natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
† fastsºttelse af minimumsbetingelser vedrłrende alder, erhvervserfaring eller anciennitet for adgang til beskºftigelse eller til sºrlige fordele i forbindelse med beskºftigelse
After an accident at work a manual worker is unable to continue in his manual job; theemployer could provide appropriate training and transfer him to an office job.
† fastsºttelse af en maksimal aldersgrºnse for ansºttelse, som er baseret pì uddannelsesmºs-sige krav til den pìgºldende stilling eller nłdvendigheden af at have tilbagelagt en rimelig periode i beskºftigelse fłr pensionering.
Awheelchair-user replies to an advertisement for an administrative assistant. The address is on the 4th floor.
Enhver undtagelse af denne art skal stadig vºre objektivt og fornuftigt begrundet med et legitimt sigte, som f.eks. kan omfatte en legitim ansºttelsespolitik eller arbejdsmarkeds- og/eller efterud-dannelsesmºssige mìl.
If the employer has offices on several floors including the ground floor,the employer could arrange for the work of the administrative assistantto be done in the ground floor office and move another employee who is able to climb stairs to the 4th floor.
Midlerne til at nì dette sigte skal vºre relevante og nłdvendige.
If, however, the employer has offices only on the 4th floor and there is no lift, then there may be no reasonable measures (without disproportionateburden) the employer can take to enable this person to do this job.
Det erkendes i direktiverne, at der for at opnì fuld ligestilling i praksis krºves mere end forbud om eksisterende eller fremtidig forskelsbehandling.
To enable a blind person who uses a guide dog to get to work more easily, the employer could change their working hours so they do not have to come in the rush hour.
Derfor tillader direktiverne sºrforanstaltninger til at forebygge eller opveje de historisk betingede ulemper, som rammer nogle bestemte grupper pì grund af race eller etnisk oprindelse, religion eller tro, handicap, seksuel orientering eller alder.
An employer cannot claim that the burden, including financial burden, of providing reasonable accommodation for a disabled person is ‘disproportionate’ if funding or other assistance is available to assist employers in such circumstances.
I til-fºlde, hvor bestemte grupper aldrig har vºret beskºftiget i bestemte jobtyper, kan den ‚positive sºrbehandling§ f.eks. bestì i at efteruddanne personer tilhłrende sìdanne grupper for at forberede dem til de pìgºldende jobtyper.
Both Directives provide that associations and organisations with a legitimate interest can support victims of discrimination or take legal action on their behalf (with their approval).
Der kan ligeledes tages yderligere, planlagte og mìlrettede skridt ved rekruttering af nye medarbejdere, ligesom stillinger kan opslìs pì forskellige mìder, sìledes at personer fra mìlgruppen opmuntres til at słge, om nłdvendigt med tilbud om stłtte.
Criteria defining which organisations have a ‘legitimate interest’ are established by national law.
Tilpasninger til handicappede i rimeligt omfang
Dialogue with civil society
Ifłlge direktivet om ligebehandling med hensyn til beskºftigelse (2000/78/EF), artikel 5, skal arbejdsgivere trºffe de foranstaltninger, der er hensigtsmºssige i betragtning af de konkrete
The Directives require Member States to promote dialogue with social partners to encourage workplace agreements, codes of conduct, etc. and with NGOs with a view to promoting the principle of equal treatment.
Nłglebegreber i kurset behov, for at give en handicappet adgang til beskºftigelse, til at udłve den eller have fremgang i den eller for at give vedkommende adgang til uddannelse, medmindre arbejdsgiveren derved pìlºgges en ‚uforholdsmºssig stor byrde§. Nogle eksempler:
Key concepts in the training assistance to victims of discrimination, conduct independent surveys and studies, publishindependent reports and make recommendations.
† En arbejdsgiver kan give en ansat, der ved en arbejdsulykke har mistet evnen til at genoptage sit manuelle arbejde, tilbud om egnet omskoling og overfłrsel til kontorarbejde.
