natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
I løbet af interviewerne stillede vi et antal spørgsmål vedrørende organi sationen af husstanden og den hjælp, som ægtemanden gav.
53 is or is not a member of a club, nor to the number of memberships. The number of children has no influence either on the wife's community life.
Fra besvarelserne ser vi, at aktiviteterne med hensyn til at vaske tøj er underkastet et meget stramt tidsprogram.
As far as her professional activity is concerned, working at home seems to have a stimulating effect on becoming a member.
I 92% af familierne er der en fast dag i ugen til at vaske tøj, eller også vaskes noget af det hver dag.
In 94 families, this amounts to 72 %, not one single child seems to practise sports as a member of a club.
Kun 3 hustruer bytter "vaskedag" om meden anden dag på grund af ægtemandens fritimer på fridagen.
In 32 families 1 child is a member of a sports association, in 3 families 2 children and in 1 family 3 children.
Tøjet vaskes om weekenden i 3 familier, hvilket skyldes hustruens aktiviteter uden for hjemmet.
Memberships of youth associations or such like are also few : in 15 families 1 child, in 3 families 2 children and in 1 family 4 children.
Strygning foretages på fuldstændig analog måde: 81% af familierne har en fast strygedag, og 3 familier ændrer den som en funktion af ægtemandens arbejdsprogram.
The families of which children are members of an association have in 70 % of the cases not one child in a sports club and in 30 % one or more children members of a sports club.
Vi konstaterer imidlertid en større uregelmæssighed i familier af 3-skift arbejdere og kontinuerlige arbejdere.
In other words there is no relationship between being a member of a sports club and being a member of an association.
En "fast vaskedag" bruges i 98% af familierne af dag- og 2-skiftarbejdere imod 84% af familierne af 3-skift arbejdere og kontinuerlige arbejdere ( *_ =7,2,df==l,p=0,01, togrenet). Den
Becoming a member of an association with educational purposes (music lessons, language lessons,... ) is relatively frequent (in comparison with memberships of sports clubs or associations).
"faste strygedag" bruges også i de omtalte grupper med forskellig hyppig hed på 90% imod 73% ( )C* =5,3,df=l, p=0,05, togrenet).
In 33 families (25 %) at least 1 child takes special training after school hours.
31 uregelmæssighed i familier af 3-skiftarbejdere og kontinuerlige arbejdere tillader os ikke at drage slutninger vedrørende den måde, som den opfattes på.
The data and conclusions mentioned here are based on the answers of 18 wives of twoshift workers, 35 of threeshift workers and 37 of continuous workers.
I hvert fald er antallet af familier, der bevidst tager hensyn til skiftarbejdernes fritimer, minimalt.
We asked the women for a global opinion of the shift system of the husband, for their evaluation of the morning- afternoon and night shift, for the reasons why shift work is done and for their attitude towards day work.
I organisationen af husholdningsaktiviteterne tager flere familier bevidst hensyn til skiftarbejderens arbejdsprogram (10/90=11%). Dette sker imidler tid ikke i en positiv retning for at "sørge for at ægtemand og hustru har fritid sammen".
The answers were classified in 4 categories. The category 'negative opinion' comprises the answers that refer to the irregular and dif­ficult character of shift work.
Hustruen regulerer kun sit husholdningsarbejde, når hendes ægtemand er på nattetjeneste, fordi hun da er tvunget til at udsætte aktivi teter, der er for støjende (såsom støvsugning), mens hendes ægtemand sover om dagen.
The second category comprises the answers in which shift work is judged to be negative and at the same time the process of getting used to it is invoked to show that the family becomes adapted to a situation which then becomes acceptable.
Uregelmæssighederne i husholdningsarbejdets udførelse er hyppigere end med at vaske tøj eller stryge; 14% af skiftarbejdernes hustruer omtaler uregelmæssighed imod 5% af dagarbejderes hustruer.
The third category contains the answers that stress the positive side of shift work and where at the most complaint: are uttered against one particular shift.
Denne forskel er ikke statistisk signifikant.
The fourth category com­prises the positive evaluations.
Hustruernes svar på spørgsmålet om, hvorvidt ægtemanden hjælper dem med det daglige husholdningsarbejde, kan opsummeres i tre kategorier: Han hjælper regelmæssigt, han hjælper, når det er absolut nødvendigt, og han hjælper al drig.
This higher frequency of positive at­titudes in large families finds perhaps its cause in the appre­ciation of shift bonuses which are taxed at a minimum and is neces­sary to their standard of living.The considerably greater number of large families that takes up an extremely negative attitude on shift work will find its cause in the fact that precisely the large families experience the highest pressure, discomfort and irregulari­ties.
