natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Man kunne endelig ændre på arbejdspladsbelysningen ved anvendelse af ny arbejdslampe, og man kunne ændre på dataskærmene ved at fjerne kasketskygger samt ændre på reflektans af tastaturet og manuskript.
Lastly, it was possible to change the local workplace lighting by using new work lamps, the VDUs themselves by removing their projecting hoods, and the reflectance of the keyboard and manuscript.
PERSONALETS SAMMENSÆTNING OG ARBEJDSGANGEN PA NUMMERKONTORET
STAFF COMPOSITION AND WORK PROCEDURE IN THE DIRECTORY ENQUIRIES OFFICE
Københavns Telefonselskabs oplysningstjeneste for telefonnumre (Nummerkontoret) har eksisteret siden 1930'erne.
The Copenhagen Telephone Company's service for providing information on telephone numbers (Directory Enquiries Office) has been in existence since the 1930s.
I slutningen af 50'erne afviklede det gamle nummerkontor ca. 6,5 mill, opkald pr. år. Antallet af abonnenter var dengang ca. 500.000.
At the end of the 1950s the old Directory Enquiries Office was handling some 6.5 million calls per year.
Frem til slutningen af 1970'erne skete en kraftig stigning i abonnentantallet til ca. 1,1 mill., og det øgede behov for Nummerkontorets tjeneste krævede en helt ny arbejdsgang.
By the end of the 1970s there had been a marked increase in the number of subscribers to some 1.1 million, and the increased demand for the directory enquiries service necessitated a completely new procedure.
Det gamle system var baseret på manuel betjening: Telefonbogens oplysninger var forstørret op på plan cher og ekspedienten kunne blade i plancherne, som var placeret i store kasser for at finde frem til det pågældende telefonnummer.
The old system was based on a manual procedure. The telephone direc tory details were reproduced to an enlarged scale on sheets through which the operator could leaf in large boxes to find the telephone number in question.
På det gamle Nummerkontor var der ialt 180 ansatte svarende til 137 fuldtidsbeskæftigede, der ekspederede max. ca. 16.000 op kald .pr. døgn.
The old Directory Enquiries Office had a total of 180 employees, equivalent to 137 fulltime employees, handling a maximum of some 16 000 calls per 2if hours.
I 1977/78 tog selskabet initiativ til at indføre et edb-baseret oplysningssystem. De 180 ansatte fra det gamle Nummerkontor skulle fortsat udgøre den nye be manding.
In 1977/78 the company took the initiative in introducing a computerbased information system.
Systemet har været i brug siden 1980.
The system has been in use since 198O.
I dag kan Nummerkontoret afvikle ca. 11-12 mill, opkald pr. år og 30-32.000 opkald pr. døgn. Annex 1.1 viser op kaldenes fordelinger over et hverdagsdøgn og en søndag.
Today, the Directory Enquiries Office can handle some 11-12 million calls per year and 30-32 000 calls per 2if hours.
Tabellen viser,at trafikken er over 3 gange så stor på hverdage som på søndage, men at den store trafik begge dage ligger mellem kl. 9 og 16.
The table shows that the weekday traffic is more than three times the Sunday traffic, but that the heavy traffic is between O9OO and I6OO hrs in both cases.
2.2 DET NUVÆRENDE SYSTEM
2.2 The present system
Informationer til oplysningssystemet opdateres lø bende på basis af bestillinger på nye telefoner.
The details for the information system are continuously updated on the basis of orders for new telephones.
I opdateringsprocessen opdeles abonnentens optagelse på en hovedoptagelse, ekstraoptagelse og en på en supplerende tekst.
In the updating process the sub scriber's entry is divided into a main entry, an extended entry and one in a supplementary listing.
Endvidere opdateres abonnentens data feltopdelt (fornavn, stilling osv.) i systemet.
The subscriber's data are also up dated by cross-referencing (Christian name, professional occupation, etc) in the system.
