natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Her drejer det sig om et HRD-program, som dækker 385 mennesker (uddannede ingeniører og tekniske tegnere, fordelt over 10 afdelinger), for hvem projektomkostnin gerne efter 18 måneder beløber sig til US$ 220.000
It has, for instance, been found that the remedial cost for one absentee (fork-lift truck driver) can range from 1 to 20, depending on the solution adopted (replacement - stoppage of production).
(heraf repræsenterer US$ 120.000 konsulentsalærer og associerede udgifter).
2.2 Lack of fluidity in recovery of costs (taking labour turnover as an example)
HRD-teorien fastslår, at en forbedring i holdningerne har indflydelse på de finansielle resultater.
Stating that a labour turnover of level N costs a sum S does not actually mean that reducing the level of turnover to N/2 would reduce its costs to S/2, for the very good reason that not all these costs have the same fluidity, ie they are not all recoverable within the same period.
4.2 Vurdering af nytteværdierne (omkostningsnytteværdi)
We can, for instance, quote the following figures for an example taken from the textile industry (NEDO, already cited): rate of labour turnover 6l% - cost 391 500 u, or 8.8% of the total wages bill.
Et HDR-program, der udførtes over tre år på en fabrik med 650, senere 800 og endelig 900 arbejdstagere i de tre analyseperioder (53% af personalet tilhørte de etni ske mindretal og 66% havde ingen formelle kvalifikationer)
When we examine the nature of the various remedial costs a little more closely, we find that they can be classified (in decreasing order of re covery) into the following groups: a. direct costs (overtime, wastage), which are flexible and quickly recoverable (146 500 u, or 37%); b. supervisory costs, which are recoverable in the short term, (a few months) provided that other duties are assigned to the supervisory staff (95 000 u, or 26%); c. lastly, structural costs (mainly administrative), which will probably not be recoverable unless there is a change in organization (150 000 u, or 37%).
(1) Bemærk, at dette beløber sig til en måling af potentiellet, hvis realisering bekræftes - eller ej - i løbet af eksperimentet. mentet.
Reducing labour turnover to zero does not mean that the costs are re duced to zero, or at least neither quickly nor easily.
En udarbejdelse af den finansielle opgørelse indebærer derfor en sammenligning mellem programmets omkostnin ger og tendensen i adfærdsomkostningerne (de 10 CPA- variabler), som udgør "tabene".
2.3 Conclusions Setting price values as the indicators is a non-linear operation, for two reasons: a. the wide scatter of the variables being analysed (scatter of the indicator and of the unit cost of remedial action); b. the non-fluidity (if not hysteresis) of the costs.
Selv om tendensen i omkostningerne er positiv (hoved sageligt på grund af de nedsatte kvalitetsomkostnin ger), bliver vi sammen med forfatterne nødt til at kon kludere, at resultatet ikke er opmuntrende.
The wide scatter of the phenomena under observation is not a fault that can be reduced by using appropriate methods: adopting that line of reasoning would bring us back to the mechanistic concepts of 0 & M. On the contrary, the wide scatter is intrinsic to the phenomena under observation; it is encountered in all the human and social sciences (and earlier in certain fields of the natural sciences). Thus, the only rational solution consists in constructing and using models which take account of it. It must, of course, be acknowledged that these phenomena (scatter and non-fluidity) have emerged only gradually in the course of theoretical and field studies.
Forfatterne tilføjer imidlertid, at visse nytteværdier lige netop er ved at vise sig (ændring i sindsstemningen i almindelighed, spredning af oplevede arbejdserfaringer o.s.v.); spørgsmålet om vurderingskriteriet bør derfor undersøges.
But we believe that at the present stage the re marks we have made warrant the rejection of all forms of linear calculation (how much a unit of absenteeism costs) - unless, of course, the authors are able to justify the hypothesis of linearity ... a thing we have never seen.
Sammenfattende kan det siges, at kriteriet, omkostning/ effektivitet, ikke kan undgå at hindre HRD-programmers udvikling.
The extent to which economics and working conditions are involved must, however, be pointed out, even if the authors themselves have not done so explicitly.
Det forventes, at arbejderne, der er blevet "udfordret", vil tilbagebetale virksomheden med større ydelse og mindre fravær.
The phenomena "plotted" are less homogeneous than those discussed in the preceding chapter and the parties are more various.
Gevinstforventningerne er følgelig kun eet element i forbindelse med den trufne beslutning; vurderingen må være multidisciplinær (og omfatte sociologer, ingeni ører, psykologer, revisorer).
