natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Mott et al.s fremgangsmåde er ganske klart indrettet på en undersøgelse af ægteskabelige relationer og familiens integration, selv om det kan hævdes, at en sådan tilrettelæggelse af forskningen lægger større vægt på (de mandlige) skifteholdsarbejderes subjektive oplevelser end på de objektive omstændigheder, d.v.s. husmødrenes beskæftigelse uden for hjemmet og tiden, de tilbringer sammen med hinanden.
The approach of Mott et al. is clearly directed towards studying marital relationships and family integration, although one could argue that the research design puts more weight on the subjective experiences of the (male) shift worker than on the objective circumstances, e.g. the housewives' employment outside the home and the amount of time spent together.
Hvad tiden, der tilbringes hjemme sammen med ægtefællen angår, fandt Maurice og Monteil f.eks., at arbejdere beskæftiget i tre-skiftsyste-mer var hjemme i flere timer end arbejderne i et to-skiftsystem eller på normalt dagarbejde; dette kan dog variere fra det ene skift til det andet, og det samme gælder måltiderne, der indtages sammen.
With regard to the time spent at home with the spouse, Maurice and Monteil found for example that workers employed under a threeshift system were at home for a larger number of hours than those on a twoshift system or on normal day work, but this may vary from one shift to another, as in the case of meals taken together.
Morgen- og natskiftet gav mere fritid: den tid, mand og kone er sammen afhænger dog igen af den form for arbejde, konen udfører.
The morning and night shift gave more time off : the extent to which husband and wife are together will again depend, however, on the type of work done by the wife.
Skifteholdsarbejderne (og deres koner) i Mott et al.s undersøgelse blev bedt om at sammenligne deres skiftordninger med det normale dag skift og bestemme, hvor vidt dette skift gjorde det nemmere eller van skeligere for dem at udføre de forskellige aktivitetssæt i deres roller som mand og kone.
The shift workers (and their wives) in Mott et al.'s study were asked to compare their shift schedules with the normal day shift and decide whether the shift made it easier or harder to carry out the various sets of activities in their husband and wife roles.
Ifølge Mott et al. var det især arbejderne på faste eftermiddagsskift (folk på natskift og turnusskift fulgte lige efter), der mente, det var vanskeligt at give deres koner kammeratskab, afveksling og afslap pelse fra huslige pligter.
According to Mott et al. it was particularly workers on fixed afternoon shifts (followed closely by those on nights and rotating shifts), who found it difficult to provide their wives with companionship, diversion and relaxation from household duties.
Disse aspekter blev især angivet som vanske lige blandt folk, der ønskede at ændre deres skift.
These aspects were especially reported as difficult among those who wanted to change their shift.
For arbejdere, der ikke ønskede at ændre deres skift, fandtes der ingen forskelle m.h.t. skifttyperne i de indberettede vanskeligheder med disse roller.
For those who didn't want to change shift, there were no differences among shift-types in the reported difficultés in these roles.
Forfatterne etablerede, at arbejdere, der ikke ønskede at ændre skift, gennem snitligt var både ældre og havde arbejdet længere i skift, og de mener, det er et tegn på, at disse arbejdere eventuelt har vænnet sig til at
The authors note that workers who did not desire to change shift were on average both older and had longer lengths of service on shift which, they suggest, indicates that these workers may have become accustomed to coping with the problems that their shift provided with regard to their role as husband.
91 klare problemerne, skiftene medførte m.h.t. deres rolle som ægtemand.
105 rotating shifts experienced both the advantages and the disadvantages of all types of shift.
Hvad andre adfærd i forbindelse med ægtemandsrollen angår, etablerede Mott et al. vanskelighederne, som specielt natarbejdere kommer ud for m.h.t. seksuelle relationer og "konens beskyttelse".
Certain roles have very flexible time schedules associated with them and are consequently relatively unaffected by shift working.
Det lader til, at arbejdere på roterende skift oplevede både fordelene og ulemperne ved alle skifttyper. Visse roller er associeret med meget fleksible tidsordninger, og de er følgelig relativt upåvirkede af skifteholdsarbejde.
Thus while workers on rotating shifts had significantly greater difficulties in participating in decision-making and maintaining mutual understanding with their wives, the actual difficulty scores were comparatively low; greater difficulties were experienced in performing other roles.
