natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Ud over de allerede skitserede opfølgningsforslag fremsattes endelig eet yderligere forslag: - hvorvidt der var mulighed for, at Instituttet kunne tilvejebringe oplysninger vedr. eksperimenter udført med de teknologiske alternativer, der ville reducere tilflugten til især kontinuerligt skifteholdsarbejde.
Finally, apart from the proposals for follow-up already outlined one further suggestion was made: could the Foundation provide information on such experiments as have been made with the technological alternatives which would reduce the use of continuous shiftwork in particular.
OVERSIGT
NATIONAL
UDBREDELSEN
SHIFTWORK
ARBEJDSTIDSPLACERING BLANDT LØNMODTAGERE -
THE PATTERN OF HOURS OF WORK AMONG EMPLOYED PERSONS -
MED HOVEDVAEGT PS FREMSTILLINGSERHVERVENE af
ESPECIALLY IN THE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
LOVGIVNING OG KOLLEKTIVE OVERENS­KOMSTER
LEGISLATION AND COLLECTIVE AGREEMENTS
DEFINITIONER OG SYSTEMER
DEFINITIONS AND SYSTEMS
LØNMODTAGERES ARBEJDSTID A„ Udbredelse af forskudt arbejdstid
WORKING HOURS OF EMPLOYED PERSONS (WAGE EARNERS)
Erhvervsforhold C. Sociale karakteristika
The situation in industry
A. Erhvervsforhold B. Arbejdsforhold
EMPLOYED PERSONS IN THE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
E. Udviklingstendenser
Industrial situation
3 - grupper end tidligere er blevet inddraget under samme arbejdstids bestemmelser. Arbejdsmiljøloven omfatter saledes stort set samtlige personer, der er beskaeftiget hos en arbejdsgiver.
An account cî shiftwork and other unsocial workir. " ;;ntr~ Danish industry, prepared for the European Foundation for Improvement of Living and Working Conditions
Tilsyns- og rådighedsvagter har end videre ikke hidtil vaeret anset for at kunne indgå som del af hvileperioden.
The aim of this study is to examine the spread of different patterns of working hours among people whose main employment is as employees in Danish manufacturing concerns.
En endelig afgørelse herom foreligger dog ikke, idet en afgørelse truffet af arbejdstilsynet er indanket for arbejdsministeren. steren.
A further aim is the examination of the organisation of the hours of work among all employed persons, including the spread of unsocial working hours in the different industries.
Det fremgår saledes af arbejdsmiljøloven, at den daglige hvileperiode ved blandt andet holdskifte i virksomheder, der arbejder i flerholdsskift, kan nedsaettes til 8 timer.
In many Western European countries the main interest in surveys of unsocial hours has centred on shiftwork and its consequences among employees in selected types of industrial concerns.
Desuden kan 11-timers reglen fraviges i tilfaelde af force majeure betinget af naturomstaendigheder, ulykker, maskinsammenbrud eller tilsvarende uforudsete omstaendigheder.
The intention of this analysis was not to investigate how great a percentage of concerns use different types of shiftwork, but rather to consider which groups of workers work unsocial hours.
Endelig kan arbejdsministeren for fag og faglige omrader, hvor forholdene gør det nødvendigt, fastsaette regler om hvileperiodens beliggenhed og om nedsaettelse af den daglige hvileperiodes laengde til 8 timer.
By unsocial hours is meant any working hours which are principally outside normal daytime working hours, including permanent evening and night work, variable working hours and work which is normally carried out at weekends and on Sundays and holidays.
I arbejderbeskyttelseslovgivningen fandtes generelt forbud mod beskaeftigelse pa søn- og helligdage.
Section three looks briefly at the types of systems most often used in shiftwork and which form the basis for the classifications actually used in this analysis.
