natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Centraler med ny teknologi betegnede en betydelig forbed ring med hensyn til hyppighed af tilfælde, hvor arbejdere udsattes for
New Technology exchanges represented a considerable improvement as regards frequency of workers' exposure to "potentially health-damaging substances".
Herudover var der betydelig færre tilfælde, hvor de, der arbejdede med digitalt udstyr i modsætning til elektromekanisk teknologi, var udsat for arbejdsulykker.
18 well continue to be of concern to those engaged in direct interaction with exchange technology. A further observation concerned the possible emergence of some new physical/ environmental stressors which are relatively specific to the new computer-based technologies, e.g., VDT-specific ergonomie factors.
Driftsmekanike- rne på centraler med ny teknologi udtrykte bekymring med hensyn til miljømæssige stressfaktorer, som f.eks.
In the Danish telecommunications study a number of ergonomie questions directly related to work at VDTs were included in their questionnaire.
faren for at blive dræbt af elek triske stød og for at blive udsat for giftige luftarter, improvisering af opstillinger til afprøvning af centralerne med den heraf følgende risiko for at falde, mulige problemer med synet som følge af opgaver ved skærmterminaler samt mere i almindelighed utilstrækkelige oplysninger vedrørende de påståede farer for helbredet, som voldes af skærmtermina ler.
Their greatest disssatisfaction was with the possibility of regulating the work lighting for themselves (49%), and next the reflection and contrast on the VDU screen (39%), and to a lesser extent the contrast between the screen and the rest of the work environment (32%), and there was no significant difference of opinion with respect to the age factor.
Disse resultater indicerer, at hvor de fysiske stressfaktorer, som er forholdsvis særegne for Strowger-centraler, naturligvis vil bortfalde som kilde til bekymringer, når disse centraler er afskaffet, vil visse mere
However, these problems were more noted among engineers serving public exchanges, to a lesser degree among private service engineers, and not at all among installation engineers.
"almene" fysiske stressfaktorer formentlig stadig bekymre dem, der er beskæftiget direkte med central teknologien.
In the Irish study VDT components were considered to be generally neither particularly unsatisfactory or especially satisfactory.
En anden iagttagelse går på den mulige opdukken af forskellige nye fysiske og miljømæssige stress faktorer, som er forholdsvis særegne for nye datamatbaserede former for teknologi, f.eks.
However, those actually working with VDTs in exchanges were significantly more satisfied than those receiving training with the size of the characters in the VDT screen.
ergonomiske faktorer, der er særlige for skærmtermina ler.
The nature of changes in task content, demands relating to fault rectification, and mental workload may be regarded as a technology specific feature of the work. These will now be discussed.
I undersøgelsen inden for dansk telekommunikation indgik der i spørgeskemaet visse spørgsmål, som havde direkte forbindelse med arbej det ved skærmterminaler.
In the Irish study, each group of respondents, regardless of the type of exchange technology they were currently working with, consistently rated digital exchanges as being more difficult to comprehend relative to non-digital switching technologies.
Det punkt, der gav anledning til størst u til fredshed blandt arbejderne var den manglende mulighed for selv at
Findings relating to faults on breakdowns showed an absence of any significant differences between groups in the maintenance of different generations of exchange technology, with regard to reported
(49%), herefter kom billedskærmens refleks- og kontrastforhold
Page 49
Standardiseringen af rutinerne og fremgangsmåderne under arbejdet var i almindelighed bety delig mere fleksible på centraler med crossbar-udstyr eller ny teknologi i sammenligning med Strowger-centraler, selv om standardiseringen i a l mindelighed var forholdsvis udstrakt.
The standardisation of routines and procedures for work in general was significantly more flexible in Crossbar or New Technology exchanges compared with Strowger exchanges, although overall standardisation was relatively high.
Mindre erfarne arbejdere var i almindelighed mindre sikre inden for de fremgangsmåder og rutiner, der skulle følges i tilfælde af, at udstyret ikke fungerede som det skulle.
Less experienced workers were generally less certain about those procedures and routines to be followed in the context of equipment malfunctions.
Erfarne arbejdstagere havde desuden en mere nuanceret holdning over for problemer i forbindelse med fejl.
In addition experienced workers had a rather differentiated attitude toward problems associated with faults.
