natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
"Folk reagerer ganske klart på arbejdsløshed på mange forskellige måder ....
Continued unemployment had made them so discouraged and apathetic that they made hardly any effort to find jobs" (see Vissers and Maas 1984).
De ar bejdsløse danner en broget del af befolkningen m.h.t. alder, køn, social-erhvervsmæssig klassificering, ud dannelse, længden af arbejdsløshedsperioden o.s.v.
Disorientation, helplessness, boredom, social isolation, resignation, uncertainty, loss of self confidence, a sense of worthlessness, guilt, resentment and impotence are all qualities of existence for some unemployed people which are identified in the evidence.
Denne uensartethed bliver mere kompliceret takket være kendsgerningen, at de arbejdsløses forhold i høj grad varierer og ændrer sig i tidens løb....
Andersen (1984) suggests that, in the short term at least, the young may find it easier to come to terms with unemployment.
Det enkelte menneskes reaktion på arbejdsløshed afhænger ... også af relationerne, denne har etableret på ar bejdspladsen og rollen, arbejdet spiller i vedkommen des hverdagsliv.
But, in the longer term, the problems associated with the inability to use time constructively is likely, not only to undermine their human and social worth, but also impact upon their health.
En arbejdsløs persons opfattelse af arbejdsbegrebet varierer efter, hvorvidt denne er af hængig heraf til livets opretholdelse ... eller ej."
At the outset, it must be noted that it is often difficult to prove a direct, causal link between changed employment status, through unemployment, and an individual's mental and physical health.
Endelig lader det til, at måden, på hvilken det en kelte menneske påvirkes af arbejdsløshed, ikke kan dissocieres fra miljøet, vedkommende lever i (jfr. Caspar og Jallade 1984).
For example, as Humphreys (1984) notes with regard to Ireland, "Establishing such a link is far from straightforward for, in many cases, unemployment may only be one of a number of socio-economic handicaps endured by the people involved".
12 løse menneskers generelle reaktioner på deres situation, bør man derfor være forsigtig med ikke at over simplificere de i sådanne responser implicerede,mange forskelligartede faktorer.
12 the initial phase of unemployment, albeit on a temporary basis.
For medlemmer af arbejdsstyrken deles tiden nemt i arbejdstid og tid uden arbejde eller fritid.
Such a reaction is encouraged, and indeed exacerbated, by negative social attitudes towards the unemployed.
For folk med beskæftigelse kan denne frie tid (aftener og weekender) anvendes i hvert fald delvis til fritidsaktiviteter.
As Vissers and Maas (1984) point out,"... even at the beginning of the Eighties, when there was already widespread unemployment as a result of the economic recession, unemployment was looked upon as a failure on the part of the individual out of work" .
Fritiden kan faktisk anses for at være både antitesen og belønningen for arbejde.
Perceived and actual abuses by 'social welfare scroungers' encourage authoritarian administrative systems which may appear unsympathetic to the needs of the unemployed at this critical period in their lives.
For folk uden arbejde kan den af arbejds løsheden forårsagede ufrivillige fritid snarere være en byrde end en velsignelse.
At a time when their need for financial and other supports is greatest, society's response to the unemployed may appear punitive and regulatory.
Ja, administrative, økonomiske og lovmæssige ufriheder kan eventuelt dirigere, hvorledes deres "fritid" kan bruges.
Such stigmatisation can intensify the sense of shame and isolation felt by those who are already experiencing difficulties in adjusting to unemployment and contribute to a deterioration in their health.
Bevismaterialet antyder,at man ofte nyder den uvante "frihed til at begynde med", men problemerne bliver større, efterhånden som tiden går og man ikke kan finde arbejde" (jfr. Andersen 1984).
These include vague symptoms of illness and diminished physical stamina; alcoholism and mental disorders; anxiety, clinical depression and disturbed sleep; loss of appetite and weight; cardiovascular and respiratory dysfunctions. An association between unemployment and actual/potential suicide cases has also been noted.
Denne indledende fornemmelse af at være blevet befriet kan ledsages af flere hobbyer eller gør-det-selv-aktiviteter i og omkring huset, havearbejde, o.s.v.
It would be extremely misleading to regard such serious health conditions as either an inevitable or a universal consequence of unemployment.
Omfanget af, hvor vidt sådanne behagelige eller konstruktive aktiviteter kan udføre eller fortsættes kan imidlertid eventuelt afhænge af forholdene, i hvilke den arbejds løse person befinder sig.