Thus the contributions come from: i. the world of business (flexibility); ii. research and university quarters (epidemiology, psychology, demography); iii. the trade union movement.
Vi syntes, det ville være nyttigt at undersøge denne ar tikel mere indgående m.h.t. de metodologiske problemer, den løser, opstiller eller fremkalder:
Hypotheses According to the authors:
- Selv om HRD-bevægelsen ikke direkte beskæftiger sig med arbejdsvilkår som sådanne, har den givet mulighed for udviklingen af metoder til analyse og fastsættelse af en værdi for "adfærdsformer" (fravær, gennemtræk, dår lig kvalitet o.s.v.).
"... from the point of view of the person and his integrity, time conditions are of prime importance among all the working conditions which call for improvement.
- Selve kendsgerningen, at resultaterne af de beskrevne eksperimenter ikke er overbevisende, foranledigede for fatterne til at søge efter vurderingskriterierne, der er mest fordelagtige for HRDs filosofi og for udførel sen af en indgående drøftelse af de forskellige krite rier.
The problems of staggered holidays, reductions in working hours, absenteeism, improvement of working conditions, acci­ dents at work and illness ... all depend basically upon the ability or inability of an individual to make his personal time available ..."
Dette rejser et meget interessant metodologisk punkt:
By time conditions is meant: a. the nature of the time pressure experienced, and b. the duration of that pressure.
Det forekommer os, at drøftelser af denne art (vedr.
Method a. Eysenck test, followed by a questionnaire.
spørgsmålet om værdier) ville være mindre flertydige, dersom man skelnede (i overensstemmelse med Piaget) mel lem to værdiniveauer: hvor vidt den aktuelle situation involverer et projekt, direkte handling, vurdering eller undersøgelse og hvor vidt endelige værdier (kvalitative, strategiske o.s.v) og udbytteværdier (regulering gennem omkostninger o.s.v.) altid begge er til stede; og det er vigtigt at identifi cere dem klart.
The personality indicators used were: i. referring to inner life neurosis, emotion, imagination, interest, delusion; ii. referring to subject/society relationships extroversion, sociability, influence, activity, breadth of outlook.
Kommentar vedr. etableringen, anvendelsen og den finansielle evaluering af indikatorerne :
C. Teiger, A. Laville and H. Blassei
- vanskeligheder på grund af de observerede fænomeners enorme spredning,
"The study of subassembly work permits the assumption that at around 23/25 years of age the performance of the
- manglende fluiditet - eller hysterese - m.h.t. omkostningernes genindtjening.
16-18 years of age ..." iii. A study in the service industry sector on jobs in tele phone information services in 1975 revealed a similar phenomenon.
Cdq retouchering reparationer udskudsvarer nedgradering returnerede varer
Working conditions, sickness and death rates among rotary printing machine operators
Cq : Cdq + Ccq + Caq b. Erhvervelse af omkostningerne
Populations studied a. population of retirement age in three areas of work: rotary printing machine operators, dispatchers, compositors; b. population of rotary printing machine operators still working.
Cdq c. Erhvervelse af informationer: finansiel eva luering af omkostningerne, der kan henføres til kvalitetsdefekter
Findings of the study The adverse effects on health are greatest in the case of rotary printing machine operators; the sickness rate is higher, as is the death rate.
For hver enkelt af ovennævnte defekter er det nødvendigt at:
"The adverse effects upon the health of rotary printing machine operators, in the form of illnesses or symptoms, are clear, especially if their frequency is compared with that in other vocational groups; their death rate is higher and they die younger."
(eller administrative) arbejdsopgaver, der
Explanatory factors Analysis of working conditions has revealed a number of criti-
64 sættes i gang på grund af en defekt og at henføre en elementær omkostning til hver opgave ;
The relationship between these critical factors and the differential sickness rate
Disse eksempler, til hvilke man ganske indlysende kun­ ne føje andre, illustrerer, at en manipulation af virk­ ningsindikatorerne kræver en række forsigtighedsforan­ staltninger og omhyggelige analyser. Resultatet afhæn­ ger af de fulgte procedurers absolutte nøjagtighed; disse gentages kort forneden.
Economic aspects a. A proportion of the costs is borne by the community: i. costs of time lost through illness; and also ii. costs resulting from the wastage due to premature with drawal from working life by part of the population of rotary printing machine operators.
1. fase: Nøjagtig demarkering af området eller kends­ gerningen, der undersøges:
This withdrawal may take the form of early retirement for health rea sons, or premature death before retirement.
