natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
For virksomhedens vedkommende gar introduktio nen af nye former for arbejdsorganisation hand i hand med udbyttet, der opnas gennem større fleksibilitet, et bedre produkt, forøget tilpasning til nye produkter og markedssvingninger, samt en forbedring af forholdene pa arbejds markedet, fordi arbejdstagernes forventninger er blevet imødekommet.
For the undertaking, the introduction of new work organisation forms goes hand in hand with the profits which will result from greater flexibility, a higher—grade product, greater adaptability to new products and to market fluctuations and an improvement in industrial relations because the workers' aspirations have been met.
Det har vist sig, at succes pa et vaerksted eller i on afdeling virker som ansporing til at udvide disse metoder til at omfatte hele virksomheden eller andre virksomheder pa egnen eller en branche.
Success in one workshop or department has been proved to act as a stimulus for extending these methods to the entire undertaking or to other under takings in the region or occupational branch.
De offentlige myndigheder vil imidlertid vaere i stand til at skabe et positivt klima for udvik lingen af disse metoder ved at gøre visse lovbestemte krav mere fleksible.
- 3 - these methods by making certain statutory requirements more flexible.
Det er vores mening, at organerne uden for virksomheden først og fremmest ville kunne virke som centre for overvejelser, dokumentation, information og uddannelse af personer, der er ansvarlige for anvendelsen af metoderne i praksis.
We think that the bodies outside the undertaking can act first and foremost as centres of reflection, of„documentation, information and training for those responsible for applying the methods in practice.
Vi haber ligeledes, at der vil finde større udbredelse sted af sådanne evalueringsrapporter, der er udgivet i Den tyske Forbundsrepublik af Institut flir angewandte Arbeitswissenschaft, i Frankrig af Union des Industries Me'tallurgiques et Minieres og af Dot europaeiske Kul- og Stalfaellesskab, fordi disse rapporter ikke alene daokker sociale aspekter, men også beskriver de teknologiske løs ninger, der er fundet, og ofte ligeledes evaluerer ekstra omkostningerne i relation til traditionelle arrangementer.
We also hope that wider publicity will be given to the evaluation reports published in the Federal Republic of Germany by the Institut für angewandte Arbeitswissenschaft, in France by the Union des Industries Métallurgiques et Minières and by the European Coal and Steel Community; for these reports do not deal only with social aspects but also discuss the technological solutions that have been found and often also evaluate the additional costs in relation to traditional arrangements.
Vi havde habet, at der ville have vaeret tydeligere hen visninger til disse dokumenter i de af eksperterne frem lagte rapporter.
We had hoped that more explicit reference would be made to these documents in the reports presented by the experts.
_ k - der har fundet sted i forbindelse med introduktionen af disse nye former for arbejdsorganisation i EFs medlemslande, samt at eksperterne vil modtage mere specifikke anvisninger, saledes at man undgår afvigelser, som de der blev konstateret med hensyn til rapporternes struktur og de aspekter, de behandler, ved dette seminar i oktober 1978
Held in Dublin on 26th and 27th October 1978
SEMINAR VEDRØRENDE NYE FORMER FOR ARBEJDSORGANISATION
The Group adopted as a basis for discussion suggestions contained in the Director's address at yesterday's plenary session. These included:-
Afholdtes i Dublin den 26. og 27· oktober 1978
(i) an evaluation of the situation in Europe as revealed by a comparison of the national reports;
(i) en vurdering af situationen i Europia saledes som den fremstod ved en sammenligning af de nationale rapporter ;
A closer analysis of the .full reports might, however, indicate some similarity between the problems associated with work organisation in those countries which were concentrating on developing their own expertise and theoretical research into different forms of work organisation (the Federal Republic of Germany and the United Kingdom).
(ii) spørgsmålet om, hvorvidt rapporternes indhold efter regeringsrepraesentanternes opfattelse kunne god kendes eller ej ;
Those problems would be different, however, from those countries which were adopting a more practical and pragmatic approach by relying on "imported" systems (e.g. Italy and Denmark) where techniques based on Norwegian, Swedish and United States models were being used.
(iii) Instituttets rolle med hensyn til spredningen af rapporterne og andre former for opfØlgningsaktion;
The French approach fell somewhere between the German and Italian strategie's.
(iv) fastlaeggelse af faelles problemer og regeringernes rolle med hensyn til udviklingen inden for arbejds organisation samt tieres reaktion pa nye situationer og udviklinger.
