natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Han drager den slutning, at skiftarbejde blandt andet griber forstyrrende ind i de følgende aktiviteter: Leg med børnene, se fjernsyn sammen, dis kutere familieproblemer med hustruen, afslappelse i familiens skød, kønslig omgang og hustruens beskyttelse.
One of the most common spontaneous complaints about shift work is that it interferes with family life. Which's (1957) data on german workers, for instance, showed that 74 percent of the married men and 45 percent of the single men who followed- a shift schedule which included night work complained of 'disturbances in family life'.
De fleste klager kommer fra arbejdere i et vekslende tre-skiftsystem.
A Dutch study (Hoolwerk 1974) showed that the wives of shift workers experience difficulties in equal measure; more than 70 percent of these wives held the opinion that life would be more pleasant if their husband worked during day-time.The data from a Belgian study (Maasen, 1977) led to the same conclusion.
I tilgift til dette skal visse biologiske behov tilfredsstilles inden for familien.
The dissatisfaction is even greater in families where the wife works outside the home.
Disse er tilknyttet mere usmidige tidsprogrammer.
It is not difficult to spell out the specific types of conflicts between work schedules and family schedules.
Skiftarbejdets forstyrrelse af tilberedelse af måltider blev demonstreret i adskillige undersøgelser, blandt andre dem udført af
When asked how they had been most affected by the change, 38 percent of the wives responded that they felt the greatest impact on their social life, while 14 percent saw disruptions of housework as the major problem.
Caillot (1959) understreger eftervirkningerne af skiftarbejderes dagsøvn.
Brown (1959) also noted that the wives of rotating-shift workers are compelled to reorganize their activities weekly.
97% af de udspurgte familier følte sig nødsaget til at ændre deres aktiviteter for at kunne give skiftarbejderen en ufor styrret søvn.
They also found it an extra difficulty having to cook separate meals for the husband. Mott (1958) noted that most complaints came.from workers in a rotating threeshift system.
Ulrich (1957) drager den slutning, at vanskelighederne med hensyn til organisationen af husholdningen påvirker forholdene inden for familien.
The late evening and the night are considered by Mott to contain the sexual relations and' the protection of the wife.
Bast (1960) kommer derimod til den slutning, at skiftarbejde ikke har nogen større indvirkning på forholdene inden for familien - hverken kvantitativt eller kvalitativt.
But, Bast concludes (1960), even without factual repercussions on the contents of family life, the disturbing influence on the tradional time pattern is experienced as annoying.
Men selv uden faktiske eftervirkninger på familielivets indhold siges for styrrelsen af det traditionelle mønster at være irriterende i en sådan grad, at en vigtig årsag til modviljen over for skiftarbejde kan findes her.
It is probably here that lies one of the most important reasons for the negative attitude towards shift work.
I det tredje tilfælde retter vi vor opmærksomhed på den mulige forbindelse mellem faderens skiftarbejde og børnenes uddannelse.
The pattern of worktime and leisure-time has after all been strongly systematized in our industrialized society.
De kommer ud for vanskeligheder med at holde øje med deres børns uddannelse, med at opretholde disciplin, osv.
It is inevitable that individuals with rotating and inhabitual working-hours should experience difficulties in their familyand social life.
Vi er i særlig grad interesseret i de mulige virkninger af skiftarbejde
In other words, the non-work time is built up into a pattern of activities, and these activities give a certain social value to that time by which the period between 20.00 hrs and 23.00 hrs is not equivalent to an equal time interval in the afternoon.
Nu om dage varetages børns uddannelses- og socialiseringsproces i institutioner uden for familien, nemlig i skolen, men der forbliver stadigvæk et intensivt forhold mellem skole og familie, der skal vejlede barnet i dets udvikling til uafhængighed.
This explains why wives of day workers usually make a more negative evaluation of the impact of shift work on the family than do the wives of shift workers (a.o. Hoolwerf, 1974).
En systematisk analyse af indflydelsen af skiftarbejde på familielivet medfører undersøgelsen af sammenhængen med den bestemte organisation af skiftsystemet, der undersøges, med prøvegruppens karakteristikker og med den særlige beskaffenhed af samfundet, der omgiver den.
With all these collected data in view we have, in the present study, tried to direct our attention to the totality of the family activities, this means that the use of leisure and the social life are also considered.
Dette forøger den særegne afspekt af de iagttagne forhold, hvilket imidlertid er at fore trække for uberettigede generaliseringer.
The stress is put however on the relationship between the work organization of the husband and the close family matters such as the organization of the household, of meal times and bed times.
