natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Dette mål er stort set blevet nået.
This objective has largely been achieved.
Litteraturundersøgelsen er omfattende, hvad angår mikroøkonomien, d.v.s. undersøgelser på virksomhedsniveau, men der er kun blevet af dækket lidt for så vidt angår den makroøkonomiske side.
The literature survey is comprehensive on the micro-economic side, ie plant-level studies, but little has been uncovered on the macroeconomic side.
Dette afspej ler til dels den litteratur, der findes, men der er et område, som ikke er blevet viet nok opmærksomhed i rapporten, nemlig de omkostninger, der er forbundet med arbejdsulykker og erhvervssygdomme.
This is, in part, a reflection of existing literature but one area, which the report does not pay sufficient attention to, is that of the costs of occupational accidents and diseases.
(f.eks. i rapporten fra Det forenede Kongerige fra 1972 afgivet af
Here, a fair amount of macro-level studies have been carried out (for example, in the 1972 UK Report of the Roben's Committee on Safety and Health at Work (CMND.
I rapporten peges også på en væsentlig mangel ved den eksisterende litteratur, nemlig berøringsfladen mellem mikro- og makroundersøgelser, d.v.s. de makroøkonomiske følger af resultater af mi kroøkonomi ske undersøgelser.
The report also highlights an important deficiency in the existing literature namely, the interface between micro and macro studies ie the macroeconomic implications of the findings of micro-studies.
Det er sammenfattende regeringsrepræsentanternes opfattelse, at denne rapport er interessant, men at den ikke har stor anvendelsesværdi. I den henseende er den en smule skuffende.
The view of the government representatives, in summary, was that this report is interesting but not of great use.
I vore dage spiller regeringer en positiv rolle i forbindelse med at fremme forbedringer i arbejdsvilkårene, og alle regeringsrepræsentanter ne beskæftiger sig individuelt med politik og forskning beslægtet hermed.
Government today plays a positive role in fostering improvements in working conditions and each of the government representatives are individually engaged in related policy and research.
Som følge heraf havde vi gerne set nogle noget mere positive retningslinjer i rapporten om hvorledes man skal gribe evaluering an på dette område.
Consequently, we would have welcomed rather more positive guidelines from the report on how to approach evaluation in this area.
Selv om de opstillede demografiske og strategiske indikatorer i den ne sammenhæng er nyttige, er det vores opfattelse, at rapporten ikke går langt nok med hensyn til at foreslå bestemte områder til frem tidig forskning.
in this context, we believe that the report does not go far enough in suggesting specific areas for future research.
Selv om vi anerkender, at sådanne forhold aldrig er enkle, kan nogle indikatorer opgøres i målelige omkostninger.
Although we recognise that relationships are never simple, some indicators can be translated into measurable costs.
Således vil nogle indfaldsvikler inden for rammerne af den pluralistiske frem gangsmåde, som anbefales i rapporten, vise sig at give bedre resultater end andre.
Hence, within the pluralistic approach, recommended by the report, some avenues will prove more fruitful than others.
Der er en række positive aspekter med i rapporten, som regeringsre præsentanterne hilser velkomne.
There are a number of positive aspects to the report which the government representatives welcomed.
For det første er der erkendelsen af, at arbejdsvilkår kan medføre omkostninger, der går ud over virksomhe den eller arbejdsgiveren.
Firstly, the recognition that working conditions can impose costs external to the firm or employer.
Fordelingen af omkostningerne forbundet med arbejdsvilkår på arbejdsgivere, arbejdstagere, staten og offentlig heden er helt klart meget vigtig. Det samme gælder den tidsmæssige fordeling af disse omkostninger.
The distribution of the costs of working conditions between employers, employees, the state and the general public is clearly very important as is the distribution of these costs over time.
For det andet er der erkendelsen af, at vurderingen af omkostningerne og fordelene forbundet med ændringer i arbejdsvilkår ikke er de eneste aspekter af beslutningsprocessen på dette område.
Secondly the recognition that evaluation of the costs and benefits of changes in working conditions will not be the only input to decision-making in this area.
Det politiske og samfundsmæssige miljø spiller en stor rolle såvel på landsplan som på virksomhedsniveau.
The political and social environment has a large part to play both nationally and aï plant level.
Det er således gavnligt, at der i rapporten peges på, at der er behov for grupper på alle niveauer, hvor man kan drøfte arbejdsvilkår.
