natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Der er principielt ingen aldersgrænser, men efter fremkomsten af jobskabelsesloven, der retter sig mod unge under 25 år, er det indskærpet, at §97a-projekter fortrinsvis skal bemandes med voksne ledige på 25 år eller derover.
For support to be given, the following must apply: a. the work concerned must be in a normal job in a private firm under collective-agreement wages and working conditions; b. the job must as far as possible be of a permanent nature; c. the employment must result in additional employment over and above the firm's normal work-force.
Loven om ekstraordinær beskæftigelsesfremmende foranstaltninger i kommuner og amter (lov 488) gennemførtes i 1977 med en 3 årig gyldighedsperiode.
Offers are made to members of unemployment insurance funds before the right to maintenance allowance expires. Work must be offered in an ordinary job under collective-agreement wages and working conditions.
Loven er flere gange blevet for længet, sidste gang i 1983.
It must be of seven months' duration.
Det betyder, at kommuner og amt er også i 1984-85 skal anvende et bestemt beløb pr. indbygger til indsatsen imod ungdomsarbejdsløsheden.
During the retraining period, the Government subsidizes the wage at 80% of the maximum maintenance allowance rate if the relocated person is under 25 years of age.
I 1984 henholdsvis 125 kr. i kommuner og 63 kr. i amter.
If the relocated person has reached the age of 25, this is reduced to
Efter gennemførelsen af "martspakkens" øvrige lovgivning er denne lovs væsentligste funktion at tilvejebringe det finansielle grundlag for amters og kommuners indsats mod ungdomsledigheden.
The Act was amended in I983 to allow the person accepting the offer of work to undertake instruction and to receive a government-subsidized wage for at least two months of the retraining period.
Regelgrundlaget for de enkelte aktivitetstyper er derimod normalt givet i andre love.
Funds under Law No 488 may be used for establishing an offer of instruction.
En undtagelse er løn tilskudsordningen, hvorefter kommunerne kan anvende beskæf tigelsesmidler som støtte til beskæftigelse af unge under 25 år i private virksomheder (6).
C is to promote employment through the establishment of normal jobs by supporting local - and in particular
- at øge beskæftigelsen i det hele taget, og - at sikre unge arbejdsløse beskæftigelse på en almindelig arbejdsplads, når de har været tilmeldt arbejdsformidlingen som arbejdssøgende i mindst 3 måneder.
To obtain the government sub sidy of Dkr 4o/hour, the following conditions must be met: a. the work must consist of activities that promote employment and would not otherwise be performed; b. the work must be of social value; c. the work may not reduce the existing employment or marketing oppor tunities of firms to any substantial extent.
Støtten gives i de første 6 måneder af ansættelsen. Til unge, der har været ledige i længere tid, kan støtten gives i op til 12 måneder.
Commitments to provide support are valid for one year, but may be extended by a further two years in certain cases.
Støtten udgør for tiden: kr. 40 pr. time for unge i alderen 18-24 år og kr. 26 pr. time for unge under 18 år
The Act requires that persons employed on a jobcreation project must be aged between 18 and 25- A further condition for such employment is a preceding period of unemployment of at least three months and registration with the Employment Services as unemployed at entry into the job.
For at støtten kan gives skal følgende gælde:
In special cases, support may also be paid to unemployed people over the age of 25.
- der skal være tale om arbejde på en almindelig arbejdsplads i en privat virksomhed på overenskomstmæssig løn- og ar bejdsvilkår , - arbejdet skal så vidt muligt være af varig karakter, - ansættelse skal medføre en mer-beskæftigelse i forhold til virksomhedens normale antal beskæftigede.
Wages and working conditions must be in accordance with collective agree ments, or normal for the work concerned.
Arbejdstilbudsloven (8) har til formål at give de langtidsledige under 60 år et arbejdstilbud samt at udvide den samlede beskæftigelse i samfundet.
Applications for government support for job creation are sent to the Labour Market Council in the county in which it is intended to establish the job, and it is for the Council to decide whether support is to be given.
(7) Jf. Indenrigsministeriets cirkulære af 8/11-1982 (8) Lov nr. 244 af 8/6-1983.
Education may form part of job creation for 11 weeks per year.
Staten yder i genoptræningsperioden et tilskud til lønudgiften svarende til 80 pet. af højeste dagpengesats, hvis den genplacerede er under 25 år.
The Job Creation Scheme involves no alteration to the present authorization to use municipal funds under Law No 488 for private-sector projects, except for production for sale.
