MED฀EN฀RETSSAG฀ER฀DER฀I฀FORORDNINGEN฀INDSAT฀KOM P E T E N C E REGLER฀ SOM฀ SKAL฀ SIKRE฀ AT฀ S A GEN฀ FOR T R IN S VIS฀ K OM MER฀ TIL฀AT฀ FORE G � ฀ VED฀ 23a4225a3;27avguvqaFC
฀ & OR฀ SOME฀ MATTERS฀ WHERE฀ CONTRACTS฀ U S U AL L Y ฀ INVOLVE฀ A฀ S O C I O E CON O M I C ฀ I M B AL ANCE฀ BETWEEN฀ THE฀ TWO฀ S I D E S ฀ THE฀ JURISDICTION฀ GROUNDS฀ CONSIDERED฀ SO฀ FAR฀ WOULD฀ OFTEN฀ E N T A I L ฀ A฀ FURTHER฀ A D V AN T A G E ฀ FOR฀ THE฀ S T R O N G E R ฀ PARTY฀ 4HAT฀ IS฀ C E R TAINLY฀TRUE฀OF฀THE฀GENERAL฀FORUM฀WHEN฀THE฀APPLICATION฀IS฀MADE฀BY฀THE฀RELA T I V E L Y ฀ W E AK ฀ PARTY฀ BUT฀ IT฀ ALSO฀ HOLDS฀ T R U E ฀ FOR฀ SPECIAL฀ JURISDICTION฀ IN฀ VIEW฀ OF฀ THE฀SCOPE฀FOR฀THE฀STRONGER฀PARTY฀TO฀STIPULATE฀THE฀PLACE฀OF฀PERFORMANCE฀IN฀ THE฀ CONTRACT฀ )N฀ ORDER฀ TO฀ AF FOR D ฀ THE฀ W E AK E R ฀ PARTY฀ DUE฀ JUDICIAL฀ PROTECTION฀ THE฀REGULATION฀CONTAINS฀JURISDICTION฀RULES฀DESIGNED฀TO฀ENSURE฀THAT฀PROCEED INGS฀ ARE฀PREFERABLY฀ CONDUCTED฀ IN฀ COURTS฀ READILY฀ ACCESSIBLE฀ TO฀ THAT฀ PARTY฀ 4HE฀ MATTERS฀ CONCERNED฀ ARE฀ IN S U R ANCE฀ CONTRACTS฀ CON S U M E R ฀ CONTRACTS฀ AND฀ INDIVIDUAL฀ EM P L O Y MENT฀ CONTRAC T S 23a4225a3;27avguvqaGP
EN฀ RET฀ SOM฀ DENNE฀ P A R T ฀ HAR฀ LET฀ ADGANG฀ TIL฀ $E฀ S A G S OM R � DER฀ DER฀ ER฀ TALE฀OM฀ ER฀ FOR S I K R IN G S AFTALER฀ FOR B R U GE R AFTALER฀ OG฀ IN D I V I D U E L L E ฀ A R BE J D S A FT A L E R
฀ )N฀ THE฀CASE฀OF฀ IN S U R ANCE฀ CON F E R R AL ฀ OF฀ JURISDICTION฀ ON฀ COURTS฀ M O RE ฀ ACCESSIBLE฀ TO฀ THE฀ IN S U RE D ฀ IS฀ A C H I E V E D ฀ BY฀ ENABLING฀ THE฀ P L A IN T IF F ฀ PO L I C Y HOLDER฀ IN SURED฀OR฀BENElCIARY฀TO฀BRING฀PROCEEDINGS฀IN฀THE฀COURTS฀FOR฀HIS฀OWN฀DOMI C I L E ฀ AS฀ AN฀ ALTERNATIVE฀ TO฀ THE฀ D EF E N D AN T RELATED฀ GENERAL฀ FOR U M ฀ !
฀ $E฀ H ER฀ OM H AN D L E DE฀ S V A GE ฀ PARTER฀ ER฀ DESUDEN฀ BE S K Y T T ET฀ MOD฀ R I S I K O EN฀ FOR฀EN฀ F R A V I GE L S E ฀ AF฀ DE฀ F A SffT S A T T E ฀ BESTEMMELSER฀ VED฀ EN฀ AFTALE฀ OM฀ V � R N E T IN G ฀ SOM฀ P� T V IN GE S ฀ DEM฀ AF฀ DERES฀ MEDKONTRAHENT฀ VED฀ IN D G � E L S EN฀ AF฀ A FT A LEN฀ & R A V I GE L S EN฀ AF฀ BE SffT E M M E L S E R N E ฀ ER฀ NEMLIG฀ KUN฀ G YL D IG ฀ ฀ HVIS฀ A FT A LEN฀ OM฀ V � R N E T IN G ฀ ER฀ IN D G � ET฀ EFTER฀ AT฀ T V I SffT EN฀ ER฀ O PS T� ET฀ ฀ HVIS฀ DEN฀ GIVER฀ DE฀ N � V N T E ฀ S V A GE ฀ PARTER฀ RET฀ TIL฀AT฀ AN L � G GE ฀ SAG฀ VED฀ ANDRE฀ RETTER฀ END฀ DEM฀ DER฀ ER฀ F A SffT S AT฀ I฀ FORORDNINGEN฀ ELLER฀ ฀ FOR฀ S � ฀ VIDT฀ AN G � R ฀ FOR S I K R IN G SffT A GERE฀ OG฀ FOR B R U GERE฀ HVIS฀ DEN฀ LADER฀ K OM P E TENCEN฀ T I L FALDE฀ RETTERNE฀ I฀DEN฀ STAT฀ HVOR฀ BEGGE฀ PARTER฀ HAR฀ B O P� L ฀ ELLER฀ S � D V AN L I GT ฀ O PH O L D S SffT E D 23a4225a3;27avguvqaFC
