natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Af hensyn til den begrebsmæssige og den fremstillingsmæssige klarhed må disse ordningers svagheder påvises isoleret.
For reasons of conceptual and expositional clarity, the failings of the two provisions must be dealt with separately.
Efterprøvelsen af proportionalitetsprincippet bekræfter ligeledes de idéer, der
See also Ellis, E., ‘The Concept of Proportionality in European Community Sex Discrimination Law’, in Ellis, E. (ed.), The Principle of Proportionality in the Laws of Europe, Hart Publishers, Oxford, 1999, pp. 170 to 171.
25 — Domstolen foretager jævnligt denne tredobbelte vurdering.
25 — The Court carries out this threefold evaluation on a regular basis.
Landesgericht Bozen spørger, om forpligtelsen til at anmelde alle deltidsansættelseskontrakter til arbejdsinspektoratet udgør en overtrædelse af fællesskabsretten.
The Landesgericht Bozen asks whether the obligation to notify all parttime employment contracts to the employment authority
FORSLAG TIL AFGØRELSE FRA GENERALADVOKAT RUIZ-JARABO — FORENEDE SAGER C-55/07 OG C-56/07 for løsning af det foreliggende præjudicielle spørgsmål.
OPINION OF MR RUIZ-JARABO — JOINED CASES C-55/07 AND C-56/07 reference for answering the question referred for a preliminary ruling in the present case.
Til trods for de indlysende forskelle mellem ordningen med fri bevægelighed og en harmoniseret sektor som arbejdsmarkedet er de af Domstolen anvendte kontroltreknikker hensigtsmæssige i forbindelse med udarbejdelsen af visse principper for fortolkningen af direktiv 97/81.
Notwithstanding the obvious differences between the fundamental freedoms and a harmonised sector like employment, the methods of review employed by the Court are useful when it comes to drawing up rules for the interpretation of Directive 97/81.
er fremsat i punkt 17-22 i dette forslag til afgørelse. Når der foreligger et direktiv, som harmoniserer en specifik sektor, udfylder de generelle principper en fortolkningsfunktion.
forward in paragraphs 17 to 22 of this Opinion.
I den foreliggende sag hjælper proportionalitetsprincippet med at fastlægge betydningen af § 5, stk. 1, litra a), i rammeaftalen som optaget i direktiv 97/81.
In the present case, the principle of proportionality helps to determine the meaning of Clause 5(1)(a) of the Framework Agreement annexed to Directive 97/81.
Retspraksis indeholder mange eksempler på nationale ordninger, som hindrer opnåelsen af fællesskabsmål 26. Det mest udbytterige område er den frie bevægelighed.
Caselaw provides many examples of national provisions which impede the attainment of Community objectives. 26 The most prolific area is the freedoms of movement.
På dette område pålægger Domstolen med særlig strenghed sanktioner for direkte diskriminerende foranstaltninger, da de medfører en åbenbar ulighed, som det påhviler medlemsstaterne at begrunde.
In that field, the Court reserves particularly harsh criticism for directly discriminatory measures, because they lead to open inequality which it is for the Member States, to justify.
Når foranstaltningerne imidlertid er indirekte diskriminerende, er kontrolkriteriet altid mere afmålt og forsigtigt i betragtning af de vanskeligheder, som denne type vurdering forårsager 27.
However, in the case of indirectly discriminatory measures, the standard of review is always more measured and cautious in view of the difficulties which this type of assessment creates for the court performing it. 27
Jeg mener, at retspraksis vedrørende fri bevægelighed udgør et referencepunkt
It is my view that the caselaw on freedom of movement must become the point of
Fri udveksling af tjenesteydelser og etableringsfriheden har givet Domstolen mulighed for at tage stilling til foreneligheden med fællesskabsretten af visse nationale administrative byrder, som udelukkende finder anvendelse på erhvervsfolk, der udøver fri bevægelighed.
The freedom to provide services and the freedom of establishment have provided the Court with the opportunity to rule on the compatibility with Community law of a number of national administrative procedures aimed solely at professionals exercising the right to freedom of movement.
I dommen i sagen Vander Elst 28fastslog Domstolen, at »en national ordning, hvorefter en virksomhed med hjemsted i en anden medlemsstat kun må præstere bestemte former for tjenesteydelser i det pågældende land, hvis den har opnået en tilladelse hertil fra en administrativ myndighed, er en restriktion for den frie udveksling af tjenesteydelser […]« 29.
