natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
I sådanne tilfælde kan det være nødvendigt at vurdere mærkbarheden på grundlag af parternes position på tilknyttede produktmarkeder eller inden for teknologier af relevans for aftalen.
In such cases appreciability may have to be assessed on the basis of the position of the parties on related product markets or their strength in technologies relating to the agreement.
Kommissionen vil anvende den negativformodning, der blev beskrevet i det foregående afsnit, på alle aftaler, også aftaler, der ifølge selve deres natur kan påvirke handelen mellem medlemsstater, såvel som aftaler, der omhandler handel med virksomheder i tredjelande, jf. afsnit 3.3 nedenfor.
The Commission will apply the negative presumption set out in the preceding section to all agreements, including agreements that by their very nature are capable of affecting trade between Member States as well as agreements that involve trade with undertakings located in third countries (cf. section 3.3 below).
Kommissionen anlægger også den betragtning, at når en aftale ifølge selve sin natur kan påvirke samhandelen mellem medlemsstater, f.eks. fordi den vedrører import eller eksport eller omfatter flere medlemsstater, er der en gendrivelig positiv formodning for, at disse virkninger er mærkbare, når parternes omsætning inden for de af aftalen omfattede produkter beregnet som beskrevet i punkt 52 og 54 overstiger 40 mio. EUR.
The Commission will also hold the view that where an agreement by its very nature is capable of affecting trade between Member States, for example, because it concerns imports and exports or covers several Member States, there is a rebuttable positive presumption that such effects on trade are appreciable when the turnover of the parties in the products covered by the agreement calculated as indicated in paragraphs 52 and 54 exceeds 40 million euro.
Når aftaler ifølge selve deres natur kan påvirke handelen mellem medlemsstater, kan det også ofte formodes, at disse virkninger er mærkbare, når parternes markedsandel overskrider den i forrige punkt nævnte tærskel på 5 %. Denne formodning finder imidlertid ikke anvendelse, hvis aftalen kun dækker en del af en medlemsstats område, jf. punkt 90 nedenfor.
In the case of agreements that by their very nature are capable of affecting trade between Member States it can also often be presumed that such effects are appreciable when the market share of the parties exceeds the 5 % threshold set out in the previous paragraph .However, this presumption does not apply where the agreement covers only part of a Member State (see paragraph 90 below).
Hvor denne negativformodning ikke finder anvendelse, vil Kommissionen tage hensyn til kvalitative elementer i relation til aftalens eller adfærdens art og arten af de produkter, der er tale om, jf. punkt 29 og 30 ovenfor.
Outside the scope of negative presumption, the Commission will take account of qualitative elements relating to the nature of the agreement or practice and the nature of the products that they concern (see paragraphs and above).
Betydningen af aftalens art afspejles også i den positivformodning, der er omhandlet i punkt 53, hvad angår mærkbarheden af aftaler, der ifølge selve deres natur kan påvirke handelen mellem medlemsstater. For yderligere at belyse anvendelsen af handelspåvirkningsbegrebet vil det være nyttigt at se nærmere på forskellige typer hyppigt forekommende aftaler og adfærd.
The relevance of the nature of the agreement is also reflected in the positive presumption set out in paragraph 53 above relating to appreciability in the case of agreements that by their very nature are capable of affecting trade between Member States. a view to providing additional guidance on the application of the effect on trade concept it is therefore useful to consider various common types of agreements and practices.
I relation til omsætningstærsklen på 40 mio. EUR foretages beregningen på grundlag af de deltagende virksomheders samlede salg (jf. punkt 52) inden for Fællesskabet ekskl. skatter og afgifter af de af aftalen omfattede produkter (aftaleprodukterne) i det foregående regnskabsår.
regard to the threshold of 40 million euro (cf. paragraph 52 above), the turnover is calculated on the basis of total Community sales excluding tax during the previous financial year by the undertakings concerned, of the products covered by the agreement ( the contract products).
Salg mellem enheder, der indgår i samme virksomhed, fratrækkes (40).
Sales between entities that form part of the same undertaking are excluded (40).
I de følgende afsnit trækkes en hovedskillelinje mellem aftaler og adfærd, der omfatter flere medlemsstater, og aftaler og adfærd, der er begrænset til en enkelt medlemsstat eller en del af en medlemsstat.
