natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
* Formål: At få en forståelse af de faktorer, der har indflydelse på bevægeligheden af arbejdstagere og deres familier i Det Europæiske Fællesskab og af de vigtigste, politiske spørgsmål, som er involveret, især dem vedrørende social samhørighed i forbindelse med europæisk integration.
* While spatial mobility has increased over the past decade (people travelling to work elsewhere), residential mobility (between homes) and employment mobility (between jobs) have reduced, especially among women, the unemployed, the elderly, and poorly educated migrants who lack skills and access to opportunities to improve them.
Blandt de aktiviteter, som har været af særlig relevans for arbejdet vedrørende social samhørighed, er:
* Counselling services should not only be responsive to the needs of their users, but should involve them as 'participants' rather than as 'customers'.
KONKLUSIONERNE:
NEW FORMS OF WORK AND ACTIVITY
* konsekvenser af nye former for arbejde og aktiviteter for familier og social organisation (1986)
THE PUBLICATIONS: Counselling and longterm unemployment: Report on Phase I of the Eurocounsel action research programme (1992); Eurocounsel Final Synthesis report Phase II: Counselling and unemployment -prospects for the future (1994); Eurocounsel case study portfolio: Examples of innovative practice in labour market counselling (1994); Eurocounsel conference: Improving counselling services for those who are unemployed or at risk of becoming so (1993).
* "Kløften" mellem dem, der kan udnytte økonomiske forandringer, og dem, der ikke kan, er i det mindste delvis forårsaget af den adgang, som
With many counselling services being public services, there has been cross-fertilisation between this counselling programme and that in the field of public services, which are described more fully later in this chapter.
* deltidsarbejde (1990-93) ved atypiske arbejdsformer
:,: telework, women and environment (1986-87)
* kønsdimensionen (1993)
* part-time work (1990-93)
* undersøgelse af erfaringer med nye former for arbejde og aktiviteter på virksomhedsplan (198892): resultaterne fra denne undersøgelse blev præsenteret og drøftet på en række rundbordskonferencer! 1992-93
Outside the Foundation's programme on social cohesion under the general heading of New forms of work and activity, a range of research activities has been mounted under both the 1985-1988 and 1989-1992 4-year rolling programmes, and this will continue during the 1993-1996 4-year rolling programme.
* telearbejde i hjemmet (1993) * fremtidens elektroniske hjem (1991-93).
* the electronic home of the future ( 1991 -93).
os., om social samhørighed og sociale, demografiske og miljømæssige
* the impact of new forms of work and activity on families and social organisation (1986)
2 Hvad fortæller forskningsaktiviteterne forandringer?
2 What do the research activities tell us... about social cohesion and social, demographic and environmental change?
> Levevilkår i cåri > byområd 1er Boligforhold og social samhørighed: hed: konsekvenser for unge menneski ker
> Living conditions > in urban areas Accommodation and social cohesion: implications for young people
Opfyldelsi ældres
Meeting the needs of the elderly
Familiens omsorg for de ældste gamle
Family care of the older elderly
Betydningen af Instituttets arbejde for kvinder
Review of implications for women of Foundation research
Frivilligt arbejde o¡ lokale miljø
THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT
BYMILJØET
* Scope: EC-wide.
KONKLUSIONERNE:
* Duration: 1984-1986.
Særlige behov og problemer er tydelige blandt de arbejdsløse og langtidsledige, de ældre, vandrende arbejdstagere og indvandrere fra etniske mindretal samt unge mennesker.
* Methods: Primarily based on a review of existing literature, but including also case studies of five major cities, and interviews with relevant experts in EC and international organisations.
Som omtalt var det i 1984, at Instituttet først begyndte at udbygge sine forskningsaktiviteter på området inden for social samhørighed i større grad. Projektet Levevilkår i byområder var Instituttets første forskningsaktivitet på dette område og var baseret på tre iagttagelser.
As noted, it was in 1984 that the Foundation first began to extend its research activities into the field of social cohesion in a major way.
For det første var det tydeligt, at problemer med social samhørighed var koncentreret i byområder.
Firstly, it was clear that problems of social cohesion were concentrated on urban areas.
Og for det andet fokuserede EF-institutionerne dog på det tidspunkt ikke tydeligt på de særlige problemer, som fandtes i byområder.
