natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
På den ene side nyder mellemstore virksomheder. USA tydeligeligvis økonomisk Tre artikler i dette nummer af fordel af at være ét land, men Erhvervslivets Europa (s. 7 11) dette udjævnes efterhånden, ser nærmere på hvordan som vi det indre marked bliver Kommissionens initiativer mere strømlinet gennem vores hjælper Europas iværksættere.
Three articles one hand, the USA obviously in this issue of Enterprise deriveseconomicbenefits Europe (see pages 7 to 11) from being only one country, assess how Commission initia-but we are redressing that tives are helping Europe’s imbalance as we continue to entrepreneurs.
arbejde med standarder (s. 14). På den anden side fører Europa an
Firstly, we are focusing on work on standards (see page how to make microcredit 14).
For det første ser vi på, i kampen mod klimaændringer hvordan mikrokredit kan gøres gennem vores system til handel mere tilgængelig for virksom-med udledningskvoter, som er heder.
On the other, Europe is more accessible for compa-leading the way in the combat nies.
For det andet hjælper ved at vise sit værd.
Secondly, we are helping against climate change.
Erhvervslivets EUROPA nr. 17 _BAR_
Enterprise EUROPE No 17 _BAR_
Hermed har de forpligtet sig til at nedbringe udledningen af drivhusgasser fra 1990-niveauet med i gennemsnit 8% i perioden 2008-2012.
This commits them to reduce 1990 levels of greenhouse gas emissions by an average of 8% between 2008 and 2012.
Protokollen indeholder bestemmelser om en række økonomiske instrumenter, som parterne kan anvende i bestræbelserne på at nå målet. Et af redskaberne er handel med CO
The protocol provides for a number of economic instruments that parties may use in achieving their objectives – one of these is emissions trading.
CO2 kvoter – en troværdig ordning høringer i Rådet og Parlamentet blev ordningen endeligt vedtaget i oktober 2003.
Emissions trading: the credible approach andnationalgovernments, proposed an emissions trading scheme.Followingfurther consultation in Council and Parliament,theschemewas finally adopted in October 2003.
Systemet for handel med udledningskvoter vil træde i kraft fra januar 2005, og der arbejdes nu intensivt med de nødvendige forberedelser på både EU- og medlemsstatsplan.
Emissions trading will come into operation from January 2005 and many efforts at Union as well as Member State levels are currently geared towards the necessary preparations.
Hermed har EU placeret sig i forreste række i bekæmpelsen af klimaændringer.
This puts the European Union at the forefront of efforts to combat climate change.
USA, der ellers oprindelig var med i Kyoto-protokollen, valgte at ikke ratificere den i 2001.
The US, though initially a party to the Kyoto protocol, decided not to ratify it in 2001.
Siden har amerikansk industri været underlagt meget lempeligere miljøkrav fra statslige, regionale og lokale myndigheders side end det er tilfældet i Europa.
Subsequent American climate change actions on regional, State or municipal levels are far less stringent on industry than European efforts.
Bæredygtig udvikling jern-, stål-, glas-, cement-, keramik- og teglproducenter.
Sustainable development andselectedmanufacturing sectors,notablyproducers of iron, steel, glass, cement, pottery and bricks.
Der vil muligvis blive tilføjet andre sektorer i de næste perioder.
Its scope may be extended for subsequent periods.
Dette har fået visse til at mene, at Europa ved at gribe tidligt ind har lagt særlig hårdt pres på sin industri, og derved har pådraget sig en afskrækkende udfordring: Hvordan kan man nå målet om at begrænse udledningerne uden at det går ud over industriens internationale konkurrenceevne.
This has led some commentators to see Europe’s early moves as putting particular pressure on its industry and creating a daunting challenge: how to achieve emissions reduction objectives without compromising international industrial competitiveness.
Medlemsstaterne bevilger en vis mængde udledningskvoter til hver industrivirksomhed.
Member States will allocate a certain amount of emission allowances to operators of installations.
fabriksanlæg undtaget, og det samme gælder affalds- og transportsektorerne samt den procesrelaterede kemikalieindustri, der kun tegner sig for en meget lille del af de direkte udledninger.
Initially, more than 10,000 installations producing about 40% of all carbon dioxide emissions in the 25-member Union will be covered.
