natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Udvalgte aspekter 2: Baggrund for cannabisproblemerne — Hvorfor stiger behandlingsefterspørgslen i Europa?
Selected issue 2: Cannabis problems in context — understanding the increase in European treatment demands with a total population of 302 million people aged 15–64years, the prevalence would be around 3 million.
Selv blandt unge voksne varierer intensiv cannabisbrugblandt alderskohorterne, og generelt ligger tallet højstblandt de yngre grupper.
Even among young adults, intensive cannabis use variesamong age cohorts, and is generally higher amongyounger groups.
I Spaniens skoleundersøgelse fra2002 angav 3,6% af de 14-18-årige elever en daglig ellernæsten daglig brug (dvs. i toppen af intervallet for ungevoksne på 15-34 år).
In the 2002 Spanish school survey, 3.6%of 14- to 18-year-old students reported daily or almostdaily use (i.e. at the top end of the range found in youngadults aged 15–34).
Og i den årlige franske undersøgelseaf 17-19-årige (ESCAPAD) var den daglige brug afcannabis inden for de seneste 30 dage endnu højere,nemlig angiveligt 9,2% for drenge og 3,3% for piger(Beckog Legleye 2003).
And in the annual French survey of17- to 19-year-olds (Escapad), daily use of cannabis in thepast 30 days was higher still, being reported by 9.2%ofboys and 3.3%of girls (Beck and Legleye, 2003).
En gennemgang afbehandlingsefterspørgslen og andre indikatordata tyder på,at såvel de cannabisbrugere, der henvises til behandling,som cannabisbrugere som helhed er en heterogenbefolkningsgruppe med heterogene behov.
indicator data suggests that both cannabis users referredfor treatment and users as a whole constitute aheterogeneous population with correspondinglyheterogeneous needs.
Dette kunne tydepå et behov for et sammenhængende sæt foranstaltningerlige fra forebyggelse og risikoreduktion til formelbehandling.
This suggests that a continuum ofresponses is necessary, ranging from prevention and riskreduction activities through to formal treatment activity.
Det må bl.a. overvejes, om det erhensigtsmæssigt at henvise unge lejlighedsvisecannabisbrugere til specialiserede narkotikacentre.
Onepossible concern is whether it is appropriate to refer youngpeople whose use of cannabis is only occasional tospecialised drug centres.
Svaretpå dette spørgsmål afhænger meget af, hvorledestjenesterne er opbygget, og i hvilken udstrækning klienternevil komme til at blande sig med kroniske brugere af andrestoffer.
The answer to this question verymuch depends on how services are configured and theextent to which clients mix with chronic users of othersubstances.
Spørgsmålet om henvisningskanaler for personermed afvigende cannabisbrugsmønstre kræver nærmereovervejelse.
Nonetheless, the identification of appropriatereferral routes for those with differing patterns of cannabisconsumption remains an important topic for furtherconsideration.
Virkningerne af cannabisafhængighed eller -misbrug synesat være mindre alvorlige end virkningerne af andre stoffer.De fleste intensive cannabisbrugere synes at væreforholdsvis velintegrerede unge, som har større risiko for atblive udsat for andre sociale problemer (færdselsulykker,uafsluttet skolegang eller opløste familier) end for at bliveindblandet i andre kriminelle aktiviteter, og indgrebene børderfor tage hensyn til dette og ikke skabe yderligereproblemer eller udstødelse.
The effects of cannabis dependence or abuse appear to beless severe than those of other drugs. Most intensivecannabis users seem to be relatively integrated youngpeople, who are at greater risk of other social problems(driving accidents, failure to complete their education orfamily disruption) than other criminal activities, and theinterventions should accordingly be appropriate and notcreate further problems or exclusion.
Cannabis — spørgsmål om styrke og dosis
Cannabis potency and dose issues
Hvad angår forebyggelse er der kun taget få initiativer meddet specifikke formål at imødegå stigningen i ungescannabisforbrug, idet forebyggelse sjældent er stofspecifik.Nogle medlemsstater melder dog om nye tiltag på detteområde byggende på to hovedstrategier: 1) fremhævelse affaren for, at unge cannabisbrugere vil blive ledt ind i detstrafferetlige system, og 2) forsøg på at ændre samfundetsopfattelse af cannabisbrug som normativ adfærd gennemgenerelle eller målrettede mediekampagner.
On the prevention side, few initiatives have been designedspecifically to respond to the increase in cannabisconsumption among young people, as prevention is rarelysubstance specific. However, some Member States reportnew developments in this area, adopting two mainstrategies: (1) stressing the danger that young people whouse cannabis will become involved in the criminal justicesystem; and (2) attempting to reverse the social perceptionof cannabis use as normative behaviour through mass ortargeted media campaigns.
