natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Arbejdstiderne for servicejob falder ikke på tidspunkter, der er fordelagtige for arbejdstagerne i servicefagene; de falder i stedet på tidspunkterne, disse servicer kræves af publikum og specielt af det arbejdende publikum. Dette er f.eks. altid indlysende under drøftelser om forretningernes lukketider.
Working time in professions in the services do not occur at times convenient to the employee in the services sector, but rather at the times in which these services are demanded by the public and particularly by the working public as, for example, is always made evident in the discussion about closing times for shops.
Valget blev ikke truffet systematisk, men det blev truffet inden for rammerne af en langsigtet forskningsplan ifølge hvilken - med år 1970 som udgangspunkt - problemer i forbindelse med skifteholdsarbejde skulle undersøges, idet man på de forskellige om råder koncentrerede sig om en sammenlignende studie vedr. skifteholdsar bejdets forskellige aspekter
Working time in the services sector can often not be offered in overseeable larger blocks but has to be completed rather in part time periods of varying length and more or less irregularly, since the demand for services is not equally divided throughout the day and week, and must be termed rather as systematically irregular.
For at kunne vurdere stresset på grund af selve arbejdet udførte man erhvervsfysiologiske tids- og positionsstudier under hele skiftet i
For our pilot project we have chosen various branches from those spheres of activity in the services sector and have investigated individual concerns within them in more detail.
Herudover udførtes en aktivitetsanalyse på alle arbejdspladser ved hjælp af den tyske version af aktivitetsanalyse-spørgeskemaet (AET) ifølge
branches of the services were to be investigated, whereby there was to be a concentration in the various spheres of comparative studies of the different aspects of shift work.
KNAUTH og RUTENFRANZ, 1972).
- broadcasting station 1 (radio and television) - broadcasting station 2 (radio).
Problemerne med den fysiologiske tilpasning inden for skifteholdsarbejde i servicefagene, for så vidt som disse kan udtrykkes i konkret form som genoprettelsesstress, blev registreret i flere forskellige skiftsystemer ved hjælp af målinger af kropstemperaturen under hele skiftet.
In order to assess the stress due to the work itself, wholeshift workphysiological time-position-studies were carried out in all enterprises at typical phases of work in agreement with the management and personal committee and workers' committee (RUTENFRANZ et al., 1976 b).
Belastningen på grund af arbejdet blev registreret gennem målinger af hjertehastigheden under hele skiftet ved hjælp af en transportabel
In addition to this a position analyis was carried out at all places of work by means of the German version of the position analysis questionnaire (AET) according to ROHMERT and LANDAU.
De vigtigste intervenerende variabler, så som levevilkår, antal børn, indstilling til skifteholdsarbejde og personlige egenskaber,blev dækket i dette spørgeskema.
The physiological adaptation problems in shift work in the services sector, as they become objectified as reentrain-ment-stress, were registered in various shift systems by means of whole shift measurements of body temperature.
(8 personer), medlemmer af lufthavnens brandvæsen (41 personer), ambulan cemænd og chaufføren i lufthavnen (15 personer). Til sammenligning omfat tede gruppen også 40 personer fra en industrivirksomhed. lait 387 hel dags-temperaturregistreringer udførtes for disse emner.
The strain due to the work was registered by all wholeshift measurements of heart frequency, by means of a port able cardiocorder (RUTENFRANZ et al., 1977 b).
Fysiologiske studier på arbejdspladsen udførtes hovedsageligt blandt undersøgelsens store grupper.
1000 persons took part in the various investigations. Of these 133 took part in the physiological studies of reentrainment of body-temperature.
Lignende studier af hele skift fandt sted under 38 skift på radiostation 1 (RS 1) i både fjern syns- og radioafdelingerne.
11 station 1 (BS 1) in both television and radio section.
I lufthavnen deltog 489 personer, på RS 1 247 personer og på RS 2 99 per soner i besvarelsen af spørgeskemaer vedr. den subjektive helbredstil stand, indstillingen til skifteholdsarbejde og skifteholdsarbejdets virkninger på familielivet og på andre områder.
