natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Cretins rapport i forbindelse med en glasfabrik).
The direct costs, as also the indirect costs, reduce the firm's income.
I førstnævnte tilfælde (kedler) gav en forbedring i ar bejdsvilkårene sammen med en ændring i organisation og produkt mulighed for, at man kunne beholde hele persona let (af hvilket halvdelen fandt det meget vanskeligt at arbejde ved et standard-samlebånd).
In our sample, labour costs represented approximately 60% of the total direct costs to the firm in the event of an indus trial accident, the remaining 40% consisting mainly of the
To former for personalepolitik: sammenligning mellem to montage­virksomheder (almindelige arbejdere)
We found that, for occupational accidents, the public sector pays approximately 85% of the total economic costs to society
% af arbejderne
Inadequate maintenance of tools and machines.
Bort set fra arbejdsulykker er litteraturen begrænset på dette område, og dette er ikke nogen tilfældighed.
To explain why such problems persist and have not been resolved, it is necessary to look beyond both a particular work unit and the wish to shift the responsibility on to the worker.
Ud fra en metodologisk synsvinkel kan man pege på følgen de punkter: a. den allerede fremhævede vanskelighed med at etablere lineære kausale forbindelser (GST - Gesellschaft für
We found that the explanations must be sought at the higher levels: in macroeconomic determinants (freight market, for example); in corporate planning (which should have a hand in the planning of production and the labour force if safety, health and welfare are to be taken into account); and in the structuring of the work system in a manner that will avoid inter departmental conflicts.
Systemtechnik f.eks.); b. afsløringen af betydelige "skjulte omkostninger" (af betydning for samfundet og for virksomheden) og be stræbelsen for at sammenfatte dem i en enkelt formel, der savner et tidsaspekt, som om det drejede sig om stationære fænomener.
We felt that the gulf between autho rity and actual work operations frequently had effects running counter to the aim in view, gave rise to a good number of dis agreements and a fair amount of wasted time, and was sometimes the cause of certain industrial accidents.
Det kan være, ja, man må håbe, at "skjulte omkostninger" og "størrelsesorden" kun er et første niveau i metoden, d.v.s. et stadium, der er nødvendigt, før problemet kan overvejes ud fra et socialt standpunkt.
The problem with the costs that we have discussed above is that they seldom, if ever, feature in an enterprise's account ing system in a clear and identifiable manner.
Dersom dette er tilfældet, kan vi vente modeller af en mere omfattende struktur i fremtiden.
The startingpoint for an analysis of these costs could very well be an isolated event such as an accident or an isolated problem such as a high noise level.
I det 19. årh. måtte et menneske, der havde været ude for en arbejdsulykke, kunne bevise, at fejlen lå hos hans arbejdsgiver, hvis det skulle lykkes vedkommende at få erstatning, og det skete meget sjældent. Arbejds ulykker faldt derfor ikke inden for det økonomiske om råde; forebyggelsen af ulykkestilfælde var et etisk
An analysis of problems or events and their causes and effects along the lines suggested above, combined with an analysis of the costs, both direct and indirect, will enable the enterprise to pinpoint the measures to be taken and will indicate the ad vantages and disadvantages of these measures.
Til beregningen af ikke-forsikrede omkostninger deles de forskellige former for erhvervsmæssige kvæstelser i fire klasser efter hvor alvorlige de er, og gennemsnitsomkost ningen for hver klasse vurderes. Den samlede omkostning fås ved en sammenlægning af klassegennemsnittet.
Summary of the literature: a. plurality of approaches found; b. diversity of keys for entry into the economic sphere; c. importance of variables of potential; d. lack of knowledge about externalized effects despite their importance for the public authorities.
Safety and Health at Work (Sikkerhed og sundhed på ar bejdspladsen) (1972):
And a final note: e. the notable absence of tertiary activities.
Da er de årlige udgifter til forsikringer mod kvæstelser i forbindelse med arbejdet,
Plurality of approaches found Let us remember that it is practices that pose problems that must be re solved by devising methods and that these practices are as different as the actors involved (see Mr Cretin's report: Evaluation as a process).
N er det årlige antal kvæstelser i forbindelse med ar bejdet, for hvilke der betales erstatning, d er den gennemsnitlige fraværstid (i dage), s er den gennemsnitlige dagløn og a og b er koefficienterne større end 1, idet de varie rer efter størrelsen af de udbetalte ydelser og de for hver industrigren specifike faktorer.