The Directives require Member States to take measures to widely publicise both their existing laws on equal treatment and non-discrimination and any new measures they adopt tobring their laws in line with the Directives.
En arbejdsgiver kan ikke pìberìbe sig, at byrden, herunder den łkonomiske byrde, ved at słrge for rimelige tilpasninger til handicappede er ‚uforholdsmºssig stor§, hvis der findes stłtteordnin-ger af łkonomisk eller anden art til hjºlp for arbejdsgivere under sìdanne omstºndigheder.
Member States must report to the EU on the application of the Race Directive (2000/43/EC)by 19 July 2005 and on the application of the Employment Framework Directive(2000/78/EC) by 2 December 2005, and every five years thereafter.
I begge direktiver fastslìs det, at foreninger og organisationer med legitim interesse er beretti-gede til at stłtte ofre for forskelsbehandling eller (med deres godkendelse) at indtrºde som part i retslige og/eller administrative klagesager pì deres vegne.
Sanctions for discrimination must be ‘effective, proportionate and dissuasive’; that is, they shouldprovide appropriate personal redress for the victim and should deter both the particularrespondent and others from comparable acts of discrimination in the future.
Kriterierne for, hvilke organisationer, der anses for at have ‚legitim interesse§ fastsºttes ved national lovgivning.
Sanctions maycomprise the payment of compensation, for which no upper limits can be imposed.
Dialog med civilsamfundet
1.5.Shift of the burden of proof
Ifłlge direktiverne skal medlemsstaterne fremme dialogen, dels med arbejdsmarkedets parter for dermed at anspore til aftaler, adfºrdskodekser osv. pì arbejdspladserne, dels med ngo'er for ad den vej at fremme princippet om ligebehandling.
Recognising the difficulty of proving discrimination, Article 8 of the Race Directive and Article 10 of the Framework Employment Directive provide for the shift of the burden of proofas follows:
Kun direktivet om ligebehandling med hensyn til race og etnisk oprindelse (2000/43/EF) indehol-der et pìlºg til medlemsstaterne om hver isºr at udpege et organ, der skal fremme ligebehand-ling.
The burden of proof cannot be shifted in criminal proceedings. In some Member States itwill not apply to investigative procedures.
Dets hovedopgaver bestìr i at yde uafhºngig bistand til diskriminationsofre, udfłre uafhºn-gige analyser og undersłgelser, offentliggłre uvildige rapporter og fremsºtte henstillinger.
It is equally important to note that the shift ofthe burden of proof is not limited to court proceedings but that it extends to proceedingsbefore any competent (i.e. administrative) authority.
Ifłlge direktiverne skal medlemsstaterne słrge for en vid udbredelse af kendskab til deres eksiste-rende love om ligebehandling og ikke-forskelsbehandling sìvel som til alle nye foranstaltninger, de mìtte indfłre for at bringe deres lovgivning i overensstemmelse med direktiverne.
The notion of the shift of the burden of proof made its way into EU law through ECJ caselaw handed down in connection with equal pay cases – where a woman could show difference in gender and difference in pay, and the court needed the employer to provide anexplanation. The most frequently cited case in this regard is Enderby v. Frenchay Health Authority and the Secretary of State for Health, C-127/92.
Medlemsstaterne skal foretage indberetning til EU vedrłrende gennemfłrelsen af direktivet om ligebehandling med hensyn til race og etnisk oprindelse (2000/43/EF) inden den 19. juli 2005 og om gennemfłrelsen af direktivet om ligebehandling med hensyn til beskºftigelse (2000/78/EF) inden den 2. december 2005.
There followed Council Directive 97/80/EC on the burden of proof in cases of discriminationbased on sex. The shift of the burden of proof has been closely linked to the importance ofdelivering effective judicial protection against acts of discrimination.
Derefter skal indberetning ske hvert femte ìr.