Hence, the need for forums at all levels, in which to discuss working conditions, is usefully pointed out in the report.
Sammenfattende kan siges, at rapporten gør emnet tilgængeligt, anfører problemerne, men er ufuldstændig.
To summarise, the report opens up the subject, states the problems but is incomplete.
Regeringsrepræsentanterne gør derfor instituttet opmærksom på, at det ville være nyttigt, om et af målene i retningslinjerne var at forsyne regeringer og arbejdsmarkedets parter med mere assistance i forbindelse med udarbejdelse af retningslinjer for forskning og evalueringsprocedurer.
The government representatives, therefore, suggest to the Foundation that it would be helpful if project remits could have as a stated objective the provision of more positive assistance, to Government and both sides of industry, in forming guidelines for research and the conduct of policy evaluation.
- METODOLOGISKE PROBLEMER
- PROBLEMS OF METHODOLOGY
EKSPERTGRUPPE
GROUP OF EXPERTS
ARBEJDSVILKSRENES ØKONOMISKE ASPEKTER
ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF WORKING CONDITIONS
LITTERATURANALYSE PROBLEMERNES OG METODERNES UDVIKLING
ANALYSIS OF THE LITERATURE EVOLUTION OF PROBLEMS AND METHODS
Socialøkonomiens paradigme kan føres tilbage til amerikaneren,
The paradigm of social economics can be traced back to the American
L.E. Davis, der anvendte en ny angrebsmåde til et sæt relativt vel kendte spørgsmål.
L.E. Davis, who approached a set of relatively well-known questions from a fresh angle.
I en artikel, dateret marts 1957 (Jobdesign og produktivitet), frem satte Davis følgende kommentarer og anbefalinger: a.
In an article dated March 1957 (Job design and productivity) Davis made the following comments and recommendations: a.
Han fremhævede de stramme restriktioner, placeret på virksomheds ledere, der skal producere en ydelse, baseret på"kriteriet for minimumsomkostninger alene" - et kriterium, fastsat uden noget- somhelst kendskab til, hvad der virkeligt foregår inden for produktionen.
He noted the tight restrictions placed on managers who are required to produce a performance based on "the sole criterion of minimum cost", a criterion set without any knowledge of what really goes on in production.
Han krævede, at der ikke blot tages hensyn til tekniske og pro duktionsmæssige behov, samt til behovene forbundet med produktio nens organisation, men også til de med arbejdssituationerne for bundne sociale behov.
He demanded that consideration should be paid not only to technical and production needs and the needs of production organization but also to the social needs associated with work situations.
Han krævede (og dette burde være meget nyttigt for arbejdsstudie planlæggere og inspektører), at der bør indføres metoder til en
He demanded (and this would be very useful for work-study planners and inspectors) that methods should be introduced for calculating a
. beregning af en "global økonomisk omkostning",som ville omfatte sociale (psykologiske og fysiologiske) omkostninger.
"global economic cost" which would include social (psychological and physiological) costs.
Endelig anbefalede han, at man burde være mere opmærksom på føl gende fænomener : i.
Finally, he recommended that more attention should be paid to the following phenomena: i. quantity and quality of production, production bottlenecks; ii. labour turnover and absenteeism; iii. length of learning-in periods and possibility of re-using the skills acquired.
produktionens kvantitet'og kvalitet, flaskehalse i produk tionen; ii. gennemtræk og fravær i arbejdsstyrken; iii. indlæringsperiodernes længde og muligheden for at genbruge de erhvervede færdigheder.
But investigation along these lines, notable for the abundance and vast riety of different approaches used and references made (job satisfaction, human relations, social engineering, economics, etc), can be said to have had a great future, yet to have come to nothing.
En undersøgelse langs disse linjer, der er kendt for mængden af og variationen i de forskellige anvendte angrebsmåder og udførte henvis ninger (trivsel i jobbet, menneskelige relationer, social teknik, nationaløkonomi o.s.v.) kan dog siges at have haft en stor fremtid, men den løb alligevel ud i sandet.
For 15 years no more was said; even Davis was silent. been that: a. Davis raised too many questions at once; or that b. social engineering was too strong a counter-attraction; or that c. palliatives were found (immigration, for example); or that d. these fundamental questions were eclipsed by economic growth and the general rise in incomes.
I alle tilfælde var det 'først i begyndelsen af 1970'erne, at man virkelig blev klar over disse problemer.
