natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Arbejdsvilkår - arbejderens alder - beskæftigelse a. Observerede kendsgerninger - eller den etablerede kendsgerning vedr. en aldersgrænse for job i.
For the calculation of non-insured costs, the various types of occupa­tional injury are divided into four classes according to their serious­ness, and the average cost for each class is assessed; the total cost is obtained by summing the class average.
En undersøgelse i automobilindustrien i 1969 antydede en aldersgrænse på omkring fyrre for job ved produk- tionsbåndet, samt forskelle i denne aldersgrænse alt efter montagearbejdets art (karrosseri eller interiører ).
The intention was that stan­dard procedures and reference values should be established for different
1972-1973 (undermontagearbejde af elektriske hus holdningsapparater) viste også en aldersgrænse for job, alt efter arbejdsvilkårene - dog ikke over:
This work, aiming to provide some simple coefficients which could be applied to different cases, was similar in its approach to that adopted by the Confederation of British Industries (CBI) in the United Kingdom in its report entitled Safety and Health at Work (1972):
25 år for undermontagearbejde af elektriske hus holdningsapparater , og
"If a simple and rapidly applicable formula could be devised for use at company level making it possible to measure the financial losses caused by accidents and illness and then to make inter-company comparisons within a given industry, such a formula would be a valuable contribution to reducing work-related accidents and illness."
30/35 år for montagearbejde af de samme apparater.
The following works take a similar line: a.
En undersøgelse i maskinbygningssektoren (dreje bænkarbejdere, fræsemaskinearbejdere o.s.v.) i
P.C. Compes (Betriebsunfälle wirtschaftlich gesehen (Industrial accidents from an economic standpoint), Cologne, 1965* Anlis Verlag Denbaer & Co) examines not insured and non-insured costs but over heads and direct costs in the mechanical engineering industries. d. R. Skiba (Taschenbuch Arbeitssicherheit (Manual of safety at work), Erich Schmid Verlag, Bielefeld, 1975) recasts a formula proposed by Stumpfig in 1970: C = a. Da + b.
Arbejdsvilkårenes faktorer er følgende: i. omfattende ufriheder m.h.t. tid; ii. høje præstationsrater; iii. høje niveauer for manuel fingerfærdighed; iv. alvorlige ufriheder m.h.t. arbejdsstilling; v. strenge visuelle koncentrationskrav; vi. arbejdstidens art (skifteholdsarbejde); vii. aflønningsform (præstationsløn).
N.d.s is the annual cost of occupational injuries, where C Da is the annual expenditure on insuring against occupational injuries,
"de mest indlysende forbindelser mellem arbejdsvilkå rene og arbejdernes alder findes i sektoren, hvor arbejdsorganisationen er baseret på tayloristiske
N is the annual number of occupational injuries for which compensation is paid, d s is the mean period of absence (in days), is the mean daily pay, and a and b are coefficients greater than 1, varying according to the magnitude of the benefits paid and the factors specific to each branch of industry.
Andre faktorer, der ikke kan ignoreres: i. arten af virksomheden, i hvilken disse job udføres, d.v.s.:
This was the line taken by Frank Bird, who was responsible for the safety of 5000 workers in an American steel company; he proposed a new definition of an accident:
- om virksomheden er under udvidelse eller indskrænk ning;
"an unforeseen event resulting in damage to persons or property or both".
- om virksomheden er traditionel eller sidder inde med fremskreden teknologi;
In this way Bird developed his science of "damage control" (F.E. Bird and G.L. Germain: Damage control - American Management Association, New York, I966).
Aldersforbundne psyko-fysiologiske ændringer, den heraf følgende ændring i den produktive arbejdsstyrkes vilkår og samtidigt hermed konstansen i tidens løb for vilkå rene, under hvilke arbejderen udfører sit arbejde, ska ber følgende for det enkelte menneske: i. en forøgelse i omkostningerne til opnåelse af dets præ station - omkostninger, der naturligvis føres tilbage til dets psyko-fysiologiske funktioner; og forårsager: ii. arbejderens flytning fra sit job, hvilket ( alt efter de almindelige økonomiske forhold) fører til:
From loss control to risk control The control of material damage was soon swallowed up in control of all losses and damage ("total loss control"):
- flytninger inden for eller bort fra virksomheden eller
F.E. Bird, Management guide to loss control, Institute Press, Atlanta, Georgia, 1974;
- arbejdsløshed af længere eller kortere varighed,
F.E. Bird and R.G. Loftus, Loss control management, Institute Press, Loganville, Georgia, 1976.