The shift of the burden of proof which the Directives allow is, however, not automatic.
I forbindelse med gennemfłrelsen af direktiverne i national lovgivning skal medlemsstaterne sikre, at der kan idłmmes sanktioner for overtrºdelse af de nationale love om ligebehandling, og at sanktionerne anvendes.
The Directives refer to discrimination ‘on grounds of’ racial or ethnic origin, religion orbelief, disability,sexual orientation and age.
Sanktionerne for forskelsbehandling skal vºre ‚effektive, stì i rimeligt forhold til overtrºdelsen og have en afskrºkkende virkning§. Det betyder, at de skal yde ofret en tilstrºkkelig personlig oprejsning og błr afskrºkke bìde den pìgºldende lovbryder og andre fra at begì tilsvarende diskriminerende handlinger i fremtiden.
Case law in countries like the United Kingdomand national legislation transposing the Directives has generally clarified that ‘on groundsof’ can include protection against discrimination where the victim has the actual characteristics in question or is perceived to have such characteristics or is associated with personshaving such characteristics.
Sanktionerne kan omfatte betaling af erstatning, for hvilke der ikke kan pìlºgges nogen łvre grºnse.
For example, if someone is excluded from a restaurant becausethe proprietor says ‘No Roma’ this is likely to be direct discrimination on grounds of racialor ethnic origin, whether the person is in fact Roma or whether their appearance suggeststhat they are Roma or because they are with Roma friends.
I erkendelse af de vanskeligheder, der kan vºre forbundet med at pìvise forskelsbehandling, gºl-der princippet om ‚omvendt bevisbyrde§ i henhold til artikel 8 i direktivet om ligebehandling med hensyn til race og etnisk oprindelse og artikel 10 i direktivet om ligebehandling:
Thus, a plaintiff who does not profess himself in court as belonging to the Roma minority, canat the same time claim that he was discriminated on the ground of his perceived ethnic origin.
‚„ nìr en person, der mener sig krºnket, fordi princippet om ligebehand-ling tilsidesºttes i forhold til den pìgºldende, for en domstol eller en anden kompetent myndighed fremfłrer faktiske omstºndigheder, som giver anledning til at formode, at der er udłvet direkte eller indirekte for-skelsbehandling, pìhviler det den indklagede at bevise, at princippet om ligebehandling ikke er blevet tilsidesat§.
This approach is likely to be particularly important in sexual orientation cases, since victimswill not need to prove that they have a particular sexual orientation but merely to establish facts to show that they have suffered less favourable treatment or harassment ongrounds of their perceived sexual orientation or their association with people of a particular sexual orientation.
Princippet om omvendt bevisbyrde kan ikke głres gºldende i straffesager, lige som det i nogle medlemsstater heller ikke gºlder for efterforskningsprocedurer.
There are many procedural instruments that can assist victims of discrimination to establish thatdiscrimination may have occurred.
Det er ligeledes vigtigt at bemºr-ke, at overfłrsel af bevisbyrden til den indklagede ikke begrºnser sig til domstolssager, men ogsì til sager ved enhver kompetent (dvs. administrativ) myndighed.
Such instruments include testing, the use of statistics, videoand audio recordings and the so-called questionnaire procedure. Testing is commonly used in the United States to prove direct discrimination in employment, housing and access to services.
Begrebet ‚omvendt bevisbyrde§ fandt vej til EU-lovgivningen via Domstolens anvendte retsprak-sis i sager om ligelłn, hvor kvinder kunne pìvise kłnsbetingede lłnforskelle, og hvor Domstolen
In Belgium testing is a piece of evidence acknowledged by law.NGOs in Central and Eastern Europealso use testers – job-seekers for instance – who are selected because all of their characteristicsare comparable, except for the one (most often race) on the basis of which discrimination occurs.
Nłglebegreber i kurset anmodede arbejdsgiverne om en forklaring. Den hyppigst nºvnte sag i denne forbindelse er ‚Enderby mod Frenchay Health Authority og Secretary of State for Health§, C-127/92.