In any event, it was not until the beginning of the 1970s that awareness of these problems really dawned.
(Tilspidsede disse vanske ligheder sig som følge af den økonomisk vækst?).
(Did the difficulties come to a head as a result of economic growth?)
Davis gjorde dog ingen egentlige nye opdagelser og beskæftigede sig ikke med nye situationer.
However, Davis did not make any really new discoveries and was not deal ing with new situations.
En "afværgende" adfærd over for specifike former for arbejdsorganisa tion var således ikke noget nyt.
Thus "avoidance" behaviour in the face of specific forms of work organi zation was no novelty.
århundrede vil det huskes, at Fords første samlebåndsproduktionssy- stem (for Model T) udløste en fantastisk ændring i personalegennem trækket. Under forskellige omstændigheder og til trods for afhjælpen de foranstaltninger har det aldrig været muligt at overvinde gennem træk i arbejdsstyrken siden da, lige som det aldrig har været muligt at forhindre fravær.
To keep to our own 20th century, it will be recalled that Ford's first assembly line (for the model T) triggered off a fantastic movement of labour turnover; since then, in different circumstances and despite palliative measures, it has never been possible to do away with labour turnover, just as it has never been possible to prevent absenteeism.
Michel Cretin fremhæver i indledningen til sin rapport), var desuden allerede en veletableret realitet i 1957 -
Moreover, the socio-political system in which Davis found himself (and which Michel Cretin notes in the introduction to his report) was already a well-established reality by 1957·
I modsætning hertil ligger den "nye synsvinkel" i Davis' angrebsmåde i begrebet, "global økonomisk omkostning", der i allerhøjeste grad bliver relevant i samme øjeblik, man tænker på arbejdernes afværgen de aktion (fravær, jobændring o.s.v.) som noget kronisk i stedet for noget tilfældigt, og når man bliver klar over, at en betydelig og tiltagende større del af folks indtægter hidrører fra sociale overførelser (socialforsikring, folkepensioner o.s.v.).
By contrast, the "fresh angle" in Davis's approach lies in the concept of "global economic cost", which becomes thoroughly relevant once one begins to consider workers' avoiding action (absence, changing jobs, etc) as chronic rather than accidental and when one realizes that a large, and increasing, part of people's incomes comei from social transfers (social insurance, retirement pensions, and so on).
Men at omdanne en sådan altomfattende tanke som "global økonomisk omkostning" til driftsbegreber, afprøvede metoder eller endog præcise problemer ville have krævet et enormt antal studier og
But to transform such an all-embracing idea as "global economic cost" into operational concepts, proven methods or even into precise problems would have required a real proliferation of studies and propositions with different approaches and results and the investigations would have had to be made in virtually every industrialized country in the Western world over at least the past 10 years.
forsøg på at forklare relationerne mellem arbejdssituationen og de observerede fænomener; samt at definere fremskridtene, der hidtil er gjort på dette område.
b. the methods and techniques of evaluation; c. attempts to explain the relationships between work situation and observed phenomena; and to define the present state of progress in this field.
Det betyder, at rapporten tilrettelægges omkring et problem eller pro blemsæt (konstans og spørgsmålsændring) og ikke inden for en given ram me (med forudgående definition af området, arbejdsvilkår, og betydnin gen af "økonomisk").
This means that the report will be organized around a problem or set of problems (constancy and change of the question) and not within a given framework (with prior definition of the field of working conditions and of the meaning of "economic").
Rapporten er delt i tre dele.
There are three parts to the report:
I. del beskriver undersøgelsesstrukturen, inden for hvilken de observe rede fænomener, de anvendte evalueringsmetoder og de gjorte forsøg på forklaringer udtrykkes og udvikles.
Part I will set out the investigatory structure within which the pheno mena observed, the methods of evaluation used and the attempts at explana tion made are expressed and developed.
II. del, den centrale del, analyserer nogle studier og publikationer af betydning.
Part II, the central section, will analyse some significant studies and publications.
Og i den III, del forsøger vi endelig at gøre status over de dækkede områder og de anvendte metoder og modeller for således at afsløre, hvad der endnu bør gøres.
In Part III, finally, we shall try to take stock of the fields covered and of the methods and models used and thus to reveal what still remains to be done.
evalueringsmetoder; c.
STRUCTURE FOUND IN THE LITERATURE a. phenomena observed; b. methods of evaluation; c. causal relationships.