While it was accepted that developments and innovations elsewhere may influence initiatives in another country, it was felt that a cautious approach should be adopted towards trying to "transplant" systems developed abroad.
De forskellige vendinger for "vurdering" og "arbejdsorganisation" var ikke praecise; sidstnaevntc henviste maske kun til arbejdsorganisation eller daekkede en raekke aktiviteter, der strakte sig til arbejdsmedicin, arbejds tagernes medbestemmelse o.s.v., og fortolkedes ganske indlysende subjektivt af forskellige eksperter.
Reservations were expressed about the suggestion at the Plenary Session that an indication might be given in the summary reports of the extent of resources applied by Governments towards research and initiatives related to new forms of work organisation.
Desuden var det en kendsgerning, at nogle emner overhovedet ikke var blevet undersøgt, og at der ikke var anvendt nogen ensartet metodik.
The fact is that Government assistance schemes take many forms and are usually administered by a variety of agencies.
Der burde også tages hensyn til, at udviklingen i det ene eller andet land var påvirket af flere forskellige faktorer, der var relevante for ved kommende land, sa som don økonomiske situation, del.
Until there is some agreement about the parameters and content of new forms of work organisation, it would be premature to attempt to quantify the Governmental contributions in that area.
politiske og sociale miljø, arbejdsmarkedets forhold og struktur, eksperimenters modstridende malsaetninger, hvilket set under eet ville gøre vaerdifulde sammen ligninger meget vanskelige.
In the case of (ii), the majority view was that, generally speaking, the summary reports were acceptable to the Government representatives subject to certain minor reservations.
Disse problemerville imidlertid vaere anderledes i sådanne lande, der anvendte en mere praktisk og pragmatisk fremgangsmade og satte deres lid til "importerede" systemer (for ek sempel Italien og Danmark), der anvendte teknikker base ret pa norske, svenske og amerikanske modeller.
While rightly recognising the influence of co-management on developments there, the Netherlands report did not appear to accord due prominence to other factors which could also have had an important bearing on the course of events relating.to job restructuring.
Medens det accepteredes, at udviklinger og innovationer i det ene land maske kunne influere initiativerne i et andet, mente man, at man burde vaere forsigtig med at forsøge at "omplante" systemer, der var udviklet i ud landet .
The report in France, in compliance with the request from the Foundation, had confined itself to' developments specifically related to work organisation without adverting to a variety of developments in related areas.
Et af synspunkterne var, at regeringerne i stedet for selv at udføre direkte forskning burde nøjes med at tilvejebringe ressourcer til eksperter og virksomheder, der var villige til at udføre eksperimenter.
The Belgian report contained comments and value judgments attributed to various spokesmen which should not be interpreted as statements of fact.
Denne kon klusion ble\'- modificeret ved et andet synspunkt, nemlig at regeringerne i undtagelsestilfaelde, hvor de over vejede visse initiativer, kunne blive nødt til at gen nemføre deres egen forskning som grundlag for deres be slutning om den bedst mulige fremgangsmade. Dette for hold udelukkede dog ikke, at der ydedes støtte til forskning, som udførtes i industrien eller af forsknings-
A reference might have been included in the Danish report to the impact and influence exercised on developments there by initiatives in Norway, Sweden and the United States.
M.h.t. (ii) mente de fleste, at sammendragene af rapporterne i det store hele kunne accepteres af regcringsrepraesentanterne, bortset fra nogle fa, ret ubetydelige forbehold. For de enkelte rapporters vedkommende mente man, at den tyske rapport ikke var tilstraekkeligt ud tømmende, at den kraevede visse rettelser og burde skrives om for at kunne accepteres.
In connection with (iii) it was agreed that the summary reports were extremely useful.
Den britiske rapport syntes ikke at vaere tilstraekkeligt daekkende, idet den ikke fuldt ud afspejlede de eksisterende forhold, isaer som følge af visse udelade]ser.
A distinction would have to be drawn, however, between the regulatory function of the Government on the one hand and its role as an innovator or stimulating agency, on the other.
En anden be tragtning var, at en stor del af eksperimenterne alene var blevet gennemført af samfundsvidenskabelige forskere, hvilket eventuelt kunne afføde fysiske og materielle problemer, der igen ville kraeve saerskilte løsninger.
Furthermore, Government action would be influenced by its general outlook and prevailing options -political and otherwise - deemed appropriate in particular situations.