Yet, secondly, there was at the time no clear focus on the particular problems of urban areas by EC institutions.
* I disse områder er sociale og økonomiske spørgsmål sammenkædede og indbyrdes forbundne: levevilkår i byer afspejler og indvirker på økon omiske forhold.
Thirdly, little research had been done at the time into social cohesion and urban areas, and the Foundation was well placed, given its broad objectives, to fill this gap·
* Stigende fleksibilitet og bevægelighed på arbejdsmarkedet for unge mennesker løber parallelt med stigende usmidighed på boligmarkedet, som fører til problemer med hjemløshed og fattigdom blandt unge mennesker.
The issues include mobility, public service provision, the physical environment, demographic change and urban differentiation. Particular needs and problems are apparent among the unemployed and longterm unemployed, the elderly, ethnic minority migrants and immigrants, and young people.
* Der er et behov for bedre integration mellem økonomisk/beskæftigelsespolitik for unge men nesker og social/boligpolitik.
* In these areas, social and economic issues are linked and interdependent: urban living conditions reflect and act upon economic conditions.
* Bedre information bør stilles til rådighed for unge mennesker om boliganvisningstjenester.
* Economic restructuring and change in Europe will have significant consequences for urban living conditions.
Mange af konklusionerne var udgangspunkter for efterfølgende forskningsprojekter i Instituttet, bl.a. dem, som fokuserede på arbejdsløshed og langtidsledighed, den offentlige sektor, lokale initiativer og borgeraktioner.
* Community and voluntary organisations are active in fields such as housing, employment and welfare, and decentralisation of public services is among the factors which is encouraging such activity.
BOLIGFORHOLD, SOCIAL SAMHØRIGHED OG UNGE MENNESKER
* Methods: Major national studies and case studies of innovative practices in 4 countries (France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands); smaller studies (including case studies) in Ireland.
I 1989 var der 46,6 millioner mennesker i Det Europæiske Fællesskab (14,3% af den samlede befolkning på 325,9 millioner), som var 65 år eller over.
Spain and the United Kingdom; plus other smaller studies in Greece and Portugal.
Heraf var 20,9 millioner (6,4% af den samlede befolkning) 75 år eller over.
These were synthesised into the main reports and recommendations.
Nationale statistikker afviger ikke ret meget fra disse generelle antal, undtagen i Irland, som har en meget "yngre" befolkning.
In addition, a seminar to review the situation of young people in the transition to independent living in the Community and develop further recommendations was held in May 1990.
I den forudseelige fremtid vil den "aldrende" befolkning (med hensyn til det stigende andel af ældre mennesker i befolkningen, som skyldes faldende fødselstal og stigende levealder) fortsætte.
This brought together 50 participants, from all EC member states, representing policy-makers, the social partners, youth, community and voluntary organisations, researchers, and practitioners working with young people.
* Omfang: 9 EF-lande (Frankrig, Tyskland, Italien, Nederlandene, Grækenland, Irland, Portugal, Spanien og Det Forenede Kongerige).
THE PUBLICATIONS: Living conditions in urban areas: An overview of factors influencing urban life in the European Community (1986), and Living conditions in urban Europe (1987).
Konsekvenserne af en aldrende befolkning er komplicerede og vidtrækkende, ikke blot for de ældre selv, men også for dem, som støtter og drager omsorg for dem, hvad enten dette sker i familien og samfundet eller i den offentlige sektor, og for dem, som har behov for deres færdigheder og erfaringer.
* Increasing flexibility and mobility in the labour market for young people is paralleled by increasing rigidity in the housing market, leading to problems of homelessness and poverty among young people.
De ældre har derfor indtaget en vigtig plads i Instituttets arbejdsprogrammer i de sidste 10 år, og har været emnet for to større forskningsaktiviteter, som nu er beskrevet nedenfor.
* There is a need for better integration between economici employment policies for young people and socialihousing policies.
OPFYLDELSE AF DE ÆLDRES BEHOV
* There is a need for policies which encourage and enable young people themselves to participate in policy making and in self-help and cooperative initiatives.
* Formål: At se på måder, hvorpå støtte og medindflydelse er til rådighed for Europas stigende befolkning af ældre mennesker gennem fælles hjælp, gennem uformel pleje i familien og gennem netværk af venner, naboer og frivillige enten inden for eller uden for rammerne af lovmæssige, offentlige servicetilbud eller frivillige grupper.