It should perhaps be remembered, and stressed, that it is not a ques tion of a characteristic of social sciences in opposition to the natural sciences but a characteristic of the experimental sciences necessarily linked to techniques (Bachelard*s phenomeno-technique).
De lidte materielle skader eller tab, men eksklusive fy siske kvæstelser, mennesker har lidt
A major part of the difficulty here lies in the possibilities of experimentation and this difficulty is not strictly reducible to conflicts of interest between actors.
Men ud fra et forebyggende synspunkt ved hjælp af kendskab til de relevante faktorer for arbejdsulykker bør man også være opmærksom på materiel skade, der kan være årsagen til, at et menneske er kommet til skade, dersom det tilfældigvis var der på det. forkerte tids punkt.
At the same time it is also very necessary to recognize that the more real the plurality and the greater the participation in the debate by actors who, incidentally, have hitherto for various reasons not always had the resources to be very active, the more the problem will be studied. ied.
På denne måde udviklede Bird sin videnskab vedr. "skade kontrol" (F.E. Bird og G.L. Germain - Damage Control
But we have seen the precautions to be taken and the detours to be made if costs are to be assessed correctly.
Han påviste, at stålfabrikken tabte 2.500.000 dollars om året udelukkende på grund af materielle skader uden men neskelige kvæstelser eller over fire gange beløbet, sel skabet udbetalte hvert år i erstatninger til kvæstede arbejdere.
It is the joining of these two levels that determines the field of the economic. Is it necessary to remind the reader that there can be no cost calculation without social norms?
Ifølge samme angrebsmåde foreslog APACT (Foreningen til forebyggelse af ulykkestilfælde og forbedring af ar­ bejdsvilkårene) i Frankrig en metode til kontrol af materielle skader (CDM), baseret på en analyse af alle begivenheder, der forårsager materiel skade. (APACT:
The importance of variables of potential These variables seem to us to occupy a central position in the edifice, for reasons which we can summarize as follows: at the frontier between the production unit (inventory) and the community (externalized phenomena) they constitute a route of transition from the micro to the macroeconomic ; at the frontier between the different scientific disciplines and econo mics they help to define and to structure the field of working conditions. tions.
(En introduktion til kontrollen af materielle skader),
Lack of knowledge about externalized effects (despite their importance for the public authorities)
På EF­plan bør man nævne: F. Jankovsky: Enregistrement exhaustif des accidents en vue d'éviter ceux qui pro­ voquent des blesseures (Udførlig registrering af ulyk­ kestilfælde med sigte på at forebygge sådanne, der for­ årsager kvæstelser), Det europæiske Kul­ og Stålfælles­ skab/EF/Det europæiske Atomenergi­Fællesskab, Bruxelles og Luxembourg, 1978.
Even if accounting methods may be considered to have been clarified at the level of the production unit, this cannot be said to apply at the level of public national bodies where they may constitute an important and perhaps obligatory stage.
F.E. Bird: Management guide to loss control (Håndbog vedr. tabskontrol for virksomhedsledelser),
It would then be possible - slow and difficult, but possible - starting from values of potential (demography, for example) or from a few major nuisances (noise, toxicity, etc) to tackle some questions at the macroeconomic level.
Forebyggelsen af ulykkestilfælde kan ikke begrænse opmærk­ somheden til ulykkestilfælde, der faktisk har fundet sted: Den må også vurdere risikoen for ulykkestilfælde.
What is the social cost of a Taylorian mode of work organization if it is true that it leads to a deterioration of the personality and to pre mature removal from work?
Risikoerne som følge af en virksomheds aktiviteter er talrige: risikoerne, arbejdsstyrken løber, når den an­ vender maskiner eller håndterer farlige stoffer;
Our less skilled workers have grown older, our young workers have higher qualifications and have received better education; and so there is less and less tole rance of "scientific management" methods, for reasons that are sometimes
93 risikoer, der opstår for forbrugere uden for virksom heden, når de anvender upålidelige produkter; risiko erne, forårsaget af kloakvand fra fabrikker o.s.v.
93 physiological, sometimes cultural, and sometimes a combination of the two (independently of the requirements of flexibility).
Forskellene i definitionen fra land til land (idet disse lande dog er socialt og erhvervsmæssigt sammenlignelige i andre henseender) fører faktisk til indbyrdes afvigen de resultater, som ikke viser de virkelige forhold: så ledes anerkendtes 53-155 tilfælde af erhvervssygdomme i
If it is found that an ever larger section of the working population is engaged in tertiary activities (services), it must be admitted that we know very little of the economic aspects of the working conditions of this section of the population.