- speciel relation til arbejdsorganisation, uden at henvise til forskellige former for udvikling pa dermed beslaegtede omrader.
In some countries, Governments may have an integrated perception of society which results in a centralised approach to work environment problems whereby reorganisation, safety, health and welfare, worker involvement etc. are all regarded as being inter related.
Man anvendte en kombination af ini tiativer, der sigtede pa at udvikle en sammenhaengende national ramme for strukturen pa arbejdsmarkedet.
In other countries a less centralised view of society prevails in the sense that different groups in society are seen as having specific roles whereby certain issues, such as those related to work—organisation, may be deemed more appropriate for resolution by the social partners whereas industrial hygiene would be regulated by law.
Den belgiske rapport indeholdt kommentarer og vaerdidomme, der hidrørte fra forskellige talsmaend, og som ikke skulle betragtes som udtalelser, der nødvendigvis svarede til kendsgerningerne.
In that situation, the scope and nature of the Government's role is less clear and may, indeed, be quite limited.
Den danske rapport burde nok have indeholdt en hen visning til den virkning og indflydelse, som initiativerne i Norge, Sverige og De forenede Stater havde haft pa udviklingerne der.
In certain circumstances, Government intervention may be facilitated where the social partners are agreeable to its acting as a catalyst or as an arbitrator, where the dimensions of the problem are clearly identified or where standards can be defined.
Det var gruppens almindelige konklusion, at det ud fra Instituttets synspunkt ville vaere nyttigt, dersom fler kunne arrangeres diskussioner mellem eksperterne, der havde udarbejdet rapporterne, og de respektive regeringsrepraesentanter med sigte pia at udjaevne menings forskellene om det i rapporterne indeholdte materiale.
The general conclusion of the group was that, subject to the over riding consideration of the Government's residual responsibility to act in the public interest where other sectors may be unable or unwilling to do so, questions about work organisation should, as a general principle, be settled between the social partners.
Man mente, at de uforkortede rapporter også burde offentliggøres pa et senere tidspunkt,omendi en mere tilgaengelig form.
The residual responsibility of Government would still arise in areas neglected by the social partners where workers might be exposed to certain risks or hazards.
Endvidere burde man overveje at opfordre forskere til at gennemføre kritiske 'undersøgelser- af den i øjeblikket anvendte metodik for at konstatere, hvilke sammenlig ninger der var mulige, eller hvorvidt der burde udarbejdes nogle generelle retningslinier pia området.
The use of legislation could present a dilemma for Governments in certain circumstances, for instance, in attempting to regulate work cycles and social aspects of work which may, or may not, be a source of stress.
Det blev foreslaet, at sammendragene af rapporterne, nar de til sin tid blev udsendt, burde indledes med en omtale af, at rapporterne ikke nødvendigvis afspejlede den officielle
A situation could arise whereby, if they were allowed to remain totally within the collective bargaining sphere, there could be a time lag before remedial action, involving legislative measures, was taken.
For sa vidt angik arbejdsorganisation burde man tage hen syn til den kendsgerning, at statens "almindelige interesseperspektiv" er bredere end, men stadig omfatter, arbejds tagernes, fagforeningernes og arbejdsgivernes saerlige perspektiver.
(The question of new forms of work organisation is regarded by the group as part of the wider issue of humanisation of living and working conditions: while fully appreciating the importance and significance of that relationship, the Foundation, from the point of view of its limited resources, might consider confining its initiatives in the short term, at least, to specific, less-extensive issues but bearing in mind the wider dimension associated with its work);
Desuden ville en regerings handlinger o vaere påvirket af dens almindelige synspunkter og de fremherskende politiske eller andre optioner, der skønnedes at vaere hensigtsmaessige i de enkelte situationer.
(2) the effect and opportunities created by new technologies as they affect job design: some may be restricting and inhibiting while other developments may open up a wider range of possibilities for work organisation;
I nogle lande har regeringerne maske en opfattelse af samfundet, som en samlet enhed, hvilket resulterer i en centraliseret indstilling til arbejdsmiljøproblemer, idet arbejdets omlaegning, sikkerhed, sundhed og velfaerd, ar bejdernes medvirken o.s.v. anses for at vaere indbyrdes beslaegtet.
