natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Herved bør det ikke glemmes, at sådanne almene økonomiske ind flydelsesstørrelser giver sig udslag i mangeartede problemer i for bindelse med produktionsprocessens og arbejdsorganisationens tilret telæggelse i de enkelte virksomheder på grund af de relevante for skelligartede produktions- og arbejdskraftstrukturer, hvilket også fører til helt forskellige arbejdsorganisatoriske løsninger. De økonomiske indflydelsesfaktorers virksomhedsspecifike virkning er
Despite the substantial differences in the general economic situation in the countries investigated the case analyses clearly show great similarity in the reasons for the development of new forms of work organisation, which result from economic parameters.
- som casestudierne også viser - af langt større betydning for den varierende tilrettelæggelse af nye former for arbejdsorganisation end de særlige nationalspecifike egenskaber, som er en følge af den pågældende økonomiske situation som helhed i de enkelte lande.
In virtually all cases the aim of the new forms of work organisation is to meet flexibility requirements which arise in the undertakings from structural changes in the sales markets (e.g. shortening of product life, high pressure on product innovation, rapid product and quantity changes) or from basic changes in product technology or production methods.
Desuden bør man pege på, at produktivitetsstigninger inden for seriefabrikationen i alle tre lande hovedsageligt finder sted via tekniske innovationer (f.eks. anvendelse af industrielle roboter, mikro-elektronik, der er ved at trænge frem o.s.v.), og ikke via
Without exception the undertakings also use new forms of work organisation in the effort to achieve productivity effects, which are anticipated above all from improved rationalisation of production and saving of time, i.e. more efficient design of production operations, faster transit of semi-finished products, reduction of down times and of cycle and coordination losses; the sharper competition in particular affects the national and inter national sales markets.
"nye arbejdsformer" i nærværende studies betydning.
These economic parameters are particularly important for changes in work organisation in mass production.
Tekniske in novationer får så megen desto større vægt i virksomheder med store seriefabrikationer, fordi de realiserbare produktivitetsvirknin- ger gennem en introduktion af nye former for arbejdsorganisation på ingen måde altid er umiddelbart indlysende og ofte - som case studierne også viser - er ude af stand til at indfri ledelsens forventninger. Foreløbig må spørgsmålet forblive åbent m.h.t.
The relevant literature contains a wealth of descriptions and analyses of these economic relationships, so that these considerations need not be examined in further detail here
hvor vidt nye kvalifikationsbehov opstår i virksomhederne netop på grund af tekniske innovationer og nye forudsætninger tilveje bringes til udviklingen af arbejdsorganisatoriske former, så som former for en polyvalent arbejdsindsats som i tilfælde DF (cement industrien) .
1) We refer here to the national reports of the European Foundation concerning "New forms of work organisation", which describe these relationships in detail for all three countries. Attention is also drawn to the.papers by Frederico Butera with regard to the Italian situation: "Contributo alla analisi dei variabili strutturali che influiscono sul mutamento dell'organizzazione di lavoro: il caso Olivetti" in: Studi organizzativi 1, Aprii 1973; the same author: "Divisione del lavoro in fabbrica", Venice, 1977.
Ud fra et sammen lignende internationalt perspektiv bør det indledningsvis fasthol des, at det herved frem for alt er strukturerne på de regionale arbejdsmarkeder, inden for hvilke virksomhederne befinder sig, der er af afgørende betydning for udviklingen af nye former for arbejdsorganisation.
However, it should be pointed out from the international comparison aspect that in the past these economic parameters were probably of varying importance in the economy as a whole in the three countries.
Som det ses ganske klart af case-studierne, udviser disse strukturer imidlertid også betydelige forskelle i de enkelte lande.
In France and Italy the industrialisation in recent decades was marked by the expansion of manufacturing industry to a greater extent than in the Federal Republic, where the industrial production structures are highly diversified.
Det er ikke blot i Den tyske Forbundsrepublik, men også i Italien, at virksomhedernes arbejdsmarkedssituation i de koncentrerede industriområder (i Forbundsrepublikken især stor byernes arbejdsmarkeder og bort set fra storbyerne, Milanos og
The earlier and sharper recession trends in the economy as a whole in France and Italy above all suggest that the economic pressure on the development of new forms of work organisation - particularly in large massproduction undertakings - was already relatively higher than in the Federal Republic in the seventies.
