natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Disse lovende systemer (som skulle kunne give større sikkerhed ved kasserne) er desværre stadig meget dyre og er forbundet med en række vanskeligheder m.h.t. at harmonisere systemerne i det enkelte land og på internationalt plan.
These promising systems (which should provide better security at check-outs) are still, unfortunately, very expensive and are encountering difficulties as far as harmonisation of procedures at national and international level is concerned.
3.2 Mere ergonomisk korrekte arbejdssteder optager mere gulvareal.
32 The corollary of more ergonomie work stations is that the floor space occupied is much greater.
En m^ salgsareal er meget dyr.
A square meter of sales floor space is very expensive.
3.3 Man må ikke overse tilpasningsvanskelighederne - såvel de fysiske som psykiske - som personalet måske får efter i mange år at have arbejdet med systemer, som nu er forældede.
33 One should not overlook the difficulties in adjustment -physical or mental - which personnel may encounter, particularly when they have been used to working for decades with procedures which have become obsolete.
Dette problem er aktuelt for hele personalet, ledergruppen og medarbejderne, mænd og kvinder.
This difficulty exists for all employees, managers and staff, men and women.
Sammen med eller endog før indførelse af ny teknologi, skal der afholdes omfattende kurser for personalet.
This installation of new technology should be accompanied and even preceded, by major informational and training exercises.
4.1 Arbejdsgiverrepræsentanterne skal beklage, at man i rapporterne koncentrerede sig for meget om kassebetjeningsfunktionen.
41 The employers' representatives expressed regret that the reports concentrated too exclusively on the check-out position.
Gruppen var af den opfattelse, at man skulle have set på alle arbejdsfunktioner i et supermarked.
They felt that the impact of new technology on all positions in supermarkets should have been considered.
4.2 Arbejdsgiverne var overrasket over, at man ikke nævnte noget om det arbejde, man indtil nu har gjort for at informere og uddanne såvel personalet og fagforeningerne som forbrugerorganisationerne.
42 The employers expressed surprise at the lack of mention of the efforts made in the situations mentioned up to now, to inform and train both staff and unions as well as consumer organisations,
Ud fra den betragtning mener de, at det ville være urealistisk at fremkomme med anbefalinger, der er for retningsgivende og restriktive.
They feel that, in view of this, recommendations which are too directive or restrictive would be unrealistic.
Herved ville der også være risiko for, at man bremser eller standser en udvikling, som først lige er begyndt i Europa, mens den er langt fremskreden i lande såsom USA, Canada og Japan.
They would also risk slowing down or stopping an evolution which is only starting in Europe, whereas it is fully advanced in countries like the USA, Canada and Japan.
Der kan opnås enighed om et betydeligt antal spørgsmål.
A harmonious consensus can be achieved on a good number of points.
For konservative foranstaltninger kunne blive en alvorlig fare for medarbejderne i detailbutikssektoren og for kunderne, vareleverandører og de virksomheder, der leverer anlæggene.
Any measures which are too conservative could be a serious impediment for workers in the commercial sector and for their customers, as well as for their goods and equipment suppliers.
DEN TEKNOLOGISKE UDVIKLINGS INDVIRKNING I SUPERMARKEDER
COLLOQUIUM ON "THE IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS ON SUPERMARKETS"
EVALUERINGSKOLLOKVIUM afholdt d. 27. - 28. september 1984
Held in Dublin on 27/28 September 1984
Den teknologiske udviklings indvirkning i supermarkeder
Colloquium on "The Impact of Technological Developments on Supermarkets".
Det er endvidere gruppens opfattelse, at rapporten er en præcis fremstilling af rapporterne fra de enkelte lande.
It is also satisfied that it is an accurate reflection of the national reports.
Denne skævhed kan ses på Tabel 1, hvor en lang række af de oplysninger, der var nødvendige for at kunne foretage en sammenligning, mangler.