Undtaget fra dette forbud var
As different surveys have been used in the preparation of this study Section Four gives a
dog dels personer, som ikke var omfattet af loven om almindelig arbejderbeskyttelse, herunder beskaeftigede i landbrug, skovbrug og gartneri, samt statens tjenestemaend, dels 16 naermere angivne omrader inden for loven om almindelig arbejderbeskyttelse.
- 2 - complete summary of the sources of data used, whilst Sections Five and Six elaborate on the spread of shiftwork and other patterns of working hours among employed persons in Denmark in the 70's in different trades and in particular in industry.
Med arbejdsmiljøloven er det generelle forbud ophaevet..
LEGISLATION AND COLLECTIVE AGREEMENTS
I loven er det i stedet blevet fastlagt, at de ansatte inden for en periode pa 7 døgn skal have et ugentligt fridøgn. Dette skal ligge i umiddelbar tilslutning til en daglig hvileperiode, sa vidt muligt pa søndage, og sa vidt muligt pa samme tidspunkt for alle ansatte i den pagaeldende virksomhed.
The current rules in the legislation on the organisation of the hours of work are set out in the Working Environment Act which came into force on 1st July, 1977· The entry into force of this Act repealed the earlier acts on occupational safety, viz. the Acts on Occupational Safety, Health and Welfare (General), Occupational Safety, Health and Welfare (Commercial and Clerical Activities) and Occupational Safety, Health and Welfare (Agriculture, Forestry and Horticulture).
Arbejdsministeren kan dog fastsaette regler om fravigelse fra denne generelle hovedregel om det ugentlige fridøgns placering og under hvilke vilkar bestemmelserne kan fraviges ved aftale.
In both the general Act and the Act concerning clerical and commercial activities general limits were placed on the working of unsocial hours.
Siden lovens vedtagelse har der ikke fundet en ud videlse sted med hensyn til de fag og faglige omrader, som undtages fra de generelle arbejdstidsbestemmelser.
It was a matter partly of provisions concerning the length of the daily rest period, partly of provisions concerning the weekly 24 hours off work and special provisions aimed at the protection of children and young people under 18.
Enkelte saerregler fra den tidligere arbejderbeskyttelseslovgivning er dog videreført for o o / savidt angår arbejde ved lagre, i brod- og kagebagerier, samt i brødfabrikker.7 )
Those groups of people covered by the legislation were, for the purpose of the Act on Occupational Safety, Health and Welfare (General), all those employed in industry and handicraft, in the building and construction industry, in laboratories, in transport concerns, loading and unloading, together with those employed in warehouses and depots.
Arbejdstiden ma endvidere normalt ikke overstige den saedvanlige arbejdstid for voksne, der er beskaeft iget i samme fag.
Pubi, by the Working Environment Fund 1976. Ole Honoré : Lov om arbejdsmiljø.
Dog er stort set samtlige grupper pa
B. 321 of 21st June, 1977.
Lovgivningens begraensede indflydelse pa lønmodtagernes faktiske arbejdstider ma ses i sammenhaeng med, at regler om savel arbejds tidens laengde som placering i Danmark hovedsagelig udformes i for bindelse med de saedvanligvis to-arige overenskomster mellem Landsorganisationen i Danmark (LO) og Dansk Arbejdsgiverforening (DA).
The Act on Occupational Safety, Health and Welfare (Commercial and Clerical Activities) covered every kind of commercial and clerical work apart from those sectors covered by the Act on 3)
Knapt halvdelen af samtlige lønmodtagere i Danmark berøres gennem medlemsskab af LO direkte af disse overenskomster.
Occupational Safety, Health and Welfare (General).
For de øvrige grupper af lønmodtageres vedkommende har de kollektive aftaler pa det private arbejdsmarked en indirekte betydning for resultatet af de øvrige lønmodtagerorganisationers forhandlinger.
For civil servants special detailed rules have been drawn up concerning the length and organisation of the hours of work.