Mens arbejderne på roterende skift således har vanskeligheder med at deltage i beslutningsprocessen og opretholdelsen af gensidig for ståelse med deres koner, var de faktiske vanskelighedspoints forholdsvis lave; man kom dog ud for større besværligheder, når det drejede sig om udførelsen af andre roller.Det afsløredes i en analyse af skiftforskellene i forbindelse med "vanskeligheds"-points hhv. kon trolleret efter alder, arbejdsforholdets længde (i skift) og uddannelse, at skifteholdsarbejdets negative indflydelse på familien i al mindelighed var begrænset til mænd under 50 år med mindre end 15 års tjenestetid på deres skift og med folkeskoleuddannelse.
An analysis of the shift differences in "difficulty" scores, controlled successively by age, length of (shift) service and education revealed, generally, that the negative effects of shift work on family life were confined to men under 5o years of age with less than 15 years service in their shift and who had more than an eighth grade school education.
Skifteholds arbejdernes koner i samme undersøgelse mente i almindelighed at have mindre vanskeligt ved at udføre deres roller som koner (og mødre) end deres mænd havde i deres roller.
The wives of shift workers in the same study reported, generally, less difficulty in performing their roles as wives (and mothers) than did their husbands in their roles.
Den hyppigst rapporterede vanskelig hed var "kammeratskabet" med deres mænd (vanskeligt for alle skift), og at sørge for hans ve og vel (vanskeligt for natarbejderes koner og arbejdernes på roterende skift).
The most frequently reported difficulty was in being a "companion" to their husbands (difficult for all shifts) and providing for his health (most difficult for wives of night workers and workers on rotating shifts).
Konerne af nat- og roterende skif teholdsarbejdere, der ønskede at ændre deres skift, berettede om be tydelige vanskeligheder med at yde emotionel støtte, når deres mænd kom ud for jobproblemer. Som tilfældet var med mændene rapporterede natarbejdernes koner, at dette skift greb forstyrrende ind i deres seksuelle relationer.
The wives of night, and of rotating shift workers who wanted to change their shift reported considerable difficulty in providing emotional support and support with job problems for their husband.
Konernes responser lignede også deres mænds m.h.t. gensidig forståelse (de største vanskeligheder kom fra nat- og roterende skifteholdsarbejderes koner).
Wives responses were also similar to their husbands regarding mutual understanding (greatest difficulty reported by wives of night- and rotating shift workers).
Både Ulich (1957) og Bast (i960) understreger en række aspekter af særlig betydning for forholdet mellem skifteholdsarbejderen og hans
Both Ulioh (1957) and Bast (i960) stress a number of aspects that are of particular importance to the relationship between the shift worker and his wife.
At arbejderne ofte er bekymrede over at skulle efterlade deres koner i hjemmet om aftenen er blevet etableret i flere undersøgelser (Mott et al,, 1965; Wyatt og Marriot, 1953?
That workers are often disturbed about leaving their wives at home in the evenings has been recorded in several studies (Mott et al., 1965; Wyatt and Marriot, 1953; Philips Company Study, 1958).
Philips-koncernens undersøgelse, 1958), Grundene hertil er ikke helt igennem klare, men spørgsmålet om lejligheder til at være sammen, der går tabt, og konernes angst for at være alene om aftenen eller natten er højst sandsynligt meget vigtige,
The reasons for this concern are not altogether clear, but the question of missed opportunities for companionship and wives' fears of being alone in the evening or night are probably paramount.
Andersens(197O) undersøgelser vedr, tre-skiftarbejde i Danmark under streger også problemer med familielivet.
The investigations by Andersen (l97o) on threeshift work in Denmark also point to problems in family life.
Undersøgelserne bygger på to studier - en fabriksstudie fra 1950'erne og en politistudie, der blev udført i I960, Bort set fra helbredsmæssige følger koncentrerede klagerne over skifteholdsarbejdet i fabriksstudien sig om et forstyrret familie- og socialt liv, og i denne sammenhæng ulemperne ved" at skulle ændre tiderne for søvn- og spisevaner.
The investigations built upon two studies - a Factory Study from the 195o's and a Police Study carried out in i960. Besides health consequences, the complaints about shift work in the Factory Study were concentrated on disturbed family and social life, and in this connection, the drawbacks of changing hours for sleep and eating habits.
Eftersom psykologens samtaler med skifteholdsarbejderne i denne studie fandt sted i deres egne hjem, var der ofte også mulighed for at tale med konerne.
Since the psychologist's interviews with the shift workers in this study took place in their homes, there was often opportunity to talk with the wives as well.
