natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
har brugt ecstasy inden for det seneste år med en stigende tendens iperioden 2003-2008.
United Kingdom; see Figure 6). An exception to this is the Czech Republic, where it is estimated that 7.7¢%¢of the 15–34 age group have used ecstasy in the last year, with an upward trend over the period 2003–08.
Idenne periode rapporterer de fleste andre lande en stabil tendens med undtagelse af Estland og Ungarn, hvor prævalensen for brug af ecstasy inden for de seneste 12 måneder blandt unge voksne steg ibegyndelsen af 2000’erne for siden at falde.
Over this period, most other countries report a stable trend, with the exception of Estonia and Hungary, where last year prevalence of ecstasy use among young adults increased during the early 2000s and has since decreased.
Figur 6: Tendenser i seneste års prævalens af amfetaminbrug (øverst) og ecstasybrug (nederst) blandt unge voksne (15-34 år)
Figure 6: Trends in last year prevalence of use of amphetamines (top) and ecstasy (bottom) among young adults (aged 15–34)
Skoleundersøgelser udført i2007 (ESPAD) og 2008 viser generelt kun små ændringer igraden af eksperimentering med amfetaminer og ecstasy blandt 15-16-årige skoleelever.
School surveys conducted in 2007 (ESPAD) and 2008 suggest, overall, little change in the levels of experimentation with amphetamines and ecstasy among students aged 15–16.
Ibetragtning af at der var forskelle på mindst to procentpoint mellem 2003 og 2007, steg langtidsprævalensen for brug af amfetaminer i9 lande.
Considering differences of at least two percentage points between 2003 and 2007, lifetime prevalence of amphetamines use increased in nine countries.
På samme måde steg ecstasybrugen i7 lande.
By the same measure, ecstasy use increased in seven countries.
Der blev kun observeret et fald ilangtidsprævalensen for amfetaminer i Estland og Italien, mens Tjekkiet, Portugal og Kroatien meldte om et fald ibrugen af ecstasy.
A decrease in lifetime prevalence of amphetamines use was observed only in Estonia and Italy, while the Czech Republic, Portugal and Croatia reported a decrease in ecstasy use.
De resterende lande meldte om en stabil tendens.
The remaining countries report a stable trend.
Amfetaminer og ecstasy i¢fritidsmiljøer: brug og tiltag
Amphetamines and ecstasy in recreational settings: use and interventions
Danmark Frankrig Ungarn
Denmark France Hungary
9 lande forelagde data om prævalens for brug af stimulerende stoffer fra undersøgelser gennemført inattelivet i2008.
Data on the prevalence of stimulant use from studies conducted in nightlife settings in 2008 were provided by nine countries.
Skøn viser betydelig variation mellem forskellige lande og miljøer fra 10% til 85%for langtidsbrug af ecstasy og fra 5% til 69% for brug af amfetaminer.
Estimates show considerable variation between different countries and settings, ranging from 10¢% to 85¢% for lifetime use of ecstasy and from 5¢% to 69¢% for use of amphetamines.
Tre af undersøgelserne indeholdt også skøn over langtidsprævalens for hallucinogene svampe fra 34% til 54%.
Three of the studies also reported lifetime prevalence estimates for hallucinogenic mushrooms, ranging from 34¢% to 54¢%.
Der er konstateret forskelle iprævalens og stofbrugsmønstre anført af kunder iklubber, som spiller forskellige former for elektronisk danse-musik i6 lande (Tyskland, Frankrig, Ungarn, Nederlandene, Rumænien, Det Forenede Kongerige), idet ecstasybrug synes at hænge tættere sammen med nogle musikgenrer end andre.
Differences in the prevalence and patterns of drug use reported by customers attending clubs playing different genres of electronic dance music have been found in six countries (Germany, France, Hungary, Netherlands, Romania, United Kingdom), with ecstasy use appearing to be consistently more closely associated with some music genres than others.
Ecstasybrug var også mere almindelig end amfetaminbrug ide undersøgte miljøer i3 indberettende lande (Tjekkiet, Nederlandene, Det Forenede Kongerige).