Det betyder, at miljøfordelen ikke direkte søges ude på hver enkelt fabrik, men ved at man begrænser den samlede udledning fra alle fabriksanlæg, som er med i den Europa-dækkende ordning. Hver kvote giver tilladelse til at
For the moment, small installations are exempt, as are the waste and transport sectors, and the process-related chemical industry, which is responsible for a very small percentage of direct
Kvotehandelssystemet er imidlertid beregnet på at indfri Kyoto-forpligtelsen på den mest omkostningseffektivemåde, nemlig gennem en begrænsning af alle berørte aktørers partikeludledning og ikke via overordnede reduktionstiltag.
However, the emissions trading scheme has been designed to meet the Kyoto commitment in the most cost-effective manner, by reducing the aggregate emissions of all operators concerned, rather than through blanket reduction measures.
De nationale myndigheder vil i begyndelsen af 2005 udstede gratis kvoter til individuelle virksomheder i de berørte sektorer.
In developing the scheme, the Union has taken be achieved by limiting the total emissions.a number of industry’s concerns number of allowances allocated to below what would be emitted At the beginning of 2005, in a business-as-usual scenario. national authorities will issue This means the environmental allowances free of charge to benefit is not sought directly individual operators of installa- on board and introduced flexibility so that Member States can implement the scheme according to their particular needs.
Medlemsstaternes mere detaljerede regler for kvotetildelingen fremgår af de nationale planer for tildelingen. Før den finder sted skal planerne forelægges Kommissionen, som gennemgår og godkender dem i det omfang de overholder kriterierne i direktivet om kvotehandel.
To achieve the desired at the level of individual instal-tions in the designated sectors. environmental benefit, a fine lations, but through restricting Details of how a Member State balance had to be found between the sum of emissions from all intends to share out allowances flexibility and harmonisation.
Systemet i praksis virksomhederne skal altså sørge for at have tilstrækkeligt mange kvoter til at dække deres årlige
The scheme in operation installations included in the are contained in their national Europe-wide scheme.
Hver enkelt virksomhed skal give oplysninger om sine aktiviteter, den anvendte teknologi, kilderne til CO2-udledning og om planer mht. overvågning og rapportering.
Theschemewillnormally Allowances will be issued each which in turn examines and operate over consecutive periods year and operators have to approves them, to ensure they of five years.
Fra 2006 skal industrivirksomhederne i begyndelsen af hvert
There will be a review exceed their allowances have a supply information on their in 2006.
Princippet i ordningen er, at de industrivirksomheder, hvis udledningsmængde overstiger deres kvoter, selv kan vælge hvordan de vil overholde reglerne. De kan enten investere i at reducere deres udledninger eller købe kvoter af andre, der har overskud.
If there are negative choice of ways to achieve compli-effects on the competitiveness ance: they can either invest to of EU industry, this will offer an reduce emissions, or they can opportunity to introduce appro-buy allowances from someone
Systemet skal normalt benyttes i sammenhængende femårsperioder.
World priate modifications.
Systemet vil blive revideret i 2006.
The second who holds a surplus.
Hvis det viser sig at have negativ indflydelse på EUs industrielle konkurrenceevne, bliver der altså her en lejlighed til at lave relevante ændringer. Den anden periode falder sammen med den første Kyoto-forpligtelsesperiode, og det er til den tid, at ordningen forventes at hjælpe EU med at nå målene om mindre udledning.
Clearly, the period coincides with the first final choice will be influenced Kyotocommitmentperiod, by the price of the allowances and it is then that the scheme relative to investment costs.
Virksomhederne skal fremlægge godkendte overvågningsrapporter om deres udledninger, der skal svare til deres kvoter.
Operators must provide verified emissions monitoring reports accompanied by sufficient allowances.
Medlemsstaterne vil for hver periode bevilge et vist antal udledningskvoter til erhvervsdrivende, som falder ind under ordningen.
For each period, Member States will allocate a certain amount of The scheme will apply at first emission allowances to opera-only to carbon dioxide, which is tors of installations on their the major greenhouse gas, and territory which fall under the to installations above a certain scheme.
Reduktionen i udled- for fabriksanlæg over en vis kapacitetsgrænse inden for energisektoren og nogle udvalgte fremstillingssektorer,navnlig
Emission reductions will capacity threshold in the energy
Bæredygtig udvikling at udforme ordningen hensigtsmæssigt, ikke alene miljømæssigt men også økonomisk, vil EU kunne skabe en troværdighed omkring imødegåelse af klimaændringer og derved i væsentlig grad være med til at reducere udledningen af drivhusgasser på globalt plan.
So much hinges on the emissions trading scheme. By designing instruments to be successful, not only environmentally, but also economically, the European Union will have established a credible approach to tackling climate change, and thereby make a highly significant contribution to the global reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.
