natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Nogle berettede om fordøjelsesvanskel igheder samt træthed i øjnene og smerter i legemsmuskulaturen.
There were some reports of digestive disorders, as well as of tiredness of the eyes and osteomuscular pain, the latter brought about by continuous sitting posture in those suffering from disorders of the osteo-articular system.
Forskerne drog den slutning, at selv om indførelsen af ny teknologi vil have den stressende virkning, der ligger i enhver langsigtet ændring, vil kontrollen over dette stress og dets følger afhænge af den måde, på hvilken omlægningen er blevet planlagt og indført.
The researchers concluded that although the introduction of new technology will have the stress-inducing effect inherent in any far-reaching change, the control and the consequences of that stress will depend on the manner in which the reorganisation has been planned and introduced.
- 44 - selvstyrende grupper som arbejdsmetode inden for de særligt undersøgte afdelinger i begge selskaber bevirkede ændringer af forholdene mellem ansatte inden for traditionelle jobs.
The change to semiautonomous groups as a method of work for the particular sections under study in both companies transformed relationships between the holders of traditional jobs.
Forholdet mellem arbejderne og deres overordnede blev radikalt ændret, ligesom der skete betydelige ændringer i arbejdernes holdning til arbejdsanalytikere, der ikke længere betragtedes som folk, der alene nyder det privillegium at fastsætte arbejdsgange, arbejdsmetoder og arbejdstempo for derefter at påtvinge andre dem.
The relations between workers and their superior were radically altered, and there was significant change in the attitudes of workers to work analysts, who were no longer viewed as people enjoying the sole prerogative of deciding on work cycles methods and rates and imposing them on others.
FABRIKATIONSVIRKSOMHED
5.0 THE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY
Teknologiske udviklinger inden for anvendelsen af nummerisk sty- rede værktøjsmaskiner i fabrikationsvirksomhed i
5.1 Technological Developments in__ the Application of Numerically Controlled Tools in the Manufacturing Industry in the Federal German Republic
Tempoet i indførelsen af nummerisk styrede værktøjsmaskiner er først begyndt at vokse kraftigt inden for de sidste ti år i
The rate of application of NC machine tools has only begun to increase rapidly within the last ten years in the Federal Republic, although they first came into use there in the 1950s.
50'erne. Udbredelsen af den nummerisk styrede teknologi i dens nuværende fase kan beskrives som en fase, hvori den går fra at være en avant garde-teknologi til en almindelig udbredt teknologi.
The current phase of diffusion of NC technology can be described as that of a progression from being an avant-garde technology to a broadly based one.
Til forskel fra num merisk styrede værktøjsmaskiner er
Largely responsible for this was the introduction of CNC controls in the mid-1970s.
EDB-værktøjsmaskiner udstyret med en egen mikrodatamat, som ikke blot læser og indfører udefra kommende programmer, men tillige gør det muligt at opstille og lagre programmer direkte i maskinen.
Unlike NC tools, CNC machine tools are fitted with their own microcomputer, which not only reads and inputs externally compiled programs but also enables programs to be compiled and stored directly in the machine.
De seneste maskiner har en kontroldatamat, som hjælper med en række programmeringsfunktioner og gør dem egnet til mere fleksibel brug over en større række anvendelsesområder end før.
The most recent machines have a control computer which aids a variety of programming functions, enabling them to be used more flexibly over a broader range of applications than before.
Y der lige re udstrækkes brugen af nummerisk styring til flere og flere metal for a r bejdningsprocesser, således at 10% af produktionen i
Furthermore, the numerical control principle is being extended to more and more metalworking processes such that multifunction CNC machine tools constitute 10% of production in the Federal German Republic at the present time.
Ved loven om indførelse af bedriftsråd i Forbundsrepublikken
The Federal German Republic's Works Council Act made some very important provisions for workers to participate in planning and implementing new work structures and in carry ing through the staff measures they involve. The works
Bedriftsrådet, der er en valgt forsamling bestående af repræ sentanter for arbejdstagerne, har lovbestemte rettigheder til information, rådslagning og medbestemmelse.
54 council, which is the elected body of worker representatives, has rights to information, consultation, and co-determination guaranteed by law.
I praksis fandt forskerne imidlertid, at det kun var i få virksomheder, at bedriftsrådene modtager tilstrækkelig information til at sætte dem i stand til at udvikle tanker om arbejdets tilrettelæggelse, der kan fremlægges under forhandlinger.