Ecstasy use was also more common than amphetamines use in the settings sampled in three reporting countries (Czech Republic, Netherlands, United Kingdom).
F.eks. anførte 9% af klubgæsterne i Amsterdam, at de havde taget ecstasy iløbet af undersøgelsesaftenen, og 42%af klubgæsterne i Manchester anførte, at de havde taget eller havde planer om at tage ecstasy iløbet af undersøgelsesaftenen. De tilsvarende tal for amfetaminer var 3,6% (Amsterdam) og 8% (Manchester).
For example, 9¢% of club-goers in Amsterdam reported that they had taken ecstasy during the evening of the survey and 42¢% of club-goers in Manchester reported that they had taken or planned to take ecstasy during the evening of the survey.
Kun 13 europæiske lande har for nylig rapporteret om tiltag ifritidsmiljøer inattelivet.
Only 13 European countries have recently reported on interventions in recreational nightlife settings.
De vigtigste indberettede aktiviteter var at sørge for information og materialer om skadesreduktion, men der var kun få informative strategier for at ændre de normative overbevisninger, som danner grundlaget for ungdomskulturen ifritidsmiljøet.
Information provision and harm-reduction materials were the main activities reported, but few informative strategies addressed the normative beliefs underlying the recreational youth culture.
Kun data for lande med mindst tre undersøgelser i perioden 1998-2009 er medtaget.
Environmental approaches, such as healthy clubbing environments, safe
Kapitel 4: Amfetaminer, ecstasy og hallucinogene stoffer miljømæssige tiltag såsom sunde klubmiljøer, sikker transport, politiindsats mod salg, chillout-områder, alkoholtest og kriseforanstaltninger, hver for sig eller ikombination.
Annual report 2010: the state of the drugs problem in Europe transportation, selling and policing schemes, chill-out zones, alcohol tests and crisis interventions are reported, alone or in combination, by seven countries (Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Spain, Luxembourg, Netherlands, United Kingdom).
Samarbejde mellem aktører inattelivet — kommuner, politi og restauratører eller klubejere — rapporteres nu også af Spanien og Italien.
Cooperation between players involved in the nightlife field¢— municipalities, police and restaurant or club owners¢— is now also reported by Spain and Italy.
til afgiftningscentre, ofte ien tilstand af akut toksisk psykose, der typisk er ledsaget af aggressivitet mod brugerne selv og deres omgivelser.
often arrive in a state of acute toxic psychosis, which is typically accompanied by aggressiveness towards both themselves and their surroundings.
Sådanne patienter må ofte fastholdes fysisk, kommunikationen med dem er vanskelig, og de afviser normalt al pleje.
Such patients often need to be physically restrained, communication with them is difficult and they usually reject any care.
Brugere med psykotiske lidelser behandles med atypisk antipsykotisk medicin ipsykiatriske døgnbehandlingscentre.
Users with psychotic conditions are treated with atypical antipsychotic medications in inpatient psychiatric facilities.
Tjekkiet rapporterer også, at det på grund af klienternes unge alder og den høje frekvens af familierelaterede problemer er almindeligt at arbejde med metamfetaminbrugere iforbindelse med familieterapi.
The Czech Republic also reports that, due to the young age of clients and the high frequency of family-related problems, it is common to work with methamphetamine users within a family therapy context.
Skader forårsaget af alkohol inattelivet erkendes istigende grad i Europa.
The harms associated with alcohol use in nightlife settings are increasingly being recognised in Europe.
Miljømæssige alkoholstrategier rapporteres af Danmark, Luxembourg, Sverige og Det Forenede Kongerige samt af nogle områder i Spanien.
Environmental strategies on alcohol are reported by Denmark, Luxembourg, Sweden and the United Kingdom, as well as by some areas in Spain.
Blandt de forskellige tiltag, der gennemføres idisse lande, er: ansvarlig udskænkning af alkohol, personaleuddannelse, højere skat på alkoholsodavand, minimumsalder på 16 år for indkøb af alkoholiske drikke samt nultolerance over for unge bilister.