* Better information should be made available to young people about accommodation and housing services.
* Metoder: Større nationale undersøgelser og case studier af nyskabende praksis i 4 lande (Frankrig, Tyskland, Italien og Nederlandene), mindre under søgelser (herunder case-studier) i Irland, Spanien og Det Forenede Kongerige samt andre mindre undersøgelser i Grækenland og Portugal.
With EC affairs being dominated by agricultural (and hence, rural) policy at the time, Living conditions in urban areas represented an important watershed in that it focused on emerging concerns about unemployment and economic change in Europe in the urban living and working environment.
Disse blev sammenfattet i hovedrapporterne og anbefalingerne.
The research highlighted the centrality of housing policy in improving social cohesion, and in particular the difficulties faced by young people in moving from their family homes to their own independent adult life, manifested in increasing youth poverty and homelessness.
Desuden blev der afholdt et seminar for at se på unge menneskers situation i overgangen til en uafhængig voksentilværelse i Fællesskabet og for at udarbejde yderligere anbefalinger i maj 1990.
While rising levels of youth unemployment across Europe had been responded to by governments with labour market programmes of youth training and transition to work, Living conditions in urban areas had identified the related problems of transition to life, which were further investigated in the project now described.
Dette samlede 50 deltagere fra alle EF-medlemslande, som repræsenterede politiske beslutningstagere, arbejdsmarkedets parter, ungdoms-, samfunds- og frivillige organisationer, forskere og praktikanter, som arbejder med unge mennesker.
THE PUBLICATIONS: Accommodation and social cohesion in the urban environment: The implications for young people (1989), Growing up and leaving home (1989), and The paths of young people towards autonomy: Report of a seminar (1990).
* Metoder: 10 nationale undersøgelser sammenfattet i en hovedrapport.
In 1989, there were 46.6 million people in the European Community (14.3% of the total population of 325.9 million) aged 65 or over.
KONKLUSIONERNE:
Of these 20.9 million (6.4% of the total population) were aged 75 or over.
* Ældre mennesker har såvel potentiale som behov.
National statistics do not differ very much from these overall proportions, excepting only Ireland, which has a much 'younger' population.
Demografiske tendenser forøger betydeligt behovene både for pleje for de handicappede og ældste gamle og for muligheder for de "ungegamle". gamle".
For the foreseeable future population 'ageing' (in terms of increasing proportions of elderly people in the population, caused by declining birth-rates and increasing life expectancy) will continue.
* Metoder: 11 nationale rapporter, forskning i marken i 6 lande (Frankrig, Tyskland, Grækenland, Nederlandene, Portugal, Spanien) i form af interviews med 24 plejere i hvert land, casestudier om nyskabende praksis i forbindelse med pleje (to i hvert land).
The implications of an ageing population are complex and wide-ranging, not just for elderly people themselves, but for those who support and care for them, whether within the family and community or in the public services, and those who need their skills and experience.
* Samtidig bliver netværkerne af familie og slægtninge, som udfører forpligtelserne med at pleje og støtte de ældre stadig snævrere, og familiestrukturer ændrer sig.
* In respect of catering for their needs, the aim should be to encourage and enable mutual and family aid and community-based action.
Stadig færre af de ældre lever i husstande med flere generationer eller ønsker at gøre det, før de er tvunget til det på grund af handicap.
Doing this means that the role of public services should in part at least be to mobilise and coordinate such forms of response rather than merely act as institutional providers of services.
Ansvaret for plejen inden for familien har en tendens til at være koncentreret på en eller to — som regel kvindelige -familiemedlemmer.
It also points to the need for coherent and coordinated policies towards the elderly.
Mens behov for pleje primært er blevet opfyldt af familien, har der været en mangel på udviklinger i pleje i hjemmet og på plejehjem.
The elderly have therefore occupied an important place in the Foundation's programmes of work over the past 10 years, and have been the subject of two major activities, which are now described.
ANBEFALINGERNE:
MEETING THE NEEDS OF THE ELDERLY
* Familien kan dog ikke gøre alt, især ikke for de ældste gamle, der lider af sådanne sygdomme som senildemens, som gør plejen meget krævende og trættende.
These recommendations were subsequently taken forward through the Foundation's research projects in the field of institutional change in the public services, described more fully later in this chapter, and in a second research project on the elderly.