However, for others the crisis of unemployment may exacerbate pre-existing medical conditions with serious consequences for that individual's health.
Caspar og Jallade (1984) har observeret at arbejdsløshed i hvert fald for en tid kan forvandles til en positiv oplevelse og for følgelsen af alternativer til beskæftigelsen for så-
For example, with regard to mental illness, Humphreys (1984) notes
13 danne mennesker, der lever i økonomiske og kulturelt varierede forhold.
13 that "Alteration in one feature of behaviour, such as job loss, does not automatically result in psychiatric illness...
En sådan positiv angrebsvinkel kræver bl.a. de nødvendige finansielle resourcer.
The case histories of most psychiatric patients show evidence of 'life problems' which may... be aggrevated by personal crisis, such as job loss".
For de økonomisk og kulturelt fattige, "forvandler fattigdommen i deres hverdagsliv sig til tom tid og afspejler deres fuldstændige fortabelse i en tid, der styres af arbejde: d.v.s. den fører til isolation, mangel på kommunication, reduceret frihed .... af hængighed og underkastelse.
Whatever the extent of the general effect upon the physical and mental health of those out of work, particular concern was expressed, in a number of countries, for the negative impact of longterm unemployment upon the self-identity and social attitudes of young people, who were still in their formative years.
For disse mennesker understreger arbejdsløsheden internaliseringen af ufriheder, fører til underkastelse og reducerer således forventningerne m.h.t. beskæftigelse" (jfr. Galland og Louis 19 78).
The perceived rejection of the young by society could have important implications for development in society itself.
"Indtægterne, der står til rådighed under en arbejdsløshedsperiode, påvirker mulighederne for en positiv udnyttelse af denne periode.
3.10 The adverse health consequences of unemployment for the individuals involved can, in part at least, be attributed to the internalisation of the pressures and conflicts of being out of work within the person themselves.
Den la vere indtægt for de fleste arbejdsløse menneskers vedkommende kan være en stor byrde.
Emotions such as aggression and hostility can, however, become externalised and reflect back upon society itself.
Erfaringerne vi ser, at forbrugsbehovet nemt kan stige i denne ar bejdsledige periode, fordi det til en vis grad er muligt at 'købe'sig ud af kedsommeligheden (jfr. Madsen 1981).
Increases in certain types of crime, such as theft, and other types of anti-social activity, like vandalism and juvenile delinquency, are frequently cited as an undesirable consequence of high unemployment.
Andre undersøgelser viser, at ca. halvdelen af de arbejdsløse blev nødt til at nedsætte deres daglige forbrug (jfr. Hillestrøm og Redder 1977).
Whilst intuitive evidence may support such propositions, they are difficult to prove, not least because of variations in reporting crime and sentencing policy.
"En fjerdedel blev nødt til at reduceres de res faste udgifter (f.eks. flytte) og mange blev tvunget til at stifte gæld" (jfr. Andersen 1984). Hvad sidstnævnte gruppe angår har "fritidsrevolutionen" kun ringe relevans.
Civil disorders, such as the UK riots in 1981, drug abuse and political extremism in Ireland are other social disturbances attributable in part at least, to the aggravational influence of high unemployment on existing social problems.
Vissers og Maas (1984) observerede, at "den arbejdsløse i ringere grad end den beskæftigede udnytter de forskellige subsidierede faciliteter inden for det fritidsmæssige, socia le, uddannelsmæssige og kulturelle område" og"tilbringer størstedelen af deres fritid med aktiviteter på det husholdningsmæssige område (sove, føre hus/ indkøb, fjernsyn/radio, læsning" (jfr. Knuist 1978 og Sociaal Cultureel Planbureau, 1982))
However, Whilst less dramatic in effect or sensational in form, high unemployment can have other negative consequences for society which are far more widespread and insidious in their impact, with regard to family life and living standards.
14 mæssige baggrund og udsigterne til ny beskæftigelse lader også til at være vigtige aspekter.
14 the family.
På den ene side går tiden lang somt; han vandrer omkring og keder sig. På den an den side flyver tiden afsted, uden at han egentlig har lagt mærke hertil" (jfr. Andersen 1984).
When the head of household is out of work, "the evidence suggests that all marital relationships go through some form of change at the onset of unemployment, adjustments have to be made, new identities and roles negotiated, and while for most relationships stabilize, for many it is a period of crisis" (see Rigg and Bonnerjea 1984).