However, in practice the researchers found that only in a few enterprises did works councils receive information adequate enough to enable them to develop ideas on work structuring that are worthy of negotiation.
46 - styring over for ikke blot utilstrækkelig information, men mangel på lokale erfaringer, således at deres politik i begyndelsen kun omfattede området for den "klassiske" beskyttelse mod rationalisering
Unfortunately, in the early phases of NC introduction, works councils were confronted with not only inadequate information but lack of local experience, and so their initial policy was limited to the field of "classical" protection against rationalisation (i.e. preventing dismissals and financial loss).
Efter afslutningen af den indledende fase blev nummerisk styringsteknologi gennemført med held i virksomhe derne, og selv om bedriftsrådenes krav hvilede på en større erfarings baggrund, blev det meget vanskeligere at gennemføre disse under de økonomiske forhold i denne periode.
Since this completion of the initial phase, NC technology became successfully established in the enterprises, and although the works councils' demands rested on a more enriched background of experience, it became much more difficult in this economic period to implement them.
Situationen på undersøgelsestids punktet var ikke blot den, at mange udkast til aftaler vedrørende a r bejdsvilkårene for ansatte, der arbejdede med nummerisk styret teknologi, ikke kunne gennemføres ved forhandlinger, men at det ofte var nødven digt at føre seje forhandlinger for blot at undgå afskedigelser og opnå løntariffer, der opretholdt de ansattes indtjening.
The situation at the time of the study was not only that many drafted agreements on working conditions for NC technology employees were not negotiable, but that tough negotiation were even needed to prevent dismissals and to establish wage scales that would maintain employees' income level.
Arbejdets tilrettelæggelse med nummerisk/EDBstyrede maskiner
5.3 Work Organisation with NC/CNC Machines
EDB-styret teknologi har været ledsaget af en udpræget differentiering af formerne for arbej dets tilrettelæggelse, synes det herskende mønster at bestå uændret.
Although the changeover from NC to CNC technology has been accompanied by a definite diversification of forms of work organisation, it seems that the dominant pattern has continued unchanged.
Man havde håbet, at mulighederne for programmering på selve arbejdspladsen gennem den voksende brug af
It was hoped that through the increasing use of CNC controls the enhancement of the technical possibilities of on-the-spot programming would lead to an upgrading of the skills involved in machine operation.
EDB-styring ville have ført til erhvervelse af større færdigheder i forbindelse med betjeningen af maskinerne.
There are seven major sets of activities involved in the use of program-controlled machine tools -
(i metalindustrien er arbejderne hovedsagelig faglærte mandlige arbejdere) er den udstrækning, i hvilken han bliver inddraget i de første tre af disse opgaver.
55 programming the machine process, setting the machines, optimising and correcting new programs, workpiece handling, operating and minding the machine, inspection, and ancillary and supplementary tasks.
Det fremgår imid lertid af tidligere undersøgelser, at kun én datamatstyret proces p r o grammeres af personalet på selve arbejdspladsen, og heraf programmeres
It has been found that the critical factor in the degree of responsibility, richness of job content and level of skill demand of the operator ( in the case of metalworking the operators are predominantly skilled and male) was the extent to which he was involved in the first three of these tasks.
14%) af den arbejder, der passer maskinen.
However, it has emerged from previous studies that only about one CNC in five is programmed by the workshop personnel, and of these twothirds are programmed by the operator himself (about 14%).
I denne undersøgelse berettes om tre former for oplæring under erhvervelsen af færdigheder som specialist inden for en række virksomhe der.
The present study reported three types of training in the process of acquiring specialist skills in a survey of a number of enterprises.
Systematiske introduktionskurser, som regel af en uges varighed, giver et vist teoretisk grundlag for de senere oplæringsprocesser.
Systematic introductory courses, usually lasting a week, provide a certain theoretical grounding for the subsequent learning processes. and are all rated beneficially.
En introduktionsfase, hvorunder den, der skal oplæres, er under konstant tilsyn og får eventuel fornøden hjælp fra uddannet perso nale eller erfarne kolleger.
An induction phase during which the trainee works under constant supervision and any needed assistance from skilled personnel or experienced colleagues.
En fase, hvorunder arbejderen arbejder selvstændigt og gør sig bekendt med arbejdet, men endnu ikke har nået de mest optimale rutiner og den højeste produktivitet på nummerisk/datamatstyrede værktøjsmaskiner.