Ligeledes reducerer disse tabeller fejltagelser på grund af "stumme" bogstaver og tilvirker, at enslydende navne kan sø ges i samme gruppe.
These tables also reduce mistakes due to "silent" letters and enable names having the same sound to be sought in the same group.
Risikoen for fejl er ligeledes søgt mindsket med indlagte synonymtabeller, som tilsikrer at beslægtede stillingsbetegnelser kan søges i samme gruppe.
An attempt has also been made to reduce the likelihood of mistakes by incorporating synonym tables which ensure that related occupational descriptions can be sought in the same group.
Spørgsmål til oplagringssystemet kan ske ved anvendelse af et antal søgekriterier eller søgenøgler (8 ialt) i forskellige kombinationer.
The data storage system can be interrogated by the use of a number of search criteria or search keys (a total of 8) in different combinations.
Nogle kombination ner belaster systemet mindre og giver hurtigere svar.
Some of the combinations place less demand on the system and give more rapid answers.
Som resultat af søgningen kan der forekomme indtil 56 kandidater.
There may be as many as 56 candidates as a result of the search.
Er der mere end 15 kandidater (15 li nier på dataskærmen), udfylder systemet maximalt 4 skærmbilleder á 14 kandidater.
If there are more than 15 candidates (15 lines on the VDU screen), the system fills a maximum of if screen displays with lif candidates each.
Ved hjælp af en særlig funktionstast kan man "blade" i disse skærmbilleder, ligesom man kan springe ind på ethvert forudvalgt billede i rækkefølgen.
It is possible to "leaf" through these displays by operating a special function key and it is also possible to skip to any preselected display in the sequence.
For at lette oversigten er svarlinierne placeret i alfabetisk orden, og oplysningerne er kolonnevis placeret under hinanden.
To help the operator, the answer lines are arranged in alphabetical order and the details are arranged in columns one be neath the other.
Hvis søgningen er resultatløs, vil en fejludskrift på skærmen angive grunden, for eksempel: "ingen kandidater med de indtastede kriterier".
If the search proves fruitless, an error report on the screen will indicate the reason, eg: "no candidates with the inputted criteria".
Der kan frit foretages korrektioner og tilføjes supplerende oplysninger i den indtastede forespørgsel indtil den er afsendt til edb-systemet.
Corrections can be made freely and supplementary details can be added to the inputted enquiry before it is transmitted to the EDP system.
Før indførelsen blev der endvidere afviklet et pilotprojekt. jekt.
A pilot project was also carried out before the introduction.
ARBEJDSFORHOLD OG BETINGELSER
2.if Working and other conditions
2.4.1 Bemanding og arbejdstid
2.if.1 Manning and working hours
I dag er der beskæftiget ca. 210 medarbejdere på Nummerkontoret, hvoraf de fleste er fuldtidsbeskæf­tigede og andre på deltid (tabel 2.1).
At present there are some 210 employees in the Directory Enquiries Office, most of them fulltime employees and others part-time (Table 2.1).
I arbejdsti­den er inkluderet 10 min. pause pr. time samt 1/2 times spisepause· Der arbejdes på 3­holdskift in­den for normalarbejdstiden 7­23 (se tabel 2.1).
The working hours include a 10-minute break per hour and a half-hour meal break. A 3-ehift system is worked within the normal working hours of 0700-2300 hrs (see Table 2.1).
1/1 tidsansættelse
FORMS OF DUTY
4/5 tidsansættelse
7-J hours if/5-time
2/3 tidsansættelse
^/3-time
5 timer
5 hours
1/2 tidsansættelse
1/2-time
7 1/2 timer hver anden aften
7^ hours every other evening
Lørdagsvagt
Saturday duty
5 timer hver anden lørdag
5 hours every other Saturday
Søn­ og helligdags­vagt
Sunday and holiday duty
2 timer hver 4. gang
2 hours one in four
Pauser på fuld arbejdsdag
Breaks in a full working day
Afløsning
Relief breaks
2 χ 15 minutter
2 χ 15 minutes
Anden pause
Other breaks
3 χ 10 minutte r
3 x 10 minutes
Tabel 2.1 Oversigt over tjenesteforhold på Nummerkontoret.