Det er en betingelse for støtte, at der er tale om en net toudvidelse af beskæftigelsen på den pågældende arbejdsplads.
With the approval of the Ministry of Education, municipalities and counties may grant subsidies for training projects that consist of practical work/production involving the sale of goods and services.
I 1983 er loven ændret, således at arbejdstilbudstageren kan deltage i undervisning og oppebære løn med statstilskud i mindst 2 måneder af genoptræningsperioden.
The object of these combined education and production programmes (production colleges) is to give the participants, by a combination of practical work and theoretical education, knowledge and skills that increase general understanding
Lov 488-midlerne kan anvendes til etablering af undervisningstilbudet.
10 m order to facilitate subsequent participation in working life
Jobskabelsesordningen (9) har til formål at fremme beskæftigelsen gennem oprettelse af normale arbejdspladser ved at støtte lokale og især private initiativer til nye arbejds pladser .
The essential element of the programmes is training, although practical work/production form the basis and are part of the teaching aspect.
Enhver kan søge om statsstøtte til jobskabelse.
The capacity of the colleges should be at least I5 participants.
Det gælder private virksomheder, selvejende institutioner, organisationer, foreninger, selskaber, offentlige myndigheder mv. For at opnå statsstøtten på kr. 40 i timen skal følgende betingelser være opfyldt:
They receive no wage (maintenance allowance), but a payment which is at present Dkr 450/week for young people under the age of 18 and Dkr 65O for young people over the age of 18. The payment may be supplemented by social assistance.
Tilsagn om støtte gælder for 1 år, men kan i visse tilfælde forlænges med yderligere 2 år.
The municipalities may also institute special courses for the young un employed, including courses organized by the municipal continuation schools.
Loven stiller krav om, at den der ansættes på et jobskabelsesprojekt er mellem 18 og 25 år.
The Ministry of Education has allocated funds for various training activi ties.
Desuden er det en betingelse for ansættelse, at man har haft en forudgående ledighedsperiode på mindst 3 måneder, og at man er tilmeldt arbejds formidlingen som ledig på tiltrædelsestidspunktet.
Upon application to the Secretariat for Training Measures to Com bat Unemployment (SVUA), these funds may be disbursed as a government sub sidy for the establishment and operation of day colleges and courses for women, as well as for partial reimbursement of the expenses of those participating.
Løn- og arbejdsvilkår skal være overenskomstmæssige eller sædvanlige for det pågældende arbejde.
Funds provided under Law No 488 may be used to finance the expenses of the statutory municipal Youth Guidance Service.
Ansøgning om statsstøtte til jobskabelse indsendes til arbejdsmarkedsnævnet i det amt, hvor arbejdspladsen tænkes etableret, og det er nævnet, der afgør, om der skal gives støtte.
The Law requires municipali ties to ensure that young people are offered guidance on training and em ployment opportunities at suitable intervals for two years after the end of compulsory education, or later when they have left secondary or similar school, but at least until they reach the age of 19-
- offentlig jobskabelse skal så vidt muligt udføres af eller i samarbejde med private virksomheder, - muligheden for offentlig jobskabelse, der udvider den of fentlige service, er stærkt begrænset, - unge under 22 år i offentlige jobskabelsesprojekter vil i det første halve år som regel få en særlig løn, - der er lagt loft over den samlede statsstøtte til offent lig jobskabelse, hvorimod statsstøtten til private job skabelsesprojekter er ubegrænset.
Since it can be difficult to get a clear picture of existing training and employment opportunities, there may be a need for many young people to re ceive specific and extended guidance, and youth guidance may therefore be supplemented by guidance in the form of a course, which may be long or short.
Undervisning kan indgå i jobskabelse med 11 uger om året.
The object is to give young people aged 15-24 a firmer basis when choosing training or employment.
Med jobskabelsesordningen er der ikke sket ændringer i den hidtidige adgang til at anvende kommunale midler i henhold til Lov 488 til private projekter uden produktion til af sætning.
In the case of female parti cipants, a further object is to introduce them to fields of training and employment that are normally male-dominated.
14 af varer og tjenesteydelser.
Funds under Law No 488 may be used to establish EI centres.
Produktionshøjskolerne er tilrettelagt for især 16-19-årige arbejdsløse, som ikke har gennemført kompetencegivende ud dannelse og som ikke umiddelbart har motivation eller mulig hed for at påbegynde en sådan uddannelse.
