natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Både foreningerne og sammenslutningen er juridiske personer i henhold til privat ret, og de er almennyttige, ikke-statslige og upolitiske.
The high level of financial autonomy of the selfgoverning administrative units established by Act 189/1998 is to some extent at the expense of socioeconomic homogeneity and of the poorer parts of the country.
De holder generalforsamling to gange om året med deltagelse af borgmestrene (for så vidt angår foreningerne af lokale myndigheder) og amtsrådsformændene (for så vidt angår foreningerne af amter) eller disses repræsentanter.
This is proved by a somewhat stronger variation of financial resources per inhabitant between the counties and local administrative units of the country widening socioeconomic disparities.
Bestyrelsen (i sammenslutningens tilfælde direktionen) udgør det ledende organ og vælges af medlemmerne for en toårig periode.
While, e.g., in 1991 the range of county budget revenues per capita varied by a factor of 1: 3.78 (Teleorman: Bucharest), the range was 1: 4.30 (Cãlãrasi : Bucharest) in 1999.62
For så vidt angår sammenslutningen, er direktionen sammensat af fire repræsentanter fra hver medlemsförening.
Bucharest, however, has an extraordinary low share; the next-lowest values are 13.8 (Galati) and 13.9
Formandskabet går på omgang mellem de fire medlemsforeninger hvert andet år.
In municipalities an average of 75% of budget revenue comes from own resources.
Det ledende organ assisteres af'en professionel medarbejderstab.
(Rural) communes and authorities in disadvantaged parts of the country, however, are in a quite different situation.
Eftersom både foreningerne og sammenslutningen er relativt nyetablerede, er det for tidlig at bedømme, hvor effektive de er.
They depend heavily on transfer payments from the central and county levels. But it seems that the current system of socio economic disparity equalisation by transfer payments works also to the satisfaction of authorities with a rather low level of own resources.
Om det er effektivt med hensyn til at repræsentere lokale interesser på nationalt plan. afhænger af det pågældende partis beføjelser, og om partiet indgår i regeringen.
Representatives of local authorities as well as government officials are optimistic in this respect.
Der tindes lignende organisationer i amterne, hvor de fungerer som opinionsdannende instrumenter i den regionale partiorganisation.
2.5.3 Horizontal mechanisms of fiscal equalisation at the subnational level
Endvidere er det vigtigt ikke at ignorere den rolle, som de deputerede i det nationale parlament spiller med hensyn til at repræsentere lokale og amtslige interesser på nationalt plan.
There is no horizontal fiscal equalisation at the subnational level.
De lokale og amtslige interesser repræsenteres ligeledes i et vist omfang af medlemmerne af regeringen (ministre, statssekretærer) fra bestemte områder
In spite of a lot of well-educated and initiative politicians at the local and county levels and quite a good balance between legal competences and financial resources at least with administrative units in better socioeconomic conditions, selfgovernment still suffers essentially from a lack of trained personnel, especially in smaller and rural communes.
eller amter.
courses for civil servants.
1 nogle amter er man af den opfattelse, at "de gør nok for deres amt"
Universities across the country develop curricula.
(amtsrådsformand. næstformand, præfekten for Arges amt, der er repræsenteret ved to ministre i regeringen).
The Academy of Economics in Bucharest offers special programmes and cooperates in this respect with the Austrian Academy of Administration [Verwaltungsakademie].
Statsministeren arrangerer ligeledes en gang om ugen et telefonmode med repræsentanter for lokalforvaltningerne.
While representatives of counties and local authorities in good economic situations seem to be rather satisfied with the current decentralisation process and engage themselves strongly to push it forward, in poorer administrative units the impression to be left alone prevails.
Monstre i samspillet mellem myndigheder på subnationalt plan
2.7 Patterns of interaction between authorities at the national and subnational level63
Ved en fælles indsats mellem den rumænske regering og Europa-Kommissionen blev der i 1997 udgivet en ekspertrapport med titlen "grønbog" [carta verde].
Each type of local authority (communes, towns, municipalities) as well the counties forms a nationwide association to represent their common interests at the national level, especially vis-à-vis the central government.
I denne rapport blev det foreslået at oprette otte "udviklingsregioner" (syv plus
All of them have been founded recently, e.g. the Association of Municipalities in May 2001.
