natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Middel afvigelse
Result of the studies
Middel afvigelse
The Directory Enquiries
Skema for observation af sidde- og arbejdsstillinger
-100- readingstand holding information that cannot be reproduced on the display screen.
ARBEJDSMILJØET VED SKÆRMTERMINALER
Both types of desk are characterized by the fact that ad justments are difficult to make.
Observation af sidde- og arbejdsstillinger
The keyboard is separate from the screen and is in general suitably designed.
Belysningsforhold på observationstidspunkt:
The work chairs were optimum, but the footrests were too small and had no adjustment facilities.
Tændt, 1 rør ZJ slukket f~l tændt, 2 rør J"~J
The desk readingstand is re ferred to only rarely, but on the other hand requires complicated back movements.
Lysintensitet på skærm n03 _BAR_ZJ middel ZJ under middel _BAR_ [
Less than one fifth had recei ved treatment or had sick leave because of muscular pains.
Meget høj Zl
In Den-
Afstand skulderled ­ 2. tasterække:
Chapter 4 describes the lighting condition in the Directory Enquiries Office.
Afstand gulv ­ skærm øverste 1/4 :
The keys of the keyboard produce annoying diffuse re­flections which are intensified by the dark background.
Afstand skærm ­ bordforkant:
An illumina­ted function key causes glare.
Deskinformators horizontale afstand ­ skærmmidtpunkt vertikale saggitale
The general lighting in the room depends on the use of the local work­place lighting, and the latter is in conformity with the recommended standards only when both tubes are switched on.
Arbejdspladsens indretning i forhold til mulighederne er generelt:
The conditions in the daylight situation were much better than in arti­ficial light.
Særlige bemærkninger:
But direct solar radiation gave rise to prob­lems.
III Siddende udgangsstilling ­ sagittalplan:
Since the curtains blocked out the entire view from the win­dows, they were used only when discomfort from sunlight was intolerable.
- synsobjekt/deskinf.:
Ventilation was obtained only by opening windows in a fixed sequence.
- synsobjekt: deskinf.:
The equivalent continuous noise level varied between 52 and 63 dB(A).
ARBEJDSBEVÆGELSER- OG STILLINGER
-103- the Directory Enquiries Office.
Gennemsnit : 39 Gennemsnit: 15 Gennemsnit: 0,7 Min. : 15 Min.: 4 Min. : 0 max. : 66 Max.: 22 Max. : 1
All the subjects proved to have adequate visual acuity for the job; some three quarters had spectacles for close work.
Gennemsnit : 21 Gennemsnit: 6 Gennemsnit: 0,3 Min. : 10 Min.: 0 Min. : 0 Max. : 29 Max.: 0 Max. : 1
It was particularly notable that more than half of the subjects had an unstable lachrymal film and premature break-up.
Gennemsnit: 116 sek. Min. : 30 sek. Max. : 182 sek.
Just under one half also had signs of conjunctivi tis, but the tear production differed less from other material.
Gennemsnit : 0,5 Gennemsnit:0,3 Gennemsnit: 0,6 Min. : 0 Min.: 0 Min. : 0 Max. : 1 Max.: 1 Max. : 3
These results may indicate that there is excessive evaporation from the operators' eyes, which may be related to the internal climatic conditions.
Gennemsnit: 13 sek. Min. : 0 sek. Max. : 52 sek.
The objective findings that were recorded without a knowledge of the subjective complaints correspond closely to this.
Gennemsnit: 2 Gennemsnit :0,3 Gennemsnit: 0,5 Min. : 0 Min.: 1 Min. : 0 Max. : 4 Max.: 1 Max. : 3
Statistical analyses showed that the feel ing of dryness is significantly correlated with reduced break-up time.
Gennemsnit: 15 sek. Min. : 6 sek. Max. : 52 sek.