Key concepts in the training rejected job-seekers to seek an immediate response from the employer as to the reasons fortheir rejection.
Efterfłlgende vedtog Rìdet sit direktiv 97/80/EF om bevisbyrden i forbindelse med forskelsbehand-ling pì grund af kłn.
Both the Race Directive (2000/43/EC) and the Employment Framework Directive (2000/78/EC)expressly mention in their preambles that statistics may be used in cases of indirect discrimination.
Den omvendte bevisbyrde er blevet nºrt sammenknyttet med vigtigheden af at słrge for en effektiv retsbeskyttelse mod forskelsbehandling. Den omvendte bevisbyrde, som direktiverne tillader, er imidlertid ikke selvskreven.
Where a State which is a member of the EU has not provided for the full (and correct)trans-position of a Directive (see nature of Directives above) into national law by the time thedate for implementation has passed, an individual may nevertheless be able to rely on theprovisions of the Directives before national courts.
Bevisbyrden overfłres ikke blot ved, at klageren pìberìber sig at vºre blevet forskelsbehandlet, men kun sìfremt han/hun fremfłrer faktiske omstºndigheder, som giver anledning til at formode, at forskelsbehandling har fundet sted.
The aggrieved individual will have to show that the provision relied on is a preciseand unconditional principle which is sufficiently operational to be applied by a nationalcourt and which is therefore capable of governing the legal position of individuals.
Defi-nitionen af disse faktiske omstºndigheder afhºnger af national lovgivning og retspraksis.
However, it is generally held that the principle of direct effect applies only to complaints directedagainst a public body or ‘emanation of the State’.
I direktiverne refereres der til forskelsbehandling ‚pì grund af§ race eller etnisk oprindelse, religi-on eller tro, handicap, seksuel orientering og alder.
As such, in relation to litigation between private individuals or entities, Directives also havethe so-called ‘indirect effect’.
Retspraksis i lande som Det Forenede Konge-rige og national lovgivning som fłlge af direktiverne har som helhed gjort det klart, at formulerin-gen ‚pì grund af§ kan indbefatte diskriminationstilfºlde, hvor ofret har, formodes at have ̌ eller sºttes i forbindelse med personer, som har ̌ de faktiske, omhandlede egenskaber.
As discussed above, States and in particular domestic courtsare obliged to do everything possible to achieve the results outlined in the Directives.
En klager, som i retten ikke erklºrer at tilhłre romamindretallet, kan sìledes samtidig hºvde at vºre blevet diskrimineret pì grund af sin opfattede etniske oprindelse.
Indirect effect therefore requires domestic courts to interpret existing national law,as far aspossible, in line with the Directive that should have been implemented.
Denne indfaldsvinkel vil sandsynligvis vºre sºrlig vigtig i sager om seksuel orientering, idet ofrene her ikke vil skulle bevise, at de har nogen bestemt seksuel orientering, men udelukkende fremlºgge kendsgerninger, der beviser, at de har vºret udsat for en ringere behandling eller for chikane pì grund af deres opfattede seksuelle orientering eller deres tilknytning til mennesker med en bestemt seksuel orientering.
It is ultimately for the ECJ to decide which terms of the anti-discrimination Directives havedirect or indirect effect.
Der er mange proceduremºssige instrumenter, som kan hjºlpe diskriminationsofre med at fast-slì, at forskelsbehandling har fundet sted.
If a State fails to implement a Directive within the time frame provided, the State is liablefor damage that this causes to the individual.
Blandt sìdanne instrumenter er brug af prłvepersoner, statistikker, video- og lydoptagelser samt den sìkaldte spłrgeskemaprocedure.
This is referred to as Francovich damages asthe principles were first laid down in the case of Francovich and Bonifaci v. Italy (Joined Cases C-6/90 and C-9/90) decided by the European Court of Justice in 1991.