Ved sammensætning af prøvegruppen valgte vi en repræsentation af arbejdere, der tilhørte forskellige systemer for skiftarbejde og desuden en kontrol gruppe af dagarbejdere.
In order to understand the nature of the repercussions, the measure in which they occur and the amount to which they contribute towards a resentment as regards shift work, we have made use of -two methods of research.
På denne måde er det muligt klart at skelne veldefinerede resultater, hvis oprindelse skyldes arbejdsorganisationens bestemte natur.
131 wives of shift- and day workers were interviewed in the first place by means of open questions.
Af den samme grund blev familierne, der var valgt for stikprøve, efterprøvet for et stort antal variable.
In this way we obtained : - biographical data, such as the training and the career of the wife.
Således blev alle gæstearbejderes familier udelukket, også familier af skilte arbejdere og af enkemænd.
(Note : data regarding the evolution and the composition of the family, the ages of the members of the family... had al ready been collected before the test composition.
Det er en kendsgerning, at sammensætningen af deres familie og rollemønsteret for deres familie medlemmer afskiller sig for stærkt fra gennemsnitsfamilien (bestående af fader, moder og barn (børn)).
For this we made use of the population registers in the town halls.
Det synes desuden, at den mening, at skift arbejde og især nattearbejde resulterer i meget alvorlige forstyrrelser i forhold og endda i skilsmisse, er grundløs (Wyatt og Marriott 1953,
This information was however checked for correctness during the interview.) - information concerning the organization of the household activities, the involvement of the husband in housekeeping and the measure in which his work schedule plays a part in this. - information concerning use of leisure and holiday schedule. - information concerning the community life of the members of the family. - information concerning the attitude of the wife towards the work
Bruusgaard 1969).
20 schedule of her husband.
Indtil nu har ingen statistisk undersøgelse vist, at skilsmisse er hyppigere blandt skiftarbejdere end blandt dagarbejdere, og en sådan forbindelse siger ikke, hvad årsag og følge kan være.
The second method of research produced information partly overlapping.
På baggrund af de opstillede problemer valgte vi familier med børn i skole alderen.
This produced of course quité a bit of new information.
Dette giver os rimeligt kontrol med hensyn til, hvor mange år ægteskabet har varet, og alderen af ægtemanden, hustruen og børnene. Inden
Participation in this-part of the study met here and there with some resistance. In order to note down the use of their time the couples were provided with 7(+ 2 extra) schemes.
for hver gruppe arbejdere med det samme arbejdssystem er familiens størrelse jævnt fordelt og spredt over fra et til otte eller ni børn.
Each scheme represents a day of 24 hours, and every section a period of 30 minutes.
Alle arbejdere er beskæftiget ­ i hvert fald på undersøgelsens tidspunkt ­ på fabrik χ eller y i den samme kemiske gruppe.
The three columns refer to : firstly · the activities of the wife, secondly the activities of the husband, and thirdly the contacts between parent(s) and child(ren).
Begge fabrikker er belig­ gende i den samme fornyligt industrialiserede region.
This meant that the wife noted down her main activity for every half hour of the day and also that of her husband.
De begyndte driften på omkring det samme tidspunkt, har arbejdspladser med lignende udrustning og giver deres arbejdere lignende job.
Furthermore she was to mention all contacts (of whatever nature) between both parents and one or several of the children.
Desuden anvender begge de følgende arbejdssystemer: 2­skiftarbejde i en 5­dages uge (6.00­14.00; 14.00­22.00);
After the interview a completed scheme was studied together with the wife so as to provide an example.
3­skiftarbejde i en 5­dages uge (6.00­14.00; 14.00­22.00; 22.00­6.00); kon­ tinuerligt arbejde med en turnusvarighed på 7 dage (6.00­14.00, etc.); dag­ arbejde i en 5­dages uge (7.30­16.00).
At the same time the day previous to that of the interview was looked into, together with the wife, from half hour to half hour.
Prøvegruppen bestod til at begynde med af 40 familier af dagarbejdere, 40 af 3­ og 4­skiftarbejdere og 20 af 2­skiftarbejdere.
The activities and contacts mentioned were recorded in a scheme in order to familiarize the wife with the manner in which the time schedule had to be filled out.
40 familier på dagarbejde.
In order to remunerate this effort 200 E_ were paid to the wife.
Uddannelsesniveauet af disse arbejdere er folke­ skole eller uafsluttet skolegang på realskole.
