natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Hvor lande med forskellig udviklingsgrad kommer i konkurrence med hinanden, kan en utøjlet globalisering gøre kløften mellemrig og fattig endnu dybere og yderligere marginalisere de fattigste lande.
• to open up markets in goods, services and investment in accordance with clearrules and following a timetable that enables all countries to implement them;
EU’s handelspolitik fungerer på toindbyrdes afhængige niveauer:
• to bring developing countries fully into the WTO’s decision-taking processes,helping them to integrate with the world economy.
•på det multilaterale niveau,dvs. inden for de samhandelsregler, der er aftalt på verdensplan mellem medlemmerne af Verdenshandelsorganisationen (WTO)
World Trade Organisation
I handelspolitikken må man søge atfremme en international dagsorden tilgavn for udviklingslandene, samtidigmed at man søger at løse de problemer, som vækker bekymring hosoffentligheden.
Examples are the‘Uruguay Round’ 1986–94 and the round that started in 2001 called ‘The Dohadevelopment agenda’.Functions:
•på det bilaterale og regionaleniveau, dvs. i samhandelenmellem EU og handelspartnerne, der enten kan væreenkeltlande eller grupper aflande, der danner en samlethandelsblok i en bestemt delaf verden.
• Administering WTO trade agreements• Forum for trade policy discussions and negotiations• Handling and resolving trade disputes• Monitoring national trade policies• Technical assistance and training for developing countries• Cooperation with other international organisations
EU og Verdenshandelsorganisationen (WTO)
The WTO now has 144 members, including China and Taiwan which joined in 2001.It is the only international body policing trade in goods, services and intellectualproperty rights among its members.
EU har altid bakket op om et multilateralt samhandelssystem. EU er overbevist om, at man bedst fremmerinternational handel — og dermedøkonomisk udvikling og velfærd — vedhjælp af multilaterale samhandelsregler, som alle har tilsluttet sig.
The more members there are, the more effective the WTO’s rules are likely to be.That is why the EU actively encouraged China to join, and is now working hand inhand with Russia and a number of other countries to help them prepare for WTOentry.
Den tilvejebringer etregelsæt og forskellige ordninger, derskal sikre, at medlemmerne overholderreglerne.
The dispute settlement system is one of the cornerstones of the WTO.
Heri indgår også en særligprocedure for bilæggelse af uoverensstemmelser.
It gives all WTO members confidence that the commitments and obligations they havenegotiated are honoured.
I takt med at økonomien bliver mereglobal, får WTO stadig større betydning som forum for bestræbelserne påat fjerne handelshindringer, indføre oghåndhæve globale regler og sikre, atde er forenelige med de regler, somopstilles af andre multilaterale instanser.
The dispute settlement mechanism, which was introduced in 1995, is a forum thatparties may use to assert their rights under multilateral trade agreements. WTOmember countries are not allowed to take revenge on one another in response toalleged violations of the agreed rules.
EU’s indsats i arbejdet inden for WTO tager sigte på
Thus, the mechanism protects weaker members against arbitrary orunilateral action by the strongest.
Når samhandelen bliver global, må spillereglerne ogsåfastlægges globalt.Det er Verdenshandelsorganisationens job.
The procedures for dispute settlement encourage the parties to settle their differencesthrough consultation.
•at åbne markederne for varer, fortjenesteydelser og for investeringer ved hjælp af klare regler og entidsplan, som alle lande har mulighed for at overholde
Otherwise, panels of experts make rulings, which have to beendorsed or rejected by the WTO’s full membership.
•at gøre WTO mere åben, ansvarligog effektiv ved at afholde drøftelser med andre grupper og organisationer
However, the EU believes there is still room for improvement, notably in respect of speed and thetypes of sanctions possible.
•at sørge for, at udviklingslandeneinddrages i WTO’s beslutningsproces, så de på den måde får mulighed for at integrere sig i verdensøkonomien.
The EU has put forward proposals for making the procedures more transparent to theoutside world, and for helping developing countries handle the process.
Sådanneforhandlinger går under betegnelsen »runder«.
Services United States 21.2 %EU 23.8 %Candidate countries 3.8 %Japan 8.2 %
Til eksempel kan nævnes »Uruguay-runden«, der løb fra1986 til 1994, og den runde, der er blevet indledt i 2001, den såkaldte »Doha-udviklingsdagsorden«.
Goods United States 20.8 %EU 18.8 %Candidate countries 4.1 %Japan 8.8 %
WTO blev oprettet i 1995, men detmultilaterale samhandelssystem, denbygger på, er langt ældre.