Som i ovennævnte studier klagede mange koner over ængsteligheden ved at være alene om natten, og de påstod, at familien var isoleret fra vennekredsen, at det var vanskeligt at sørge for ro, når manden skulle sove om dagen, og at det var besværligt at tilrettelægge det huslige arbejde på en systematisk måde.
As in the above mentioned studies, many wives complained of anxiety about being by themselves at night and argued that the family was isolated from their circle of friends, that it was difficult to provide quietness when the husband was supposed to sleep during the day, and awkward for a systematic organization of housework.
Nogle berettede om vanskeligheder med de ægteskabelige relationer og angav som grunden hertil, at manden var træt, eller at samleje måtte finde sted på usædvanlige tidspunkter.
Some reported difficulties in marital relations and stated as reasons that the husband was tired or that coitus had to be at unusual times.
Til trods for deres problemer med familielivet, viste det sig, at skilsmisseprocenten ikke var højere blandt skifteholdsarbejdere end blandt dagarbejdere.
Despite their problems in family life, the shift workers were not found to have a higher divorce rate than day workers.
Der blev registreret lignende resultater i politistudien, hvor 594 politibetjente i København blev interviewet.
Similar results were recorded in the Police Study where 594 policemen in Copenhagen were interviewed.
Resultaterne her (som i fabriksstudien) viste en sammenhæng mellem 3-skiftsystemet og begyndende søvnvanskeligheder, mentale forstyrrelser og uregelmæssige mave/tarmtilstande. Af de 444 gifte politibetjente rapporterede 5^ procent, at samlejefrekvensen varierede i forhold til ugerne
The results here (as in the Factory Study) showed a connection between the 3-shift system and the onset of sleep difficulties, mental troubles and gastrointestinal irregularities.
α3 på skiftehold (uden nogen påviselig forbindelse med alderen).
107 furthermore reported a reduction in coitus during the weeks on afternoon shift.
Selv om 63 procent af de ugifte og 51 procent af de gifte politibetjen­te erklærede sig tilfredse med at arbejde i skift, foretrak 79 procent at arbejde på morgenskiftet.
Although 63 per cent of the unmarried and 51 per cent of the married policemen declared themselves as satisfied with shift working, 79 per cent preferred working on the morning shift.
Dette afspejler måske, at 76 procent af de gifte adspurgte mente, at deres koner i det store hele var utilfred­se med skiftsystemet.
This may reflect that 76 per cent of married participants thought that their wives were on the whole dissatisfied with the shift work system.
Klagerne koncentrerede sig om en vanskelig hus­førelse og hensyn til mandens søvn i ugerne med natskift.
The complaints being concentrated on troublesome housekeeping and consideration of the husband's sleep during the week of night shift.
Man fandt også, at nogle af konerne i denne studie var kede af at være alene så ofte, og nogle få var bekymrede over at være alene om natten.
Also in this study, some wives were reported to be sorry to be left so much alone, a few being anxious about being alone at night.
Hvor fa­milien havde store børn, kunne skifteholdsarbejdet (specielt eftermid­dagsskift) betyde store afbrydelser i familielivet.
Where there were older children in the family, shift work (particularly afternoon shifts) could mean considerable breaks in family life.
Dersom nogle former for skifteholdsarbejde gør det vanskeligt for arbej­deren at tilbringe tilstrækkelig tid sammen med familiens og med at til­godese sin rolle som ægtemand, kone og forældre, ville det ikke være overraskende at finde flere alvorlige familieproblemer blandt skifte­holdsarbejdere end blandt normale dagarbejdere.
If some types of shift work make it difficult for the worker to spend sufficient time with their families, and to fulfil their roles as husbands, wives and parents, it would not be surprising to find more serious family problems among shift workers than among normal day workers.
I deres meningsundersøgelse kom Wyatt og Marriot (1953) til den konklusion, at der var flere spændte ægteskabelige forhold og flere skilsmisser blandt skifteholdsarbejdere end blandt andre arbejdere.
Wyatt and Marriot (1953) concluded in their inquiry that there was more marital strain and a higher divorce rate among shift workers then among other workers.
Det­te er vel næppe overraskende under hensyn til resultaterne fra de tid­ligere omtalte studier vedr. forstyrrelser i hjemmets tilrettelæggelse og i familiemedlemmernes indbyrdes forhold ­ ikke mindst problemerne, der opstår på grund af isolationen af den ene ægtefælle (normalt ko­nen) om natten, når den anden ægtefælle arbejder, samt vanskeligheder­ne med at føre et normalt seksualliv.