In Vander Elst, 28the Court held that ‘national legislation which makes the provision of certain services on national territory … subject to the issue of an administrative licence constitutes a restriction on the freedom to provide services’. 29 That finding, which has become settled caselaw and been endorsed as a test of proportionality, is founded on the appropriateness and necessity of the administrative measures concerned.
Denne stillingtagen, der er gentaget i mange domme og beskrevet som kontrol af proportionaliteten, er baseret på hensigtsmæssigheden og nødvendigheden af de pågældende administrative foranstaltninger.
First of all, the Court determines whether there is a logical relationship between the national obligation and the aim it pursues.
Domstolen vurderer for det første, om der er en logisk forbindelse mellem den nationale forpligtelse og det formål, der forfølges 30.
30 Second, the Court evaluates whether there are less restrictive alternatives which would enable the State to achieve the same objectives using less
Sådan forholder det sig i alle retsordener i de medlemsstater, der har anerkendt dette princip. Ifølge P. Craig, op. cit., s. 657, »In any system of administrative law the courts will have to decide not only which tests to apply to determine the legality of administrative action, but also the rigour or intensity with which to apply them. In some legal systems this is worked out to a high degree, but the issue is pertinent for all systems. The relative intensity of judicial review is just as much a live question in relation to proportionality in the EU.«
That occurs in all the legal systems of the Member States which have recognised the principle.
Denne anden fase af kontrollen giver ofte anledning til konstatering af en overtrædelse af fællesskabsretten.
31That second stage of the test frequently culminates in a finding that there has been an infringement of Community law.
der leverede tjenesteydelser i Tyskland, er meget illustrerende. Forbundsrepublikken Tyskland baserede denne forpligtelse på nødvendigheden af at sikre kvaliteten af det udførte håndværk, men Domstolen fandt, at en sådan undtagelse ikke var afgørende, og at man måtte følge en anden vej, forbundet med effektiviteten af de pågældende administrative bestemmelser.
Federal Republic of Germany argued that that obligation was necessary to guarantee the quality of skilled work, but the Court held that that justification was not decisive and that it was necessary to take a different approach, linked to the effectiveness of the administrative provisions in issue.
Domstolen tilføjede i Schnitzer-dommen, at »[…] den af værtsmedlemsstaten indførte procedure for meddelelse af tilladelser ikke [må]— når der er foretaget en undersøgelse af betingelserne for at få adgang til at udøve den pågældende virksomhed, og det er blevet fastslået, at de er opfyldt — føre til, at levering af tjenesteydelser i denne stat af en person, som er etableret i en anden medlemsstat, forsinkes eller vanskeliggøres« 35.
The Court went on to state in Schnitzer that ‘the authorisation procedure set up by the host Member State must neither delay nor complicate exercise of the right of persons established in another Member State to provide their ser -vices on the territory of the first State where examination of the conditions governing access to the activities concerned has been carried out and it has been established that those conditions are satisfied’. 35
Vander Elst-dommen bekræftede uforeneligheden med den frie udveksling af tjenesteydelser af en forpligtelse, som pålagde virksomheder, med hjemsted i en anden medlemsstat, til sine arbejdstagere at skaffe en arbejdstilladelse udstedt af en national myndighed med ansvar for indvandreres beskæftigelse, da de ellers ville blive pålagt en administrativ bøde.
The Vander Elst judgment ruled that an obligation incumbent on undertakings established in another Member State to obtain for their employees work permits issued by a national immigration authority, with the imposition of an administrative fine as the penalty for infringement, is incompatible with the freedom to provide services.
Få år efter gik dommen i sagen Kommissionen mod Belgien 32 endnu længere, idet den udvidede dette ræsonnement til nationale foranstaltninger, der anvendes uden forskel, nærmere bestemt til overvågningsvirksomheders pligt til at skaffe en administrativ tilladelse 33.
A few years later, in Commission v Belgium, 32the Court went even further and extended that reasoning to national measures applicable to all individuals without exception, specifically an obligation incumbent on security firms to acquire an administrative authorisation. 33
For at fastslå, om en bureaukratisk byrde er begrundet, navnlig ved at foretage nødvendighedsprøvelsen, har Domstolen anvendt et sammenhængende ræsonnement i sin retspraksis.
For the purposes of determining whether an administrative obligation is justified, particularly when carrying out the necessity test, the Court has used consistent reasoning in its case-law.
Dommen i sagen Schnitzer 34, som handlede om en forpligtelse til at blive optaget i et håndværksregister for virksomheder etableret i medlemsstaterne,
In Schnitzer, 34which concerned the obligation to register in a trades register undertakings established in other Member States which provided ser -vices in Germany, is most illuminating. The
På baggrund af ovenstående kan det udledes, at Domstolen retter en særlig opmærksomhed mod de nationale bureaukratiske krav, som a priori indebærer en ved fællesskabsretten forbudt forskelsbehandling.