In the following sections a primary distinction is drawn between agreements and practices that cover several Member States and agreements and practices that are confined to a single Member State or to part of a single Member State.
Disse to hovedkategorier opdeles derefter i yderligere underkategorier alt efter arten af den pågældende aftale eller adfærd.
These two main categories are broken down into further subcategories based on the nature of the agreement or practice involved.
Aftaler og adfærd, der involverer tredjelande, behandles også.
Agreements and practices involving third countries are also dealt with.
Aftaler og misbrug, der omfatter eller optræder i flere medlemsstater stre (45).
Agreements and abuse covering or implemented in several Member States
Når virksomheder aftaler at fordele geografiske områder mellem sig, kan det føre til en eliminering eller en begrænsning af salget til disse områder fra andre områder. Når virksomheder aftaler priser, eliminerer de konkurrencen og enhver prisforskel, som konkurrencen ville resultere i, og som kunne få både konkurrenter og kunder til at deltage i grænseoverskridende handel.
When undertakings agree to allocate geographic territories, sales from other areas into the allocated territories are capable of being eliminated or reduced.
Når virksomheder aftaler salgskvoter, fastlåses de traditionelle handelsmønstre.
When undertakings agree on sales quotas traditional patterns of trade are preserved.
De pågældende virksomheder undlader at ekspandere og dermed også at sælge til potentielle kunder i andre medlemsstater.
The undertakings concerned abstain from expanding output and thereby from serving potential customers in other Member States.
Aftaler og adfærd, der omfatter eller gennemføres i flere medlemsstater, kan næsten altid ifølge selve deres natur påvirke handelen mellem medlemsstater mærkbart.
Agreements and practices covering or implemented in several Member States are in almost all cases by their very nature capable of affecting trade between Member States.
Når den relevante omsætning overskrider de tærskler, der er nævnt i punkt 53, vil det derfor i de fleste tilfælde ikke være nødvendigt at foretage en indgående analyse af, om handelen mellem medlemsstater vil kunne blive påvirket.
When the relevant turnover exceeds the threshold set out in paragraph above it will therefore in most cases not be necessary to conduct a detailed analysis of whether trade between Member States is capable of being affected.
Men for at give en rettesnor også i disse tilfælde og illustrere, hvordan de i afsnit 2 omhandlede principper anvendes, gives i det følgende en beskrivelse af, hvilke faktorer der normalt lægges til grund til støtte for antagelsen af, at EU's konkurrenceregler finder anvendelse.
However, in order to provide guidance also in these cases and to illustrate the principles developed in section 2 above, it is useful to explain what are the factors that are normally used to support a finding of Community law jurisdiction.
Aftaler om import og eksport
Agreements concerning imports and exports
De virkninger, grænseoverskridende karteller har, er generelt også ifølge selve deres natur mærkbare på grund af kartelmedlemmernes markedsposition.
The effect on trade produced by crossborder cartels is generally also by its very nature appreciable due to the market position of the parties to the cartel.
Karteldannelser finder normalt kun sted, når de deltagende virksomheder tilsammen sidder på en stor del af markedet, eftersom det sætter dem i stand til at hæve prisen eller indskrænke udbuddet.
Cartels are normally only formed when the participating undertakings together hold a large share of the market, as this allows them to raise price or reduce output.
Horisontale samarbejdsaftaler omfattende flere medlemsstater
Horizontal cooperation agreements covering several Member States
Aftaler mellem virksomheder i to eller flere medlemsstater, der omhandler import og eksport, kan ifølge selve deres natur påvirke handelen mellem medlemsstater.
Agreements between undertakings in two or more Member States that concern imports and exports are by their very nature capable of affecting trade between Member States.
Uanset om disse aftaler er konkurrencebegrænsende eller ej, har de direkte indflydelse på samhandelen mellem medlemsstater.
Such agreements, irrespective of whether they are restrictive of competition or not, have a direct impact on patterns of trade between Member States.
I Kerpen & Kerpen-sagen, der drejede sig om en aftale mellem en fransk producent og en tysk forhandler, som omfattede over 10 % af cementeksporten fra Frankrig til Tyskland, der i alt udgjorde 350 000 t om året, fastslog EF-Domstolen, at det var umuligt at antage, at en sådan aftale ikke (mærkbart) kunne påvirke handelen mellem medlemsstater (43). 66.