In answering questionnaires about the subjective health situation, attitude to shift work as well as the effects of shiftwork on family life and other social spheres, 489 persons took part at the airport, 247 persons at BS 1 and 99 at BS 2.
Der udførtes yderligere tidsbudgetstudier i 18 familier til vurdering af, hvorledes skifteholdsarbejde påvirker måden, på hvilken familien som helhed inddeler sin dag.
In assessing the influence of shift work on thè daily planning in whole families, time-budget-studies were carried out in 18 families.
De undersøgte skiftsystemer
Shift systems checked
Det er karakteristisk for mange grene inden for servicefagene, at per sonalekravet må afpasses efter den uregelmæssige frekvens for servicer ne, der kræves hele døgnet.
It is a characteristic of many branches of the services sector that the necessity for reserve personnel has to be adapted to the irregular frequency of services required. In fig.
Fig. 4 viser, hvorledes personalebehovet til bagage- og fragthåndtering afhænger af antallet af start og landinger i en større tysk lufthavn. Det her anvendte skiftsystem illustreres også over en døgnperiode. Diagrammet viser, at der for hele døgnperio den er et alment behov for ca. 30 personer med spidsbelastninger, som
4 an example has been shown how the necessity for personnel in the transport of luggage and freight depends upon the number of starts and landings at one of the big German airports; in addition, the shift system in practice there has been drawn in for one day.
11 kræver indtil 170 personer.
30 persons, which at peak periods can be built up to 170 persons.
Følgen af en sådan situation, der er typisk for mange grene inden for servicesektoren, kan kun blive skiftsystemer af varierende længde, som hver især overlapper hinanden med varierende bemanding. Der kunne i det mindste for dagskiftenes vedkommende være en almen dækning af behovene gennem en lille gruppe varige dagarbejdere.
The consequences to be drawn from a situation of this kind, which is typical for many branches in the services, can only be implemented in a system of various lengths and overlapping each other with a varying complement of personnel, whereby - at least in the day shifts - there could be a basic coverage of requirements, which could eventually be carried out by
12 antal start op: landinger landinger start skiftsystem
12 number of takes off and landings shift system
Det højeste antal på hinanden følgende nætter er på den anden
4 Need of staff (transporting freight) and shift system depending on number of take­offs and landings at a large airport (RUTENFRANZ, 1978) a small group of permanent day workers,
I næsten halvdelen af alle over gange fra det ene skift til det næste var pausen mellem afslutningen af første og starten af det andet skift mindre end 16 timer.
During the investigations concerning stress and strain inthe section of loading and transport workers, a shift plan was in practice, shown in fig. 5a and table 1a, and which we will here call the "former shift plan".
For ca. tre fjerdedele af alle arbejdsperioder fandtes der en sekvens på 7 arbejds dage.
At the end of the investigation a "new shift plan" was worked out as a compromise on the basis of our suggestions, in agreement with the management and the workers' committee.(fig. 5b, table 1b).
Ko1 = kl. 06.00-14.00 ( 8,0 timer) Mo2 = kl. 08.00-17.30 ( 9,5 timer)
Both shift systems can, from a systematic point of view, be ascribed to the irregular type of continuous shift work (see fig. 3).
A2 = kl. I6.OO-23.OO ( 7,0 timer)
As can be seen in fig.
= kl. I7.OO-O2.OO ( 9,0 timer)
The former shift plan had a shift cycle of 30 weeks.
NI = kl. 19.00-02.00 ( 7,0 timer)
An acceptable compromise, in comparison, is the number of night shift sequences (n = 4).
Fig. 5a Forhenværende skiftordning for laste- og transportafdelingen i en lufthavn.
In about three quarters of all time periods there was a sequence of 7 working days.
Tabel 1a Analyse af den forhenværende skiftordning i laste­ og transportafdelingen i en lufthavn.
Former shift system of the loading and transport section at an airport
Turnuscyklens laengde (uger)
Analysis of the former shift system of the loading and transport section at an airport discontinuous/continuous shift system continuous duration of cycle (weeks)
Antal timer/uge min maks
30 number of hours/week min. max.