C Teiger, A. Laville og M. Lortie
These risks must be assessed and steps must be taken to prevent them occurring.
Arbejdsvilkår, sygdom og dødelighedsrater blandt rotationspressers betjeningspersonale
Work­related illness As regards illness connected with work, the existence of lists of occu­pational diseases recognized in each country and of corresponding statis­tics is not enough to provide a basis for evaluation.
Man forsøgte at vurdere de differentiale sygdomsrater inden for en enkelt virksomhed, baseret på: a. kollektive interviewer; b. en audiografisk studie; c. en analyse af de ugentlige søvn- og spisemønstre; d. anvendelse af lægejournaler, udarbejdet af bedrifts- læger for forskellige befolkningstyper (analyse af differentiale dødelighedsrater).
In fact the differences in definition from country to country (these countries being socially and industrially comparable in other respects) lead to divergent results which do not show the true position: thus 53 155 cases of occupational disease were recognized in Italy in 1974 as against 4580 in the same year in France (for 13 million employees); the Federal Republic of Germany accepted 36 124 cases in 1973 (for 23 mil­lion employees) .
Den undersøgte befolkning a. befolkningen i pensionsalderen på tre arbejdsområder: rotationspressearbejdere, ekspeditionspersonale, sættere; b. rotationspressebefolkningen arbejder stadigt.
The available studies rarely give the complete chain of events: working impairment of . costs for the various conditions health parties On the other hand, methods have been developed for ascertaining the re­lationships between work situations and health, and in certain cases these could be followed up by evaluations in money terms.
Undersøgelsens resultater
This method was developed by the GST, a research institute
De skadelige virkninger på helbredet er størst for ro tationspressearbejderne; sygdomsraten er højere end antallet af dødsfald.
FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY within the Krupp group, in connection with the foundry indus try ("humanization of work" project).
"De skadelige virkninger for rotationspressearbejdere i form af sygdom eller symptomer er indlysende, spe cielt dersom deres hyppighed sammenlignes med andre erhvervsfaglige gruppers.
The purpose is to assess costs that arise from bad working conditions: costs borne by the enterprise, by insurance bodies and by the individual.
Deres dødelighedsrate er højere, og de dør i en yngre alder".
The method aims at establish ing a relation between investment costs for improving working conditions and the potential gains from reducing the costs of bad working conditions.
Forklarende faktorer
Problems formulated
En analyse af arbejdsvilkårene har afsløret en række kritiske faktorer: a. arbejdstider: natarbejde seks dage om ugen; b. fysiske miljø: støjniveau 98 til 110 dB, giftigt støv, kunstig belysning, vibration, varme forhold; c. fysisk belastning: håndtering af tunge produkter; altid i samme stilling, balancetab; d. mental belastning: tilsyn.
Broadly, the reasoning that underlies the method is as fol lows: bad ergonomie conditions impair men's capacity for work, and this involves absences (with the associated costs of restoring health or of compensation) and production losses, on which it is possible to set a monetary value.
Relationerne mellem disse kritiske faktorer og den differentiale sygdomsrate
(An article published in Humane Produktion in November I980 describes the guiding principles behind the method.)
Selv om en direkte relation mellem årsager (arbejds vilkår) og virkninger (sygdom og symptomer) ikke kan bevises, fortæller forfatterne os, at man kan pege på følgende principielle relationer:
The method thus presupposes the existence of a causal chain, or at least a strong correlation, between certain bad working conditions (noise, heat, dust, etc) and certain measurable effects on production and absenteeism; the authors attempted to establish such correlations on the basis of their own in vestigations, statistical data and the literature on indus trial medicine.
Økonomiske aspekter a. En forholdsmæssig del af omkostningerne afholdes af samfundet : i. omkostninger for tid, der er gået tabt på grund af sygdom, samt
The effects related to these causes by the authors are as follows: industrial accidents, occupational diseases, general illness, staff turnover, proportion of foreign workers, life expectancy, job satisfaction, rehabilitation, disablement.
11 omkostninger som følge af spild på grund af for tidlig tilbagetrækning fra arbejdslivet for en del af rotationspressearbejderne. Denne tilbage trækning kan være i form af førtidspensionering, af helbredsmæssige grunde eller for tidlig død før pensionsalderen.
These effects are reflected in absence from work and reduced production (which generate costs for the enterprise and for the insurance bodies) and in human costs for the workers themselves, assessed in points according to a pricing system.
b. En forholdsmæssig del af omkostningerne bæres af det enkelte menneske; dette er resultatet af hyp pigere og tidligere dødsfald efter arbejdets ophør.