Italien i 1974 mod 4.580 samme år i Frankrig (for 13 millioner arbejdstagere); Den tyske Forbundsrepublik accepterede 36.124 tilfælde i 1973 (for 23 millioner arbejdstagere)
And yet many problems arise which are not all reducible - far from it -to the physiology of vision (cathode-ray screens).
De lovbestemte kriterier for defini tionen af erhvervssygdomme fører ofte til, at man ikke genkender sygdomme, der faktisk er associeret med arbej det, som studier vedr. særlige sygdomme (døvhed, brucel- lose, dermatitis) i Frankrig har vist.
What we do know for certain is that it would be misguided to try to transpose to offices and service enterprises what we know of manufacturing workshops; in particular we should not apply cost accounting methods and avoidance indicators to them because we are unable to measure production.
De foreliggende studier indeholder sjældent en komplet kæde af begivenheder : arbejdsvilkår
There is a whole new problem here, we think; it is just as great as the one we have been discussing and will not be resolved by "analogy" with it.
Årsagerne til skade og stress, der blev taget i betragt ning, er følgende:
ECONOMICS AND WORKING CONDITIONS
. personalegennemtræk
PROBLEMS OF METHODOLOGY
. for virksom­heden
Mr. Michel.
Virkninger af skadelige ind­flydelser og stress på:
Cretin, Counsellor at the Auditor General's Department (France) was the group's rapporteur.
Årsag —*■ virkning­diagrammer , udar­bejdet af forske­re og leveret til virksomheden
Madame Rolande Cuvillier of the ILO and Mr. Oliver Clark of the OECD took part in the work in the capacity of observers.
Analyseramme
Introduction
Regnskabsmodellens begrænsninger
Limitations of the accounting model
Gennemførelse af en vurderingsproces
Implementation of a process of evaluation
Efter 2. verdenskrig blev fundamenterne lagt til en længere vækstperiode, der varede indtil begyndelsen af 1970'erne.
After the Second World War the foundations of a lengthy period of growth which was to last until the beginning of the 1970s were laid in Western Europe.
Denne vækst havde sin rod i den på makro-økonomisk plan etable rede, bemærkelsesværdige sammenhæng mellem forbrugsmodus og arbejds- organisationsmodus.
This growth was rooted in the remarkable coherence which became estab- . lished, at the macroeconomic level, between the mode of consumption and the mode of work organization.
(boliger, biler, husholdningsapparater), var det samtidige resultat af institutionaliseringen af overenskomstforhandlinger, udbredelsen af forbrugerkredit og socialiseringen af en stor del af familieind tægterne i form af socialsikringsgoder, arbejdsløshedsunderstøttelse og pensioner.
The deliberate enlargement of wage-earners' capacity to acquire not only current goods but also, and especially, capital items (housing, cars, household equipment) was the simultaneous result of the institutionalization of collective wage bargaining, the spread of consumer credit and the socialization of a large part of family incomes in the form of social security benefits, unemployment benefit and retirement pensions.
Samtidigt bredte arbejdsorganisationens "videnskabelige ledelsesmetode" - der opstod for første gang mellem de to verdens krige - sig i tiltagende grad til alle industrivirksomheder og nåede endelig den tertiære sektor (bank- og forsikringsvæsen, distribution o.s.v.).
At the same time the "scientific management" method of work organization, which first appeared between the wars, spread pro gressively to all industrial activities and finally reached the ter tiary sector (banking and insurance, distribution, etc).
Den hurtige vækst i arbejdskraftens produktivitet og den hertil knyttede reduktion i omkostningerne var således midlerne til at sælge nye forbrugervarer til befolkningslag, der hidtil ikke havde modtaget deres retmæssige del af sådanne produkter, mens den planlagte stigning i købekraften og den mere eller mindre sikrede garanti for regelmæssige indtægter på deres side gav mulighed for en almengørelse af arbejds processerne, der dannede masseproduktionens kilde.
Thus the rapid growth in labour productivity and the concomitant re duction of costs were the means of giving access to new consumer goods to strata of the population which had up to then been deprived of such articles, whilst the planned increase in purchasing power and the more or less certain guarantee of a regular income in turn enabled the working processes which were at the origin of mass production to become universal.