Guidance courses for young people with special difficulties, established on municipal or county initiative, may be financed from employment funds. The object of the courses is to strengthen motivation and self-assurance among participants so that they will be better equipped to begin training or employment.
På programmerne er undervisning det bærende element, men praktisk arbejde/produktion danner grundlaget og indgår i det pædagogiske arbejde.
The course may vary in length, as required, from 12 weeks to as long as 26 weeks for young people with the most severe problems.
På skolerne bør deltagerkapaciteten være på mindst 15.
This type of course is usually designed in co-operation with the social services.
Del tagerne får ikke udbetalt løn (dagpenge), men en godtgørelse, der for tiden er på kr. 450 om ugen for unge under 18 år og kr. 650 for unge over 18 år.
Participants in guidance courses may receive a payment of Dkr 450/week for those under the age of 18 and Dkr 650/week for those aged 18 and over.
Godtgørelsen kan eventuelt suppleres med bistandshjælp.
Any higher benefits under different regulations may be retained.
Produktionshøjskolerne skal tilrettelægges inden for rammer ne af en selvejende institution, der oprettes af kommuner og/eller amtskommuner.
2.4 Existing evidence on the consequences of unemployment
Kommunerne kan endvidere gennemføre ekstraordinære kurser for unge arbejdsløse, herunder kurser tilrettelagt af den kommunale ungdomsskole.
Over the years, the question of the consequences that a period of un employment will have for the person directly concerned, for his immediate family and for society as a whole has received much attention both in daytoday political debate and at the research level.
Kursernes indhold og varighed fast lægges på grundlag af en konkret vurdering af behovet, men bør sigte mod en undervisning, der forbedrer deltagernes mu ligheder for at få beskæftigelse eller som forbereder til fortsat uddannelse.
It is not in tended here to survey the findings of this research in detail, but in view of the further content of the report it will be useful to emphasize some main points, particularly in relation to the consequences for the un employed person himself.
Undervisningsministeriet har afsat midler til forskellige uddannelsesaktiviteter.
Society's reaction is in part financial; some compensation is afforded for loss of income.
Disse kan efter ansøgning til se kretariatet vedrørende uddannelsesmæssige foranstaltninger mod arbejdsløshed (SVUA) ydes som statstilskud til etablering og drift af daghøjskoler og kvindekurser, samt delvis refusion af udgifterne til deltagergodtgørelse.
The reaction of the family and of the unemployed person himself is to a large extent of a psychological nature and, among other aspects, is associated with the importance attached to the job he has lost or cannot get.
Lov 488-midlerne kan anvendes til at finansiere udgifterne til den lovpligtige kommunale ungdomsvejledning.
For example, the duration of unemployment is very important.
Ifølge lo ven skal kommunerne sørge for, at der med passende mellem rum tilbydes unge vejledning om uddannelses- og beskæftigelsesmuligheder i 2 år efter, at de ved undervisningspligtens ophør eller senere er udskrevet af folkeskolen eller lignende, dog mindst til de fylder 19 år.
In the initial period, the unaccustomed "freedom" is often enjoyed, but problems increase as time passes without work being found. The way in which the unemploy ment situation is perceived also depends upon whether the person concerned was previously involved in the labour market or, for example, has just left school to enter the labour market.
Ordningen indebærer, at de unge får et tilbud, der ligger i forlængelse af den uddannelses- og erhvervsorientering, som de har modtaget på skolens ældste klassetrin.
Finally, the effects of unemployment are very largely determined by the opportunities present for "meaningful" use of the extra leisure time.
For kvindelige deltagere er endvidere et formål at introducere til ellers mandsdominerede uddannelses- og beskæftigelsesområder .
Another survey (Benedicte Madsen, I981) confirms the above investigation results. In this investigation, the psychological consequences are iden-
EIFU-kurserne er oftest af 8-12 ugers varighed.
Widespread lethargy.
Herefter tilbydes deltagerne som regel en 4 ugers praktikperiode på en privat eller offentlig arbejdsplads.
The unemployed person has difficulty in getting up in the morning, and often achieves nothing in spite of all the time available.
EIFU-kurserne gen nemføres på Erhvervsintroduktionscentre (El-centre).
His relationship with time is paradoxical.
Det er muligt at anvende 488-midlerne ved etablering af El-centre.
On the one hand, time passes slowly, he wanders about and is bored; on the other hand, time flies by without his really having noticed it.
Kursister, der alle rede har ret til arbejdsløshedsdagpenge, kan i stedet for elevstøtten få udbetalt arbejdsløshedsdagpenge under kurset.