I USA er brug af prłvepersoner en gºngs praksis til pìvisning af direkte forskelsbehandling inden for beskºfti-gelse sìvel som adgang til boliger og serviceydelser. I Belgien anvendes metoden som lovgod-kendt bevismateriale.
In the Francovich case the ECJ listed three conditions which are both necessaryand suffi-cientto establish liability under this principle. These are:
Ngo'er i Central- og Łsteuropa benytter ogsì prłvepersoner, f.eks. jobsł-gende, som udvºlges til at gennemgì en sammenligning af alle deres karakteristika undtagen den egenskab (som oftest race), som forskelsbehandlingen er grundet i.
The content of such rights must be ascertainable on the basis of the provisions of the Directive in question; and
Nogle steder (f.eks. Den Tjekkiske Republik), men ikke i alle lande, kan der anvendes lyd- og video-optagelser som bevismateriale.
There must be a causal link between the breach of the State's obligation and the lossand damage suffered by the injured individual.
I Det Forenede Kongerige głr spłrgeskemaproceduren det muligt
In addition, the breach of EU law must also be sufficiently serious for the individual to beentitled to damages.
I sìvel direktivet om ligebehandling med hensyn til race og etnisk oprindelse (2000/43/EF) som direktivet om ligebehandling med hensyn til beskºftigelse (2000/78/EF) prºciseres det i prºam-blen, at der i tilfºlde af indirekte forskelsbehandling kan głres brug af statistik.
2.The role of Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in combatingdiscrimination
Den generelle anskuelse er dog, at princippet om umiddelbar virkning kun omfatter klager rettet mod en offentlig instans eller en art reprºsentant for medlemsstaten.
For the participants to have explored the roles NGOs can and should play in combatingdiscrimination
I forbindelse med retstvister mellem fysiske eller juridiske personer har direktiverne ogsì en sìkaldt ‚indirekte virkning§.
ANGO is a local, national, or international group, with a legally established constitution, aclear purpose and visible activities, with a governing body which has the authority to speakfor its members.
Som tidligere nºvnt er medlemsstaterne og isºr de nationale dom-stole forpligtet til at głre alt, hvad der er muligt, for at nì de resultater, der er skitseret i direkti-verne.
It is normally a non-profit organisation, not affiliated with any Government or private-sector entity, or any political party.
For at opnì den indirekte virkning mì de nationale domstole sìledes i videst muligt omfang fortolke den eksisterende nationale lovgivning i trìd med det direktiv, der skulle have vºret gen-nemfłrt.
Its aims are usually to promote wellbeing by addressing social and legal problems, and by seeking to play an equal role withother democratic institutions in the development and progress of civil society.
† Den tilsidesatte bestemmelse skal tillºgge borgerne rettigheder.
The role of NGOs as instruments of civil society in the fight against discrimination caninclude:
† Indholdet af sìdanne rettigheder skal kunne efterprłves pì grundlag af det pìgºldende direk-tivs bestemmelser.
Providing a means for expressing and actively addressing the needs of people who arediscriminated against
† Der skal vºre en ìrsagsforbindelse mellem tilsidesºttelsen af den forpligtelse, som pìhviler staten, og det tab, der er lidt.
Monitoring, documenting and denouncing discrimination
Dertil kommer, at overtrºdelsen af EU-lovgivningen skal vºre tilstrºkkelig alvorlig, fłrend den skadelidte fysiske person er berettiget til erstatning.
Empower groups to engage in campaigns, to be self-advocates and to assert andenforce their rights;
Domstolen har i senere sager videreudviklet Francovich-erstatningsbegrebet.
Work, where appropriate, in partnership with Governmentsto achieve common aimsand objectives;
Det stìr nu klart, at erstatningen kan ydes i alle tilfºlde, hvor en medlemsstat bryder EU-lovgivningen, herunder ikke alene ved en fuldstºndigt manglende ̌ men ogsì ved en manglende korrekt ̌ direktivgen-nemfłrelse.