19 (14%)af ægtemændene anslåes af deres hustruer at høre til den første gruppe, 30 (23% ) som hørende til den anden gruppe og 82 (63%) som tilhørende den tredje kategori. Procenttallene er omtrent ens for de 4 under grupper.
The money and the discomforts do both put a lot of weight into the balance which explains the extremes in evaluation.
Til kategorien "hjælper regelmæssigt" hører betydeligt flere ægte mænd af hustruer, der arbejder uden for hjemmet (7 af 27), end ægtemænd af hustruer, der ikke arbejder eller arbejder hjemme (12 af 104) (Fisher, p=0,05).
The evaluation of the weekend arrangement is being gene­ralized towards shift work as such. A negative opinion of the weekend goes significantly more together with a negative evaluation of the entire shift system and signifi2 cantly less with a positive one (0=0.33 > χ =4.4, df=1, p=0.05, twotailed).
Tabel 16 og 17 genspejler overensstemmelsen mellem hustruens besvarelse af spørgsmålet om, hvorvidt hendes ægtemand hjælper med i husholdningen og aspekten vedrørende tidsprogrammerne (for ægtemanden) for tid, der bruges til husholdningsaktiviteter.
56 out of 90 women (62 %) mention the money as the main reason or an additional reason why their husband does shift work· The measure in which money plays a part seems moreover to be the same in the families with one income as in the families with two incomes (working wives).
Hjælp af ægtemand med husholdningsaktiviteter
Half the number of women questioned, no matter in which shift system their husband works, thinks that the afternoon shift has not a single advantage.
Svar i interview: tidsprogrammer: ægtemanden (ikke i hustruens selskab) han hjælper hjælper ikke hjælper mindre en hjælper mere end 4 timer om ugen 4 timer om ugen aldrig
The others mention that husband- and wife- get a good night's rest (25 %), that the wife is able to do housework in the evening (10 %) and that unusual jobs can be done in the morning or that one can relax (8%).
Hjemmeaktiviteter betyder aktiviteter, der især vedrører husets umiddel bare omgivelser: Havearbejde, reparationer i hjemmet, byggearbejder, pasning af husdyr, vognvask, reparationer af husets indre og brugsgen stande, etc...
The occurrence of a certain complaint does not seem to be related to the size of the family, nor to the presence or absence of professional activities of the wife.
Efter at have set dataene vedrørende husholdningsarbejde viser det sig, som forventet, at de ovennævnte aktiviteter især udføres af ægtemanden.
Even the advantage of having the husband at home during the day is equally appreciated by the group of wives working outside as by the group of housewives.
Kun to af 107 bruger ikke nogen tid til dette.
Opinions expressed regarding days off.
Og de her omtalte data kan være forvanskede af fjernsynsudsendelserne af fodboldmesterskaberne.
The question concerning the advantages or disadvantages of days off in the course of the week was only asked the wives of continuous workers.
I tilgift til dette var tidsprogrammerne udfyldt i juni, da amatørgartnere er fuldt beskæftiget med at passe grønsager og blomster.
64% evaluates these days as positive, because husband and wife (and eventually the children) are home together to do odd jobs, run errands, take care of administrative matters or to go out.
Skiftarbejdere bruger i almindelighed mere tid til dette end dagarbejdere gør, men forskellene er ikke væsentlige.
18 % appreciate the possibility of going out together but are in fact not enthusiastic on the subject of having days off.
Hjemmeaktiviteter, udført af ægtemand og hustru sammen, udføres i en tredjedel af familierne (uanset hvad ægtemandens arbejdssystem måtte være).
Very often husband and wife are compelled to stay home to receive the school going children when they get home.
72% af hustruerne udfører somme tider selv de ovennævnte aktiviteter, men ikke i ret lang tid (gennemsnitstiden er 29 minutter om dagen).
Because of these and analogous reasons 18 % of the women react completely negatively.
For de 107 hustruer beløb gennemsnittet sig til 25 minutter om dagen; gennemsnittene er - som også for ægtemændene - højere i familierne af skiftarbejderne uden at afvige i væsentlig grad fra tider for dagarbejdernes hustruer.
It is understandable that more women working outside the home react negatively than do those that work at home or do housewives.
f. Barnepleje
Attitude towards day-work.
Under barnepleje hører at made, vaske og lægge babyer og småbørn i seng, lege med børn, besøge syge børn på hospitalet, etc...
The 90 shift workers'wives were asked whether they (given a chance) would advise their husband to do day work.