3. fase : regnskabssystemet, der skal vise omkostninger ne (direkte omkostningsberegning, samlede omkostninger o.s.v.) er på den anden side kun vilkårligt.
Note by the literature group on epidemiological studies In the United Kingdom, Messrs Abelbin, Smith and Murrel have worked on these topics but the team seems to have broken up seven or eight years ago.
Det eneste krav er i det store og hele, at det valgte system hvor somhelst det er muligt bør anvendes i almindelighed med nemmere kommunikation for øje.
In the Netherlands we have tried to obtain information on work (apparently unpublished) by Mr Kerkhoff of the University of Amsterdam.
I denne procedure er det faserne 1 og 2, der kræver størst opmærksomhed og indeholder de fleste informa tioner.
It seems that European researchers in this discipline are. not (or are no longer) in contact with each other.
Fænomenernes manglende lineæritet (spredthed - manglende fluiditet).
The variables signal many routes of transition of costs between work place and the community, but nothing has yet been formalized.
Vi ønsker at demonstrere her, at spørgsmål, så som
Trade unions and working conditions in Italy (1974-1980)
"hvor meget koster en fraværsenhed?", er irrelevante og at svarene herpå derfor desværre ofte er uden værdi, selv om (og specielt hvis) de angives i illusoriske decimaltal.
A long process began in the 1960s, taking as its theme: "health is not something money can buy; harmful working conditions must be eliminated"; this has reached the stage of legislation (December 1978), and throughout the process the trade-union strategy has constantly maintained a distinction between a contractual level and a standard level.
Hvad enten de for faserne 1 og 2 udførte observationer har relation til fravær fra arbejdet eller enhedsprisen for denne eller hin afhjælpende aktion, viser de, at vi her har med fænomener at gøre, som er underkastet en meget stor spredning, hvilket betyder, at gennemsnit tet ikke sidder inde med nogensomhelst informationsværdi.
Harmful factors Four groups of harmful factors have been defined since I969 (Fiom-Cgil): 1. Factors present within the factory and outside it (light, noise, temperature, humidity, ventilation) which become harmful if they depart too far from a comfort zone.
Det er meget mere sandsynligt, at individuelle fravær fra arbejdet er meget ulige fordelt. I en række under søgelser har fravær vist sig at være fordelt ifølge en
Harmful factors arising from the "scientific management" attitude to work organization (monotony, rates of working, anxiety, workload imposed to saturation point, postural difficulties), the limits of which cannot be determined without the views of the group concerned.
Pareto-lov, med en koncentration i nærheden af 35-65%
Intervention methodology These four groups of factors have formed the basis of numerous surveys in the 1970s.
(35% af de enkelte mennesker "leverer" 65% af fravæ rene), hvilket svarer til en relativ variationskoef ficient (cr7m) af størrelsesorden 1: nemlig 5% af de enkelte mennesker "leverer" 19% af fraværene
From this point the working environment has become one of the principal topics in negotiations aimed at a reduction in compensation and increased rights of intervention (following the line drawn at Rimini in 1972).
10% af de enkelte mennesker "leverer" 30% af fraværene
The instrument of this collective strategy is the uniform work ing group (uniform in relation to working conditions).
Flere informationspunkter (og spørgsmål) kan afledes af denne model : a. en lille variation (3-4%) i fraværet er uden betydning; b. dette viser, at omkostningen for fravær kan reduceres ved at adskille personalet i kategorier: mennesker, der meget sjældent er fraværende, tildeles job, for hvilke omkostninger for en erstatningsarbejder ville være høje o.s.v.; c. eksperimenter, der er resulteret i et fald i
Implementation in the factory The most important implementations since 1974, ratified by plant or national agreements, are as follows: a. right of enquiry: workers may have investigations, medical visits or laboratory tests carried out, assisted by technicians chosen in agreement with the undertaking and paid by it; b. right to know the risks: particularly those arising from chemical substances.
Men litteraturen fortæller os, at fravær på et bestemt værksted faldt fra 13,3% til 8,5% på et enkelt år, mens der i løbet af samme periode var et fald i antallet af medarbejdere fra 44 til 28.
ii .if the undertaking refuses to supply information re quested relating to substances regarded as toxic; iii.if the concentrations of gases, vapours or dust or the noise level exceed prescribed levels.
Det er vanskeligt at tro, at de 16 mennesker, der forlod værkstedet, blev udvalgt vilkårligt.
