natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
& ORORDNINGEN฀ lNDER฀ ANVENDELSE฀ I฀ ALLE฀ MEDLEMSSTATER฀ MED฀ U N D TAGELSE฀ AF฀ $ AN M A R K ฀ SOM฀ I F � L GE ฀ % & TRAKTATENS฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ IKKE฀ D E L T A GE R ฀ I฀ RETSAKTER฀ DER฀ ER฀ VE D TAGET฀ I฀HENHOLD฀TIL฀ TRAKTATENS฀AFSNIT฀)6 ฀ $ ET฀ & O R E N E DE฀ + O N GE R I GE ฀ OG฀ ) R LAND฀ HAR฀ DERIMOD฀ MED D E L T ฀ AT฀DE฀ � N SKER฀ AT฀ V � R E ฀ BUNDET฀ AF฀ IN SffT R U M E N T ET฀ ) ฀ FORBIN D E L SERNE฀MELLEM฀$ANMARK฀OG฀DE฀ ANDRE฀% & MEDLEMSSTATER฀ G � L DER฀ "RUXELLES฀) KONVENTIONEN฀ F � L GE L IG ฀ STADIG฀ I฀DEN฀ FOR M ฀ TEKST EN฀ H A V DE฀ F � R ฀ DEN฀ R EV I S I O N ฀ DER฀ F � R T E ฀ TIL฀ VE D TAGELSE฀ AF฀ FORORDNINGEN ฀ - A T E R I E L T ฀ AN VE N D E L S EffS OM R � D E
4HE฀ REGULATION฀ IS฀ APPLICABLE฀ IN฀ ALL฀-EMBER฀ 3TATES฀ EXCEPT฀ $ E N M A R K ฀ WHICH฀ UNDER฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀OF฀THE฀ %#฀ 4 RE A T Y ฀ DOES฀ NOT฀ TAKE฀ P A R T ฀ IN฀AC T S ฀ ADOPTED฀ PURSUANT฀ TO฀ 4 I T L E ฀ )6 ฀OF฀THE฀ %#฀ 4 RE A T Y ฀ W H E RE AS฀ IT฀ DOES฀ APPLY฀ IN฀ THE฀ 5 N I T E D ฀ + IN G D O M ฀ AND฀ ) RE L AND฀ WHICH฀ N O T I l E D ฀ THEIR฀ W I S H ฀ TO฀BE฀ BO U N D ฀BY฀THE฀ REGULATION฀ 4 H U S ฀ THE฀"RUSSELS฀ ) ฀ #ONVENTION฀ IN฀ THE฀ V E R S I ON฀ PRECE D ING฀ THE฀ RE V I S I ON฀ PROCE S S ฀ L E A D ING฀TO฀THE฀ADOPTION฀OF฀THE฀REGULATION฀CONTINUES฀TO฀APPLY฀IN฀RELATIONS฀BETWEEN฀ $ E N M A R K ฀AND฀ITS฀ F E L L O W ฀ %#฀ -EMBER฀ 3 T A T E S
D � C I S I O NffS ฀ EN฀ M A T I� R E ฀ CIVILE฀ ET฀ C OM M E R C I A L E i฀ %N฀ F � D E R A L I SffT I S K ฀ T R A K T AT฀ KONVENTIONEN฀ MELLEM฀ %ff� & S ฀ MEDLEMSSTATER฀ OM฀ANERKENDELSE฀OG฀FULDBYRDELSE฀AF฀ RETS A FG � R E L S ER฀ I฀ B O R GE R LIGE฀ SAGER฀ HERUNDER฀HANDELSSAGER ฀I฀2EVUE฀ T R I M EffS T R I E L L E ฀ DE฀ D R O I T ฀ E U R O P� EN฀ ฀ S ฀ ฀ F F ฀ $ ER฀ ER฀ TALE฀OM฀ UNDTAGELSER฀ SOM฀ $OMSTOLEN฀ VED฀ NOGLE฀ LEJLIGHEDER฀SYNES฀AT฀ HAVE฀ FOR T O L K ET฀ B R E D T ฀ IDET฀ DEN฀ HAR฀ LAD ET฀ DEM฀ OMFATTE฀ T V I SffT ER฀DER฀ UDEN฀ DIREKTE฀
฀ 4HE฀ #OURT฀ OF฀ *USTICE฀ HAS฀ TENDED฀ TO฀ INTERPRET฀ THESE฀ EXCEPTIONS฀ W I D E L Y ฀ TO฀ COVER฀ DIS P U T E S ฀ WHICH฀ WHILE฀ NOT฀ EXPLICITLY฀ INCLUDED฀AMONG฀ THE฀ SUBJECTS฀ L I S T E D ฀ ARE฀ N E V E R T H E LESS฀ IN DIRECTLY฀ RELATED฀ TO฀ THEM฀ 4HE฀ #OURT฀ HAS฀ C L E A R L Y ฀