A familiarisation phase in which employees work independently but have not yet achieved optimum routines and productivity on NC/CNC machine tools.
Det konstateredes, at de undersøgte virksomheder hovedsagelig gav de arbejdere, som havde længere erhvervsmæssig erfaring og større a n ciennitet i selskabet, en mere grundig oplæring.
It· was found that the enterprises studied provided a more thorough specialist training principally for those employees who had longer occupational experience and service with the enterprise.
Undersøgelsesmetoder og fremgangsmåder
5·5 Research Approaches and Procedures
Oplysninger blev indsamlet gennem case studies i de enkelte virk somheder.
Information was gathered in the form of case studies on individual enterprises.
De vigtigste af de benyttede metoder var interview og spørge skema.
The main methods employed were interview and questionnaire.
Der blev afholdt interviews med bedriftsrådet i to til tre timer i hver enkelt virksomhed.
Interviews with the works council lasting 2 to 3 hours were held in each of the enterprises.
Dybtgående interviews blev holdt med enkelte arbejdere, der passede maskiner.
In-depth interviews were carried out with individual machine operators.
Spørgeskemaerne var udfærdiget på basis af resultater fra litteraturen, og der afholdtes drøftelser med eksperter og udfærdigedes en oversigt.
Questionnaires were designed based on literature findings and discussions with experts and a written survey were carried out.
Ligeledes blev der udført iagttag else af arbejdspladser og arbejdets gang.
Observation of work stations and the work flow were also conducted.
Gennemsnitsalderen blandt de undersøgte personer var 35 år, og 90% af dem, der svarede, var faglær te.
The average age of the sample was 35 years, and 90% of the respondents had skilled training.
Aldersfordelingen fremgår af tabel 8.1.
The age distribution is illustrated in table 8.1.
15 til og med 25 år 26-30 år 31-35 år 36-40 år 41-45 år over 45 år
15 over ι 15 years
Det konstateres, at alderen ikke var afgørende for den opnåede erhvervsmæssige erfaring.
It was noted that age did not determine the length of experience gained.
Gennemsnitlig havde arbejderne 34 års erfa ring.
The average length of experience was 34 years.
41% af dem begyndte at arbejde med den ny teknologi, inden de var fyldt
41% of the workers started working with the new technology under the age of 25, as opposed to 6% of the over 45s.
13 år og kun få havde været beskæftiget andre steder.
The average length of service was 13 years, with a very low rate of occupational mobility.
Gennemførelse af skifteholdsarbejde fandtes at gøre disse faktorer sværere at overvinde.
A number of outstanding potential psychological stress problems were found in the familiarisation phase.
I tilslutning hertil var der visse fysiske og psykiske faktorer, der skulle overvindes, som f.eks.
The implementation of shiftwork was found to make these factors more difficult to cope with.
et meget højt støjniveau og ubehag, der stammede fra dampe fra kølevæsker.
In addition there were some physical/ psychological factors to contend with, such as excessive noise and discomfort from coolant vapours.
Det fandtes overrasken de, at kun få omtalte vanskelighederne ved styringssystemets abstrakte natur og betjeningen af de nye systemer til kontrol af driften.
It was felt to be surprising that little mention was made of difficulties with the abstract nature of control logic and the manipulation of new operating controls.
Forskerne gjorde den væsentlige iagttagelse, at det måske kun er på meget stressende tidspunkter med akut opståede kriser
The researchers made the important point that it might be in potential very stressful times of acute crisis (e.g. breakdown of system), where adequate help is unavailable, that the employee may feel treated as a fully competent machine operator.
- 49 - af overbelastning er imidlertid ikke begrænset til disse akutte tilfælde, og en vedvarende overbelastning af den enkeltes formåen kan følge af et skjult tidspres og store krav til hans intellektuelle færdigheder.
However, the feeling of being overtaxed is not confined to these acute situations, and a chronic overtaxing of an individual's capacity may occur from latent pressure of time and high cognitive demands.
(23%), og de, som overvejede at forlade deres nye arbejdsplads i løbet af indførelses- fasen
Two core stress groups were identified - those who felt they were readily replaceable (23%), and those who considered leaving their new workstation in the induction phase (18%).