Climatic problems and technical
Hoved/nakke
Page 118
Gennemsnit: 42 Gennemsnit: 13 Gennemsnit 0,5 Min. : 16 Min.: 5 Min. : 0 Max. : 63 Max.: 18 Max. : 2
-104- lighting conditions therefore appear to play a much greater part in eye fatigue than do spectacles and deficient visual capacity.
Gennemsnit: 43 Gennemsnit: 13 Gennemsnit: 3 Min. : 22 Min.: 4 Min. : 0 Max. : 53 Max.: 17 Max. : 4
During half of their working hours the employ ees are engaged in routine invoicing tasks, although they also deal with customers at the counter, on the telephone or on external visits.
Gennemsnit : 246 sek. Min. : 154 sek. Max. : 308 sek.
For about an hour every day they are engaged in inputting data at the terminal.
Gennemsnit: 15 sek. Min. : 10 sek. Max. : 22 sek.
The average age was 4 years less and the length of service in the present job was much longer.
Gennemsnit : 0,6 Gennemsnit :0,8 Gennemsnit: 0,9 Min. : 0 Min.: 0 Min. : 0 Max. : 1 Max.: 2 Max. ' 3
It is noteworthy that all of the employees in the Subscribers' Office felt stressed, but only just over one quarter felt stressed in the Directory Enquiries Office.
Gennemsnit : 3 Gennemsnit Min. : 0 Min.: Max. : 14 Max.:
Graduated questions were used to assess employee attitudes to the scope for changes in the working environment.
Gennemsnit: 33 sek. Min. : 0 sek. Max. : 149 sek.
It is thus possible to talk of a proactive, an adaptive, and a defensive attitude.
Gennemsnit: 0,6 Gennemsnit :0,6 Gennemsnit: 0,5 Min. : 0 Min.: 0 Min. : 0 Max. : 2 Max.: 2 Max. : 2
The ergonomie conditions at the Subscribers' Office are described fairly briefly.
Gennemsnit: 18 sek. Min. : 3 sek. Mix. : 30 sek.
The equipment as a whole conforms with ergonomie standards and the work is more physically varied.
Skema til vurdering og måling af belysning på arbejdsplads
On the questionnaires it is notable that pains in the neck and the top part of the back are more frequent amongst these employees with con-
VURDERING OG MALING AF BELYSNING PA ARBEJDSPLADS
•105- ventional office work than amongst the VDU operators; many have to have treatment for physical pains, and many feel that their working posture is bad.
Baggrundslum. L,
The lighting conditions at the Subscribers' Office vary greatly.
Ubehagsblænding fra armaturer
The general lighting does not give rise to any comment but there is glare from the book shelf lamps.
Udendørs belysningsstyrke under målingen Ε , = lux
The local lighting is satisfactory but its use varies greatly.
Brug af supplerende kunstig belysning
Complaints of glare from the ceiling lighting and from windows were halved in the office environment where specular reflection on the VDU screens was not the major problem.
TEGNLUMINANS, LTH Q MALT MED HAGNER LUMINANSMETER MED FORSATSEN CONTRA TEGNLUMINANS, LT Q MÅLT MED PRITCHARD PHOTOMETER.
In the first the temperature varied from 20 to 23 , and the humidity from 24% to 36% relative humidity, while in the second the temperature was between 21.5 and 24.5 and the humidity between 50 and 60% relative humidity.
Kontrastforholdet som funktion af tegnluminansen for ubelyst dataskærm
Despite the fact that the objective measurement readings in the of fice environment and the VDU environment were not the same, there were the same massive complaints of the air being too dry (about 90%).
UBELYST DATASKÆRM.
The same applies to signs of conjunctivitis and the use of eye cosmetics.
Kontrastforholdet som funktion af tegn luminansen ved forskellige belysningsstyrker på dataskærmen
These changes were carried out by the com pany's architectural office at company expense.
(KONTRASTFORHOLD)
-107- could be used.
Luminansen af tegn med forøget intensitet som funktion af luminansen for tegn med normalluminans
-108- possibly takes more account of dust conditions. The project's second hypothesis concerning a relationship between subjective complaints and objectively recordable findings has been confirmed.