) ฀ HENHOLD฀ TIL฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ lNDER฀ "RUXELLES฀) FORORDNINGEN฀ ANVENDELSE฀ P� ฀ RETS SAGER฀ DER฀ ER฀ ANLAGT฀ OG฀ P� ฀ OF l C I E L T ฀ BE K R � FT E DE฀ DOKUMENTER฀ DER฀ ER฀ UDSTEDT฀ EFTER฀ FORORDNINGENS฀ I K R A FT T R � DEN฀ DEN฀ ฀ M A R TffS ฀ ฀ $ ET฀ H E D DER฀ IMIDLERTID฀ I฀ SffT K ฀ ฀ I฀ SAMME฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ AT฀ I฀ FORBINDELSE฀MED฀ EN฀ SAG฀ DER฀ ER฀ ANLAGT฀ I฀ EN฀MEDLEMSSTAT฀ F � R ฀ DENNE฀ D A TO฀ SKAL฀ RETS A FG � R E L S EN฀ SOM฀ER฀ TRUFFET฀ EFTER฀ FORORDNINGENS฀ I K R A FT T R � DEN฀ AN E R KENDES฀OG฀FULDBYRDES฀I฀DE฀ANDRE฀MEDLEMSSTATER฀I฀OVERENSSTEMMELSE฀MED฀FORORD NINGEN฀ I฀ TO฀ T I L F � L DE฀ FOR฀ DET฀ F � R SffT E ฀ HVIS฀ D OM S SffT A T EN฀ P� ฀ DET฀ TIDSPUNKT฀ HVOR฀ S A GEN฀ BLEV฀ ANLAGT฀ VAR฀ P A R T ฀ I฀ "RUXELLES฀) KONVENTIONEN฀ ELLER฀ ,UGANO KONVENTIONEN฀OG฀ FOR฀ DET฀ AN DET฀ HVIS฀ DE฀ KOMPETENCEREGLER฀ DER฀ ER฀ ANVENDT฀ I฀ D OM S SffT A T EN฀ ER฀ I฀OVERENSSTEMMELSE฀MED฀ DE฀ REGLER฀ DER฀ ER฀ F A SffT S AT฀ I฀ FORORDNINGEN฀ ELLER฀ I฀ EN฀ KONVENTION฀ DER฀ DA฀ S A GEN฀ BLEV฀ ANLAGT฀ VAR฀ G � L D E N DE฀ MELLEM฀ D OM S SffT A T EN฀ OG฀ DEN฀ MEDLEMSSTAT฀ SOM฀ ANMODNINGEN฀ ER฀ RET T ET฀ TIL฀ $ENNE฀ O VE R G AN G S REGEL฀ HAR฀ TIL฀ FOR M � L ฀ P� ฀ DEN฀ ENE฀ SIDE฀ S � ฀ VIDT฀MULIGT฀ AT฀ SIKRE฀ KON T IN U I T E T EN฀ MELLEM฀ DE฀ KONVENTIONER฀ DER฀ G � L DER฀ MELLEM฀ MEDLEMSSTATERNE฀ OG฀ FORORDNINGEN฀ OG฀ P� ฀ DEN฀ ANDEN฀ SIDE฀ AT฀ F R E M M E ฀ E NffS A R T E T H E DEN฀ AF฀ REGLERNE฀ FOR฀ FULDBYRDELSE฀AF฀RETS A FG � R E L S ER฀ P� ฀ %5 S ฀ OM R � D E
5NDER฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀ THE฀"RUSSELS฀ )฀2EGULATION฀ APPLIES฀ TO฀ LEGAL฀ PROCEEDINGS฀ IN S T I T U T E D ฀AND฀TO฀ DOCUMENTS฀ FORMALLY฀ D R A W N ฀ UP ฀ AFTER฀ THE฀ REGULATIONS฀ ENTRY฀ INTO฀ FOR C E ฀ ON฀ ฀ - A R C H ฀ ฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀ H O W E V E R ฀ G O E S ฀ ON฀ TO฀ S P E C IF Y ฀ TWO฀ S I T U A T I O N S ฀ IN฀WHICH฀ IN฀ PROCEEDINGS฀ IN S T I T U T E D ฀ IN฀ A฀-EMBER฀3TATE฀ BEFORE฀ THAT฀ D A T E ฀ JUDGMENTS฀ GIVEN฀ THEREAFTER฀ WILL฀ BE฀ RECOGNISED฀ AND฀ENFORCED฀ IN฀ ACCORDANCE฀WITH฀ THE฀REGULATION ฀ 4HESE฀ ARE฀ I ฀ IF฀ WHEN฀ THE฀PROCEEDINGS ฀ WERE฀ IN S T I T U T E D ฀ IN฀ THE฀-EMBER฀3TATE฀OF฀ ORIGIN฀ THAT฀ -EMBER฀3TATE฀ WAS฀ A฀ PARTY฀ TO฀ THE฀"RUSSELS฀ ) ฀ #ONVENTION฀ OR฀ THE฀ , U G A NO฀ #ONVENTION฀ OR฀ I I ฀ IF฀ IN฀ THE฀-EMBER฀3TATE฀OF฀ ORIGIN฀ JURISDICTION฀ WAS฀ F O U N D E D ฀ ON฀ RULES฀WHICH฀ A C C O R D E D ฀ WITH฀ THOSE฀ PROVIDED฀ FOR฀ IN฀THE฀REGULATION฀OR฀IN฀A฀CONVENTION฀CONCLUDED฀BETWEEN฀THE฀-EMBER฀3TATE฀OF฀ ORIGIN฀AND฀THE฀-EMBER฀3TATE฀ADDRESSED฀WHICH฀WAS฀IN฀FORCE฀WHEN฀THE฀PROCEED INGS฀ WERE฀ IN S T I T U T E D ฀ 4HIS฀ IS฀ A฀ TRANSITIONAL฀ PROVISION฀ DESIGNED฀ TO฀ ENSURE฀ THE฀ MAXIMUM฀ CONTINUITY฀ BETWEEN฀ THE฀REGULATION ฀ AND฀ CONVENTIONS฀ APPLYING฀ AMONG฀-EMBER฀3TATES฀AND฀TO฀PROMOTE฀UNIFORMITY฀IN฀THE฀RULES฀APPLIED฀TO฀THE฀ ENFORCEMENT฀ OF฀ JUDGMENTS฀ T H R O U G H OUT฀ THE฀ %UROPEAN฀ 5 N I O N
฀ $EN฀ ALMINDELIGE฀ K OM P E T E N C E R E GE L
฀ 'ENERAL฀ GROUND฀OF฀ JU R I S DI C T I O N
฀ & ORORDNINGENS฀ O R D NING฀ FOR฀ RETTERNES฀ DIREKTE฀ KOMPETENCE฀ BE SffT� R ฀ LIGESOM฀ ALLEREDE฀ "RUXELLES฀) KONVENTIONENS฀ AF฀ EN฀ R � K K E ฀ REGLER฀ EN฀ ALMINDELIG฀ REGEL฀ NOGLE฀ SPECIELLE฀ REGLER฀ DER฀ ER฀ A L T E R N A T I VE R ฀ TIL฀ DEN฀ ALMINDELIGE฀ REGEL฀ S � KAL D T E ฀ w BE S K Y T T E L S EffS R E G L E R i฀ DER฀ IN D EB � R ER฀ EN฀ S � R L IG ฀ O R D NING฀ N � R ฀ D E T ฀DREJER฀SIG฀OM฀ AT฀ BESKYTTE฀ EN฀ S V A G ฀ P A R T ฀ EN฀ REGEL฀ VE D R � RENDE฀ A FT A L T ฀ V � R N E T IN G ฀ MELLEM฀ PARTERNE฀ OG฀ ENDELIG฀ REGLER฀ VE D R � RENDE฀ E N E K OM P E T E N C E ฀ $EN฀ ALMINDELIGE฀ REGEL฀ DER฀ ER฀ F A SffT S AT฀ I฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ ER฀ S A G S � GT EffS ฀ B O P� L ฀ I฀ EN฀MEDLEMSSTAT฀ ( E R AF฀ F � LG ER฀ AT฀ P E R SffO N ER฀DER฀ HAR฀ B O P� L ฀ I฀ EN฀MEDLEMSSTAT฀ U AN S ET฀ DERES฀ N A T I O N A L I T ET฀ SOM฀ER฀ HELT฀ U D E L U K K ET฀ SOM฀ K OM P E T E N C E GRUNDLAG฀ UD฀ FRA฀DET฀ P R IN C I P ฀ AT฀ DER฀ INDEN฀ FOR฀ DET฀ IN D R E ฀ M A R K E D ฀ IKKE฀ M � ฀ S K E L N EffS ฀ P� ฀ GRUNDLAG฀ AF฀ SffT A TffS B O R GE R S K A B ฀ SKAL฀ S A G S � GE S ฀ VED฀ RETTERNE฀ I฀ DENNE฀ MEDLEMSSTAT฀ 0 E R SffO N ER฀ KAN฀ KUN฀ S A G S � GE S ฀ VED฀ RETTERNE฀ I฀ EN฀ ANDEN฀ MEDLEMSSTAT฀ HVIS฀ DET฀ ER฀ F A SffT S AT฀ I฀ FORORDNINGEN฀ .