Tiden, som mødre bruger til barnepleje, udviser ingen forskelle som funktion af ægtemandens arbejdssystem.
22 % say they would, even if this meant lower wages for the husband.
Gennemsnittet for de 107 hustruer er en time om dagen.
They think that the increased wellbeing would more than compensate the loss in money.
14 hustruer omtaler ikke sådanne aktiviteter i deres tidsskemaer
14 % would advise their husband to do day work if he could keep his function and/ or his wage.
(ligeligt fordelt på de 4 prøvegrupper).
28. women (31 %) would advise against day work, half of them because of the wages.
Vi har allerede tidligere omtalt disse mangelfuldt udfyldte skemaer, når det drejer sig om aktiviteter i for bindelse med barnet ·
And 29 % thinks that the husband must be left.completely free to switch over to
Mængden af tid, som ægtemænd bruger alene med børnene, er lige så ringe (10 minutter om dagen) og ikke forskellig for skift- eller dagarbejdere.
The advice to switch over to day work even with loss of earnings is related to the nature of the shift system; in other words it occurs more frequently among wives of threeshift workers than among those of twoshift workers and is more frequent among wives ρ of continuous workers than among wives of threeshift workers (X = 5.3, df=2, p=0.05, one-tailed).
Vi ønsker ikke at uddybe disse data yderligere på grund af akternes ufuld stændighed. Vi begrænser os til 3 hovedslutninger.
Advising for or against daywork does not seem to be connected with the wife's trade or profession or with the size of the family.
For det første er antallet af dagarbejdere, der selv beskæftiger sig med barnepleje, 9 (29%), hvilket er væsentlig mindre end det samme antal skift­ arbejdere (41=54%) (^
Opinions expressed regarding the weekend arrangement of the continuous workers.
Pleje af babyer og småbørn finder sædvanligvis sted om dagen, når dagarbejderen aldrig er hjemme.
They represent women with large as well as with small families and working women as well as housewives.
Dette forklarer, hvorfor få af dem beskæftiger sig med disse aktiviteter.
Seniority on the husband's side has no influence either on the wife's attitude towards Saturday- and Sunday work.
(Sand­ synlighedskoficient =0,22, ρ =20,05).
In short the conclusion is as follows.
For det tredje er mængden af tid, der bruges til barnepleje i familier af dag­ og skiftarbejdere, omtrent den samme.
The complaints uttered against the shift system of the husband are classic.
Skønt vi har prøvet at give en tilfredsstillende forklaring på den ringe mængde tid, som ægtemænd er til­ bøjeligetil at bruge på barnepleje, ved at omtale dataenes ufuldstændighed, kan vi ikke undlade at omtale, at Javeaux (1970) også kommer til et gennem­ snit på 6 minutter om dagen for den tid, som den belgiske mandlige befolk­ ning bruger til barnepleje.
They relate to various aspects such as the organization of a domestic activity (e.g. meals), the disagreable character of irregularity in itself and the psychic impact of'being alone' on the wife (uneonfortable, scared). The weight that they bring to bear on the global experience of shift work sometimes does vary in function of other family factors, such as the number of children and the work done by the wife outside the home.
Køb af goder er ensbetydende med at gøre indkøb; køb af tjenester omfatter at få håret klippet, gå til læge, blive behandlet af en skønhedsspecialist, etc.
It is clear that shift work has certain consequences for the family.
Disse aktiviteter synes især at være kvindelige.
A number of these consequences are inherent to the deviating and rotating time schedule of the shift systems that we have discussed.
I løbet af interviewet blev spørgsmålet stillet om, hvem der var ansvarlig i familien for at løbe ærinder.
In the first place there is every 8 days a change in the time of day at which certain activities or forms of relaxation take place.
Hustruen synes at spille en rolle i alle de ovennævnte kategorier.
The shift worker himself is more confronted with this than is his wife.
Hun bruger derfor en hel del mere tid til at gå på indkøb, end gennemsnits­ ægtemanden gør.
She however has to adapt herself to a certain degree, by preparing meals at other moments, by getting up earlier or going to bed later etc.
Denne gennemsnitstid forbliver den samme for hustruer af dag- og skiftar bejdere (0,6 for hustruer af 4-skiftarbejdere og 0,5 timer for de andre 3 grupper).
60 there is perfect agreement regarding the disadvantages of this alternating life-pattern, and they speak of 'irregularity'.
85% af disse kvinder tager ikke deres børn med sig,når de går på indkøb, når deres ægtemand heller ikke er med dem.
The use of this .term already suggests the negative experience of being unable to fix a schedule of activities which would recur every day.