Table 2.1
Omregn 1/1 4/5 2/3 1/2 lait til hele
1/2 Total time
Gennemsnitsalderen var 4 2 år, men fordelingen var ikke jævn, idet der var en ophobning mellem 20 og
The average age was if2, but the distribution was not even: there was an accumulation between the ages of 20 and 25.
37% havde folkeskoleuddannelse, 55% skoleuddannelse på mellemste trin og 7% højere skoleuddannelse.
37$ had received primary school education, 55% intermediate education and 7% higher education.
80% havde haft den nuværende arbejdsfunktion i op til 3 år og 8 2% havde haft andet erhverv før ansættelsen.
8C# had had their present job for up to 3 years and 82$ had had another job before being employed in the office.
Disse erhverv var meget blandede, og man kan ikke se nogen tendens i besvarelserne, og så fordi mange har undladt at svare.
These jobs were very mixed and it is not possible to detect any trend in the replies, another reason being that many omitted to answer.
2.4.3 Optræning og uddannelse
2.if.3 Initial and subsequent training
Efter ansættelse gennemgås de første 3 måneder en optræning først ved en skoleterminal og senere ved tilknytning til en trænet ekspedient.
After recruitment, training is given for th first three months, initially at a training terminal and subsequently by allocation to a trained operator.
Alle gennem går endvidere en formaliseret intern uddannelse i edb-systemet og kundebetjening.
They then all undergo formalized internal further training in the EDP system and customer relations.
Efter ca. 1/2 år er de fleste fortrolige med jobbet.
Most of them are familiar with the job after about six months.
2.4.4 Arbejdets organisering og ledelse
2.if.if Work organization and management
De ansatte er placeret i såkaldte familiegrupper à 6 personer.
The employees are arranged in what are known as "family groups" of six people.
Den enkelte indplaceres i familiegruppen af ledelsen.
The individual is allotted to the family group by the management.
I hver gruppe findes en gruppeleder.
Each group has a group leader.
Udover betjening af kunder er gruppe lederens funktion at vejlede nyansatte, tage sig af klager fra de øvrige gruppemedlemmers side, fordele afløsninger og rapportere til næste ledelsestrin.
In addition to dealing with customers, the function of the group leader is to advise new employees, attend to complaints from the other group members, allocate reliefs and report to the next management level.
Det næste ledelsesniveau udgøres af 6 overassistenter, der ud over det daglige opsyn (bl.a. via et centralt kontrolanlæg), udarbejder vagtskemaer, statistikker, bemandingsplaner o.l. i samarbejde med det sidste ledelsesniveau - de 3 holdledere og den daglige leder af afdelingen.
The next management level consists of 6 chief assistants who, in addition to daily supervision (including the operation of a central monitoring system), prepare duty rosters, statistics, manning plans and the like in conjunction with the top management level - the 3 shift supervisors and the department head of the day.
De vigtigste arbejdsfunktioner på Nummerkontoret er: 1) Modtagelse af forespørgsler fra abonnenter. 2) Søgning i et edb-baseret informationssystem.
2.5 Work functions The main work of the Directory Enquiries Office is: 1. to receive enquiries from subscribers; 2. to carry out a search in a computerbased information system; 3. to report the result of the search to the subscriber.
Ekspedienten kan selv åbne op for opkald til ekspeditionspladsen, markere pladsen som optaget, parkere opkald eller omstille opkald til forstanderinde eller overassistent.
The operator can either accept a call addressed to the operator station, mark the station as occupied, hold the call or switch the call to the supervisor or chief assistant.
Efter opkaldet igangsættes en søgning ved at søge kriterier indtastes og via en funktionstast afsendes til edb-systemet.