Strowger-centraler, og at det omvendte gjaldt for digitale centraler.
In direct contrast to less experienced workers, they thought that faults were more problematic in Strowger exchanges, and that the reverse was true for digital exchanges.
I den danske undersøgelse sammenlignes opgaverne i forbindelse med overvågning, fejlretning og etablering af nye linjer inden for både analoge og digitale centraler.
The Danish study compares the tasks involved in monitoring, fault rectification and setting up new lines for both analog and digital exchanges.
I forbindelse med overvågningen er der sket en ændring fra enkle til mere komplicerede indgreb.
In monitoring, there has been a change from simple intervention to more complex intervention.
16 - undersøgelse tidligere foretoges ved brug af måleudstyr, sker der nu en kognitiv evaluering af en fejludskrift.
Whereas previously a manual test was performed by using testing . equipment, there is now a cognitive evaluation of the fault print-out.
En af de væsentligste forskelle mellem det gamle og det nye system er, at sidstnævnte kan bryde fuld stændig sammen, hvilket ikke kunne ske tidligere.
One essential difference between the old and new systems is that the latter can break down completely, which could not happen with the former.
(algoritmisk), hvor man før prøvede sig frem (heuristisk), og arbejdet er mindre varieret.
Fault rectification is now carried out on an algorithmic basis rather than a heuristic one, and is now less varied.
Medens planlægningsprocessen for oprettelse af nye linjer stort set er den samme, ligner den håndværksmæssige side af arbejdet nu kontorarbejde med oplysninger, som fremkommer over en skærmterminal.
While the planning process is largely the same for setting up new lines, craftsman-type work now resembles office work with information being put through a VDU.
Det er klart, at den nye teknologi har ført til en fundamental ændring af arbejdsmetoderne.
It is evident that the new technology has led to a fundamental change in working methods.
Arbejde, som tidligere var karakteriseret ved umiddelbar iagttagelse og brug af sanserne i forbindelse med kognitiv forarbejdning, karakteriseres nu i vidt omfang alene ved kognitiv forarbejdning, idet de øvrige e l e menter i arbejdsprocessen er automatiseret.
Work that was previously characterised by perception and the use of the senses combined with cognitive processing, is now characterised largely by cognitive processing only, with the automation of other elements in the work process.
Arbejdsbelastningens gennemsnits niveau lå dog forholdsvis højt, og de, som i øjeblikket arbejdede med ny teknologi på centralerne, berettede om større subjektive, psykiske belast ninger.
In the Irish study the extent to which both the pace of work and the actual workload within exchanges may have been determined by the specific technological implementation in question was not reported as being significant.
Af dem, der var under oplæring berettede 92% om mere udenads læren af detaljer, medens dette kun nævntes af
However, average levels of workload were relatively high, and those currently working with new technology in exchanges reported increased levels of subjective mental workload.
80% af dem, som i øje blikket arbejdede med denne teknologi.
Of those in training 92% reported greater memorisation of details, as opposed to 80% of those actually working.
100% af dem, der var under oplæring og 96% af dem, som arbejde med det ny softwarebase- rede centralvælgersystem, at dette krævede en større psykisk indsats og koncentration.
Moreover, 100% of those in training and 96% of those working felt that working with the new software-based switching system required greater mental effort and concentration.
I den danske undersøgelse berettes ligeledes om et tiltag ende arbejdspres og psykisk belastning, men medens kun 42% af de yngre arbejdere
The Danish study also reported increases in pressure of work and mental load, but whereas only 42% of the younger workers (i.e. under 40) felt that this was so, 72% of the older workers were of this opinion.
72% af de ældre arbejdere af denne opfattelse.
They identified three risk groups in the study as a whole. These were:
De, der vurderede deres egne muligheder og evner i forhold til ny teknologi negativt,
Those who negatively evaluated their personal potential and ability relative to new technology
De, der vurderede teknologiuddannelsens værdi negativt, og
Those who negatively evaluated training
De, der vurderede konsekvenserne af indførelsen af ny tekno logi negativt.