16 timer overgang fra skift A til skift Β tid mellem A og Β (timer)
> 40 hours/week > 50 hours/week frequency with < 16 hours changeover from shift A to shift Β time between A and Β (hours) 12.5
«3/ overgang fra A til Β
F2/F1 N2/N2 M/M s3/s; NI/S changeover from A to Β
Fig. 5b Ny skiftordning for laste- og transportafdelingen i en lufthavn.
number of consecutive evening shifts min. max, number of consecutive night shifts number of consecutive working-days
Tabel 1b Analyse af den nye skiftordning for laste­ og transportafde­lingen i en lufthavn.
(8.0 hours) (8.0 hours) (8.5 hours) (9.5 hours) (8.0 hours) (9.0 hours) (9.0 hours)
kontinuerlig
- day off
Turnuscyklens laengde (uger)
17 Analysis of the new shift system of the loading and transport section at an airport discontinuous/continuous shift system continuous duration of cycle (weeks)
Antal timer/uge
21 number of hours/week
> 40 timer/uge So
of weeks/cycle
> timer/uge ugernes frekvens cyklus med 16 timer overgang fra skift A til skift Β
> 40 hours/week > 50 hours/week frequency with < 16 hours changeover from shift A to shift Β time between A and Β (hours) 14.5
M/N overgang fra A til Β
15.5 changeover from A to Β
5 7 maki antal af pa hinanden følgende arbejdsdage
number of consecutive morning shifts min. max.
— antal af p8 hinanden f/lgende fridage
cumber of consecutive evening shifts min. max.
Dette regelmæssige system blev afbrudt af tre ekstra frie skift på søndage i 10., 14. og 25.
number of consecutive night shifts min. max.
Alt i alt blev antallet af skifttyper reduceret fra 9 til 7.
number of consecutive working-days min. max.
Sammenlægningen af arbejdsdage (11 af
number of consecutive days off
(^40% af pauserne mellem skift overgange er kortere end 16 timer) har gi vet mulighed for flere lange weekender.
Basically although, for psychosocial reasons, long weekends are desirable, they were "bought" at the price of too many disadvantages in the former shift plan.
I den nye skiftordning har man tre på hinanden følgende fridage i weekenden fem gange om året og week ender med fire fridage forekommer 12¿ gange om året, mens den meget lange blok med 5 fridage er blevet af skaffet til fordel for en ændret skiftfordeling.
The distribution of free time blocks was the main principle of order in the former shift plan and had fixed the basic pattern of the plan: the free days, interrupted by seven working days, followed the week days exactly, e.g. 1st day off on Monday (1st week), 2nd day off on Tuesday (2nd week), 3rd day off on Wednesday (2nd week), 4th day off on Thursday (3rd week) etc. This regular system was interrupted by three additional free shifts on the Sundays of the 10th, 14th and 25th weeks.
Undersøger man udelukkende de officielle arbejdstider i de for lufthav nens brandvæsen gældende tjenesteturnus (fig. 6, tabel 2), vil det ses, at disse omfatter et system med kontinuerligt dagarbejde med 8-timers skift (kl. 08.00-16.00), der inkluderer weekender.
In the new shift plan, although it did not fulfil all ideal expectations and originated as a compromise, various im provements could, however, be attained.
Hvert dagskift efter følges dog af en 12-timers indsatstjeneste (kl. l6.00-04.00), der varer indtil de tidlige morgentimer og under hvilken brandmændenes tilstedevæ relse på arbejdspladsen er påkrævet.
Since night shifts, in comparison with all other forms of shift work, must be considered most critically with regard to disturbances of appetite, sleep and of the biological rhythm, the group of those persons who had to work at night was reduced and the group of pure day workers increased.
Under denne indsatstjeneste var det muligt at hvile sig i opholdsrummene.
This can be seen in a comparison between the former and new shift plans, among other things in the omission of two night shifts and an increase in morning shifts.
Denne hvile kan imidlertid ikke sammenlignes med søvn i hjemmet, fordi der også befinder sig et antal andre personer i værelset, støjen udefra er betydelig og man kan blive nødt til at gå i aktion hvert øjeblik.