฀ 4HE฀ W E AK E R ฀ PARTIES฀ IN฀ QUESTION฀ ARE฀ ALSO฀ PRO T E C T E D ฀ FROM฀ THE฀DANGER฀OF฀ HAVING฀ A฀DEVIATING฀ JURISDICTION฀ AGREEMENT฀ FOISTED฀UPON฀ THEM฀BY฀ THE฀ OTHER฀PARTY฀ WHEN฀ CON C L U D ING฀ THE฀ CONTRACT฀ 3 U C H ฀ AN฀ AGREEMENT฀ IS฀ V AL I D ฀ ONLY฀ IF฀ IT฀ IS฀ ENTERED฀ INTO฀ AFTER฀ THE฀DISPUTE฀ HAS฀ A R I S E N ฀ IF฀ IT฀ ALLOWS฀ THE฀ W E AK E R ฀ PARTIES฀ ACCESS฀ TO฀ FURTHER฀ FOR U M S ฀ BE S I D E S ฀ THOSE฀ SPECIlED฀ BY฀ THE฀REGULATION ฀ OR฀ FOR฀ IN S U R ANCE฀ PO L I C Y H O L D E R S ฀AND฀CON S U M E R S ฀ IF฀ IT฀ CON F E R S ฀ JURISDICTION฀ ON฀ THE฀COURTS฀OF฀ THE฀3TATE฀ IN฀WHICH฀ BOTH฀ PARTIES฀ ARE฀ D O M I C I L E D ฀ OR฀ HABITUALLY฀ RE S I D E N T
฀ 5 D ฀ OVER฀ AT฀ V � R E ฀ BASERET฀ P� ฀ EN฀ AFTALE฀ MELLEM฀ PARTERNE฀ KAN฀ EN฀ RETS ฀ KOMPETENCE฀ O G S � ฀ V � R E ฀ R EffS U L T A T ET฀AF฀ SffT I L T I E N DE฀ A C C E P T ฀ N � R ฀ S A G S � GT E ฀ GIVER฀ M � DE฀ FOR฀ RETTEN฀ UDEN฀ AT฀ BE SffT R I DE฀ RET T E NffS ฀ KOMPETENCE฀ I฀DEN฀ F � R SffT E ฀ P R O C EffS HANDLING฀ ฀ $A฀ D E T ฀DREJER฀SIG฀OM฀ EN฀ KOMPETENCE฀ DER฀ IN D T R � DER฀ EFTER฀ AT฀ T V I SffT EN฀ ER฀ O PS T� ET฀ G � L DER฀ DENNE฀ I฀ M O D S � T NING฀ TIL฀ DEN฀ KOMPETENCE฀ DER฀ ER฀ BASERET฀ P� ฀ EN฀ AFTALE฀ OM฀ V � R N E T IN G ฀ O G S � ฀ U AN S ET฀ BE S K Y T T E L S EffS K OM P E T E N C ER฀ OG฀ V IG ER฀ KUN฀ FOR฀ E N E K OM P E T E N C E
฀ !PART฀ FROM฀ AGREEMENT฀ BETWEEN฀ THE฀PARTIES฀ PROROGATION฀ OF฀ JURISDICTION฀ MAY฀ ALSO฀ ARISE฀ FROM฀ T A C IT฀ A C C EP T ANCE฀ OF฀ A฀ COURT฀ IF฀ THE฀ DEFENDANT฀ E N T E R S ฀ AN฀ APPEARANCE฀ WITHOUT฀ CON T E S TING฀ THE฀ JURISDICTION฀OF฀ THE฀ COURT฀ SEISED฀ IN฀ HIS฀ lRST฀ D EF E N C E ฀ ฀ 3 IN C E ฀ THIS฀ IS฀ PROROGATION฀ AFTER฀ A฀ DIS P U T E ฀ HAS฀ A R I S E N ฀ IT฀ ALSO฀ U N LIKE฀ THAT฀ UNDER฀ A฀ JURISDICTION฀ AGREEMENT฀ APPLIES฀ AS฀ AN ฀EX C EP TION฀ TO฀ PRO T E C TIVE฀ JURISDICTION฀ BEING฀ B A R RE D ฀ ONLY฀ BY฀ EXCLUSIVE฀ JU R I S DI C T I O N
F R E MffS � T T E L S EN฀ AF฀ EN฀ IN D S I GE L S E ฀ OM฀ INKOMPETENCE฀SAMTIDIG฀MED฀EN฀ R E A L I T E TffS IN D S I GE L S E ฀ HVILKET฀ ER฀ OBLIGATORISK฀I฀HENHOLD฀TIL฀ LOVGIVNINGEN฀ I฀ NOGLE฀ STATER฀ IKKE฀ IN D EB � R ER฀ EN฀ A C C E P T ฀ AF฀ RET T E NffS ฀ KOMPETENCE฀ J F ฀ D OM MEN฀ AF฀ ฀ J U N I฀ ฀ I฀ SAG฀ ฀ % L EF AN T EN฀ 3 CH U H ฀ 3 M L ฀ S ฀
฀ 4HE฀ PROVISION฀ WAS฀ TAKEN฀ FROM฀ THE฀ ฀ , U G A NO฀ #ONVENTION฀ 4HE฀ #OURT฀ OF฀ *USTICE฀ HAS฀ MADE฀ IT฀CLEAR฀THAT฀LODGING฀AN฀OBJECTION฀TO฀ JURISDICTION฀ALONG฀WITH฀A฀DEFENCE฀ ON฀ THE฀ SUBSTANCE฀OF฀ THE฀ CASE฀ AS฀ REQUIRED฀ UNDER฀ SOME฀ COUNTRIES฀ NATIONAL฀ LAW฀ DOES฀ NOT฀ E N T A I L ฀ ACCEPTANCE฀OF฀JURISDICTION�฀SEE฀THE฀ JUDGMENT฀ OF฀ ฀ *U N E ฀ ฀ IN฀ # A S E ฀ ฀ % L EF AN T E N ฀ 3 C H U H ฀ ; = ฀ %#2฀ ฀ 5NDER฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀ OF฀ THE฀REGULATION ฀ RE Q U I R ING฀ A฀ COURT฀ TO฀ DECLINE฀ JURISDICTION฀OF฀ ITS฀ OWN฀ M O TION฀ ONLY฀ IF฀ SEISED฀ OF฀ A฀ CLAIM฀ PRINCIPALLY฀CONCERNED฀WITH฀A฀ MATTER฀FOR฀WHICH฀EXCLUSIVE฀ JURISDICTION฀ L I E S ฀ E L S E WHERE฀ )T฀ SHOULD฀BE฀ N O T E D ฀ THAT฀ THE฀REGULATION ฀STIPULATES฀ THAT฀ IN ฀DE T E R M IN ING฀ THE฀ S E AT฀ THE฀ COURT฀ IS฀ TO฀APPLY฀ITS฀RULES฀OF฀PRIVATE฀ INTERNATIONAL฀ LAW฀ AN฀ ARRANGEMENT฀ DEVIATING฀FROM฀THAT฀APPLICABLE฀ GENERALLY฀ UNDER฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀ IN฀ DETERMINING฀DOMICILE฀FOR฀THE฀ PURPOSES฀OF฀ !RTICLE฀
NOGLE฀ OM R � DER฀ SOM฀ SKAL฀ ANVENDES฀ UNDER฀ ALLE฀ OM SffT� N DIGHEDER฀ O G S � ฀ N � R ฀ S A G S � GT E ฀ HAR฀ B O P� L ฀ I฀ EN฀ STAT฀ DER฀ IKKE฀ER฀ MED LEM฀ AF฀ %5 ฀ $ISSE฀ E N E K OM P E T E N C ER฀ ER฀ ET฀ SUPPLEMENT฀ TIL฀ DEN฀ KOMPETENCE฀ DER฀ ER฀ FASTLAGT฀ I฀ EN฀ V � R N E T IN G S AFTALE฀ MELLEM฀ PARTERNE฀ FOR฀ S � ฀ VIDT฀ DET฀ A FT A L T E ฀ V � R N E T IN G ฀ HAR฀ ENEKOMPETENCE฀ $ISSE฀ K OM P E T E N C ER฀ G � R ฀ SIG฀ NAVNLIG฀ G � L D E N DE฀ I฀ SAGER฀ I฀ HVILKE฀ HOVEDKRAVET฀ ฀DREJER฀SIG฀OM฀ RETTIGHEDER฀ OVER฀ F A SffT ฀ EJ E N DOM฀ OG฀ LA N GT I D S L EJ E ฀ OG฀ FOR P A GT NING S AFTALER฀ VE D R � RENDE฀ F A SffT ฀ EJ E N DOM฀ HVOR฀ K OM P E TENCEN฀ T I L FALDER฀ RETTERNE฀ I฀DEN฀ MEDLEMSSTAT฀ HVOR฀ DEN฀ F A SffT E ฀ EJ E N DOM฀ ER฀ BE L IG GE N DE฀ I฀ SAGER฀ OM฀ G YL D IG HED฀ ELLER฀ O P L �ffS NING฀ AF฀ S E L S K A B ER฀ OG฀ ANDRE฀ JURIDISKE฀ P E R SffO N ER฀ HVOR฀ DER฀ H E N V I S EffS ฀ TIL฀ RETTERNE฀ P� ฀ D I S S EffS ฀ HJEMSTED฀ ฀ I฀ SAGER฀ OM฀ IN D F � RELSE฀ I฀ OF F E N T LIGE฀ REGI SffT R E ฀ OG฀ OM฀ REGI SffT R E RING฀ OG฀ G YL D IG HED฀ AF฀ P A T E N T ER฀ HVOR฀ K OM P E TENCEN฀ T I L FALDER฀ RETTERNE฀ I฀ REGI SffT R E R IN G S SffT A T EN฀ OG฀ ENDELIG฀ I฀ SAGER฀ OM฀ FULDBYRDELSE฀AF฀RETS A FG � R E L S ER฀ HVOR฀ RETTERNE฀ I฀ FULDBYR D E L S EffS SffT A T EN฀ ER฀ K OM P E T E N T E ฀ !
PUBLIC฀ RE G I S T E R S ฀ AND฀ RE G I S T R A TION฀ OR฀ V AL I DI T Y ฀ OF฀ P A T E N T S ฀ FOR฀WHICH฀ JURISDICTION฀ L I E S ฀ WITH฀ THE฀ COURTS฀ IN฀ THE฀3TATE฀OF฀ RE G I S T R A TION฀ AND฀ WITH฀ ENFORCEMENT฀ OF฀ JUDGMENTS฀ WHICH฀ C O M E S ฀ WITHIN฀ THE฀ JURISDICTION฀OF฀ THE฀ COURTS฀ IN฀ THE฀3TATE฀OF฀ ENFORCEMENT฀ 4HE฀ EXCLUSIVE฀ NATURE฀ OF฀ THOSE฀ JURISDICTION฀ RULES฀ IS฀WARRANTED฀ON฀ A C C O U N T ฀OF฀THE฀ DIS P U T E S ฀ P A R T I C U L A R L Y ฀ C L O S E ฀ L IN K ฀ WITH฀ A฀-EMBER฀3TATE฀ WHILE฀ LEAVING฀OPEN฀THE฀QUESTION฀OF฀WHETHER฀SUCH฀EXCLUSIVE฀JURISDICTION฀ALSO฀HAS฀THE฀ EFFECT฀OF฀ESTABLISHING฀THAT฀THE฀COURT฀SEISED฀DOES฀NOT฀HAVE฀JURISDICTION฀WHEN฀THE฀ L IN K ฀ SPECIlED฀ IS฀ WITH฀ A฀ THIRD฀ 3TATE฀
