natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Indførelse af skifteholdsarbejde af overvejende økonomiske o o årsager synes pa denne baggrund isaer at omfatte 2-skiftsarbejde med standsning af produktionen om natten og i week-ender, mens 3holds skift i større omfang synes udbredt pa virksomheder, der af tekniske o o årsager ma opretholde en kontinuerlig produktion.
The introduction of shiftwork for predominantly economic reasons appears in this context especially to include double shift working with interruptions in production at night and weekends, whilst 3—shift working to a great extent appears widespread in firms which for technical reasons must maintain a continuous production.
Undersøgelser fra andre vesteuropaeiske lande har vist, at skifte holdsarbejde synes mere udbredt pa virksomheder med mange end med fa ansatte. Som forklaring herpå er der henvist til, at der pa store virksomheder ofte anvendes mere kapitalintensive former for industriel teknik, som for en rentabel udnyttelse fordrer kontinuerlig produktion.
Surveys from other Western European countries have shown that shiftwork appears to be more widespread in firms with a larger rather than smaller staff.
Desuden, at de virksomheder, som har skifteholds arbejde af overvejende tekniske grunde, forholdsvis hyppigt er karakteriseret ved stordrift.
Moreover, the firms which have shiftworking for predominantly economic reasons are, relatively frequently, characterised by large—scale operations.
Andelen af beskaeftigede, som har skifte- holdsarbejde er ligeledes storre pa virksomheder med mange ansatte.
The proportion of employees on shiftwork is also greater in firms with more employees.
Pa virksomheder, der i alt beskaeftiger mindre end 200 personer, har saledes 10% af de ansatte oplyst, at de normalt har arbejde uden for almindelig arbejdstid, hvorimod dette var tilfaeldet for 16% af de ansatte pa virksomheder med 200499 personer og for 27% af de o ansatte pa virksomheder med 500 eller flere beskaeftigede.
In firms which, in total, employ fewer than 200 people 10^ of the employees said that they usually work outside the normal hours of work, whereas the figure was 16% for those employed in firms with between 200 and 499 employees and 27% for those employed in firms witïa 500 or nuore employees.
Som det endvidere fremgår af tabel 5, er arbejde i 2holdsskift saerlig o udbredt pa de helt store virksomheder med 1000 ansatte og derover, o mens arbejde i 3holdsskift er forholdsvis meget udbredt pa virksomheder med 200 ansatte og derover.
As can further be seen from Table 5 ábAle shaft working is particularly widespread on the whéls im large firms vita 1,000 or more employees, wMlstt 3-stoifft wmMmg, is relatively more widespread in firms with 243© ssr nasone employees.
Lønmodtagere i fremstillingserhvervene.
Wage earners in the manufacturing industries.
Arbe jdst id: splacering fordelt efter virksomhedsstørrelse.
Organisation of the hours of work broken down according to the size of the firm.
Arbejdst idens beliggenhed
Organisation of hours of work
Almindelig arbejdstid
Normal hours
Kilde: Socialforskningsinstituttets velfaerdsundersøgelse 1976.
National Institute of Social Research Welfare Survey 1976
Det industrielle miljøs betydning for skifteholdsarbejdets ud bredelse er bl.a. belyst i socialforskningsinstituttets under søgelse om teknikken og arbejderen.
The industrial environment's significance for the spread of shiftwork is illustrated in the National Institute of Social Research survey on technology and the worker.
Undersøgelsen byggede som foran naevnt pa interviewer med 666 arbejdere og deres arbejds ledere pa 17 virksomheder i 1970-71 inden for jern- og metalindustrien, kemisk industri og grafisk industri.
The survey, as mentioned previously, is based on interviews with 666 workers and their supervisors in 17 firms in 1970-1971 in the iron and metal industry, the chemical industry and the graphics industry.
Det fremgik af denne undersøgelse, at 3holdsskift inden for disse virksom heder hovedsagelig fandtes i forbindelse med fremstilling af flydende produkter (råvarer til medicinal- og levnedsmiddelindustri, olieraffinaderi), men ikke pa virksomheder, der i enkeltstyks- eller serieproduktion fremstillede mindre faste produkter.
It emerged from this survey that 3-shift working in these firms was found mainly in connection with the manufacture of liquid products (raw materials in the pharmaceutical and food industry, oil refineries) but not in firms which, in single piece production or series production, manufactured less fixed products.
Af undersøgelsen fremgik det endvidere, at 2holdsskift var forholdsvis meget udbredt ved kartonageproduktion, i saetterier, ved fremstilling af faste og meget store produkter (skibsvaerft og fabrik for store maskiner), samt i forbindelse med serieproduktion af mindre, faste og ensartede produkter.