Asia: ASEM excluding Japan (1) 11.2´ %Rest of the world 23.7 %
Medlemslandenes regeringer forhandler med det formål at skabe forståelige og troværdige regler, der sikrer, at importører og eksportører i heleverden kan drive virksomhed udenfrygt for, at de politiske fastsatte regler ikke pludseligt ændres uden varsel.
Korea, Vietnam.Figures for 2000, imports and exports together.Source: Eurostat.
Håndhævelse af bestemmelserne
The European Union is the world’s biggest trading power.
Er detteikke muligt, afgiver et ekspertpanel enudtalelse, som derefter godtages ellerforkastes ved en beslutning af alle WTOs medlemmer.
The EU’s bilateral agreements with individual trading partners,or with regional groupings of countries, are often designed to pursue goals that aresubsequently achieved through multilateral negotiations.
Ordningen for bilæggelse af uoverensstemmelser er en af grundpillerne i Verdenshandelsorganisationen (WTO). Dengiver organisationens medlemmer tillidtil, at de tilsagn og forpligtelser, de harforhandlet om, vil blive overholdt.
EU tariffs on industrial products are among the lowest in the world and most of themwill disappear in 2004 in line with the Union’s commitments from 1994 under the Uruguay Round of international trade negotiations.
Alle WTO’s medlemmer — både udviklingslandene og de store handelsmagter — bruger ordningen mere og mere,og dette har bidraget til en reel markedsliberalisering.
As it is, most of the EU’s imports are already duty free or enter the EU at preferentialrates under the terms of bilateral trade agreements or the EU’s generalised system ofpreferences regime.
EU mener dog, atordningen stadig kan forbedres, bådemed hensyn til hvor hurtigt sagernebehandles, og hvilke sanktioner der kanbringes i anvendelse.
For example, more than 50 % of finished steel imports enter the EU duty free from countries in central and eastern Europe with which the EU hasbilateral association agreements.
Denne ordning, som blev indført i 1995,er et forum, hvori parterne kan gøre derettigheder gældende, som de multilaterale handelsaftaler giver dem.
Trade has helped the EU establish closer links with its immediate neighbours.
Medlemslandene har ikke lov til at iværksætte gengældelsesforanstaltningerover for hinanden, når de mener, at deaftalte regler er blevet overtrådt.
In thefirst place, the Union has stepped up its trade with the candidate countries of centraland eastern Europe that are due to join the EU.
I stedet har alle 144 medlemmer samme rettil at henvende sig til WTO for at fåderes rettigheder tilgodeset, hvis demener, at en handelspartner krænkerbestemmelserne.
The agreements with these countries,known as ‘Europe agreements’, are intended to create a free trade area between themand the EU before they actually join.
Andel af verdens samhandel
The agreements also relate to the free movement ofservices, payments and capital for trade and investment.
Tjenesteydelser
Association agreements with the othercandidate countries — Cyprus, Malta and Turkey — contain similar provisions.
Resten af verden: 17,8%
EU trade: the big players
Asien: ASEM undtagen
Exports from the EU (billion euro)
Ansøgerlandene: 3,8 %
Percentage oftotal trade(imports + exports)100 20.9 11.7
EU er verdens største handelsmagt.EU’s samhandel bygger på regler, somer fastsat multilateralt, men denegentlige udveksling af varer og tjenesteydelser er bilateral, dvs. den finder sted mellem EU og de enkeltehandelspartnere.
The EU is encouraging countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America and other regionsof the word to forge closer ties with one another, just as the countries of Europe havedone.
Men det bilateraleog det multilaterale aspekt går ofteop i en højere enhed. EU’s bilateraleaftaler med de enkelte samhandelspartnere — eller med landegrupper iforskellige verdensdele — tager oftesigte på mål, som senere realiseres viamultilaterale forhandlinger.
Europe’s own experience of ‘regional integration’ has brought manyadvantages, and the EU believes that integration in other regions of the world will putits trading partners in a better collective position to benefit from globalisation.
EU har fået tættere bånd til sine nærmeste nabolande takket være samhandelen.
The EU is committed to ensuring that its agreements are compatible with WTOobligations.
EU har i første omgangudbygget sin samhandel med delande i Central- og Østeuropa, somstår foran optagelse i EU. Aftalernemed disse lande — de såkaldte Europaaftaler — har til formål at oprette enfrihandelszone mellem disse lande og EU, indtil de bliver fuldt medlemmeraf EU.
The EU expects the same of other WTO members and hopes the currentinternational negotiations under the auspices of the WTO will be a useful opportunityto clarify and strengthen rules in this field for the benefit of all members.
Deltagelsen i verdensøkonomien kan skabe velfærd for alle.