Denne manglende evne til at udvikle en tidsstruktur kan re sultere i irritabilitet og forøgede spændinger i hjemmet. Uden for hjemmet kan dette resultere i for målsløse 'tidsdræbende' aktiviteter og en overflytning fra de sociale kontakter blandt arbejdskammerater til folk, der også er uden arbejde.
Failure to reassess the established sexual division of roles and domestic responsibilities can lead to rows and disputes, particularly when this is associated by the unfamiliar, close proximity of both partners in the home throughout the day.
Fortsat arbejds løshed havde gjort dem så modløse og apatiske, at de næppe anstrengte sig for at finde et job", (jfr. Vissers og Maas 1984).
Marital disharmony inevitably impacts upon any children and indeed diminished parental control may result.
Disorientering, hjælpeløshed, kedsomhed, social isolation, resignation, uvished, tab af selvsikkerhed, en følelse af uduelighed, skyldfølelse, vrede og afmagt er alle livsfaktorer for nogle arbejdsløse, der identificeres i dette be vismateriale.
In the context of pre-existing deprivations, the economic and emotional trauma of unemployment not only places strongly introspective pressures on the family unit but may further jeopardise the children's prospects for educational and other advancements.
Andersen (19 84) mener, at de unge i det mindste på kort sigt eventuelt har nemmere ved at affinde sig med arbejdsløshed; men på langt sigt kan det meget vel være, at problemerne, forbundet med den manglende evne til konstruktivt atudnytte sin tid, ikke blot vil underminere deres menneskelige og so ciale værdi, men også have indflydelse på deres hel bred.
As elsewhere in this discussion, it must be noted that the type and severity of the social consequences vary with the type of unemployed person concerned; their impact generally being greater on those who are more disadvantaged.
Helbredsmæssige følger
CHAPTER FOUR: POLICY CONTEXT
Fra starten må det fremhæves, at det ofte er vanske-f ligt at bevise en direkte, kausal forbindelse mellem en ændret beskæftigelsesstatus på grund af arbejds løshed og den enkeltes mentale og fysiske helbred.
The significant deterioration in labour market conditions in recent years, throughout the Community, has forced unemployment and its associated social and economic problems to the forefront of national political agenda.
For Irlands vedkommende, konstaterer Humphreys (1984) f.eks. at "etableringen af en sådan forbindelse langt fra er ukompliceret, idet arbejdsløshed i mange til fælde kun kan være et af en række social-økonomiske handicaps, de involverede mennesker må"døje".
Whilst differing in their diagnoses and prescriptive action, all governments and political parties have responded by developing policies to reduce and/or alleviate unemployment in their countries, often with financial and other support from the broader European Community.
Faktorer, så som beboelsesforhold,sundhedstilstand, ernæringsstandard o.s.v. skal også tages i betragtning. Det er yderst vigtigt, at situationerne, de enkelte befinder sig i, når de bliver arbejdsløse, tages i betragtning, og det samme gælder deres indstilling til arbejdet.
Such initiatives often rely for their success upon the active support of the social partners and, in all the countries studied, employer and trade union organisations have developed their own policies in response to the situation.
For folk, hvis finansielle midler til livets opretholdelse og sociale relationer afhænger af deres arbejde, som er traditionelt orienterede og anser arbejdet som en pligt, eller som kun har få muligheder for ny beskæftigelse i overskuelig fremtid, "opleves arbejdsløshed som en tragedie og avler be kymring og ængstelse", (jfr. Caspar og Jallade 1984).
In addition, other groups, including the unemployed themselves, have become active in pursuing new approaches or in seeking reappraisal of existing measures.
En sådan reaktion fremmes, ja, forværres, af de negative sociale indstillinger til den arbejdsløse.
Accordingly, it is an important preliminary to the detailed discussion of the measures and activities provided for the unemployed, to establish the policy context within which they have evolved and upon which they often rely for support.
Som Vissers og Maas (1984) fremhæver, ".... selv i begyndelsen af firserne, da arbejdsløshed allerede var om fattende som følge af den økonomiske afmatning, an sås arbejdsløshed for at være et nederlag for de en kelte mennesker uden arbejde".
During the early 1970's, the pursuit of economic growth had resulted in low levels of recorded unemployment in most Community countries (see Table 1).
