natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
I betragtning af den dominerende virksomheds position på markedet og den omstændighed, at misbruget udøves i flere medlemsstater, vil dets omfang og sandsynlige virkninger for handelsmønstrene normalt være af en sådan karakter, at handelen mellem medlemsstater kan blive mærkbart påvirket.
Given the market position of the dominant undertaking concerned, and the fact that the abuse is implemented in several Member States, the scale of the abuse and its likely impact on patterns of trade is normally such that trade between Member States is capable of being appreciably affected.
Er der tale om et udnyttende misbrug, f.eks. i form af prisdiskrimination, vil det påvirke handelspartnernes stilling i konkurrencen i flere medlemsstater.
In the case of an exploitative abuse such as price discrimination, the abuse alters the competitive position of trading partners in several Member States.
Er der tale om et ekskluderende misbrug, herunder adfærd, der tager sigte på at eliminere en konkurrent, vil det påvirke konkurrenternes aktiviteter i flere medlemsstater.
In the case of exclusionary abuses, including abuses that aim at eliminating a competitor, the economic activity engaged in by competitors in several Member States is affected.
Selve eksistensen af en dominerende stilling i flere medlemsstater indebærer, at konkurrencen allerede er afsvækket på en væsentlig del af fællesmarkedet (55). Hvis en dominerende virksomhed gennem misbrug af sin stilling yderligere svækker konkurrencen, f.eks. ved at eliminere en konkurrent, vil det normalt kunne påvirke handelen mellem medlemsstater mærkbart.
The very existence of a dominant position in several Member States implies that competition in a substantial part of the common market is already weakened (55). a dominant undertaking further weakens competition through recourse to abusive conduct, for example by eliminating a competitor, the ability of the abuse to affect trade between Member States is normally appreciable.
Aftaler og misbrug, der omfatter en enkelt medlemsstat eller kun en del af en medlemsstat
Agreements and abuses covering a single, or only part of a, Member State
Eftersom handelspåvirkningskriteriet også omfatter potentielle virkninger, har det ingen afgørende betydning, om der rent faktisk anlægges en sådan adfærd over for konkurrenter fra andre medlemsstater på noget tidspunkt.
Given the fact that the effect on trade concept encompasses potential effects, it is not decisive whether such action against competitors from other Member States is in fact adopted at any given point in time.
Hvis kartelprisen svarer nogenlunde til den pris, der gælder i andre medlemsstater, har kartelmedlemmerne måske ikke noget umiddelbart behov for at skride ind over for konkurrenter fra andre medlemsstater. Det afgørende er, om de kan antages at ville gøre det, hvis markedsvilkårene ændrer sig.
If the cartel price is similar to the price prevailing in other Member States, there may be no immediate need for the members of the cartel to take action against competitors from other Member States. matters is whether or not they are likely to do so, if market conditions change.
Sandsynligheden herfor afhænger af, om der findes naturlige handelsbarrierer på markedet, herunder især, om produktet kan handles på tværs af grænserne eller ej.
The likelihood of that depends on the existence or otherwise of natural barriers to trade in the market, including in particular whether or not the product in question is tradable.
I en sag, der drejede sig om banktjenester til privatkunder (59) har EF-Domstolen f.eks. fastslået, at handelen ikke ville kunne blive mærkbart påvirket, fordi der kun var et meget begrænset potentiale for handel med de produkter, der var tale om i den pågældende sag, og fordi de ikke indgik som en vigtig faktor i de beslutninger, virksomheder fra andre medlemsstater træffer om, hvorvidt de vil etablere sig i den pågældende medlemsstat (60).
In a case involving certain retail banking services (59) the Court of Justice has, for example, held that trade was not capable of being appreciably affected because the potential for trade in the specific products concerned was very limited and because they were not an important factor in the choice made by undertakings from other Member States regarding whether or not to establish themselves in the Member State in question (60).
Der erindres om, at for at der kan være tale om en påvirkning af handelen mellem medlemsstaterne, skal der ikke nødvendigvis opstå en begrænsning af handelen.
It should be recalled that for there to be an effect on trade between Member States it is not required that trade is reduced.
Det er tilstrækkeligt, at handelsmønstrene mellem medlemsstater kan blive påvirket mærkbart.
It is sufficient that an appreciable change is capable of being caused in the pattern of trade between Member States.