It further emerged from the survey that double shift working was relatively more widespread in cardboard-box production, in composing rooms, in the manufacture of fixed and larger products (shipyards and factories for large machines), and in connection with series production of smaller, fixed and uniform products.
Som det endvidere fremgår af tabel 6, var der kun meget fa beskaeftiget ved skifteholdsarbejde pa de øvrige undersøgte omrader, som henholdsvis omfattede autovaerksted, 2 bogbinderier, 7 vedligeholdelsesafdelinger, samt reproafdelinger.
As can further be seen from Table 6 there were very few employed on shiftwork in the other sectors surveyed which included repair shops, 2 bookbinders, 7 maintenance departments and reproduction departments.
I undersøgelsen kon kluderedes det, at tendensen til holddriftsarbejde og isaer arbejde i 3holdsskift bliver mere udbredt, jo højere det tekniske niveau er i produktionsprocessen.
In the survey it is concluded that the tendency towards shift work and particularly 3-shift working is more widespread the higher the technical level of the production process.
Skifteholdsarbejdere har også hyppigere overvågnings- og kontrolfunktioner af større maskiner og anlaeg end arbejdere, der normalt har placeringen af deres arbejdstid i dagtimerne .
Shiftworkers also have more frequently a supervisory and inspection function of larger machines and plant than workers who have normal working hours during the day.
Industrielt miljø og skifteholdsarbejde.
The industrial environment and shiftwork.
Procentfordeling,
Percentage breakdown.
Note: I variablen "antal skift" findes også en kategori: "andet", der daekker over, at det varierer om o o man er pa skiftehold eller ej. Der er imidlertid meget fa personer i denne kategori (ialt 5).
In the variable "number of shifts" there is also a category "other" which includes the cases when it varies whether one has shiftwork or not.
Disse personer findes alle i"trykkerier", hvorfor summen af procenter i denne kategori ikke bliver 100, idet procentbasis inkluderer samtlige personer.
These persons are all to be found in printing­houses, which is the reason why the sum of the percentage in this column is not 100, as the percent basis includes all persons.
Kilde: David Bunnage, Nils Mortensen og Anders Rosdahl: Teknikken og arbejderen. Bd.
Source: David Bunnage, Nils Mortensen and Anders Rosdahl: Teknikken og arbejderen.
Det viser sig, at 11% af de lønmodtagere, som havde gennemført en erhvervsuddannelse, havde arbejde uden for almindelig arbejdstid, mens dette gjorde sig gaeldende for 19% af de, der ikke havde gennemført en erhvervsuddannelse.
From the results of the National Institute of Social Research welfare survey one can, however, make a more precise analysis of whether it is true for all employed persons in the manufacturing industries that the spread of shiftwork is greater for people with vocational training than for people without it.
Som det endvidere fremgår af tabel 7, fandtes der blandt lønmodtagerne uden erhvervs uddannelse ,en lidt større andel med arbejde i henholdsvis 3holds skift og i permanent aften- og natarbejde.
It appears that 11$ of the wage earners who had had vocational training had work outside normal working hours, while for those who did not have vocational training the figure was 19%· As can be seen from Table 7 there was among the wage earners without vocational training a slightly greater proportion with 3-shift work and permanent evening and night work.
Derimod fandtes ingen forskelle med hensyn til, hvor stor en andel, der henholdsvis havde arbejde i 2holdsskift og uregelmaessig arbejdstidsplacering efter saerligt skema eller turnusordning.
Against this there was no difference with regard to how great a proportion had double shiftwork or an irregular arrangement of the hours of work according to a special scheme or rotation arrangement.
Erhvervsuddannelse lait
Vocational training
Har fuldført uddannelse(r )
Have completed training
Har ikke fuldført uddannelse(r)
Have not completed training
Kilde: Socialforskningsinstituttets velfaerdsundersøgelse 1976.
Source: National Institute of Social Research Welfare Survey 1976
33 til arbejde i 2-holdsskift, 3-holdsskifΐ, samt ved permanent aftenog natarbejde, var gruppen af ufaglaerte arbejdere størst reprae-.
If one compares the organisation of the hours of work for salaried employees, skilled workers and unskilled workers, one finds that it is usually the unskilled workers who usually do work outside the normal hours.
o senteret. Selv om skifteholdsarbejde saledes i en del tilfaelde er udbredt inden for virksomheder, der arbejder pa et højt teknisk niveau og ofte med en helautomatiseret produktionsproces, er det ikke i saerligt stort omfang lønmodtagere med formelle faglige kvalifikationer, som varetager arbejdsfunktioner i forbindelse med skifteholdsarbejdet.