(3) the exploration of resources in terms of staff, expertise and money required by companies to design work systems to satisfy workers' needs and aspirations and to bring about the requisite change of attitudes among the interests concerned to facilitate the process of change;
I andre lande hersker der en mindre centra liseret opfattelse af samfundet, for sa vidt som de for skellige samfundsgrupper betragtes som havonde bo «stem te
(4) features of forms of work organisation which affect the mental or physical health of workers whereby the scope for workers' capacity to make a full contribution to the welfare of the enterprise may be diminished or increased; ' (a suggestion that the initial studies might be conducted in the tertiary sector was not unanimously agreed);
Anvendelse af lovgivningen kunne blive et dilemma for regeringerne under visse forhold som f. eks. i et forsøg pa at regulere arbejdsgangen og de sociale aspekter af arbejde, der eventuelt kan vaere eller ikke er en be lastningskilde.
(5) the need for acceptable criteria to forestall confusion about concepts, models etc. whereby common terminology and common language, definitions, terms etc. may be developed to facilitate a clearer understanding and exchange of views and ideas at Community level.
VEDRØRENDE
S U R V Ε Y
ARBEJDS­
WORK
DANMARK
DE N MARK
Erfaringer fra danske virksomheder
NATIONAL SURVEYS OF EXPERIENCE IN NEW MODEL OF WORK ORGANISATION
BAGGRUND
CONTENTS
B. DANSKE FORSØG MED JOB­ OG SAMARBEJDSUDVIKLING
4.0 The role of the State 5.0 Research and diffusion of results 6.0 Conclusion
Ændringsprocessen . .'
The report consists of two sections.
Formålet med afsnit A er" at redegøre for hovedlinierne i de ændringer, som dansk virksomhedsstruktur har været underkastet som følge af arbejdsmarkedsorganisationernes, statens og virksomhedsledelsernes egne reguleringer af den oprindelige, autoritære ledelsesform.
Introduction The aim of section A is to describe the major outlines of the Danish industrial relations system. We shall focus upon the changes of this system from an authoritarian one towards a more democratic one as a result of agreements and laws by the labour market organizations and the State, and one-sided regulations made by the management.
De gennemførte ændringer er sket inden for visse økonomiske restriktioner, ligesom andre baggrundsfaktorer antages at have øvet indflydelse.
These changes have taken place within certain economic restrictions as well as other limiting factors which are also commented upon in this section.
Derfor indgår en omtale af så danne faktorer i notatet.
In Denmark shop stewards protected by the collective agree ments got influence on local wages and other working conditions in the course of the first decades of this century.
I Danmark fik overenskomstbeskyttede tillidsmænd i løbet af de første årtier af dette århundrede en indflydelse på lokale lønog arbejdsforhold, men det er først efter den anden verdenskrig, at udvalg bestående af ledelse og repræsentanter for de ansatte er blevet inddraget i ledelsens beslutninger.
But it was only after the Second World War that joint committees consisting of the management and representatives of the employees came to participate in the management's decision-making.
Fra 1960'ernes slutning er ledelsesformen yderligere blevet forandret, således at de ansatte har fået direkte indflydelse via jobændringer og delvist selvstyrende grupper.
Since the end of the I960's the model of management has been further changed in some instances. So, the employees have got direct influence via job enrichment and semiautonomous groups.
De hovedspørgsmål, som skal besvares, er følgende: Hvilken ind flydelse har den økonomiske, politiske og sociale udvikling haft på ændringerne i ledelsesformen?
The main questions to be answered are the following. What impact has the economic, political and social development had upon changes of the management models?
Specielt er der grund til at spørge, om konjunkturomslaget efter 1973 har svækket overgangen til nye ledelsesformer.
Especially, has the change of the business cycle after 1973 weakened the transition towards new forms of management?
Et andet spørgsmål er, hvad den relative betydning af henholdsvis statens og arbejdsmarkedsorganisationernes initiativer har været i forbindelse med ændringerne i arbejdsorganisationen.
Another question is, what has been the relative importance of the labour market organizations and the State respectively in regard to change of the work organization?
Der er gennemført en række repræsentative ordninger, hvorved de ansatte har fået en indirekte indflydelse på produktions- og arbejdsforhold.
A number of representative mechanisms have been carried through so that the employees have got an indirect influence on their working conditions and production.
Der er også gennemført en direkte indflydelse for de ansatte på egne arbejdsforhold på nogle virksomheder.
At the same time direct in fluence of the employees on their own work arrangement has also been tried.
I denne sammenhæng er spørgsmålet, om udviklingen langs disse to hoveddelinger påvirker hinanden.