Efter den gaeldende overenskomst mellem Landsorganisationen i Danmark og Dansk Arbejdsgiverforening er den normale arbejdstid aftalt til at udgøre 40 timer ugentligt. For arbejde i holddrift er der herudover gennemført saerlige aftaler.
In the Working Environment Act the general limits for daily rest periods have been maintained unchanged from those laid down in the previous legislation; on the other hand there are some small changes with regard to the rules on work on Sundays and holidays, and also with regard to the rules on the employment of young people.
Det fremgår heraf, at den normale arbejdstid savel for arbejdere, der er beskaeft iget i fast dagtid som ved skifteholdsarbejde, udgør 40 timer pr. uge.
With the change in the law all work situations have in principle attained the same level of protection and, further, more groups than before have been drawn in to be covered by the same provisions on hours of work.
Som kompensation for arbejde på 2. og 3. skift opnas dog ret til 2 timers betalt frihed for hver 40 timers arbejde.
The Working Environment Act includes, generally speaking, all persons employed by an employer.
For arbejde pa søn- og helligdage opnas ret til en fridag for hver søgnehelligdag, arbejderen har vaeret pa arbejde, idet der samtidig gives lønmaessig kompensation, Den generelle regel om 40 timers arbejde pr. uge kan dog afviges i tilfaelde af, at holddriftsarbejde straekker sig over mindst 6 uger og arbejdet er tilrettelagt over en lokalt aftalt turnusperiode.
Excepted from the Act is only work which is carried out in the employer's private household; work which is exclusively carried out by the employer's family and pertains to his household; and work which is carried out by military personnel.
I givet fald kan det bestemmes, at arbejdstiden i gennemsnit for hele turnusperioden skal udgøre 40 timer pr. uge.
3*Act No. 227 of 11th June, 1954.
Som hovedregel skal holdskifte dog finde sted i forbindelse med en søndag, ligesom der normalt skal arbejdes pa samme skift i 1 uge ad gangen.
Act on Occupational Safety, Health and Welfare (Commercial and Clerical Activities).
Fra fagbevaegelsens side ønskes skifteholdsarbejde begraenset til omrader, hvor det er teknisk eller samfundsmaessigt nødvendigt.
With regard to the organisation of the daily working hours there is laid down in the Working Environment Act, as in the earlier legislation on Occupational Safety, Health and Welfare (General), a rule that the employees shall have every day a rest period of at least 11 consecutive hours, calculated as from the beginning of a normal working day.
Midlet hertil har fortrinsvist vaeret at kraeve kompensation til skifteholdsarbejdere i form af større løn og mere frihed for derved at begraense virksomhedernes økonomiske fordele ved at indføre skiftehold.
Beginning of a normal working day in the context of this provision has been interpreted as being that point in time when the employee, after a rest period of 11 consecutive hours begins his work, provided that no definite hour is laid down in the provision.
Specielt sigtes der mod at undgå skifteholdsarbejde, 9) som alene er økonomisk begrundet.
Up to now, moreover, inspection and counselling duties have not been considered as being able to be included in part of the rest period.
Foruden den ovennaevnte kom pensation i arbejdstidens laengde er der saledes også i overens komsten fastsat tillaeg for arbejde i holddrift.
A final decision on this has not yet been made as a decision made by the Labour Inspection Service is under appeal to the Minister for Labour.
Arbejdsmarkedets parter vil desuden have stor mulighed for at øve løbende indflydelse pa udformningen af mere detaljerede regler i lovgivningen omkring arbejdstidens placering.
The provision that the workers are entitled to a daily rest period for 11 consecutive hours can, under special circumstances, be set aside.
Arbejdsmiljøloven er nemlig udformet efter et rammelovsprincip efter hvilket det er muligt at fastlaegge saerlige regler gennem administrative bestem melser.
It is evident from the Working Environment Act that the daily rest period in concerns which have multishiftworking can be reduced to 8 hours.
