natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Inden for virksomheder indtager dette emne en langt mindre fremtrædende plads i sammenligning med de traditionelle
In the wake of the dioxin disaster in Seveso, a presidential decree issued in Italy accorded workers and unions information rights in the event of major accidents.
MELLEM
BETWEEN VIE SOCIAL
PARIER forhandlingsområder, fx arbejdstid eller Ion.
PARTNERS search for solutions, is to be found in their lack of a claim to training.
Fagforeningernes betænkelighed ved at tilbyde stötte fremmer denne defensive holdning fra medarbejderrepræsentanternes side.
Only Denmark has legislated for statutory training courses for members of the industrial safety organizations to be extended to cover the environment.
Medindflydelsen er stærkest - målt med hensyn til medindflydelsestyperne: information, samrad og medbestemmelse - i Den Tyske Forbundsrepublik. Nederlandene og Danmark; samtidig fastlægges de fleste emner vedrorende medindflydelse i lovgivningen og de kollektive overenskomster.
In the Netherlands, Belgium, Austria, Germany and Greece, employee representatives must take the long way round via health and safety at work if they wish to be trained in environmental matters.
Italien, Østrig og Belgien folger tæt bagved denne førende gruppe på listen over de undersøgte lande. Nederst på listen kommer Frankrig, Det Forenede Kongerige, Spanien og Grækenland.
This diversion is typical of the legally regulated participation of workers in the field of environmental protection, as this is still something of a grey area.
Pa alle niveauer er der ikke nok magt til at opnå frivillige aftaler mellem arbejdsgivere og arbejdstagere og især ikke til at iværksætte disse.
It seems that it will be a long time before this situation changes, especially since one common factor is identifiable in all the countries, namely that to date employee representatives have failed fully to exploit the few rights they have in connection with the environment.
Fælles erklæringer og kampagner, kollektive overenskomster eller aftaler pa virksomhedsplan er stadig yderst sjældne.
Within companies, this topic holds a much less important place in comparison with traditional areas of negotiation such as working hours or wages.
I Østrig mangler sådanne aftaler helt.
The unions' hesitance to offer support is encouraging this defensive approach on the part of employee representatives.
Parterne i de kollektive overenskomster i de undersøgte lande har udstedt erklæringer om en enorm mængde forskellige miljøemner i form af helles, centrale erklæringer, anbefalinger og aftaler.
At the end of the survey period, the number of instances of pioneering agreements on the environment varies among EC Member States and Austria.
I 5 lande er fagforeningernes kompetence blevet anerkendt, og igen i 5 lande er der blevet bekendtgjort forbedringer med hensyn til information.
Participation is strongest - measured in terms of the participation types information, consultation and co-determination - in the Federal Republic of Germany, the Netherlands and Denmark; at the same time, most of the topics for participation are prescribed in laws and collective agreements.
Miljøproblemer uden for den aktuelle drift er hidtil kun blevet behandlet i Nederlandene.
Italy, Austria and Belgium follow closely behind this leading group in the list of countries studied.
Belgien, Italien og Grækenland, og lobende samrad mellem parterne har kun fundet sted i Nederlandene og Italien. (Figur 7)
At the bottom end of the scale come France, the UK, Spain and Greece.
Pa sektor- og virksomhedsplan er der kun nogle la frivillige aftaler, som satser på at opnå konkret medindflydelse.
There is insufficient power at all levels to achieve voluntar)' agreements between employers and employees, and especially for these to be implemented.
I de fleste lande er der banebrydende aftaler om information, samrad og uddannelse vedrorende miljøanliggender. I Nederlandene.
Joint declarations and campaigns, collective agreements or agreements at works level are still extremely rare.
Danmark og Tyskland kan medarbejderrepræsentanter i isolerede tilfælde indkalde eksperter. Modellen med et stående miljøudvalg findes kun i Tyskland.
The parties to collective agreements in the countries studied have issued statements on an enormous variety of environmental topics in the form of joint, central declarations, recommendations and agreements.
