natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Domstolen anerkendte således, at markedskarakteristika som f.eks. gennemsigtighed, homogene produkter, fuldt udviklet marked, ringe innovation, omkostningsstrukturer og hyppige kontakter mellem udbydere kan lægges til grund ved vurderingen af tendenser til oligopolistisk dominans.
In particular, it accepted that market characteristics such as market transparency, homogeneity of the product, market maturity, low rate of innovation, cost structures and multi-market contacts can be used in identifying whether markets are prone to oligopolistic domi­nance.
For det andet stadfæstede Domstolen Kommissionens analyse af, hvilke ændringer i konkurrenceforholdet mellem kon kurrenterne fusionen ville resultere i og dermed gøre en konkurrencebegrænsende parallel adfærd mere sandsynlig. For det tredje udtalte Domstolen, at der ikke nødvendigvis skal bestå strukturelle forbindelser, for at der kan være tale om kollektiv dominans.
Second, it upheld the Commission's analysis as to how the operation would have changed the competitive relations between the competitors and thereby made anticompetitive parallel behaviour more likely.
Kommissionen må sikre, at tidligere stats monopolers overtagelse af private virksomheder
The Commission examined the issue of collective dominance in four Phase II cases, three
C) Sag nr. IV/M.1447 (anmeldelsen trukket tilbage, se også boksen angående bodesagen).
( ' ) Case No I V/M. 1500 — TPGITecnologislica.
hensyn til motorbrændstoffer fastslog, at fusio­nen ville have skabt eller styrket et oligopol på en række nationale markeder, der kun var præget af en beskeden koncentration (fra mindst tre aktører i Det Forenede Kongerige til op til syv aktører i Luxembourg).
minimum of three players in the UK to a maximum of seven players in Luxembourg).
Til trods for den relativt lave kon­centrationsgrad i denne sag blev markederne anset for at besidde alle de træk, der er typiske for markeder med oligopolfremmende tendenser.
Despite the relatively low levels of concentration in this case, the markets were found to display all the characteristics typical of markets conducive to oligopoly.
Endelig fandt Kommissionen i Danish Crown/Vestjyske Slagterier, at fusionen ville resultere i et duopol, der ville komme til at tegne sig for 70 % af det danske marked for fersk svi­nekød solgt i supermarkeder.
Finally, in Danish CwwnlVestjyske Slagterier, the Commission found that a duopoly would havesupplied 70 % of the Danish market for fresh h ork meat sold throug supermarkets,
Kommissionen har taget stilling til spørgs­målet om kollektiv dominans i fire fase 2­sager, tre af dem efter Domstolens dom.
(structural or other) in order to establish whether tnemarkets in question are conducive to oligop- of them subsequent to the Court's judgment.
I Airtour si First Choice­sagen endte Kommissionen med at ned­lægge forbud mod fusionen, fordi den ville have ført til et oligopol bestående af tre selskaber på et allerede stærkt koncentreret marked (se boksen nedenfor).
In the AirtowslFirst Choice case, it eventually pro- hibited the operation on the grounds that it would have led to an oligopoly of three companies on an already highly concentrated market (see box below).
I Exxon/Mobil fandt Kommissionen, at fusionen ville have resulteret i en styrkelse af et allerede eksisterende oligopol inden for lang­distance­transmission af naturgas til det inden­landske engrosmarked i Tyskland.
In Exxon/Mobil, it found that the opera- tion would have led to a strengthening of the existing oligopoly in the national long-distancewholesale transmission of natural gas in Germany.
Kommissio­nen fastslog også, at fusionen på grund af kapi­talforbindelserne mellem Exxon, BP/Mobil og Aral og de øvrige strukturbetonede faktorer i denne industri ville have ført til skabelse eller styrkelse af kollektivt dominerende stillinger på markederne for distribution af brændstoffer i Tyskland, Østrig, Nederlandene, Luxembourg og Det Forenede Kongerige samt på de franske motorveje, hvor der opkræves motorvejsafgift. Det er værd at bemærke, at Kommissionen med
It also found that, in view of the equitylinks between Exxon, BP/Mobil and Aral and theother structural factors of the industry, the operation would have created or strengthened oligopolistic dominant positions in the markets for thedistribution of fuels in Germany, Austria, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, the UK and on Frenchtoll motorways.
Kommissionens analyse heraf blev foretaget ud fra omstændighederne i den konkrete sag.
The Commission has proceeded on a case-by-case basis in its analysis of these characteristics.