In this connection, the question is whether the de velopments along those two lines are related to each other.
Der er foretaget en række videnskabelige undersøgelser af de nye organisationsformer.
The new forms of work organization have been investigated by Danish social scientists.
Foruden at give en oversigt over disse i
The outlines of the following sections are found in the table
I dette afsnit behandles først arbejdsmarkedet og arbejdsmarkedsorganisationerne samt deres indbyrdes forhold i 197 0'erne.
Background This section considers the labour market, its organizations and their relationship to each other in the 1970's.
Der næst redegøres for de økonomiske, sociale og politisk-kulturelle faktorer, som er af betydning for ledelsesformerne i danske virksomheder.
Thereafter, the economic, social and political factors of importance to the management forms of Danish companies are described.
Her er det fundet rigtigt at behandle udviklingen si den den anden verdenskrig.
Here it is found necessary to look upon the development since the Second World War.
Cirka 150.000 eller knap 7 pet. af arbejdsstyrken er ledige.
150,000 or hardly 7 per cent of the labour force are unemployed.
Lønmodtagerne er organiserede i Landsorganisationen i Danmark (LO), der tæller 1,1 mill, medlemmer primo 1977 2) og Fællesrådet for danske Tjenestemands- og Funktionærorganisationer (FTF) med ca.
Federation of Danish Civil Servants and Salaried Employees (Fællesrådet for danske Tjenestemands- og Funktionærforeninger = FTF) with about 270,000 members at the beginning of 1977, and
270.000 medlemmer primo 1977 foruden nogle mindre organisationer. '
4 ) per cent of the salaried employees were similarly union members
En repræsentativ undersøgelse af den danske befolkning i 1966 visee at 83 pet. af de faglærte mandlige arbejdere var fagligt organise rede, 75 pet. af de ikke-faglærte mænd og 58 pet. af funktionærerne.
In connection with the economic crisis since 1974 it is a general impression that salaried employees and women workers have joined the unions to an increasing extent.
4 ) I sammenhæng med den økonomiske krise siden 1974 er det et almindeligt indtryk, at mandlige funktionærer og de kvindelige beskæftigede har tilsluttet sig de faglige organisationer i stigende omfang.
On the employers' side urban employers are gathered in the Danish Employers' Confederation (Dansk Arbejdsgiverforening = DA)
På arbejdsgiverside er byerhvervenes arbejdsgivere samlet i Dansk Arbejdsgiverforening (DA).
- 6 -DA has 21,000 members at the beginning of 1977 and they employ about 300,000 workers and 160,000 salaried employees .
DA har 21.000 medlemmer primo 1977 og beskæftiger ca. 300.000 arbejdere og 160.000 funktionæ rer.· Disse beskæftigelsestal viser, at arbejdsgiversiden ikke har den samme høje organisationsprocent som lønmodtagersiden.
These employment figures show that the employers do not have the same high percentage of organized members as the workers.
Men DA har som den eneste centrale arbejdsgiverorganisation for byerhvervenes arbejdsgivere en udslaggivende indflydelse på de private virksomheders lønpolitik.
Nevertheless, DA has a determining influence on the wage policy of the private companies because it is the only central employers' organization outside agriculture.
Det danske private arbejdsmarked er karakteriseret ved, at lønog arbejdsvilkårene reguleres ved en kollektiv overenskomst mellem LO og DA på medlemsorganisationernes vegne.
The Danish labour market is regulated by collective agree ments about wages and working conditions.
Forhandlingerne foregår hvert andet år.
These agreements are negotiated by LO and DA on behalf of the member organizations, and the bargaining takes place every second year.
I visse industrigrene, hvoraf jernog metalindustrien er den vigtigste, kan der dog forhandles løn vilkår lokalt i overenskomstperioden.
Yet, in some branches of industry, of which iron and metal is the most im portant, wage adjustments can be negotiated at the local level during the agreement period.
De kollektive overenskomstforhandlinger er den akcepterede løs ning smekanisme for den interessemodsætning, som eksisterer imellem arbejdsmarkedets parter.
Collective bargaining is the accepted mechanism for solving the conflict of interest which exists between the parties of the labour market.
Almindeligvis opnår parterne med den statslige forligsinstitutions hjælp et overenskomstforslag uden konflikt.
Usually the parties reach an agreement proposal without open conflict by the help of the State conciliation machinery.