The application of the accounting method may be represented as shown in the attached diagram.
I det forenede Kongerige har Adelbin, Smith og Murrel arbejdet med disse mener, men holdet lader til at være blevet opløst for syv eller otte år siden.
Unit costs to the firm: wages and share of social costs; replacement costs.
Det ser ud til,at europæiske forskere inden for denne disciplin ikke er (eller ikke længere er) i kontakt med hinanden.
Unit costs to insurance bodies: compensation per day of incapacity for work.
Økonomiske aspekter
Costs a. to the firm
FAGFORENINGER OG ARBEJDSVILKÅR I ITALIEN (1974 - I98O)
Effects of harmful in fluences and stresses on
En lang proces startede i I960'erne, og dens emne var:
Shopfloor measure ment of a series of harmful and stress ful factors: a. absenteeism b. to insurance bodies
Dette har nået lov- givningsstadiet (december 1978), og under hele proces sen har fagforeningsstrategien konstant holdt fast ved, at der skelnes mellem et kontraktligt niveau og et standardniveau.
Cause ^ effect charts drawn up by researchers and supplied to the firm b. production losses noise, dust, gases, etc
Siden 1969 har man defineret fire grupper skadelige faktorer (Fiom-Cgil):
Human costs for workers (pricing by points system)
(gas, støv, dampe), af hvilke koncentrationer skal være under den maksimalt tilladelige koncentration
Nevertheless, in the case of the foundry industry and certain similar fields the scale and severity of physical stresses and harmful influ ences on health justify an attempt to establish causality.
3- Objektiv og videnskabelig træthed (fysisk og nervøs træthed).
In such cases the method can produce meaningful calculations demonstrat ing the magnitude of the human costs and providing a basis for calculat ing the profitability of measures to improve working conditions.
Disse fire grupper faktorer har dannet grundlaget for talrige undersøgelser i 1970'erne.
It may be useful to note which features the Humanvermögensrechnung method borrows from the US school of thought (cf Barry A. Macy and
Siden da er arbejdsmiljøet blevet eet af de vigtigste emner i forhandlinger med sigte på en reduktion i er- statningsbetalinger og større interventionsrettigheder
Philip H. Mirvis: Methodology for Assessment of Quality of Work-life and Organizational Effectiveness in Behavioral Economic Terms, in
(efter den i Rimini optrukne linie i 1972).
Administrative Science Quarterly, June 1976, volume 21), and in which features it differs from it.
Instrumentet i denne kollektive strategi er den ensar tede arbejdsgruppe (ensartet i forhold til arbejdsvil kårene).
In both cases, a study is made of human behaviour and of malfunctions related to it which occasion costs to the enterprise: industrial acci dents, illness, disablement and absenteeism.
Dens mål er: observation, indsamling og pri mær behandling af dataene samt opnåelse af de nødven dige kundskaber til at forhindre og eliminere farer
Both cases involve the attempt to establish a linear causal model, with the aim of linking a certain effect to a specific cause.
(i samarbejde med fagforeningsfunktionærer og sund- hedsteknikkere).
But whereas the Americans look for the causes on this side of behaviour, ie in workers' attitudes and choices (expressing the degree of divergence from a "normal" consensus in favour of work), the Germans look for the causes in the physical characteristics of the workplace: noise, heat, gases, vibration, etc, thereby concentrating on objective variables of an ergonomie nature.
De vigtigste gennemførelser siden 1974, ratificeret gennem virksomhedsaftaler eller nationale overenskom ster, er følgende: a. undersøgelsesret : arbejderne kan arrangere undersø gelser, lægebesøg eller udførelsen af laboratorie prøver med assistance fra teknikkere, udvalgt i over ensstemmelse med virksomheden og betalt af denne; b. ret til at få kendskab til farerne: især sådanne, der forårsages af kemiske stoffer.
Project NPI-I030, "Work, health and economics", began in 1974 and the report was published in 1978.
Domstolene gav denne rettighed medhold mod virksomheder, der søgte tilflugt bag "forretningshemmeligheder"; c. ret til at indstille arbejdet (eller til reduceret arbejdstid) : i. når konfronteret med en indlysende fare; ii . dersom virksomheden nægter at give de ønskede oplysninger med relation til stoffer, der anses for at være giftige; iii.dersom koncentrationer af gasarter, dampe eller støv eller støjniveauet overskrider de foreskrev ne niveauer.