Det er derfor ikke overraskende, at begge disse organisations måder gik ind i en krise sammen i anden halvdel af 1960'erne i alle lande med en"blandet" økonomi.
It is therefore no surprise to find these two modes of organization both entering a crisis together in the second half of the 1960s in all countries with "mixed" economies.
OECD, der blev udgivet i juni 1977, peger på, at "de i denne periode
The report prepared for the OECD under the direction of Mr Paul McCracken and published in June 1977 notes that "developments observed during this period (1965-68) show two features common to several European countries: heightened social malaise and a more or less explosive rise in wages".
stærkt lige fra omfattende strejkeaktioner, der utvetydigt rejste pro blemet med arbejdets organisation (lønninger, baseret på ydelse, ar bejdshastigheder, færdigheder), til adfærdsformer, der beløb sig til
The social malaise took the form, initially, of increasingly frequent disruptions affecting industrial and administrative organizations.
"passiv modstand", der først blev bemærket af arbejdsformanden på værkstedsgulvet, men som hurtigt blev indlysende for øverste ledelse, idet symptomerne herpå er hurtigt gennemtræk, fravær, dårlig brug af maskinerne, dårligt udført arbejde o.s.v.
The forms of disruption varied widely, from massive strike action explicitly posing the problem of how work is to be organized (wages based on output, work rates, skills) to types of behaviour amounting to "passive resistance", noticed first by the foreman on the shop floor but soon evident to top management, signs of which are rapid staff turnover, absenteeism, bad use of machines, poor workmanship, etc.
Væksten af denne modstand specielt blandt unge manuelle og kontor arbejdere lader til at være forbundet med to fænomener med indbyrdes modstridende konsekvenser.
The growth of this resistance, particularly among young workers both manual and clerical, seems to be linked to two phenomena with contradictory consequences.
arbejdskraftens udnyttelse (skifteholdsarbejde, større arbejdshastig heder) og til metoder, der er tilbøjelige til at kræve færre faglige kundskaber eller kvalifikationer (deling af arbejdet i små dele, flere usikre job, d.v.s. kontrakter for begrænsede perioder, midlertidigt arbejde, afgivelsen af underentrepriser uden for virksomheden og til andre afdelinger i selve foretagendet).
Firstly, the search for competitiveness leads all too often to increasingly coercive modes of utilization of labour (shiftwork, increased work rates) and ones that tend to require fewer skills or qualifications (division of work into small parts, increase in non-secure jobs, eg contracts for limited periods, temporary work, subcontracting both outside the enterprise and to other units within the enterprise).
Selv indførelsen af databe handlingsteknikker, der var inspirationen til så megen debat om befri else fra arbejdet, har i mange tilfælde ført til en forringelse af arbejdsvilkårene og gjort arbejdsgangene mere usmidige.
Even the introduction of data-processing techniques, which inspired so much talk about liberation from work, has in many cases led to a deterioration in working conditions and has made pro cedures more rigid.
Og på den anden side findes der efterhånden ikke mange mennesker, der er villige til at acceptere sådanne tvangsmidler.
On the other hand, people willing to accept such constraints are becoming ever more rare.
Den store re serve af ikke-kvalificeret arbejdskraft, den landlige befolkning og immigranterne, der plejede at udgøre størstedelen af specialarbejder ne, er ved at løbe tør. Den arbejdende befolkning bliver ældre, antal let af kvinder, der søger job, er stigende (og disse kvinder er ofte bedre kvalificeret end mændene i samme situation), og unge arbejdere sidder inde med en tiltagende bedre uddannelse.
The large pools of non-qualified labour, the rural population and the immigrants, which used to supply the major part of the semi-skilled workforce, are drying up; the working population is growing older, the proportion of women looking for jobs is on the increase (and these women often have better qualifications than the men in the same situation), the education levels of young workers are rising.
I960'erne, er således ikke noget overgangsfænomen, forbundet med en midlertidig situation, der vil ende med en tilbagevenden til samme produktionsforhold som før.
The social malaise that became apparent at the end of the 1960s is thus no transitory phenomenon connected with a temporary situation at the end of which everything will return to the same productive order as before.
produktion og arbejdskraft er organiseret, idet de må tage hensyn til kravene, en ny demografisk og social situation stiller.
of technical changes and market movements. Enterprises have been led, and many of them have been doing this for several years now, to re examine the way their production and labour are organized, taking into account the requirements of a new demographic and social situation.
