natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Hver af disse tre grupper vejede resultatet af de i rapporterne indeholdte analyser imod de respektive medlemmers erfaringer, og fremkom om nødvendigt med forslag til for bedring af situationen. Hver gruppe gav udtryk for sin opfattelse i et dokument med titlen "evalueringsrapport".
Each of the three representative groups weighed the finding of the analyses contained in the reports against the respective experience of its members and, if appropriate, put forward proposals aimed at improving the situation.
UDARBEJDET AF INSTITUTTET
Note on four Studies on the Effects of Shiftwork on the Health, Social Life and Family Life of the Worker
Notat vedrørende fire unders/rfgeíser angående skifteholds arbejdets følger for arbejdernes helbred, fritidsaktiviteter, forbindelse med ven ner og slaegtninge samt for forholdene i deres familier
Considering existing findings, this may lead to the conclusion that - from a physiological point of view - single, inter spersed night shifts would be preferable to many consecutive ones, because they would prevent the beginning of a desynchronisation of the physiological function.
Formalet med og området for undersøgelserne.
Quantity and quality of sleep
(i) at indsamle oplysninger om og klassificere den vaesentligste o o litteratur pa området
The daytime sleep for the night shift is also shorter than the nighttime sleep of the morning shift which again is shorter than the nighttime sleep for the afternoon shift (probably caused by the workers' getting up earlier in the morning).
(ii) at foretage en afgraensning af de omrader, der er utilstraekke- ligt belyst, og som bør g^res til genstand for yderligere un dersøgelser
The body seems to adapt to the reduction of sleep-time and the minor qualitative disturbances of the sleep in connection with the morning shift, mainly because the sleep takes place at the right time.
(iii) ved gennemførelsen af konkrete projekter at undersøge en raek- ke specielle spørgsmål vedrørende de fysiologiske og psykolo giske følger af skifteholdsarbejde, dets konsekvenser for fa milien samt dets indvirkning pa arbejdernes deltagelse i fael- lesskabets aktiviteter, politik, kulturelle aktiviteter, fag foreningsarbejde m.v.
However, the present studies and existing literature on this subject show that such an adaptation does not occur during the night shift where not only the quantity but also the quality of the sleep deteriorates considerably re sulting in lower performance levels of the workers. Depending upon the nature of the work, the sleep deterioration may happen even in some cases where the night shift ends very early in the night.
De fire rapporter, der er blevet udarbejdet i overensstemmelse med ovennaevnte formal, og som forelaegges til evaluering pa seminaret, omfatter: loughlinstown house, shankill, co. ¡Juhlin, telephone tifi 254, '~ Intesi telex: 30726. ¡ARI-
The major reason for these disturbances is the circadian rhythms which cause a displacement of the various phases of the sleep, some of which are prolonged and others shortened during daytime sleep.
- en konkret undersøgelse af de fysiologiske og psykologiske føl ger af skifteholdsarbejde i dele af servicesektoren, herunder og- o sa konsekvenserne for fritidsaktiviteter, forbindelsen til venner og slaegtninge samt for forholdene i familien.
The sleep loss of shift workers is often compensated by naps and prolonged sleep-time during weekends which is in itself a sign of sleep deprivation.
Undersøgelsen er baseret pa en tilfaeldigt udvalgt gruppe pa over l.ooo personer ansat i en lufthavn, ved to vandvaerker, et gasvaerk samt ved to radio- og TV-stationer.
Napping habits may, on the other hand, contribute indi rectly to sleep disturbances by affecting the phases of the sleep.
- en sammenlignende undersøgelse af arbejdspraestationer oö søvnens beskaffenhed (i arbejdernes hjem) ved henholdsvis nat- og dagskift, baseret pa malinger af praestationer og søvn blandt seks skifte holdsarbejdere i en fødevareproducerende virksomhed gennem en hel skifteholdscyklus.
However, the qualitative and quantitative properties of shift workers' sleep and its interaction with naps and such factors as age, personality, constitutional disposition (morning and evening types), exposure to shiftwork and sleeping environment still remain to be studies in depth and coherently before it is possible to obtain a full and varied picture of sleep disorders among shift workers.
Undersøgelserne bekraefter, at indstillingen til skifteholdsarbejde afviger betydeligt fra én gruppe af arbejdere til en anden.
However, compared with existing literature on the subject, complaints of gastrointestinal disorders were particularly frequent among the workers included in the study on the effects of shift work in the services sector (38.9 - 50.0%) and especially among workers whose sleep was disturbed by noise.