Om arbejdstidens placering er der s'aledes i loven anført, at arbejdsministeren for fag og faglige omrader kan fastsaette regler om de vilkar under hvilke bestemmelserne kan fraviges ved aftale.
Finally, the Minister of Labour can lay down rules for trades and trade sectors, where special conditions make it necessary, about the arrangement of the rest period and about the reduction of the length of the daily rest period.
- 7 sproget litteratur anvendes begrebet "shift work" som regel desuden om permanent forskudt arbejdstid.
there was a general prohibition against working on Sundays and holidays.
Som det ses, er forskellen isaer relateret til, om arbejdstidsplaceringen aendres i forbindelse med en rotationsordning og derimod ikke, hvorvidt arbejdsprocessen ud føres ved, at flere arbejdshold afløser hinanden og varetager de samme funktioner i en fortløbende proces.
Excepted from this prohibition were people who were not included in the Act on Occupational Safety, Health and Welfare (General), among whom are those employed in agriculture, forestry and horticulture, together with civil servants and 16 precisely defined categories in the Act itself.
I den foreliggende udredning har man som naevnt valgt at inddrage alle former for regelmaessig lønnet beskaeftigelse.
Excluded from the general prohibition against work on Sundays and holidays were the following 16 sectors, v. Lb. 298 of 4th July, 1968 part 6, §34:
Med regelmaessig sigtes der i denne forbindelse mod aftaler, der for et laengere tidsrum er indgået omkring arbejdstidens beliggenhed.
1) postal, telegraph and telephone service, and the lighthouse authority
Arbejde pa forskudt tid anses at foreligge, nar en vaesentlig del af en persons samlede arbejdstid er placeret uden for den normale arbejdstid i dagtimerne, d.v.s. uden for tidsrummet fra kl. 6 morgen til kl. 6 aften.
2) transport concerns - including loading and unloading and that work necessary in connection with the first two; and warehouse and depot work and work which is necessary and urgent for the maintenance of means of transport
De former for forskudt arbejdstid, som man i den foreliggende udredning har valgt at analysere udbredelsen af, er henholdsvis a) permanent aften- og natarbejde, b) arbejde i 2-skift,c) 3 eller flere skift, samt d) uregelmaessig arbejdstidsplacering i løbet af døgnet og ugen efter saerligt arbejdsskema eller turnusordning.
3) necessary work in enterprises which have the character of public utility, such as hospitals and nursing homes, etc., medical and nursing firms, church actions, meetings, museums, etc., education and upbringing, the customs service, the lifeboat service, the fire service, the judiciary and the police, prison administration, and the water, gas and electricity services '
I analysen vil man desuden kort inddrage spørgsmålet om udbredelsen af arbejde pa søn- og helligdage.
4) hotel and restaurant undertakings and entertainment establishments
o De systemer, som benyttes ved arbejde pa forskudte tidspunkter i forbindelse med rotationsordninger, findes ikke empirisk belyst for danske virksomheder inden for de senere ar.
6) warehouse personnel in a period of up to 14 days annually in connection with the firm's annual auditing and stocktaking, or in connection with sales .··.
Af en undersøgelse, som i 1949 blev gennemført blandt virksomheder, som udbetalte skifteholdstillaeg, fremgik det, at der fandtes en del kombinationer af forskellige skifteholdsformer.
7) work which, because of the closing law, must take place on Sundays and holidays, and the time which is used for preparation and clearing ■
De fleste konkrete former for skifteholdsarbejde vil kunne rubriceres inden for følgende kategorier a) 2-skiftsarbejde, b) kontinuerligt 3holdsskift og 4-holdsskift,
9) work which exclusively, or for the essential part, consists of holding watch ·
12 ) c) 3holdsskift med afbrydelse, samt d) uregelmaessige skift.