Noget lignende gælder også for Frankrig, hvor der især findes særlige forhold på arbejdsmarkederne i regioner, der har været udsat for store strukturelle omlægninger (reconversion) (f.eks. de oprindeligt mono-industrielle egne i Nordfrankrig, i hvilke stadig flere fabrikationsvirksomheder slog sig ned efter kulmineindustriens nedadgående udviklinger i tresserne - jfr. monografi AF).
The decisive importance of these economic factors for the development of new forms of work organisation can be investigated in an exemplary way in Italian case BI (computer system units), in which market-induced flexibility requirements on design of the work processes and a basic change in product technology lead 'to complete redesign of all production and assembly operations.
Des uden bør det ikke glemmes, at virksomhedernes arbejdsmarkeds situation i høj grad er afhængig af arten af kvalifikationerne, de søger på de regionale arbejdsmarkeder.
By contrast the ad hoc nature of the introduction of new work organisation is particularly noticeable in the German cases.
Til trods for den al mindelige beskæftigelseskrise, der er ved at tilspidse sig især i Italien og Frankrig, findes der "flaskehalse" på de regionale arbejdsmarkeder i alle tre lande, når der skal skaffes arbejds kraft, der sidder inde med de af virksomhederne krævede almene faglige eller specifike kvalifikationer.
Apart from some more broadly based pilot tests on the development of new forms of work organisation, which received assistance under the government programme for the "Humanisation of working life" in some large undertakings, it should be assumed that undertakings in the Federal Republic introduce work organisation measures chiefly to eradicate weak points in existing forms of organisation which jeopardise the efficiency of the production and organisation structures of the entire plant.
Det ses f.eks. tydeligt af de undersøgte tilfælde, der anvender eller udvikler polyva lente kvalifikationer i virksomhederne inden for maskinbygning og i cementindustrien (tilfælde DD, DF, DI).
This relationship is clearly illustrated by case AD (motor industry), in which the capitalintensive measures to change the work organisation affect only a narrowly defined section of an assemblyline production process,
40 tendenserne i arbejdsmarkedsudviklingen og en herefter tilrette­ lagt personalepolitik i virksomhederne, som har eller kan have indflydelse på introduktionen og udformningen af de nye former for arbejdsorganisation.
40 where their main function is to intercept the possible effects of trouble on assembly operations throughout the plant.
Frem for alt hvad fabrikationsindustri­ ens store virksomheder angår, drejede efterspørgslen på arbejds­ markedet i alle tre lande sig hovedsageligt om arbejdskraft, der kun sad inde med et lavt alment og faglige uddannelsestrin og som for det meste ikke havde industrielle erfaringer og ofte var til­ vandret fra landlige regioner til de koncentrerede industricentre.
Despite these different degrees of importance it can be stated that economic parameters take effect as reasons for changes in work organisation, particularly in assembly areas with traditional forms of assemblyline organisation, in a very similar way in all three countries.
Der skabtes hin tillærte industriarbejdertype, der anvendtes i stærkt tayloriserede arbejdsprocesser inden for storseriefabrika­ tionen, indrettet efter principperne for transportbåndorganisa­ tion.
It must also not be overlooked that such general economic parameters have an impact on diverse problems associated with the design of production processes and work organisation in the individual under takings because of the different economic boundary conditions and different production and worker structures and also lead to quite different organisation solutions.
Italiensk og fransk arbejdsmarkedssociologi definerer denne tillærte industriarbejdertype med betegnelsen, "massearbejder".
As is also shown by the case analyses, the effect of economic parameters specific to a plant is far more important for the different design of new forms of work organisation than features specific to a country, which are determined by the general economic situation in the individual countries.
Selv om "massearbejderskikkelsen" i høj grad dominerede ar­ bejdskraftudbudet på arbejdsmarkederne i alle tre lande indtil halvfjerdserne i industrigrenene af interesse her, kan man etab­ lere nogle karakteristiske forskelle i disse arbejdskraftgruppers sammensætning.