Those who negatively evaluated the consequences of introducing new technology
Inden for den højere risikogruppe var der imidlertid ikke større tegn på psykisk træthed og stress end inden for den lavere risikogruppe, selv om der var en almindelig, svag tendens til større forekomst af psykosomatiske symptomer inden for risikogrupperne
However, in the higher risk group there was no greater evidence of mental fatigue and stress than in the lower risk group, although there was a general and weak trend towards a higher incidence of psychosomatic symptoms in risk groups (see later).
(se nedenfor).
Page 51
Den irske undersøgelse var ret omfattende med hensyn til subjektive almene træk ved oplevelsen af arbejdet.
The Irish study was quite extensive as regards examination of subjective generic features of the work experience.
De irske forskere undersøgte særlig syv faktorer, der var karakteristiske ved arbejdet, såvel som et større antal mulige psykosociale stressfaktorer.
In particular they considered seven job characteristics factors as well as a large number of possible psychosocial stressors.
De førstnævnte bestod af aspekter vedrørende forskellige færdigheder, arbejdsidenti tet, arbejdets betydning, selvstændighed, feed-back fra arbejdet, overordnede og "an dre" faktorer.
The former consisted of aspects pertaining to skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, feedback from the job, agents and "others".
Der fandtes ingen fremtrædende forskelle i henseende til tilfredsheden med disse træk ved arbejdet inden for de forskellige tekno logier, og ej heller betød det noget, om visse af dem manglede.
No significant differences were found as regards satisfaction with these characteristics or the lack of them, between the various technologies; or as regards experienced responsibility, meaningfulness and knowledge of outcome.
Det samme gjaldt med hensyn til oplevelse af ansvar, arbejdets mere eler mindre meningsfyldte karakter og kendskabet til dets resultat.
Neither were significant differences found when these factors were analysed for the four transitional groups, although those anticipating redeployment had the poorest profiles.
Ej heller fandtes der udprægede forskelle, når disse faktorer analyseredes inden for de fire overgangsgrupper, selv om de, der måtte regne med at skulle overføres til nyt arbejde, var dem, der gav udtryk for størst usikkerhed.
In addition the latter were found to have significantly more psychosocial stresssors - less job decision latitude, more job future ambiguity, more supervisory control, less utilisation of previously acquired skills, and lower job complexity.
Disse fandtes også at være udsat for klart flere psykosociale stressfakto rer, som f.eks.
For those working with the new technology the only Indication of a psychosocial occupational stressor was significantly more variance in workload.
mindre valgfrihed med hensyn til arbejde, større uro for deres fremtidige arbejde, skærpet opsyn, dårligere udnyttelse af tidligere erhvervede færdigheder og mindre kvalificeret arbejde.
Relatively few statistical contrasts between less and more experienced workers along the psychosocial stressor dimensions specified were significant.
For dem, der arbejdede med den ny teknologi, var det eneste tegn på psykosociale stressfaktorer i forbindelse med arbejdet en betydelig større variation i arbejdsbelastningen.
However, several statistically significant interactions between experience and transition status were observed indicating that experienced workers' own transition status with respect to technological change must be taken into consideration when assessing the potential impact of such change on experienced workers.
Der var forholdsvis få statistiske kontraster mellem mere eller mindre erfarne arbejdstagere i henseende til psykosociale stressfaktorer.
Those anticipating redeployment had relatively little social support in the workplace or from the more personal social networks outside of work.
Der iagttoges dog statistisk fremtrædende vekselvirkninger mellem stor arbejdserfaring og overgangstilstanden, hvilket viser, at erfarne arbejdstageres egen stilling i forbindelse med overgang til ny teknologi i overgangsperioden må tages med i betragtning, når man skal vurdere den mulige indvirkning af denne overgang på erfarne arbejdsta gere.
This in combination with significantly more psychosocial occupational stressors leads to excessive adaptive demands on this group.
De danske resultater var ganske optimistiske.
The Danish results were quite optimistic.
Arbejderne berettede om større personlig indflydelse på arbejdet, større interesse i og mere afveksling inden for dette, større krav om evne til at tænke sig om samt et større behov for kvalifikationer og færdigheder.
Workers reported a greater degree of personal influence over the work, more interest and variation in the job, greater demands for thought and reflection, and a greater need for qualifications and skills.
Denne ændring i arbejdets karakter vurderedes især gunstigt af de ældre arbejdere.
This change in nature of job characteristics was particularly favourably evaluated by the older worker.