Det er derfor vanskeligt at drage vidtraekkende og entydige konklusioner på området.
More than 50% of the workers had consulted their doctor because of gastrointestinal disorders, but the frequency of hospitalization due to such disturbances was approximately the same as among shift workers in the industrial sector.
Endvidere synes et flertal af arbejdere - hvad enten de svarer negativt eller positivt pa spørgsmålet om, hvorvidt de er tilfredse med skifteholds-
Thus, a nervous condition seems to be precipitated by the biochemical disturbance which is a result of the sleep and digestive disorders.
arbejde - at associere denne form for arbejde med dets negative sider eller dets ulemper, herunder isaer problemerne vedrørende søvn, appe tit, fordøjelse og helbred samt de negative følger med hensyn til fri tidsaktiviteter, kontakten til venner og slaegtninge og forholdene i hjemmet.
These findings are supported by the study on the effects of shiftwork in parts of services sector where close correlations were found for the symptoms, restlessness, fatigue, irritability, headache and use of tranquilizers among shift workers suffering from sleep disturbances due to noise.
sted, saledes at de, der patager sig skifteholdsarbejde, sandsynligvis o vil vaere mere positivt indstillet end de, der afstår derfra, eller de, der tidligere har forsøgt, men opgivet det. Det bør dog bemaerkes, at det i henhold til den eksisterende litteratur kun er et mindretal, der erklaerer sig tilfreds med skifteholdsarbejde og understreger dets fordele.
The study also shows that nervous symptoms occurred more frequently among the radio and television personnel than among airport transport workers with a predominantly physical work.
Skifteholdsarbejde og helbred.
Shiftwork and Social Life
Legemstemperaturen synes at forblive naesten uaendret under natskift
Many shift workers on permanent or rotating shifts therefore seem to concentrate on leisure activities which can be pursued individually, for instance reading, fishing, gardening, odd jobs in the house and "do-it-yourself" activities.
(i modsaetning til dagskift), og der finder ingen inversion sted.
Besides, the shift pattern may also affect and limit the leisure pos sibilities of the family of the shift worker.
Søvnens varighed og beskaffenhed.
This situation may be aggravated if the wife has paid employment outside the home.
Søvnens varighed reduceres vaesentligt i forbindelse med natskiftet i forhold til eftermiddags- og aftenskiftet, hvor den er af samme va righed for skifteholdsarbejdere som for ikkeskifteholdsarbejdere in-
However, shift type and local environmental factors seem to be important in assessing the impact of shiftwork on such informal relations and contacts. Thus, twc-ishift workers and workers on permanent afternoon
Legemet synes at tilpasse sig den reducerede søvnperiode og de mindre forstyrrelser i søvnens beskaffenhed i forbindelse med formiddagsskif tet, hovedsagelig fordi der soves inden for det rette tidsrum.
shift are very disadvantaged with regard to seeing friends and acquaintances on working days whereas they may have quite good opportunities of maintaining contacts with friends and relatives on Saturdays and Sundays.
Deri mod viser de naervaerende undersøgelser og den eksisterende litteratur o o o pa området, at en sadan tilpasning ikke finder sted ved natskiftet, i forbindelse med hvilket der ikke alene sker en afkortning af søvnens varighed, men også en betydelig forringelse af søvnens beskaffenhed, som atter giver sig udtryk i ringere praestationer blandt arbejderne.
Workers on a continuous system, on the con trary, may more easily meet friends in the evenings of weekdays but will have difficulties in participating in activities which usually take place jointly with the wives and children during the weekend, for instance visiting relatives and attending parties.
Beskaffenheden og varigheden af skifteholdsarbejdernes søvn og vekselvirkningen mellem denne og faktorer, sa som korte søvnperioder, alder, personlighed, kon- stitutionstype (morgen- eller aftentype), varigheden af den periode, hvor en person har arbejdet pa skiftehold, samt de forhold, hvorunder der soves, ma dog gøres til genstand for en tilbundsgående og sammen- haengende undersøgelse, før det er muligt at opnå et fuldstaendigt og nuanceret billede af søvnforstyrrelser blandt skifteholdsarbejdere.
This is also one of the strongest objections of shift workers and their families, an attitude which is emphasized by the fact that workers on rotating and night shifts attach particular importance to family life.
Mave- og tarmlidelser.