Altogether, the number of shifft forms were reduced from 9 to 7.
Med kun to uger er turnuscyklen i denne skiftordning meget kort og nem at forstå.
Besides this the length of the night shift was reduced from the former 10 to 9 hours.
kl. 08.00-16.00 : kl. 16.00-04.00
By heavy, continuous physical stress 9 hours were still too long.
: fridag (hver brandmand har 23 ekstra fridage om måneden plus 1 fridag om måneden)
The duration of a cycle of a shift system is now with 21 weeks shorter than before, but still disadvantageously long.
Skiftordning for brandmænd i en lufthavn.
Very long work periods with 52.5, or 53 weekly hours
Tillige med den i fig. 6 viste tjenesteturnus havde hver brandmand ifølge en systematisk udarbejdet ordning to til tre frie skift om måneden, således at der var en fri weekend på tre dage een gang om måneden.
As a result of the amassing of working days (11 of 15 work periods have a duration of 7 days) and the short intervals between the shifts (^ 40 % of the shift intervals are shorter than 16 hours) more long weekends , have been made feasible.
Desuden havde de et yderligere frit skift een gang hvert kvartal og med hensigtsmæssig planlægning kunne man således opnå ekstra lange weekender med fem på hinanden følgende fridage.
Five times a year in the new shift plan three consecutive free days at weekends occur and 12.5 times per year four-day free weekends, while the extremely long block of 5 free days was abolished in favour of a changed shift distribution.
Skiftordningen for ambulancepersonalet, der yder kontinuerlig dæk ning, blev gentaget efter ni uger (fig. 7, tabel 3).
6, table 2), one sees that it deals with a continuous day working system with 8-hour shifts (8 a.m. - 4 p.m.) which also include weekends.
Arbejdstiden oversteg 40 timer i seks af disse uger.
During this standby duty it was possible to lie down in the rest-rooms.
Analyse af skiftordningen for brandmænd i en lufthavn kontinuerlig
Analysis of the shift system of firemen at an airport discontinuous/continuous shift system continuous duration of cycle (weeks) number of hours/week min. max.
1 g timer overgang fra skift A til skift Β tid mellem A og Β (timer) overgang fra A til Β antal/cyklus antal pR hinanden følgende morgenskift min maks antal på hinanden f/lgende aftenskift min maks
< 16 hours change­over from shift A to shift Β time between A and Β (hours) changeover from A to Β number/eyele min. max. number of consecutive morning shifts min. max.
* (D « (D antal af pã hinanden følgende natskift min maks antal af pa hinanden f/lgende arbejdsdage antal af pa hinanden f/lgende fridage ω
number of consecutive evening shifts
Turnuscyklens laengde (uger)
(9.0hours) (9.0 hours) day off w & =
> 4o timer/uge > 50 timer/uge Ugernes frekvens cyklus med overgang fra skift A til skift Β tid mellem A og Β (timer.) overgang fra A til Β antal/cyklus antal pa hinanden følgende morgenskift antal på hinanden følgende aftenskift antal af pa hinanden følgende natskift antal af på hinanden f/lgende arbejdsdage
The weekly work time varied considerably between 27.0 and 61.5 hours. Since two thirds of the shifts occuring in the shift plan lasted longer than 8 hours (2nd morning shift 8.5 hours, afternoon shift 9 hours, night shift 9 hours), most of the intervals between the shifts were less than 16 hours.
Moi s kl. 06.30­l4.30 (8,0 timer) Mo2 = kl. O8.3O­I7.OO (8,5 timer) A = kl. 13.3O­22.3O (9,0 timer) N = kl. 22.00­07.00 (9,0 timer) ν > 7λ - fridag
> 40 hours/week > 50 hours/week frequency with < 16 hours change­over from shift A to shift Β time between A and Β (hours)
Tidsfastsættelsen og varigheden af skiftenes tidspunkter om dagen var afpasset efter skiftmønstrene for ambulancepersonalet.
number of consecutive morning shifts min. max.