After the call, a search is initiated by inputting the search criteria and transmitting them via a function key to the EDP system.
Søgningens resultat præsenteres på dataskærmen og kan resultere i en kortere
The result of the search is displayed on the VDU and may result in a dialogue of varying length between the operator and the information system.
eller længere dialog mellem ekspedienten og oplysningssystemet: Har søgningen været resultatløs, indtaster ekspedienten supplerende oplysninger el ler foretager korrektioner.
If the search is fruitless, the operator inputs additional information or makes corrections.
I mange tilfælde er denne dialog ledsaget af en dialog mellem ekspedienten og abonnent.
In many cases this dialogue is accompanied by a dialogue between the operator and the subscriber.
Den gennemsnitlige ekspeditionstid pr. opkald (cyklus tiden) er 4 4 sekunder,
The average handling time per call (cycle time) is ifif seconds.
2.5.2 Dispositionsmuligheder, kvalifikationskrav, kontaktmuligheder taktmuligheder
2.5.2 Scope for arranging one's own work, qualifications required and opportunities for contact
Arbejdsgangen har været studeret ud fra arbejdspsykologiske aspekter.
The work procedure was studied from the standpoint of industrial psychology.
Resultatet kan sammenfattes som følger : Ekspedienten har visse muligheder for selv at disponere arbejdsgangen.
The operator has some scope Jbr arranging the work herself.
Hun kan principielt forlade ekspeditionspladsen, uden at der kommer en afløsning.
The operator is not physically confined to the workplace.
Grænserne for denne frihed er igen af normativ karakter.
She can in principle leave the operator station without there being a relief.
timalt,og systemet specificerer en bestemt rækkefølge af operationer, bestemte formater på inddata o.l.
Limits are set by factors including the central monitor ing system, the number of calls expected, and the like. 3.
ARBEJDSTEKNISKE OG ARBEJDSFYSIOLOGISKE FORHOLD PA > ET 3.1
The operator has some control over her working pace and herself decides on accepting new calls.
Fra andre undersøgelser ved man, at der sjældent er tale om enkle årsags /virkningssammenhænge, men at der derimod er tale om et kompleks af påvirkninger,der medfører forskellige reaktioner, I komplekset indgår: 1.
The limits to the operator's scope for arranging her own work are fixed in particular by the following: 1. The actual EDP-based information system.
Karakteren af arbejdsredskaber og materialer. 2.
The system entails a formalization and standardization of the work.
Omfanget og intensiteten af repeterede bevæge mønstre . 3.
A work-study norm governing how many operator stations are to be manned and open to calls.
Fagets traditionelle arbejdsprocedure. 4.
An indicator board visible to everybody also shows how many calls are in the queue.
Reaktioner på fejlbelastninger af bevægeapparatet vil være funktionsnedsættende lokal eller almen træthed, smerter og vævsforandringer, f.eks. my oser eller tendinitter.
It presupposes familiarity with the information system itself, including in particular a familiarity with the structure of the system, the search criteria and their application, and also the flexibility of the system and the routine use of other aids (keyboard, written information material, desk reading-stand, telephone directories and the telephone system as a whole).
I den foreliggende undersøgelse har man registreret smertereaktioner som udtryk for symptomer i bevæge apparatet ,personerne selv oplever.
The work provides relatively good opportunities for social contact: 1.
Metoderne sigter mod at afsløre: I hvilket omfang de faktiske forhold lever op til rekommendationerna i litteraturen om skærm terminalarbejdspladser . 2.
First of all, the physical arrangement of the operator stations in close groups gives the opportunity of conversation during the work - particularly between two operators. 2.
I hvilket omfang de ansatte anvender og udnytter det givne udstyrs muligheder ergonomisk op timalt . 3.
Secondly, there is the opportunity of helping each other in the work. 3.
I-îvorvidt de faktisk observerede arbejdsstillinger og -bevægelser er funktionelle ud fra en belastningssynsvinkel.