I nogle få familier går ægtemanden på indkøb med sin hustru.
The psychological process that plays a part in this is 'the resistance to change'.
Fra tidsskemaet konstaterer vi, at kun 24% af mændene ledsager deres hustruer, når børnene ikke er med dem.
Apparently man strives towards a life-pattern that turns into a habit and is lived as a routine without inter ruptions.
1 27% af familierne kan det ske,at ægtemand og hustru går på indkøb sammen med børnene. Den gennemsnitlige tid, som disse familier bruger til at gå på indkøb, er 2,5 timer.
Next to the negative experience of irregularity in itself, specific but unavoidable consequences of shift work contribute towards this negative attitude of many wives.
Gennemsnittet for de pågældende skiftarbejderfamilier er højere: Dvs. 3 timer.
A serious problem is undoubtedly spending the evening and the night in.the absence of the husband.
Når børnene ikke er med, men kun ægtemanden og hustruen går, får vi også et højere gennemsnit for de 17 pågældende skift arbejderfamilier end for de 9 pågældende dagarbejderfamilier: Dvs. 2,9 mod
The comfort of being and relaxing together is missing, sexual re lations suffer and some wives are scared.
2 timer om ugen.
This last reason should not be underestimated.
50% af ægtemændene går somme tider ærinder (skiftar bejdere i højere grad end dagarbejdere).
The work of the continuous worker on Saturday and Sunday also plays a determining part in the wife taking up a negative attitude.
Den gennemsnitlige tid (N=107) er i dette tilfælde 56 minutter om ugen for dagarbejdere, 1 time for 2- skiftarbejdere, 1,5 timer for kontinuerlige arbejdere og 2 timer for 3- skiftarbejdere.
It is here that we find the main objection formulated by wives of continuous workers which is determining for their global experiencing of shift work.
Ægtemændene, der lejlighedsvis selv går på indkøb (ifølge tidsskemaet), blev i løbet af interviewet klassificeret af deres hustruer væsentligt hyppigere i kategorien med "ægtemand og hustru går på indkøb sammen" end i "hustruen afgør alle indkøb" (\
The pre paration of extrameals is mainly necessary during the afternoon shift of the husband, because he has to eat before 14.00 hrs and the older children are not yet home from school or from their work.
Indkøb af goder og tjenester er en udpræget feminin beskæftigelse.
The measure in which this is an aggravation of the housewife's task differs strongly from one individual to another.
Hun får i almindelighed ringe hjælp fra ægtemanden i den forstand, at han burde gå med hende eller selv gøre indkøbene.
The same can be said for the difficulties experienced by wives of night workers when their husband:sleeps during the day.
Hjælpen af ægtemanden synes faktisk at blive givet hyppigere i familier af skiftarbejdere end i familier af dag arbejdere.
They must avoid all noisy activities. Having to postpone the vacuum cleaning to a later time of day is experienced here as the main objection.
Desuden hjælper skiftarbejdere mere intensivt (dvs. længere tid), end dagarbejdere gør.
An advantage of the shift worker for the family and especially for the housewife is that the shift, worker can help with work more than the day worker can.
Dette kan stå i forbindelse med skiftarbejdernes eftermiddags- og nattetjeneste (og de kontinuerlige arbejderes fridage), der gør det muligt for dem at gå på indkøb i de stille timer; dagarbejdere er derimod begrænset til aftentimerne og lørdagene, med andre ord til myldre timerne i forretningerne.
We have noted that shift workers spend more time on baby and infant care than do day workers, and that they do the shopping (with their wives) more often. They also spend a little more time fixing things in and around the house.
Underholdning, afslappelse og anvendelsen af fritid drejer sig om de følgende aktiviteter:
The main conclusion of this chapter is that the members of the families of shift workers take to a mi ni mum' into account the work hours of their husband or father.
- forskellige former for aktiv fornøjelse, såsom cykling, sport og udflugt
We have been able to notice this on the level of the housekeeping, the relaxation and the social relations.
- en hobby (frimærkesamling, kunsthåndværk, spil med venner)
The social relations which in society are kept up by husband and wife together (receptions, family reunions, parties) strongly suffer from shift work.
- gå på kroer eller danselokaler
Moreover they lead a rather separate social life.
- se fjernsyn.
The same goes for relaxation.
- former for passiv afslappelse såsom solbad.
The husband has to relax at irregular moments according to his shift and constructs for himself a rather solitary leisure life.
- sludre med familiens medlemmer.
The result then is that the deviating life pattern of their husbandshift worker interferes with it.