The United States is by far the EU’s biggest trading partner, accounting for nearly22 % of the EU’s total trade (exports plus imports).
Størsteparten af EU’s import er i dagtoldfri eller indføres til præferencesatser på grundlag af bilaterale handelsaftaler eller EU’s generelle præferenceordning.
Given the volume of their bilateral trade, it is not surprising that the EU and the United States have trade disputes from time to time.
Eksempelvis kan nævnes,at mere end 50 % af færdige stålprodukter indføres toldfrit til EU fra decentral- og østeuropæiske lande, som EU har indgået bilaterale associeringsaftaler med.
While a number of these arehandled bilaterally, some end up before the WTO dispute settlement body.
EU har også en regional politik for forholdet til nabolandene i Middelhavs-området.I 1995 indledte man densåkaldte »Barcelona-proces«.
The EU is examining ways of promoting bilateral economic relations with Iranthrough a trade and cooperation agreement which is under negotiation.
Tankener, at der senest i 2010 skal væreoprettet et frihandelsområde mellem EU og Middelhavslandene ved hjælpaf forskellige bilaterale aftaler og regionale ordninger.
The agreements with Moldova, Russia and Ukraine are part of a process that could lead to the establishment of a free trade areabetween them and the EU.
Der er indledt forhandlinger med Syrien.
The EU has recently been very active in its trade relations with Latin America.
For Balkan-landene, som måske ogsåpå et tidspunkt kan blive medlem af EU, tjener samhandelen genopbygningsformål.
A free trade agreement with Mexico came into force in July 2000.
EU har afskaffet toldenpå 95 % af eksporten fra disse landefor at sætte gang i genopbygningenaf deres økonomi og styrke deres handelsforbindelser til Vesteuropa.
This agreementwill give EU exports the same access to the Mexican market as those coming from the United States and Canada, its partners in the North American Free Trade Agreement(NAFTA).
EU har samtidig planer om at indgå»stabiliserings- og associeringsaftaler«med disse lande, svarende til de aftaler, der allerede er indgået medansøgerlandene.
The EU and Chile have recently concluded the negotiations for an associationagreement, delivering the most ambitious and innovative results ever for a bilateralagreement by the EU.
Der er allerede indgået aftaler med Kroatien og Den Tidligere Jugoslaviske Republik Makedonien.
Negotiations are currently under way to liberalise trade with Mercosur, the South American Common Market consisting of Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay.The EU is already the most important trading partner of the Mercosur countries andthe biggest foreign investor in the region.
Andel af den samlede samhandel (%)(import + eksport)
South Africa concluded a bilateral agreement with the EU on trade, cooperation anddevelopment in 2000.
EU’s samlede handel1.De Forenede Stater
According to this agreement, within 12 years, South Africa andthe EU will grant free trade status to each other’s exports.
2.De 10 lande, der bliver medlem af EU i 2004
The globalisation of trade must not sideline poorer countries.
EU’s forhold til Japan er også megetvigtigt.
The EU demonstrated its support for the 49 ‘least developed countries’ by launchingthe ‘Everything but arms’ initiative in March 2001.
EU’s udgangspunkt er, at Japan må åbne sit marked for varer oginvesteringer fra EU, og at landetsregering må gribe ind for at få gang iøkonomien igen.
This means the EU is opening itsmarkets to unlimited quantities of all products (except weapons) from those countriesand without charging any duties whatsoever.
EU har selv haftstor fordel af regional integration ogtror på, at integration i andre verdensdele vil give handelspartnerne etbedre udgangspunkt for i fællesskabat få fordel af globaliseringen.
As Trade Commissioner Pascal Lamy said: ‘This sends a signal to the rest of theworld that we are serious about getting the most disadvantaged to share in the fruits oftrade liberalisation.’
EU har forpligtet sig til at sørge for, at EU’s aftaler opfylder WTO’s krav.
This initiative is a world first. On 5 March 2001, the EU became the first majortrading power to open its market completely to exports from the world’s leastdeveloped countries (LDCs).
EUforventer det samme af organisationens andre medlemmer og håber på,at de nuværende internationale forhandlinger i WTO vil give mulighed forat afklare og styrke reglerne på detteområde til gavn for alle medlemmer.
In taking this initiative, the EUwas mindful of the interests of its own producers, the interests of developing countriesas a whole and of traditional suppliers of these products to the European market. The EU hopes other industrialised countries will follow its example by adopting similarinitiatives.
De Forenede Staterer så langt EU’sstørste samhandelspartner, mednæsten 22 % af EU’s samlede samhandel (eksport + import).