Der har været spekulationer fremme om, at en forøgelse afcannabis’ styrke er delvis ansvarlig for de voksendeproblemer og dermed også for det større antal klienter ibehandling.
It has been speculated that an increase in the potency ofcannabis is in part responsible for increased problems and,consequently, more treatment admissions.
Spørgsmålene i tilknytning til cannabisstyrken,den dosis, de individuelle brugere modtager, og desandsynlige følger for de akutte eller kroniske problemerrejser en række komplekse problemer.
Understandingthe issues associated with cannabis potency, the dose thatindividual users receive and its likely impact on acute andchronic problems raises a number of complex issues.
EONN har i ensærlig undersøgelse gennemgået det videnskabeligemateriale om cannabisstyrken, hvoraf de væsentligsteresultater er gengivet på s. 90.
Toexplore the scientific evidence available on cannabispotency a special study was conducted by the EMCDDA,the key results of which can be found on page 90.
I Tyskland, Grækenland, Irland, Finland og Det Forenede Kongerige er der truffet foranstaltninger til begrænsning afde psykosociale konsekvenser af førstegangsovertrædelseraf forbuddet mod cannabisforbrug blandt unge. Et nyligteksempel på dette (fra og med 2000) er FRED-programmeti Tyskland, som nu gennemføres i otte delstater og tilbyderunge stofbrugere kortvarig tidlig hjælp på frivilligtgrundlag(170).
In Germany, Greece, Ireland, Finland and the United Kingdom, measures to reduce the psychosocialconsequences of first offences for cannabis consumptionamong adolescents have been introduced.
I Det Forenede Kongerige er der etableret»youth offending teams«, som arbejder på et lignendegrundlag. Efter en ændring af det strafferetlige systemsmåde at behandle visse aspekter af cannabisbrug på og enomklassificering af stoffet (fra klasse B til klasse C) erbesiddelse, ikke brug, en lovovertrædelse.
In the United Kingdom, youth offending teams work on a similar basis.Following a change to the way in which some aspects ofcannabis use were dealt with by the criminal justicesystem and reclassification of the drug (from class B toclass C), possession, not consumption, is the offence;possession gets a warning.
Cannabisstyrken er blot én af de faktorer, der indgåriberegningen af den dosis, en person vil modtage gennemen bestemt periode (Hall mfl., 2001).
Cannabis potency is only one factor in calculating the dosean individual will receive over any given period (Hall et al.,2001).
Indtagelsesmåde,rygeteknik, mængden af cannabis brugt under seancerneog antallet af rygeseancer for de enkelte brugere har ligeså stor eller endog større betydning for beregningen af deindividuelle eksponeringsniveauer.
Mode of administration, smoking technique, theamount of cannabis used in any session and the number ofsmoking sessions an individual engages in are all equally,or even more, important in terms of calculating individualexposure levels.
Stærk cannabis har altidi en vis udstrækning været tilgængelig, og de bekymringer,dette giver anledning til, er ikke af nyere dato.
Therefore, the extent to which high potencycannabis necessarily results in high doses requires furtherinvestigation.
Det er ogsåvigtigt at bemærke, at det ikke er klart, omcannabisbrugerne ændrer adfærd for at opnå ønsket
This intervention takes the form of a course andmanual for coffee-shop owners in order to prevent drugrelated problems in these establishments.
Cannabis’ styrke (kilde:EONN, 2004c) undtagelse er Nederlandene, hvor styrken i 2001 varnået op på 16%.
Cannabis potency (source:EMCDDA, 2004c) at around 6–8%. The only exception is the Netherlands,where, by 2001, it had reached 16%.
I Nederlandene har lokalt produceret cannabisharpiks etsærligt højt THC-indhold, men dette materiale er stadigikke almindeligt i Nederlandene og er næsten ukendtandre steder.
In the Netherlands, locally produced cannabis resin hasa particularly high THC content, but this material is stilluncommon in that country and almost unknownelsewhere.
EU-landene kan inddeles i to forskellige grupper,afhængigt af om det er cannabisblade ellercannabisharpiks, der er det mest brugte produkt.
EU countries fall into two distinct groups depending onwhether herbal cannabis or cannabis resin is the mostcommonly consumed product.
Af delande, for hvilke der forelå oplysninger, var brugen afcannabisharpiks mere udbredt i Tyskland, Irland,Portugal og Det Forenede Kongerige, mens brugen afcannabisblade var mere almindelig i Belgien, Tjekkiet,Estland, Nederlandene og Østrig.