Ambulancechaufførernes skiftordning omfattede kun lange, d.v.s.
number of consecutive evening shifts min. max.
7­dages arbejdsperioder, tillige med syv på hinanden følgende natskift.
number of consecutive night shifts min. max.
Efter­som natskiftene varede 9 timer, blev pauserne mellem disse reduceret til 15 timer.
number of consecutive working­days number of consecutive days off min. max.
24 arbejdede i kontinuerlige skift.
24, reduction of rest time was it possible to attain 17.3 long weekends per year with free time from Thursday to Sunday.
Skiftordningen er interessant fra et fysiologisk synspunkt, fordi den indeholder et 2-2-2-system ("hoved stadsturnus"), samt en 2. del med fem på hinanden følgende natskift.
The distribution of night shifts in two blocks seems to be better than seven consecutive night shifts.
De implicerede arbejdede således ifølge en kort turnus samt efter en ordning med længere turnus.
Ambulance drivers working closely together with the ambu­lance unit also have to do continuous shifts.
Skiftturnusen med fire uger var gunstig; variationen i de ugentlige arbejdstider holdt sig inden for acceptable rammer.
The day time situation und duration of the shifts conformed to the shift forms of the ambulance unit.
Analyse af skiftordningen for ambulancechauffører i en lufthavn,
Analysis of the shift system of ambulance drivers at· an airport discontinuous/continuous shift system continuous duration of cycle (weeks) number of hours/week min. max.
Driftsform: kontinuerlig
25.5 63.0 of weeks/cycle
Turnuscyklens laengde (uger)
> 40 hours/week > 50 hours/week frequency with < 16 hours changeover from shift A to shift Β time between A and Β (hours) 15.0
> 40 timer/üge > 5otimer/uge tirrer 16 timer overgang fra skift A til skift Β
F2/F2 number/cycle min. max.
15.0 15.0 15.5 tid mellem A og Β (timer)
number of consecutive morning shifts min . max.
N/N overeana; fra A til Β
number of consecutive evening shifts min, max.
Mens 8-timers skiftene på vandværk H. vekslede kl. 06.00, 14.00 og 22.00, varierede disse tider med en time på vandværk W., nemlig kl. 05.00, 13.00 og 21.00.
The ambulance drivers' shift plan only included longer, i.e. 7-day work periods as well as seven consecutive night shifts.
Een gang hver fjerde uge havde skifteholdsarbejderne en fritids­periode, der varede fra fredag til søndag og en anden, der varede fra søn­dag til tirsdag.
Since the night shifts lasted for 9 hours, the intervals between the shifts were reduced to 15 hours.
Mo = kl. 06.00-14.00 ( 8 timer) MÕ" = kl. 06.00-18.00 (12 timer) A = kl« 14.00-22.00 ( 8 timer) N = kl. 22.00-06.00 ( 8 timer) M = kl. 18.OO-O6.00 (12 timer)
The disadvantages of work accumulation and rest reduction weigh heavier than the advantages which at the moment can be attained in the form of 17.3 long weekends per year.
Analyse af skiftordningen for kontrolrumpersonalet på to vandværker.
Fig.· 9 Shift system of workers monitoring control panels in waterworks H.
Driftsform: kontinuerlig
(8hours) (12 hours) (8 hours) (8hours)
Turnuscyklens laengde (uger)
(12 hours)
Antal timer/uge
00 -05.00 %%= day off
> 4o timer/uge > 5o­timer/uge Ugernes frekvens cyklus med
28 Analysis of the shift system of workers monitoring control panels in two water works discontinuous/continuous shift system continuous duration of cycle (weeks) number of hours/week
1 6 timer overgang fra skift A til skift Β tid mellem A. og Β (timer) overgang.fra.
> 40 hours/week > 50 hours/week frequency of weeks/cycle with < 16 hours changeover from shift A to shift Β time between A and Β (hours) changeover from A to Β number/cycle min. max. number of consecutive morning shifts min. max.
En analyse af fritid og sovetid ved hjælp af "tidsbudgetstudier" viste ingen forskelle af betydning for eftermiddags­ og natskiftene mellem de to grupper med forskellige skifttider.