10) necessary work in the looking after of animals and plants
Arbejde i 2holdsskift er almindeligvis delt mellem et morgenhold, der arbejder i tidsrummet fra kl. 6 til kl. 14, og et eftermiddagshold, der arbejder i tidsrummet fra kl. 14 til kl. 22. De mest vaesentlige variationer inden for dette system findes dels med hensyn
11) preparatory or supplementary work, carrying out of repairs and changes in connection with this, cleaning, clearing or stocktaking, as far as this work is necessary with regard to a firm's normal activities and cannot be carried out in normal working hours
- 8 - til rotationsperiodens laengde, dels med hensyn til arbejde i weekender.
1 free day each week for each period of seven days.
Generelt sigtes der dog som for de øvrige skifteholdssystemers vedkommende mod, at skift fra ét arbejdshold til et andet finder sted én gang om ugen og i forbindelse med en søndag.
This shall be in direct continuation of a daily rest period, as far as possible on a Sunday and, as far as possible, at the same time for all those employed in the firm concerned.
Dette begrundes ud fra en saerlig bestemmelse i overenskomsten mellem Landsorganisationen i Danmark og Dansk Arbejdsgiverforening ved rørende de almindelige arbejdstidsbestemmelser for arbejde i holddrift.13)
The Minister for Labour can, however, lay down rules concerning the waiving of this general main rule on the arrangement of the weekly free day and under which conditions the provisions can be waived by agreement.
Ved arbejde i 3holdsskift med afbrydelse er den mest almindelige ordning, at et formiddags-, eftermiddags- og natskift afløser hinanden kl. 6, kl. 14 og kl. 22.
Since the passing of the Act there has been no extension concerning the trades and trade sectors which are excepted from the general provisions concerning hours of work.
Arbejdsfunktionerne udføres over hele døgnet, men med afbrydelse pa weekender.
Individual rules from the earlier legislation on Occupational
I overenskomsten mellem LO og DA findes ikke saerskilte aftaler om, hvornår i døgnet holdskifte bør finde sted.
Safety have been further continued as regards work in warehouses,
Ved kontinuerligt 3holdsskift benyttes meget forskelligartede systemer.
7) in bread and cake bakeries and in bread factories.
Dette er hovedsageligt en følge af, at arbejdsfunktionerne varetages gennem hele ugen og døgnet og herunder også i weekender.
12) work which is unavoidably necessary to prevent damage to plant, machinery, raw materials or products
o Inden for en raekke omrader har man dog ikke mulighed for at placere arbejdstiden efter et generelt fastlagt arbejdsskema.
13) work on the production of daily papers and work carried out in connection with this, together with distribution all to the extent laid down by the Minister for Labour after discussion with the organisations concerned and the director of the Labour Inspection Service and the works council
I stedet for regelmaessige skift har de ansatte ved disse omrader ofte meget varierende arbejdstider, der helt eller delvist er beliggende uden for normal arbejdstid i dagtimerne.
14) bread factories, bread and cake bakeries and confectioners between O4OO and 2000 hours and further to the extent laid down in § 31, para 7, No. 1 and 2
Der skal i det følgende gøres kort rede for undersøgelser og data materialer, som benyttes i den foreliggende analyse.
16) hydraulic engineering work where the work, because of current and wind conditions, cannot take place on every day of the week.
Af savel øko nomiske som af praktiske grunde har det ikke vaeret muligt at ivaerksaette en undersøgelse, som specielt har sigtet mod en belysning af udbredelsen i skifteholdsarbejde og andre former for forskudt arbejds·
7) B.32I of 21st June, 1977· Proclamation of rules according to the earlier Occupational Safety, Health and Welfare legislation which, with minor changes, remains in force until after the commencement of the Working Environment Act.
Udredningens vigtigste datamateriale omfatter resultater fra social forskningsinstituttets undersøgelse af den voksne danske befolknings levevilkår.
Children and jroung persons under 18 must not, according to the law, be gainfully employed for more than 10 hours per day.
Formalet med denne undersøgelse, der i det følgende vil
Furthermore, the hours of work must not normally exceed the normal working hours for adults employed in the same trade.