Initiativer til miljøbeskyttelsesordninger pa virksomhedsplan findes i 4 ud af de 10 lande. (Figur 8)
In five countries
LOVF.ESTEDI: REGLER OG IltlVIUJGI: AFTALER
"AVD VOLUNTARY AGREEMENTS
Miljørelaterede emner i fælles, centrale erklæringe r, anbefalinger eller aftaler mellem parterne i en kollektiv overenskomst land lobende samrad
Environment-related subjects in joint, central declarations, recommendations or agreements between the parties to a collective agreement
Eksterne miljø­problemer
Formal Improved Recognition Information
Formel Bedre Indforelse af Yderligere anerkendelse information miljo­beskyttelses­uddannelse af fagforeninger ordninger i virksomheden
Further External Ongoing Training Environmental Consultation Problems of Unions
Medindflydelsesorienterede regler i frivillige aftaler på sektor­ og virksomhedsplan
Participation-oriented regulations in voluntary agreements at sectoral and company level
Uddannelse Rådforing med eksperter
The Netherlands Belgium Denmark Austria
Blandt de forskellige former for virksomhedsaftaler har de aftaler, som er nøje aftegnede med hensyn til emnet, en mere bindende virkning end dem. som er indgået mellem parterne i kollektive overenskomster eller på paraplyorganisationernes anbefalinger.
BETWEEN VIE S < X.IAL PARTNERS the competence of the unions has been recognized and, again in five countries, improvements in information have been announced. Environmental problems external to the actual operation have, as yet, been addressed only in the Netherlands, Belgium, Italy and Greece, with ongoing consultations between the parties taking place only in the Netherlands and Italy. (Figure lì There are only a few voluntary agreements at sectoral and company level aimed at achieving concrete participation.
Hvor arbejdsgivere indgår frivillige aftaler, er det hovedsagelig, fordi de forventer, at disse vil sikre et problemfrit produktionsforløb, og fordi de onsker at motivere arbejdsstyrken.
In most countries there are pioneer agreements on information, consultation and training on environmental matters.
Samtidig kan arbejdsstyrkens viden om økologisk svage punkter i driften anvendes til at reducere udgifterne i forbindelse med at beskytte miljøet.
In the Netherlands, Denmark and Germany, employee representatives may call in experts in isolated cases.
Arbejdstagere er interesserede i aftaler, hvor de selv er udsat for sundhedsrisici fra produktionen.
The model of a standing committee on the environment exists only in Germany.
Fagforeningsfolk ville gerne have udvidet medarbejdernes indflydelse generelt.
Initiatives for company environmentalprotection systems exist in four of the ten countries. (Figure 8)
I 1991 indeholdt hele 53 ud af 161 kollektive overenskomster i hollandske virksomheder miljøklausuler, som omfattede erstatningen af farlige stoffer, genbrugsprocesser og radforing med eksperter. I Danmark har flere virksomheder indgået modelaftaler.
Among the various forms, company agreements which are tightly delineated as to subject have a more binding effect than agreements reached between the parties to collective agreements or the recommendations of umbrella associations.
For eksempel har Danfoss oprettet en sundhedstjeneste i virksomheden, som beskæftiger sig med miljøanliggender bade inden for og uden for virksomheden.
Where employers enter into voluntar)' agreements, this is mainly because they expect these to ensure a trouble-free production sequence and they wish to motivate the workforce.
Som et forsøg blev lønnen i én afdeling relateret til forbruget af ressourcer og omfanget af miljøforurening.
At the same time, the workforce's knowledge of ecological weak spots in the operation can be used to reduce the cost of protecting the environment.
I 1992 blev den første regionale, sektordækkende, kollektive overenskomst vedrørende miljøet indgået i Tyskland i Bayern.
Employees are interested in agreements where they are themselves affected by risks to health engendered by production.
I tidskriftsbranchen blev de enige om at etablere miljøudvalg i virksomheder.
Trade-unionists would like to extend employee participation in general.
Disse bestod af medlemmer med et lige stort antal fra de to parter, og de havde magt til at indkalde eksterne eksperter, hvis de ønskede at udarbejde eller overvåge miljobeskyttelsesforanstaltninger.
There are negative associations for workers when jobs are threatened or bonuses removed after environmental measures have reduced the particular burden a job may impose.
Mens aftalerne som regel omhandler farlige stoffer eller arbejdsmiljøet, sa har en række virksomheder beskæftiget sig med miljøfaktorer uden for deres aktivitetsfelt.
There are several examples which demonstrate the different approaches to environmental protection in the countries studied.
I de fleste lande var det fagforeningerne, som iværksatte disse initiativer, fx når der blev arrangeret lokal offentlig transport, som var gratis eller til nedsatte priser for at reducere brugen af private transportsmidier.
In 1991, in the Netherlands, as many as 53 out of 161 company collective agreements contained environmental clauses dealing with the replacement of dangerous substances, recycling processes or the consultation of experts.
Med hensyn til frivillige, sektorbaserede aftaler så indtager den kemiske industri en forende stilling i Det Europæiske Fællesskab. For eksempel er der i Det Forenede Kongerige.
AND VOLUNTARY AGREEMENTS company health service which addresses matters connected with the environment both within and outside the company.