This amount is so low in order to leave the wife sufficient freedom either to co-operate or to refuse.
De udøver en funktion inden for produktion, vedligeholdelse eller ekspedition.
In total 107 of the 131 time budgets were completely (and consequently usable by us ) filled out.
De bor alle inden for en radius på 10 km fra fabrikken.
This amounts to 82 %.
En meget vigtig variabel faktor, som vi på grund af manglende information ikke kunne tage i betragtning på forhånd, er hustruens arbejde enten hjemme eller uden for hjemmet.
The data of the time budgets provided us with information concerning: - the nature of the activities of husband and wife during the day,
Vi har allerede omtalt et stort antal vægringer ved at deltage i undersøgel­ sen. Det nøjagtige tal er 23%.
- the amount of time spent on well-defined activities, - the members of the family whom we involved in a well-defined activity. tivity.
Det er vanskeligt at finde ud af den nøj­ agtige grund til vægringen.
Time of Day Activities of Activities of the wife the husband
Andre kvinder ønsker ikke at give information angående deres aktiviteter, fordi de har to job eller får arbejdsløshedsunderstøttelse uden at søge arbejde.
One of the aims was to obtain information that would be quantifiable concerning (the frequency, the duration and the nature of) the contacts between parents and child.
I deres øjne var interviewerne sandsynligvis skatteinspektører eller inspektører fra arbejdsanvisningen.
Herein we did not succeed.A large number of wives neglected the last column of the scheme or filled it out arbitrarily.
De vigtigste karakteristikker af familierne, der deltog i forskningen, kan opsummeres i nogle tabeller og tal.
The only fairly reliable information that could be. deduced was whether certain activities (e.g. watching TV, meals) took place in the presence of the children.
Skematisk repræsentation af organisationen af skiftsystemerne.
The direct and indirect TV broadcasts of this world tournament were followed intensively by a great number of people.
^vjjgedage
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Kontinuerligt arbejde
The 'sleeping alone' occurs significantly more often among wives of shift workers with night work.
Nøgle: fridag,
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[^^arbejdsperiode fra kl.6.00 til 14.00.
Consequently the 'sleeping alone' average is low.
öarbejdsperiode fra kl.14.00 til 22.00.
The time of day when the husband sleeps was not looked into closely.
Ξ_BAR_ arbejdsperiode fra kl.22.00 til 6.00.
The time spent by women on these activities averages 20 to 25 minutes a day; for men we also obtain an average of 20 minutes.
Anciennitet af arbe jderne på fabrikken.
(expressed in number of hours per day)
Arbejdere på dagarbejde skiftarbejde
Work organization women men
Den gennemsnitlige tjenestetid for dagarbejderebeløbersig til 12 år og for
We also have the average for the families who mention time for a certain category (e.g. wife alone); the families with Ohrs, time for that precise category were removed from the calculations.
For arbejderne på 2skift, 3-skift og kontinuer ligt arbejde hver for sig får vi henholdsvis 15, 11 og 10 år.
27 we shall return to this whenever such important phenomena reflect or co-illustrate.
Antal arbejdere på
Time spent on eating.
Det gennemsnitlige antal børn i familierne af dag- og skiftarbejdere er det samme, nemlig 2,6.
Thirdly, this average is highest for the twoshift workers (38 minutes per day) and lowest for the day workers (20 minutes per day).
2-skiftarbejderne har i gennemsnit 2,2 børn, 3skiftarbejderne og de kontinuerlige arbejdere 2,7.
These activities are the result of his deviating meal-time. Table 13 gives us the averages, calculated from the total group of 107 families.
Aldersfordeling af børnene.
persons involved total group mean families of day workers shift work. two sh.w. three sh.w. c ont.
Alder dagarbejde skiftarbejde
1.56 0.06 wife husband
Børnene af de forskellige prøvegrupper er ligeligt fordelt blandt alderskategorierne.
Information con­cerning secondary work is not treated here as individuals have had little influence on the average.
Gennemsnitsalderen forbørn af dagarbejdere er 12,5 år, og gennemsnitsalderen for børn af skiftarbejdere er 12,4 år. For gruppen af 2, 3-skift og kontinuerlige arbejdere har vi henholdsvis 12,83, 11,91 og 12,66 år.
For day workers we obtain an average work time of 45.7 hrs per week, for the wo-shift workers 44, for the threeshift workers 44.1, and for the continuous workers 46.9·
Hustruer af
The reason for'this is of coursethe extra income.
Funktioner dagarbejdere skiftarbejdere
We find them in very lowly qualified jobs.