Of the countries for whichinformation was available, cannabis resin was morecommon in Germany, Ireland, Portugal and the United Kingdom, whereas herbal cannabis was more commonin Belgium, the Czech Republic, Estonia, the Netherlandsand Austria.
Udtalelser i populærpressen om, at cannabis er blevet tigange stærkere i de senere årtier, støttes ikke af debegrænsede data, der er tilgængelige fra USA og Europa.
Statements in the popular media that the potency ofcannabis has increased by 10 times or more in recentdecades are not supported by the limited data that areavailable from either the United States or Europe.
Den største stigning i styrken synes at havefundet sted i USA, men det bemærkes, atcannabisstyrken tidligere, især før 1980, var lav i USAefter europæiske standarder.
Thegreatest longterm changes in potency appear to haveoccurred in the United States, but it has to be borne inmind that before 1980 cannabis potency in the United States was low by European standards.
Indendørs dyrkning af cannabis finder sted i lilleudstrækning i samtlige europæiske lande.
Indoor cultivation of cannabis occurs to some extent inall European countries.
INederlandene anslås det, at det hjemmedyrkedeprodukt repræsenterer over halvdelen afcannabisforbruget, men i de fleste lande repræsentererimporterede produkter en langt større del.
In the Netherlands, it isestimated that this product represents over half of thecannabis consumed, but in most countries importedproducts are more important.
Den overordnede konklusion af undersøgelsen er, at desmå ændringer i THC-indholdet, der er observeret inogle lande, skyldes, at der for nylig er dukketcannabis, der er dyrket intensivt i EU, op på markedet.Endvidere er THC-indholdet i cannabisprodukter megetvariabelt.
The overall conclusion of the study is that there havebeen some modest changes in THC levels that arelargely confined to the relatively recent appearance onthe market of intensively cultivated domestically growncannabis in the EU.
Der er et klart behov for at udvikleovervågningssystemer, der kan måle forskelligecannabisprodukters markedsandele og overvågeudviklingen. Sådanne oplysninger foreligger stort setikke.
In addition, it is noted that the THCcontent of cannabis products is extremely variable.Aclear information need exists to develop monitoringsystems that can assess the market share of differentcannabis products and track changes over time.Currently, this information is to a great extent lacking.
Cannabis, der er dyrket intensivt indendørs (f.eks. vedbrug af hydroponiske systemer med kunstigt dagslys,stiklinger og kontrol af daglængden), har sædvanligviset højere THC-indhold end importerede stoffer.
Herbal cannabis grown indoors using intensive methods(e.g. hydroponic systems with artificial lighting,propagation by cuttings and control of day length)usually has a higher THC content than the importeddrug.
Dengennemsnitlige styrke for hjemmedyrket cannabis kanvære to-tre gange større end styrken for importeretcannabis, men der er dog overlapninger mellem de totyper, og ikke al cannabis, der dyrkes hydroponisk, erstærk.
Although the potency range of home-grownherbal cannabis may overlap with that of importedcannabis, the average potency of homegrown cannabiscan be two or three times greater.
De stigninger i styrken, der er blevet indberettet franogle lande, kan næsten fuldt ud tilskrives en stigning iandelen af hjemmedyrket cannabis.
The overall increases in cannabis potency that havebeen reported in some countries can be almost entirelyattributed to an increase in the proportion of homegrown cannabis consumed.
10.I undersøgelsen peges der på en række væsentligeområder, der kræver opmærksomhed, hvis man skalkunne forstå problemerne med styrken.
Taking into account the market share of differentcannabis products, the effective potency has remainedrelatively stable in nearly all countries for many years,
giver oplysninger om cannabis, narkotikalovgivningen,psykiske forstyrrelser, førstehjælp, iværksætteri ogpædagogik.
These include: consensus on thenomenclature of cannabis products; improvedmonitoring of market information, improvement inlaboratory analytical standards, data collection andpresentation at European level; studies to explore therelationship between potency, smoking behaviour andblood THC/metabolite levels in Europe; and the need toinvestigate the extent to which high-potency cannabisresults in increased dose exposure and any possiblerelationship to health problems.
I Nederlandene er der en tradition for enpersonlig og direkte tilgang til cannabisforbrug, jf.