LUMINANSEN LHIAF TEGN MED FORØGET INTENSITET SOM FUNKTION AF TEGNLUMINANSEN, L T,0 FOR TEGN MED NORMAL LUMINANS.
European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions.
HELBREDS- OG SIKKERHEDSMÆSSIGE
THE IMPACT ON THE SAFETY AND HEALTH OF THE COMMUTERS / WORKERS
HELBREDS- DGSIKKERHEDSMÆSSIGE KONSEKVENSER
THE IMPACT ON THE SAFETY AND HEALTH OF THE COMMUTERS / WORKERS
COPYRIGHT: DET EUROPÆISKE INSTITUT TIL FORBEDRING AF LEVE- OG ARBEJDSVILKÅRENE,
Designed & Printed by the European Foundation Copyright of THE EUROPEAN FOUNDATION FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF LIVING AND WORKING CONDITIONS, 1984.
I forbindelse med arbejdsprogrammet for 1982 gennemførte Dublin-instituttet en undersøgelse om, hvilken indvirkning transport mellem boligen og arbejds pladsen havde for lønmodtagernes sikkerhed og sundhed.
Under its 1982 work programme, the European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions promoted an investigation into the impact of commuting on the workers' health and safety.
Universitet, Italien, varetog den italienske del af undersøgelsen.
Industrial Medicine at the University of Verona.
For at få et detaljeret indtryk af undersøgelsernes resultater anbefales det, at man læser den sammenfattende rapport samt de to landerapporter.
For an 'in-depth' reading of the results of the study, an examination of the latter document is recommended, along with the national reports.
Forskningen tog udgangspunkt i en fuldstændig "integreret" metode omfattende alle de forskellige spørgsmål i relation til transport mellem boligen og ar bejdspladsen, hvor man så nærmere på de "kumulative" virkninger af de situationer, som folk kommer ud for i familien, under transporten og på deres arbejdsplads.
The research was carried out using a completely 'integrated' methodological approach, which took account of all the various questions related to commuting, and examined in detail the 'cumulative' effects of the actual situations which commuters are faced with in their families, while travelling and at their place of work.
Rapporten blev gennemgået af repræsentanter for regeringerne, arbejdsgiveror ganisationerne og fagforeningerne på et møde i Dublin den 15.-16. maj 1984.
This study was examined by government, business and trade union representatives during a meeting which took place in Dublin on the 15/16 May 1984.
Instituttet vil gerne have lov til at understrege, at ansvaret for de i denne rapport indeholdte analyser og synspunkter alene hviler på forfatterne.
The Foundation wishes to emphasise that the analyses and opinions contained in this study are the sole responsibility of the authors.
Transport mellem boligen og arbejdspladsen: indvirkning på den kortrejsendes/arbejderens sikkerhed og sundhed afholdt i Dublin, den 15. - 16. maj 1984
Held in Dublin on 15 and 16 May I984
Seminar over "Ud- og hjemrejsens påvirkning af kortrejsende arbejdstageres helbred"
Colloquium on 'The journey from home to the workplace: Impact on safety and health of commuters/workers'
Afholdt i Dublin den 15. og 16. maj 1984
Held in Dublin on 15 and 16 May I984
De to undersøgelser, der har været fremlagt til evaluering på dette seminar, er af stor interesse, idet de har bekræftet arbejdstagernes opfattelser med hensyn til deres dagligliv.
The two studies presented for evaluation at this seminar are of undoubted interest, because they have made it possible to confirm the workers' assessments of matters relating to their daily lives.
Dette gælder f.eks. ud- og hjemrejsens betydning som stressfaktor, navnlig når arbejdstageren har anstrengende arbejde eller skifte holdsarbejde.
This applies, for example, to commuting between home and work as a stress factor, particularly when the employee is obliged to do difficult work or to work as part of a team.