It may be inferred from all of the foregoing that the Court attaches particular importance to the effectiveness of national administrative obligations which entail, a priori, discrimination prohibited under Community law.
Begrundelser knyttet til så relevante elementer som forbrugersikkerhed eller -beskyttelse synes ikke overbevisende, når det drejer sig om visse fællesskabsmål.
Justifications linked to such important matters as security or consumer protection are not persuasive where one of the objectives of the Community is at stake.
Selv om den fremførte retspraksisorienterede argumentation er udviklet inden for frihedernes område, mener jeg, at dens teoretiske struktur kan ekstrapoleres til det foreliggende tilfælde.
Although the statement of the law set out was developed in the context of the fundamental freedoms, I believe that its theoretical structure may be extrapolated to the present case.
32 — Dom af 9.3.2000, sag C-355/98, Sml. I, s. 1221.
31 — Judgment in Vander Elst, paragraphs 23 to 26.32 — Case C-355/98 [2000] ECR I-1221.
33 — Dommen i sagen Kommissionen mod Belgien, nævnt ovenfor i fodnote 32, præmis 35-40.
33 — Judgment in Commission v Belgium, cited in footnote 32, paragraphs 35 to 40.
34 — Dom af 11.12.2003, sag C-215/01, Sml. I, s. 14847.
34 — Case C-215/01 [2003] ECR I-14847.
I sine skriftlige indlæg tillægger den italienske regering de omtvistede foranstaltninger en væsentlig rolle i bekæmpelsen af svig og sort arbejde.
In its written observations, the Italian Government contends that the contested measures play an important role in combating fraud and employment black markets.
Efter dens opfattelse udgør anmeldelsen af alle deltidsansættelseskontrakter en datakilde, der gør det muligt at udforme og gennemføre offentlige politikker.
The Italian Government maintains that the gathering of information about all parttime contracts represents a source of data which may be used to draw up and implement public policies.
Kommissionen finder derimod, at disse krav indebærer en hindring, der er uforenelig med direktiv 97/81 og med dets formål om at fremme en kontraktlig formel, som i den foreliggende sag vanskeliggøres uden nogen begrundelse.
However, the Commission argues that the obligations entail an obstacle which is incompatible with Directive 97/81 and with its objective of promoting a type of contract which, in the present case, has been obstructed without any justification.
ansvarsområder er ikke altid udtryk for en god offentlig forvaltning.
responsibilities of the public administration is not always a sign of good public management.
De overdrevne krav, mobiliseringen af private ressourcer for at varetage opgaver af usikker nytte eller forvaltningens ihærdige kontrol er symptomer, som viser sig at være endnu mere diskutable, hvis de antager en diskriminerende form alene over for en bestemt gruppe.
Pointless procedures, the raising of private funds to carry out tasks of doubtful use, and the supervisory zeal of the administrative authorities are symptoms which become even more contentious if they are employed in a discriminatory manner and aimed only at a particular group.
Jeg kan ikke lade være med at gøre opmærksom på funktionæren Ramón Villamil, den tragiske helt i Miau — en roman, hvori Benito Pérez Galdós beskriver dem, der bekæmper de bureaukratiske kræfter, uden held eller belønning, men som opsluges af et forvaltningssystem, som opretholder sig selv med unødvendige formaliteter 36.
I feel moved to recall the civil servant Ramón Villamil, the tragic hero of Miau, a novel in which Benito Pérez Galdós portrays those who struggle against the forces of bureaucracy without success or reward, engulfed by an administrative system which feeds on its own unnecessary procedures. 36
Den relevans, direktiv 97/81 tillægger deltidsansættelse, samt det forbud mod forskelsbehandling, som teksten indeholder, er til hinder for den omhandlede anmeldelsespligt.
The notification obligation in dispute in the present proceedings is not compatible with the importance which Directive 97/81 attaches to parttime work or with the prohibition of discrimination it contains.
Da der findes andre mindre indgribende foranstaltninger, som giver den italienske regering mulighed for at nå de samme mål, er pligten i artikel 2 i lovdekret nr. 61/2000 uforholdsmæssig og dermed i
Since there are other less onerous measures which the Italian Government could use to achieve the same aims, the obligation laid down in Article 2 of Legislative Decree 61/2000 is
Domstolens strenghed over for nationale diskriminerende foranstaltninger, som er udtrykkeligt forbudt ved fællesskabsretten, forudgriber, at den italienske regerings argument ikke kan tages til følge.