$E฀ I฀ FORORDNINGEN฀ F A SffT S A T T E ฀ KOMPETENCEREGLER฀ G � L DER฀ O G S � ฀ I฀ FORBINDELSE฀MED฀ S I K RENDE฀ RETSMIDLER฀ EFT E R SOM฀ DEN฀ RET฀ DER฀ ER฀ K OM P E T E N T ฀ TIL฀AT฀ P� K E N DE฀ SAGENS฀ R E A L I T ET฀ O G S � ฀ HAR฀ KOMPETENCE฀ TIL฀AT฀ AN O R D N E ฀ FORE L � B I GE ฀ ELLER฀ S I K RENDE฀ RETSMIDLER฀ ) F � L GE ฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ S UP P L E R EffS ฀ DEN฀ P� G � L D E N DE฀ RETS ฀ KOMPETENCE฀ IMIDLERTID฀ AF฀ DEN฀ KOMPETENCE฀ DER฀ F � LG ER฀ AF฀ DEN฀ ENKELTE฀ MEDLEMSSTATS฀ LOVGIVNING฀ N � R ฀ RETS M I D LET฀ � NffS K EffS ฀ AN O R D NET฀ AF฀ RETTEN฀ I฀DEN฀ G I V N E ฀ STAT฀ O G S � ฀ N � R ฀ K OM P E TENCEN฀ TIL฀AT฀ P� K E N DE฀ SAGENS฀ R E A L I T ET฀ T I L FALDER฀ RETTEN฀ I฀ EN฀ ANDEN฀ MEDLEMSSTAT฀ ( E N V I S NINGEN฀ TIL฀ MEDLEMSSTATERNES฀NATIONALE฀ LOVGIVNING฀ HAR฀ GE N E R E L ฀ KARAKTER฀ MEN฀ FOR U D S � T T ER฀ AT฀ DER฀ lNDES฀ EN฀ R E E L ฀ FORBINDELSE฀ MELLEM฀ DE฀ � NffS K E DE฀ RETSMIDLER฀ OG฀ DEN฀ ANMODEDE฀ SffT A TffS ฀ STEDLIGE฀ KOMPETENCE฀ ฀ S � L E D EffS ฀ AT฀ K OM P E TENCEN฀ I฀ V I R K E L IG H E DEN฀ T I L FALDER฀ RETTEN฀ I฀DEN฀ STAT฀ HVOR฀ DE฀ FOR M U E G O DER฀ BElNDER฀ SIG฀ SOM฀ER฀ GE NffS T AN D ฀ FOR฀ DET฀ S I K RENDE฀ RETS M I D D E L
4HE฀JURISDICTION฀CRITERIA฀LAID฀DOWN฀IN฀THE฀REGULATION฀COME฀INTO฀PLAY฀AS฀REGARDS฀ IN T E R I M ฀ RE L I EF ฀ TOO ฀ IN฀ THAT฀ THE฀ COURTS฀ WITH฀ JURISDICTION฀ AS฀ TO฀ THE฀ SUBSTANCE฀OF฀ THE฀ M A T T E R ฀ ALSO฀ HAVE฀ JURISDICTION฀ TO฀ ORDER฀ PRO V I SIONAL฀ INCLUDING฀ PRO T E C TIVE฀ MEASURES฀ 5NDER฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀ H O W E V E R ฀ IN฀ ADDITION฀ TO฀ THE฀ COURTS฀ WITH฀ JURISDICTION฀ AS฀ TO฀ THE฀ SUBSTANCE฀ JURISDICTION฀ MAY฀ ALSO฀ BE฀ A V A I L ABLE฀ UNDER฀ THE฀ LAW฀OF฀ ANY฀ -EMBER฀3TATE฀ TO฀ WHOSE฀ COURTS฀ A฀ M E A S U RE ฀ IS฀ APPLIED฀ FOR฀ EVEN฀ IF฀ ANOTHER฀-EMBER฀ 3TATES฀ COURTS฀ HAVE฀ JURISDICTION฀ AS฀ TO฀ THE฀ SUBSTANCE฀ 4HE฀ REFERENCE฀ TO฀ -EMBER฀ 3TATES฀ NATIONAL฀ LAW฀ IS฀ GENERAL฀ IN฀ SCOPE฀ BUT฀ P RE S UP PO S E S ฀ AN฀ A C T U AL ฀ LINK฀BETWEEN฀MEASURES฀APPLIED฀FOR฀AND฀TERRITORIAL฀JURISDICTION฀OF฀THE฀3TATE฀AP P L I E D ฀ TO฀ ฀ SO฀ THAT฀ JURISDICTION฀ IN฀ E S S E N C E ฀ L I E S ฀ WITH฀ THE฀ COURTS฀ IN฀ THE฀3TATE฀OF฀ L O C A TION฀OF฀ THE฀ PRO PER T Y ฀ ON฀ WHICH฀ A฀ PRO T E C TIVE฀ M E A S U RE ฀ IS฀ TO฀BE฀ I M PO S E D
฀ 3 A M O R D NING฀ AF฀ K OM P E T E N C E N
฀ # O O R D IN A TION฀ OF ฀JURISDIC T I O N
3 ฀ $ ET฀ SKAL฀ BE M � R K EffS ฀ AT฀ DET฀ I฀ FORORDNINGEN฀ F A SffT S � T T EffS ฀ AT฀ RETTEN฀ VED฀ A FG � R E L S EN฀ AF฀ HVOR฀ H J E M STEDET฀ ER฀ BE L IG GE N DE฀ SKAL฀ ANVENDE฀ DE฀ IN T E R N A T I O N A L P R I V A T RETLIGE฀ REGLER฀ SOM฀ G � L DER฀ FOR฀ DEN฀ MED฀ EN฀ L �ffS NING฀ DER฀ IKKE฀STEMMER฀OVERENS฀MED฀DE฀ GE N E R E L L E ฀ BESTEMMELSER฀ I฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ OM฀ F A SffT L � G GE L S E ฀ AF฀ B O P� LEN฀ MED฀ HENBLIK฀ P� ฀ ANVENDELSE฀ AF฀ ARTIKEL฀ 4 ฀ $ET฀DREJER฀SIG฀HER฀OM฀ S P� R G SffM � LET฀ OM฀ E K S I SffT E NffS EN฀ AF฀ EN฀ S � KAL