It is noted that the costsand benefits of responding differently to differentcannabis products merits consideration.
hashugen(171), hvor storforbrugere af cannabis afholder
educational skills. In the Netherlands, there is a tradition ofpersonalised and direct approaches towards cannabis consumption, as illustrated by Hash and Weed Week (171
Et andet nyere initiativ er at flytte forebyggelseskampagnentil coffee shop-miljøet, hvor der er adgang til mindremængder cannabis. Foranstaltningen omfatter et kursus ogen manual for coffee shop-ejere for at forebyggenarkotikarelaterede problemer i dette miljø.
when heavy cannabis users hold group meetings at whichthe consequences of intense use and the potential forbehavioural change are discussed.
Håndbogen gruppemøder med diskussioner om konsekvenserne afintensiv brug og muligheden for adfærdsændringer.
Treatment options available to those with cannabisproblems are mostly to be found in treatment centresoffering care for clients addicted to licit or illicit drugs orwith other kinds of addictive behaviours. Services that are
Udvalgte aspekter 2: Baggrund for cannabisproblemerne — Hvorfor stiger behandlingsefterspørgslen i Europa?
Selected issue 2: Cannabis problems in context — understanding the increase in European treatment demands designed for cannabis users are reported by some countries(Denmark, Germany, Greece, France, the Netherlands,Austria, Sweden and Norway), but, in general, specialistcare of this sort appears to be extremely limited.
Til en vis grad har disse tiltag både en skadebegrænsendeog en forebyggende dimension.
Cannabis clients have different patterns of drug use thanthose consuming other substances; moreover, there areimportant differences among cannabis clients.
Men trods den velkendteforbindelse mellem rygning og åndedrætsproblemer ogden stigende opmærksomhed omkring de negativesundhedsmæssige følger af intensiv cannabisbrug gøresder langt mindre for at reducere skaderne i forbindelsemed cannabisbrug, end der gøres for brugere af andrestoffer.
The profilesof different sub-groups of cannabis users in treatment islikely to be directly relevant to understanding their needsand thus to the provision of appropriate responses.Important dimensions here are frequency of use, currentand past use of other drugs and referral source. In broadterms, summarising national reports and TDI data, twoclear client profiles can be discerned:
Personer med cannabisrelaterede problemer tegner sig foren ikke ubetydelig andel af dem, der søger behandling ispecialiserede afdelinger i visse lande, og udgør enbetydelig undergruppe i behandlingspopulationen.
• polydrug users, who are typically older and less sociallyintegrated, referred to treatment more often by legalauthorities or health and social services, andoverlapping with the chronic drug-using population.
De flesteer unge mænd, typisk ca. 20 år gamle, og de flestebegyndte at bruge stoffet, da de var 16-17 år.
In addition, there is some evidence of a further groupreferred to treatment by legal authorities who are not usingother drugs and appear to be only occasional users ofcannabis.
Behandlingstilbud til personer med cannabisproblemerfinder man især i behandlingscentre, der tilbyder pleje tilklienter, der er afhængige af legale eller illegale stoffer,eller som har andre former for afhængighedsskabendeadfærd.
In reflecting on changes in the characteristics of primarycannabis treatment demands over time, the availableinformation suggests:
En række lande melder om tjenester, der ermålrettet mod cannabisbrugere (Danmark, Tyskland,Grækenland, Frankrig, Nederlandene, Østrig, Sverige og Norge), men generelt synes denne form for tilbud at væreyderst sjældne.
• increased referrals from family and other social supportnetworks (family, friend, social services, school);
I mange lande er behandlingstjenesterne forproblematiske cannabisbrugere integreret i faciliteterne tilbehandling af problematiske brugere af generiske stoffer(Belgien, Tjekkiet, Danmark, Tyskland, Spanien, Frankrig,Irland, Italien, Luxembourg, Nederlandene, Østrig,Portugal, Slovenien og Norge).
• an increased proportion of intensive (daily) cannabisuse, although daily users remain in the minority;
Cannabisklienter har andre stofbrugsmønstre end andrestofbrugere, og endvidere er der væsentlige forskellemellem cannabisklienterne indbyrdes.
For the most part, those with a cannabis-related problemare treated alongside clients being treated for problem useof other illicit drugs, typically opioids.
Profilerne af deforskellige undergrupper af cannabisbrugere, der er ibehandling, kan sikkert fremme forståelsen af deres behovog således gøre det muligt at træffe de nødvendigeforanstaltninger.
As many of thesespecialised drug treatment centres are configured to meetthe needs of an often chaotic and marginalised population,their suitability for those with less acute needs, such as mostcannabis users, is debatable.
Profilerne kan udarbejdes ud fra data ombrugshyppighed, aktuel og tidligere brug af andre stoffersamt henvisningskilde.