I lyset af resultaterne af denne undersøgelse besluttede Kommissionen den 22. september 1999 at nedlægge forbud mod den planlagte fusion. Denne beslutning blev i alt væsentligt truffet, fordi fusionen ville føre til, at den fusionerede koncern, Airtours/First Choice, sammen med de to andre store vertikalt integrerede udbydere, der ville være tilbage (Thomson og Thomas Cook), ville få en kollektivt dominerende stilling, der ville reducere konkurrencen på det britiske marked for pakkerejser til de nære rejsemål betydeligt.
In the light of the results of its investigation, the Commission decided, on 22 September, to prohibit the proposed merger.
Dette var første gang, Kommissionen nedlagde forbud mod en fusion på grund af kollektiv domi­nans udøvet af flere end to virksomheder.
This was the first occasion on which the Commission had prohibited a merger on the grounds of collective dominance among more than two firms.
Spørgsmålet om, hvorvidt fusionsforordningen finder anvendelse, når der er flere end blot en enkelt virksomhed, der får en dominerende stilling, har tid­ligere været behandlet ('),og i flere sager (bl.a. to sager, som blev indbragt for EF­Domstolen, se ovenfor (2)), er spørgsmålet om dominans udøvet af to virksomheder (duopol) blevet behandlet ud fra det princip, at forordningen også finder anvendelse på kollektiv dominans.
However, the question of the applicability of the merger regulation to dominant positions among several firms rather than just one has been considered before ('), and there have been a number of cases (including two which were the subject of review by the European Courts, see above (2)) which have dealt with the issue of dominance by two firms (duopoly) and confirmed the principle that the regulation applies to collective dominance.
Kommissionen fastslog, at den britiske pakkerejsebranche udviste en række særlige træk, bl.a. gennemsig­tighed på markedet, veludviklet marked, ringe innovation, ensartede omkostningsstrukturer og kommerciel­
The UK package holiday sector was found to exhibit a number of characteristics such as market trans parency, mature market, low rate of innovation, similarity of cost structures, commercial links between the oligopolists (and so on) which made it more likely, in the Commission's view, that the merger would lead to collective dominance with substantial adverse effects on competition.
(') F.eks. i 1998 i fase­to sagerne Price WaterhouselCoopers & Lybrand (sag nr. IV/M 1016) og Enso/Stora (sag nr. IV/M 1225) — se konkurrenceberetningen I M ' l l f i U I
The structure was highly concentrated even before the merger; the four largest firms, each with a substantial market share individually, had 80 % of the market between them and the merger would bring together the second and third largest.
Dette havde tendens til at resultere i ensartede omkostningsstrukturer.
Il — MERGER CONTROL align their cost structures.
Det blev desuden konstateret, at der bestod betydelige kommercielle forbindelser mellem de fire store selskaber — f.eks. i form af omfattende salg af flysæder til hinanden og aftaler om salg af hinandens pakkerejser i deres rejsebureaukæder.
It was also found that important commercial links existed between the four large companies — for example, significant supplies of seats on each other's airlines and arrangements to distribute each other's holidays through their travel agency chains.
Et andet vigtigt træk ved dette marked varden relative mangel på fleksibilitet i udbuddet.
Another key feature of the market was the relative inflexibility of supply.
Et selskabs salgsvolumen og flyenes brændstofforbrug anses almindeligvis for at have afgørende betydning for selskabets succes på markedet, navnlig for pakkerejser til de nære rejsemål (hovedsageligt rejser til Middelhavsområdet), fordi avancen pr. solgt rejse er ret lav.
Sales volume, and full use of the aircraft, was widely considered to be critical to commercial success, especially for short-haul packages (essentially those to the Mediterranean area) because unit profit margins are low.
Desuden mister en rejse enhver værdi, hvis den ikke er solgt på af rejsedatoen.
Moreover, a holiday is valueless if it is unsold by the departure date.
Men kapaciteten (antallet af udbudte rejser) må imidlertid nødvendigvis fastlægges, længe før rejsen sælges, og i særdeleshed kan udbuddet ikke reduceres med kort varsel uden risiko for betydelige tab.
But capacity (number of holidays for sale) has to be largely fixed well in advance of its being sold, and in particular it cannot be reduced at short notice without risk of substantial losses.
En rejsearrangører nødt tilat fastlægge sit udbud af rejsemål, flyplaner og antal flysæder, længe inden hans brochurer sendes ud, og salget starter.