Even if shiftwork in many instances is widespread in firms which have a high technical level and often a completely automated production process, it is not to any great extent employees with formal professional qualifications who carry out the work functions in shiftwork.
Arbejdstidsplacerinq for lønmodtagere inden for frem stillingsvirksomhed, fordeling pa stillingsgrupper.
Organisation of the hours of work for wage earners in manufacturing firms, according to status.
Arbejdstidens beliggenhed
Skilled workers
Ufaglaerte arbejdere
Unskilled workers
Kilde: Socialforskningsinstituttets velfaerdsundersøgelse 1976.
Source: National Institute of Social Research welfare survey 1976
- 34 o de lønmodtagere, som har arbejde pa forskudt tid, tillige har en kortere arbejdsperiode end andre lønmodtagere.
Thus it could be directly expected that the wage earners who work unsocial hours also have a shorter work period than other wage earners.
Analysen af arbejds tidens laengde og placering vil dernaest danne baggrund for en beskrivelse af lønmodtagernes indtaegtsforhold.
The analysis of the length and organisation of the hours of work will form the background for a description of the wage earners' income situation.
Endelig vil man i afsnittet undersøge, hvorledes lønmodtagere selv vurderer udvalgte aspekter af deres arbejdes indhold. Det empiriske datamateriale, som danner grundlag for beskrivelsen i dette afsnit, er baseret pa resultater fra socialforskningsinstituttets velfaerdsundersøgelse.
Finally, this section investigates how the wage earners themselves evaluate selected aspects of their job content.
Med hensyn til arbejdstidens laengde finder man, at hovedparten, nemlig 91%, har en ugentlig arbejdstid pa 30 timer eller derover.
With regard to the length of the hours of work, it turns out that the majority, namely 91$, have a working week of 30 hours or more.
Mellem lønmodtagere med forskellig arbejdstidsplacering kan der forventes at vaere forskelle i den samlede indkomst.
Among wage earners with different patterns of working hours it is to be expected that there are differences in the total income.
Personer med permanent aften- og natarbejde vil saledes hovedsagelig pa grund af den kortere arbejdstid have lavere indkomst end de øvrige grupper, mens indkomsten for personer med skifteholdsarbejde i rotationsordninger under hensyn til fagligt uddannelsesniveau vil vaere for holdsvis hØj som følge af saerlige overenskomstmaessige tillaeg.
Persons with permanent evening and night work will thus, mainly because of their shorter working hours, have lower incomes than the other groups, while the income for persons with shiftwork under rotation arrangements with regard to the level of vocational training will be relatively high in consequence of the specially agreed additional payments.
Nar man imidlertid skal undersøge indkomstforskelle mellem personer, der har forskellig arbejdstidsplacering, støder man imidlertid pa visse praktiske problemer. For det første er det ikke muligt at o o sammenligne den faktiske årsindkomst for personer, som pa et givet tidspunkt har forskellig arbejdstid.
However, in any attempt to investigate the differences in income between persons who have different patterns of working hours, one immediately comes up against certain practical difficulties.
En sadan sammenligning ville forudsaette, at arbejdstidens placering var stort set ensartet for
Such a comparison presupposes that the patterns of working hours were largely uniform for the investigated group throughout the whole year in which the income was earned.
Som alternativ hertil kan der dog foretages en under­søgelse af det aktuelle lønniveau. Da lønudbetalingers form vari­erer betydeligt savel med hensyn til arbejdsperiodens laengde (timeløn, ugeløn, månedsløn) som med hensyn til bonusordninge: en standardisering foretages for at muliggøre sammenligning.
As an alternative to this, there can be an examination of the current level of income.
I den foreliggende analyse har man omregnet oplysningerne om inter­viewpersonernes aktuelle lønniveau til årsbasis.
In this analysis the answers about the interviewees' current level of remuneration have been converted to an annual figure.
De indkomstbeløb, som herved fremkommer, vil vaere umiddelbart sammenlignelige, men kan dog ikke tages som udtryk for de faktiske indkomster gennem hele aret.
The amounts of remuneration, which result from this, are to be immediately comparable but cannot, however, be taken as an expression of the actual incomes throughout the whole year.
Dette ville i givet fald forudsaette, at hver lønmodtager gennem hele aret havde samme arbejdstidsplacering, arbejdstidslaengde, aflønning for praesteret enhed m.v.