The aim of this project was to analyse the costs associated with industrial accidents and with working conditions that are injurious to health. We set out to assess firstly the' nature and magnitude of these costs and secondly their dis tribution between the three main parties by whom they are borne: the employee, the employer and the public sector.
I disse tilfælde er virksomhederne forpligtet til at ud betale hensigtsmæssige lønninger.
This loss of manpower, and the under-utilization of production units, interruptions of work and delays in delivery generally associated with it, represent an economic loss that has yet to be measured.
register over miljødata (lister over og kontrol med årsagerne til farer og skader); ii. register over biostatiske data (et redskab, den ensartede gruppe kan bruge, når den behandler virkningerne af en særlig form for arbejde); iii. journal over individuelle helbredstilstande og risikoer.
Previous estimates of the cost to society of industrial acci dents, based on official statistics, have shown both that these costs are enormous and that most of the financial costs are due to production losses expressed by the wage costs of the working days lost. This, we thought, carries little in formation value for employers as regards preventive measures, firstly because industrial accidents account for only a small
Udvikling fagforeningerne imellem og et interventionsma skineri burde føjes til ovennævnte: i.
(generally less than 10% in manufacturing enterprises) and secondly because any absence from work, for whatever reason, obviously entails other costs arising from disruption of the production process, administrative routine, etc.
Centret for forskning og dokumentation vedr. erhvervs mæssige farer og skader (CRD) med hovedkontor i Rom; ii. tolv regionale eller provinscentre, der kæmper mod skadelige vilkår.
We believed that the bulk of the costs to enterprises arising from bad working conditions would be in the form of absence from work because of illness or accidents.
Formålet med disse både regionale og nationale organer er at samle en kerne af intellektuelle og specialister, der arbejder med basisdata til udviklingen af et teknisk politisk synspunkt vedr. disse særlige problemer, der er fælles for arbejdere, specialister og fagforeningsfunk tionærer.
The main difficulty that we saw here was in assessing how large a pro portion of absences because of illness are caused directly or indirectly by the working environment.
Disse centres aktiviteter omfatter udarbejdelsen af håndbøger, udviklingen af specifike fagforenings-ud dannelsesordninger, samt at tage sig af grupper (be driftsråd, fagforeningsrepræsentanter, centre for fore byggende medicin o.s.v.), som henvender sig til centrene.
What we could say, in the final analysis, is that a good number of the absences due to what is generally called "ordinary" illness, ie illness not caused by working conditions, are in reality connected with various aspects of the working environment.
GENNEMFØRELSE UDEN FOR FABRIKKEN: LOV NR. 883
Our belief was reinforced by the fact that the manual and non-manual workers within a given enterprise have significantly different rates of absenteeism.
Den italienske fagbevægelse hævder, at arbejdets kvali tet og livskvalitet er to uadskillelige aspekter af eet og samme mønster: at ændre måden, på hvilken det italien ske samfund lever.
It was decided to carry out a study in three firms on person nel turnover, absence from work because of illness or accident, and the cost of production losses due to these factors.
Dette er grunden til de konstante bestræbelser for at forbinde fabrikken og "territoriet", der med Lov nr. 883 (23.12.1978) kulminerede i skabelsen af lokale sundhedsforbund (Local Health Unions = LHU).
The firms selected were fairly large production units in the metal- processing industry, where the labour force and technology have been relatively stable over a period of 10-15 years.
Sidstnævntes karakteristiske egenskaber er følgende: a. LHU er et middel til decentralisering af ansvarene og den udøvende magt i sundhedsanliggender; b. LHU skal give mulighed for arbejderes og borgeres med indflydelse; c. LHU skal tilvejebringe sundhedsordninger på den ene side og et informationssystem på den anden
Economic information and information on industrial accidents over a 1-year period was collected from interviews, written reports and records.
(epidemiologisk og statistisk), idet man anvender basisdata (sundheds- og risikojournaler) og udvikler den tekniske og videnskabelige uddannelse af sund- hedsteknikkere og sundhedsundervisning for befolk ningen.
We did not encounter any problems in gaining access to the shopfloor and the files in the firms concerned, or in forming project groups in which employees and employers had equal representation.
Efter to år hviler gennemførelsen af denne lov stadig på problemet med forordninger, der specificerer LHUs ansvar.
This remark is con firmed by the fact that absenteeism in these firms is lower than the average for this branch of industry.