Formodet og faktisk misbrug blandt 'bistandsnassere' fremmer autoritære administrative systemer, der eventuelt synes at være udeltagende m.h.t. de arbejdsløses behov på dette kritiske tidspunkt i deres liv. I en tid, hvor deres
Whilst there were still some national differences in the extent to which "full employment" was attained, such unemployment as did exist was largely attributed to short term "frictional" factors, associated with job change activities, and
16 behov for økonomisk og anden støtte er størst, kan samfundets respons til de arbejdsløse virke straffende og irettesættende.
16 longer term "structural" shifts in the character of labour demand.
Disse om fatter sygdomssymptomer og nedsat fysisk modstandskraft; alkoholisme og mentale forstyrrelser; ængstelse, klinisk depression og forstyrret søvn; appetitog vægttab; kardiovaskuløse og åndedrætsmæssige funktionsfejl.
As a result, governmental policy often focussed on improving labour market adjustment through placement, guidance and training services supplemented, on occasion, by special temporary measures to maintain the employability of the longterm unemployed (1).
En forbindelse mellem arbejdsløshed og faktiske/potentielle selvmordstilfælde er også ble vet observeret.
The advent of slower economic growth and its detrimental impact upon employment heralded in a new era of more interventionist government labour market policies, from the mid-1970's onwards.
Det ville være yderst vildledende at anse sådanne alvorlige helbredstilstande for at være enten uundgåelige eller en almen følge af ar bejdsløshed.
In addition to increased and more diversified activity on the supply side, particularly in the training area, employment subsidies were developed and a number of special employment measures were introduced to create temporary jobs providing work experience (2).
Det er sandsynligt, at en nedsat for nemmelse af fysisk og psykologisk velbefindende op leves af mange arbejdsløse, takket være de dem på tvungne økonomiske besværligheder, samt de ovennævnte sociale og andre faktorer.
The development of measures in the areas of vocational training and youth unemployment, in particular, was often facilitated by the partial subvention of expenditure from the European Social Fund (ESF).
For andres vedkommen de kan den med arbejdsløsheden forbundne krise eventuelt forværre allerede eksisterende sygdomstilstande med alvorlige følger for vedkommendes helbred.
At first, these policies were envisaged as an essentially short-term, counter-cyclical response to the temporary difficulties following the first oil crisis (1973/4).
Hvad mentale sygdomme angår, fremhæver Humphreys (1984) f. eks., at "ændringer i eet adfærdsaspekt, så som tabet af ens job, ikke automatisk resulterer i psykiatriske lidelser....
However, whilst many of these schemes have continued, albeit in modified form upto the present time, new emphases in government policy emerged in the late 1970's/early 1980's as economic and unemployment problems deteriorated.
De fleste psykiatriske patienters sygejournaler viser tegn på 'livsproblemer1, der kan .... forværres gennem personlige kriser, som f.eks. jobtab."
Such changes have often occurred in parallel with, and indeed have been stimulated by, developments at Community level.
Bortset fra hvad omfanget af den almene virkning på det fysiske og mentale helbred blandt folk uden arbejde end måtte være, udtrykte en række lande speciel bekymring for den negative virkning af lang varig arbejdsløshed på selvbevidstheden og den socia-
All countries place the primary responsibility for permanent employment provision, and therefore the longterm solution to present unemployment problems, on recovery in the commercial sectors of the economy and, in particular, on private industry and services. However, the persistence of the economic recession
17 le indstilling blandt unge, der stadig befinder sig i deres udviklingsår. Den omstændighed, at de unge føler sig afvist af samfundet kan eventuelt få vig tige følger for deres udvikling inden for selve samfundet. fundet.
17 in recent years has led many countries to stress improved market competitiveness and the restoration of order to the public finances as primary objectives of national employment policy.
3.10 Arbejdsløshedens skadelige følger for vedkommende men nesker kan i hvert fald delvis tilskrives internaliseringen af de med arbejdsledigheden associerede pres og konflikter i selve personen.
At the same time, it is also recognised that, until such a recovery takes place, special measures will still be required to help those out of work and, in particular, the more disadvantaged members of the labour market.
21 ofte samtidig med - og blev endog stimuleret af - ud viklingerne på EF-niveau.
For example, the implementation of the "Social Guarantee", as approved by the
Gennemførelsen af den 'sociale garanti", som godkendt af ministerrådet i 1983, omfatter tilvejebringelsen af heltidsuddannelse og arbejdserfaringer for unge og specielt dimittender i hele EF (jfr. EF 11.7.1983) (3).