฀ 4HE฀ SYSTEM฀OF฀ DIRECT฀ JURISDICTION฀ EM BO DI E D ฀ IN฀ THE฀REGULATION ฀ IS฀ BASED฀ � ฀ LIKE฀ THAT฀ OF฀ ITS฀ PREDECESSOR฀ THE฀"RUSSELS฀ ) ฀ #ONVENTION฀ � ฀ ON฀ A฀ GENERAL฀ G R O U N D ฀ ON฀ A฀ NUMBER฀ OF฀ SPECIAL฀ GROUNDS฀ AS฀ ALTERNATIVES฀ TO฀ THE฀ GENERAL฀ G R O U N D ฀ ON฀ @ PRO T E C TIVE฀ JURISDICTION฀ WHICH฀ INTRODUCES฀ SPECIAL฀ RULES฀ S AF E G U A R D ING฀ THE฀ W E AK E R ฀ PARTY฀ ON฀ THE฀PROROGATION฀OF฀ JURISDICTION฀ BY฀ THE฀PARTIES฀ AND฀ L A S T L Y ฀ ON฀ EXCLUSIVE฀ JU R I S DI C T I O N
A V N L IG ฀ KAN฀MAN฀ IKKE฀ OVER฀ FOR฀ DEM฀ ANVENDE฀ DE฀ NATIONALE฀ KOMPETENCEREGLER฀ DER฀ ER฀ AN F � R T ฀ I฀ EN฀ IKKE U D T� M M E N DE฀ LISTE฀ I฀ BILAG฀ ) ฀ TIL฀ FORORDNINGEN฀ $ ET฀ B � R ฀ N � V N EffS ฀ AT฀ R E G LEN฀ OM฀ S A G S � GT EffS ฀ B O P� L ฀ ER฀ EN฀ REGEL฀ DER฀ BE SffT E M MER฀ AT฀ RETTERNE฀ I฀ S A G S � GT EffS ฀ B O P� L S STAT฀ HAR฀ K OM P E T E N C E � ฀ DEN฀ R E G U L E R ER฀ IKKE฀ S A M T I D IG ฀ DEN฀ STEDLIGE฀ ELLER฀ S A G LIGE฀ KOMPETENCE฀ I฀ DENNE฀ STAT฀ $ENNE฀ A FG �RES฀ NEMLIG฀ EFTER฀ DEN฀ P� G � L D E N DE฀ SffT A TffS ฀ NATIONALE฀ R E G L E R
฀ 4HE฀ GENERAL฀ RULE฀ SET฀ OUT฀ IN฀!RTICLE฀ ฀ IS฀ THAT฀ JURISDICTION฀ L I E S ฀ WITH฀ THE฀COURTS฀OF฀ THE฀-EMBER฀3TATE฀OF฀ THE฀ D E FENDANTS฀ D O M I C I L E ฀ 0 E R S O N S ฀ D O M I C I L E D ฀ IN฀ A฀ -EMBER฀3TATE฀ARE฀SUED฀IN฀THE฀COURTS฀OF฀THAT฀3TATE฀WHATEVER฀THEIR฀NATIONAL I T Y ฀ WHICH฀ HAS฀ BEEN฀ O U T L A W E D ฀ AS฀ A฀GROUND฀OF฀ JURISDICTION฀ IN฀ ACCORDANCE฀ WITH฀THE฀PRINCIPLE฀THAT฀NATIONALITYBASED฀DISTINCTIONS฀HAVE฀NO฀PLACE฀IN฀THE฀ IN T E R N AL ฀ M A R K E T ฀ 0 E R S O N S ฀ D O M I C I L E D ฀ IN฀ A฀-EMBER฀3TATE฀ MAY฀ BE฀ SUED฀ IN฀ THE฀ COURTS฀OF฀ANOTHER฀-EMBER฀3TATE฀ON฀THE฀STRICT฀CONDITION฀THAT฀THE฀REGULATION฀ SO฀ PROVIDES฀ )N฀ PARTICULAR฀ THE฀ RULES฀ OF฀ NATIONAL฀ JURISDICTION฀ L I S T E D ฀ � ฀ AL BE IT฀ P A R TIALLY฀ � ฀ IN฀!NNEX฀)฀ TO฀ THE฀REGULATION ฀ MAY฀ NOT฀ BE฀ APPLIED฀ AGAINST฀ THEM฀ )T฀ SHOULD฀BE฀ N O T E D ฀ THAT฀ WHILE฀ THE฀ D E FENDANTS฀ D O M I C I L E ฀ IN฀ A฀-EMBER฀3TATE฀ MAY฀ D E T E R M IN E ฀ THAT฀ JURISDICTION฀ L I E S ฀ WITH฀ THAT฀ 3TATES฀ COURTS฀ IT฀ DOES฀ NOT฀ AT฀ THE฀ SAME฀ TIME฀ REGULATE฀ THOSE฀ COURTS฀ TERRITORIAL฀ OR฀MATERIAL฀ JURISDICTION฀ "O T H ฀ THESE฀ MATTERS฀ ARE฀ GOVERNED฀BY฀ THE฀-EMBER฀3TATES฀ OWN฀ R U L E S