Blandt grundene til denne forsinkelse bør man nævne mod standen fra arbejdsgivernes side og kendsgerningen, at fagforeningerne er blevet konfronteret med et andet pro blem (beskæftigelse).
But for a study of absence from work because of illness it is obviously neces sary either to use retrospective statistics covering a rela tively lengthy period, or to initiate a study of equivalent duration, or to carry out a comparative study on a large sample.
Bort set fra disse forklaringer lader det dog til, at fagforeningerne'er ved at mene, at denne hindring skyl des kendsgerningen, at de ikke selv på overbevisende måde har kunnet dokumentere forbindelsen mellem hel bredsproblemer og produktions- og produktivitetsproble- mer.
Our estimates were based on accident reports and on interviews with foremen, production managers and the personnel department.
Opnåelse af fleksibilitet betyder erhvervelsen af magten til at kunne reagere hurtigt og billigt over for påvirk ninger fra et turbulent miljø.
However, our findings show that the majority of industrial ac cidents (contrary to what the official statistics show) are not serious, entail the loss of less than 11 working days, cause no permanent physical injuries and involve only minor damage to property or disruption of production, and that sub ject to a few modifications they can be regarded as comparable to normal absence because of ordinary illness.
Eksperimenter og skik og brug har tendens til at afvige fra den mekanistiske model, ligegyldigt om disse påvirkninger er af social oprin delse (fravær, introduktionen af variabel arbejdstid) eller af økonomisk oprindelse (spredning af produktions programmet, kortere produktliv eller nødvendigheden af at skulle reducere leveringstider).
Clearly, accidents involving death or a permanent disablement are far more costly in all senses of the word than the average acci dent we studied.
Den stadig med navnene Taylor og Fayol associerede meka nistiske model er stort set modellen, amerikaneren,
Other negative effects, for which non-financial costs are not usually assessed, are left out of the discussion completely, which means that the discus sion is very limited and only the minimal costs are included.
Wickam Skinner, ud fra økonomiske effektivitetsgrunde
There is another problem: because the production loss is re lated to the cost of the manpower (wages, social costs of
84 fordømte (fra og med 1970), da han sammenfattede filosofi fien, der gælder for folk med ansvar for produktionen, nemlig at de domineres af to tvangstanker: produktivi tet og besparelser, baseret på masseproduktion.
84 working days lost), the absence through illness of a skilled worker will account for a higher cost than the absence of an unskilled worker.
Vi har set, hvad dette førte til, da problemet flyttede fra produktivitet til konkurrenceevne.
In other words, some lives appear to have more economic value than others.
Man kan skelne mellem de to vigtigste eksperimentformer på følgende måde: a. sådanne, der sigter på en restrukturering af arbejds- opgaverne (Taylor), som begyndte for ca. ti år siden og førte til organisationsmæssige ændringer på værk stederne (kortlinieproduktioner, semi-selvstændige hold), idet Volvo og Olivetti er typiske eksempler; b. sådanne, der sigter på en restrukturering af funktio nerne (Fayol), der er af nyere dato (SAF, Philips), og som lader til at være mere interesseret i en orga nisation af virksomheden.
Definition of direct and indirect costs It was judged necessary to assess the magnitude of the costs to society as a whole as well as the separate costs for the worker, the employer and the public sector.
Den vigtigste fordel, man søger, ser ud til at være en forbedring af informa tionskanalerne og beslutningsprocessen: nemlig ved at afskaffe den faste produkt/markedsstruktur på virksom hedsplan som helhed, hvor forsinkelserne og forvræng ningerne i cirkulationen af informationer ikke længere står i forhold til eksterne påvirkninger og følgelig at anvende små enheder, i hvilke produkt/markedsfor- bindeisen styres nærmere ved græsrødderne.
We decided that the concept of cost included two aspects: direct costs, ie the costs which are occasioned directly and without any possible doubt by a specific accident and which have a market price, and indirect costs, ie the costs which are occasioned by acci dents or illness but are not directly connected with them (such as permanent over-manning, hold-ups at certain stages of pro duction or delays in delivery) and the negative aspects which have no market price or are not adequately reflected by a market price (the loss of a limb, nervous diseases and the like).
Holland; Butera og Chiaromonte for Italien), men det er umuligt at finde nogen formel angrebsmåde undtagen hos Midler og med scenario-metoden.
Direct costs Loss of working time from the moment the acci dent occurs until the end of the day in question (value of lost production expressed by wage costs).
(dette spørgsmål er allerede blevet dækket i Michel
Interruptions and delays in delivery for the same reasoné