Treatment services in Member States are aware of these issues, and a number ofcountries, in their Reitox national reports, observed that itcould be counterproductive and disadvantageous to mixproblem cannabis users with problem heroin users orpolydrug users and cited this as one reason why cannabisusers should not receive inpatient care.
Der kan groft sagt udledes to klareklientprofiler af de nationale rapporter og TDI-dataene:
It is easier to designprogrammes specifically for cannabis users on anoutpatient basis.
• yngre brugere, oftest skoleelever eller studerende, derhenvises til behandlingstjenesterne af familien ellerskolen, og som bruger cannabis alene eller undertidensammen med alkohol eller stimulanser
The Austrian national report suggests thatinpatient care, if required, should preferably take placewithin a generic adolescent psychiatry department ratherthan a specialist drug unit.
• blandingsbrugere, som typisk er ældre og mindre socialtintegreret, og som oftere henvises til behandling afretlige myndigheder eller sundhedstjenester og socialetjenester; denne grupper overlapper gruppen afkroniske stofbrugere.
Recent innovations reported by Member States in responding to the needs of cannabisusers include a ‘cognitive treatment manual’ for chroniccannabis users produced in Sweden, an Internet self-helpsite for problem cannabis use established in the Netherlands and the introduction of acupuncture treatmentin Finland.
Hvad angår ændringerne i efterspørgslen efter primærcannabisbehandling over tid tyder de foreliggendeoplysninger på:
Conclusions increasing levels of social and educational problems insome countries, although data in this area are weak.
• et stigende antal henvisninger fra det strafferetligesystem i visse lande
The objective of this review is to place the observedincrease in reported cannabis treatment demands in abroader analytical context.
I de fleste tilfælde behandles klienter medcannabisrelaterede problemer ved siden af klienter, derbehandles for problematisk brug af andre illegale stoffer,typisk opioider.
In considering the increase in treatment demands, itappears that changes in referral practice have an impact,and a substantial proportion of those referred appear not tobe intensive drug users.
Det er lettere at udarbejde specifikkeprogrammer for cannabisbrugere, der behandlesambulant.
Nonetheless, in some countries atleast, a significant number of treatment demands come fromindividuals whose use of cannabis is intensive.
I den østrigske nationale rapport peges der på,at hvis det er nødvendigt med indlæggelse, bør det ske påen ungdomspsykiatrisk afdeling og ikke på enspecialiseret narkotikaafdeling.
Theproblems experienced by this group remain poorlyunderstood and research in this area is urgently needed.The observation that a majority of treatment demands madeby the very young are for cannabis suggests that specialconsideration of the needs, referral pathways andresponses of this group is required.
Årsberetning 2004: Narkotikasituationen i Den Europæiske Union og Norge
Annual report 2004: the state of the drugs problem in the European Union and Norway most affected are young and may be using the drugintensively during important developmental stages or whenthey are particularly vulnerable.
• en stigende andel af intensive (daglige)cannabisbrugere, selv om daglige brugere fortsat udgøret mindretal
problems. General population survey data suggest that,compared with occasional use, intensive cannabis use isrelatively uncommon.
• flere sociale problemer og skoleproblemer i visse lande,selv om der ikke foreligger tilstrækkelige data på detteområde.
However, the widespread use ofcannabis means that considerable numbers of people maybe using the drug intensively — at least for some part oftheir life.
Skønsmæssigt er der tegn på, at intensiv brug berørermellem 0,5% og 2% af den voksne befolkning og mellem1% og 3% af de unge voksne.
Estimates would suggest that intensive use may affectbetween 0.5%and 2%of the adult population and between1%and 3%of young adults.
Udbredelsen blandt ungemænd er sandsynligvis væsentlig højere.
The prevalence among youngmales is likely to be substantially higher.
Det er vanskeligtud fra undersøgelsesmaterialet at få et klart billede afantallet af brugere, som har problemer med eller er ved atblive afhængige af cannabis.
It is difficult to drawfrom the survey evidence a clear picture of the number ofusers experiencing problems with or becoming dependenton cannabis.
Selv om virkningerne afcannabisafhængighed eller -misbrug er mindre alvorligeend virkningerne af afhængighed eller misbrug af andrestoffer, kan cannabisafhængighed eller -misbrug dog havevæsentlige folkesundhedsmæssige følger på grund af denudbredte brug, og fordi mange af de mest berørte er ungeog muligvis bruger stoffet intensivt i perioder, der ervæsentlige for deres udvikling, eller når de er særligsårbare.
Although the effects of cannabis dependenceor abuse are less severe than those of other drugs, this maynevertheless have a considerable public health impactbecause of the scale of use and the fact that many of those