In these cases the undertakings are obliged to pay the appropriate wages.
Det samme gælder faktisk for enhedsomkostningen for af hjælpende aktioner. Det har f.eks. vist sig, at den af hjælpende omkostning for een fraværende (gaffeltruckfø rer) kan variere fra 1 til 20, alt efter den anvendte løsning (erstatningsarbejder - produktionsstandsning) .
d. right to develop and run an independent information system i. register of environmental data (listing and monitoring the causes of risks and damage); ii. register of biostatistical data (a tool for the uni form group to use in dealing with the specific effects of a particular kind of work); iii. individual health and risk record.
Det andet aspekt af fænomenernes manglende lineæritet bør også understreges.
The purpose of these agencies, both national and regional, is to bring together a nucleus of intellectuals and specialists working with basic data to develop a technicopolitical viewpoint common to workers, specialists and trade unionists on these particular problems.
Angivelser om, at et gennemtræk på niveau N koster et beløb S, betyder i virkeligheden ikke, at en reduktion i gennemtrækket til N/2 ville re ducere omkostningerne herfor til S/2 af den gode grund, at ikke alle disse omkostninger har samme fluiditet, d.v.s. de kan ikke alle inddækkes inden for samme pe riode .
The activities of these centres involve the production of manuals, development of specific trade-union training schemes, and dealing with groups (works councils, trade union representatives, preventive medicine centres, etc) which apply to them.
inddækningens nemhed) i følgende grupper: a. direkte omkostninger (overtidsarbejde, spild), som er fleksible og hurtige at inddække (146.500 enheder eller 37%); b. tilsynsomkostninger, der kan inddækkes på kort sigt
After two years the implementation of this Law still rests upon the issue of decrees specifying the responsibilities of the
(95.000 enheder eller 26%); c. og endelig strukturelle omkostninger (hovedsageligt administrative), som sandsynligvis ikke kan inddækkes, med mindre organisationen ændres (150.000 enheder eller 37%).
Among the reasons for this delay should be mentioned resis tance from the employers and the fact that the trade unions have been confronted by other problems (employment).
En reduktion af gennemtrækket til nul betyder ikke, at omkostningerne reduceres til nul eller i det mindste hverken hurtigt eller nemt.
However, apart from these explanations, it appears that the trade unions are beginning to regard this setback as due to the fact that they themselves have not yet been able convinc ingly to substantiate the connection between problems of health and problems of production and productivity.
Fastsættelsen af prisværdier som indikatorer er en ikke-lineær opgave af to grunde.
The acquisition of flexibility means acquiring the power to respond quickly and at low cost to stimuli from a turbulent environment.
(spredning af indikatoren og enhedsomkostningerne for den afhjælpende aktion).
This mechanistic model, still connected with the names of Taylor and
b. Omkostningernes manglende fluiditet (for ikke at tale om hysterese).
Fayol, is basically the model condemned (from 1970 onwards) by the
Disse er karakteristiske egenskaber og ikke eventualite ter, associeret med en given indikator, en given omstæn dighed eller en given observatør.
American Wickam Skinner - for reasons of economic efficiency - when he summarized the philosophy of those in charge of production ae being do minated by two obsessions: productivity and economies of scale.
Den store spredning af de observerede fænomener er ikke en fejl, der kan reduceres ved hjælp af hensigtsmæssige metoder: at
We saw what came of this when the question shifted from productivity to competitiveness.
Den store spredning er tværtimod naturlig for de observerede fænomener; en sådan kommer man ud for i alle humanistiske og sociale videnskaber (og tidligere på nogle naturvidenskabelige områder).
These experiments, their development, the link with market mechanisms, and the advantage gained from them by firms and often by workers (although some balance sheets are not always clear on this point) are widely described in literature which is sociological in origin (Frizo den Hertog for Philips in the Netherlands, Butera and Chiaromonte for Italy), but no formal approach can be found except in Midler and the scenario method.
Den eneste for nuftige løsning består derfor i at konstruere og anven de modeller, der tager hensyn hertil.
(this question has already been dealt with in Michel Cretin's report, in connection with a glass factory)
Det må naturligvis erkendes, at disse fænomener (spred ning og manglende fluiditet) kun efterhånden er kommet frem i løbet af teoretiske studier og undersøgelser i marken.
200 ordinary (women) workers (domestic gas boilers); b. 250 ordinary (immigrant men) workers (electric welding in vehicle body building); the shop products have approximately the same degree of diversification. sification.