SELV฀ OM฀ S E L S K A B ET฀ P� ฀ GRUNDLAG฀ AF฀ DE฀ ANDRE฀ K R I T E R I ER฀ SKULLE฀ HAVE฀ B O P� L ฀ I฀ET฀ T R E D J E LAND฀ " EffS T E M M E L S E NffS ฀ N Y T T E ฀ LIGGER฀ IKKE฀ S � ฀ M E G ET฀ I฀ AT฀ DEN฀ L �ffS ER฀ S P� R G SffM � LET฀ OM฀ KON K U R R E RENDE฀ KOMPETENCE฀ MELLEM฀ MEDLEMSSTATERNE฀SOM฀ I฀ AT฀ S E L S K A B ER฀DER฀ I฀DET฀ M IN D SffT E ฀ HAR฀ EN฀ TILKNYTNING฀ TIL฀ %5 S ฀ OM R � DE฀ KAN฀ U N D E R K A SffT EffS ฀ FORORDNINGENS฀ F � L L EffS ฀ R E G L E R w*URISDICTIONNALLY฀IMPROPER฀FORA฀IN฀ 4REATIES฀ON฀2ECOGNITION฀OF฀ * U D G M E N TffS ฀ T H E ฀ # OM M O N ฀ - A R K ET฀ $ R A FT i฀ ) N K OM P E T E N T E ฀ V � R N E T IN G ฀ I฀ TRAKTATER฀OM฀ANERKENDELSE฀AF฀ RETS A FG � R E L S ER฀ U D K A SffT ET฀ FRA฀ & � L L EffS M A R K E D E T ฀I฀#OLUMBIA฀,AW฀ 2 EV U E ฀ ฀ S ฀ ฀ F F � ฀ 0 ฀ ( A Y ฀ w4HE฀#OMMON฀-ARKET฀ 0RELIMINARY฀$RAFT฀#ONVENTION฀ON฀ THE฀2ECOGNITION฀AND฀%NFORCEMENT฀ OF ฀ * U D G M E N TffS ฀ � ฀ 3 OM E ฀ #ONSIDERATIONS฀OF฀0OLICY฀AND฀ ) N T E R P RET A T I O N i฀ & � L L EffS M A R K E D E TffS ฀ FORE L � B I GE ฀ UDKAST฀ TIL฀ KONVENTION฀ OM฀ANERKENDELSE฀OG฀FULDBYRDELSE฀AF฀ RETS A FG � R E L S ER฀ �฀.OGLE฀ O VE R VE J E L S ER฀ OM฀STRATEGI฀OG฀FORTOLKNING ฀ I฀ !MERICAN฀*OURNAL฀ON฀#OMPARATIVE฀ , A W ฀ ฀ S ฀ ฀ F F � ฀ 4 # ฀ ( A R T L E Y ฀ #IVIL฀*URISDICTION฀AND฀*UDGMENTS฀ # I VIL฀ KOMPETENCE฀ OG฀ CIVILE฀ RETS A FG � R E L S ER฀ , O N D O N ฀ ฀ S ฀ 1 ฀ ) ฀ HENHOLD฀ TIL฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ BE R � R ER฀
฀ !S฀ W E L L ฀ AS฀ BEING฀ THE฀ GENERAL฀ G R O U N D ฀ FOR ฀DE T E R M IN ING฀ JURISDICTION฀ WHICH฀ MAY฀BE฀CONCURRENT฀WITH฀OTHER฀ GROUNDS฀ONLY฀WHERE฀ THE฀REGULATION ฀ SO฀ ALLOWS฀ THE฀ D E FENDANTS฀ D O M I C I L E ฀ IS฀ALSO฀ THE฀ C R I T E R I ON฀ D E L I M I TING฀ THE฀ SCOPE฀OF฀ THE฀ REGULATIONS฀ DIRECT฀ RULES฀ON฀ JURISDICTION฀ 5NDER฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀ IF฀ THE฀ DEFENDANT฀ IS฀NOT฀ D O M I C I L E D ฀ IN฀ A฀-EMBER฀3TATE฀ JURISDICTION฀ IS฀ ONLY฀ IN DIRECTLY฀ RE G U L A T E D ฀BY฀THE฀ REGULATION฀ BY฀ R EF E R R ING฀ TO฀ THE฀ LAW฀OF฀ EACH฀ -EMBER฀3TATE� ฀ THE฀ EXCEPTIONS฀ ARE฀ THE฀ RULES฀ON฀ EXCLUSIVE฀ JURISDICTION฀AND฀ THE฀PROROGATION฀OF฀ JURISDICTION฀ !
฀ 3 A G S � GT EffS ฀ B O P� L ฀ FU N GE R ER฀ UD฀ OVER฀ SOM฀ ALMINDELIG฀ K OM P E T E N C E REGEL฀ � ฀ SIDE฀ OM฀ SIDE฀ MED฀ ANDRE฀ REGLER฀ MEN฀ KUN฀ N � R ฀ DETTE฀ ER฀ F A SffT S AT฀ I฀ FORORDNINGEN฀ � ฀ DESUDEN฀ SOM฀ K R I T E R I U M ฀ FOR฀ A FG R � NffS NING฀ AF฀ AN VE N D E L S EffS OM R � DET฀ FOR฀DE฀ KOMPETENCEREGLER฀ DER฀ ER฀DIREKTE฀ FASTLAGT฀ I฀ SELVE฀ FORORDNINGEN฀ ) F � L GE ฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ A FG �RES฀ K OM P E TENCEN฀ NEMLIG฀ HVIS฀ S A G S � GT E ฀ IKKE฀HAR฀ B O P� L ฀ P� ฀ EN฀ MEDLEMSSTATS฀ OM R � DE฀ KUN฀ IN DIREKTE฀ AF฀ FORORDNINGEN฀ VED฀ EN฀ H E N V I S NING฀ TIL฀ DEN฀ ENKELTE฀ MEDLEMSSTATS฀ LOVGIVNING฀ DOG฀ IKKE฀ FOR฀ S � ฀ VIDT฀ AN G � R ฀ REGLERNE฀ OM฀ ENEKOMPETENCE฀ OG฀ AFTALE฀ OM฀ V � R N E T IN G ฀ I฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ OG฀ ฀ DER฀ O G S � ฀ I฀ DETTE฀ T I L F � L DE฀ lNDER฀ ANVENDELSE฀ / VE R ฀ FOR฀ P E R SffO N ER฀DER฀ HAR฀ B O P� L ฀ I฀ T R E D J E LA N DE฀ KAN฀MAN฀ IMIDLERTID฀ O G S � ฀ P� BE R � BE ฀ SIG฀ DE฀ NATIONALE฀ KOMPETENCEREGLER฀ SOM฀ AN F � R T ฀ I฀ BILAG฀ ) ฀ TIL฀ FORORDNINGEN฀ SELV฀ N � R ฀ D E T ฀DREJER฀SIG฀OM฀ E K SffO R B I T AN T E ฀ V � R N E T IN G ฀ 2 E TffS A FG � R E L S ER฀DER฀ SffT� T T EffS ฀ P� ฀ S � D AN N E ฀ NATIONALE฀ REGLER฀ HAR฀ IMIDLERTID฀ P� ฀ GRUNDLAG฀ AF฀ FORORDNINGEN฀ F R I฀ B EV � GE L IG HED฀ I฀DE฀ANDRE฀ MEDLEMSSTATER฀ P� ฀ DE฀ SAMME฀ BETINGELSER฀ SOM฀ RETS A FG � R E L S ER฀DER฀ SffT� T T EffS ฀ P� ฀ FORORDNINGENS฀ KOMPETENCEREGLER฀ $ENNE฀ BE SffT E M M E L S E ฀ DER฀ ALLEREDE฀ FORE L � ฀ I฀ "RUXELLES฀) KONVENTIONEN฀ ER฀BLEVET฀ BE S KYL D T ฀ FOR฀ AT฀ S K A BE ฀ FOR S K E L S BEHANDLING฀ AF฀ P E R SffO N ER฀ MED฀ B O P� L ฀ I฀ T R E D J E LA N DE฀ ฀ HVILKET฀ R E G LEN฀ I฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ DER฀ U N D T A GE R ฀ E K S I SffT E RENDE฀ B I LA T E R A L E ฀ AFTALER฀ MED฀ T R E D J E LA N DE฀ DER฀ H IN D R ER฀ DENNE฀ F R I E ฀ B EV � GE L IG HED฀ SKULLE฀ AF H J� L P E ฀ OM฀ END฀ KUN฀ TIL฀ DELS฀
R T I C L E S ฀ ฀ AND฀ ฀ WHICH฀ APPLY฀ REGARDLESS฀ OF฀ D O M I C I L E ฀ !GAINST฀DEFENDANTS฀DOMICILED฀IN฀THIRD฀COUNTRIES฀IT฀IS฀THEN฀POSSIBLE฀TO฀RELY฀ ON฀ THE฀ NATIONAL฀ RULES฀ OF฀ JURISDICTION฀ L I S T E D ฀ IN฀!NNEX฀)฀ TO฀ THE฀REGULATION ฀ EVEN฀ WHEN฀ THESE฀ A S S E R T ฀EX O R B I TANT฀ JURISDICTION฀ *U DG MENTS฀ GIVEN฀ IN฀AC T I O N S ฀ BASED฀ ON฀ SUCH฀NATIONAL฀ RULES฀ ARE฀ � ฀ AS฀ WILL฀ BE฀ SEEN฀ LATER฀ � ฀ RECOGNISED฀ IN฀ THE฀ OTHER฀-EMBER฀3TATES฀ON฀THE฀SAME฀CONDITIONS฀AS฀JUDGMENTS฀IN฀ACCORDANCE฀ WITH฀ THE฀ REGULATIONS฀ OWN฀ RULES฀ON฀ JURISDICTION฀ 4HIS฀ PROVISION฀ ALREADY฀ F O U N D ฀ IN฀ THE฀"RUSSELS฀ ) ฀ #ONVENTION฀ HAS฀ BEEN฀ A T T A C K E D ฀ AS฀ DIS C R I M IN A TING฀ AGAINST฀ PER S O N S ฀ D O M I C I L E D ฀ IN฀ THIRD฀ COUNTRIES฀ � ฀ TO฀ R EM E D Y ฀ THIS฀ AL BE IT฀ P A R TIALLY฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀ L E A V E S ฀ U N AF F E C T E D ฀ AN Y ฀EX I S TING฀ B I L A T E R AL ฀ AGREEMENTS฀ WITH฀ THIRD฀ COUNTRIES฀ THAT฀ PROVIDE฀ FOR฀ NON RECOGNITION฀OF฀ JUDGMENTS฀