This often means that the daily rhythm of the unemployed person becomes out of step with that of his friends who are in employment. The existing social network slowly breaks down, and he seeks to establish new social relationships.
Det samme gælder for kursister med ret til bistandshjælp.
This is not always very successful 15 (Withe and Frencke).
Vejledningskurser for unge med særlige vanskeligheder, etableret på kommunalt eller amtskommunalt initiativ, kan finansieres af beskæftigelsesmidlerne.
High degree of resignation. Particularly after a long period of unemploy ment, many of the unemployed erect defences by resigning themselves to the fact that they have no work.
Formålet med kurserne er at styrke motivationen og selvtilliden hos deltagerne, således at de bedre bliver i stand til at påbegynde uddannelse eller beskæftigelse.
The demand for and expectation of good and meaningful work are forced down to a low level.
Kurserne tilrettelægges specielt for unge med fælles udgangspunkt og/eller problemer:
The unemployed person is gripped by a feeling of uncertainty, worthlessness and impotence.
Eventuel høj ere støtte efter andre regler kan bevares.
Taken here from Edith E. Ovesen.
2.4 Eksisterende viden om konsekvenser af arbejdsløshed
Feeling of impotence.
Det er ikke tanken her at give en ud førlig oversigt over de indhøstede forskningsresultater.
As a general rule, while an unemployed person is in receipt of assistance he can not make use of his unemployment to in crease his efficiency within that part of the training system which pro vides qualifications.
Men af hensyn til rapportens videre forløb vil det dog være praktisk at fremdrage nogle hovedlinier, specielt vedr. følgerne for den arbejdsløse selv.
The unemployed person often feels himself to be on a leash, and it is therefore not without reason that the unemployed feel increasingly impotent, the longer they remain unemployed.
Følgerne af arbejdsløshed et et spørgsmål om, hvordan den direkte berørte, familien, arbejdskammerater og samfundet re agerer på den opståede situation.
Sense of guilt. Although most unemployed recognize that it is not their fault that they are unemployed, such thoughts often arise .
Samfundets reaktion er bl.a. økonomisk.
This is associated with the attitude of society towards the unemployed.
Der ydes en delvis kompensation for ind tægtstabet.
(For example: "The unemployed can't be bothered to do anything; all they want to do is to laze around at society's expense.")
Familiens og den lediges egen reaktion er i vidt omfang af psykologisk karakter og hænger bl.a. sammen med den betydning, det arbejde, man har mistet eller ikke kunnet få, tillægges.
Society's attitudes do not take into account the psychological consequences of unemployment re ferred to above.
Flere danske undersøgelser (11) synes at godtgøre, at der er stor variation i reaktionen på arbejdsløshed, og at det er en følge af de forskellige omstændigheder, hvorunder le digheden betragtes.
An investigation by the Technological Institute shows, by way of example, that very few people wish to be unemployed 19
Men problemerne tager til, når tiden går uden at det er lykkedes at skaffe et arbejde. Oplevelsen af arbejdsløshedssituationen er endvidere afhængig af, om man tidligere har haft tilknytning til arbejdsmarkedet eller fx netop har forladt skolen for at træde ind i dette.
That is to say, resentment is directed not against the real causes but against family and friends, and in some cases against oneself in the form of guilt, de pression, etc.
Indtægtsnedgangen som de fleste arbejds løse kommer ud for, kan være en stor belastning.
18 capacity to adapt, and it will not therefore be so difficult for them to come to terms with the unemployment situation.
Erfaringer ne viser yderligere (12), at forbrugsbehovet let stiger under en ledighedsperiode, idet man delvis kan betale sig ud af kedsomheden.
Some of them would find greater difficulty in having to work eight hours a day.
Andre undersøgelsers resultater viser, at omkring halvdelen af de ledige måtte nedsætte deres daglige forbrug. 1/4 måtte nedsætte de faste udgifter (fx skifte bolig) , og mange måtte stifte gæld (13).
The lack of work does not affect them as a direct privation, perhaps because during the youthful years friendship appears to have a far more important function than fellowship at the workplace.
Den tidligere omtalte undersøgelse fra socialforskningsinstituttet viste, at mange unge arbejdsløse havde problemer med at få tiden til at gå.
In the long term, however, the consequences of youth unemployment appear to be somewhat more serious.
De unge gav udtryk for, at de var blevet irritable og havde problemer med at omgås andre. I familiesammenhænge opstod der ofte skænderier.