The various interventions implemented in these countries include responsible alcohol serving, staff training, higher tax on alcopops, 16-year minimum age for the purchase of alcoholic beverages and zero tolerance for young drivers.
Flere lande nævner manglen på en farmakologisk substitut til behandling af amfetaminafhængighed som et problem, når amfetaminbrugere skal fastholdes ibehandling.
The lack of a pharmacological substitute for the treatment of amphetamines dependence is mentioned by several countries as a problem for maintaining amphetamines users in treatment.
Dexamfetamin er til rådighed som substitut iforbindelse med behandlingen af svært problematiske brugere af amfetaminer i England og Wales, men ide nationale retningslinjer for klinisk håndtering af narkotikaafhængighed frarådes det, at det bliver brugt til det formål, da der mangler dokumentation for effektiviteten heraf (NTA, 2007).
While dexamphetamine is available as a substitute for the treatment of highly problematic users of amphetamines in England and Wales, national guidelines on clinical management of drug dependence recommend against its use for this purpose, due to the lack of demonstrated effectiveness (NTA, 2007).
Da brug af alkohol og andre stoffer er tæt forbundet med nattelivet, kan målrettede regler for alkoholbrug også reducere brugen af stimulanser.
As the use of alcohol and other drugs is strongly connected in nightlife settings, regulations targeting alcohol use could also reduce stimulant use.
Det blev for nylig anført ien British Crime Survey, at frekvensen af natklubbesøg hang tæt sammen med blandingsbrug(82).
A recent British Crime Survey reported that the frequency of nightclub visits was strongly associated with polydrug use¢(82).
Data analyseret af EONN fra generelle befolkningsundersøgelser i9 europæiske lande afslører, at prævalensen af amfetamin- eller ecstasybrug blandt hyppige eller massive alkoholbrugere er langt højere end gennemsnittet (EONN, 2009d).
Data analysed by the EMCDDA from general population surveys in nine European countries reveal that, among frequent or heavy alcohol users, the prevalence of amphetamines or ecstasy use is much higher than average (EMCDDA, 2009d).
En analyse af ESPAD-skoleundersøgelsesdata for 22 lande viser, at 85,5% af de 15-16-årige skoleelever, der havde brugt ecstasy iden seneste måned, også havde drukket fem eller flere alkoholiske drikke ved den samme lejlighed (EONN, 2009d), og som det rapporteres af Nederlandene, kan brugere tage stimulerende stoffer såsom kokain og amfetaminer for at blive ædru efter at have drukket tæt.
Analysis of ESPAD school survey data for 22 countries shows that 85.5¢% of the 15- to 16-year-old students who had used ecstasy during the last month had also drunk five or more alcoholic drinks on one occasion (EMCDDA, 2009d). And, as reported by the Netherlands, users may be taking stimulant drugs such as cocaine and amphetamines in order to sober up after excessive drinking.
Narkotika- og alkoholbrug i fritidsmiljøer kan skabe en lang række sundhedsmæssige og sociale problemer gennem vold, ufrivillig og usikker sex, trafikulykker, drikkeri blandt mindreårige og sociale gener.
Drug and alcohol use in recreational settings can produce a wide range of health and social problems through violence, involuntary and unsafe sex, traffic accidents, underage drinking and social nuisance.
En ny gennemgang af virkningen af tiltag i dette miljø viste, at de, som oftest blev implementeret, ikke var evidensbaserede (Calafat et al., 2009).
A recent review of the effectiveness of interventions in this setting found that those most widely implemented were not evidencebased (Calafat et al., 2009).
Disse omfatter tilbud om information for at nedbringe skader, fremme af moderation, ansvarlig alkoholudskænkning, undervisning af dørmænd samt programmer, der skal fremme princippet om på forhånd at udpege den, der skal køre hjem.
These include the provision of information to reduce harms, the promotion of moderation, responsible alcohol serving, training of door staff and designated driver programmes.
I nogle tilfælde kan manglende virkning hænge samme med dårlig implementering.