D T ฀ w R E m E K S V I R K NING i฀ AF฀ BESTEMMELSERNE฀OM฀ ENEKOMPETENCE฀ SOM฀ E N D NU฀ IKKE฀HAR฀ FU N DET฀ EN฀ ENDELIG฀ L �ffS NING฀ H VE R KEN฀ I฀ T E O R I EN฀ ELLER฀ I฀ RETSPRAKSIS฀ SELV฀OM฀DET฀ALLEREDE฀ER฀BLEVET฀ BESVARET฀NEGATIVT฀I฀RAPPORTERNE฀TIL฀ "RUXELLES฀) KONVENTIONEN฀OG฀ ,UGANO KONVENTIONEN฀ J F ฀ ( ฀ 'AUDEMET 4 A L L O N ฀ # OM P� T E N C E ฀ 2 E T T E R N EffS ฀ KOMPETENCE฀ O P ฀ C I T ฀ S ฀ ฀ F F
฀ 4HE฀ I S SUE฀ R A I S E D ฀ OF฀ WHETHER฀ EXCLUSIVE฀JURISDICTION฀RULES฀HAVE฀ WHAT฀HAS฀BEEN฀TERMED฀A฀@REmEX฀ EFFECT฀ HAS฀ NOT฀ BEEN฀ l N AL L Y ฀ S E T T L E D ฀ IN฀LEGAL฀SCHOLARSHIP฀OR฀IN฀CASE LAW฀ ALTHOUGH฀IT฀HAS฀PREVIOUSLY฀BEEN฀ RESOLVED฀IN฀THE฀NEGATIVE฀FOR฀THE฀ "RUSSELS฀)฀AND฀,UGANO฀ #ONVENTION S � ฀ SEE฀ ( ฀ 'AUDEMET 4 AL L ON฀ # O M P � T E N C E ฀ E T ฀EX �C U TION฀ D E S ฀ JU G E MENTS฀ E N ฀ % U R OP E ฀ C I T E D ฀ ABOVE฀ P P ฀ ฀ E T ฀ S E Q ฀ / N ฀ THIS฀ PO IN T ฀ SEE฀ THE฀ JUDGMENT฀OF฀THE฀#OURT฀OF฀*USTICE฀OF฀ ฀ . O V EM BER฀ ฀ IN฀#ASE฀# ฀ 6 AN฀ 5 D E N ฀ ; = ฀ %#2฀)
฀ $EN฀ OM SffT� N D IG HED฀ AT฀ DER฀ lNDES฀ ALTERNATIVE฀ V � R N E T IN G ฀ FOR฀ MANGE฀ AF฀ DE฀ T V I SffT ER฀ SOM฀ FORORDNINGEN฀ lNDER฀ ANVENDELSE฀ P� ฀ BE T Y DER฀ AT฀ � N ฀ OG฀ SAMME฀ SAG฀ KAN฀ AN L � G GE S ฀ VED฀ RETTERNE฀ I฀ FORSKELLIGE฀ MEDLEMSSTATER฀ OG฀ VE R S E R E ฀ S A M T I D IG ฀ VED฀ DISSE฀ MED฀ DEN฀ RISIKO฀ AT฀ DER฀ T R � F F EffS ฀ U FORE N E LIGE฀ RETS A FG � R E L S ER฀ %N฀ K O R REKT฀ RETS U D � VE L S E ฀ FOR U D S � T T ER฀ AT฀ DENNE฀ RISIKO฀ R E D U C E R EffS ฀ TIL฀ ET฀ M IN I M U M ฀ IDET฀MAN฀ S � ฀ VIDT฀MULIGT฀ SKAL฀ U N D G �฀AT฀ DER฀ VERSERER฀ PARALLELLE฀ RETS SAGER฀ I฀ FORSKELLIGE฀ MEDLEMSSTATER฀ ) ฀ BE SffT R � BE L S E R N E ฀ P� ฀ AT฀ l N DE฀ EN฀ K LA R ฀ OG฀ EF F E K T I V ฀ M E K AN I SffM E ฀ TIL฀ L �ffS NING฀ AF฀ T I L F � L DE฀ AF฀ LITISPENDENS฀ OG฀ IN D B Y R D EffS ฀ S A M M E N H � N GE N DE฀ KRAV฀ HAR฀ FORORDNINGENS฀ FOR F A T T E R E ฀ OG฀ ALLEREDE฀ INDEN฀
฀ 4HE฀ A V A I L ABILITY฀ OF฀ ALTERNATIVE฀ FOR U M S ฀ FOR฀ M ANY฀ DIS P U T E S ฀ COVERED฀ BY฀ THE฀ REGULATION฀MEANS฀THAT฀PROCEEDINGS฀ON฀THE฀SAME฀CLAIM฀MAY฀BE฀BROUGHT฀AND฀ CONDUCTED฀ CONCURRENTLY฀ IN฀ COURTS฀ IN฀DIFFERENT฀-EMBER฀ 3TATES฀ WITH฀ THE฀ R I S K ฀ THAT฀ THOSE฀ COURTS฀ A R R I V E ฀ AT฀ M U T U AL L Y ฀ IN C O M P A T I B L E ฀ JUDGMENTS฀ 0 R O PER ฀ ADMINISTRATION฀OF฀ JUSTICE฀ REQUIRES฀ THAT฀ THAT฀ RISK฀BE฀KEPT฀ TO฀ A฀ M INI M U M ฀ WITH฀ THE฀ A V O I D ANCE฀ AS฀ FAR฀ AS฀POSSIBLE฀ OF฀ CON C U R R ENT฀ PROCEEDINGS฀ CONDUCTED฀ IN฀ PARALLEL฀ IN฀DIFFERENT฀-EMBER฀ 3TATES฀ )N฀ TRYING฀ TO฀ l N D ฀ A฀ CLEAR฀ EFFEC TIVE฀ WAY฀ OF฀ RESOLVING฀ CASES฀ OF฀ LIS฀ PENDENS฀ OR฀ RELATED฀ A C T I O N S ฀ THE฀ D R AF T S M E N ฀ OF฀ THE฀REGULATION ฀ AS฀ OF฀ THE฀ CONVENTION฀ BEFORE฀ IT฀ WERE฀ F A C E D ฀ WITH฀ CON S I D E R