This would presuppose that each employed person throughout the whole year had the same pattern of working hours, length of hours of work, remuneration for each unit completed, etc.
Efter en sadan omregning af de aktuelle lønninger til årsbasis finder man, at 22% af lønmodtagerne tjente under 50.000 kr. Dette gjorde sig ligeledes gaeldende for de, der var beskaeftiget inden for al­mindelig arbejdstid.
On the basis of such a conversion of the current remuneration to an annual figure, it appears that 22$ of the wage earners earned
Af de, der havde permanent aften­ og natarbejde, havde 31% en indkomst under dette beløb, hvorimod det kun gjorde sig gaeldende for 17% af de, der havde arbejde i skiftehold med rotat i­ο onsordninger.
-48- less than 50,000 Dkr. This was also true for those employed during normal working hours of those who had permanent evening and night work 31$ had an income below this amount, against which the figure was 17$ for those who had shiftwork with rotation arrangements.
Forklaringen pa, at personer med permanent aften­ og natarbejde har en forholdsvis lav indkomst, ma hovedsagelig tilskri­ves denne gruppes kortere arbejdstid.
The reason for persons with permanent evening and night work having a relatively low income must be attributed to this group's shorter working hours.
Nar personer med skifteholds­arbejde gennemsnitligt har højere løn end de, der er beskaeftiget i normal arbejdstid i dagtimerne (selvom de gennemsnitligt har kor­tere uddannelse), ma forklaringen søges i de saerlige skifteholds­tillaeg for arbejde i week­ender og i 3­holdsskift.
When persons with shiftwork have on average a higher income than those who have normal working hours during the day (even if on average they have shorter training) the reason must be found in the special shiftwork additional payments for work at weekends and on 3-shifts.
Personer, som arbejder i skiftehold med rotationsordninger, synes dog at vaere udsat for mindre fleksibilitet med hensyn til arbejds­tider end de, der har arbejde inden for almindelig arbejdstid i dagtimerne.
Persons who work shifts with rotation arrangements seem to have less flexibility with regard to hours of work than those who have normal working hours during the day.
I velfaerdsundersøgelsen har man stillet en raekke spørgsmål, som kan belyse dette forhold, nemlig 1) hvorvidt man pa arbejdspladsen er meget nøjeregnende med mødetiden, 2) om det er mu­ligt at forlade arbejdspladsen i en halv time uden saerlig tilladelse med henblik pa at ga et privat aerinde, 3) om det er muligt at modtage privat besøg udefra pa arbejdspladsen i f.eks. 10 minutter, samt om 4) det er muligt stort set selv at bestemme tidspunktet for pauser i arbejdst iden.
In the welfare survey a succession of questions were asked to throw light on this situation, namely, (l) how far at the place of work one is quite scrupulous about meeting times, (2) whether it is possible to leave the place of work without special permission to go on a private errand, (3) if it is possible to receive private visits from outside the place of work for, e.g., 10 minutes and (4) whether it is possible, on the whole, to determine for oneself the times for breaks during the working hours.
Lønmodtagere i fremstillingserhvervene.
Wage earners in the, manufacturing industries.
Andelen, som har svaret positivt pa spørgsmål om arbejdstidsfleksibilitet.
Those who gave a positive answer to the questions about flexibility in the hours of work.
Fordeling efter faktisk arbejdstidsplacerinq.
Breakdown according to the actual organisation of the hours of work.
Arbejdstidens beliggenhed
Organisation of the hours of work
Tage imod privat besøg
Go on private errands
Selv be- stemme pauserne i arbejds tiden
Decide for one self the breaks
Almindelig arbejdstid
Scrupulous about meeting times
Roterende skiftehold x)
Normal working hours
I tabel 9 er det anført, hvor stor en andel af lønmodtagerne, som har besvaret disse spørgsmål positivt.
Table 9 shows how great a proportion of wage earners answered these questions positively.
Det fremgår heraf, at 60% af de adspurgte mener, at man pa virksomheden som hovedregel er nøje regnende med mødetiden.
It appears from this that 60$ of those questioned are of the opinion that firms are as a rule scrupulous about meeting times.
Dette er dog anført blandt ca. 80% af de, der henholdsvis har arbejde i skiftehold og de, der har permanent aften- eller natarbejde.
The ans wer is given, however, by 80$ of those who have shiftwork or permanent evening and night work.
Halvdelen af de adspurgte oplyser end videre, at de har mulighed for at ga et privat aer inde, hvilket dog kun er tilfaeldet blandt godt en fjerdedel af de, der arbejder i skiftehold og blandt knap en femtedel af lønmodtagerne med permanent aften- og natarbejde.