Italien, Spanien og Tyskland blevet oprettet miljøudvalg i virksomheder, eller industrielle sundheds­ og sikkerhedsudvalg er blevet styrket som følge af sektorbaserede aftaler.
In 1992, in Germany, the first regional sectoral collective agreement on the environment was concluded for Bavaria.
Uddannelsesprogrammer og kvalitetscirkler er ligeledes et led i et fælles program for arbejdsgivere og arbejdstagere i den kemiske industri.
The newspaper industry agreed on environmental committees for companies, with these being made up equally of members drawn from both sides and with the power to involve outside experts if they wish to develop or monitor environmentalprotection measures.
Til dato er dog kun én regional aftale blevet indgået mellem førende arbejdsgiver­ og medarbejderorganisationer, nemlig i Italien (Lombardiet), hvor et fælles udvalg undersøger miljøproblemer og iværksætter informationskampagner.
While the agreements as a rule deal with dangerous substances or the workplace environment, a number of companies have addressed environmental factors external to their operation.
På landsplan er fælles erklæringer, anbefalinger og aftaler mere almindelige, men disse er betydeligt mindre bindende end virksomhedsaftaler og sektormæssige, kollektive overenskomster. (Figur 9)
In most countries this was initiated by the unions, for example when cost-free or reduced-cost use of local public transport was arranged in order to reduce the use of private transport.
Nederlandene er dog det eneste land, hvor arbejdsgiverorganisationer og fagforeninger har indgået en central rammeaftale om fælles
With respect to voluntary, sector-based agreements, the chemical industry
Typer aftaler vedrørende miljøbeskyttelsesforanstaltninger mellem parterne i en kollektiv overenskomst
Nature of agreements on environmentalprotection to a collective agreement
Aftaler på virksomheds­plan
Company-level Agreements
Fælles erklæringer, anbefalinger, aftaler
Joint Declarations, Recommendations, Agreements
Sektordækkende, kollektive overenskomster
Sectoral Collective Agreements
MlLJØBESKiTTElSE I El ROPA: 1 IRKXIXGERXE AF SAMAKI1EIIÌE MELLEM ARBEIDSMARKEDEIS PARIER medarbejder/ledelsesaktiviteter.
BETWEEN VIE SOCIAL PARTNERS occupies a leading position within the European Community.
Ganske vist er de fælles organers arbejde om for eksempel trafik- og transportsager dog skredet meget langsomt frem, fordi der var alt for store uoverensstemmelser mellem parterne.
Admittedly the work of the joint bodies on, for example, matters of traffic and transport progressed very slowly because the differences between the sides were too great.
Der har ikke været ret store fremskridt i miljokampagnerne.
There was little momentum in the environmental campaigns.
Til trods for de eksempler, som er blevet citeret pa virksomheds-, sektor-, regional- og landsplan, er det sandt at sige. at arbejdsgivere i de fleste virksomheder følger deres egen eksklusive strategier.
In spite of the examples which have been quoted at company, sector, regional and national level, the truth is that in most companies employers pursue their own exclusive strategies.
De søger direkte kontakt med myndighederne, og deres holdning over for medarbejdere udelukker officielle, kollektive kanaler - fx ved brugen af forslagsordninger.
They seek direct contact with the authorities and their approach to employees excludes official collective channels - for example by the use of suggestion schemes.
Paraplyorganisationerne på arbejdsgivernes side og fagforeningerne nærmer sig kun hinanden med sneglefart.
The umbrella associations on the employers' side and the trade unions are inching towards each other at no more than a snail's pace.
EXSIDIGE AKTIVITETER EKA ARBEJDSGI\ERES OG ARBEJDSTAGERES SIDE
■ Unilateral activities on the part of employers and employees
M Ensidige aktiviteter fra arbejdsgiveres og arbejdstageres side tørstedelen af arbejdsgivere foretrækker deres egne eksklusive strategier med hensyn til sager vedrørende miljøbeskyttelse, hvorimod fagforeninger
]he majority of employers prefer their own exclusive strategies in matters of environmental protection, while trade unions seek cooperation with employers and putforward polarizing arguments
S gerne vil samarbejde med arbejdsgivere og kun fremsætter polariserende aigumenter i forbindelse med krav baseret på socialpolitik.
T only in connection with demands based on social policy.
I ingen af de 10 europæiske lande ignorerer arbejdsgivere, arbejdstagere og deres respektive organisationer stadig helt miljøspørgsmålet.
In none of the ten European countries are employers, employees and their respective associations still completely ignoring the question of the environment.