Den negative indvirkning bliver også større, når arbejdstageren har forpligtelser som familieforsørger eller befinder sig på et lavt socialt og økonomisk niveau, men der kan også være andre negative faktorer ved rejsetiden.
The negative effect is also accentuated when the worker has family responsibilities or a low socioeconomic level. But other elements may also be negatively associated with commuting.
Undersøgelserne viser, at der navnlig i samspil med arbejdsvilkårene opstår en slags selvforstærkende virkning, som gør ud- og hjemrejsen yderligere belastende.
The studies show that a sort of multiplicator effect takes place, particularly as regards working conditions, so that commuting becomes an additional constraint.
Det må nemlig understreges, at stor afstand mellem hjem og arbejdsplads - bortset fra ganske få tilfælde, hvor der er muligheder for at vælge - er noget, der påtvinges arbejdstageren af økonomiske omstændigheder.
In fact, it is important to emphasise the fact that, except in a minority of cases where a choice exists, long journeys between work and home are necessarily forced on the worker by economic imperatives.
Desuden ser man, at transporten ofte foregår under dårlige for hold, hvor arbejdstageren må benytte flere transportmidler, der er fuldt belagt i myldretimerne.
It is also evident that the journey will often be made under bad conditions, since the worker is obliged to use more than one form of transport, and that at peak hours these forms of transport are at the limit of their capacity.
Der opstår herved en til tider meget negativ forbindelse mellem livsvilkårene i hjemmet og på arbejdspladsen før og efter transporten.
This leads to an association, sometimes of a very negative nature, with living and working conditions before and after the journey.
Arbejdstagernes repræsentanter betoner, at der er overensstemmelse mellem resultaterne af disse undersøgelser og de resultater, man er nået til på møder om det samme emne i den europæiske fagbevægelse.
The workers' representatives would like to emphasise the similarity between the results of these studies and the findings of European trade union conferences on the same subject.
Det ville dog være utilfredsstillende blot at beskrive en situation uden tillige at nævne de årsager, der ligger til grund for den, og således komme frem til løsninger.
Hovever, it would be insufficient merely to describe a situation without referring to the underlying causes and thus being able to arrive at solutions.
I denne henseende skal der gøres opmærksom på, at der foruden de økonomiske forhold findes en anden væsentlig grund til, at arbejdstagerne får lange rejsetider, nemlig at der ikke findes nogen virkelig politik for fysisk planlægning.
In this context, it is important to indicate that apart from economic constraints the other essential reason for commuting is the absence of a real town and country planning policy.
Forbedring af vilkårene for de arbejdstagere, der har lange rejsetider, kan ske på grundlag af en række foranstaltninger, der tager hensyn til forbindelsen mellem arbejds- og privatlivet.
A programme of measures taking account of the link between living and working conditions could be implemented to improve conditions for commuters.
En nedsættelse af arbejdstiden er således det første middel, der kommer i betragtning ved bekæmpelse af træthed hos arbejdstagere, der har lang rejsetid, idet transporttiden til og fra arbejde og arbejdstiden jo opfattes som dele af et samlet hele.
The first element to be considered in counter-acting commuter fatigue is a reduction in working hours, journey time and working hours being moreover conceived as parts of a single whole.
En nedsættelse af arbejdstiden kan og bør i øvrigt udbygges med en lettelse af arbejdsvilkårene, særlig for skifteholdsarbejdere.
This measure can and must be backed up by an improvement in working conditions, particularly as regards employees working in teams.
For det tredje skal det tillige nævnes, at gode offentlige befordringsmidler er nødvendige, og at der må udarbejdes en politik, der gør det muligt at fremskaffe sådanne.
Thirdly, mention must also be made of the need to have quality public transport available, and to develop policies which enable this end to be achieved.
Til slut skal bemærkes, at arbejdstagergruppen vurderer de metoder, der er anvendt ved gennemførelsen af denne undersøgelse, positivt.