Thirdly, the operators have certain collective opportunities of arranging the working pace and dividing up the work on the basis of an assessment of the number of calls expected.
Man har kendskab til ergonomisk hensigtsmæs­sige siddestillinger. Disse forhold er målt og observeret, jfr. Annex 3,2 side 1­2.
ERGONOMIC AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF WORKING CONDITIONS IN THE DIRECTORY ENQUIRIES OFFICE
3.2.3 Siddestillinger og bevægelser under arbejdet
3.1 Statement of the problems
Påvirkninger af bevægeapparatet er registreret ved initiale observationer og målinger i siddende ud­gangsstilling (grundstilling), og bevægelser væk fra denne (jfr. Annex 3,2, side 2­3).
The ergonomie and physiological aspects of working conditions com prise those factors in the work situation which are the cause of physical stress on the body, and particularly on the motor system.
Varigheden og frekvensen af karakteristiske opera­tioner er observeret (Annex 3,2, side 4).
It is known from other studies that it is rarely a question of some simple cause-and-effect relationship; rather, what is involved is a whole complex of influences resulting in various reactions.
Tempo og variation i arbejdet har som omtalt ind­flydelse på omfanget af ensidige belastninger.
This complex includes the following: 1. the nature of working equipment and materials; 2. the extent and intensity of repeated patterns of movement; 3. the traditional work procedure of the occupation in question; if. mental factors.
Frekvensen angiver betingelserne for restitution af muskulaturen.
In the present study, pain reactions were recorded as an expression of motor system symptoms experienced by the individuals themselves.
3.2.4 Udvalg af målesteder
3.2 Methods and procedures
De forskellige typer udstyr og inventar er målt.
3.2.I Workplace layout The equipment and furniture were assessed with the aid of an ergonomie check-list prepared in accordance with the instructions given in the literature (Annex 3.1).
arbejdsstillinger hos 6 personer, sammensat af 2 tilfældige personer i hver af de 3 grupper, der senere kom til at repræsentere "kontrolgruppe", "expertgruppe", og "s.elvvalgsgruppe".
3.2.3 Sitting positions and movements during work Actions of the motor system were recorded by initial observations and measurements in an initial sitting position (basic position) and move­ments away from this position (cf Annex 3·2, pp 2-3). The duration and frequency of characteristic operations were observed (Annex 3·2, ρ if).
I de to sidstnævnte grupper er de samme procedurer gentaget efter ændringerne, for at vurdere, om de lystekniske ændringer eller større interesse for eget arbejdsmiljø har fået indflydelse på den samme persons arbejdsstillinger.
As already stated, the pace and variation of the work affect the extent of unilateral stresses. The frequency indicates the conditions for the recovery of the muscular system.
Observationerne er foretaget efter den observerede person selv har valgt sin arbejdspladsindretning. Samlet observationsperiode var ca. 3 timer for hver person.
The observations were carried out after the observed individual had herself selected her workplace layout.
Observationerne udførtes på dagholdet på tilfældige tidspunkter.
The observations were carried out on the day shift at random times.
RESULTATER AF ERGONOMISK VURDERING AF UDSTYR OG INVENTAR
3­3 Results of ergonomie assessment of equipment and furniture
Skærmterminaludstyret er det samme på hele Nummerkontoret, ligeledes findes der kun én type stol og fodskammel.
The VDU equipment is the same throughout the Directory Enquiries Office, and similarly there is only one type of chair and footrest.
Derimod er der 2 typer terminalborde.
On the other hand, there are two types of terminal desk.
Skærmen kan indstilles i lodret og vandret plan, og har drejemuligheder om sin akse.
3.3.I VDU The screen can be adjusted vertically and horizontally and can pivot about its axis.
Indstillingsmulighed skabes i den ene type ved et to-delt bord, i den anden ved at anbringe skærmen på en sokkel.
In one type the means of adjustment is provided by having a divided desk top while in the other type the screen is mounted on a plinth.