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฀ !S฀ AN฀ ALTERNATIVE฀ TO฀ THE฀ GENERAL฀ RULE฀ THAT฀ JURISDICTION฀ L I E S ฀ WITH฀ THE฀COURTS฀OF฀ THE฀-EMBER฀3TATE฀OF฀ THE฀ D E FENDANTS฀ D O M I C I L E ฀ PLAINTIFFS฀ MAY฀ AVAIL฀ THEMSELVES฀OF฀ THE฀ SPECIAL฀ JURISDICTION฀ SPECIlED฀ IN฀ ! R T I C L E S ฀ ฀ TO฀ ฀ OF฀ THE฀REGULATION ฀ AND฀ BRING฀ AN฀ ACTION฀ IN฀ANOTHER฀ -EMBER฀3TATE฀ 4HIS฀ FORM฀ OF ฀JURISDIC T I O N ฀COVERS฀ MATTERS฀ RELATING฀ TO฀ CONTRACT฀ M A IN T E N ANCE฀ TORT฀ CIVIL฀ CLAIMS฀FOR฀DAMAGES฀OR฀RESTITUTION฀BASED฀ON฀AN฀ACT฀GIVING฀RISE฀TO฀CRIMINAL฀ PROCEEDINGS฀ DIS P U T E S ฀ A R I S ING฀ OUT฀ OF฀ THE฀ OPERATIONS฀ OF฀ A฀ B R AN C H ฀ OR฀ AGENCY฀ T R U S T S ฀ AND฀ CERTAIN฀ SHIPPING฀ DIS P U T E S ฀ 5NLIKE฀ GENERAL฀ JURISDICTION฀ THE฀GROUNDS฀OF฀ SPECIAL฀ JURISDICTION฀ IN฀ PRINCIPLE฀ ฀ ESTABLISH ฀ BOTH฀ THE฀ JURISDICTION฀OF฀ THE฀ -EMBER฀3TATE฀ CONCERNED฀ AND฀ THE฀ LOCAL฀ JURISDICTION฀OF฀ THAT฀ 3TATES฀ COURTS฀ WHICH฀MAY฀ D EP A R T ฀ FROM฀ NATIONAL฀ RULES฀ON฀ TERRITORIAL฀ JURISDICTION฀
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DE฀ T I L F � L DE฀ HVOR฀ DEN฀ FOR P L I GT E L S E ฀ DER฀ LIGGER฀ TIL฀GRUND฀ FOR฀ S A GEN฀ IKKE฀ KAN฀ P LA C E R EffS ฀ GE O G R A l S K ฀ J F ฀ I฀ DENNE฀ FORBINDELSE฀ $OMSTOLENS฀ DOM฀ AF฀ ฀ F EB R U A R ฀ ฀ I฀ SAG฀ # ฀ " EffS I X ฀ 3 M L ฀ ) ฀ S ฀ 4 ฀ * F ฀ NAVNLIG฀ ALLEREDE฀ D OM MEN฀ AF฀ ฀ O K T O B ER฀ ฀ I฀ SAG฀ ฀ $E฀ " L O O S ฀ MOD฀ " O U Y ER฀ 3 M L ฀ S ฀ ฀ HVOR฀$OMSTOLEN฀I฀EN฀SAG฀OM฀ ERSTATNING฀FOR฀MISLIGHOLDELSE฀AF฀ KONTRAKTLIGE฀ FOR P L I GT E L S ER฀ F A SffT S L OG฀ AT฀DEN฀RELEVANTE฀FORPLIGTELSE฀IKKE฀ VE D R � R T E ฀ BE T A LING฀ AF฀ E R SffT A T NING฀ MEN฀ DEN฀ FOR P L I GT E L S E ฀ HVIS฀ M I S L IG H O L DELSE฀ S A G S � GE R ฀ P� BE R � B T E ฀ SOM฀ GRUNDLAG฀ FOR฀ E R SffT A T NING S K R A VE T 5 ฀ * F ฀ $OMSTOLENS฀ DOM฀ AF฀ ฀ JANUAR฀ ฀ I฀ SAG฀ ฀ 3 H E N A V A � ฀ 3 M L ฀ S ฀
B ฀ 7 H I C H ฀ IS฀ THE฀ OBLIGATION฀ IN฀ QUESTION฀ 4HE฀ #OURT฀ OF฀ *USTICE฀ HAS฀ D E V E L OPED฀AN฀INDEPENDENT฀CONCEPT฀REGARDING฀THE฀CONTRACTUAL฀OBLIGATION฀TO฀ BE฀ TAKEN฀ INTO฀ A C C O U N T ฀ FOR ฀DE T E R M IN ING฀ JURISDICTION฀ R U L ING฀ THAT฀ IT฀ IS฀ THE฀ OBLIGATION฀WHICH฀CORRESPONDS฀ TO฀ THE฀CONTRACTUAL฀ RIGHT฀ON฀WHICH฀ THE฀ PLAINTIFFS฀ ACTION฀ IS฀ BASED฀ AND฀ THE฀ NON PERFORMANCE฀OF฀WHICH฀IS฀RELIED฀ UPON฀ TO฀ S UP PO R T ฀ THE฀ PLAINTIFFS฀ CLAIMS฀ ฀ 4HIS฀ SOLU TION฀ WHICH฀ IS฀ FULLY฀ IN฀ ACCORDANCE฀WITH฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀ HAS฀ BEEN฀ CRITICISED฀ FOR฀ AL L O W ING฀ M U L T I P L E ฀ JURISDICTION฀ FOR฀ A฀ S IN G L E ฀ CONTRACT฀ 4HAT฀ DIS A D V AN T A G E ฀ IS฀ M I T I G A T E D ฀BY฀THE฀ FACT฀ THAT฀ WHERE฀ A฀ PLAINTIFFS฀ ACTION฀ IS฀ BASED฀ ON฀ M O RE ฀ THAN฀ ONE฀ OBLIGATION฀ UNDER฀ THE฀ SAME฀ CONTRACT฀ THE฀ COURT฀ SEISED฀ MAY฀ REFER฀ TO฀ THE฀ P R IN C I P AL ฀ OBLIGATION฀ IN฀ O R D E R ฀TO฀DETERMINE฀ WHETHER฀ IT฀ HAS฀ JURISDICTION฀ ฀ 4HE฀DECISION฀AS฀TO฀WHETHER฀OR฀NOT฀THE฀OBLIGATIONS฀ARE฀TO฀BE฀RANKED฀AS฀ EQUIVALENT฀FALLS฀TO฀THE฀COURT฀SEISED฀AND฀SHOULD฀NORMALLY฀BE฀TAKEN฀ON฀ THE฀ B A S IS฀ OF฀ THE฀ LAW฀ APPLICABLE฀ TO฀ THE฀ CONTRACT฀
฀ & OR฀ S � ฀ VIDT฀ AN G � R ฀ SAGER฀ OM฀ E R SffT A T NING฀ UDEN฀ FOR฀ KON T R A K T ฀ F A SffT S L �ffS ฀ DET฀ I฀ FORORDNINGENS฀ ARTIKEL฀ ฀ N R ฀ ฀ AT฀ S A G S � GE R ฀ KAN฀ AN L � G GE ฀ SAG฀ VED฀ RETTEN฀ P� ฀ DET฀ SffT E D ฀ HVOR฀ S K A D E T I L F � J E L S EN฀ ER฀ FORE G � ET฀ ELLER฀ VIL฀ KUNNE฀ FORE G � ฀ ) ฀ BETRAGTNING฀ AF฀ FORSKELLENE฀ MELLEM฀ MEDLEMSSTATERNES฀ RETSSYSTEMER฀ DER฀ DELVIS฀ T A GE R ฀ U D G AN G S P U N K T ฀ I฀ U D G ฀ VE D R � RENDE฀ ARTIKEL฀
฀ )N฀MATTERS฀OF฀ TORT฀ D E L I C T ฀ OR฀ Q U A S I D E L I C T ฀ !RTICLE฀ ฀ OF฀ THE฀REGULATION ฀ PROVIDES฀THAT฀THE฀PLAINTIFF฀MAY฀SUE฀IN฀THE฀COURTS฀FOR฀THE฀PLACE฀WHERE฀THE฀ H A R M FU L ฀ EVENT฀ O C C U R RE D ฀ OR฀ MAY฀ O C C U R ฀ ' I V E N ฀ THE฀-EMBER฀3TATES฀ D IF F E R ING฀ LEGAL฀ APPROACHES฀ TO฀ DETERMINING฀WHERE฀ A฀ TORT฀ INVOLVING฀MORE฀ THAN฀ ONE฀ 3TATE฀ WAS฀ C O M M I T T E D ฀ SOME฀ BEING฀ BASED฀ ON฀ THE฀PRINCIPLE฀ OF฀ THE฀ PLACE ฀OF฀THE฀ ACT฀OR฀OMISSION฀GIVING฀RISE฀TO฀THE฀DAMAGE฀AND฀SOME฀ON฀THE฀PLACE฀WHERE฀THE฀ DAMAGE฀ O C C U R RE D ฀ THE฀ #OURT฀ OF฀ *U S T I C E S ฀ INTERPRETATION฀ OF฀ THE฀ C O R RE S PO N D
0 ฀ * F ฀ D OM MEN฀ AF฀ ฀ N O VE MB ER฀
฀ 3 E E ฀ THE฀ JUDGMENT฀OF฀THE฀#OURT฀OF฀*USTICE฀OF฀ ฀ . O V EM BER฀ ฀ IN฀ # A S E ฀ ฀ - IN E S ฀DE S ฀ PO T A S S E ฀ D !
1 ฀ * F ฀ I฀DEN฀ FORBINDELSE฀ $OMSTOLENS฀DOMME฀AF฀HENHOLDSVIS฀ ฀ JANUAR฀ ฀ I฀ SAG฀ # ฀ $ U M E Z ฀ 3 M L ฀ ) ฀ S ฀ ฀ OG฀ ฀ SEPTEMBER฀ ฀ I฀ SAG฀ # ฀ - A R IN A R I฀ 3 M L ฀ ) ฀ S ฀ 2 ฀ * F ฀ $OMSTOLENS฀ DOM฀ AF฀ ฀ M A R TffS ฀
L S A C E ฀ V ฀ " I E R ฀ ; = ฀ %#2฀ ฀ 3 E E ฀ THE฀ JUDGMENTS฀ OF฀ THE฀ #OURT฀ OF฀ *USTICE฀ OF฀ ฀ *A N U A R Y ฀ ฀ IN฀#ASE฀# ฀ $ U M E Z ฀ ; = ฀ %#2฀) ฀ AND฀OF฀ ฀ 3 EP T EM BER฀ ฀ IN฀#ASE฀# ฀ - A R IN A R I ฀ ; = ฀ %#2฀) ฀ 3 E E ฀ THE฀ JUDGMENT฀OF฀THE฀#OURT฀OF฀*USTICE฀OF฀ ฀ - A R C H ฀ ฀ IN฀#ASE฀# ฀ 3 H E V I L L ฀ ; = ฀ %#2฀)