Under usædvanlig kolde vejrforhold kan der ansøges om ekstra kvoter.
From 2006, at the beginning of each year, operators have to provide their national competent authority with verified emission monitoring reports accompanied by sufficient allowances for their emissions in the previous year.
aftale på f.eks. en frivillig nationalt plan.
In cases of non-compliance, penalties will be levied that are likely to be far higher than the market price for allowances.
De mange variabler, der indgår i systemet, gør det umuligt at sige noget præcist om dets samlede økonomiske indvirkning.
For the first three years, the fines will be €40 per tonne of excess carbon dioxide, rising later to €100.
Den årlige udgift for hele EU skønnes imidlertid at ville udgøre fra under 0,1 til omkring 0,3% af bruttonationalproduktet. nationalproduktet.
By comparison, current market prices for allowances are in the €8-10 range.
Under særlige forhold, f.eks. ekstremt koldt vejr, der naturligvis ville kunne drive prisen på både udledninger og kvoter på himmelflugt, kan berørte medlemsstater gøre brug af direktivets force majeure-artikel og ansøge om ekstra kvoter.
In addition, the missing allowances must be purchased and surrendered.
Desuden kan de sandsynligvis se frem til betydelige el-prisstigninger.
Costs and flexibility to the Commission for installations to be temporarily excluded from the scheme, provided
Indførelsen af dette markedsbaserede instrument for at opfylde et miljømål er en pionerbedrift, både hvad angår koncept og omfang.
The many variables involved in these participate in another and the scheme make it impossible similarly demanding emissions to state the financial impact with reduction programme, such as a any accuracy.
Projektet vil utvivlsomt blive iagttaget grundigt af vores internationale partnere. Graden af succes med at nedbringe udledningsniveauet uden at skade den økonomiske vækst vil ikke alene påvirke Europas egen fremtidige politik om klimaforandringer, men i høj grad også andres.
However, estimates national voluntary agreement. suggest that the annual cost for the whole Union could range In exceptionally cold weather from under 0.1% to about 0.3% conditions, for instance, which of GDP. would obviously send both emissions and allowance prices Energy-intensive industries such rocketing sky high, a Member as steel, cement and pulp and State could invoke procedures paper, which have in the past under the force majeure article of the directive to issue additional allowances.
Men hvis fleksibiliteten i direktivet udnyttes, vil nogle virksomheder måske kunne spare omkostninger ved at danne en fælles pulje, der styrer forvaltningen af kvoterne for dem.
The exer-able to limit costs by choosing cise will undoubtedly be closely to form a pool to manage allow-watched by our international ances on their behalf. Some partners.
Nogle medlemsstater vil nok også gøre brug af muligheden for at ansøge hos Kommissionen om, at få midlertidig dispensation fra ordningen, forudsat at disse berørte virksomheder deltager i en anden ordning med tilsvarende krav om udledningsbegrænsning, begrænsning,
Its level of success Member States may also make in reducing emissions without use of the provision to apply compromising economic growth
Mindre værktøjer med større muligheder
Scaled down action for scaled up opportunities
Europas bank- og finansieringsvæsen har traditionelt ikke været godt gearet til at hjælpe enlige iværksættere, når de har søgt om mikrolån på under 25.000 EUR.
Traditionally, Europe’s banking and financial system has not been well geared towards helping the lone entrepreneur seeking a microloan of below €25,000.
Men efterhånden som efterspørgslen er steget, er en række specialiserede organisationer begyndt at vise sig på finansmarkedet.
But as demand has grown, a range of specialised organisations has begun to appear on the commercial scene.
Europa-Kommissionen støtter i høj grad denne tendens, hvilket fremgik af en konference som Kommissionen i september holdt i samarbejde med European Microfinance Network, Mikrofinansieringscenteret for Central- og Østeuropa og De nye uafhængige stater samt netværket af europæiske finansielle institutioner (s. 8).
The Commission is giving strong political support to this trend, as demonstrated at a conference in September jointly organised with the European Microfinance Network, the Microfinance Centre for Central and Eastern Europe and the NIS countries, and the Network of European Financial Institutions (see page 8).
HER LYTTES DER NØJE TIL SMÅ STEMMER
LISTENING CLOSELY TO SMALL VOICES
Euro-Info-Centrene (EIC) er et veletableret netværk, der yder hjælp til SMVer.
Euro Info Centres are a well-established network helping SMEs.