De indsamlede data er hentet fra tidsskemaerne.
Mutual adaptation only results where it is absolutely necessary : see to it that the husband gets enough to eat and gets sufficient rest.
Vi skal afslutte med nogle få data og betragtninger over den måde, som skift- og dagarbejdere bruger deres årlige ferie på (information udledt fra interview).
Apart from this husband and wife largely lead their own lives and couples live more next to one another than with one another.
Informationens uensartethed sammenfattes først i en oversigtstabel.
With this conclusion of a rather independent life of the shift worker from his family we suggest nothing as regards the sentimental life of the couple, nor as regards the way in which they enjoy marital happiness.
Her finder vi den samlede tid anvendt til de ovennævnte fritids- og afslappelsesaktiviteter.
We shall go into this' further.in the next-chapter. We realize new
Deltagende totalt gruppe­personer gennemsnit
In the final conclusion we shall return to this particular problem.
Tallene angiver antallet af timer per uge. antallet af timer per dag.
The influence of shift work on the relationship within the family.
Og når ægtemanden
A. Introduction and problem.
(skiftarbejder) afslapper sammen med sin hustru, synes børnene at være sammen med dem det meste af tiden.
In the previous chapter we have paid attention to the problems in the household and to the irregularities and deviations in family matters with which wife and children are confronted.
Skiftarbejdere må derfor tilbringe det meste af deres fritid alene, hvorimod dagarbejdere i højere grad slapper af sammen med familien.
While these were interesting and important parts, they did not indicate the full effect of shift work upon the family.
Disse slutninger er mest udtalte i 2-skiftarbejderens fritidsmønster og i fritidsmønsteret for hustruerne af 3-skiftarbejdere og kontinuerlige arbejdere.
Afternoon, night and day rotating shifts may make it harder to perform the activities expected of-the husband and the wife, but - more important - do the schedules really affect the happiness of the marriage?
Forklaringen på de separate afslapningstilværelser for skiftarbejderen og hans hustru skal ikke søges i antal af børn, ej heller i hustruens arbejde uden for hjemmet.
Are these difficulties simply minor irritations that one comes to live with, or do they accumulate to produce more profound problems in marriage ?
Disse variable blev jo holdt konstante i de adskillige prøvegrupper.
Does a reduction in companionship or a temporal shifting in contact-difficulties induce strains in the husbandwife relationship ?
Vi er af den mening - og andre forskere er kommet til de samme slutninger - at årsagen skal søges i moderens og børnenes usmidige daginddeling. Det uforanderlige dagskema, som skolebørn er bundet til, tvinger moderen til at anvende et tilsvarende dagmønster.
Literature provides us with no indications as to the existence of correlations between shift and marital happiness.
Foruden dette eksisterer der også for hustruen både selskabsmæssige og kulturelle regler og vaner (og sandsynligvis også biologiske rytmer), der spiller deres rolle i denne fastholdelse af et usmidigt skema, der bestem mer, på hvilket tidspunkt af dagen en bestemt aktivitet vil finde sted.
With the aid of a question list, consisting of 9 items, he made measurements of marital happiness and family-integration in groups of day- and shift workers.
Vi har bemærket, at hustruer af skiftarbejdere sjældent tager hensyn til deres ægtemands arbejdstider, og at de besørger deres vasketøj og hus- rengøring samt andre aktiviteter uge efter uge på det samme tidspunkt af dagen.
He defines family-integration as follows ;"... integration here refers to the family's ability to accomplish its various tastes in a coordinated way while maintaining sufficient solidarity and consensus to ensure its coninuation" (p. 115 ).
Når disse slutninger tages med i betragtning, er det klart, at især dag arbejdere slapper af i "familiens skød", og mindst af alle 2-skiftarbej dere.
The data provided by his study led him to conclude that marital happiness does not fluctuate so much under influences of surroundings (as under those of shift work) as does family-integration.
Den tid, som vor kultur stiller til rådighed for afslappelse, er n sludder efter aftenen og weekenden.
Marital happiness seemed to be much more tied to personality factors.
Og deres livsmønsters usmidighed tillader ikke erstatning af samme værdi ved at forskyde tids rummet for afslappelse. Og selv om de gjorde, ville den egentlige værdi være den samme.
Yet it is a fundamental question to answer whether the difficulties of family life as a result of shift work have in the long run negative consequences for satisfaction in marriage.
De indsamlede data over tidsbudgettet muliggør kontrol af, på hvilket tids punkt om dagen hustruen (og børnene) slapper af.
64 consists in taking a close look at the family life of shift workers, we think that family relations should not be overlooked.