15 ) benaevnes som velfaerdsundersøgeIsen, har vaeret at belyse en raekke centrale aspekter af leveforholdene og herunder hvorledes leveforholdene adskiller sig for forskellige befolkningsgrupper i samfundet.
For children and young people under 15 there is, however, in the Working Environment Act a special provision that these people may only be employed on light relief work and only for two hours per day.
De personer, som har vaeret udvalgt til undersøgelsen, udgjorde et landsdaekkende og repraesentativt udsnit af hele den danske befolkning i de naevnte aldersklasser.
Compared with the previous legislation the Working Environment Act raises the minimum age for performing paid employment from 14 to 15·
I udredningen benyttes desuden resultater fra socialforskningsinstituttets arbejdsmiljøundersøgelse.
About the. legislative provisions concerning the arrangement of the hours o I' work one can, to sum up, conclude that generally there are few 1 units.
Formalet med denne under søgelse, der blev gennemført i perioden 1972-74, var at belyse, hvor ledes arbejdere, funktionaerer og virksomhedsledere oplevede arbejds miljøet.
The most important rules deal with the order on the daily rest period and the weekly free day, together with special provisions for children and young people.
Til undersøgelsen om de ansattes oplevelse af miljøet pa arbejdspladsen udvalgtes ca. 10.000 lønmodtagere blandt hovedsagelig medlemmer af fagforeninger og fagforbund, som var tilsluttet Landsorganisationen i Danmark (LO).
Changes, such as have taken place with significance for rules about hours of work, have only to α very limited extent affected the contents of these rules.
Personerne var udvalgt til at skulle udgøre ca. 0,8% af det samlede medlemstal i det pagaeldende forbund, idet der dog mindst udvalgtes 100 personer fra hvert fagforbund eller forening uanset dettes samlede medlemstal.
Yet, broadly speaking, all groups in the labour market compared with previously, have been included in the uniform rules.
Dataindsamlingen for denne del af undersøgelsen gennemførtes i perioden maj-august 1973 ved hjaelp af postspørgeskemaer. Ial.t indsamledes knap 7.000 intero viewer med en nettosvarprocent pa ca. 75.
For those employed in the greater part of the private sector, including those in manufacturing industries, changes in the legislation have not affected the general rules on hours of work.
- 10 der i laengere tid havde haft konstant 3-skiftsarbejde, nemlig fra en papirfabrik, et støberi, et trykkeri, to kemiske fabrikker, to gasvaerker, samt to fabrikker for el-artikler.
Scarcely half of all employees in Denmark are directly affe©tted by these agreements by virtue of membership of the 10.
Regelmaessigt 3-skiftsarbejde afgraensedes i undersøgelsen til arbejde, hvor der inden for en 3-ugers periode var 1 uge med henholdsvis nat-, efter middags- og formiddagsarbejde.
In the case of the remaining groups of workers the collective agremerots have, on the private labour market, an indirect significare© for the result of the negotiations of the remaining workers' organisations.
Socialforskningsinstituttets undersøgelse om teknikken og arbejderen er baseret pa interviewer, der i 1970-71 blev gennemført med 666 arbejdere og ca. 120 arbejdsledere på ialt 17 virksomheder inden for henholdsvis jern- og metalindustrien, den kemiske industri og den grafiske industri.
According to the current agreement between the Federation of Trade Unions and the Employers' Confederation it has been agreed that the normal working hours shall amount to 40 hours per week.
Undersøgelsen, der ikke sigtede mod at vaere repraesentativ for de naevnte brancher, havde til hensigt at belyse bl.a. tekniske aendringers konsekvenser for jobbenes indretning, krav til uddannelse, arbejdstilfredshed og de ansattes ønsker om jobskift.
For shiftwork special agreements have been concluded over and above this. From this it is evident that the normal working time both for workers employed permanently on days and for shift workers amounts to 40 hours per week.