Irland, som særlig lagde vægt på større kontrol over deres eget arbejde.
This was also the case for the Irish experienced worker, particularly showing a preference for greater control over their work.
"begivenheder i livet" end de andre grupper i den irske under søgelse.
An examination of the mental and health related consequences revealed that those anticipating redeployment, in the Irish study, experienced more negative "life events" than the other groups.
På samme måde viste en undersøgelse af, hvorledes arbejderne greb spørgsmålet om at klare arbejdet an, at denne gruppe brugte klart flere passive metoder til overvindelse af stress i forbindelse med arbej det.
Similarly, an examination of coping strategies showed that this group used significantly higher levels of passive approaches in coping with work-related stress.
På spørgsmålet om, i hvor høj grad arbejderne kedede sig ved arbejdet, lå de, som ikke forudså ændringer, og de, som regnede med at blive sat til andet arbejde, på et betydeligt højere niveau end de, der var under oplæring til eller arbejdede med digital teknolog i.
When questioned regarding levels of boredom at work, those anticipating no change and those anticipating redeployment showed significantly higher levels than those training for, or working with, digital technology.
Det er imid lertid bemærkelsesværdigt, at det gennemsnitlige antal af dem, som kedede sig inden for hele den undersøgte gruppe var tre til fire gange højere end dem, som fandtes inden for en sammenlignelig undersøgelsesgruppe af elektroniktenikere i USA.
It was notable, however, that the average levels of boredom observed in the whole sample were 3 to 4 times higher than those found among a comparable sample of electronic technicians in the U.S. Fatigue ratings were generally low as were levels of postural discomfort.
(alderen havde ingen indflydelse på dette punkt), i forening med ovennævnte resultater, at det er blandt denne gruppe, man finder mest stress.
Finally, higher levels of psychophysiological symptomatology among those anticipating redeployment (age did not influence this), in combination with the above findings, suggest that it is among this group that most stress is being experienced.
Blandt de danske telefonmekanikere synes de mest radikale ændring er i forhold til deres tidligere arbejde efter indførelsen af den ny tek nologi at være blevet gennemført på en sådan måde, at der nu opleves mere stress, hvilket imidlertid ikke kan påvises ved, at der er blevet
Among the Danish telephone engineers, the most radical changes from their former work upon the introduction of new technology appear to have been effected in such a way that the result was a greater incidence of perceived stress, which cannot, however, be demonstrated in a greater incidence of symptoms.
- 19 - flere symptomer herpå.
23 absenteeism was somewhat higher.
I almindelighed var der få stressfaktorer, og disse syntes som i Irland ikke at have nogen forbindelse med alderen.
In general, there were few stresses, and these, like the Irish situation, did not appear to be related to age.
Den samlede virkning kan derfor ifølge den danske undersøgelse siges at være neutral med hensyn til stress, og måske positiv med hensyn til tilfredshed med arbejdet.
The overall effect for the Danish study may therefore be said to be neutral as concerns stress, and perhaps positive as regards job content.
Teknologiske udviklinger inden for den danske og den hollandske banksektor
3.1 Technological Developments in Danish and Dutch Banking
Datamater og on-line terminaler vandt hurtigt indpas i de danske pengeinstitutter i
The use of computers and online terminals in Danish banks increased rapidly during the 1970s.
I den undersøgte sparekasse blev de første on-line terminaler indført i
In the savings bank studied, the first online terminals were introduced in 1973-75, consisting primarily of cash terminals connected directly to a central computer and storage unit.
et år før undersøgelsen påbegyndt indførelse af teknologi af anden generation.
The introduction of second-generation technology began about one year before this study.
Det nye system er i lighed med det gamle således indrettet, at samtlige afdelinger benytter et centralt databehand- lingsanlæg.
The new system as well as the old is designed so that all banks make use of a central computer installation.
Lokalt findes der en datamat med fast pladelager og diskette.
A computer with magnetic-disc store and diskette is set up locally.
I den hollandske bankverden indførtes et datakommunikationsnet mellem hovedbankens datamater og de kooperative banker i stadier
In the Dutch context, the data communication network between the central bank's computers and the co-operative banks was introduced in stages (designated SI, SII, SUI and SIV).