In some cases, the lack of effectiveness might be linked with poor implementation.
Der blev fundet beviser på, at en kombination af klient- og personaleuddannelse, obligatorisk samarbejde mellem myndigheder og fritidssektoren og retshåndhævelsespersonale (udstedelse af bevilling, alderskontrol) var den bedste strategi til at nedbringe antallet af skader, problematiske drikkemønstre og unge menneskers adgang til alkohol.
Evidence was found that combining client and staff training, mandatory cooperation between authorities and the leisure industry, and law enforcement (licensing, age verification) was the best strategy to reduce injuries, problem drinking patterns and young people’s access to alcohol.
Desværre blev resultaterne for ulovlig stofbrug kun sjældent vurderet.
Unfortunately, outcomes on illicit drug use were only rarely assessed.
Andre foranstaltninger på samfundsniveau, som effektivt kan nedbringe stofbrug i nattelivet, omfatter alkoholbeskatning, begrænsede udsalgstidspunkter, begrænsninger af butikstæthed, checkpoints for spritbilisme, reducerede grænser for alkoholkoncentration iblodet, minimumsalder for lovligt indkøb samt inddragelse af licens.
Other measures at societal level which are effective in reducing substance use in nightlife settings include alcohol taxation, restricted sales hours, outlet density limitations, drink driving checkpoints, reduced blood alcohol concentration limits, minimum legal purchasing age and licence suspension.
Ilande, som tidligere har haft et betydeligt amfetaminproblem, får amfetaminbrugere normalt behandling iambulante narkotikabehandlingscentre, der kan være specialiseret ibehandling af denne type narkotikaproblem.
Users of amphetamines generally receive treatment in outpatient drug services which, in countries with a history of a significant amphetamines problem, can be specialised in treating this type of drug problem.
Behandling til de mest problematiske brugere af amfetaminer kan gives idøgnbehandlingscentre eller på psykiatriske klinikker eller hospitaler.
Treatment for the most problematic users of amphetamines may be provided in inpatient drug services or in psychiatric clinics or hospitals.
Dette er navnlig tilfældet, når amfetaminafhængigheden optræder sammen med psykiatriske lidelser.
This is particularly the case where amphetamines dependence is complicated by co-occurring psychiatric disorders.
IEuropa gives der lægemidler (antidepressive, beroligende eller antipsykotiske midler) til behandling af tidlige abstinenssymptomer ibegyndelse af afgiftningen, hvilket normalt gives på specialiserede, psykiatriske døgnbehandlingsafdelinger.
In Europe, pharmaceuticals (antidepressants, sedatives or antipsychotics) are administered for the treatment of early abstinence symptoms at the beginning of detoxification, which is usually provided at specialised inpatient psychiatric departments.
ITjekkiet ankommer metamfetaminbrugere, som henvises
In the Czech Republic, methamphetamine users referred to detoxification centres
Defineret som indtagelse af to eller flere ulovlige stoffer inden for samme tidsperiode, f.eks. sidste år.
Defined as having taken two or more illicit drugs within the same time period, e.g. last year.
Indledning anslog, at den samlede dyrkning af kokabusken over 158000 ha i2009 ville blive til en potentiel produktion på mellem 842 og 1111 tons ren kokain sammenlignet med ca. 865 tons i2008 (UNODC, 2010b).
Introduction region. The UNODC (2010b) estimated for the year 2009 that the total cultivation of 158¢000 hectares of coca bush translated into a potential production of between 842 and 1 111 tonnes of pure cocaine, compared to an estimated 865 tonnes in 2008 (UNODC, 2010b).
Det areal, der er under dyrkning i2009, anslås til 158000 ha, hvilket er et fald fra 167600 ha i2008, et fald på 5%, som ivid udstrækning tilskrives, at den reduktion af arealet, hvor der dyrkes koka i Columbia, ikke opvejes af stigninger i Peru og Bolivia.