Da amtsrådsformanden i Teleorman amt indledte en politisk debat, medførte det overraskende nok, at alle de rumænske amter (repræsenteret af deres amtsrådsformænd) accepterede de i rapporten foreslåede byområder i amtet, selv om der under debatten var blevet rejst mange andre forslag'". På et møde i det
Interestingly enough, all the associations have their headquarters in Muntenia, i.e. in the cultural region of the state capital: The Union of Counties has its headquarters in Pitesti (Arges county), the Association of Municipalities in Bucharest, the Association of Towns in Tandarei (Ialomita county) and the Association of Communes in Rucar (Arges county).
nationale nævn for regional udvikling med deltagelse af alle amtsrådsformændene samt repræsentanter for den rumænske regering blev der truffet en endelig beslutning, som også Europa-Kommissionen glædede sig over.
In June 2001 a Federation of Local Authorities [Federaria Autoritãtilor Locale Romania, FALR] with its headquarters in Bucharest was formed as an umbrella institution of all the other associations.
Udviklingsregionerne gennemførtes rent juridisk med lov nr. 151/1998 om regional udvikling i Rumænien.
The associations as well as the federation are legal persons under private law and they are public utility, nongovernmental and apolitical.
I henhold til ovennævnte lov er regionerne ikke administrative territoriale enheder og har heller ingen retlig status, men er frivillige foreninger af amter, der har til formål at fremme regional udvikling og samarbejde amterne imellem.
They hold a general assembly meeting twice a year in which the mayors (in the case of the associations of local authorities) and county council presidents (in the case of the Association of Counties) or their representatives take part.
De skal udarbejde gennemførelses- og evalueringsrammerne for den regionale udviklingspolitik.
The Board of Directors elects in turn the board president, who is at the same time the president of the association.
Teoretisk set har hvert ami ret til at afbryde samarbejdet eller skifte fra én region til en anden.
The presidency rotates among the four member associations every second year. A professional staff assists the executive body.
Et regionalt udviklingsnævn bestående af amtsrådsformændene samt én repræsentant for hvert råd i alle amtets by- og landkommuner og byer samt af sektorrådenc i Bukarest udgør den politiske struktur i regionen og ledes af en formand og en næstformand, der vælges af medlemmerne for en etårig periode.
Due to the fact that the associations as well as the federation have only recently been founded, it is too early to judge their effectiveness.
Præfekten for amterne kan deltage i moderne uden stemmerettigheder.
Apart from these general and party-independent associations and the federation, there are nationwide leagues of local representatives of certain parties.
Et regionalt udviklingsagentur (RDA), der koordineres af og politisk er underordnet det regionale udviklingsnævn.
interests at the national level depends on the power of the respective party and whether the party is part of the government or not.
Det er en juridisk enhed uden erhvervsmæssigt sigte, ikke- statslig. almennyttig og finansieret af den regionale udviklingsfond.
Similar organisations exist also at county level and serve as an opinion building instrument within the regional party organisation.
1999 alle regionale udviklingsagenturer oprettet og fungerede.
In addition, the role of deputies in the national parliament in representing local and county interests at the national level must not be overlooked.
De regionale udviklingsagenturer er imidlertid stadig dårligt stillede med hensyn til medarbejdere og tekniske anlæg som f.eks. computere og internet-adgang. Dette skyldes den utilstrækkelige og usikre finansiering fra den regionale udviklingsfond.
They have been elected on the basis of electoral districts coinciding with the 41 counties, are responsible vis-à-vis their electorate and meet county and local representatives on a regular basis (every second week) to exchange views.
De er fortrinsvist afhængige af bidrag fra lokale og amtslige budgetter (ca. i forholdet 1:1), men disse bidrag er ikke defineret, mere eller mindre frivillige og varierer alt efter den pågældende myndigheds okonomiske kapacitet.
Local and county interests are also represented to some extent by members of the government (ministers, secretaries of state) from certain places or counties.
Personalemæssige og politiske relationer er ligeledes vigtige.
At least in some counties the impression prevails that "they are doing enough for their county" (county council president, county council vice-president, prefect of Argeç county, which is represented by' two ministers in the ' government).
Det kan ligeledes betyde, at de økonomiske bidragydere forventer visse fordele til gengæld for deres bidrag.
The prime minister also arranges a teleconference with representatives of local government once a week.
I ministeriet for udvikling og prognoser er man bevidst om disse mangler, men ministeriet tøver med at blande sig i ngo'ernes beføjelser, f.eks. ved at gennemføre en national lov, der kunne regulere denne mekanisme.