A tour operator's range of destinations, flight schedule and seat allocations has to be set well before its brochure is issued and selling begins.
For de typiske pakkerejser til nære rejsemål fra Det Forenede Kongerige var der tale om et helt år inden starten på den pågældende feriesæson.
For typical short-haul packages in the UK, this is as much as a year before the holiday season concerned.
Denne manglende fleksibilitet gav de store, integrerede rejsearrangører et incitament til at holde udbuddet på markedet stramt og ikke øge kapaciteten i forsøg på at erobre markedsandele fra de andre.
This inflexibility created an incentive for the larger, integrated tour operators to keep the market 'tight' and not to expand capacity in order to compete aggressively with each other for market share.
Hvis en af dem senderet overudbud på markedet, vil det øge antallet af usolgte rejser og true al les rentabilitet, medens en stram kapacitet alt andet lige vil være mere lønsom for alle.
Oversupply by one supplier would increase the number of unsold holidays, threatening the profitability of all, whereas constraining capacity would, other things being equal, improve profitability for all.
Specielt så det ud til, at en rejsearrangør, der ønskede at ekspandere til en sådan størrelse, var nødt til at gå ind i rejsebureauvirksomhed i betragtning af den position, som de fire store rejsearrangørers rejsebureaukæder har, for at sikre sig en dækkende og omkostningseffektiv distribution af sine ferierejser, og den pågældende ville nok også være nødt til at gå ind i flydrift.
In particular, it was con sidered necessary for a tour operator wishing to reach such a size to integrate into travel agency, given the strength of the agency chains owned by the four large operators, in order to ensure adequate and cost-effective distribution of the operator's own holidays, and probably also into airline operation.
I særdeleshed så etablering af et landsdækkende rejsebureau-net (enten via en serie overtagelsereller via organisk vækst) ud til at være forbundet med store omkostninger og tage lang tid, og alternative salgsmetoder (f.eks. via Internet, telefon eller postordre) så ikke ud til i større omfang at kunne erstatte det traditionelle salg via rejsebureauer i en overskuelig fremtid, om overhovedet, hvis det overhovedet kunne erstattes.
In particular, establishing a national travel agency network (whether by a series of acquisitions or by organic growth) was likely to be a costly and long-term affair, and alternatives to the traditional method of sales through travel agents' shops (e.g. via the Internet, telephone or mail order) did not seem likely to substantially displace them for some time to come, if at all.
På baggrund heraf ville elimineringen af First Choice som konkurrent på rejsearrangør- og rejsebureaumarkedet og den sandsynlige eliminering af en af de store leverandører af flypladser til andre rejsearrangører (hvor First Choice i modsætning til flere af de andre store rejsearrangører spillede en meget vigtig rolle) efter Kommissionens opfattelse føre til, at de tilbageværende tre stor selskaber kom til at indtage en kollektivt dominerende stil ling med meget skadelige virkninger for konkurrencen.
Against this background, the removal of First Choice as a competitor in tour operation and travel agency, and its likely loss as a major supplier of airline seats to third parties (in which it was, unlike some of the other large tour operators, a key player) would, in the Commission's view, lead to the creation of a collective dominant position among the three remaining large firms, with significant anticompetitive consequences.
Fusionen ville styrke deres gensidige afhængighed, resultere i en yderligere marginalisering af de mindre »nicheaktører« og øge gennemsigtigheden på markedet.
It would strengthen their interdependency, further marginalise the 'fringe' of smaller players, and increase market transparency.
Det ville give oligopolselskaberne større incitament til at holde udbuddet stramt og gøre det let tere for dem at iværksætte effektive strategier med det fonmål.
That would raise the incentives for the oligopolists to restrict their capacity, and facilitate the adoption of effective strategies for doing so.
Et markant træk ved det forløbne år var det store antal sager, hvor parterne opgav deres fusionsplan, før Kom missionen vedtog formel beslutning om at ned lægge forbud.
A notable feature in 1999 was the large number of cases where the parties abandoned the merger plan before a formal prohibition decision was adopted by the Commission.
Selv uden en beslutning var virkningen af Kommissionens intervenering i disse, at det blev forhindret, at en dominerende stilling blev skabt eller styrket til skade for de euro pæiske forbrugere.
Even without a decision, the effect of the Commission's inter- vention in these cases was to prevent the creation or reinforcement of a dominant position to the detriment of European consumers. Four cases,
KLM er det største og Martinair det næststørste nederlandske flyselskab.
subsidiary Transavia) already supplied a substantial share of the supply of 'holiday' flights — whether on chartered or scheduled services — to tour operators in the Netherlands.