EICs rolle og synlighed skal nu øges, idet netværket skal være med til at styrke forholdet mellem de små virksomheder og de politikudviklingen.
Their role and visibility are now set to expand as they help to strengthen the relationship between small businesses and policymakers.
En mere raffineret brug af informationsmængden i Kommissionens IPM-mekanisme (Interactive Policy Making) vil sikre, at SMV-synspunkter tages i betragtning under udarbejdning eller revision af eksisterende lovgivning på såvel EU- som medlemsstatsplan (s. 9).
More sophisticated use of the data provided by the Commission’s Interactive Policy Making mechanism will ensure that SMEs’ views are taken on board when European and national officials prepare future legislation or review the application of existing rules (see page 9).
STOR VÆRDI FOR SMÅ VIRKSOMHEDER
BIG VALUES FOR SMALL BUSINESSES
Mange erhvervsfolk mener, at begrebet Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), virksomhedernes sociale ansvar, kun kan efterleves i praksis af store firmaer med mange ressourcer.
To many in the business world, corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a concept which only large companies, with their many resources, can properly implement.
Kommissionen forsøger at aflive denne myte med en oplysningskampagne, der løber frem til juni.
The Commission is out to dispel this myth by using an awareness-raising campaign that will run through to June.
Målet er at påvise, hvordan Europas mindre virksomheder kan opnå praktiske og håndgribelige fordele af CSR-principperne (s. 10).
This will demonstrate how Europe’s smaller entrepreneurs can obtain practical and tangible benefits from the principles behind CSR (see page 10).
Her i efteråret fremlægger Europa-Kommissionen tre vigtige initiativer til forbedring af erhvervsklimaet for små og mellemstore virksomheder (SMVer).
This autumn will see three major European Commission initiatives designed to improve the business environment for small and mediumsized enterprises.
Initiativerne er rettet mod forskellige udviklingsfaser, fra den nyetablerede til den modne virksomhed, men har det samme overordnede mål, nemlig at fremme frigørelsen af det enorme potentiale i Europas SMVer.
They address distinct phases in the life of a company, from birth to maturity, but share the overall aim of helping release the enormous potential of Europe’s SMEs.
FLERE NØGLER TIL MINDRE DØRE uropa har for få iværksættere.
MORE KEYS FOR SMALLER OPENINGS urope does not have enough entrepreneurs.
Men folk med lyst til at etablere deres egen lille
But people looking to establish their own
E virksomhed mangler ofte adgang til ekstern finansiering til en overkommelig pris.
E small company often lack access to external finance at affordable rates.
der blev taget af promoveringsbanker, der har udviklet en bedre adgang til finansiering for institutionelle investeror, og endvidere udbyderne i detailleddet, hvorfra kreditten videreformidles til mikrovirksomheder.
takenbypromotionalbanks to develop the availability of funding to institutional investors and the presence of retail operators who then extend the credit to micro-enterprises.
Offentlige, private eller gensidige garantiordninger anvendes også til at dække en del af de risici, som mikrolångivere er udsat for.
Public, private or mutual guarantee schemes are also being used to cover some of the risks to which lenders of microcredits are exposed.
Undersøgelser har vist at for hver euro, der stilles offentlig sikkerhed for kan der generere helt op til 10 euro i låneværdi.
Research shows that each euro of public counter-guarantee can generate as much as €10 of loans.
Det er svært at bedømme kvaliteten af og fremtidsudsigterne for en ny og i mange tilfælde ukendt virksomhed, og udgifterne til den nødvendige ekspertise til at lave en sådan bedømmelse ses ofte som ude af proportion med långivers indtægt.
The quality and prospects of a new, and frequently unknown, business are difficult to assess, and the expertise involved in making that assessment has often been judged disproportionate to the revenue generated.
De mange nationale og regionale programmer suppleres af Kommissionens eget bidrag via Den Europæiske Investeringsfond. Denne forpligtelse til at dække en procentdel af de potentielle tab virker som en løftestang, der bevirker, at der enten kan udstedes flere lån, eller at rentesatsen kan holdes på et konkurrencedygtigt niveau (se Erhvervslivets Europa nr. 15).
They come in many shapes and sizes: limited companies, In addition to the many national microfinance institutions, trusts, andregionalprogrammes, foundations, charities or non- the Commission makes its profit associations.
Offentlige, private eller
guarantee schemes
Kombinationen af disse og andre faktorer har skabt et tomrum på markedet i forhold til mikrokredit.
The combination of these and other factors has led to the existence of a specific market gap for microcredit.