2.8 Patterns of interaction between authorities at the subnational level
I stedet for at opstille prioriteter for regional udvikling, fokuserede de på analyser af det økonomiske og sociale miljø.
A joint effort of the Romanian Government and the European Commission resulted in an expert paper published in 1997 entitled "Green Paper" [Carta verde].
Amtets samarbejde inden for rammerne af udviklingsregionerne fungerer i varierende grad. Nogle amter engagerer sig meget, andre kun lidt.
This paper proposed setting up eight "development regions" (seven plus Bucharest-Ilfov) with the main goal of complying with the EU requirement of creating NUTS-2 units and of attracting EU preaccession and later EU structural funding.
Idéen om intraregional solidaritet og udligning af forskelle synes endnu ikke at være tilstrækkelig udviklet. Det afhænger dog af indstillingen hos de enkelte amter i en region, om fælles projekter og koordinerende foranstaltninger fores ud i livet.
This paper also proposed a certain spatial configuration of the regions mainly based on the criteria of functional coherence in the socio economic sense, equal size and population number (Romanian Government and European Commission 1997, p. 4).
1 kraft af deres demokratiske legitimitet står amtsrådene og deres formænd altid politisk stærkere end regionerne, og det er meget usandsynligt, at de lader projekter, der er i flertallet af deres vælgeres interesse, stå tilbage for regionale prioriteter.
When the council president of Teleorman county initiated political discussion, it resulted - surprisingly enough - in a full acceptance of the county conurbations proposed by the paper by all Romanian counties (represented by their county council presidents), although during the discussion many other proposals had been raised.64 A meeting under the auspices of the National Board for Regional Development with participation of all county council presidents as well as representatives of the Romanian Government brought the final decision, which was also welcomed by the European Commission.
Ifølge et ekspertforslag fra 1997 og de efterfølgende politiske beslutninger er
The Development Regions were legally implemented under Act No. 151/1998 on Regional Development in Romania.
Rumænien inddelt i følgende udviklingsregioner:
M The county of Argeç wanted to avoid the crest of the Carpathian arc as a dividing line by proposing a region, which would have comprised the counties Covasna, Braçov, Sibiu
Den nordostlige udviklingsregion mcd sæde i Piatra Ncanit omfatter amterne
Under this same Act the regions are not territorialadministrative units and have no legal status, but are voluntary associations of counties for the purpose of regional development and inter-county cooperation.
Den sydostlige udviklingsregion med sæde i Bråila omfatter amterne Vrancea,
Theoretically, each county has the right to cease cooperation or to shift from one region to the other.
Dobruja samt mindre dele af Moldavien og Muntenia.
The prefects of the counties may attend board meetings without voting rights.
BNP pr. indbygger i KKS (USD, 1997):
(Act No. 151/1998, Article 6).
Den sydlige udviklingsregion med sæde i Cålårasi omfatter amterne Prahova.
A Regional Development Agency (RDA), coordinated by and politically subordinate to the Regional Development Board provides the professional staff.
Arges, Teleorman, Giurgiu, Cålårasi og lalomita og er stort set identisk med den historiske region Muntenia.
Other proposals aim at bringing together wealthier counties.
Den sydvestlige udviklingsregion med sæde i Craiova omfatter amterne
It is a legal entity, non-governmental, non-profit, of public utility, financed from the Regional Development Fund.
Den vestlige udviklingsregion med sæde i Timisoara omfatter amterne Timis.
It is also to identify disadvantaged areas within the Development Regions and to provide potential investors in these areas with specialist technical assistance.
Arad, Hunedoara, Cara^-Severin samt den historiske region Banat og mindre dele af Crisana-Maramures og Transsylvanien.
By 1998 all regional development boards and by 1999 all RDAs had been established and were functioning.
Rumænere i procent af den samlede befolkning:
The RDAs are, however, still ill-equipped in terms of staff and technical facilities, e.g. computers, internet-access.
Den nordvestlige udviklingsregion med sæde i CIuj-Napoca omfatter amterne
It depends mainly on contributions from local and county budgets (in a proportion of roughly 1:1), but these contributions are not defined, more or less voluntary and vary with the financial capacities of the respective authority.
Cluj og Bistrita-Nåsåud og størstedelen af den historiske region Crisana-Maramures samt en större del af Transsylvanien.
This means in practice that rural communes are hardly able and ready to contribute and that RDAs cannot count on a definite income for the next year's budget.