These systems have, on the other hand, a considerable impact on the domestic organization and other activities of the family.
Det fremgår af mange af de i litteraturen pa området beskrevne undersø gelser, at mangel pa appetit og fordøjelsesproblemer er ret hyppigt fo-
Rotating three and four shift systems especially give rise to problems connected with the preparation of meals, maintaining quietness during the shift worker's day time sleep or naps and planning of joint family activities or leisure time pursuits of the individual family members.
° sagelig at vaere forårsaget af spisevaner, isaer indtagelse af malti der på tidspunkter, hvor fordøjelsesfunktionerne er nedsat. o o
the effects of shiftwork in parts of the services sector seem generally to have succeeded in this respect, while the contrary is apparently the case among the wives of the shift worker families covered by the study on the family life of shift workers.
Over 5o % af arbejderne havde konsulteret deres laege som følge af mave- og tarmlidelser, men hyppigheden af hos- pitalsindlaeggelser pa grund af sådanne forstyrrelser var naesten den samme som blandt skifteholdsarbejdere i industrien.
The latter study reveals that the large majority of wives tried to adapt their activities to the generally accepted life pattern' of society and only deviated from this pattern where it was absolutely necessary in order to ensure adequate meals and enough rest for their husbands.
Nervøse lidelser.
Marital relationships
Ifølge tidligere undersøgelser synes der at vaere en sammenhaeng mellem søvnforstyrrelser og fordøjelsesproblemer blandt skifteholdsarbejdere pa den ene side og psykologiske symptomer, sa som traethed, rastløshed, irritabilitet, depression m.v., pa den anden.
It appears from the studies that the relationships between husband and wife and their satisfaction with their married life (life as a married couple) are independent of the work system.
Et anlaeg for en nervøs lidelse synes saledes at blive fremmet ved de biokemiske forstyrrelser, der er et resultat af søvnforstyrrelser og fordøjelsesproblemer.
However, this does not mean that the average shift worker family - apart from some problems of domestic organisation - lives a life almost identical to that of the . average day worker family.
Disse resultater støttes af undersøgelsen vedrørende følgerne af skifte holdsarbejde i dele af servicesektoren, hvor man fandt en naer sammen haeng mellem symptomerne rastløshed, traethed, irritabilitet, hovedpi ne og anvendelse af beroligende medicin blandt skifteholdsarbejdere, som led af søvnforstyrrelser pa grund af støj.
On the contrary, there is no doubt that at least some types of shiftwork will affect the marital relationships.
Undersøgelsen viser og så, at nervøse symptomer optrådte hyppigere blandt radio- og TV-perso- nalet end blandt transportarbejderne i lufthavnen, der havde et overve jende fysisk praeget arbejde.
Thus, the rotating three and four shift systems will usually prevent the husband from performing his normal role in the family, and the wife will be left with additional responsibilities as to the upbringing of the children and decision-making which in other families is a joint task.
Shifteholdsarbejde, fritidsaktiviteter og forbindelse med slaegtninge og venner.
Furthermore, the wife will often have to spend the evenings and nights alone without the usual communication between husband and wife which takes place at that time of day, and sexual relations suffer in many cases.
Skifteholdsarbejde vil automatisk begraense arbejderens muligheder for at deltage i en raekke organiserede faellesskabsaktiviteter, der fin der sted pa ganske bestemte tidspunkter, sa som møder og lignende i fagforeninger, faglige sammenslutninger, politiske partier og forenin ger, offentlige møder, uddannelsesforanstaltninger, teater- og bio grafbesøg samt sportsarrangementer.
Children Only a few studies have dealt with questions pertaining to the children of shift worker families although shiftwork will obviously present more problems with regard to child-care, upbringing and parent-child relation ships than in the average family. The existing studies reveal that shift workers frequently complain about the irregular or lack of contact with their children.
Dette er tilfaeldet i saerdeleshed o for arbejdere pa roterende 3
This situation, together with the restrictions imposed on the children when the father is resting, will easily inhibit the develop ment of harmonious relationships between the two parties.
, o - og ¿t-holdsskift og pa faste eftermiddags-
Besides, the wife will find herself confined with additional tasks in the upbringing of
og natskift.
the children.
Mange arbejdere på faste eller roterende holdskift synes derfor at koncentrere sig om fritidsaktiviteter, som kan dyrkes individuelt, f.eks. at laese, fiske, arbejde i haven, diverse småreparationer og -forbedringer i huset samt "do-it-yourself" aktiviteter.