Det fandtes ligeledes, at erfarne arbejdstagere blev bedre oplært, men at dette faktisk førte til oplevelse af stress i nogle tilfælde på grund af de store forventninger, som deres overordnede stillede til dem.
It was also found that experienced employees received better quality training, but that this did lead to stress experiences in some cases due to the high expectations that superiors had of them.
Der var en tendens til anbringelse af dem, som havde den bedste uddannelse, i et mere positivt arbejdsmiljø
There was a tendency for those who received a high quality of skill training to be placed in a more positive working environment (e.g. below average on such negative aspects as time pressure), and for those with medium quality training to work in poorer conditions.
De fleste arbejdere ved maskinerne indtog en passiv holdning til overførsel til arbejde med "ny(ere) teknologi", og dette afspejlede sig i mindre forventninger til den nye arbejdssituation.
Most operators had a passive attitude to being trans ferred to "new(er) technology" positions, and this was reflected in lower anticipation of the new working situation.
Ved undersøgelsen af problemerne ved at gøre sig bekendt med den ny teknologi i forhold til alderen fandtes der fire faktorer, der var særlig aldersafhængige, nemlig:
Looking at familiarisation problems with respect to age, four factors were found to be especially age-dependent:
(21% over gennemsnittet)
High demands on concentration (21% above average)
(14% over gennemsnittet)
No opportunity for social contact on the job (14% above average)
(13% over gennemsnittet).
A bad company atmosphere in the department (13% above average)
Samtlige de stressfaktorer, der var forbundet med det fysiske a r bejdsmiljø, faktorer i forbindelse med arbejdets tilrettelæggelse og til fredshed med arbejdet blev højst omtalt med en hyppighed, der lå på eller under gennemsnittet, og var derfor mindre relevante med hensyn til akklimatisering til en ny arbejdssituation.
All the stress factors associated with the physical work environment, indicators of work organisation, and job content were mentioned with no more than average, or less than average frequency, and therefore were less relevant from the viewpoint of acclimatisation to a new work situation.
Problemerne efter at arbejderne havde gjort sig bekendt med den ny teknologi, vedrørte faktorer som arbejdsmiljø, de ergonomiske forhold på arbejdspladsen og arbejdets tilrettelæggelse.
Problems after the familiarisation phase related to factors of work environment, the ergonomics of the workstation, and work organisation.
En undersøgelse af det udførte arbejde efter overgangs- og oplæ- ringsperiodens udløb viste, at arbejdsopgaverne krævede gennemsnitlige til høje kvalifikationer inden for de undersøgte selskaber.
A study of work conducted once changeover and training were completed showed that the scope of the operators' tasks called for medium to high level skill qualifications in the companies studied.
Gennemsnits niveauet for krav til færdigheder viste sig imidlertid kun at være svagt forbundet med arbejdernes inddragelse i forskellige former for udvidelse af arbejdet
However, the level of skill requirements showed only a very weak correlation with involvement in forms of job enlargement - operators who programmed the machines themselves did multi-machine operation almost to
- arbejdere, der betjente maskiner og selv programmerede dem, udførte omtrent lige så alsidige funktioner ved maskinerne i samme omfang som arbejdere, der ikke havde med programmering at gøre, og det samme gjaldt maskinens forsyning med materialer.
59 the same extent as non-programmers, and the same applied to machine-feeding.
Dette var et bevis på, at disse arbejdsintensiverende former for praksis ikke på nogen måde var begrænset til arbejde af den type, der kan måles efter tay loristiske principper, men at de tillige i vidt omfang berørte arbejde, hvortil der kræves gennemsnitlige og store færdigheder.
This provided evidence that these workintensifying practices were by no means confined to the area of Taylorian-type operator jobs but also affected, to a considerable extent, jobs of medium to high skill status.
Blandt ovennævnte stressfaktorer var der naturligvis forskelle på den intensitet, hvormed de oplevedes subjektivt.
Of the stress factors mentioned above, there was, of course, variation in intensity with which they were experienced subjectively.
Faktorer med høj inten sitet var kravet til koncentration, tidspresset, skifteholdsarbejde, støj og dampe fra kølevæsker.
Those of severe intensity were demands on concentration, pressure of time, shiftwork, noise and coolant vapours.
Stressfaktorer, der skyldtes sociale gnidninger, som f.eks.