For the rest, it should be pointed out that in all three countries productivity increases in mass production are achieved primarily via technical innovations (e.g. use of industrial robots, advance of microelectronics etc.) and not via "new forms of work" in the sense of this study.
I Italien er "massearbejderen" karakteriseret af et stort antal arbejdere, der kommer fra landet og som inden for den "in­ terne" immigrations rammer er vandret fra Syditaliens landlige
Technical innovations are all the more important in large massproduction undertakings, because the attainable productivity effects with the introduction of new forms of work organisation are by no means always clear and - as is also shown by the case analyses - often fail to meet management expectations.
I Frankrig består disse arbejdstagergrupper i industrire gionerne til dels af en industriarbejdergruppe, der har eksisteret i generationer, men som kun har få kvalifikationer, til dels af arbejdstagere af landlig oprindelse og til dels af udenlandsk ar bejdskraft (især nordafrikanere, portugisere, spaniere).
It is obvious that the reasons and prerequisites for new forms of work organisation and their effects are heavily dependent on the labour market situation of the undertakings and the worker structures in the latter.
Under den økonomi ske genopbygningsfase bestod gruppen af tillærte industriarbejdere inden for seriefremstillingen næsten overvejende af tyske arbejds kræfter, der enten stammede fra det tyske riges forhenværende om råder i øst, eller som var vandret over i industrien fra beskæf tigelser inden for håndværk og landbrug. I almindelighed sad denne arbejdstagergruppe inde med en relativt god almen foruddannelse
From an international comparison point of view it should first be stated that it is above all the structures of the regional labour markets in which the under takings are located that are of decisive importance for the development of new forms of work organisation, although the case analyses show very clearly that there are considerable variations even within the individual countries.
(8-årig folkeskoleuddannelse) og medbragte ofte faglige grund kundskaber, der dog som regel var blevet erhvervet i beskæftigel ser uden for vedkommende industrigren.
Both in Germany and Italy the labour market situation of the undertakings in industrial conurbations (in Germany mainly the city labour markets, in Italy particularly the Bologna-Modena region as well as the city labour markets in Milan and Turin) differs basically from that of undertakings located in rural areas.
Fra og med begyndelsen af tresserne skete der imidlertid en hurtig vækst i andelen af udenlandsk arbejdskraft i denne arbejds tagergruppe (først italienere, senere frem for alt tyrkere, jugo slavere og grækere).
A similar labour market situation also exists in France, special features occurring mainly in those regions undergoing structural transformation (reconversion) (e.g. the regions of northern France originally based on a single industry, where manufacturing industry expanded on an increasing scale in the sixties following the decline of the coal mining industry - cf. monograph AF).
Det bør fremhæves, at et voksende antal kvindelige arbejdsta gere udgjorde en del af massearbejderne fra og med halvtresserne i Frankrig og i Den tyske Forbundsrepublik.
In addition it should be taken into account that the labour market situation of the undertakings is highly dependent on the type of skills in demand on the regional labour markets.
I begge lande møder man frem for alt tillærte kvindelige industriarbejdere i den elektrotekniske industri.
Despite the general employment crisis, which is becoming critical above all in France and Italy, bottlenecks exist in the supply of workers with the general occupational or specific skills sought by the under takings on the regional labour markets in all three countries.
I Italien startede denne udvikling på et.senere tidspunkt, men også her vokser kvindelige arbejdsta geres andel i de tillærte industriarbejdergrupper.
This is clearly illustrated by the investigated cases of deployment or creation of multiskilled qualifications in the undertakings in the engineering and cement industry (cases DD, DF, DI).
Disse almene tendenser er trængt igennem med varierende intensitet og i forskellige former i de tre lande. Der eksisterer dog nære relationer mellem disse tendenser og virksomhedernes interesse i at udvikle nye former for arbejds organisation.
Despite these basic reservations, some very general statements concerning trends on the labour market and a plant labour policy adapted accordingly, which affect or may affect the introduction and design of new forms of work organisation, can be made in all three countries.
Fra midten af halvfjerdserne blev splittelsen på det alminde lige arbejdsmarked stadigt mere udpræget i Italien mellem grupperne af beskæftigede og grupperne af ledige (især unge og kvinder) på grund af afmatningsforholdene og den stærkt tiltagende beskæftigel- seskrise.