Vi ønsker at vise udviklingerne under disse overskrifter, for at man efterhånden kan danne sig et indtryk af arbejdsvilkårenes område og dets relationer til nationaløkonomien.
Developments under these headings will be shown, so that a picture of the field of working conditions and its relations with the economy is gradually built up.
Når vi tænker nærmere over det, vil vi se, at det, der fremkommer ud fra denne samling studier og publikationer, er en struktur, d.v.s. en konstant størrelse, der kan sammenfattes i følgende teser: a.
If we stand back, we find that what emerges from this collection of studies and publications is a structure, a constant, which can be summed up in the following propositions: a. certain phenomena are selected ("plotting"); b. these phenomena have economic consequences ("evaluation"); c. and they are related to work situations ("relationships").
bestemte fænomener vælges ("kortlægning"); b.
This is not to say that all the studies deal with these three points.
og de er forbundet med arbejdssituationer ("relationer").
(this may be characteristic of the management approach); others, by con trast, emphasize the origin of the phenomena observed without even men tioning their possible economic consequences (this is generally the case with epidemiological studies).
Alle disse studier har ikke desto mindre bidraget til udviklingen af sociale økonomier, idet nogle af disse har fremmet teknikker, andre har ud viklet vort kendskab til de involverede problemer.
Nevertheless, all these studies, some of them by furthering techniques, others by advancing our knowledge of the problems involved, have contributed to the development of social economics.
det er resultatet af et valg (af hvem, til hvad); b.
A "point plotted" has at least two characteristics: a. it is the result of a choice (by whom, for what); b. it must have technical properties (it must be capable of being measured, registered, etc).
Ifølge det første aspekt er det indlysende, at valget af fænomenerne, der skal kortlægges, afhænger af den, der udfører kortlægningen.
Thus managers have plotted absenteeism, labour turnover, etc, that is, phenomena which hamper the organization of production and increase costs, to the extent that such "avoidance" phenomena have often been designated malfunction ing; even if this term is invalid for lack of a definition of normal functioning (short of going back to a Taylorian approach which excludes all random occurrences), the prefix itself is significant (mal = bad).
Virksomhedsledere har således kortlagt fravær, gennemtræk o.s.v.
Workers and trade unions will emphasize fatigue, ill health, the diffi culties of life outside work, job insecurity, etc.
(d.v.s. fænomener, der er til hinder for produktionens organisation og forøger omkostningerne), for så vidt som sådanne "afværgende" fænomener ofte er blevet betegnet som funktionsfejl.
Here is a first point about methods - and it ought not to come as a
Arbejdere og fagforeninger vil understrege træthed, dårligt helbred, vanskeligheder med livet uden for arbejdspladsen, usikkerhed i jobbet o.s.v.
8 surprise: the different agents involved have different philosophies and practices which make them interested in different problems.
Her er et første punkt vedr. metoderne - og det burde ikke være nogen overraskelse: de forskellige implicerede "agenter" sidder inde med forskellige filosofier og skikke, der gør dem interesseret i forskel lige problemer.
It will be seen, also, how the choice of phenomena to be plotted has changed when other agents with other approaches have entered the field.
Det vil også ses, hvorledes valget af fænomenerne, der skal kortlægges, har ændret sig, når andre agenter med andre angrebsmåder er kommet ind i billedet.
A significant example - right inside the management group itself - is the way the plotting shifted from avoidance phenomena to phenomena con nected with flexibility at the same time as industrial problems were mov ing away from the sphere of labour productivity and into that of corporate competitiveness.
Et meget sigende eksempel i selve ledelsesgruppen er må den, på hvilken kortlægningen flyttede sig fra afværgende fænomener til fænomener, forbundet med fleksibilitet, mens de industrielle pro blemer samtidigt bevægede sig bort fra sfæren for arbejdskraftproduk tivitet til virksomhedernes konkurrenceevne.
As for the technical aspect, it is important that the points to be plot ted should be quantifiable (by category, order or measurement), in short that they should be sociological indicators (which in turn - and we shall come to this later - would have constituted points of transition to the economic sphere).
Hvad det tekniske aspekt angår, er det vigtigt, at punkterne, der skal kortlægges, er kvantificerbare (efter kategori, rækkefølge el ler måling) - kort sagt, at de bør være sociologiske indikatorer
Now certain phenomena may - in one way or another, but never without caution - be quantified, may furnish indicators; such phenomena might be rates of absenteeism or labour turnover, age pyramids, personality tests, differential mortality, or the like.