The severity that the Court displays towards national discriminatory acts, which are expressly prohibited under Community law, indicates that the argument put forward by the Italian Government is unlikely to be successful.
Der er ingen tvivl om, at de pågældende foranstaltninger er hensigtsmæssige i forhold til de forfulgte mål, men nødvendighedsprøvelsen, der indebærer en vurdering af, om der findes andre mindre indgribende midler, viser, at den italienske lovgivning er uforenelig med direktivet.
There is no doubt that the disputed measures are appropriate to attain the objectives pursued, but, in line with the necessity test, an assessment of whether there are other less onerous solutions demonstrates that the Italian legislation does not comply with the directive.
Forpligtelsen til at sende en fotokopi af alle deltidsansættelseskontrakter kan uden videre erstattes af andre lige så effektive midler, men mindre bekostelige for arbejdsgiverne, hvem der pålægges en byrde, som principielt allerede varetages af forvaltningen inden for rammerne af dens overvågnings-, inspektions- og politiarbejde.
The obligation to submit a copy of all parttime contracts may be easily replaced by other procedures which are equally effective but less costly for employers, who must comply with a requirement which, in principle, is already fulfilled by the employment authority within its remit of supervision, inspection and enforcement.
Skabelsen af administrative pligter for at reducere eller lempe forvaltningens
The creation of administrative duties for the purposes of reducing or lightening the
strid med § 5, stk. 1, litra a), i rammeaftalen som optaget i direktiv 97/81.
MICHAELER AND OTHERS disproportionate and, accordingly, contrary to Clause 5(1)(a) of the Framework Agreement set out in Directive 97/81.
Denne løsning styrkes ved vurderingen af følgerne af manglende opfyldelse af den omtvistede forpligtelse i form af sanktioner.
That conclusion is bolstered further when account is taken of the penalties resulting from an infringement of the contested obligation.
Hvis Domstolen skulle finde, at forpligtelsen til at anmelde deltidsansættelseskontrakter er i strid med direktiv 97/81, er der ingen grund til at uddybe fortolkningen af sanktionsbestemmelsen.
Should the Court take the view that the obligation to notify parttime contracts infringes Directive 97/81, it will not be necessary to analyse the penalty in any more detail.
Det er allerede anført, at konstateringen af forvaltningstiltagets ulovlighed overføres til sanktionsbestemmelsen.
I have already pointed out that, were the administrative measure to be declared unlawful, that declaration would apply equally to the penalty.
Såfremt Domstolen imidlertid ikke deler min opfattelse af anmeldelsespligten, vil jeg i det følgende undersøge lovligheden af sanktionsordningen i artikel 8 i lovdekret nr. 61/2000.
However, in case the Court does not share my view with regard to the notification obligation, I will now go on to examine the lawfulness of the penalties laid down in Article 8 of Legislative Decree 61/2000.
Medlemsstaterne har et vidt skøn med hensyn til at gennemføre mekanismer til beskyttelse af fællesskabsretten.
The Member States enjoy a wide discretion when it comes to the adoption of measures to safeguard Community law.
Såvel i de harmoniserede områder som i de områder, der er kendetegnet ved en negativ integrationsvilje, udformes og udøves bestemmelser med henblik på at bekæmpe overtrædelser, navnlig dem med karakter af straf, af medlemsstaterne efter deres frie vilje.
In both the harmonised sectors and sectors where Member States may choose not to harmon- ise their legislation, provisions designed to combat breaches of obligations, in particular those of a punitive nature, are drawn up and enforced by the Member States as they see fit.
Denne regel er imidlertid betinget af medlemsstaternes førnævnte forpligtelse til at overholde de fællesskabsretlige effektivitets-, ækvivalens og proportionalitetsprincipper.
However, that rule is subject to the aforementioned obligation, incumbent on the Member States, to respect the Community principles of effectiveness, equivalence and proportionality.
Domstolen har gentagne gange fastslået, at administrative foranstaltninger eller sanktioner navnlig ikke må gå ud over, hvad der er nødvendigt for at tilgodese de pågældende hensyn, og en sanktion må ikke stå i et sådant misforhold til den pågældende overtrædelses grovhed, at sanktionen bliver til en hindring for de ved EF-traktaten knæsatte friheder 37.
It is settled caselaw that the administrative measures or penalties adopted by the Member States to implement Community law must not go beyond what is strictly necessary for the objectives pursued. In that regard, a penalty must not be so disproportionate to the gravity of the infringement that it becomes an obstacle to the freedoms enshrined in the Treaty.