Deliver services efficiently and effectively within the framework of Governmentpolicies,where appropriate, and to adopt, where appropriate, strategies consulted and negotiatedbetween NGOs and Government;
† at deltagerne udforsker de roller, som ngo'er kan og błr spille i bekºmpelsen af diskrimination.
Challenge, by appropriately selected mechanisms acts, omissions, administrative practices or policies which are contrary to the NGO’s objectives;
En ngo er en lokal, national eller international gruppe med lovlige vedtºgter, et klart formìl, syn-lige aktiviteter og en bestyrelse, som har befłjelse til at tale pì medlemmernes vegne.
Keep track of and ensure that advantage is taken of all new developments in combatingdiscrimination, e.g. new legislation (national, EU and international), new policies (national, EU and international), new sources of funding, and landmark judicial decisions(at national, EU and international level);
Det er normalt en organisation med almennyttigt formìl, som ikke er tilknyttet nogen statslig eller privat sektorenhed eller noget politisk parti.
Increase the strength of NGO participation in civil society by forming networks andcoalitions, and promoting original initiatives and solutions.
Organisationens formìl er sºdvanligvis at fremme trivsel ved at takle sociale og retlige problemer og ved at słge at spille en jºvnbyrdig rolle med andre demokratiske institutioner i civilsamfundets udvikling og fremgang.
Work openly and in a spirit of collaboration with other NGOs operating in related fieldsand avoid conflicts and disputes between NGOs;
Nìr ngo'er overvejer, hvilken rolle de kan spille i bekºmpelsen af diskrimination (forskelsbehand-ling), błr disse fuldt ud udnytte de sºrlige roller, de har fìet tildelt i henhold til Rìdets direktiv 2000/43/EF, artikel 7 og 12 samt Rìdets direktiv 2000/78/EF, artikel 9 og 14.
Supply national and international bodies with vital and reliable information which theyshould draw on when examining a country’s record on discrimination.
Ngo'er spiller en afgłrende rolle for et lands vellykkede udvikling i retning af dets mìl om fred, demokrati, gode styreformer, sundhed, fremgang og ligestilling.
In summary, the role of many NGOs can be to check, monitor and criticise the actions of Governments and private bodies, to supplement and complement the role of Governmentin combating discrimination and to help individuals and groups assert their rights.
† skabe midler til at udtrykke og aktivt takle behovene blandt dem, der forskelsbehandles
The following is a suggested list of activities and services that an NGO can carry out or provide in order to help combat discrimination on all grounds:
† mainstreame ikke-diskrimination og ligebehandling i politikker
Monitoring/Influencing the development of policy and law
† opfordre myndigheder og selskaber til at handle mod diskrimination
Support to individual victims and to individuals forming part of a collective complaint
† arbejde i partnerskab med andre ngo'er for at nì fºlles mìl
Combating Discrimination – A Training Manual
† arbejde ìbent og i en ìnd af samarbejde med andre ngo'er, der opererer i relaterede omrìder, og tilstrºbe at undgì, at der opstìr konflikter og tvister mellem ngo'er
Appropriate national legislation in place regarding its establishment and functioning
† lºgge pres pì en stat for at ratificere internationale instrumenter, som głr det muligt at bringe regeringspraksis frem i det internationale słgelys
2.5.Why are NGOs better placed than other organisationsto work towards combating discrimination?
Fłlgende er en foreslìet liste af aktiviteter og tjenesteydelser, som en ngo kan udfłre eller levere for at medvirke til at bekºmpe diskrimination pì alle omrìder:
While disaffection with politics grows, engagement in voluntary and community activities is a way for people to contribute to public life by donating their time or money and supporting issues which are of concern to them.
† overvìge/pìvirke den politiske og lovgivningsmºssige udvikling
Voluntary organisations have increasingly become places where people can debate andengage in issues that affect them, and where they feel they can advocate for change.