I mange tilfælde, hvor kun en enkelt medlemsstater berørt, vil den påståede overtrædelses karakter og i særdeleshed dens egnethed til at afskærme det nationale marked dog være et vigtigt tegn på, at aftalen eller adfærden kan påvirke handelen mellem medlemsstater. De eksempler, der nævnes i det følgende, er ikke udtømmende.
Nevertheless, in many cases involving a single Member State the nature of the alleged infringement, and in particular, its propensity to foreclose the national market, provides a good indication of the capacity of the agreement or practice to affect trade between Member States.
De illustrerer blot en række tilfælde, hvor aftaler, der kun berører en enkelt medlemsstats område, kan anses at kunne påvirke handelen mellem medlemsstater.
They merely provide examples of cases where agreements confined to the territory of a single Member State can be considered capable of affecting trade between Member States.
En sådan overvågninger tegn på, at konkurrence og konkurrenter fra andre medlemsstater opfattes som en potentiel trussel mod kartellet.
Monitoring suggests that competition and competitors from other Member States are perceived as a potential threat to the cartel.
Fremgår det af sagens omstændigheder, at kartelmedlemmerne bevidst har fastlagt deres prisniveau på grundlag af prisniveauerne i andre medlemsstater (»limit pricing«), er det tegn på, at de pågældende produkter kan handles, og at handelen mellem medlemsstater kan blive påvirket.
Moreover, if there is evidence that the members of the cartel have deliberately fixed the price level in the light of the price level prevailing in other Member States (limit pricing), it is an indication that the products in question are tradable and that trade between Member States is capable of being affected.
Horisontale karteller, der omfatter hele en medlemsstats område, kan normalt påvirke handelen mellem medlemsstater.
Horizontal cartels covering the whole of a Member State are normally capable of affecting trade between Member States.
EU-domstolene har således i flere sager statueret, at aftaler, der omfatter hele en medlemsstats område, ifølge selve deres natur forstærker markedsdelingen på et nationalt grundlag ved at hindre den økonomiske integration, traktaten tager sigte på at skabe (56).
The Community Courts have held in a number of cases that agreements extending over the whole territory of a Member State by their very nature have the effect of reinforcing the partitioning of markets on a national basis by hindering the economic penetration which the Treaty is designed to bring about (56).
At sådanne aftaler kan føre til markedsopdeling på det indre marked, beror på, at virksomheder, der deltager i
The capacity of such agreements to partition the internal market follows from the fact that undertakings partici-
Handelen vil normalt også kunne blive påvirket, når medlemmerne af et nationalt kartel søger at dæmpe konkurrencetruslen fra konkurrenter fra andre medlemsstater ved at tilskynde dem til at gå med i den konkurrencebegrænsende aftale, eller hvis deres udelukkelse fra aftalen stiller dem ringere i konkurrencen (61). I sådanne tilfælde forhindrer aftalen enten disse konkurrenter i at udnytte enhver konkurrencefordel, de måtte have, eller den øger deres omkostninger med de der af følgende negative virkninger for deres konkurrencedygtighed og deres salg.
Trade is normally also capable of being affected when the members of a national cartel temper the competitive constraint imposed by competitors from other Member States by inducing them to join the restrictive agreement, or if their exclusion from the agreement places the competitors at a competitive disadvantage ().In such cases the agreement either prevents these competitors from exploiting any competitive advantage that they have, or raises their costs, thereby having a negative impact on their competitiveness and their sales.
I begge tilfælde lægger aftalen hindringer i
In both null
C 101 vejen for konkurrenter fra andre medlemsstater på det pågældende nationale marked.
cases the agreement hampers the operations of competitors from other Member States on the national market in question.
Det samme gælder, når en kartelaftale, der kun omfatter en enkelt medlemsstat, indgås mellem virksomheder, der sælger produkter importeret fra andre medlemsstater (62).
The same is true when a cartel agreement confined to a single Member State is concluded between undertakings that resell products imported from other Member States (62).
Når vertikale aftaler indebærer sådanne markedsafskærmende virkninger, bidrager de til en opdeling af markedet på et nationalt grundlag og lægger dermed hindringer i vejen for den økonomiske integration, traktaten sigter på at skabe (64).
means of exports or by means of establishment (foreclosure effect). vertical agreements give rise to such foreclosure effects, they contribute to the partitioning of markets on a national basis, thereby hindering the economic interpenetration which the Treaty is designed to bring about (64).