Den centrale udviklingsregion med sæde i Alba lidia omfatter amterne Alba,
themselves and individually take account of the special conditions of their respective region.
Rumænere i procent af den samlede befolkning:
County cooperation within the framework of the development regions works at varying degrees.
BNP pr. indbygger i KKS (USD. 1997):
Some counties are more, some are less committed.
Bukarest og Ilfov med sæde i Bukarest omfatter Ilfov amt og Bukarest kommune.
North-East Development Region, seat Piatra Neamt, comprising the counties Suceava, Botosani, Neamt, lasi, Bacãu, Vaslui and roughly coinciding with the historical region Moldavia
Rumænere i procent af den samlede befolkning:
Area: 36,850 sq. km Population: 3,786,000 Percentage of Romanians in the overall population:
11 underzoner, der led under industriel tilbagegang. Deres grænser går på tværs af amtsgrænserne, og i et enkelt tilfælde også udviklingsregionernes grænser.
South-East Development Region, seat Brãila, comprising the counties Vrancea, Galati, Buzãu, Brãila, Tukea, Constanta and composed of the historical region Dobruja as well as smaller parts of Moldavia and Muntenia Area: 35,762 sq. km Population: 2,943,000 Percentage of Romanians in the overall population: 82% GDP per capita at purchasing power equivalents (USD, 1997): 4,100 Economically active population: 39%
Udviklingsregionerne og deres regionale udviklingsagenturer vil administrere og overvåge disse midler.
South Development Region, seat Cãiãrasi, comprising the counties Prahova,
Udviklingsregionerne falder ikke sammen med Rumæniens kulturelle og historiske regioner, hverken med hensyn til form eller navn.
Dimbovita, Arges, Teleorman, Giurgiu, Cãiãrasi, Ialomita and roughly corresponding to the historical region Muntenia.
Dette kan betragtes som (a) en mindre ulempe i forhold til funktionel samhørighed (hvis udviklingsregionerne reelt er funktionelt samhørige, hvilket ikke altid er tilfældet, se nedenfor, afsnit 3.1.2), men også som (b) en tilsidesættelse af de betydelige muligheder og energier, der er forankret i den regionale bevidsthed, som kan fremme det regionale udviklingsarbejde.
Area: 34,453 sq. km Population: 3,496,000 Percentage of Romanians in the overall population: 95% GDP per capita at purchasing power equivalents (USD, 1997): 3,700 Economically active population: 39%
Kun i visse tilfælde var regionernes hovedstæder placeret i udviklingsregionens største by (Timisoara i den vestlige region. Craiova i den sydvestlige region.
South-West Development Region, seat Craiova, comprising the counties Vâlcea, Gorj, Mehedinri, Dolj, Olt and roughly corresponding to the historical region Oltenia.
Formålet med dette parvise samarbejde er: • at udvikle de regionale udviklingsagenturer til professionelle og bæredygtige organisationer, der er i stand til at lede den
GDP per capita at purchasing power equivalents (USD, 1997): 3,900
Da den store og økonomisk velfunderede by Ploicsti krævede at blive den administrative hovedstad i den sydlige udviklingsregion, foreslog rivaliserende byer som Pitesti den perifere by Cålårasi som en kompromislosning.
West Development Region, seat Timisoara, comprising the counties Timis, Arad, Hunedoara, Caras-Severin and including the historical region Banat as well as smaller parts of Crisana-Maramures and Transylvania.
Sapard-agenturet.
Economically active population:
Alba lulia det historiske område for rumænerne i Transsylvanien.
Percentage of Romanians in the overall population: 74% GDP per capita at purchasing power equivalents (USD, 1997): 3,600 Economically active population: 44%
Cluj-Napoca. et af' de traditionelle bycentre i det historiske Transsylvanien er blevet hovedstad i den nordvestlige region, selv om byen kun omfatter mindre dele af det historiske Transsylvanien, men den største del af Crisana-Maramures. en anden historisk region med sine egne. fremtrædende centre (Oradea. Satu Mare. Baia Mare).