In Kerpen & Kerpen, for example, which concerned an agreement between a French producer and a German distributor covering more than 10 % of exports of cement from France to Germany, amounting in total to 350 000 tonnes per year, the Court of Justice held that it was impossible to take the view that such an agreement was not capable of (appreciably) affecting trade between Member States (43). 66.
Dette afsnit omhandler forskellige typer horisontale samarbejdsaftaler.
This section covers various types of horizontal cooperation agreements.
Horisontale samarbejdsaftaler kan f.eks. være aftaler mellem to eller flere virksomheder om at samarbejde om udøvelsen af en bestemt økonomisk aktivitet, såsom produktion eller distribution (46).
Horizontal cooperation agreements may for instance take the form of agreements whereby two or more undertakings cooperate in the performance of a particular economic activity such as production and distribution (46).
Sådanne aftaler benævnes ofte joint ventures.
Often such agreements are referred to as joint ventures.
Joint ventures, der på et varigt grundlag udøver alle en selvstændig økonomisk enheds funktioner, falder imidlertid ind under fusionsforordningen (47).
However, joint ventures that perform on a lasting basis all the functions of an autonomous economic entity are covered by the Merger Regu- lation (47).
På fællesskabsplan behandles sådanne selvstændigt fungerende joint ventures ikke efter artikel 81 og 82 bortset fra tilfælde, hvor artikel 2(4) i fusionsforordningen finder anvendelse (48).
Articles81and 82 except in cases where Article 2(4) of the Merger Regulation is applicable (48).
Dette afsnit omhandler derfor ikke selvstændigt fungerende joint ventures.
This section therefore does not deal with full-function joint ventures.
I ikke-selvstændigt fungerende joint ventures optræder joint venture-virksomheden ikke som en selvstændig udbyder (eller aftager) på noget marked.
In the case of non-full function joint ventures the joint entity does not operate as an autonomous supplier ( or buyer) on any market.
Den betjener blot moderselskaberne, der selv opererer på markedet (49).
It merely serves the parents, who themselves operate on the market (49).
Denne kategori omfatter aftaler, der pålægger begrænsninger i import og eksport, herunder begrænsninger i købernes adgang til aktivt og passivt salg eller videresalg til kunder i andre medlemsstater (44).
This category includes agreements that impose restrictions on imports and exports, including restrictions on active and passive sales and resale by buyers to customers in other Member States (44).
I disse tilfælde er der en iboende sammenhæng mellem den påståede konkurrencebegrænsning og handelspåvirkningen, eftersom selve formålet med konkurrencebegrænsningen er at hindrede strømme af varer og tjenester mellem medlemsstater, der ellers ville være mulige.
In these cases there is an inherent link between the alleged restriction of competition and the effect on trade, since the very purpose of the restriction is to prevent flows of goods and services between Member States, which would otherwise be possible.
Det er uden betydning, om aftaleparterne er lokaliseret i samme medlemsstat eller i forskellige medlemsstater.
It is immaterial whether the parties to the agreement are located in the same Member State or in different Member States.
Joint ventures, der opererer i to eller flere medlemsstater, eller hvis produktion sælges af moderselskaberne i to eller flere medlemsstater, påvirker parternes kommercielle aktiviteter i de pågældende dele af Fællesskabet.
Joint ventures which engage in activities in two or more Member States or which produce an output that is sold by the parents in two or more Member States affect the commercial activities of the parties in those areas of the Community.
Sådanne aftaler kan derfor normalt ifølge selve deres natur påvirke handelen mellem medlemsstater i forhold til den situation, der ville bestå uden aftalen (50).
Such agreements are therefore normally by their very nature capable of affecting trade between Member States compared to the situation without the agreement (50).
Handelsmønstrene påvirkes, når virksomheder overfører deres aktiviteter til et joint venture eller bruger det til at etablere en ny forsyningskilde inden for Fællesskabet.
Patterns of trade are affected when undertakings switch their activities to the joint venture or use it for the purpose of establishing a new source of supply in the Community.
Den Europæiske Unions Tidende
Abuses of dominant positions covering several Member States
Handelen vil også kunne blive påvirket, hvis et joint venture producerer et input til moderselskaberne, som moderselskaberne derefter videreforarbejder eller inkorporerer i et produkt.