Horisontale samarbejdsaftaler og specielt ikke selvstændigt fungerende joint ventures, jf. punkt 66 ovenfor, der kun berører en enkelt medlemsstat og ikke direkte omhandler import og eksport, tilhører ikke kategorien af aftaler, der ifølge selve deres natur kan påvirke handelen mellem medlemsstater.
Horizontal cooperation agreements and in particular non-full function joint ventures (cf. paragraph 66 above), which are confined to a single Member State and which do not directly relate to imports and exports, do not belong to the category of agreements that by their very nature are capable of affecting trade between Member States.
Det kan derfor i hvert enkelt tilfælde være nødvendigt at foretage en omhyggelig vurdering af, om den konkrete aftale kan påvirke handelen mellem medlemsstater.
A careful examination of the capacity of the individual agreement to affect trade between Member States may therefore be required.
I Delimitis-sagen (66), der drejede sig om aftaler mellem et bryggeri og ejerne af udskænkningssteder, hvor de sidstnævnte forpligtede sig til udelukkende at købe øl hos det pågældende bryggeri, definerede EF-Domstolen begrebet markedsafskærmning som mangelen på reelle og konkrete muligheder for at få adgang til markedet som følge af aftalerne.
In Delimitis (66), which concerned agreements between a brewer and owners of premises where beer was consumed whereby the latter undertook to buy beer exclusively from the brewer, the Court of Justice defined foreclosure as the absence, due to the agreements, of real and concrete possibilities of gaining access to the market.
Aftaler skaber normalt kun væsentlige barrierer for adgangen til markedet, når de omfatter en betydelig del af markedet.
Agreements normally only create significant barriers to entry when they cover a significant proportion of the market.
I den sammenhæng kan markedsandel og markedsdækning bruges som indikatorer.
Market share and market coverage can be used as an indicator in this respect.
Ved vurderingen må der ikke alene tages hensyn til den konkrete aftale eller det konkrete aftalenet, men også til andre parallelle net af aftaler med tilsvarende virkninger (67).
In making the assessment account must be taken not only of the particular agreement or network of agreements in question, but also of other parallel networks of agreements having similar effects (67).
Horisontale samarbejdsaftaler kan i særdeleshed påvirke handelen mellem medlemsstater, når de har markedsafskærmende virkninger.
Horizontal cooperation agreements may, in particular, be capable of affecting trade between Member States where they have foreclosure effects.
Det kan være tilfældet med aftaler, der fastsætter standardiserings- og certificeringssystemer for en hel branche, og som virksomheder fra andre medlemsstater enten ikke kan deltage i, eller som lettere kan opfyldes af virksomheder fra den pågældende medlemsstat, fordi de er baseret på nationale normer og traditioner.
This may be the case with agreements that establish sector-wide standardisation and certification regimes, which either exclude undertakings from other Member States or which are more easily fulfilled by undertakings from the Member State in question due to the fact that they are based on national rules and traditions.
Sådanne aftaler kan gøre det vanskeligere for virksomheder fra andre medlemsstater at trænge ind på det nationale marked.
In such circumstances the agreements make it more difficult for undertakings from other Member States to penetrate the national market.
Vertikale aftaler, der dækker hele en medlemsstats område og omfatter produkter, der kan handles over grænserne, vil også kunne påvirke handelen mellem medlemsstater, selv om de ikke skaber direkte handelshindringer.
Vertical agreements which cover the whole of a Member State and which relate to tradable products may also be capable of affecting trade between Member States, even if they do not create direct obstacles to trade.
Aftaler, hvor virksomheder foretager prisbinding, kan direkte påvirke handelen mellem medlemsstater ved at øge importen fra andre medlemsstater og mindske eksporten fra den pågældende medlemsstat (68).
Agreements whereby undertakings engage in resale price maintenance (RPM) may have direct effects on trade between Member States by increasing imports from other Member States and by decreasing exports from the Member State in question (68).
Aftaler, der indebærer prisbinding, kan også påvirke handelsmønstrene på stort set samme måde som horisontale karteller.
Agreements involving RPM may also affect patterns of trade in much the same way as horizontal cartels.