Central Development Region, seat Alba Iulia, comprising the counties Alba, Sibiu, Brasov, Covasna, Harghita, Mures and including the bulk of the historical region Transylvania. Area: 34,100 sq. km
samfundsøkonomiske udviklingsproces i deres region i overensstemmelse med den vellykkede praksis i EU's medlemsstater;
Percentage of Romanians in the overall population: 65% GDP per capita at purchasing power equivalents (USD, 1997): 4,100 Economically active population: 42%
• at udvikle et partnerskab mellem regionens amter, by- og landkommuner og byer med det formål at styrke legitimiteten af den regionale planlægningsproces;
Bucharest and Hfov, seat Bucharest, comprising Ilfov county and the municipality of Bucharest. Area: 1,821 sq. km Population: 2,305,000
• at udarbejde effektive, fuldt udviklede regionale udviklingsprogrammer og -projekter i overensstemmelse med regionale udviklingsplaner og
Percentage of Romanians in the overall population: 98% GDP per capita at purchasing power equivalents (USD, 1997): 5,600 Economically active in the overall population: 37%
-strategier med henblik på at indhente finansiering fra Phare samt nationale og regionale budgetter i perioden 2001-2006:
By size and population number the 8 regions except Bucharest vary only slightly and correspond closely to the NUTS-2 category of the EU.
• at styrke ministeriet for udvikling og prognosers kapacitet til at koordinere og støtte den regionale planlægning, der forvaltes af det regionale udviklingsagentur;
Also in socioeconomic terms (GDP, employment) differences are not remarkable, except as regards the North-East Region, which is below the average.
• at forbedre den koordinerende rolle, som ministeriet for udvikling og prognoser spiller på nationalt plan. ved at etablere og udvide partnerskabet mellem de forskellige ministerier og andre regeringsinstitutioner, der er forbundet med regional udvikling:
This means that, as these regions are concerned, Romania's very distinct socio economic disparities are rather veiled than reflected, since practically all the regions are composed of wealthier and poorer counties.
• at gennemføre og fortsætte uddannelsesstrategien;
This means in turn that the average socioeconomic indicators of the development regions are not the appropriate means of defining regions eligible for EU preaccession and structural funding.
• at gøre klar til gennemførelse, forvaltning, programmering, kontrol og evaluering af de fremtidige struktur- og samhørighedsfonde under EU.
Therefore, and to this very end, in April 2001, 11 sub-zones in industrial decline were defined by the Ministry of Development and Forecasts for a term of three years (2000-2002).
I september 2000 indgik ministeriet for udvikling og prognoser et parvist samarbejde med Det Forenede Kongeriges handels- og industriministerium og forskningscentret for europæisk politik (European Policies Research Centre,
Their limits transcend county boundaries and in one case also across development region boundaries.
EPRC) ved universitetet i Strathclydc.
If PHARE accepts this regulation (a decision is due autumn 2001), PHARE pre-
makedonske region; det regionale udviklingsagentur for den nordostlige udviklingsregion samarbejdede med det regionale udviklingsagentur for
accession funds based on the socioeconomic indicators of these sub-zones will be received and distributed by the Ministry of Development and Forecasts.
Cantabria (Sodercan) og med FIIAP, en offentlig stiftelse under det spanske udenrigsministerium; det regionale udviklingsagentur for den centrale udviklingsregion og det regionale udviklingsagentur for
The development regions and their RDAs, respectively, will administer and monitor these funds.
Bukarest-Ilfov samarbejdede parvist med staten Brandenburgs ministerium for landbrug, miljøbeskyttelse og regional planlægning samt staten
The development regions do not coincide with Romania's cultural and historical regions, neither by shape nor by name.
Brandenburgs udviklingsselskab for byudvikling, bolig og transport.
Their number65and overall setting correspond to the cultural regions, but apart from Oltenia and the crest of the Carpathian arc, boundaries of development regions and cultural regions always differ.
I januar 2001 indgik yderligere tre udviklingsregioner parvist samarbejde: De regionale udviklingsagenturer for den vestlige og den nordvestlige udviklingsregion samarbejdede parvist med Délégation å l'Aménagement du
This may be considered (a) a minor disadvantage compared to the asset of functional coherence (if the development regions were in fact be functionally coherent, which is not always the case, see below, paragraph 3.1.2), but (b) also as a neglect of the remarkable potentials and energies, rooted in regional consciousness, for the promotion of regional development efforts.
Territoire et à l'Action Régionale (DATAR), og det regionale udviklingsagentur for den sydlige udviklingsregion samarbejdede parvist med Det Forenede
Regional capitals were only in some cases located in the largest city of the development region (Timisoara in the West Region, Craiova in the South-West Region, Bucharest in Bucharest-Ilfov), while in other cases location has partly been a compromise, partly guided by the idea not to confirm flourishing urban centres, but rather to give peripheral areas a new chance.66.