De ergonomiske egenskaber er vurderet således: Optimalt: I overensstemmelse med rekommendationerne i litteraturen.
The ergonomie properties were evaluated as follows: optimum: conforming with the recommendations in the literature; minor deviation: deviation from the optimum but impairing sitting positions and working movements only to a limited degree; significant deviation: deviation which markedly impairs sitting positions and working movements.
Mindre afvigelse : Afvigelse fra det optimale, som kun i begrænset omfang har negativ indflydelse på siddestillinger og arbejdsbevægelser.
The adjustability of the screen with the two types of terminal desk can be seen in Tables 3·1 and 3«2.
Højde - skærmmidtpkt.
Minor deviation
Betjeningsvenlighed -højde indstilling
Convenience of operation for height adjustment
Drejelighed om vertikal akse
Pivoting about vertical axis
Betjeningsvenlighed for drejning
Convenience of operation for pivoting
Betjeningsvenlighed -for vipning
Convenience of operation for swivelling
Betjeningsvenlighed for horisontal flytning
Convenience of operation for horizontal movement
Af skema 3,1 fremgår, at det to-delte bords skærm del tillader variationer i indstillingen, der er i overensstemmelse med rekommendationerne.
Adjustability of screen: desk with divided top
Højderegulering
Minor deviation
Skema 3,2 Skærmens indstillelighed - sokkel på bord med udelt plade.
Adjustability of screen: plinth on desk with undivided top
Af skema 3,2 ses, at der ved bordet, hvor skærmen står på en sokkel, er mangler ved skærmens ind stillelighed, betinget af begrænsninger i sokkelen.
It will be apparent from Table 3*2 that the desk on which the screen is mounted on a plinth has. shortcomings as regards screen adjustability, owing to limitations imposed by the plinth.
Skærmen kan ikke højdereguleres og således ikke tilgodese variation i øjenhøjde i siddende stilling; den angives at være ± 8 cm for kvinder.
The screen cannot be adjusted vertically and thus cannot allow for variation in eye height in a sitting position; this is said to be about± 8 cm in the case of women.
Gennemsnitlig øjenhøjde var 114 cm.
The average eye height was 11 if cm.
Skærmmidtpunktet3 højde måltes til 105 cm.
The height to the mid-point of the screen was measured as 105 cm.
Med den synsafstand,der er mulig ved disse pladser samt let nedadrettet blikretning,vil skærmhøjden være acceptabel for personer, der falder inden for gennemsnittet.
With the visual distance possible at these operator stations together with a direction of gaze inclined slightly downwards, the screen height will be acceptable to persons who fall within the average.
For alle andre vil skærmhøjden medføre en uhensigtsmæssig nakkestilling.
In all other cases the' screen height will impose an unsuitable neck position.
Synsafstanden kan kun varieres i begrænset omfang på flertallet af pladserne, ligesom skærmen er for vanskelig at flytte.
The visual distance can be varied only to a limited extent at most of the stations, and the screen is also too difficult to move.
Arbejdsteknisk vurdering af tastaturet fremgår af skema 3,3.
3·3«2 Keyboard An ergonomie assessment of the keyboard can be seen from Table 3«3«
Adskillelse fra skærm
Significant deviation
Flytbarhed
Minor deviation
Afstand mellem taster
Distance of travel in key depression
Tastaturet er generelt hensigtsmæssigt udformet. Højden måltes dog til 6,5 cm, der må vurderes lidt for højt.
The keyboard is in general suitably designed, but the height was measured as being 6.5 cm, which must be considered slightly too high.
Da den samlede højde af tastatur og bord plade imidlertid kun overstiger antropometriske krav med et par cm, må forholdet vurderes som min dre væsentligt.
Since, however, the combined height of the keyboard and desk top exceeds the anthropometric requirements by only a couple of centimetres, this must be classed as of minor importance.
På bordene med udelt plade er tastaturet nedfældet i bordet.
On desks with an undivided top the keyboard is recessed into the table.