(graph, four columns or similar)EU openness to exports from developing countries
EU forhandler med Iran om en han-dels- og samarbejdsaftale, som skalfremme de bilaterale økonomiske forbindelser med landet.
EU 3 % 97 % 100 %United States 52 %Canada 45 %Japan 49 %
EU har også været meget aktiv i sinehandelsrelationer til Latinamerika.
LDC exports facing protection LDC exports liberalised under ‘Everything but arms’LDC exports entering free of duty
Det kan næppe overraske, at EU og USA indimellem bliver uenige, nårman tænker på, hvor stor deres indbyrdes samhandel er.
In 1999, 97 % of the exports from the world’s least developed countries entered the EU free of duties.
Mange stridsspørgsmål løses af de to parter i forening, men nogle ender med at bliveforelagt for Verdenshandelsorganisationens instans for bilæggelse afuoverensstemmelser.
Since then, the access has been further liberalised under the‘Everything but arms’ initiative.
Stridsspørgsmålslås stort op i aviserne, men det harkun drejet sig om en meget lille del afden indbyrdes handel (mindre end 2 %).
Source: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development/European Commission.
Globalisering for alle med varer og tjenesteydelser, menogså om liberalisering af offentligeudbud, intellektuelle ejendomsrettigheder, konkurrencepolitik og udenlandske investeringer.
Under the Cotonou Agreement concluded with 77African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries in February 2000, the European Union adopted an integrated trade and development strategy aimed at bringing the ACP countries smoothly into the world economy.
Regional økonomiskintegration er et vigtigt svar på globaliseringen. F.eks.bør folk i Afrika handlemere med hinanden ogikke kun fokusere på Europa og USA.
Negotiations betweenthe EU and ACP countries on these new agreements started in September 2002.
I juli 2000 trådte der en frihandelsaftale med Mexicoi kraft.
Poor countries should not only try to sell more to EU countries, they should also trade more with each other.
Den giver EU’s eksport samme adgang til landets marked, som eksporten fra De Forenede Stater og Canada (Mexicospartnere i frihandelsaftalen for Nordamerika — NAFTA).
Free trade agreementsbetween neighbouring countries can create larger, more effective markets which areattractive to local and foreign investors.
Ifølge tidsplanenskal EU ophæve al told på import fra Mexico senest i 2003, og Mexicoophæver al told på EU-varer i 2007.
The EPAs should deal with all factors thatconstrain business activities in ACP countries. The EU will continue to give wideranging economic support to these countries.
I henhold til aftalen skal Sydafrika og EU inden for 12år give hinanden frihandelsstatus.
Least developed countries exports to the EU
EU forhandler om en liberalisering afsamhandelen med Mercosur, dvs. Sydamerikas fællesmarked, hvis medlemmer er Argentina, Brasilien, Paraguayog Uruguay.
The value of exports from developing countries to the EU has been rising steadily,and in 2000 amounted to EUR 432 billion, double the total in 1990.
EU er allerede Mercosurlandenes vigtigste samhandelspartnerog den største udenlandske investor idenne verdensdel. Der forhandles ikkeblot om liberalisering af samhandelen
The EU is theworld’s biggest importer of goods from the 49 least developed countries (LDCs).
»Alt, undtagen våben«
Source: European Commission.
Globalisering må ikke køre de fattigere lande ud på et sidespor.
The Doha development agenda: a new era for world trade
EU demonstrerede sin støtte til de 49mindst udviklede landeved at lancereet særligt initiativ i marts 2001 (»Alt,undtagen våben«). Det gik ud på, atalle varer fra disse lande (med undtagelse af våben) fik uindskrænketadgang til EU’s marked, dvs. uden toldog uden mængdebegrænsning.
On 14 November 2001, the 142 members of the WTO concluded the fourthministerial conference with a decision to launch a new round of world trade talks.Called the ‘Doha development agenda’, this round will include both further tradeliberalisation and a review of trade rules.
Alle resterende toldafgifterog mængdebegrænsninger blevafskaffet for samtlige produkter, medundtagelse af våben.
It is underpinned by the commitment of WTO members to help developing countriesbenefit fully from future WTO decisions.
Importtolden påbananer, sukker og ris afvikles trinvisi løbet af perioden 2002-2009.
The negotiations will last three years —until January 2005.
Pascal Lamy, som er medlem af Kommissionen med ansvar for handel,udtalte ved den lejlighed: »Dette sender resten af verden et signal om, at vimener det, når vi siger, vi ønsker, atogså de dårligst stillede lande skalhave del i udbyttet af handelsliberaliseringen«.