Spørgsmålet om virksomhedernes evne til at afpasse sig efter et mere usikkert miljø og problemerne med omkostningerne, disse vanskeligheder pålægger samfundet som helhed, rejses desuden kon stant i den senere tid og har bidraget til at lede opmærksomheden videre end selve virksomheden og henimod sådanne problemers makro økonomiske virkninger.
In addition, the question of enterprises' ability to adapt to a more uncertain environment and the problem of the costs their functioning imposes on the community at large have started to be asked insistently in recent times and have helped to guide attention beyond the enter prise itself towards the macroeconomic effects of such problems.
Men en sådan nyvurdering kan ikke finde sted uden henvisning til konsekvenserne af beslutningerne, der skal træffes.
But this reappraisal cannot take place without reference to the con sequences that will flow from the decisions to be taken.
Ikke alle omkostninger, opstået ud fra vanskelighederne, man kommer ud for, bliver faktisk målt endsige identificeret.
Not all of the costs engendered by the difficulties encountered are actually measured or even identified.
At reducere disse omkost ninger er i sig selv et dyrt foretagende. Det indebærer normalt kast pital og driftsudgifter med sigte på at forbedre arbejdsvilkårene.
Reducing these costs is itself a costly business; it usually involves capital and current expenditure designed to improve working conditions.
Louis Davis, "en nye angrebsmåde til begrebet, arbejdsorganisation; denne omfatter ikke alene produktionens tekniske krav, men også organisationens fornødenheder som helhed, de med arbejdssituatio nen forbundne behov og samspillet mellem menneskelige ønsker og arbejdsteknikker".
More than twenty years ago the American technologist Louis Davis put forward "a new approach to the conception of work organization which embraces not only the technical demands of production but also the necessities of the organization as a whole, the social needs connected with the work situation and the interaction between human requirements and work techniques".
Denne angrebsmåde er endnu ikke blevet fuldtud etableret, men siden begyndelsen af 1970'erne er økonomer, ergono mer, ingeniører, fagforeningsfunktionærer og arbejdsgivere begyndt på udviklingen af en økonomisk angrebsmåde til arbejdsvilkårene.
This approach has yet to become fully estab lished, but since the early 1970s economists, ergonomists, engineers, trade unionists and employers have begun to develop an economic approach to working conditions.
Nogle steder mener, en for bedring af arbejdsvilkårene er en hæmsko, omend samtidigt en ønsk værdig målsætning for virksomheder, der måske kan drage betydelige fordele heraf.
In some quarters improvement of working conditions is seen as a constraint but at the same time as a desirable objective for enterprises, which may be able to derive substantial benefits from it.
Store virksomheder træffer ikke blot foranstaltnin ger til at forbedre arbejdsvilkårene, fordi en sådan handling fore kommer dem nyttig ud fra et socialt synspunkt, men fordi disse kan hjælpe dem med at reducere produktionsomkostningerne, forbedre pro duktiviteten og fremme driftsmæssig fleksibilitet. Lige fra
Large enterprises are taking steps to improve working conditions not only because such action appears to them useful from the social point of view but because it can help them reduce pro duction costs, improve productivity and enhance operational flexibility, From Olivetti to Volvo numerous examples of changes in work organiza tion which amount to a break with Taylorian principles can be cited.
Ja, langt fra at være i tilbagegang er sådanne metoder ved at vinde terræn. Studier vedr.
Indeed, far from being on the retreat, such methods are gaining ground.
skifteholdsarbejde har f.eks. konkluderet, at de "af arbejds ministeriet, socialministeriet og Industrial Facts and Forecasting
Studies on shiftwork, for example, have concluded that "the data supplied by the Ministry of Labour, the Department of Employment and by Industrial Facts and Forecasting Research Ltd indicate that shiftwork will follow an upward trend over the long term...
Muligheden for en mere intensiv anvendelse af deres kapital tilbyder virksomheder ne ubestridelige økonomiske fordele.
The ability to use their capital more intensively offers enterprises indisputable economic advantages.
En reduktion i skifteholdsar bejdet kan følgelig skade den produktive effektivitet og placere os i en ufordelagtig position i forhold til vore vigtigste uden landske konkurrenter".
A reduction in shiftwork could consequently damage productive efficiency
Franske forskere på deres side skriver:
1 and put us at a disadvantage compared with our main foreign competitors" .
"En forringelse af arbejdsvilkårene er kostbar.
French researchers, for their part, write: "The deterioration in work ing conditions is expensive.