A final note relates to the good opinion formed by the workers' group of the methods used to complete this study.
Dette gælder navnlig den italienske undersøgelse og brugen af de biologisk/medicinske metoder, der har bevirket en mere nøjagtig fastlæggelse af de undersøgte fænomener. Institut tet bør også på andre områder fortsat kunne benytte disse former for teknik i den fremtidige forskning.
This applied in particular to the Italian study, and to the use of biomedical techniques which made for greater precision in defining the phenomena studied.
Transport mellem boligen og arbejdspladsen : indvirkning på den kortrejsendes/arbejderens sikkorhsci og sundhsd afholdt i Dublin, den 15. - 16. maj 1984
Held in Dublin on 15 and 16 May I984
Rejsen mellem hjem og arbejdsplads og dens indflydelse på helbred og sikkerhed afholdt i Dublin 15. og 16. maj 1984
Held in Dublin on 15 and 16 May I984
Arbejdsgivergruppen udtrykker over for forskergrupperne sin anerkendelse af kvaliteten af deres rapporter, som tilsammen udgør en særdeles avanceret og nøjagtig undersøgelse af de for skellige faktorer, arbejdstagernes sikkerhed og helbred under rejsen til og fra arbejde.
The employers' group would like to congratulate the researchers on the quality of their reports. These reports make up a most comprehensive and very precise study of the various factors which may have an effect on the safety and health of persons commuting to and from work.
Ved de omfattende spørgeskemaer og den forbilledlige koordination af de to forskningsprogrammer er der indsamlet en række oplysninger af fundamental betydning for vurderingen af arbejdstagernes adfærd.
Next to the extensive questionnaires and the exemplary coordination of the two research programmes, it has been possible to gather a mass of essential data for the evaluation of worker behaviour patterns.
Disse oplysninger er suppleret med en analyse og måling af faktorer, der giver ubehag i forbindelse med transportmidler ne, samt med en vurdering af psykologiske og fysiologiske for hold, sygejournaler og laboratorieundersøgelser.
In addition to these data, problem factors involved in methods of transport have been analysed and measured, and a study has been made of psycho-physiological indicators, medical files and laboratory tests.
Disse dybtgående undersøgelser, der er udført i løbet af et år, munder ud i en række resultater af afgørende interesse i forbindelse med forbedringen af transportforholdene mellem hjem og arbejdsplads.
These in-depth studies, which have taken a year to complete, have produced a number of findings of critical interest for the improve ment of transport conditions between home and work place.
Opmærksomheden er herved først og fremmest blevet henledt på nedenstående skadelige sider af den daglige ud- og tilbagerejse for de af undersøgelsen berørte arbejdstageres helbred og sikkerhed:
First, they have brought to light the following injurious aspects of commuting as regards the health and safety of the workers involved in the studies:
- hvis rejsen er for lang, nedsættes hvile- og fritiden, hvilket kan have indflydelse på arbejdstagerens helbred,
- excessive journey time, which tends to reduce the time available for sleep and leisure, a fact which may have repercussions on the employee's health}
- dårlige mikroklimatiske forhold, forurening med bakterier og kemiske stoffer kan spille ind, og
In fact, it is those whose living and working conditions are least satisfactory who are most outspoken against the problems and anxieties involved in commuting.
- transportmidlerne er til tider uhensigtsmæssige og ikke til strækkeligt bekvemme.
In reality, these travel-related difficulties have only a minor effect in comparison with the work difficulties or social situation of the persons concerned.
Faktorer i undersøgelserne, som f.eks. familiemæssige, sociale, økonomiske og arbejdsmæssige forhold, har vist, at at disse øver indflydelse på arbejdstagernes holdning til dette at have lang vej til og fra arbejde, idet de optræder i samspil med problemer ne i forbindelse med rejsen, hvis indflydelse, omend indirekte, på arbejdstagerens helbred bliver større herved.