This is perhaps hardly surprising, considering the results from the studies previously mentioned regarding disturbances in domestic organization, and in the relationships between family members - not least the problems arising from the isolation of one marital partner (usually the wife) during the night when the other partner is working, and the difficulty of a normal sex life.
Ikke alle studier, der undersø­ger skilsmissernes antal, angiver dog en højere skilsmissefrekvens for skifteholdsarbejdere end for andre arbejdere ­ Andersens (1970) fabriksstudie f.eks.
However, not all studies where divorce rates are examined have indicated higher frequency of divorce among shift workers than among other workers - the Factory Study by Andersen (l97o) for example.
Den af Mott og hans medarbejdere (1965) udførte studie undersøgte virkningerne, som disjunktionerne mellem arbejdsordninger og udførelsen af familierollerne har på den ægteskabelige lykkes almene niveau og på fa miliens integration.
A study which has explored the effects that disjunctions between work schedules and performance of family roles have on the general level of marital happiness and family integration is that of Mott and his co-workers (1965).
De konstruerede indicierne for "ægteskabelig lykke", "koordination af familiens aktiviteter" og "undgåelse af friktioner".
They constructed indices of "marital happiness", "coordination of family activities" and "avoidance of friction".
De vigtigste resultater ved sammenligninger mellem dagarbejdere og skifteholdsarbejdere er, at ægteskabelig lykke er mindre følsom over for miljømæssige ind flydelser så som sådanne, der opstår på grund af skifteholdsarbejde, end både koordinationen af aktiviteter eller undgåelse af friktioner.
The main findings in comparisons between day workers and shift workers is that marital happiness is less sensitive to environmental influences such as those produced by shift work than is either coordination of activities or avoidance of friction.
Dette bekræftede deres forudsigelse.
This confirmed their prediction.
De mener, at skifteholdsarbejde påvirker den ægteskabelige lykke og familiens integration i to stdier og på to niveauer.
They consider that shift work affects marital happiness and family integration in two stages and at two levels.
Konflikten mellem skifteholdsarbejde og udførelsen af visse ægteskabelige eller familiemæssige roller er større hvad så danne aktiviteter angår, som forskellige af familiens medlemmer værd sætter højt.
The conflict between shift work and the performance of certain marital or family roles is greater in the case of activities which the various members of the family value highly.
Det lader også til, at disse vanskeligheder med eller forstyrrelsen af udførelsen af de forskellige roller (ægtemand og kone, far og mor o.s.v.) har en kumulativ virkning, hvilket fører til en reduktion i den "ægteskabelige lykke" og i evnen til at ko ordinere familiens aktiviteter og begrænse spændinger og friktioner blandt familiens medlemmer.
There also seems to be a cumulative effect of these difficulties or disturbances in the performance of the various roles (husband and wife, father and mother, etc), which leads to a reduction in "marital happiness" and in the ability to coordinate family activities and to minimise strain and friction among family members.
Forfatterne understreger dog, at det kun er muligt at afgøre, om begivenhedernes foreslåede rækkefølge er rigtig, når man følger skifteholdsarbejderne over et vist tidsrum (d.v.s. gennem langvarig forskning).
The authors point out, however, that only by following shift workers over a period of time (i.e. through longitudinal research) can one determine whether the suggested sequence of events is correct.
Et andet, mere indirekte tegn på skifteholdsarbejdets virkning på familiens integration er de andre familiemedlemmers indstilling til skifteholdsarbejde - i de fleste tilfælde konernes indstillinger.
A rather more indirect indication of the effects of shift work on family integration is the attitude of other family members to shift work - in most cases the attitude of wives.
Tilstedeværelsen af stærke, negative indstillinger til skifteholds arbejde blandt skifteholdsarbejdernes koner (og mænd) og blandt andre familiemedlemmer kan have betydelig indflydelse på familiens funktion - selv om det modsatte også kan være tilfældet.
Clearly, the presence of strong negative attitudes toward shift work among shift workers wives (or husbands) and other family members can have consider able influence on the family functioning - although the reverse may also be true.
9^ indstillinger til skifteholdsarbejde noterede Banks (1956) weekendskiftenes manglende popularitet, der efter konernes mening greb forstyrrende ind i familiens aktiviteter.