Det franske observationscenter for virksomhedsetablering, OACE, har således beregnet, at det i nogle medlemsstater er hele 78% af de nye virksomheder, der ikke kan få et banklån.
So much so, that the Observatoire de l’Agence pour la Création d’Entreprises has calculated that in some Member States as many as 78% of new enterprises do not receive a bank loan.
gensidige garantiordninger anvendes også til at dække en del af de risici, som mikrolångivere er udsat for.
However, the Commission is determined to turn this market gap into a market opportunity.
Også NGOer (ikke-statslige organisationer) gør deres entré på markedet. To af de mest velkendte er ADIE i Frankrig og Prince’s Trust i Storbritannien.
Non-governmentalorgani-are also being used to sations are also entering the market.
Begge tilbyder ledige eller svagt stillede arbejdstagere at blive iværksættere.
Both to which lenders of offeropportunitiesforthose out of work or disadvantaged microcredits are exposed.to become entrepreneurs.
Disse ordninger er ikke alene jobskabende, de udbetalte tilskud udgør tilmed kun en brøkdel af dagpengeudgifterne.
Not only do these schemes create jobs, but the subsidies paid out There is also a growing number are a fraction of the cost of of national schemes facilitating unemployment benefits.
Kommissionen er imidlertid fast besluttet på, at tomrummet skal vendes til en mulighed.
A changing market access to businesses financebysmall withpotentialfor
Spanien og Finland. De fælles træk landene imellem er de skridt
Over the past two decades, new growth.
Kommissionen støtter aktivt indsatsen for at skabe en mikro-kredit-industri i Europa gennem støtte til at udbrede god praksis og
Sweden and Belgium microcredit institutions have pavedthewayintheearly The Commission is actively started to emerge to match the 90s and were soon followed supporting the move towards a demand fuelled by the growing by Spain, Finland and other microcredit industry in Europe trend towards the creation of one-EUcountries.Amongtheir by helping to disseminate best person self-employed businesses. common features are measures practice and to strengthen
som branchen modnes bliver dens aktiviteter stadig mere selvfinansierende, mens flere og flere iværksættere får den nøgle, de står og mangler for at kunne åbne døren til ny muligheder.
SMEs networking and cooperation Governments are being urged increasinglyfinanciallyself-between lenders and business to improve the legal and regula-sustainable,whilemoreand support services. tory framework for microcredit, more entrepreneurs are getting to adapt tax and social insur-the key they need to open the Theimportanceofmentoringance packages to help SMEs and door to opportunity.
Selve mikrokredit-industrien bliver også mere raffineret og bedre i stand til at vurdere og håndtere de involverede risici. Efterhånden
The microcredit industry itself is becoming more sophisticated and better able to assess, and handle, the risks involved.
Betydningen af vejledning og støtte kan ikke overvurderes.
As it matures, so its activities are cannot be overestimated.
Hele 50% af alle nye virksomheder lukker nemlig inden for de første fem år, men dette talkanreducerestil5-7%, hvis finansieringen ledsages af praktisk rådgivning til mikroiværksættere.
As many as 50% of new businesses disappear within five years, butthisfigurecan drop to a slow as 5-7% when the finance is accompanied by practical advice to microentrepreneurs.
IC-netværket (Euro Info Centres) er et af EUs mest udstrakte, og spiller en
LISTENING CLOSELY TO SMALL VOICES uro Info Centres are one of the most extensive networks in the Union and
central rolle i unionens erhvervspolitik ved at yde konkret bistand til små og mellemstore virksomheders udvikling.
E a central pillar ofits enterprise policy, providing concrete assistance to SMEs in their business development.
Nu skal centrenes rolle styrkes yderligere, idet de fremover skal fungere som tovejsformidlere mellem erhvervslivet og henholdsvis regionale, nationale og europæiske myndigheder.
Now,therole of the centres is set to expand as they develop their capacity to act as a twoway street between enterprises and regional, national and European authorities.
Dette vil styrke netværkets gennemslagskraft og SMVernes stemme i udformningen af de politikområder, der direkte berører deres interesser.
This will help maximise the impact of the network and strengthen the voice of SMEs in policy making directly affecting their interests.
Over 200 EICer deltager allerede i den feedback mekanisme, som Kommissionen har oprettet for at indhøste kommentarer, kritik og iagttagelser fra små virksomheder i alle medlemslande.
Over 200 EICs are already involved in the feedback mechanism the Commission has established to channel comments, criticism and observations from small companies throughout the Union.