På nuværende tidspunkt mener vi imidlertid, at de af os fremsatte bemærkninger berettiger en afvisning af alle former for lineær beregning (hvor meget en fra- værsenhed koster) - medmindre forfatterne naturligvis kan godtgøre lineæritetshypotesen ... noget, vi aldrig har set.
In the former case (boilers) an improvement in working conditions linked with a change in organization and in the product made it possible to retain all the staff (half of whom found
Der er ikke udført mange studier og da slet ikke en sy stematisk klassificering af området (selv om de teoreti ske redskaber hertil eksisterer efter vores mening), men det er muligt at danne sig et billede af området ud fra litteraturen (undertiden omstændelig, ofte ujævn), der beskriver erfaringer med ændringer i stor ganisationen og arbejdsvilkårene under pres fra mil jøet.
As regards the latter (vehicle building), where nothing had happened apart from some very severe disputes, we will con fine ourselves to a few questions: a.
Omfanget, i hvilket økonomi og arbejds vilkår er involveret, bør imidlertid understreges, selv om forfatterne selv ikke udtrykkeligt har gjort dette.
What becomes of the workers between 48 and 65 years of age?
alder: ung/gammel ii. arbejdsform: timeløn/præstationsløn.
II.3 EXTERNALIZED EFFECTS (industrial accidents)
Studiens resultat var overvældende imod arbejde på præstationsløn.
In this field the literature becomes sparse, except in the case of in dustrial accidents, and this is no coincidence.
Selv om en analyse af de relevante personlighedsdimen- sioner afslører, at den "unge arbejder på præstations løn" til at begynde med ganske klart befinder sig i en bedre position m.h.t. sit sjæleliv (idet den bedre po sition forklares af kendsgerningen, at disse arbejdere føler sig udfordret gennem det stærke tidspres, de be finder sig under), er deres forhold til samfundet al lerede begyndt at blive forringet.
From the methodological point of view the following points may be noted: a. the difficulty, already pointed out, of establishing linear causal links (GST - Gesellschaft für Systemtechnik - for example); b. the disclosure of significant "hidden costs" (significant for the community and for the enterprise) and the endeavour to summarize them in simple formulae lacking in a time aspect, as if stationary phenomena were involved.
Det observeres, at disse arbejdere begynder at trække sig ind i sig selv.
If that is so, we can expect more highly structured models to follow.
Vedkommendes relationer til samfundet forringes kon stant, og arbejderen trækker sig stadigt stærkere ind i sig selv.
The history of this kind of evaluation is marked by successive enlargements of the field covered by the calculations, as a result initially of the growth of legislation and later of management concern.
Disse ændringer, som hidrører fra varigheden af tids presset, der opleves under arbejde på præstationsløn, findes ikke blandt arbejdere på timeløn; ældre time- lønsarbejdere viser ingen nævneværdig forringelse i deres personlighed.
From ethics to economic calculation In the 19th century a person who had suffered an accident at work had to prove that it was his employer's fault if he was to obtain compensation and in this he was rarely successful. Industrial accidents did not, therefore, fall within the economic field; accident prevention was a matter of ethics.
Dersom resultaterne af denne studie accepteres,
With the introduction of laws on accident compensation, accidents became a cost to the enterprise - either directly or via an insurance premium.
Forbindelserne med økonomien forekommer os at være følgende :
Beyond insurance costs The fact that the cost of accident prevention was viewed in the light of the cost of accidents meant that the heavier the cost of accidents was thought to be, the higher would be the level of prevention.
(af den ene eller anden grund), vil de sandsynlig vis være forhindret i at søge ny beskæftigelse uden at have gennemgået langtrukne omskolinger, hvilket ville være dyrt for samfundet; de danner følgelig en
Ci = 4 Cd where Ci is the indirect cost and Cd the direct cost, an equation which expresses a statistical average and encompasses wide variations from this average.
N.B. Volkswagen-erfaringerne viser, at der kan vendes om på denne forringelse gennem en ændring i organisa tionen, der ganske indlysende modificerer "arbejds tiden".
R.M. Simonds, in Estimating accident cost in industrial plants, Safety Practices pamphlet No III, National Safety Council, Chicago, 1950, and then R.M. Simonds and J.V. Grimaldi, in Safety management - Accident cost and control, Richard D. Irwin Inc, Homewood, Illinois, 1956, distinguish costs covered by insurance ("Ca") and costs not covered by insurance ("Cna") (corresponding, with a few differences, to Heinrich's direct and indirect cost categories).