It may therefore, and because of the wife's traditional role in western societies, pose a number of serious problems in the parent-child relationships and in the organisation of the household if the wife is working on shift or if the wife's working hours are not coordinated with the time-schedule of the children.
Skifteholdsmønstret vil også kunne begraense de øvrige familiemedlemmers muligheder for fritidsaktiviteter.
The performance of shift workers' children at school has been examined specifically in the case study on the family life of shift workers and the school career of their children.
Naervaerende og tidligere undersøgelser viser, at skifteholdsarbejde ofte gør det vanskeligere at opretholde kontakter med slaegtninge og venner og derfor tenderer imod at reducere venne- og bekendtskabskredsen.
The findings, however, show that the school career of children of day workers was significantly superior to that of the children of shift workers and that even among the children of shift workers the performance varied according to the shift system on which the father was working so that the children of twoshift workers did better at school than the children of threeshift workers, who again were more successful than the children of workers on a continuous system.
Denne ten dens kan blive forstaerket, såfremt hustruen har arbejde uden for hjemmet.
Furthermore, the study reveals a difference of I.Q. corresponding to the school career of the children.
Imidlertid synes arten af skifteholdssystemet og det lokale miljø at vaere ret afgørende for skifteholdsarbejdets indflydelse på de naevnte kontakter med slaegt og venner.
These findings may lead to the indication of a lower I.Q. on average among the shift workers than among the day workers in the two plants included in the study.
Arbejdere på 2-hoidsskift og på fast eftermiddags-/ aftenskift har saledes saerlige vanskeligheder med hensyn til at se ven ner og bekendte pa arbejdsdage, hvorimod de skulle have gode muligheder for at opretholde kontakten med venner og slaegtninge på lørdage og søn dage.
If this is the case, it could be the result of a selection on the labour market whereby the most intelligent workers obtain the best and well paid jobs and the less intelligent the most unpleasant ones.
Skifteholdsarbejde og forholdene i familien.
However, such a conclusion would require more de tailed and extensive studies.
Hovedparten af den eksisterende litteratur har konkluderet, at skifte holdsarbejde, isaer natarbejde og roterende 3- og 4-holdsskift, vil kunne have uheldige virkninger for forholdene i familien.
Interrelationship of the effects of shiftwork The few studies,which have examined the interrelationship between the various effects of shiftwork, indicate the existence of a causality between the repercussions of shiftwork, for instance that problems in the social and family life of the worker more frequently than usual will lead to problems of a physical and psychological nature or vice versa.
Dette er ligeledes en af arbejdernes og deres familiers alvorligste indvendinger imod denne form for arbejde, en indstilling, som understreges af det faktum, at ar bejdere pa roterende skift og natskift laegger saerlig vaegt på familie livet.
The process and directions of the casuality have not yet been established.
Tilrettelaeggelsen af det huslige arbejde og andre aktiviteter i familien.
On the basis of the reports it has been possible to establish the following list of areas and topics where further research seems to be needed: a. Areas and topics of a general nature
o Den tid, der anvendes pa husligt arbejde, og fordelingen af de enkelte opgaver er stort set den samme i skifteholdsarbejderes som i andre ar bejderes familier og er ikke påvirket af skifteholdssystemer.
-t, the decision to opt for, and out of shiftwork - the interrelationship between the various effects of shiftwork and between the elements causing the effects, by use of a multicausal and interdisciplinary approach
Disse forstyrrel ser i familiens liv har tendens til at forøge arbejdsbyrden for og laeg- ge betydeligt pres pa hustruen, hvis villighed til at tilpasse sit ar bejde og andre aktiviteter til et konstant skiftende tidsmønster er af stor betydning for skifteholdsarbejderens mulighed for at overvinde de af hans uregelmaessige arbejdstid affødte problemer.
- a longitudinal examination of the relationships between attitudes to shiftwork, health, circadian adjustment, absenteeism, social and family life etc. on the one hand and a number of factors, including personality, age, sex and length of exposure to shiftwork, on the other b.
Forholdet i aegteskabet.
Shiftwork and health
Praestationerne i skolen blandt skifteholdsarbejderes børn er blevet be handlet specielt i den konkrete undersøgelse vedrørende forholdene i skifteholdsarbejderes familier og forløbet af deres børns skolegang. Den ne undersøgelse er baseret på data vedrørende 104 bØrn af ufaglaerte dag arbejdere og 226 bØrn af ufaglaerte skifteholdsarbejdere, men er ikke tilstraekkeligt omfattende til, at der kan drages afgørende og utvetydi ge konklusioner deraf.