The employers' group also found that the result of the research has brought to light a. number of facts and considerations relating to the living conditions of commuters, taking as a starting point the aim of determining the influence of commuting on their health and safety.
De ulemper, der er forbundet med rejsen, er i virkeligheden kun af mindre betydning i forhold til arbejdets mere eller mindre anstrengende karakter eller den pågældendes sociale stilling.
Although the findings are based only on the particular current data relating to local or regional situations in two Member States of the EEC, they do lead to two general conclusions, namely the need for pursuing
Ud- og hjemrejsen kan dog bevirke, at arbejdstageren bliver mindre tilfreds med sit arbejde.
. on the one hand the continued improvement and. development of regional and local public transport; . on the other hand the town and country planning.
Arbejdsgivergruppen har i øvrigt konstateret, at forskningsresultaterne kaster lys over en række forhold og betragtninger vedrørende levevilkårene for arbejdstagere, der har langt til og fra arbejde, selv om formålet har været at undersøge ud- og tilbagerejsens indflydelse på arbejdstagernes helbred og sikkerhed. kerhed.
As regards this second objective, particular attention should be paid to the economically justified re-conversion of sites which are unable to continue operations with the same available manpower.
Skønt resultaterne alene er baseret på særlige aktuelle data, der stammer fra lokale eller regionale situationer i to EF-medlems-stater, kan man dog udlede to generelle slutninger, nemlig at det er nødvendigt at forbedre
Such factors include the economic advantages involved in living at some distance from their places of work, considerations of psychological inertia, tradition, family life or the quality of life, factors which are unlikely to be modified in the short or medium term by purely logical arguments or by planning decisions.
Hvad angår sidstnævnte punkt, må man særlig være opmærksom på den økonomisk nødvendige omstilling af områder, hvor man ikke kan fortsætte sine aktiviteter med den samme sammensætning af arbejsstyrken.
Confronted with this situation, and bearing in mind the fundamental nature of the data collected by the two studies on a very wide range of factors, the employers' group considers that there is no need for further studies in this field before there are perceptible developments in the current problems of the workers in question.
Arbejdsgivergruppen anbefaler, at den sammenfattende beretning offentliggøres med indsættelse af markante passager fra de to forskningsrapporter.
They recommend publication of the synthesis report, expanded by addition of the key passages from the two research reports.
Transport mellem boligen og arbejdspladsen : indvirkning på den kortrejsendes/arbejderens sikkerhed og sundhed afholdt i Dublin, den 15. - 16. maj 1984 regeringsgruppens evalueringsrapport loughlinstown house, shankill, co. dublin. telephone: 826888, (7 lines) telex: 30726. EURF
EVALUATION REPORT OF THE GOVERNMENTS' GROUP loughlinstown house, shankill, co. duhlin.
Kollokvium om transport mellem boligen og arbejdspladsen: Indvirkning på den kortrejsendes/arbejderens sikkerhed og sundhed afholdt i Dublin den 15.-16. maj 1984
Held in Dublin on 15 and 16 May I984
Rapporterne indeholder en betydelig mængde detaljerede oplysninger om bestemte aspekter af sammenhængen mellem helbredsmæssige forhold og transport, som indtil nu ikke har været udforsket.
The Government Group would like to congratulate the researchers on the conduct of very competent studies which give a clear analysis of the problems associated with long duration commuting journeys.
Gruppen noterede med interesse, at man i undersøgelserne i et vist omfang klarlægger disse problemers størrelsesorden i forhold til andre faktorer, der påvirker folks velbefindende.
The study reports also contain a considerable amount of detailed information about particular aspects of the relationship between health and travel conditions, which have not been the subject of previous research.
F.eks. har det vist sig, at de negative virkninger af transport mellem hjemmet og arbejdspladsen kan være mere negative end konsekvenserne af skifteholdsarbejde.
The Group noted with interest that the studies go some way to identifying the magnitude of these problems relative to other factors affecting well-being; it appears, for example that the adverse affects of commuting can be more adverse than those of shiftwork.