ABLE฀ D IF FERENCES฀ BETWEEN฀NATIONAL฀ LEGAL฀ SYSTEMS฀ BEGINNING฀WITH฀ SOME฀-EMBER฀3TATES฀ ARRANGEMENT฀ WHEREBY฀ PROCEEDINGS฀ ALREADY฀ PENDING฀ TAKE฀ PRECEDENCE฀ AND฀ O T H E R S ฀ APPLICATION฀ OF฀ THE฀ FOR U M ฀ NON ฀ CON V E N I E N S ฀ A P PROACH฀ % V E N ฀ WITH฀THE฀LATTER฀APPROACH฀GENERALLY฀RULED฀OUT฀AND฀WITH฀IT฀STIPULATED฀THAT฀IN฀ LIS฀PENDENS฀CASES฀ANY฀COURT฀OTHER฀THAN฀THE฀COURT฀lRST฀SEISED฀MUST฀DECLINE฀ JURISDICTION฀ IN฀ FAVOUR฀ OF฀ THE฀ COURT฀ lRST฀ SEISED฀ WHERE฀ THAT฀ COURTS฀ JURISDICTION฀ IS฀ ESTABLISHED฀ THERE฀ R EM A IN E D ฀ FUNDAMENTAL฀ D IF FERENCES฀ AS฀ TO฀ THE฀ TIME฀AT฀WHICH฀PROCEEDINGS฀BECOME฀ PENDING฀ SINCE฀ SOME฀ SYSTEMS฀ MAKE฀ REFERENCE฀
0 ฀ $OMSTOLENS฀ DOM฀ AF฀ ฀ J U N I฀
IV ̌ Recognition and enforcement of judgments
฀ I฀ SAG฀ ฀ : E LG ER฀ MOD฀ 3 A L IN I T R I฀ 3 M L ฀ S ฀ �฀SE฀ IMIDLERTID฀ DEN฀ EFT E R F � L GE N DE฀ DOM฀ AF฀ ฀ DECEMBER฀ ฀ I฀ SAG฀ ฀ ' U B I S CH ฀ MOD฀ 0 A L U MB O ฀ 3 M L ฀ S ฀ ฀ HVOR฀ $OMSTOLEN฀ P R � C I S E R E DE฀ AT฀ H E N V I S NINGEN฀ TIL฀ N A T I O N A L ฀ LOVGIVNING฀ KUN฀ VE D R � R ER฀ DET฀ TIDSPUNKT฀ HVOR฀ L I T I S P E N D E NffS EN฀ BE SffT E M M EffS ฀ OG฀ AT฀ BEGREBET฀ LITISPENDENS฀ FOR฀ S � ฀ VIDT฀ AN G � R ฀ D E TffS ฀ V �ffS E N T LIGE฀ E L E M E N T ER฀ B � R ฀ BETRAGTES฀ SOM฀ET฀ A U T O N OM T ฀ BE G R EB
฀ 7 H I L E ฀ THE฀ RULES฀ G O V E R N ING฀ JURISDICTION฀ MADE฀ THE฀"RUSSELS฀ ) ฀ #ONVENTION฀ AS฀ THEY฀NOW฀MAKE฀ THE฀REGULATION ฀ THE฀lRST฀GENERAL฀ INSTRUMENT฀ TO฀DEAL฀WITH฀ THIS฀ # H A P T E R ฀ ))) ฀ OF฀ THE฀REGULATION ฀ CONCERNING฀ RECOGNITION฀ AND฀ ENFORCEMENT฀ OF฀ JUDGMENTS฀ IS฀ NO฀ LESS฀ OF฀ A฀ NEW฀ D EP A R T U RE ฀ IN฀ C O M P A R I S ON฀ WITH฀ PREVIOUS฀ INSTRUMENTS฀ )T฀ TOO ฀ S T EM S ฀ FROM฀ D E V E L OP MENTS฀ IN฀ THE฀ CONVENTION฀ PROVISIONS฀ WHICH฀ IT฀ FURTHER฀ BU I L DfiS ฀ UPON฀ WITH฀ THE฀ A I M ฀ OF฀ INCREASINGLY฀ E A S Y ฀ AU TO M A T I C ฀ GIVING฀ OF฀ EFFECT฀ TO฀ JUDGMENTS฀ H AN D E D ฀ DOWN฀ IN฀ OTHER฀-EMBER฀ 3 T A T E S
฀ %N฀ VIS฀ m E K S I B I L I T ET฀ P� ฀ OM R � DET฀ A FT E G N ER฀ SIG฀ DERIMOD฀ I฀ FORBINDELSE฀MED฀ IN D B Y R D EffS ฀ S A M M E N H � N GE N DE฀ KRAV฀ $EN฀ RET฀ VED฀ H VIL KEN฀ S A GEN฀ EFT E R F � L GE N DE฀ ER฀ ANLAGT฀ HAR฀ S � L E D EffS ฀MULIG HED฀ FOR฀ AT฀ U D S � T T E ฀ S A GEN฀ MEN฀ ER฀ IKKE฀ N � D T ฀ TIL฀AT฀ G � R E ฀ DET฀ $EN฀ KAN฀ E N D VIDERE฀ E R K L � R E ฀ SIG฀ IN K OM P E T E N T ฀ EFTER฀ ANMODNING฀ FRA฀ EN฀ AF฀ PARTERNE฀ FORUDSAT฀ AT฀ DEN฀ RET฀ VED฀ H VIL KEN฀ S A GEN฀ F � R SffT ฀ ER฀ ANLAGT฀ HAR฀ KOMPETENCE฀ TIL฀AT฀ P� K E N DE฀ DE฀ P� G � L D E N DE฀ KRAV฀ OG฀ DENS฀ LOVGIVNING฀ T I L LADER฀ FORENING฀ H E R AF฀ 5 DEN฀ AT฀ O PN� ฀ DEN฀ SffT� R R E ฀ m E K S I B I L I T ET฀ DER฀ VILLE฀ FORELIGGE฀ MED฀ EN฀ H E N V I S NING฀ TIL฀ PRINCIPPET฀ FOR U M ฀ N O N ฀ C O N VE N I E NffS ฀ B Y G GE R ฀ DEN฀ F A SffT S A T T E ฀ SAMORDNING฀ DOG฀ P� ฀ AT฀ DEN฀ RET฀ VED฀ H VIL KEN฀ S A GEN฀ EFT E R F � L GE N DE฀ ER฀ ANLAGT฀ FO RET A GE R ฀ EN฀ FOR S I GT IG ฀ V U R D E RING฀