It should be assumed initially that close historical relationships exist between the phases of relatively continuous economic growth, rapid expansion of manufacturing industry with mass production, particularly in the fifties and sixties, and development of the employee structures characteristic of precisely these branches of industry.
Samtidigt forstærkedes tendenserne henimod en internali sering af arbejdsmarkederne i virksomhederne: Mellem de store virk somheder skifter kun meget få arbejdstagere beskæftigelse via det almindelige arbejdsmarked.
In all three countries there was a demand on the labour markets by large undertakings in the manufacturing industry in particular for workers who had only a low standard of general and vocational training, were usually without industrial experience and had often migrated to the industrial conurbations from rural areas.
I forbindelse med en tiltagende decen tralisering inden for industriproduktionen - d.v.s. en overflytning af individuelle produktionssektioner til mindre og små firmaer, der herefter optræder som leverandører til de store foretagender - ska bes der desuden et gråt arbejdsmarked i form af "secondo lavoro", der i tiltagende grad glider bort fra de store virksomheders og også fagforeningernes kontrol.
The result was that type of semiskilled industrial worker, who is employed in the highly taylorised massproduction work processes usually based on assemblyline organisation principles.
Under sådanne forhold er virksomhe derne - specielt store foretagender - tvunget til næsten udelukken de at dække deres kvalifikationsbehov på virksomhedens interne ar bejdsmarked.
In Italian and French industrial sociology this type of semiskilled industrial worker has been described as a "mass-production worker".
Herved sigter virksomhederne med nye arbejdsformer bl.a. på at nedbryde usmidighederne i de lavere kvalifikationer blandt den som "massearbejder" anvendte arbejdskraft og at opbyg ge et kvalifikationspotentiel, der kan udnyttes til overvindelse af markedsbetingede fleksibilitetskrav og i forbindelse med for anstaltninger til en produktivitetsstigning.
Although the figure of the "mass-production worker" dominated the supply on the labour markets for the branches of industry of interest here until the seventies in all three countries, it is possible to detect some characteristic differences in the composition of these worker groups.
I denne situation mødes imidlertid fagforbundskra- vene om højere faglige jobindhold ("professionalità") og en heraf følgende højere gruppering på samme tid med virksomhedernes aktu elle kvalificeringsinteresser, og gør således afslutningen af tilsvarende lønaftaler i virksomhederne nemmere.
In Italy a high proportion of "mass-production workers" immigrated "internally" from the agricultural areas of the south to the northern industrial regions.
Denne sammen hæng ses f.eks. tydeligt i tilfældene AI (automobilindustri) og
By contrast the massproduction worker is a far more diverse figure in France and Germany.
I forbindelse med den økonomiske afmatning og beskæftigelses- krisen fra midten af halvfjerdserne viser Frankrig frem for alt segmenteringstendenser mellem virksomhedernes stabiliserede ar be jdstagergrupper, der sidder inde med en højere virksomhedsspeci fik tillært kvalifikation og kan påvise et længere beskæftigelses forhold i virksomheden på den ene side og løs- og deltidsarbejdere med en prekær beskæftigelsesstatus på den anden side.
In the Federal Republic the "mass-production worker" underwent a particularly noticeable transformation between the end of the Second World War and the mid-sixties. During the economic re construction phase the group of semiskilled industrial workers in massproduction plants consisted predominantly of German workers who either originated from the former eastern territories of the German Reich or the Soviet occupation zone or had entered industry from craft and agricultural occupations.
Disse ten denser har foreløbig udviklet sig i forædlingsindustrien (petro kemi, cementindustri) , i hvilken der skete en stærk personale nedskæring i forbindelse med en fremadskridende automatisering
This group of workers had usually received a relatively good general eduction (8 years at elementary school) and often possessed a basic knowledge of an occupation, although in many cases this had been acquired in occupations outside the branch.
(i tilfælde DF - cementindustri). Der var dog også begyndende tegn på disse tendenser i bearbejdningsindustrien.
From the early sixties onwards, however, there was a sharp increase in the proportion of foreign workers in this group (initially Italians and later mainly Turks, Yugoslavs and Greeks).