Domstolen har ligeledes fastslået, at når en national administrativ foranstaltning fastslås at være uforenelig med fællesskabsretten, kommer den sanktion, der skal sikre dens overholdelse, ligeledes i strid med Unionens ret 38.
37The Court has also confirmed that, where a national administrative measure is ruled incompatible with Community law, the penalty provided for to guarantee compliance with that measure similarly becomes contrary to Community law. 38
38 — Dom af 14.6.1977, sag 8/77, Sagulo m.fl., Sml. s. 1495, præmis 12, af 3.7.1980, sag 157/79, Pieck, Sml. s. 2171, præmis 19, og af 12.12.1989, sag C-265/88, Messner, Sml. s. 4209, præmis 14.
38 — Judgments in Case 8/77 Sagulo and Others [1977] ECR 1495, paragraph 12; Case 157/79 Pieck [1980] ECR 2171, paragraph 19; and Case C-265/88 Messner [1989] ECR 4209, paragraph 14.
FORSLAG TIL AFGØRELSE FRA GENERALADVOKAT RUIZ-JARABO — FORENEDE SAGER C-55/07 OG C-56/07
OPINION OF MR RUIZ-JARABO — JOINED CASES C-55/07 AND C-56/07 relating to procedure and substance.
anvendelse i de to ordninger.
administrative penalties are not as severe as penalties in criminal law, the same general principles are applied in both systems.
I mit forslag til afgørelse af 26.5.2005 i sagen Kommissionen mod Rådet anfører jeg, at denne identitet mellem strafferetlige og administrative sanktioner også ses i Domstolens praksis 41.
In my opinion in Commission v Council, I argued that that parallel between criminal and administrative penalties may also be found in the caselaw of the Court.
Intensiteten, med hvilken disse principper anvendes, varierer, men det er indlysende, at principper som uskyldsformodning, ne bis in idem, legalitetsprincippet og skyldprincippet er lovgivningsmæssige strukturer, der anvendes såvel i strafferetten som i den sanktionsret, der håndhæves af forvaltningerne 42.
41The rigour with which the principles are applied varies, but it is clear that principles such as the presumption of innocence, the ne bis in idem rule, lawfulness and culpability are legislative constructs which are applicable to both criminal law and the penalties implemented by the administrative authorities. 42
I den foreliggende sag er der ingen usikkerhed vedrørende den fulgte proces ved forvaltningen og de italienske domstole, men derimod vedrørende det materielle indhold af de omtvistede bestemmelser. Det er derfor nødvendigt at foretage en proportionalitetskontrol.
In the case before the Court, there is no reason to call into question the procedure followed before the Italian administrative authorities and courts, but there is reason to question the substantive provisions of the contested measures.
Jeg har tidligere anført, at lovdekret nr. 61/2000 straffer arbejdsgiveren med en dagbøde på 15 EUR for hver berørt arbejdstager og forsinkelse med anmeldelsen af kontraktindgåelse.
I have already explained that, under Legislative Decree 61/2000, employers are punished with a fine of EUR 15 for each employee concerned and for each day of delay in notifying the contracts they have concluded.
Da der endvidere ikke var fastsat en maksimumsgrænse for sanktionen, idet der var tale om en løbende overtrædelse, kunne det ulovlige forhold forlænges i tid og øge sanktionsbeløbet i det uendelige.
Moreover, there is no ceiling at all on the fine; since it is a continuing infringement, the unlawful act may carry on for a long period of time, which increases the amount payable without limit.
På grundlag af denne forudsætning mener jeg, at sanktionssystemet i lovdekret nr. 61/2000 er ulovligt i lyset af skyldprincippet, hvorefter sanktionen skal svare til gerningsmandens hensigt.
On that basis, it is my view that the penalties laid down in Decree 61/2000 are unlawful in the light of the principle of culpability, which requires that the penalty must reflect the intent of the infringer.
For at sikre dette krav har retsordenerne indført korrigerende foranstaltninger i form af grunde til lempelse eller skærpelse.
To safeguard that principle, legal systems include corrective criteria which find expression in grounds for mitigation or aggravation.
De typiske adfærdsformer klassificeres desuden i forsætlige eller uagtsomme.
Following the same approach, the conduct is typically classified as either fraudulent or negligent.
Sanktionen gradueres således under hensyntagen til subjektets hensigt, som udmønter ophavsmandens ansvar. I rets-
The penalty is therefore adjusted by reference to the degree of intent shown by the perpetrator, which in turn indicates his liability for the infringement. In caselaw,