This discrepancy can be seen in table 1 of the consolidated report, where an examination of it will show that lot of information necessary for comparative assessment is missing.
Vi skal her komme med nogle eksempler samt andre henvisninger.
Some examples are mentioned herein as well as other references.
(5) "Oplæring pá jobbet" er, samtidig med, at det er nødvendigt, af begrænset omfang og bør underbygges med mere formel uddannelse uden for arbejds pladsen.
5· "Learning by doing" and "on the job training" while necessaryis in itself limited and should be supported by some more formal training at a location other than the workplace.
Uddannelsen skal ske pá et tidligt tidspunkt, og før de nye anlæg introduceres.
Training should be commenced at an early stage, and prior to the introduction of new systems.
Der skal være mulighed for at komme på et repetitionskursus med jævne mellemrum.
Refresher courses should be made available at regular intervals.
B. Anvendt teknologi og prognoser for typer af teknologi 11 B.1.Kasseterminalsystemer/kasseapparater 11 Β.1.1. Kort produktbeskrivelse 11
Sections A, B, E and F were produced under the responsibility of Hans Engstr/m, cand. polit., lecturer, and Hanne Hartvig Larsen, cand. mere, lecturer.
C. Introduktion af ny teknologi og implementeringsproces­ser ,
Since the report forms part of a Community project and is to be used in conjunction with other national reports, it was felt necessary to use English terms in some of the headings.
Eksisterende teknologiaftaler D. Supermarkedets organisations­ og opgavestruktur D.I. Supermarked A D. 2. Supermarked Β
A.2 Description of the supermarket sector
Kædeledelsen (D)
D.1 Supermarket A D.2 Supermarket Β D.3 Supermarket C D.k Chain management (D)
E. Indflydelse på forbrugerne E.l. Kort beskrivelse af danske forbrugere E.2.
E. Impact on consumers E.1 Brief description of Danish consumers E.2 The conduct of the study E.3 The views of the Consumers' Council
Forbrugerpanelets synspunkter
E.4- The views of the consumer panel
F. Konklusioner omkring ny teknologi i supermarkeder ... 69
F. Conclusions on new technology in supermarkets
Side t. Bilag 1: Produkt­ og prisbeskrivelse vedrørende kasse­terminalsystemer ..
Annex 5: Breakdown of turnover in supermarkets Α, Β and C plus DSK norms for comparison
Antal for­retninger
Number of businesses
Omsætning i mill. kr. efter butikstype
Turnover in Dkr million, by type of shop
Supermarkeders ejerforhold. 1982
Table 7- Supermarket ownership, I982
Forbrugerpanelets indkøbsadfærd 62
Revised forecast, I983-I99O
Redigering af rapporten er foretaget af Hans Engstrøm og Hanne
Breakdown of food and grocery shopping by days of the week and time of day: I98I
Disse er derfor ikke medtaget som bilag.
Composition of the consumer panel
Nedenfor gives i summarisk form forskellige historiske og aktuel­le data til belysning af udviklingen og status inden for dansk dagligvarehandel.
A. Introduction and background information Some historical and current data are presented below in summary form which will elucidate the development and present status of the Danish food, drink and tobacco trade.
Data er udvalgt med skyldig hensyntagen til rapportens hovedemne.
The data have been selected with due regard to the main subject of the report.
Antallet af detailhandelsbutikker afspejler, hvorledes butiksdø­den er et fænomen, der har berørt alle traditionelle brancher.
A.1 Historical development of the food, drink and tobacco trade Tne figures for retail shops show that the demise of the "corner shop" is a phenomenon affecting all traditional branches of the trade.
Kilder: Data indsamlet fra Danmarks Statistik og diverse branche­organisationer, bearbejdet af Erik Stockmann, Dansk Bu­tiksregister, og Hanne Hartvig Larsen.