Omend i en betydeligt svagere form er der også i Forbundsre publikken tegn på lignende ændringstendenser i arbejdsmarkeds strukturerne. Traditionen tro er segmenteringstendenserne på de almindelige og på virksomhedernes arbejdsmarkeder herved frem
It should be noted that since the fifties, there has been an increasing proportion of female employees in the group of massproduction workers in France and Germany - female semiskilled industrial workers are employed mainly in the electrical engineering industry in both countries.
I tyske virksomheder er ad skillelsen skarp mellem indsatsområderne for de som oftest tyske fagarbejdere og de for tillærte arbejdstagere.
In contrast to this ideally typical initial situation characterised by marked economic growth and expansion of production capacities in manufacturing industry on the one hand and the training of an industrial "mass-production worker" on the other, substantial changes have taken place in all three countries during the last decade.
På montageområderne inden for seriefabrikationen (som intro duktionen af de nye former for arbejdsorganisation også koncentre rer sig om i Forbundsrepublikken) anvendte man i årene med højkon junktur og stor mangel på arbejdskraft en stærkt fluktuerende ar bejdsstyrke med ringe oprindelige kvalifikationer og med mange ud lændinge, d.v.s. en arbejdsstyrke, der i høj grad svarer til "mas searbejderskikkelsen".
On the labour markets they are reflected mainly in trends towards segmentation according to specific worker groups and intensified internalisation of partial labour markets in the undertakings.
Under forholdene med afmatning og større markedsbetingede fleksibilitetskrav til personalets udnyttelse går virksomhederne i Forbundsrepublikken ligeledes i tiltagende grad over til også at danne et grundpersonale på disse områder, som kan kombineres med en fluktuerende marginalarbejdsstyrke.
These general trends have emerged with varying intensity and in different forms in the three countries.
Dertil skal det dog siges, at der ikke - til dels af lovmæssige grunde - findes arbejdstagergrupper med en prekær beskæftigelses- status (løs- og deltidsarbejdere) på de tyske arbejdsmarkeder i samme udstrækning som f.eks. i Frankrig; men virksomhederne i
Close relationships exist between these trends and the interest of the undertakings in the development of new forms of work organisation.
Tyskland - f.eks. i den elektrotekniske industri - har dog i man ge tilfælde udviklet særlige tidsmæssige strukturer for personale indsatsen (f.eks. de såkaldte "husmoderskiftehold"), der giver mulighed for nemmere regres til marginale arbejdstagergrupper.
In Italy the split on the general labour market between groups of employees and groups of the unemployed (above all young people and women) became increasingly severe from the mid-seventies onwards under the conditions of the recession and the intensify ing employment crisis.
(Jfr. f.eks. tilfælde BD - elektriske husholdningsapparater).
At the same time the trends towards internalisation of the labour markets in the undertakings intensified: there is now hardly any exchange of employees between large undertakings via the general labour market.
Forbundsrepublikken forsøger at udnytte nye former for arbejds organisation som instrument til opbygningen og stabiliseringen af kvalificerede og fleksibelt anvendelige grupper (grundarbejds styrke) , der efter ønske kan anvendes på varig basis med de dårligere kvalificerede marginalgrupper eller i cyklisk kombination efter behov. Som eksempel kan disse forhold frem for alt rekonstru eres med de to tyske tilfælde fra den elektrotekniske industri
In addition, a grey labour market in the form of the "secondo lavoro", control of which is increasingly slipping away from the large undertakings and also the unions, results in connection with the increasing decentralisation of industrial production, i.e. the transfer of individual production processes to small and very small undertakings, which then act as suppliers to the large ones.
(BD, elektriske husholdningsapparater, og CD, telefoncentralinstal lationer) .
One of the aims pursued by the undertakings with new forms of work is to break down the rigidities of the low skills of workers employed as "mass-production workers" and to develop skill potentials which can be utilised to meet market-induced flexibility requirements and in measures to increase productivity.
I casestudierne fremtræder problemet med arbejdstagernes utilstrækkelige kvalificering som et alment problem i forbindelse med udviklingen af nye former for arbejdsorganisation.
A characteristic feature of the Italian situation is that the union policy of minimising the flexibility of labour deployment in the work processes and incorporating strong employment safeguards in the wage agreements have contributed to this general labour market trend.