Stresses due~~€ < r social frictions, such as a poor working atmosphere in the factory, criticism from superiors, and uncomfortable physical conditions at the workstation, were also felt particularly intensely but less frequently.
et dårligt arbejdsklima på fabrikken, kritik fra overordnede og ubehagelige fysiske forhold på arbejdspladsen føltes også meget i n tenst, men mindre hyppigt.
A comparison of stress profiles of those in the familiarisation phase and those working showed that the ranking of cognitive and psychological stresses had not changed appreciably, with the exception of a decrease in anxiety regarding breakdowns, which was matched by an increase in the perception of monotony.
En sammenligning af stressforholdene hos dem, som var ved at gøre sig bekendt med den ny teknologi, og dem som allerede arbejdede med den, viste, at der ikke var sket væsentlige for andringer inden for de kognitive og psykologiske stresspåvirkninger, dog med undtagelse af mindre bekymring for maskinsammenbrud, hvilket til gengæld ophævedes ved et øget indtryk af monotoni.
A particularly disquieting finding was that nearly all the cognitive and psychological stresses and social difficulties were found more frequently in work on highly automated machines, with the exception of demands on concentration.
Et særlig foruroligende resultat var, at næsten samtlige de kogniti ve og psykologiske stresspåvirkninger og sociale vanskeligheder med undtagelse af kravene til koncentration hyppigere fandtes i forbindelse med arbejde ved højt automatiserede maskiner.
The researchers felt that this was likely to be influenced by the organisation of work, and particularly the highly rationalised division of labour, making for a high level of work intensity for the operator.
Forskerne fandt, at dette til dels kunne skyldes arbejdets tilrettelæggelse og navnlig den meget
It was found that a feeling of being overtaxed went hand in hand with a stress situation featuring particular
- 51 - rationaliserede arbejdsdeling, der bevirker, at den der står ved maski nen, kommer til til at arbejde meget intenst.
60 acute anxiety about breakdowns, and difficulty with abstract control functions and the operating logic of the machine.
For de ældre blev alle de stressfaktorer, der i høj grad medførte et overbelastningssyndrom, mere udbredte.
For those of advancing age, all the stresses which made up a high proportion of the overtaxing syndrome became more widespread.
Der fandtes en række karakteristiske
There were a number of characteristic stress "symptoms" in the sample.
Af dem, der havde skifteholdsarbejde, beret tede 50% om vanskeligheder med at falde i søvn, medens dette kun gjaldt
Of those on shiftwork, 50% reported difficulty getting to sleep as opposed to 40% of the total.
Yderligere forekom nervøse mavelidelser, spændinger i nakke- og skuldermusklerne, hovedpine og smerter i ryg og ben forholds vis hyppigere i forskellige kombinationer.
In addition, nervous stomach disorders, tensions in neck and shoulder muscles, headaches, and aches in the back and legs occurred relatively frequently in various combinations.
Der konstateredes ikke bemær kelsesværdige resultater med hensyn til mindre specifikke indikatorer som sygdom, udskiftning af personale og fravær.
There were no notable findings as regards the less specific indicators of illness, staff turnover and absenteeism.
En stor del af dem, der besvarede spørgeskemaerne, følte ikke, at de ville kunne klare deres nuværende arbejdssituation i det lange løb, eller at denne kunne fortsætte evigt, og mange følte, at de ville blive overbelastet i stadig højere grad med alderen.
A large proportion of respondents did not feel that they would be able to cope with their present work situation in the long term, or that it could be prolonged indefinitely, and there was a widespread feeling that they would be increasingly overextended as they grew older.
Der er en række slående ligheder blandt tendenserne med hensyn til de fysiske og psykiske oplevelser af stress, som de undersøgte arbejdere har haft, til trods for at de indgår i forskellige arbejdssammenhænge, både i henseende til virksomheden og automatiseringens art og omfang.
There are a number of strikingly similar trends with respect to the physical and psychological stress experiences of the operators studied, despite the disparity of their work context both in terms of type of industry and the nature and degree of automation.
Mange af de stressfaktorer, der er opregnet i disse rapporter, var fælles for alle arbejdere, erfarne såvel som uerfarne.
Many of the stresses catalogued in these reports were common to all operators, whether experienced or not.
Visse former for stress var særlige for de erfarne arbejdstagere, og andre fandtes navnlig at forekomme blandt uerfarne eller mindre erfarne arbejdere.
Certain stresses were peculiar to the experienced operator, and others were found to occur specifically among the inexperienced, or less experienced, worker.