* Med hensyn til at benytte og udvikle de ældres potentiale af menneskelige ressourcer, bør politiske foranstaltninger være målrettet mod at øge deres egen evne til at klare sig, tilpasse sig, tage del og spille aktive roller i samfundet, frem for at øge deres afhængighed af andre.
* Aim: To examine the ways in which support and participation is available to Europe's growing population of elderly people through mutual aid, through informal family care and through networks of friends, neighbours and volunteers, either within or outside the framework of statutory public services or voluntary groups.
* Plejere har selv behov for omsorg og støtte, og der findes i Europa mange eksempler på opfindsomme, lokale projekter og organisationer, som gør dette.
* Scope: 10 EC countries (Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, United Kingdom).
ANBEFALINGERNE:
* Duration: 1985-1987.
* Politik, som kan opfylde de ældste gamles behov, skal maksimere de forskellige bidrag, som kan ydes af familieplejere, de formelle offentlige servicetilbud, samfunds- og frivillige organisationer samt arbejdsgivere, for de kan alle spille en rolle.
* Aim: While social care policies for the rising numbers of older elderly people, aged over 75, having high levels of need for care and support, increasingly emphasise the provision of care within the family, other trends in the labour market, household structures and social values are creating conflicting demands on family resources, and particularly on women.
Et primært, politisk mål bør være at drage omsorg for plejere.
The aim of Family care of the older elderly was to examine this issue.
Det peger også på behovet for sammenhængende og koordinerede politiske foranstaltninger til gavn for de ældre.
* Methods: 10 national studies, synthesised into a main report.
FAMILIENS OMSORG FOR DE ÆLDSTE
* Duration: 1990-1993.
(Og omvendt: socialpolitik bør også gøre det muligt for mennesker med plejeforpligtelser, som har behov for eller ønsker at arbejde, at gøre dette.)
Demographic trends are substantially increasing the needs both for care for the disabled and older elderly and for opportunity for the 'young-old'.
* Formål: Mens politiske foranstaltninger for social forsorg for det stigende antal af ældste gamle mennesker over 75 år, som har høje niveauer af behov for pleje og støtte i stigende grad lagt vægt på pleje i familien, så stiller andre tendenser på arbejdsmarkedet, i
Progressively fewer of the elderly live in multi-generation households or wish to do so until compelled by disability. Responsibility for care within the family tends to be concentrated on one or two - usually female -family members.
tager og forbruger.
THE CONCLUSIONS: m
DET FYSISKE MILJØ
* Scope: EC-wide.
Som andre redegørelser i dette afsnit vil vise, er kvinder desuden vigtige leverandører og forbrugere af offentlige servicetilbud og spiller vigtige roller i lokale initiativer og borgeraktioner.
While needs for care have been primarily filled by family, there has been a lack of development in the homebased and residential care services.
FRIVILLIGT ARBEJDE OG MILJØET
* Methods: Literature review.
* Formål: At se på den rolle, som små samfundsbaserede projekter oprettet af frivillige grupper spiller med hensyn til at bevare og forbedre det fysiske miljø i byområder.
* The family cannot, however, do everything, especially for older elderly people with illnesses such as senile dementia which make caring very demanding and exhausting.
* Omfang: 6 EF-lande (Belgien, Frankrig, Tyskland, Italien, Nederlandene, Det Forenede Kongerige).
*Carers need their own care and support, and there are many examples across Europe of imaginative local projects and organisations which do this.
I KONKLUSIONERNE:
Failing to promote equal opportunities for women will have social and economic costs.
* Metoder: Nationale undersøgelser af nyskabende initiativer samlet i en sammenfattende rapport.
* Policies on meeting the needs of the older elderly need to maximise the various contributions that can be made by family carers, the f ormai public services, community and voluntary organisations and employers, for all have roles to play.
KONKLUSIONERNE:
A primary policy aim must be 'caring for carers'.
* På området inden for miljøbeskyttelse og -forbedring er de lokale initiativer, som samfundsog frivillige foreninger og organisationer har taget, vidtspændende.
* While women often play key roles in stimulating and organising community-based local initiatives and in mobilising citizen and community action, they are poorly represented in processes of policy making, consultation and negotiation.