The area under cultivation in 2009 is estimated at 158¢000 hectares, down from 167¢600 hectares in 2008 — a decrease of 5¢% largely attributed to a reduction in the area under coca in Columbia not offset by increases in Peru and Bolivia.
Der er idet seneste tiår sket en stigning ibrugen af kokain og ibeslaglæggelserne af stoffet, og kokain er nu det næstmest brugte ulovlige stof i Europa efter cannabis.
Use of cocaine and seizures of the drug have increased during the last decade, and cocaine is now the second most used illicit drug in Europe, after cannabis.
Brugsniveauerne varierer meget mellem landene, idet kokainbrug er koncentreret ilandene idet vestlige og sydlige Europa.
Levels of use differ widely between countries, with cocaine use concentrated in countries in the west and the south of Europe.
Der er også en betydelig forskel blandt kokainbrugere, både hvad angår brugsmønstre og sociodemografi.
There is also considerable diversity among cocaine users, both in patterns of use and sociodemographically.
Der findes lejlighedsvise kokainbrugere, socialt integrerede regelmæssige brugere og mere marginaliserede og ofte afhængige brugere, herunder aktuelle og tidligere opioidbrugere.
There are occasional cocaine users, socially integrated regular users and more marginalised and often dependent users, including current and former opioid users.
Denne forskellighed komplicerer vurderingen af stoffets udbredelse, dets helbredsmæssige og sociale konsekvenser og de nødvendige tiltag.
This diversity complicates the assessment of the prevalence of the drug’s use, its health and social consequences and the necessary responses.
Dyrkning af kokabusken, der er kilden til kokain, er fortsat koncentreret i3 lande i Andesregionen. UNODC (2010b)
Cultivation of coca bush, the source of cocaine, continues to be concentrated in three countries in the Andean
De foreliggende oplysninger viser, at kokain fortsat smugles til Europa via forskellige luft- og søruter. Kokainen kommer
The conversion of coca leaves into cocaine hydrochloride is mainly carried out in Colombia, Peru and Bolivia, although it may also occur in other countries.
Gennemsnitlig detailpris (EUR pr. g)
Mean retail price (EUR per gram) Range
Område for gennemsnitlig renhed (%)
Range of mean purity (%)
Kokainlaboratorier til »anden udvinding« i¢Europa til Europa via lande som Argentina, Brasilien, Ecuador, Venezuela og Mexico.
Cocaine consignments transit through countries including Argentina, Brazil, Ecuador, Venezuela and Mexico before reaching Europe.
Caribiske øer benyttes også hyppigt ved omladningen af stoffet til Europa.
Caribbean islands are also frequently used in the transhipment of the drug to Europe.
Ide seneste år er der identificeret alternative ruter via Vestafrika (EONN og Europol, 2010).
In recent years, alternative routes through West Africa have been detected (EMCDDA and Europol, 2010).
Selv om der for 2008 blev indberettet et »betydeligt fald« iantallet af beslaglæggelser af kokain itransit gennem Vestafrika (UNODC, 2009), går der sandsynligvis stadig betydelige mængder af stoffet gennem regionen (EONN og Europol, 2010).
Although a ‘substantive decline’ in seizures of cocaine transiting West Africa was reported for 2008 (UNODC, 2009), it is likely that significant amounts of the drug still go through the region (EMCDDA and Europol, 2010).
Hemmelige laboratorier oprettet af narkotikahandlere til at forarbejde kokain i Europa varetager en anden funktion end kokainlaboratorierne i Sydamerika, hvor kokainbase eller -hydroklorid udvindes af kokablade eller kokapasta.
Cocaine hydrochloride and, less frequently, cocaine base have been discovered in a range of ‘carrier’ materials as diverse as beeswax, fertiliser, clothing, herbs and liquids.
De fleste af de laboratorier, der afdækkes af europæiske retshåndhævende myndigheder, ser ud til at udvinde kokain af de materialer, stoffet er blevet blandet med, før det blev eksporteret.
The incorporation process can vary in sophistication from simply soaking clothes in a solution of cocaine and water, to incorporating the drug in plastic. In the latter case, a¢reverse chemical process is needed to extract the cocaine.