Begge selskaber er hjemmehørende i Schiphol-lufthavnen.
Martinair is an equally significant competitor in this market, and together the two airlines supply around two thirds of it.
Der var tale om, at KLM skulle overtage 50 % af de aktier i Martinair, som KLM ikke havde i forvejen.
The Commission was therefore concerned that the operation would have created a dominant position, regardless of whether the relevant market consisted of individual routes, a bundle of routes to certain regions or of all flights to the Mediterranean.
Disse aktier ejes for øjeblikket af Nedlloyd.
A prohibition decision was proposed but the parties chose to abandon the operation before a decision was taken.
Dette ville betyde, at Martinair ville overgå fra at være kontrolleret af KLM og Nedlloyd i fællesskab til kun at være kontrolleret af KLM.
supply of machinery, engineering and maintenance services in the chemical pulping sector, where the parties' overlapping activities would have created or strengthened a dominant position.
Under de særlige omstændigheder, der gjorde sig gældende i denne sag, ville denne ændring indebære en betydelig mindskelse. af Martinairs tilbageværende uafhængighed af KLM, hvilket ville få alvorlige konsekvenser for konkurrencen.
In particular, the Commission was con cerned about the parties' strong position in the supply of chemical digesters, components of bleaching lines, washing equipment, recausticising equipment, evaporators, recovery boilers and lime kilns as well as the parties' position as regards green field operations.
Kommissionen fandt, at fusionen ville have sat KLM i stand til at lægge Martinair helt sammen med sit datterselskab Transavia.
The operation would have raised similar concerns in relation to worldwide refurbishment and maintenance activities of chemical digesters, washers and recovery equipment.
KLM leverede (primært via sit datterselskab Transavia) allerede en betydelig del af de ferieflyvninger — charter- eller ruteflyvninger — som de nederlandske rejsearrangører havde brug for. Martinair er en lige så stor aktør på dette marked, og de to selskaber tegner sig tilsammen for omkring to tredjedele af udbud det.
The Commission also sought to pro hibit the operation on the grounds that the parties would have become the only viable full-line supplier in the chemical pulping sector, providing incentives and the ability to cross-subsidise in an anticompetitive manner between products where it would have had a dominant market position and those for which it would face more competition, and also to tie products in competitive markets to those for other pulp mill equipment, in which it would have had a dominant position.
Den havde til hensigt at nedlægge forbud, men parterne valgte at opgive fusionen, før der var truffet nogen beslutning.
Together, the two air lines would have become by far the largest single carrier from Amsterdam to these destinations.
Kommissionen havde indledt tilbundsgående undersøgelser af fusionen efter en række klager og fastslået, at den rejste alvorlige konkurrenceproblemer på flere markeder med hensyn til udbud af maskiner, kon struktions- og vedligeholdelsesydelser overalt i verden inden for den kemiske papirmasseindustri, hvor overlapningen mellem parternes aktiviteter ville have resulteret i skabelse eller styrkelse af en dominerende stilling.
As a result of the merger, ECT/Hutchison would have had a market share of 36 % on this market with the nearest competitors having less than half of the joint market share of the parties.
Kommissionen hæftede sig specielt ved, at parterne stod stærkt inden for ke miske kogere, komponenter til blegeanlæg, vaskeudstyr, ætsningsudstyr, fordampningsanlæg, sodakedler og kalkovne samt inden for etablering af nye fabriksanlæg.
However, ECT/Hutchison's combined market po sition would have been much stronger than reflected by their market share, given their strong joint position in transhipment, their leading position in Far East cargo and the fact that their terminals are particularly suited to serving larger deep-sea vessels.
Fusionen ville have rejst til svarende problemer med hensyn til parternes aktiviteter på verdensplan inden for istandsætning og vedligeholdelse af kemiske kogere og vaske- og genbrugsanlæg.
The operation was abandoned before a formal decision was adopted.
Kommissionen ville også skride ind over for fusionen, fordi parterne ville være blevet den eneste rentable udbyder afalle produkter i den kemiske papirmasseindustri, hvilket ville sætte dem i stand til og give dem incitament til at krydssubsidiere mellem produkter, hvor de havde en dominerende stilling, og produkter, hvor de var udsat for mere konkurrence, og binde køberne af produkter, hvor de havde en dominerende stilling, til også at aftage produkter, hvis marked var mere konkurrencepræget.