Sources: Data collected from Danmarks Statistik (Danish Statistical Office) and various organizations within the trade, processed by Erik Stockmann of Dansk Butiksregister (Danish Register of Shops) and Hanne Hartvig Larsen
Konsekvenserne for de enkelte branchers konkurrencesituation har dog været højst forskellig, hvilket tydeligt fremgår af omsæt­ningsudviklingen.
The consequences for the competitive positions of the individual sectors show considerable divergence, however, which emerges clearly from the trend in turnover figures.
Karakteristisk er således den meget stærke koncentration af omsætningen på en enkelt branche: kolonialsek­toren .
A characteristic feature is the very heavy concen tration of turnover in a single sector: the grocery trade.
Omsætning i
Food, drink and tobacco l.radu in 1957, V/,u and 1979.
Dagligvarehandel 1957, 1968 og 1979 mill, kr. efter butikstype.
Turnover in Dkr million b,y l.ypo of shop
Supermarkeder Mejeriudsalg Slagtere Grøn t f or re tn in ge r Fiskehandlere
Supermarkets Dairies Butchers Greengrocers Fishmongers
Tobak- og vinhandlere
Tobacconists and wine merchants
Udviklingen i den primære dagligvaredetailhandel. 1972, 1977 og 1982.
Trend in the primary food, drink and tobacco retail trade: 1972, 1977 and 1982
% af oms.
% of turnover
Diskbetjente Tempo kombinerede
Counter service Mixed/quick service
Minimarkeder Uopi./sæson Supermarkeder, ialt under 400 m
Minimarkets Unspecified/seasonal Supermarkets, total under 400 m
Butikker, totalt
Shops, total
Karakteristisk for det seneste 10-år er de diskbetjente, traditionelle butikkers forsvinden, respektivt forsvindende betydning, og tilkomsten af nye typer såsom minimarkeder og seneste discountbutikken.
A characteristic feature of the trend over the past 10 years is the dis appearance of the traditional counter-service type of shop, or the decline in its importance, and the appearance of new types such as minimarkets and, most recently, discount stores.
Videre kan nævnes kommuneplanloven af 1977, som senest har resul­teret i et stop for etablering af lavprisvarehuse i Danmark.
A further example is the Town 8c Country Planning Act of 1977, which has recently resulted in a ban on the establishment of discount stores in Den­mark.
Samme lov åbner mulighed for, at kommuner kan få betragtelig ind­flydelse på detailhandels­lokalisering samt på størrelsen og ar­ten af butikker.
The same Act offers local authorities extensive powers for in­fluencing the siting of retail trade outlets and sizes and types of store.
Endvidere må en igangværende omlægning af ferskvaredistributionen
In addition a reorganization of the distribution of fresh produce which is currently under way may be expected to influence the future structure of the trade.
Foreløbig er der indgået samarbejde med kooperationen om ferskvaredistributionen til kooperationens butikker.
-5- to distribute fresh produce to cooperative society outlets.
Blandt de ydre rammer af økonomisk-politisk karakter påkalder indkomstudvikling og -fordeling sig opmærksomhed.
Among the external factors relating more to economic policy, the develop ment and distribution of incomes need to be considered.
Generelt har der i en betragtelig årrække været tale om en stigning i disponibel indkomst, dog med en afsvækkelse og stagnation for visse indkomstgrupper de seneste par år, bl.a. som følge af krise og arbejdsløshed.
Generally speak ing, there has been a growth in disposable incomes over a number of years, albeit with a slowing-down in the trend and stagnation in certain income categories in more recent years as a result, amongst other things, of the recession and unemployment.
På "forbrugersiden" har der videre i en årrække været tale om forskellige ændrede vilkår for husholdningerne.
On the "consumer side" there have also been a variety of changes in the conditions affecting households over a number of years.
Det gælder i særlig grad den stadig stigende andel af kvinderne, som påtager sig arbejde uden for hjemmet.
One major change here has been the steadily increasing propor tion of women who go out to work.