I det omfang, hvor den pris, der fremkommer som resultat af prisbindingen, er højere end den, der gælder i andre medlemsstater, kan den kun opretholdes, hvis det er muligt at kontrollere importen fra andre medlemsstater.
To the extent that the price resulting from RPM is higher than that prevailing in other Member States this price level is only sustainable if imports from other Member States can be controlled.
Aftaler, der kun omfatter en del af en medlemsstat
Agreements covering only part of a Member State
Hvis f.eks. to eller flere forhandlere, som er etableret i samme medlemsstat og tegner sig for en betydelig andel af importen af det pågældende produkt, etablerer et indkøbs-joint venture, hvori de samler alle deres indkøb af dette produkt, vil den der af følgende mindskelse af antallet af distributionskanaler gøre det vanskeligere for leverandører fra andre medlemsstater at få adgang til det pågældende nationale marked.
If, for example, two or more distributors established within the same Member State, and which account for a substantial share of imports of the products in question, establish a purchasing joint venture combining their purchases of that product, the resulting reduction in the number of distribution channels limits the possibility for suppliers from other Member States of gaining access to the national market in question.
Handelen kan derfor blive påvirket (63).
Trade is therefore capable of being affected (63).
Den kan også blive påvirket, hvis virksomheder, der tidligere importerede et bestemt produkt, etablerer et joint venture, som får til opgave at producere netop dette produkt.
Trade may also be affected where undertakings which previously imported a particular product form a joint venture which is entrusted with the production of that same product.
I så fald fører aftalen til en ændring af handelsmønstrene mellem medlemsstaterne sammenlignet med den situation, der bestod før aftalen.
In this case the agreement causes a change in the patterns of trade between Member States compared to the situation before the agreement.
Vertikale aftaler, der omfatter en enkelt medlemsstat
Vertical agreements covering a single Member State
Vertikale aftaler omfattende hele en medlemsstats område vil navnlig kunne påvirke handelen mellem medlemsstater, når de gør det vanskeligere for virksomheder fra andre medlemsstater at trænge ind på det pågældende nationale marked, enten ved at eksportere til det eller ved at etablere sig der (markedsafskærmende virkning).
Vertical agreements covering the whole of a Member State may, in particular, be capable of affecting patterns of trade between Member States when they make it more difficult for undertakings from other Member States to penetrate the national market in question, either by
Rent kvalitativt anvendes samme fremgangsmåde ved vurderingen af aftaler, der kun dækker en del af en medlemsstat, som ved aftaler, der dækker en hel medlemsstat.
In qualitative terms the assessment of agreements covering only part of a Member State is approached in the same way as in the case of agreements covering the whole of a Member State.
Det betyder, at den i afsnit 2 beskrevne analyse finder anvendelse.
This means that the analysis in section 2 applies.
Ved vurderingen af mærkbarheden må der imidlertid sondres mellem de to kategorier, eftersom der må tages hensyn til, at det kun er en del af en medlemsstat, der berøres af aftalen.
In the assessment of appreciability, however, the two categories must be distinguished, as it must be taken into account that only part of a Member State is covered by the agreement.
Der må også tages hensyn til, hvor stor en del af det nationale territorium, der er genstand for handel over grænserne. Hvis det f.eks. på grund af transportomkostninger eller materiellets operationsradius ikke kan betale sig for virksomheder fra andre medlemsstater at operere på hele en anden medlemsstats område, kan det påvirke handelen, hvis aftalen hindrer adgangen til den del af en medlemsstats område, hvor der foregår handel, forudsat at der er tale om en ikke ubetydelig del (69).
It must also be taken into account what proportion of the national territory is susceptible to trade .If, for example, transport costs or the operating radius of equipment render it economically unviable for undertakings from other Member States to serve the entire territory of another Member State, trade is capable of being affected if the agreement forecloses access to the part of the territory of a Member State that is susceptible to trade, provided that this part is not insignificant (69).
Ekskluderende misbrug af en dominerende stilling, der påvirker konkurrencestrukturerne i en medlemsstat, f.eks. ved at eliminere eller true med at eliminere en konkurrent, kan også påvirke handelen mellem medlemsstater. Hvis den virksomhed, der risikerer at blive trængt ud, kun opererer i en enkelt medlemsstat, vil dette misbrug normalt ikke kunne påvirke handelen mellem medlemsstater. Men handelen mellem medlemsstater kan blive påvirket, når den pågældende virksomheder eksporterer til eller importerer fra andre medlems- stater (74), og når den også opererer i andre medlemsstater (75).