The analysis of free time and sleeping times by means of "time-budget-studies" showed in the afternoon and night shifts no essential differences between the two groups with different shift change times.
Nattesøvnens kortere varighed før morgenskiftets begyndelse kl. 05.00 (sammenlignet med skiftet, der begynder kl. 06.00) blev kompenseret i form af timeantallet i forbindel­ se med mere søvn om dagen.
The shorter duration of night sleep before the morning shift beginning at 5 a.m. (in com­parison to the shift starting at 6 a.m.) was compensated in figures by a longer day sleep.
f) Gasværk: kontrolrumpersonale
f) Gasworks: control-room personnel
Gasværket krævede et kontinuerligt skiftsystem for kontrolrumpersonaletε vedkommende.
The gasworks required a continuous shift system among the control-room personnel.
14.00 og 22.00, således at skiftlængden aldrig oversteg 8 timer.
The shift change times were at 6 a.m., 2 p.m. and 10 p.m. so that the length of shift never exceeded 8 hours.
Ud fra et psykosocialt synspunkt forekom de syv på hinanden følgende nat­ skift ugunstige.
From the physiologi­cal point of view, however, the seven consecutive night
Mo = kl. 06.00­14.00 (8 timer) A = kl. 14.00­22.00 (8 timer) Ν = kl. 22.00­06.00 (8 timer)
( 8 hours) ( 8 hours) ( 8 hours)
Analyse af skiftordningen for kontrolrumpersonalet på et gasværk.
number of consecutive working-days number of consecutive days off min. max.
31 g) Industrivirksomhed : maskinoperatører
31 shifts seemed unfavourable.
Skiftturnuscyklen varede i tre uger og arbejdsugen var altid 40 timer som for "normale" dagarbej­dere. Skifttiderne, kl. 06.00, 14.00 og 22.00, og den heraf følgende skiftlængde på 8 timer er typiske for mange industrigrene.
The shift change period lasted for three weeks, the weekly working time always of 40 hours as with "normal" day workers; The shift change times 6 a.m., 2 p.m. and 10 p.m. and the shift duration involved of 8 hours, are typical for many branches of industry.
Fritid i weekenden mellem morgen­ og natskiftugerne
In this case the shift weeks were in a so­called reverse sequence, i.e. a morning shift week was week
Mo = kl. 06.00­14.00 (8 timer) A = kl. 14.00­22.00 (8 timer) N = kl. 22.00­06.00 (8 timer)
( 8 hours ) ( 8 hours ) ( 8 hours )
I 19 af afdelingerne fandtes der ordningsoversigter, vi kunne evaluere. Herudover blev ugentlige skiftordninger for de forskellige mennesker udarbejdet for den følgende uge (ordningsud- kast).
Analysis of the shift system of machinists in an industrial undertaking discontinuous/continuous shift system discontinuous duration of cycle (weeks) number of hours/week min. max.
For den mellemsigtede planlægning af fritiden (en uge i forvejen) blev arbejdstagerne på radio- og fjernsynsstationen således nødt til at arbejde ud fra ordningsudkastene; men de måtte altid regne med den kendsgerning, at ændringer i skiftordningen kunne finde sted med kort varsel (f.eks. aftenen før).
< 16 hours changeover from shift A to shift Β time between A and Β (hours) changeover from A to Β number/cycle min. max. number of consecutive morning shifts min. max.
1978 ud fra afdelingerne for optagne udsendelser (recorded productions
number of consecutive night shifts min. max.
Analyse af skiftordningen for maskinoperatører i en industrivirksomhed.
The period of five consecutive night shifts can rarely be split into two blocks with a discontinuous way of work.
Driftsform:
h) BS 1 : Television and radio personnel
Ikke­konti nueriij.
In 19 of the sections there were preplanned plans which we were able to evaluate.
Turnuscyklens laengde (uger)
These plans can then be adapted and corrected at short notice according to need (actual plans).
> 4o timer/uge > 5o ■timer/uge Ugernes frekvens cyklus med
In the preplanned plans the number of shift plan variation was still limited.