Many psychologists point out that the early years of life are the very period in which one begins to build up a pro-
Den arbejdsløse har svært ved at stå op om morgenen, og får ofte ikke udrettet noget den gode tid til trods.
If society cannot offer work to young people, it is telling them in directly: "You can not be used."
Den arbejdsløses forhold til tiden er paradoksalt.
Their human and social worth is not acknowledged.
På den ene side vil tiden ikke gå, man går rundt og ke der sig.
Unemployment therefore weakens the identity of the un employed.
Og på den anden side flyver den afsted, uden at man egentlig rigtigt lægger mærke til det.
Young people in particular are aware of this threat to their identity, and it may have incalculable consequences for society.
Det er kendt at arbejde er med til at strukturere tiden og tilværelsen.
It will often be difficult for young people to plan for the future if they are given no opportunity of acquiring various forms of practical experience so that they can find
Modsat har ledighed en ten-
21 their own niche
Endvidere bliver de nye relationer som regel etableret til andre ledige.
3· Activities for the unemployed: a general survey
Krav til og forventninger om et godt og meningsfuldt arbejde skrues ned på lavt blus.
The types of activity referred to in the legis lation have also been described.
Den arbejdsløse gribes af en følelse af usikkerhed, værdiløshed og magtesløshed.
These are not, however, always equally appropriate when related to specific human problems, which are often very complex and call for a broad, co-ordinated effort.
Følelsen af værdiløshed. I 1963 fandt man i en undersøgelse (16), at den værste følge af arbejdsløsheden var tab af selv tillid og følelse af ubrugelighed.
In many cases, there fore, the public or private organizations engaged in combating unemploy ment adopt an overall view under which the individual activity becomes only one of several measures that can be used to assist the individual un employed person.
Disse resultater bekræfter senere danske undersøgelser fuldt ud (17). Følelsen af værdi løshed hænger sammen med, at der åbenbart ikke er brug for én på arbejdsmarkedet.
In situations where the unemployment problem is espe cially severe, several measures may be employed simultaneously or successively, according to a plan for treating the individual case.
Denne følelse forstærkes, jo oftere man får afslag på sin jobsøgning.
The sepa rate activities, each with its own clear legal authority, then become elements in an overall strategy with an individual objective, a "collective activity".
Selv om årsagerne til arbejds løshed ikke ligger i den enkeltes "værdi", men i den måde ar bejdsmarkedet fungerer på, har den arbejdsløse ofte vanskeligt ved at gennemskue grundene til at der ikke er brug for ham.
The activity concept is in this sense individual-orientated -not law-orientated.
Følelsen af magtesløshed. Som arbejdsløs har man ringe ind flydelse på om man får det job, man søger.
A general survey is given below of the specific initiatives taken in Denmark.
Her taget fra Edith E. Ovesen.
Many activities can therefore be classified under this category.
Skyldfølelsen.
3.1.1 The private sector
Selv om de fleste arbejdsløse ved, at de er uden skyld i egen ledighed, melder tanken herom sig ofte (18).
The private sector has been assigned an important role as part of overall jobcreation efforts, particularly since promulgation of the Job Creation Act of 1983.
Dette hænger sammen med omgivelsernes holdninger til de ar bejdsløse.
Job creation in private firms consists of employing a long-term-unemployed member of an unemployment insurance fund under the age of 60 for a period of nine months.
(Fx: "arbejdsløse gider ikke bestille noget, men vil blot gå og dovne på samfundets regning").
Provided there is a net increase in the firm's work force, the Government subsidizes the wage during this period.
Holdningerne svarer ikke til de nævnte psykologiske følger af arbejdsløsheden.
If this is not achieved, the individual has still had sufficient employment
En undersøgelse fra Teknologisk Institut viser eksempelvis, at kun meget få mennesker ønsker at være arbejdsløse (19).
23 to preserve his right to unemployment benefits
Noget taler for, at arbejdsløsheden er mindre belastende for unge på en del områder. Ungdommen er en periode, hvor man er relativt uafhængig af sociale bånd og forpligtelser.
A further objective is to break the negative social consequences of longterm unemployment by a period of employment of this kind.
De unge har en stor tilpasningsevne, og vil derfor ikke have så svært ved at tilvænne sig ledighedssituationen. Nogle unge vil have mere besvær med at skulle arbejde 8 timer om dagen.
If those concerned are young people (aged 18-25) who are not members of an unemployment insurance fund, they may be employed, with a municipal wage subsidy, for six months.