฀ *U DG MENT฀ OF฀ THE฀ #OURT฀ OF฀ *USTICE฀ OF฀ ฀ *U N E ฀ ฀ IN฀ # A S E ฀ ฀ : E LG E R ฀ V ฀ 3 AL INI T R I ฀ ; = ฀ %#2฀ � ฀ SEE฀ H O W E V E R ฀ THE฀SUBSEQUENT฀JUDGMENT฀OF฀ ฀ $ E C EM BER฀ ฀ IN฀ # A S E ฀ ฀ ' U B I S C H ฀ V ฀ # O L O M BO ฀ ; = ฀ %#2฀ ฀ ฀ IN฀WHICH฀ THE฀ #OURT฀ MADE฀IT฀CLEAR฀THAT฀THE฀REFERENCE฀TO฀ NATIONAL฀LAW฀RELATES฀ONLY฀TO฀THE฀ TIME฀AT฀WHICH฀PROCEEDINGS฀BECOME฀ PENDING฀ AND฀ THAT฀ AS฀ REGARDS฀ ITS฀ E S S E N T I AL ฀ C O M PO N E N T S ฀ LIS฀ PENDENS฀ IS฀ TO฀BE฀REGARDED฀AS฀SEPARATELY฀ D E l N E D ฀ 7 I T H ฀ THIS฀ IN฀MIND฀ IT฀MIGHT฀ BE฀ ASKED฀WHETHER฀IT฀WOULD฀NOT฀BE฀ WORTH฀BRINGING฀ABOUT฀CLOSER฀ COORDINATION฀BY฀ALSO฀ATTACHING฀ SIGNIlCANCE฀TO฀CONSIDERATION฀BY฀THE฀ COURT฀ lRST฀ SEISED฀ WITH฀ A฀ VIEW฀ TO฀ A฀ POSSIBLE฀TRANSFER฀OF฀PROCEEDINGS฀TO฀ ANOTHER฀ COURT฀ S E I S E D
DER฀ O G S � ฀ L � G GE S ฀ V � GT ฀ P� ฀ DEN฀ V U R D E RING฀ SOM฀ FORETAGES฀ AF฀ DEN฀ RET฀ VED฀ H VIL KEN฀ S A GEN฀ ER฀ ANLAGT฀ MED฀ HENBLIK฀ P� ฀ EN฀ E VE N T U E L ฀ O VE R F � RELSE฀ AF฀ KRAVET฀ TIL฀ DEN฀ RET฀ VED฀ H VIL KEN฀ S A GEN฀ EFT E R F � L GE N DE฀ ER฀ AN LA GT
฀ , I K E ฀ THE฀ CONVENTION฀ BEFORE฀ IT฀ THE฀REGULATION ฀ lRST฀ OF฀ ALL฀ ALLOWS฀ FOR฀ RE C O G N I TION฀IN฀-EMBER฀3TATES฀OF฀ALL฀JUDGMENTS฀GIVEN฀BY฀COURTS฀IN฀OTHER฀-EMBER฀
฀ 3ELV฀ OM฀ F A SffT L � G GE L S EN฀ AF฀ RETTERNES฀ KOMPETENCE฀ G JO R DE฀ "RUXELLES฀) KONVENTIONEN฀OG฀ NU฀ G � R ฀ FORORDNINGEN฀ TIL฀ DET฀ F � R SffT E ฀ A L M ENE฀ IN SffT R U M E N T ฀ MED฀ DETTE฀ IN D H O L D ฀ ER฀ DET฀ M IN D SffT ฀ LIGE฀ S � ฀ IN N OV A T I VE ฀ I฀ FORHOLD฀ TIL฀ TIDLIGERE฀ IN SffT R U M E N T ER฀ DET฀ T R E D J E ฀ K A P I T E L ฀ I฀ FORORDNINGEN฀ VE D R � RENDE฀ ANERKENDELSE฀OG฀FULDBYRDELSE฀AF฀ RETS A FG � R E L S ER฀ / G S � ฀ DETTE฀ ER฀ R EffS U L T A T ET฀AF฀ EN฀ U D V I K LING฀ AF฀ BE SffT E M M E L S E R N E ฀ I฀ KONVENTIONEN฀ SOM฀HAR฀ HAFT฀ TIL฀ FOR M � L ฀ AT฀ G � R E ฀ DET฀ STADIG฀ L E T T E R E ฀ OG฀MERE฀ AUTOMATISK฀ AT฀ LADE฀ RETS A FG � R E L S ER฀ TRUFFET฀ I฀ ANDRE฀ MEDLEMSSTATER฀ F � ฀ RETS V I R K NING
3TATES฀ WITHIN฀ ITS฀ SCOPE฀ AS฀ TO฀ SUBJECT฀ M A T T E R ฀ REGARDLESS฀ OF฀ W H AT฀ JUDGMENTS฀ ARE฀ C AL L E D ฀ AND฀OF฀ THE฀ l N AL ฀ OR฀ PRO V I SIONAL฀ NATURE฀ OF฀ THEIR฀ CON T ENT฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀ L E A V E S ฀ NO฀ R O O M ฀ FOR฀ D O U BT ฀ ON฀ THAT฀ S C O RE ฀ N OR฀ AS฀ TO฀ THE฀ A P P L I C ABILITY฀ OF฀ THE฀ REGULATIONS฀ PROVISIONS฀ WHICH฀ DO฀ NOT฀ REQUIRE฀ ANY฀ CONSIDERATION฀ OF฀ THE฀ O R I G IN AL ฀ COURTS฀ JURISDICTION฀ % V E N ฀ JUDGMENTS฀ GIVEN฀ ON฀ THE฀ B A S IS฀ OF฀ JURISDICTION฀ C R I T E R I A฀ UNDER฀ NATIONAL฀ LAW฀ AS฀ ONLY฀ IN DIRECTLY฀ REFERRED฀ TO฀ IN฀!RTICLE฀ ฀ OF฀ THE฀REGULATION ฀ IN฀ THE฀CASE฀OF฀ D E FENDANTS฀ D O M I C I L E D ฀ IN฀ A฀ THIRD฀ 3TATE฀ WILL฀ THEREFORE฀ Q U AL IF Y ฀ FOR฀ FREE฀ M O V E MENT฀ IN฀ OTHER฀-EMBER฀ 3 T A T E S