På den ene eller anden måde - men aldrig uden varsomhed - kan kvanti teten af visse fænomener imidlertid bestemmes, d.v.s. tilvejebringe indikatorer.
Appraisal of the economic consequences of the phenomena plotted raises numerous problems which have given rise to an equally large number of methods; it is possible, however, to distinguish three levels in this collection of linked problems and methods.
Sådanne fænomener kan være fraværsrater eller gennem træk, alderspyramider, personlighedsprøver, differential dødelighed eller lignende.
1.2.1 A first level is one where the phenomena can be considered to be stable or, more accurately, stationary (ie they have a structure which remains unchanged over time: periodical, random, etc, or constant).
Andre fænomener (f.eks. en organisations fleksibili tet, arbejdernes træthedstilstand) er endnu ikke blevet beskrevet, enten fordi de viste sig senere, eller fordi de krævede mere frem skredne metoder, eller fordi de vedrørte svagere eller mindre råd snare agenter.
It is then possible to designate a time and a space (usually circum^ scribed by the budget "horizon" and the walls of the workshop) within which it will be possible to assess economic effects in terms of costs
I så tilfælde er det muligt at angive en tid og et rum (normalt omskrevet som budget-"horison- ten" og værkstedets mure), inden for hvilke det bliver muligt at vurdere økonomiske virkninger, udtrykt i omkostninger (fi nansielle omkostninger).
This type of method, whose apparent simplicity should not be allowed to obscure the difficulty and length of the procedures involved - and hence its cost - fitted in well with one of the first concerns of managements (ascertaining the cost of disorder).
Dette kan ske ved hjælp af to forskel lige metoder: a. Den første metode er omkostningsregnskaber, som ofte anven des til at måle de afværgende indikatorers (eller anti-pro- duktive holdningers) finansielle omkostninger.
(which may be the same indicators, eg absenteeism, or may be diffe rent ones, eg machine incidents, production change-overs) and con structs stochastic models which take account of the way in which re medial action is taken in response to disruptions (random occurren ces).
Ved at tage alle de fundne "funktionsfejl" (fravær, overdrevent gennem træk, kvalitetsdefekter, arbejdsulykker) og tilføje en sløjfeformet variabel (ændring i den fysiske produktivitet) har nogle forfattere oven i købet konstrueret et globalt indeks ved at addere de forskellige indikatorers monetære værdier.
Both types of synthetic model, which provide an abundance of infor mation, are well suited to simulation exercises and, in addition, are a very convenient source of financial evaluations.
En sådan metode, hvis tilsyneladende enkelthed ikke bør skjule de implicerede procedurers vanskelighed og længde - og følgelig omkostninger - passede godt til een af ledelser nes vigtigste interesser (at kunne fastsætte omkostningen for forstyrrelser).
Their limitations - and this applies particularly to the accounting methods, owing to their rigidity - are inherent in their sphere of validity (stationary phenomena, limited time and space).
b. Den anden metode tager vilkårlige fænomener som sit udgangs punkt (som kan være de samme indikatorer, f.eks. fravær, el ler andre, som f.eks. maskinskader, produktionsflytninger) og konstruerer stokatiske modeller, der tager hensyn til måden, på hvilken afhjælpende foranstaltninger træffes som respons på forstyrrelserne (vilkårlige begivenheder).
As such they are truly suitable only for closed structures (or com pleted structures, as Jean Piaget would say) in which there is no evolution, in which time is not a variable and in which, accordingly, the relationship with the environment is restricted to "flows".
Begge syntetiske modeltyper, der tilvejebringer en overflod af informationer, er velegnede til simulationseksperimenter
This is true of the first phase of financial accounting, where the flows are recorded and a balance is struck between inputs and out goings before commencement of the second phase which consists of in ventory operations (assessment of stock variations, making of provi sions, calculation of depreciation); the object of this second phase is precisely to throw up the profit - or loss - that is to say, the change in the structure itself, the change in its potential.
Deres begrænsninger - og på grund af deres usmidighed gælder dette specielt regnskabsmetoderne - er uløseligt for bundet med deres validitetssfære (stationære fænomener, be grænset tid og rum).
1.2.2 A second level thus becomes apparent when account is taken of the evolution of the structure (which is then said to be "open", "being formed", "evolving", etc), ie when this structure is placed within its time-scale and when its relationships with an environment that is also evolving are anticipated.