Exclusionary abuses that affect the competitive market structure inside a Member State, for instance by eliminating or threatening to eliminate a competitor, may also be capable of affecting trade between Member States. the undertaking that risks being eliminated only operates in a single Member State, the abuse will normally not affect trade between Member States.
Handelen kan også blive påvirket gennem de afskrækkende virkninger, misbruget kan have for andre virksomheder.
An effect on trade may arise from the dissuasive impact of the abuse on other competitors.
Hvis den dominerende virksomhed gennem en gentaget ekskluderende adfærd har fået ry for at handle aggressivt over for konkurrenter, der søger at tage konkurrencen op med den, vil konkurrenter fra andre medlemsstater sandsynligvis ikke gå så stærkt ind i konkurrencen, og i så fald kan handelen blive påvirket, selv om den direkte ramte virksomhed ikke er fra en anden medlemsstat.
If through repeated conduct the dominant undertaking has acquired a reputation for adopting exclusionary practices towards competitors that attempt to engage indirect competition, competitors from other Member States are likely to compete less aggressively, in which case trade may be affected, even if the victim in the case at hand is not from another Member State.
Denne vurdering kan ikke foretages alene ud fra den geografiske dækning.
This assessment cannot be based merely on geographic coverage.
Der kan også kun lægges ret begrænset vægt på aftaleparternes markedsandel.
The market share of the parties to the agreement must also be given fairly limited weight.
Selv om parterne har store markedsandele på et korrekt defineret regionalt marked, kan dette marked rent volumenmæssigt godt være af ubetydelig størrelse i forhold til det samlede salg af de relevante produkter i den pågældende medlemsstat.
Even if the parties have a high market share in a properly defined regional market, the size of that market in terms of volume may still be insignificant when compared to total sales of the products concerned within the Member State in question.
Generelt anses den andel af det nationale markedsvolumen, hvortil adgangen hindres, derfor for at være den bedste indikator for, om aftalen kan påvirke handelen mellem medlemsstater (mærkbart).
In general, the best indicator of the capacity of the agreement to (appreciably) affect trade between Member States is therefore considered to be the share of the national market in terms of volume that is being foreclosed.
Hvis aftalen dækker områder med en stærkt koncentration af efterspørgslen, vil det således veje tungere, end hvis den dækker områder med en mindre koncentreret efterspørgsel.
Agreements covering areas with a high concentration of demand will thus weigh more heavily than those covering areas where demand is less concentrated.
For at EU's konkurrenceregler finder anvendelse, må aftalen hindre adgangen til en betydelig andel af det nationale marked.
For Community jurisdiction to be established the share of the national market that is being foreclosed must be significant.
Det gælder også, selv om det lokale marked ligger i et grænseområde.
This is the case even if the local market is located in a border region.
Men hvis det er en betydelig andel af det nationale marked, der afskærmes, vil handelen omvendt kunne blive påvirket, også selv om det pågældende marked ikke ligger i et grænseområde.
Conversely, if the foreclosed share of the national market is significant, trade is capable of being affected even where the market in question is not located in a border region.
Ved udnyttende former for misbrug, såsom prisdiskrimination og urimeligt høje priser, kan situationen være mere kompleks.
In the case of exploitative abuses such as price discrimination and excessive pricing, the situation may be more complex.
Prisdiskrimination mellem indenlandske kunder vil normalt ikke påvirke handelen mellem medlemsstater.
Price discrimination between domestic customers will normally not affect trade between Member States.
Det kan dog være tilfældet, hvis aftagerne eksporterer og stilles ringere af prisdiskriminationen, eller hvis prisdiskriminationen udøves for at forhindre import (76). Hvis der anvendes lavere priser over for de kunder, som antages at være mest tilbøjelige til at ville importere fra andre medlemsstater, kan det gøre det vanskeligere for konkurrenter fra andre medlemsstater at komme ind på markedet.
However, it may do so if the buyers are engaged in export activities and are disadvantaged by the discriminatory pricing or if this practice is used to prevent imports (76).