Arbejdsgivernes organisationer og fagforeningerne opretter deres egne miljøafdelinger eller udpeger i det mindste radgivere.
Employers' associations and trade unions are setting up their own environmental departments or are at least appointing advisers.
I sager vedrørende miljøpolitik bruger arbejdsgiverorganisationer lignende strategier i alle de undersøgte lande.
In matters of environmental policy, employers' associations are adopting similar strategies in all the countries studied.
De iværksætter informationskampagner, som primært satser på at overbevise offentligheden om, at ledelsen spiller en ansvarlig rolle i beskyttelsen af miljøet.
They are introducing information campaigns with the primary aim of persuading the public that management is assuming a responsible role in the protection of the environment.
Arbejdsgiverorganisationerne har iværksat miljøkampagner i alle landene, undtagen Grækenland.
Employers' associations have introduced environmental campaigns in all the countries except Greece.
Organisationerne støtter deres medlemsvirksomheder med data og ideer vedrorende miljøet.
The organizations provide support for their member companies with data and ideas on the environment.
Og organisationerne forsøger som lobbyister at forhindre eller i det mindste at svække statsregulering sa tidligt som på planlægningsstadiet.
And the associations attempt, as lobbyists, to prevent or at least to water clown state regulation as early as the planning stage.
Sammen med dette forsvar mod statsindgreb er det et lige sa vigtigt mal at organisere miljøbeskyttelse pa en sadan made, at virksomhedens konkurrenceevne ikke påvirkes ugunstigt.
Alongside this defence against state intervention, the aim of organizing environmental protection in such a way that the competitiveness of the company is not adversely affected is equally important.
Foretagsomhedsandens automoni ma bibeholdes for enhver pris, selv i forbindelse med miljøet. (Figur 10)
Entrepreneurial autonomy must be retained at all costs, even in an environmental context. (Figure 10)
I Spanien og Grækenland søger virksomheder om statsstøtte, nar de ønsker at indfore miljøvenlig teknologi.
In Spain and Greece, companies apply for state support when they want to introduce environmentally friendly technology.
11er bruges argumentet om international konkurrenceevne også.
The argument used here is also one of international competitiveness.
De fleste arbejdsgivere viger tilbage fra tanken om at samarbejde med fagforeningerne i deres miljøforvaltning.
Most employers shy away from cooperation with trade unions in their environmental management.
Til trods for nogle forsøg pa at sidde ved bordet med medarbejderrepræsentanter foretrækker arbejdsgiverne at følge deres egne eksklusive strategier, som de altid har gjort for i tiden.
Despite some attempts to sit around the table with the employees' side, employers prefer their own exclusive strategies, as has been the case in the past.
Det almindeligste scenarium er stadig at henvende sig direkte til personalet for at motivere dem i forbindelse med miljøbeskyttelsesemnet.
The commonest scenario is still that of directly addressing staff in order to motivate them on the subject of environmental protection.
MlLJOBESKÌTTELSE I El ROPA: l'iRKMXGERXE AF SAMARBEJDE MELLEM ARBEJDSMARKEDETS PARIER
£vl IRONMEXTAL PROTECTION IN EUROPE: TllE EFFECTS OF CO-ΟΡΕΚΛΏΟΝ BETWEEN VIE SOCIAL PARTNERS
Arbejdsgiverorganisationers oa individuelle virksomheders miliørelaterede aktiviteter
Environment-related activities of employers' associations and individual companies
Initiativer rettet mod miljøforvaltning
Environmental Campaigns by Associations
Kontakt med miljøbeskyttelses­grupper
Initiatives Aimed at Environmental Management
Foreningers miljø­kampagner
Contacts with Environmental-Protection Groups
Fagforeningsaktiviteter i forbindelse med miljøpolitik
Union activities in connection with environmental policy
Uddannelse af medlemmer og repræsentanter
Training of Members and Officials
Samarbejde med miljøgrupper
Cooperation with Environmental Groups
EXSIDIGE AKTIVITETER FRA ARBEJDSGIVERES OG ARBEJDSTAGERES SIDE lande.
This is the direction favoured by the smaller, ecologically oriented employers' associations which have been set up in some countries in recent years.
Nogle medlemsvirksomheder af for eksempel »Fremtid« og »BAUM« i Danmark, Østrig og Tyskland forpligter sig til at fore en eksemplarisk miljøpolitik og at give rad til andre interesserede firmaer i en multiplikatorrolle.
Member companies of, for example, "future" and "BAUM" in Denmark, Austria and Germany undertake to follow an exemplary environmental policy and to provide advice for other interested firms in a multiplier role.