* Mange af de nye former for arbejde og aktiviteter, som er opstået i de sidste 20 år, sammen med forandringerne i arbejdets art, tilrettelæggelse af arbejdspladsen og arbejdsmarkedets struktur, giver nye muligheder og nye udfordringer for kvinder. Og ved siden af disse økonomiske forandringer stiller sociale og demografiske forandringer dog nye krav til dem, som kan have en tendens til at begrænse deres evne til at udnytte de nye økonomiske muligheder og øge frem for mindske omfanget af kvindernes marginalisering i samfundet.
* Social and economic policies towards the elderly and their carers need to be in harmony rather than in conflict: for example employers and employment practices need to offer forms and conditions of employment which enable workers, and especially women workers, with care responsibilities to discharge them.
Hvis det ikke lykkes at fremme ligestillingen for kvinder, så vil det få sociale og økonomiske følger.
* While increasing numbers of women are in paid employment in Europe, the complex position of women in society needs to be understood.
* Der er betydelige behov og muligheder for at fremme sådanne initiativer, og offentlig politik på dette område bør satse mod at gøre dette.
This necessitates an integrated approach to policies towards them if their needs are to be met and their economic and social potential released.
* Mens kvinder ofte spiller vigtige roller med hensyn til at stimulere og tilrettelægge samfundsbaserede lokale initiativer og mobilisere borger- og samfundsinitiativer, så er de dårligt repræsenterede i processerne vedrørende politiske beslutninger, samråd og forhandlinger.
THE PUBLICATIONS: Family care of dependent older people in the European Community (1993); Family care of the older elderly: Casebook of initiatives (1993); and Carers Talking (1993).These were published as part of the Foundation's contribution to the 1993 European Year of Older People and Solidarity between the Generations.
* Initiativernes virkning kan forbedres betydeligt, når der er et samarbejde mellem de ansvarlige, offentlige myndigheder og de frivillige organisationer og samfundsorganisationerne.
THE PUBLICATIONS: Review of the Foundation's work 1985-92 and its implications for women (1991)
* Mens stigende antal kvinder har lønarbejde i Europa, er det nødvendigt at forstå kvindernes komplicerede stilling i samfundet.
Under the theme "Equal opportunities between men and women" the Foundation will be undertaking further research into the needs and issues facing women in Europe as part of its 199396 4-year rolling programme.
Især har defiere og overlappende roller: plejer, husmoder, arbejds
In particular, changes in the nature of work and in the labour market have had a significant impact on women; as has, as noted above, the ageing of the population.
* Vedrørende boligforhold: Det er nødvendigt at have social boligpolitik i byområder.
Lack of resources during the period covered by the 1985-88 4-year rolling programme meant that the Foundation was not able to devote much attention to the subject of the changing physical environment.
De bør kendetegnes ved beboernes medindflydelse og bør integreres med andre sociale, økonomiske og miljømæssige, politiske foranstaltninger.
But as noted previously, one lesson to emerge from Living conditions in urban areas concerned the work of voluntary and community organisations, and this was followed up by further research, which is now described.
Instituttets arbejde på miljøområdet blev iværksat fra og med 1989.1 første omgang gennem en arbejdsgruppe nedsat for at se på, hvor Instituttets arbejde bedst kunne målrettes og så gennem en serie af tre seminarer afholdt i perioden 1990-92 under den generelle titel: Beskyttelse og forbedring af miljøet i byområder.
Foundation work in the field of the environment was taken forward from 1989 onwards, initially through a working group established to review where the Foundation's efforts might best be directed, and then through a series of three seminars held in the period 1990-92, under the general title of The protection and improvement of the environment in urban areas.
Mens to af seminarerne fokuserede på fysiske miljøspørgsmål, undersøgte det andet, som blev afholdt i Berlin i oktober 1991, de indbyrdes forbindelser mellem de miljømæssige, sociale og økonomiske tendenser, som påvirker byområder i Europa og deres konsekvenser for social samhørighed.
While two of the seminars focused on physical environmental issues, the second, held in Berlin in October 1991, examined the interlinkages between the environmental, social and economic trends affecting urban areas in Europe, and their impact on social cohesion.
* Vedrørende social foretagsomhed: Bysamfund og organisationer tager selv initiativ til at tackle deres problemer.
* Aim: To examine the role played by small, community-based projects established by voluntary groups in the preservation and improvement of the physical environment in urban areas.