Half of those asked said further that they had the opportunity of going on private errands, whereas it was only a quarter of those with shiftwork and scarcely a fifth of those with permanent evening and night work.
For de undersøgte grupper gaelder det dog, at der findes mindre forskelle med hensyn til muligheden for at modtage privat besøg og for selv at bestemme pausers placering inden for ar bejdstiden.
For the groups investigated it is true however that there are fewer differences with regard to the opportunity to have private visits and to decide for oneself the placing of the
De ansattes oplevelse af deres faktiske arbejdstidsforhold har man i undersøgelsen desuden suppleret med spørgsmål om, hvilken indflydelse de ansatte mener, at den gruppe, som de selv til hører, har pa arbejdstidens placering.
In addition, the survey supplemented the employees' experience of their actual work situation with questions about what influence the employees think that the group to which they belong has on the organisation of the hours of work.
Af samtlige lønmodtagere har 14% oplyst, at deres gruppe har stor indflydelse herpå, 27% at den har en vis indflydelse, mens 57% ikke mener, at den har nogen indflydelse pa arbejdstidens placering.
Of all the wage earners 14$ said that their group has a great influence, 27$ that it had a certain influence, while 57$ do not think that they have any influence on the organisation of the hours of work.
Personer med skifte holdsarbejde giver i mindre omfang udtryk for at have indflydelse pa arbejdstidens placering.
Persons with shiftwork say to a lesser extent that they have an influence on the organisation of their hours of work.
6% oplyser, at gruppen, som de til hører har stor indflydelse herpå, 22% at den har nogen, og hele 68% at den er helt uden indflydelse pa placeringen af arbejdstiden.
6% say that the group to which they belong has a great influence, 22$ that they have some and 68$ that they are completely without influence on the organisation of the hours of work.
Af mulige forklaringer kan der muligvis peges pa, at skifteholds arbejdere i mindre omfang deltager i faglige aktiviteter pa arbejds pladsen, idet en stor del af disse aktiviteter og herunder møder med virksomhedens ledelse normalt finder sted i dagtimerne.
Of the possible explanations it can possibly be pointed out that shiftworkers take part to a lesser extent in professional activities at the place of work, as a great part of these activities and among them meetings with management take place, normally cfar-rn-g; the daytime.
Desuden kan skifteholdsarbejdernes oplevelse af at have ringe indflydelse muligvis tilskrives, at hovedparten af dem er beskaeftiget pa virksomheder med forholdsvis mange ansatte.
Moreover, the shiftworkers' experience of having; a small influence can possibly be attributed to the fact that most of them are employed in firms which have a relatively large number of employees.
En nøjere analyse heraf har det dog ikke vaeret muligt at gennemføre i den foreliggende undersøgelse.
A closer analysis of this has not been possible in this survey.
Endelig kan en del af forklaringen muligvis tillige søges i, at en del af de personer, som har arbejde ved skiftehold, o o , har mattet patage sig en uønsket arbejdstidsplacering for at kunne opretholde den erhvervsmaessige beskaeftigelse.
Finally, part of the explanation can also possibly be found in that a good many of the persons who have shiftwork have reluctantly had to agree to this organisation of their hours of work in order to be able to keep remunerative employment.
For naermere at belyse dette, vil man i det følgende afsnit se pa de ansattes ind stilling til at arbejde pa forskudt tid og årsager til, at de i givet fald har påtaget sig skifteholdsarbejde.
To examine this more closely the following section considers the employees' attitude towards unsocial hours and the reasons why they have undertaken shiftwork.
38 - spørgsmål til ansatte med skifteholdsarbejde med det formal at belyse, hvilke fordele og ulemper, der er forbundet med denne arbejdsform, samt årsager til, at de ansatte har påtaget sig at arbejde under skiftende arbejdstider.
Finally, employees with shiftwork have been asked questions to find out what advantages and disadvantages are connected with this form of work and the reasons for the employee opting for shiftwork.
I det følgende vil man ud fra de naevnte typer af undersøgelser se naermere pa de ansattes holdning til at arbejde ved skiftehold.
The following, on the basis of the abovementioned type of survey, will examine more closely the attitude of the employee towards shiftwork.
Undersøgelser, som belyser lønmodtagernes foretrukne arbejdstidsplacering, viser samstemmende, at langt de fleste som ventet foretraekker at arbejde inden for normal tid i dagtimerne.
The investigations which illustrate the wage earners' preferred organisation of the hours of work concur that by far the majority prefer, as expected, work during the normal daytime hours.