Den Iberiske Halvø, især Spanien, samt Nederlandene, ser ud til at være indgangssteder for kokain, der smugles ind i Europa.
The Iberian peninsula, especially Spain, and the Low Countries, particularly the Netherlands, appear to be the points of entry for cocaine being smuggled into Europe.
Frankrig, Italien og Det Forenede Kongerige nævnes ofte som vigtige transit- eller destinationslande i Europa.
France, Italy and the United Kingdom are frequently mentioned as important transit or destination countries inside Europe.
Nye rapporter viser også, at kokainsmuglingen kan være ved at blive udvidet østpå (EONN og Europol, 2010, INCB, 2010b).
Recent reports also indicate that cocaine trafficking may be expanding eastward (EMCDDA and Europol, 2010; INCB, 2010b).
Det samlede tal for 10central- og østeuropæiske lande viser en stigning iantallet af kokainbeslaglæggelser fra 469 tilfælde i2003 til 1212 i2008, men disse udgør stadig kun omkring 1% af det samlede tal for Europa.
The aggregate figure for 10¢central and east European countries shows an increase in the number of cocaine seizures, from 469 cases in 2003 to 1 212 in 2008, but these still represent only about¢1¢% of the European total.
Kokainhydroklorid og, mindre hyppigt, kokainbase, er blevet opdaget i så forskelligartede »bærematerialer« som bivoks, gødning, tøj, urter og væsker.
Europol received reports of the discovery of about 30¢cocaine ‘secondary extraction’ laboratories of various sizes in 2008, all in Spain.
Blandingsprocessen kan være mere eller mindre raffineret fra slet og ret at dyppe tøj i en opløsning af kokain og vand til at inkorporere stoffet i plastik.
In the Netherlands, a midscale laboratory removing cocaine from cacao powder and liquor was seized in Roosendaal, in the province of Brabant.
Isidstnævnte tilfælde er der brug for en kemisk proces til at udvinde kokainen.
A year earlier, Dutch authorities had already dismantled two ‘secondary extraction’ laboratories in the same province, seizing 8 tonnes of plastic (polypropylene) containing cocaine.
Efter udvinding kan stoffet blandes op med forskellige midler til at strække narkotikaen (»cutting agents«) og presses til kokainblokke, der præges med logoer, som betegner kokain af høj renhed iproducentlandene.
Documentation recovered at the laboratories showed that more than 50 tonnes of the plastic had been imported from Colombia during that year.
Beslaglæggelser
Purity and price
Kokain er det mest smuglede stof iverden efter cannabisblade og cannabisharpiks.
Cocaine is the most trafficked drug in the world after herbal cannabis and cannabis resin.
I2008 lå de samlede beslaglæggelser af kokain stort set stabilt på omkring 711tons (tabel7) (UNODC, 2010b).
In 2008, global seizures of cocaine remained largely stable at about 711 tonnes (Table 7) (UNODC, 2010b).
Sydamerika indberettede fortsat den største beslaglagte mængde og tegnede sig for 60% af det samlede tal (CND, 2009), efterfulgt af Nordamerika med 28% og Vest- og Centraleuropa med 11% (UNODC, 2009).
South America continued to report the largest amount seized, accounting for 60¢% of the global figure (CND, 2009), followed by North America with 28¢%, and west and central Europe with 11¢% (UNODC, 2009).
Europol modtog i 2008 rapporter om afdækning af omkring 30 kokainlaboratorier af forskellige størrelser med »anden udvinding«, alle i Spanien. INederlandene blev et mellemstort laboratorium, som fjernede kokain fra kakaopulver og spiritus, beslaglagt i Roosendaal iprovinsen Brabant.
The mean purity of cocaine samples tested ranged between 25¢% and 55¢% for most reporting countries in 2008, although lower values were reported in Denmark (retail only, 23¢%) and some parts of the United Kingdom (Scotland, 13¢%), and higher ones in Belgium (59¢%), France (60¢%) and Romania (62¢%)¢(84).