The EU believes that the new WTO round, which it helped to launch, is the best wayto ensure that trade expansion strikes a balance between economic growth,environmental protection and the promotion of social equity — in other words,sustainable development.
EU’s åbenhed over for eksporten fra udviklingslandene
The EU finds the new round timely because:
Den del af de mindstudviklede landes eksport,som støder på importrestriktioner.
• globalisation is accelerating. Its positive effects need to be harnessed in theinterests of both developing and industrialised countries.
Den del af de mindst udvikledelandes eksport, som nu frit kanindføres takket være »Alt, undtagen våben«-initiativet.
This should be done byboosting opportunities for trade while creating a regulatory framework that offerspredictability, stability and transparency;
Den del af de mindstudviklede landes eksport,som frit kan indføres.
Theworld trade community needs to take all of these public concerns into account.
De Forenede Stater
Priorities for the future
I 1999 kunne verdens mindst udviklede lande frit eksportere 97 % af deres varer til EU.
Helping developing countries get better access to the markets of advancedcountries: As developed countries open up their markets, businesses and citizens inthose countries will have better access to imported products.
Siden da er der sket enyderligere liberalisering takket være »Alt, undtagen våben«-initiativet.
This should happen at apace that allows developing countries to adjust successfully to increased competitivepressures.
Kilde: De Forenede Nationers konference om handel og udvikling/Kommissionen.
Focusing on development: This was a crucial aspect of the position which the EUtook in Doha, and the outcome of the conference reflects it faithfully.
De fattigste lande iverden kan eksporterede fleste af deres varertil EU uden nogenrestriktioner.
Examples of trade-related technical assistance for African, Caribbean and Pacific(ACP) countries include:
Bistand og handel i forening økonomiske partnerskabsaftaler kommer til at omfatte politiske forhold,økonomisk samarbejde, handel ogudviklingsbistand.
The EU is committed to providing trade-related technical assistance and capacitybuilding for developing countries.
Det forventes, at defår form af aftaler mellem EU og grupper af AVS-nabolande.
It will make a special effort to help developingcountries define and defend their interests in the new negotiations.
EU har traditionelt nære forbindelsertil landene i Afrika, Vestindien og Stillehavet.
The EU particularly welcomed a separate declaration in Doha on access to essentialmedicines at affordable prices.
Som led i den aftale, der ifebruar 2000 blev indgået i Cotonoumed 77 lande i Afrika, Vestindien og Stillehavet — de såkaldte AVS-lande —har EU vedtaget en integreret han-dels- og udviklingspolitik med det formål at få disse lande integreret i verdensøkonomien.
This confirms that the WTO agreements (here the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Agreement) can be interpretedin a way that allows members to take action to protect public health if need be.
Denne nye politik er en reaktion pådebatten om globalisering, hvor detklart fremgår, at hverken de udviklingsprojekter, som EU har finansieret,eller ændringer af handelsreglernemed stadig større liberalisering harskabt acceptable levevilkår i verdensfattigste lande.
But as globalisation advances, the WTO will inevitably have toupdate its rules. The EU pressed successfully for the new round to include issues suchas investment, competition, government procurement and measures to simplify tradeprocedures (known as ‘trade facilitation’).
Cotonou-aftalen løber til 2007, hvorden vil blive afløst af aftaler af en nytype, de såkaldte økonomiske partnerskabsaftaler.
Protecting the environment within sustainable development: Ministers at Dohaagreed with the EU that trade and environmental issues can and should be dealt within a multilateral context.
Et vigtigt element i den nye politik erstyrkelse af den økonomiske integration i de forskellige dele af AVS-regio-
Promoting trade and social development: There will be more cooperation betweenthe WTO and the International Labour Organisation (ILO) so as to ensure progress onthe social aspects of globalisation, including labour standards.
Frihandelsaftaler mellem nabolande kan danne udgangspunkt forstørre og mere effektive markeder,som kan tiltrække både lokale ogudenlandske investorer.
The EU will encourage the world community to pursue this issue via the ILO, and itwill work to make sure that the WTO contributes constructively to this process.
De økonomiske partnerskabsaftaler må tagehøjde for alle de faktorer, som virkerhæmmende på erhvervslivet i AVS-lan-dene.
The EU already includes social and environmental incentives in its trade relationswith developing countries (the generalised system of preferences).
EU vil fortsætte med at givedisse lande omfattende økonomiskstøtte.
It grants extra tariffreductions to countries that implement ILO conventions.
Pascal Lamy, medlem af Europa-Kommission med ansvar for handel:
Taking on board issues of general public concern
De mindst udviklede landes eksport til EU
Quality and safety standards must be maintained at a high level.