Trade may also be capable of being affected where a joint venture produces an input for the parent companies, which is subsequently further processed or incorporated into a product by the parent undertakings.
Dette kan antages at være tilfældet, når det pågældende input tidligere blev købt hos leverandører i andre medlemsstater, når moderselskaberne tidligere producerede dette input i andre medlemsstater, eller når færdigproduktet sælges i mere en den medlemsstat.
This is likely to be the case where the input in question was previously sourced from suppliers in other Member States, where the parents previously produced the input in other Member States or where the final product is traded in more than one Member State.
Begge former for misbrug kan udøves enten gennem aftaler, der ligeledes omfattes af anvendelsesområdet for artikel 81, stk. 1, eller gennem en ensidig adfærd, der hvad EU's konkurrenceregler angår udelukkende er omfattet af artikel 82.
Both kinds of abuse may be carried out either through agreements, which are equally subject to Article or through unilateral conduct, which as far as Community competition law is concerned is subject only to Article 82.
Ved vurdering af mærkbarheden er det vigtigt at tage hensyn til moderselskabernes salg af de produkter, der har relation til aftalen, og ikke blot til salget i det joint venture, der etableres ved aftalen, eftersom dette ikke opererer som en selvstændig enhed på noget marked.
In the assessment of appreciability it is important to take account of the parents' sales of products related to the agreement and not only those of the joint entity created by the agreement, given that the joint venture does not operate as an autonomous entity on any market.
Hvad angår udnyttende misbrug såsom diskriminerende rabatter, påvirkes den dominerende virksomheds kunder, der enten begunstiges eller lider skade, hvilket ændrer deres konkurrencedygtighed og påvirker handelen mellem medlemsstater.
In the case of exploitative abuses such as discriminatory rebates, the impact is on downstream trading partners, which either benefit or suffer, altering their competitive position and affecting patterns of trade between Member States.
Vertikale aftaler og net af tilsvarende vertikale aftaler, der fungerer i flere medlemsstater, kan normalt påvirke handelen mellem medlemsstater, hvis de fører til, at handelen styres ad bestemte kanaler.
Vertical agreements and networks of similar vertical agreements implemented in several Member States are normally capable of affecting trade between Member States if they cause trade to be channelled in a particular way.
Net af selektive distributionsaftaler, der implementeres i to eller flere medlemsstater, resulterer i en styring af handelen gennem bestemte kanaler, fordi de begrænser adgangen til at forhandle det pågældende produkt til nettets medlemmer og dermed påvirker handelsmønstrene i forhold til den situation, der ville bestå uden aftalen (51).
Networks of selective distribution agreements implemented in two or more Member States for example, channel trade in a particular way because they limit trade to members of the network, thereby affecting patterns of trade compared to the situation without the agreement ().
Det kan f.eks. være tilfældet med aftaler, hvor forhandlere i flere medlemsstater påtager sig kun at købe hos en bestemt leverandør eller kun at sælge dennes produkter.
Such conduct has a negative impact on competition in an are a extending beyond a single Member State, being likely to divert trade from the course it would have followed in the absence of the abuse.
Sådanne aftaler kan begrænse handelen mellem de medlemsstater, hvori aftalerne gennemføres, eller fra de medlemsstater, der ikke er omfattet af aftalerne.
For example, patterns of trade are capable of being affected where the dominant undertaking grants loyalty rebates.
Markedsafskærmningen kan bero på individuelle aftaler eller net af aftaler.
Customers covered by the exclusionary rebate system are likely to purchase less from competitors of the dominant firm than they would otherwise have done.
Hvis en aftale eller net af aftaler omfattende flere medlemsstater har markedsafskærmende virkninger, vil den normalt ifølge selve sin natur kunne påvirke handelen mellem medlemsstater mærkbart.
Exclusionary conduct that aims directly at eliminating a competitor such as predatory pricing is also capable of affecting trade between
Det har konkurrenceskadelige virkninger inden for et område, der er mere omfattende en den enkelt medlemsstat, hvilket kan antages at kanalisere handelen bort fra det forløb, den ville have haft uden misbruget.