Banks (1956) in her study of steel workers' wives' attitudes to shiftwork noted the unpopularity of weekend-shifts which, in the wives' opinions, interfered with family activities.
Skifteholdsarbejdernes koner i Chadwick-Jones' (1969) undersøgelse var ikke så fjendtligt indstillede over for det nye (europæiske) system som deres ægtemænd. Kvinderne udtalte, at de mente at se mere til deres mænd og nød et fuldere liv med de nye ord ninger.
The wives of shift workers in Chadwick-Jones' (1969) investigation were not as hostile to the new (continental) system as their husbands; wives reported that they felt they saw more of their husbands and enjoyed a fuller life on the new schedules.
Chadwick-Jones mener, at skifteholdsarbejderens orientering har ændret sig med det nye system, og at den går mere i retning af en kon centration om hjemmet, og at de nye systemer har ødelagt institutioner ne med det mandsdominerede, traditionelle samfund på grund af en under minering af de mandlige fritidsaktiviteter.
Chadwick-Jones suggested that the orientation of shift workers had changed under the new system toward more home-centredness, and that the new systems had destroyed the institutions of the maledominated traditional community by undermining the male leisure activities.
Undersøgelsen af Young og Wilmott (1973) antydede, at skifteholdsarbejde varierede m.h.t. dets virkninger på familieliv og integration; i nogle tilfælde tilpassede man sig således, at familien kunne udnytte de ud fra de nye fritidsmønstre opnåede fordele.
The study by Young and Wilmott (1973) indicated that shiftwork varied in its effects on family life and integration; in some cases, adaptations were made which allowed the family to exploit the advantages arising from the new patterns of leisure.
Det var imidlertid en vigtig klage, at det forstyrrede familiens rutine.
However, a major complaint was that it interfered with the family routine.
Een grund til konernes belastning var problemet med at sørge for ro i hjemmet, når manden sov, specielt hvor der var små børn.
One cause of strain on wives was the problem of ensuring quiet in the home when the husband was resting, particularly where there were young children.
Mange andre undersøgelser har afsløret skifteholdsarbejdets forstyrrende indflydelse på nogle familier, mens andre familier er i stand til at udnytte nogle af fordelene, skifteholdsarbejde kan indebære.
Many other studies have revealed the disruptive effects of shift work on some families, while other families are able to exploit some of the benefits which shift work can give.
Den relative mangel på forskning, der specifikt vedrører spørgsmålet om familiens integration gør det umuligt at generalisere.
The relative lack of research dealing specifically with the question of family integration make generalizations impossible.
Det er ikke desto mindre det overvejende indtryk, at skifteholdsarbejde griber mere forstyrrende ind i familiens integration end det fremmer denne integration.
The main impression is nevertheless that shift work interferes with family integration more than it facilitates the integration. Having stated this, it is necessary to stress the importance of other factors which may reduce
Når dette er sagt, er det nødvendigt at understrege be tydningen af andre faktorer, der eventuelt kan reducere eller forstærke familiens integration: boligforhold, familiens størrelse og sammen sætning, arbejdet, konen eller andre familiemedlemmer udfører, økonomiske byrder o.s.v.
110 or accentuate family integration : housing conditions, family size and composition, the work done by the spouse or other family members, financial burdens, and so on.
P.G. Chombart de Lauwe (1956) beretter f.eks. om nogle tilfælde med yderliggående forstyrrelser af relationerne i fa milier, hvor begge forældre arbejder i forskellige skiftturnus.
P.G. Chombart de Lauwe (1956)» í"or example, reports some cases of the extreme disruption of relationships in families where both parents are working on different shift work rotas.
Et punkt, der endelig er værd at notere, er at der sættes pris på skifteholdsarbejde i nogle tilfælde.
Finally, a point worth noting is that shift work is appreciated in some cases.
96 familier, der eventuelt ville opløses, i stand til at overleve gennem de færre timer, familiemedlemmerne er samlet.
Apart from the economic advantages it may bring to some families, it also enables some families which are liable to breakdown to survive by reducing the number of hours members spend together.
Det kan oven i købet være, at par, hvis ægteskab i forvejen ikke er alt for godt, gør en indsats for at arbejde i et sådant system.
Indeed, couples whose marriage is already strained may even aim at that system of work.
Nogle enlige forældre finder måske også, at visse skifttyper er at foretrække frem for normalt dagarbejde.
Some single parents may also find that certain types of shift are preferable to normal day work.