Arbejder
Table 14.
3 hjemme
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Vi har allerede omtalt, at vi ikke havde nogen förhandsinformation med hensyn til hustruernes aktiviteter.
The figures give the average number of hours per day.
Det var ikke muligt at interviewe børnene fra de pågældende familier, da der ikke stod tid til rådighed til at gøre dette.
Table 15 gives the quantity of time which is taken up in families of day- and shift workers by household activities.
Vi er derfor ikke i stand til at give information i denne rapport med hensyn til de bestemte erfaringer, som børn i familier af skiftarbejdere har høstet.
From this table we can deduce that the work organization of the husband has no no ticeable effects on the time needed in a family to do the household chores.
Interviewerne, som vi afholdt, fandt sted inden for en periode på fire uger.
As is traditional in western patterns for husband and wife, house hold work is usually done by the wife.
For at indhente mere omfattende information angående skolegangen og for at gøre den mere pålidelig, søgte vi også kontakt med skolerne, de psyko- medicinske centrer og de sociale hjælpetjenester.
The measure in which help is given by the husband or'that he does something on his own initiative amounts to 13 minutes per day.
De strukturerede interviewer med hustruerne blev udført ved hjælp af et standardspørgeskema, V.I.R. og et tidsbudget.
The number of persons giving their wives an occasional hand is 44 % (60% of the day workers and 40 % of the shift workers); their average help amounts to 16 minutes per day.
V.I.R er et spørgeskema for gensidige personlige forhold, udarbejdet af Vertommen og Rochette (1977).
The number of husbands that do something on their own initiative is only 35 % and the time daily spent on it averages no more than 17 minutes.
Til vor forskning anvendte vi kun blanketten "ægtepar", der blev anvendt til både hustruer og ægtemænd.
The time spent by wives on household activities is interindividually rather different.
Dette spørgeskema gør det muligt for os at fore­ tage sammenligninger mellem den måde, på hvilken en ægtemand eller hustru opfatter sit forhold til ægtefællen.
Some wives, as well of day workers as of shift workers, spend no more than 1.
Personen, der besvarer spørgeskemaet, bedømmer sit forhold til ægtefællen og den måde, på hvilken han eller hun opfatter ægtefællens indstilling over for sig.
5 hrs on them , whereas others need no less than 6 hrs daily.
Dette finder desuden sted på to planer: Det virkelige plan og ønskeplanet.
The causes of this discrepancy are no doubt related to the size of the family, the size of the house and the function of the wife.
Forskelsgraden mellem ønskerne vedrørende forholdet og den virkelige bedømmelse af det nuværende forhold betragter vi som et udtryk for utilfredshedsgraden i det faktiske forhold.
In the course of the interviews we asked a number of questions as to the organization of the household and the help provided by the husband.
Formålet med denne bestemte liste over spørgsmål inden for denne forskning er at prøve på at forstå lig­ hedsgraden (eller ulighedsgraden) i forholdets indhold.
From the answers we see that the activities as regard doing the laddering are subjected to a very rigid time schedule.
Lighed i indhold eller opfattelsesmæssig kongruens anses af os for et udtryk for graden af ægteskabelig tilfredshed og integration.
In 92 % of the families there is a fixed day in the week for doing the laundry or else some of it is done every day.
■ 3 til min hustru _BAR_ønske
Only 3 wives switch 'laundry day' to another day because of the free hours on the day off of the husband.
Jeg med hensyn til min ægtemand ønske
The 'fixed ironing day' occurs in the groups
'faktisk
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Disse to grader (1 og 2) genspejler den måde, på hvilken begge ægtefæller lever i forholdet eller ville ønske at leve i det, og hvilken ændring de ville ønske i det.
The wife regulates her housework only when her husband is on night duty because then she is compelled to postpone activities that are too noisy (such as vacuum cleaning) at the time that the husband is asleep during the day.
(F­0) Denne F­0 grad er udtryk for omfanget af tilfreds­ hed med hensyn til forholdet.
This difference is statistically not significant.
Jo større forskellen er mellem ønskeplanet og det faktiske plan, jo større er utilfredsheden med forholdet. F­Ø­graden
We may conclude that the house work in general runs smoothly, and thewife seldom has to regulate it in function of her husband's work hours, unless it is necessary not to disturb his day sleep when he is on night duty.
Hver enkelt ægtefælle fortæller om sin egen adfærd over for den anden på det faktiske og på ønskeplanet.
help of the husband in household activities.