Dette har en række konsekvenser, dels for forbrugsmulighederne, herunder muligheder ne for at realisere ønsker om egen bolig, anskaffelse af forskel lige langvarige goder, etc., dels for husholdningernes ønsker til og brug af forskellige indkøbssteder.
This has a number of consequences, on the one hand in respect of the means of consumption, including the means to fulfil the desire for home ownership, to purchase of various consumer durables, etc, and on the other hand in respect of the desire of households to have available and to make use of a variety of shopping facilities.
Et mere detailleret billede af forbrugernes karakteristika findes i afsnit E.
A more detailed picture of consumer characteristics is presented in Section E.
Supermarkedernes relative betydning.
Relative importance of supermarkets
Omsætning
Average turnover per shop, Dkr million
Primær varer i dagligalt
Primary food, drink and tobacco trade, total
Anden dagligvarehandel i alt 15.213
Other food, drink and tobacco outlets, total
Beskrivelse af supermarkedssektoren.
A.2 Description of the supermarket sector
En fordeling af supermarkederne efter omsætning og salgsareal giver et billede af supermarkedernes størrelse og betydning.
A breakdown of supermarkets in terms of turnover and sales area gives a picture of the size and importance of the supermarket sector.
En fordeling af supermarkederne efter ejerskabsforhold og kædesam­arbejde giver et billede af koncentrationen inden for denne sek­tor.
A breakdown of supermarkets in terms of ownership and chain affiliation gives a picture of the concentration which exists in this sector.
Af nedenstående tabeller fremgår den aktuelle situation.
The tables below show the present situation.
Egentlige supermarkeder fordelt efter salgsarealets størrelse.
Supermarkets proper, broken down according to sales area
100 η' og derover
Average area,
Gennem­ snits2 areal m
Area
Note 1) De lave tal skyldes, at kædert har sine supermarkeder i varehuse, som ikke er medtaget i denne oversigt.
1) The low figures are due to the fact that the chain has its supermarkets within department stores, which are not covered by this survey.
Kilde: Per Press'· Supermarkeder 1982 og egne beregninger.
Source: Press report: Supermarkets I982, and own calculations
Supermarkeder fordelt efter omsætning.
Supermarkets broken down according to turnover
3o­4o mill. kr.
Dkr Over
4o­6o mill. kr.
Total Average Total
kr.
Dkr million
Købmænd
Independents
Kilde: Per Press: Supermarkeder 1982.
Source: Press report: Supermarkets I982
Omsætn. mill.kr.
Supermarket ownership, I982
Frivillige kæder (grossisttil knyttede) de)
Voluntary chains (linked to wholesalers)
Indkøbsforeninger (frivillige kæder)
Bulk purchasing associations (voluntary chains)
Kilde: Per Press: Supermarkeder 1982 og egne beregninger.
Sources: Press report: Supermarkets I982, and own calculations
Supermarkederne har som butikstype nået et mætningspunkt for så vidt angår antallet.
The supermarket as a type of store has reached saturation point, as far as numbers are concerned.
De seneste år har tilgang og afgang af butikker således opvejet hinanden.
In recent years store openings and closures have tended to balance each other out.
Derimod tyder alt på, at en lang række renoveringer af eksisterende supermarkeder trænger sig på, hvorfor der kan forventes en vis stigning i salgsareal og om sætning.
On the other hand, there is every sign that we are on the brink of a series of renovations of existing super markets, from which we can expect a certain increase in sales area and turnover.
En række supermarkeder inden for købmandssektoren skal generationsskiftes de kommende år.
A number of supermarkets in the grocery sector will move on a generation in the next few years.
Dette vil formodentlig føre til, at en række selvstændige supermarkeder overtages af egentlige kæder med øget koncentration til følge.
This will presumably lead to takeovers of a number of independent supermarkets by chains proper, resulting in increased concen tration.