Trade between Member States is also capable of being affected by vertical agreements that have foreclosure effects.
Det kan f.eks. påvirke handelsmønstrene, at den dominerende virksomhed yder loyalitetsrabatter.
This may for instance be the case of agreements whereby distributors in several Member States agree to buy only from a particular supplier or to sell only its products.
De kunder, der falder ind under den ekskluderende rabatordning, vil sandsynligvis købe mindre hos den dominerende virksomheds konkurrenter, end de ellers ville have gjort.
Such agreements may limit trade between the Member States in which the agreements are implemented, or trade from Member States not covered by the agreements.
Et misbrug af en dominerende stilling, der direkte tager sigte på at eliminere en konkurrent, f.eks. ved at anvende underbudspriser, vil også kunne påvirke handelen mellem medlemsstater på grund af de virkninger, det har for konkurrencestrukturerne inden for EU (53).
Foreclosure may result from individual agreements or from networks of agreements. an agreement or networks of agreements that cover several Member States have foreclosure effects, the ability of the agreement or agreements to affect trade between Member States is normally by its very nature appreciable.
Hvis en dominerende virksomhed med sin adfærd søger at eliminere en konkurrent, der opererer i mere en den medlemsstat, vil det kunne påvirke handelen på mere en den måde.
dominant firm engages in behaviour with a view to eliminating a competitor operating in more than one Member State, trade is capable of being affected in several ways.
For det første er der risiko for, at den berørte konkurrent vil ophøre med at være en forsyningskilde inden for Fællesskabet.
First, there is a risk that the affected competitor will cease to be a source of supply inside the Community.
Selv om den pågældende virksomhed måske ikke trænges ud af markedet, må dens fremtidige adfærd i konkurrencen antages at blive påvirket, hvilket også kan påvirke handelen mellem medlemsstater.
Even if the targeted undertaking is not eliminated, its future competitive conduct is likely to be affected, which may also have an impact on trade between Member States.
For det andet kan misbruget påvirke andre konkurrenter.
Secondly, the abuse may have an impact on other competitors.
Den dominerende virksomhed kan gennem sin adfærd signalere til sine konkurrenter, at den vil skride ind over for forsøg på at tage konkurrencen op med den.
Through its abusive behaviour the dominant undertaking can signal to its competitors that it will discipline attempts to engage in real competition.
For det tredje kan selve den omstændighed, at en konkurrent elimineres, være tilstrækkeligt til, at handelen mellem medlemsstater kan blive påvirket.
Thirdly, the very fact of eliminating a competitor may be sufficient for trade between Member States to be capable of being affected.
Det kan være tilfældet, selv hvor den virksomhed, der elimineres, primært beskæftiger sig med eksport til tredjelande (54). I det
This may be the case even where the undertaking that risks being eliminated mainly engages in exports to third countries (54).
Når der er tale om misbrug af en dominerende stilling, er det nyttigt at sondre mellem de former for misbrug, der øjeblik, hvor konkurrencestrukturerne inden for Fællesskabet risikerer at blive yderligere forringet, finder EU's konkurrenceregler anvendelse.
Agreements between suppliers and distributors which provide for resale price maintenance (RPM) and which cover two or more Member States are normally also by their very nature capable of affecting trade between Member States (52). Such agreements alter the price levels that would have been likely to exist in the absence of the agreements and thereby affect patterns of trade.
Den Europæiske Unions Tidende
pating in cartels in only one Member State, normally need to take action to exclude competitors from other
27.4.2004 karteller i en enkelt medlemsstat, normalt er nødt til at søge at udelukke konkurrenter fra andre medlemsstater (57).
Member States (57).
Gør de ikke det, og omfatter aftalen et produkt, der kan handles over grænserne (58), risikerer kartellet at blive undermineret af konkurrence fra virksomheder fra andre medlemsstater.
If they do not, and the product covered by the agreement is tradable (58), the cartel risks being undermined by competition from undertakings from other Member States.
Sådanne aftaler kan normalt også ifølge selve deres natur påvirke handelen mellem medlemsstater mærkbart i betragtning af, hvor stor en del af markedet sådanne karteller er nødt til at dække for at virke effektivt.
Such agreements are normally also by their very nature capable of having an appreciable effect on trade between Member States, given the market coverage required for such cartels to be effective.