Dette giver en direkte beskrivelse af veksel virkningen, der eksisterer mellem begge.
interview answer: time-schedules : the man (not in company of his wife) he helps does not help helps more thar 4 hours a week helps less than 4 hours a week
Den gensidige opfattelse
8 never when necessary regularly
De giver os interessant information i det omfang, de viser os opfattelses- fejlene mellem ægtefællerne.
X on 'does not help' against 'helps less + more than 4 hours' = 13«73; df=2; p=0.01, two-tailed.
Tidsbudgettet bestod i, at hustruen noterede sine aktiviteter i løbet af syv på hinanden følgende dage for hver enkelt periode på en halv time.
Table 17· help of the husband in household activities.
På denne måde opnår vi interessant og pålidelig information om organisationen af husholdningsaktiviteterne, spise- og sovevanerne, anvendelsen af fri tid, osv.
interview answer: time-schedules : the man together with his wife he helps participates in household does not participate in household activities activities
Det var uundgåeligt, at vi kom ud for et antal familier, der gik ind på at blive interviewet, men ikke kunne overtales til at gøre den ekstra indsats
By home activities we refer to activities mainly related to the immediate vicinity of the house : gardening, doing repairs to the home, building jobs, looking after animals, washing the car, doing repairs inside and mending utensils etc...
(besvarelse af spørgeskema og tidsbudget), skønt vi gik ind på at betale et mindre beløb for at gøre det.
Only 2 men out of .107 do not spend any time on that.
Der var andre tilfælde, hvor informationen var ubrugelig på grund af alvorlige mangler.
And the data mentioned here may be falsified by the TV broad casts of the football championships.
Vi skal derfor fra nu af, når vi diskuterer informationen, altid omtale antallet af personer, der leverede den.
Add to this that the time schedules were filled out in June, when amateur gardeners are fully occupied looking after vegetables and flowers.
I første kapitel skal vi se nærmere på den indvirkning, som skiftarbejde - som sådant - har på organisationen af husholdningsaktiviteter og på den måde, som familiens medlemmer bruger deres tid på.
The total group of men spends on the average 1.7 hrs a day on household activities, plus 0.2 hours per day helping their wives.
Det andet kapitel vil blive en diskussion af forholdet i familielivet for skiftarbejdere sammenlignet med dagarbejderes familieliv.
Home activities performed by husband and wife together occur in one third of the families (no matter what the worksystem of the husband may be).
I betragtning af naturen af den indsamlede infor mation er der lagt eftertryk på forholdet mellem ægtemand og hustru; opmærk somheden vil imidlertid også blive rettet på forholdet mellem forældre og børn.
72 % of the wives do occasionally carry out the above mentioned activities by themselves, but not for long (the average time is 29 minutes per day).
I det afsluttende kapitel skal vi behandle et problemspørgsmål, der er fuldstændigt nyt inden for undersøgelsen af virkningerne af skiftarbejde, nemlig "har faderens skiftarbejde en indvirkning på børnenes skolekarrierer."
For the 107 wives the average amounted to 25 minutes per day; the averages are- as also for the husband- higher in the families of the shift workers, without deviating significantly from the times of the day workers'wives.
INDFLYDELSEN AF SKIFTARBEJDE PÂ HUSHOLDNINGENS ORGANISATION OG
Child care concerns the feeding, washing and putting to bed of babies and infants, the playing with children, visiting sick children in hospital etc..
En af de mest almindelige, spontane klager over skiftarbejdeer, at det for styrrer familielivet.
The time spent by mothers on child care shows no differences in function of the work system of the husband.
Dette er sandsynligvis en af de vigtigste år sager til den negative indstilling over for skiftarbejde.
In 25 % of the families husband and wife are equally busy with child care.
Arbejdstidens og fritidens mønster er, når det kommer til stykket, blevet stærkt systematiseret i vort industrialiserede samfund.
The average for both is about I5 minutes a day, for day- as well as for shift workers.
Tidspunkterne for forskellige aktiviteter (i eller uden for familien) er normalt planlagte og forudsigelige.
For the 107 families this amounts to an average of 4 minutes per day.
Det er uundgåeligt, at personer med vekslende og usædvanlige arbejdstider skulle finde vanskeligheder med ders familiemæssige og selskabe lige tilværelse.
The amount of time spent by husbands alone with the children is equally small (10 minutes per day) and not different whether they are shift- or dayworkers.
Denne ubehagelighed vil somme tider blive mildnet af vane eller financiei belønning.
We do not wish to go further into these data because of the in­completeness of the record.