Billedet i dag, hvor 9 virksomheder (kæder) tegner sig for 49% af den samlede supermarkedsomsætning, må derfor påregnes forrykket.
It must therefore be expected that the present position, in which nine companies (chains) account for 49$ of the total supermarket turnover, will have shifted.
Også købmandssektoren vil blive præget af øget koncentration i de nærmeste år, idet en række sammenslutninger af grossister og ind købsforeninger pågår, respektivt er nært forestående.
Another reason why the grocery sector will be marked by greater concentra tion in the years to come is that a number of mergers of wholesalers and bulk purchasing associations are in progress or imminent.
Resultatet heraf kan blive færre men større frivillige kædedannelser.
The result may be fewer but larger voluntary chain formations.
En ikke uvæsentlig årsag hertil er det stigende kapitalkrav som følge af bl.a. ny teknologi både i distribution og markedsføring.
A not inconsiderable reason for this is the rising capital requirement imposed by factors such as new technology in both distribution and marketing.
Beskæftigelse i supermarkeder.
Employment in supermarkets
Supermarkederne repræsenterede ved deres fremkomst en kapitalintensiv butiksform sammenlignet med den traditionelle butikstype inden for kolonialsektoren: betjeningsbutikken.
Supermarkets, when they came into being, represented a capital-intensive form of trading, compared with the traditional type of shop in the grocery sector: the counter-service shop.
I de følgende år er det kapitalintensive element blevet forstærket.
The capital-intensive element in creased still further in subsequent years.
Årsagerne til denne udvikling er teknologien (butiksindretningen og distributionssystemernes mekanisering) og en ændret arbejdsdeling mellem detailhandel og detailhandelens leverandører (fx er prismærkning af varer i stigende grad blevet overtaget af producenter og grossister).
The reasons for this develop ment are to be found in the technology (store organization and mechanization of distribution systems) and changes in the division of work between the retail trade and its suppliers (for example, the priee-labelling of goods has to an increasing degree been taken over by the producers and wholesalers).
Endelig er der sket en forskydning i arbejdsdelingen mellem detailhandel og forbruger, idet selvbetjening og ny butiksteknologi har betydet en overvæltning af arbejdsopgaver på forbrugerne.
Finally there has also been a shift in the division of work between the retail trade and the consumer, in that the introduction of selfservice and new store technology passed on some of the work to the shoppers themselves.
Note 1: Danmarks Statistiks definition: Selvbetjeningsbutikker med fuldt fødevaresortiment.
1) Danmarks Statistik definition: selfservice stores offering a complete range of food items
Kilde: Danmarks Statistik. Den registerbaserede beskæftigelse statistik, 1980.
Source: Danmarks Statistik: The register-based employment statistics, 1980
Det er karakteristisk, at mere end en trediedel af de ansatte tilhører kategorien ufaglært arbejdskraft og 'uangivet', hvilket sidste dækker over en mangfoldighed af jobs såsom flaskedrenge, rengøringsassistenter m.v.
It is characteristic that over a third of those employed belong to the categories "unskilled workers" and "unspecified", the latter covering a wide variety of jobs such as bottle-boy, cleaner, etc.
Den konstaterede udvikling henimod mindre brug af faglærte kan blandt andet tilskrives større standardisering af varerne, bedre varedeklarationer og mere overskuelig butiksindretning.
The trend towards the use of fewer skilled employees may be attributable, amongst other things, to increased standardization of goods, better label ling of goods and a more rational organization of store space.
Om fremtiden vil vise større dekvalificering som følge af den teknologiske udvikling, afhænger af mange faktorer. Den ny tek-
Whether the future will bring further downgrading of skill requirements as a result of technological development depends on many factors.
Beskæftigelsesstrukturen i supermarkeder. Irma, DB samt DSK's medlemmer.
Employment structure in supermarkets: Irma, DB and members of DSK
I alt
Women
Kilde: Internt materiale.