In another case, Deutsche Postltrans-o-flex, the parties also abandoned their agreement following information from the Commission that a state ment of objections would be sent setting out serious competition concerns.
Kommissionens undersøgelser viste, at fusionen ville have givet ECT/Hutchison en dominerende stil ling på markedet for stevedoretjenester til oceangående containerskibe i Nordeuropa. Efter fusio-
Both companies are based at Amsterdam/Schiphol airport. The operation consisted of the acquisition by KLM of the 50 % of those shares in Martinair which it did not already own.
I KLMIMartinair (') besluttede Kommissionen at iværksætte en tilbundsgående under søgelse på grund af konkurrenceproblemer i for
In 1999, nine Phase II decisions were adopted. Of these, eight resulted in conditional clearance decisions.
I flere nyere fusionssager er der blevet påvist markedsdominans selv ved relativt lave markedsandele (se f.eks. Rewe/Meinl (37 %) og Hutchison/ECTIRMPM (36 %)).
Recent merger cases demonstrate that market dominance may be established even at relatively low market share (see, for example, RewelMeinl (37 %) and HutchisonlECTIRMPM (36 %).
Tilsammen ville ECT og Hutchison imidlertid komme til at stå langt stærkere på markedet, end hvad der fremgik af deres markedsandel, på grund af en række særlige forhold, bl.a. deres kombinerede position inden for omladning.
However, ECT/Hutchison's combined market position would have been much stronger than reflected by their market share, given specific features such as their joint position in transhipment, etc.
Kommissionen vil i sin vurdering i de enkelte sager se på alle de konkrete træk ved det relevante marked.
The Commission's assessment in individual cases will be based on an assessment of all the specific features of the market concerned.
Fusionen blev opgivet, før der blev vedtaget en formel beslutning i sagen.
strengthen its existing strong position and Meinl will remain active as a competitor.
I en anden sag, Deutsche Post/Trans-o-flex, opgav parterne også deres planer efter at have fået at vide, at Kommissionen ville udsende en klagepunktsmeddelelse med alvorlige konkurrencemæssige indsigelser.
The reduction of market share on the retail market will also have a positive impact on the procurement markets by reducing the dependency of suppliers operating on that market.
I 1999 blev der vedtaget ni fase 2-beslut-ninger.
RewelMeinl (') is a significant retail case where the focus of concern was the procurement market.
Ud af dette antal blev otte sager godkendt med tilsagn.
The Commission considered the strong link between the retail market and the procurement side.
Efter overtagelsen ville den nye koncern have fået en markedsandel på et godt stykke over 30 %, med stor afstand ned til den nærmeste konkurrent, Spar.
As a result of the acquisition, the new entity would have achieved a market share of well over 30 %, considerably more than its nearest competitor, Spar.
I sin vurdering af den nye koncerns reelle styrke på de relevante markeder så Kommissionen på markedsandelene sammen med en række yderligere fordele, som parterne havde, f.eks. deres centraliserede struktur, deres mange gunstigt beliggende butikker, deres tilsammen store andel af de samlede butiksarealer osv. Kommissionen konkluderede, at fusionen i den oprindeligt anmeldte form også ville have øget de alle rede betydelige barrierer for adgangen til det østrigske dagligvaredetailmarked.
In order to evaluate the real strength of the new entity on the relevant markets, the Commission looked at the market shares in combination with a number of additional advantages the par ties have, such as, for example, their centralised structure, their high share of favourable locations, the high combined share of profitable shops, etc. The Commission concluded that the operation as notified in its original form would also have increased the already existing high entry barriers to the Austrian food retail market.
Parterne afgav en række omfattende tilsagn, der imødekom Kommissionens indsigelser både på detailhandelssiden og på forsyningssiden.
The parties made comprehensive commitments removing the Commission's concerns on both the retail and procurement side of the deal.
Således nøjedes Rewe/Billa med at overtage 34 % af Meinls dagligvarehandelsaktiviteter.
Follow ing the commitments, Rewe/Billa acquired only 34 % of Meinl's food retail activities.
Rewe/Billa afgav også tilsagn om ikke at overtage nogen butikker til dagligvarehandel i Østrig.
Rewe/Billa also undertook not to acquire any outlets to be used for food retailing in eastern Austria.
Efter disse tilsagn vil Rewe/Billa ikke få styrket sin allerede stærke position, og Meinl vil fortsætte med at være en aktiv konkurrent.
Following the undertakings, Rewe/Billa will not