Council of Ministers in 1983, involves the provision of full-time training and work experience for young people and particularly school leavers throughout the Community (see EEC 11.7.1983) (3).
Herudover er op mærksomheden specielt rettet mod behovene blandt kvinder (4) og de erhvervsudygtige (5) på arbejds markedet.
In addition, special attention is being given to the needs of women (4) and the disabled (5) in the labour force.
Interessen er også stigende i potentiellet - Local Employment Initiatives (LEU) (Lokale be skæftigelsesinitiativer) sidder inde med, som bidrag til efterspørgslen efter lokalt baseret jobskabelse, og nye foranstaltninger er blevet introduceret til at opmuntre til mindre virksomhedsaktiviteter og frem me selvstændigt næringsdrivende (6).
Increasing interest is also being shown in the potential of Local Employment Initiatives (LEI's) to contribute to the demand for locally based job generation and new measures have been introduced to encourage small-scale entrepreneurial activity and selfemployment (6).
Specielt i be tragtning af de nye teknologiske udviklingers virk ninger på beskæftigelsen supptÅxer regeringerne i hele EF sådanne "ortodokse" udbuds- og efterspørgselsforholdsregler på arbejdsmarkedet under hensyn til det potentielle bidrag, justeringen af arbejdstider eventuelt kunne yde til løsningen af de nuværende arbejdsløshedsproblemer (jfr. Humphreys, 1983).
Particularly in the light of the employment implications of new technological developments, governments throughout the Community, are supplementing such "orthodox" labour market supply and demand measures by considering the potential contribution that the adaptation of working time could make to the resolution of present unemployment problems (see Humphreys 1983).
I firserne har mange regeringer således - ofte med EF støtte - udvidet rækkevidden af deres bekæmpelse af nationale arbejdsløshedsproblemer og under hensyn til
The 1980's has, therefore, seen many governments, often with Community support, broaden the front of their attack upon national unemployment problems and, given the scale of the task, diversify and strengthen many of the policy measures involved.
Kombineret med disse ændringer i angrebsmåden har man accepteret, at det må være målsætningen for re geringernes politik - i det mindste på kort sigt -at standse snarere end radikalt at vende den øje blikkelige opadgående tendens i registreret arbejds løshed.
Combined with these changes in approach has been the acknowledgement that, for the immediate future at least, the aim of government policies is to halt rather than radically reverse the current upward trend in registered unemployment.
Det blev fremhævet i tredie kapitel, at en større risiko for økonomisk fattigdom for de involverede mennesker er een af de ugunstige følger af at være arbejdsløs.
It was noted in Chapter Three that one of the adverse consequences of being unemployed was the increased risk of financial poverty for those involved.
Roch (1984) f. eks. skønner, at 60% af Heads og Households (HOH)(ansvarlige for husholdningen) i Irland modtager mindre end to trediedele af gennemsnitslønnen i industrien.
Roche (1984), for example, has estimated that 60% of unemployed Heads of Households (HOHs) in Ireland receive less than two thirds of average industrial earnings.
Selv om nationale sociale bistandssystemer har formindsket den absolutte finansielle fattigdomsgrad, som oplevet af folk uden arbejde, er deres relative afsavn stadig stort.
Whilst national social welfare systems have lessened the absolute degree of financial poverty experienced by those out of work, their relative deprivation often remains great.
Dette gælder specielt de langtidsledige, der eventuelt befinder sig på reduceret, fast eller for mindsket bistand på et tidspunkt, da deres økonomiske behov er endnu større.
18 who may find themselves on reduced, flat-rate or diminished benefit at a time when their financial needs are even greater.
På baggrunden af vedvarende, omfattende arbejdsløshed har en række regeringer ud ført justeringer i deres samlede sociale forsorgspolitik inden for deres beskæftigelsesstrategier.
In the context of sustained, high levels of unemployment, a number of governments have made adjustments to their overall social welfare policy, within the context of their employment strategies.
I Holland har man f.eks. reduceret betalingerne i med før af Loven om socialforsorg, ungdomsarbejdsløshedsunderstøttelser og den af loven garanterede mindste løn som en del af en blanding af taktiske planlægninger til forbedring af arbejdsstyrkens fleksibilitet (jfr. Vissers og Maas, 1984).
In the Netherlands, for example, reductions have been made in the level of payments under the Social Security Act, youth unemployment benefits and the minimum wage guaranteed by law, as part of a mix of policies to improve the flexibility of labour (see Vissers and Maas 1984).