Source: internal records
Kilde: DSK, stikprøveundersøgelse foretaget maj 1983.
1) Including store proprietors Source: DSK, sample survey undertaken in May I983
I tabel 9 er vist personalets kønsproportion og dets fordeling på heltids­ og deltidsansættelse.
Table 9 shows the distribution of staffs by sex and by full­time and part­time employment.
Irma og DB tegner sig for tilsammen ca. 33% af supermarkedsomsætningen i Danmark, mens DSK's medlemmer har ca. 38% af supermarkedsomsætningen.
Irma and DB together account for approximately 33$ of supermarket turnover in Denmark, while the members of DSK take approxi­mately 38$.
Talle­ne må anses at give et realistisk billede af forholdene, selv om DSK­undersøgelsen er baseret på en stikprøve.
The figures can be considered to present a realistic picture of the situation, even though the DSK study is based on a sample survey.
10 af personaleressourcerne til variationer i kundetilstrømningen over ugen samt deltidsansættelsens attraktivitet for især kvinder med børn, er to hovedårsager til den konstaterede trend.
The needs of store managers for flexibility and adaptability of staff resources to variations in customer traffic through the week, and the attractiveness of parttime work (particularly to women with children) are two main reasons for this trend.
Alt andet lige må det anses at være sandsynligt, at udviklingen fortsætter mod mere deltidsarbejde.
All things being equal, it is to be expected that the trend towards more parttime employment will continue.
I de senere år er der yderligere sket det, at studerende i voksende grader blevet ansat til afløsningsarbejde i ferieperioder og i slutningen af ugen.
Another feature in recent years has been that students are being taken on to an increasing extent for relief work during holiday periods and at week ends.
Note 1: Excl. forretningsindehaver. Kilder: Se tabel 9.
Years < 1 year 13 years > 3 years 2 446
En undersøgelse af de ansattes anciennitet i supermarkederne viser en forbavsende stor andel (i alt ca. 50%), der har været i det samme supermarked i længere tid (mere end 3 år).
A study of the length of service of supermarket staff shows that a surprisingly large proportion (a total of approximately 50$) have been at the same supermarket for a long period (over three years).
Dette tyder på en vis tilfredshed med jobbet og på, at arbejdsforholdene er rimelige.
This indicates a certain job satisfaction and suggests that the working conditions are reasonable.
Denne hypotese bekræftes i øvrigt delvis af interviewene i denne rapport.
This view is, moreover, confirmed to some extent by the interviews in our report.
Dog kan en årsag også være det sidste tiårs økonomiske krise, der dels har fået personalet til at holde fast på de stillinger, som de har, dels har af skåret flere fra at prøve andre arbejdsmuligheder.
But one reason may also have been the economic crisis of the past 10 years which, on the one hand, has motivated employees to hold on to the jobs they have and, on the other hand, has prevented many from trying out other employment opportunities.
Anvendt teknologi og prognoser for typer af teknologi.
Technology in use and forecasts for types of technology
I nærværende prognoseafsnit beskæftiger vi os med 1) kassetermi­nalsystemer (B.I.), 2) scannere (B.2.), 3) kreditkortlæsere (B. 3.), 4) elektroniske vægte (B.4.), 5) håndbårne terminaler (B.5.) og 6) pengeautomater samt flaskemodtageanlæg (B.6.).
In the forecasts presented in this section, we deal with 1. point-of-sale terminal systems (B.1), 2. scanners (B.2), 3. credit-card readers (B.3), 4. electronic scales (B.4), 5· portable terminals (B.5) and 6. cash dispensers and bottle reception systems (B.6).
Opdelingen er relevant med henblik på beskrivelsen af forholdene i dag, men der må forventes en teknisk integration af de fleste af grupperne, efterhånden som udviklingen skrider frem.
This grouping is relevant in describing present-day conditions, but a tech nical integration of most of the groups is to be expected as development advances.