฀ 3OM฀ DET฀ ALLEREDE฀ VAR฀ T I L F � L DET฀ I฀ KONVENTIONEN฀ F R E M H � VE S ฀ DET฀ F � R SffT ฀ AT฀MAN฀ I฀ MEDLEMSSTATERNE฀ SKAL฀ ANERKENDE฀ ALLE฀ DE฀ RETS A FG � R E L S ER฀DER฀ ER฀ TRUFFET฀ AF฀ EN฀ RET฀I฀EN฀ANDEN฀MEDLEMSSTAT฀INDEN฀FOR฀FORORDNINGENS฀MATERIELLE฀ANVENDEL S EffS OM R � DE฀ U AN S ET฀ DEN฀ AN VE N D T E ฀ BE T E G N E L S E ฀ OG฀ U AN S ET฀ OM฀ IN D H O L DET฀ HAR฀ ENDELIG฀ ELLER฀ FORE L � B IG ฀ KARAKTER฀ ) ฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ L EV N EffS ฀ DER฀ IN GEN฀ T V I VfiL ฀ I฀ S � ฀ H E NffS E E N DE฀ LIGESOM฀ DER฀ IKKE฀ L EV N EffS ฀ T V I VfiL ฀ OM฀ FOR U D S � T NING E R N E ฀ FOR฀ ANVENDELSEN฀ AF฀ FORORDNINGENS฀ REGLER฀ HVILKET฀ G � R ฀ DET฀ O VE R m � D I GT ฀ AT฀ EFT E R P R � VE ฀ K OM P E TENCEN฀ FOR฀ RETTEN฀ I฀ D OM S SffT A T EN฀ / G S � ฀ DE฀ RETS A FG � R E L S ER฀DER฀ ER฀ TRUFFET฀ P� ฀ GRUNDLAG฀ AF฀ KOMPETENCEREGLER฀ DER฀ ER฀ F A SffT S AT฀ I฀NATIO N A L ฀ LOVGIVNING฀ OG฀ KUN฀ IN DIREKTE฀ OM T A L T ฀ I฀ FORORDNINGENS฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ I฀ FORBINDELSE฀MED฀ S A G S � GT E ฀ MED฀ B O P� L ฀ I฀ET฀ T R E D J E LAND฀ N Y DER฀ DERFOR฀ G O D T ฀ AF฀ DEN฀ F R I E ฀ B EV � GE L IG HED฀ I฀DE฀ANDRE฀ KONTRAHERENDE฀ SffT A T E R
฀ 4HE฀ REGULATION฀ CON T IN U E S ฀ TO฀ DIS T IN G U I S H ฀ BETWEEN฀ RECOGNITION฀ AND฀ ENFORCEMENT฀ OF฀ FOREIGN฀ JUDGMENTS฀ 2 E C O G N I TION฀ IS฀ AU TO M A T I C ฀ WITHOUT฀ ANY฀ SPECIAL฀ PROCEDURE฀ UNLESS฀ IN฀ DIS P U T E ฀ UNDER฀ THE฀PRINCIPLE฀ OF฀ M U T U AL ฀ T R U S T ฀ BETWEEN฀-EMBER฀ 3TATES฀ JUDICIAL฀ SYSTEMS�฀ ONLY฀ FOR฀ ENFORCEMENT฀ IS฀ ANY฀ PROCEDURE฀ REQUIRED฀ AL BE IT฀ A฀ S I M P L I l E D ฀ ONE฀ 4HE฀ DISTINCTION฀ IS฀ OF฀ C O U R S E ฀ LIMITED฀ IN฀ EFFECT฀ SINCE฀ IT฀ P RE S UP PO S E S ฀ AN฀ U N DIS P U T E D ฀ FOREIGN฀ JUDGMENT฀ BUT฀ DOES฀ HAVE฀ ITS฀ S I G N I l C ANCE฀ IN฀ COORDINATING฀ -EMBER฀ 3TATES฀ JURISDICTION฀ !S฀ PO IN T E D ฀ OUT฀ BY฀ THE฀ #OURT฀ OF฀ *USTICE฀ IN฀ ONE฀ OF฀ ITS฀ E A R L I E S T ฀ JUDGMENTS฀ THE฀ AU TO M A T I C ฀ RE S ฀ JU DI C A T A฀ EFFECT฀ E N T A I L E D ฀ BY฀ RECOGNITION฀ UNDER฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀ M E AN S ฀ THAT฀ ANY฀ FURTHER฀PROCEEDINGS฀INVOLVING฀THE฀SAME฀CAUSE฀OF฀ACTION฀ARE฀BARRED฀IN฀OTHER฀ -EMBER฀ 3TATES฀ ฀ . OR฀ IS฀ THE฀ S I G N I l C ANCE฀ OF฀ THE฀ IN V O C ABILITY฀ OF฀ RECOGNITION฀ AS฀ AN฀ IN C I D E N T AL ฀ I S SUE฀ IN฀ A฀ COURT฀ IN฀ ANY฀ -EMBER฀3TATE฀ EVEN฀ ONE฀ OTHER฀ THAN฀ THAT฀ HAVING฀ JURISDICTION฀ FOR฀ ENFORCEMENT฀ TO฀BE฀ U N D E RE S T I M A T E D