SI omfattede opbygning af terminaler i
SI involved the installation of 'back-office' terminals and a minicomputer in the affiliated banks.
SM bestod i opbygning af terminaler i
SII consisted of the installation of 'front-office' terminals, with transactions processed at the counter and stored in the minicomputer memory.
"forlandet", hvor transaktionerne foregik ved skranken og lagredes i minidatamatens hukommelse (den undersøgte bank var den første, der blev udstyret med SM).
(The bank studied was one of the first to be equipped with SII.)
SI I I omfatter oprettelse af et datakommunikationsnet, der forbinder samtlige de tilsluttede banker, medens SIV vil indebære en fuldt udbygget on-line forbindelse mellem de sidste net og bankens cen trale datamat.
SUI involves the establishment of. a data communication network linking all the affiliated banks, while SIV will see a fully online connection between the last networks and the bank's central computer.
I danske sparekasser med over
3.2 New Technology Agreements
40 medarbejdere er der generelt oprettet samarbejdsudvalg.
Works councils are established in Danish savings banks with more than 40 employees generally.
I arbejdet skelnes der mellem medbestemmelse, samrad og information.
In their work, a distinction is made between participation, consultation and information.
Landsforening, der har til formål at fremme arbejdet for samarbejdsudvalgene, vejlede disse og afgøre eventuelle uoverensstemmel-
In addition there is a joint industrial council, with representatives of the Savings Bank Negotiating Organization and the National Union of Savings Bank Employees, whose objective is to promote the efforts of the works councils, advise them and settle any disagreements, as well as involvement in training and information activities.
"parterne ser positivt på anvendelsen og udvikling af ny teknologi, som kan forbedre samarbejds miljøet og arbejdstilfredsheden samt øge konkurrencedygtigheden".
A technology agreement was drawn up which emphasised that "the parties shall adopt a positive attitude toward the use and development of new technology which can improve the work environment and job satisfaction and increase competitiveness".
Medar bejderne skal have mulighed for at være medbestemmende ved arbejdets tilrettelæggelse, og rådet sørger desuden for, at der lægges vægt på at tilgodese medarbejdernes behov for tryghed i ansættelsen.
Employees were to be given an opportunity to participate in work organisation, and in addition the council seeks to ensure that emphasis is given to meeting the employees' need for job security.
Disse omhandler navnlig antagelse af yngre folk og flere fridage.
These largely covered recruiting younger people and an increase in the number of days off.
Hvad sidstnævnte angår var forskerne ikke i stand til at fastslå, at automatiseringen var den direkte årsag hertil.
Regarding the latter, the researchers were unable to establish that automation was the direct cause.
I den almindelige overenskomst mellem parterne er det fastslået, at ansættelsesvilkårene for de nuværende medarbejdere ikke må forringes som følge af automatisering.
A social contract laid down that the conditions of employment for existing employees must not deteriorate as a result of automation.
¡det formålet er oprettelse af selv stændige afdelinger og filialer med datamatstøttet oplæring.
The existent training for TP2 in the Danish savings banks was very brief (1-2 days), but it was intended that training should be incorporated into day-to-day work, the objective being to provide individual departments and branches with computer-assisted training.
Sidstnævnte står dog kun endnu kun ved begyndelsen af sin udvikling.
The latter is, however, very much in the embryo stage.
Medarbejderne fandt, at de eksisterende initiativer til oplæring ikke i tilstrækkelig grad tog hensyn til mindre kvalificerede ansatte, kvinder og ældre ansatte.
It was felt that the training initiatives that did exist did not take sufficient consideration of less qualified employees, women, and older employees.
Ej heller de undersøgte hollandske banker havde noget større træ ningsprogram med henblik på den ny teknologi - "der krævedes kort tid
Similarly, the Dutch banks studied did not have any major training initiative with respect to new technologies -"A short time - from a few weeks to a few months - was required to learn to use the terminals.
Det synes ikke længere muligt at tilpasse systemet efter ens egen a r bejdsmetode.
It no longer seems possible to adapt the system to one's way of working.
Både medarbejderne ved kasserne og sagsbehandlerne fik samme oplæring.
Both cashiers and counter clerks received the same training.
Undersøgelsesmetoder og fremgangsmåder
3.4 Research Approaches and Procedures