- the long-term effects of shiftwork on the family situation - the economic conditions of shift workers and their families - the social and family circumstances of women shift workers - the child-parent relationships and child-care in shift worker families - the effects of shiftwork on the social and family life of migrant workers - the effects of shiftwork on the social and family life of manual and non-manual workers in the services and public sectors.
mest ubehagelige.
EVALUATION
Seminar om skiftearbejdets indvirkning på arbejdernes helbred og deres sociale liv og familieliv
Seminar on the effects of shiftwork on the health, social life and family life of workers
Afholdt i Dublin d. 13. og 14. marts 1980
Held in Dublin on 13 and 14 March 1980
Den af Dublin-instituttet netop udførte forskning over skiftarbejdes indvirkning på de pågældende arbejderes selskabsliv, familieliv, børn og helbred giver slet og ret videnskabelig bekræftelse af, hvad arbej derne allerede ved af daglig erfaring: At arbejde, der organiseres på denne måde,i mange henseeneder er meget skadeligt for folk, der skal udføre det.
The research just carried out by the Dublin Foundation on the effects of shiftwork on the social and family life, children and health of the workers concerned merely provides scientific confirmation of what the workers themselves already know, from daily experience: that work organised in this way is extremely damaging in many respects to those who have to do it.
De af Instituttets rapporter tilvejebragte informationer kan ikke undgå at styrke overbevisningen - som fagbevægelsen længe har siddet inde med - at skiftarbejde skal elimineres overalt, hvor dette ikke er berettiget som socialt fordelagtigt.
The information contributed by the Foundation's reports cannot fail to strengthen the conviction - long held by the trade union movement -that shiftwork must be eliminated wherever possible when it cannot be justified in terms of social usefulness.
Denne overbevisning skal ses i forbindelse med et princip, der også ved mange lejligheder er blevet fremsat af fagforbundene: Penge er ingen erstatning for den helbredsmæssige skade, der forårsages af dårlige arbejdsvilkår.
This belief is to be seen in conjunction with a principle which has also been put forward by the trade unions on numerous occasions : money can not compensate for the damage to health caused by bad working conditions.
Det er af største betydning, at forskningen rettes mod afskaffelsen af kontinuerligt skiftarbejde, hvor dette stadig er berettiget på nærvæ rende stadium ud fra teknologiske grunde.
Tt is essential to direct research towards the elimination of continuous shiftwork where it is still justified at present on technological grounds alone.
Vi er imidlertid klar over, at det i øjeblikket er umuligt helt af afskaffe skiftarbejde, eftersom visse servicer f. eks. skal opretholdes døgnet rundt.
We are, however, aware that it is currently impossible to abolish shiftwork altogether, since certain services, for instance, have to be maintained 24 hours a day.
Hvor skift arbejde tjener et socialt formål, er det ikke desto mindre yderst vigtigt i videst mulig udstrækning at reducere dets velkendte skadelige virkninger gennem en forbedring af arbejdsvilkårene for de implicerede arbejdere.
Nevertheless, whete shiftwork serves a social purpose, it is still absolutely necessary to minimise its well-known harmful effects by improving working conditions for those involved; this position has nothing in common with that according to which there should be pre-selection so that only the physically and mentally fittest are recruited for such arduous forms of work.
Denne indstilling har intet til fælles med tanken om, at der bør være en mulighed for et forudgående valg, således at kun de fysisk og psykisk bedst egnede rekrutteres til sådanne anstrengende former for arbejde.
The trade unions ask first and foremost for a reduction in working hours, to be negotiated with the workers or their representatives at
Fagforbundene anmoder først og fremmest om en reduktion i arbejdstiden, der skal forhandles med arbejderne eller deres repræsentanter på bedrifts planet - en reduktion, der ikke involverer større fysisk, psykisk eller nervøs belastning i forbindelse med arbejdet. Som et praktisk forslag har
company level, a reduction which does not involve any increase in the physical, mental or nervous stresses of the work.
DEFS forlangt et femte skift, hvor det drejer sig om kontinuerligt skiftarbejde.
As a practical proposition, the ETUC has called for a fifth shift in the case of continuous shiftwork.