Medindflydelsen hos fagforeninger og repræsentanter for virksomhedsinteresser spiller kun en lille rolle, selv i tilfælde af virksomheder, som er medlem af grønne foreninger.
However, the participation of trade unions and representatives of company interests plays only a small role even in the case of member companies of green associations.
Der gøres lige så få bestræbelser på at søge samarbejde med forbrugerorganisationer og miljobeskyttelsesgrupper.
Equally little effort is made to seek cooperation with consumer protection bodies and environmentalprotection groups.
I sager vedrørende miljøbeskyttelse sigter medarbejderrepræsentanter og fagforeninger ¡gen pa at udbygge rettighederne til medindflydelse samt forbedre sundheden og sikkerheden pa arbejdspladsen.
In matters of environmental protection, employee representatives and the trade unions are again aiming at expanding participation rights and extending health and safety at work.
Inden for dette omrade styrer fagforeningerne dog en kurs. der som regel er samarbejdsvillig snarere end konfronterende.
However, in this area the trade unions are pursuing a course which is, as a rule, cooperative rather than confrontational.
Årsagen hertil kan godt være, at det ikke er et traditionelt emne.
The reason for this may well be that it is not a traditional subject.
Arbejdstagerorganisationer befinder sig stadig pa det stadium, hvor de er ved at opbygge deres kompetenceniveau - med deres egne afdelinger, arbejdsgrupper, kampagnegrupper og miljømedarbejdere.
Employees' organizations are still at the stage of building up to a level of competence -with their own departments, working parties, campaign groups and environmental officers.
Desuden er der en anden årsag, nemlig at der endnu ikke er blevet gennemtvunget noget krav vedrorende miljøpolitik som følge af strejkeaktion.
And there is a second reason, namely that as yet no demand related to environmental policy has been forced through as a result of strike action.
Til dato har fagforeningerne ikke været i stand til at indfore sanktioner inden for dette omrade.
To date unions have not been in a position to impose sanctions in this area.
Fagforeningskampagner og -aktioner har haft en tendens til at koncentrere sig om enkelte giftige stoffer eller almindelig politik såsom energibesparelser. (Figur 11 )
Union campaigns and actions have tended to concentrate on individual toxic substances or matters of general policy such as energy-saving. (Figure 11)
I hvor stort omfang de enkelte fagforeninger er aktive i forbindelse med miljøbeskyttelse afhænger i mindre grad af. hvor alvorligt det problem er. som en virksomhed eller sektor star over for. end af medlemskabets struktur.
The extent to which individual unions are active in environmental protection is less dependent on the severity of the problem facing a company or the sector than on the structure of the membership.
Organisationer inden for produktionssektoren, som indtager en traditionel holdning, fx den franske CGT, bruger politiske foranstaltninger, der er meget mindre grønne end dem. deres modstykker CFDT og FO anvender, mens fagforeninger inden for servicesektoren er mere aktive end i de industrier, der forurener miljøet.
Organizations in the production sector with a traditional outlook, such as the French CGT, apply policies which are much less green than those of their opposite numbers CFDT and FO, while unions in the service sector are more active than those in industries which pollute the environment.
Fagforeningerne i den europæiske kemiske industri er dog en undtagelse fra denne regel.
The unions of the European chemical industry provide an exception to this rule.
1 de fleste lande har fagforeninger integreret miljobeskyttelsesemnet i deres uddannelsesprogrammer for fagforeningspersonale og -medlemmer med det resultat, at arbejdsgivere har et stigende antal kompetente forhandlingsparter
In most countries, unions have integrated the subject of environmental protection into their training programmes for officials and members, with the result that, at both company and association level, employers are dealing with increasing numbers of competent negotiating partners. The acquisition of
MlLJØBESK\TTFLSE I El ROPA: I 'IRKXIXGERXE Al· SAMARBEJDE MELLEM . \RBEJDSMARKEDIC1S PARIER bade pa virksomheds- og foreningsplan.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN EUROPE: THE EFFECTS OF CO-OPERAVON
Erhvervelsen af specialistviden hjælpes også ved at samarbejde med miljøeksperter, støtte deres forskningsprojekter, indbyde dem til konferencer og inddrage dem i et samradsnetværk.
BETWEEN THE SOCIAL PARTNERS specialist knowledge is also helped by collaborating with environmental experts, supporting their research projects, inviting them to conferences and integrating them into a consultation network.
Ét tegn pa de enkelte fagforeningers aktiviteter er deres forhold til organer inden for miljøbevægelsen.
One indication of the activities of individual unions is their relationship with bodies within the environmental movement.