natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Kommissionen fandt, at Microsoft havde:a) tilbageholdt oplysninger, som konkurrenterne havde brug for, for at deres software til servere kan fungere sammen med Windows-baserede pcer; det betød, at konkurrenterne ikke kunne konkurrere med Microsoft på fair vilkårb) gjort køb af Windows betinget af, at kunden samtidig også købte Microsofts separate Windowsmedieafspiller; det bevirkede, at stort set alle pcer blev udstyret med en Windows-mediespiller, og indebar dermed en konkurrencefordrejning, fordi programudbydere og -udviklere blev tvunget til at benytte Windows medieplatform.Microsoft har indbragt Kommissionens beslutning for De Europæiske Fællesskabers Ret i Første Instans.
Microsoft was found to have:(i) withheld information which rival server software would have needed to ’talk’properly with Windows-based PCs. This meant that rivals could not compete fairly in the market; and(ii) made the purchase of Windows conditional on the simultaneous acquisition of Microsoft’s separate Windows media player product.
Lovgivning: EF-traktatens artikel 81 (konkurrencebegrænsende aftaler)
Legislation: Article 81 of the EC Treaty (restrictive agreements)
Europa-Kommissionen og de nationale konkurrencemyndigheder i alle EU-landene samarbejder med hinanden inden for Det Europæiske Konkurrencenetværk (ECN), hvor de:
The European Commission and the national competition authorities in all EU Member States cooperate with each other through the European Competition Network (ECN) by:
• underretter hinanden om nye sager og afgørelser• koordinerer undersøgelser i det fornødne omfang• hjælper hinanden med undersøgelser• udveksler bevismateriale.
• informing each other of new cases and decisions;• coordinating investigations, where necessary;• helping each other with investigations; and• exchanging evidence.
Aftaler mellem virksomheder, der fører til mærkbare konkurrencebegrænsninger, er forbudte.
Agreements between companies or ‘undertakings’which lead to an appreciable restriction of competition are prohibited.
De er uden videre ugyldige, hvilket betyder, at den almindeligt gældende regel om, at aftaler skal overholdes, ikke gælder.
In fact, they are automatically void, so that the normal rule‘agreements need to be respected’does not apply.
Europa-Kommissionen eller en national konkurrencemyndighed kan påbyde de implicerede virksomheder at bringe sådanne ulovlige aftaler til ophør og pålægge dem bøder.
The European Commission or a national competition authority can order companies to end such illegal agreements and impose fines on companies for having concluded them.
Det gælder også for uskrevne aftaler og for samordnet praksis.
This applies also to unwritten agreements, as well as to concerted practices.
Dette netværk er et effektivt middel til at slå ned på konkurrencebegrænsende adfærd, der går på tværs af grænserne.
This creates an effective mechanism to counter companies which engage in cross-border practices restricting competition.
Blandt de aftaler, der er ulovlige, kan nævnes: d is io n L tV it al
Examples include agreements which: is ion L t V it al
Det giver konkurrencemyndighederne mulighed for at drage nytte af hinandens erfaringer og få indkredset, hvordan tingene bedst kan gribes an.
© D ig and effective application of the law, the European Commission may decide to deal with a case itself.
Inden for dette netværk er der nedsat grupper for forskellige sektorer (f.eks. forsikringssektoren og jernbanerne), der drøfter konkurrenceproblemer og søger at bane vej for en fælles tilgang.
competition problems and promote a common approach. In this way, the ECN allows the competition authorities to pool their experience and identify best practices.
ECNs hovedformål er at sikre, at EUs konkurrenceregler anvendes på en konsekvent måde overalt i EU.
The main objective of the ECN is to ensure that EU competition law is applied consistently across the EU.
Via dette netværk underretter konkurrencemyndighederne hinanden om de afgørelser, de agter at træffe, og indhenter kommentarer fra de andre konkurrencemyndigheder.
Through the ECN, the competition authorities inform each other of proposed decisions and take on board comments from the other competition authorities.
aftaler om fastsættelse af købs- eller salgspriser eller andre forretningsvilkåraftaler om begrænsning af produktion, markeder, teknisk udvikling eller investeringeraftaler om deling af markeder eller forsyningskilder mellem konkurrenteraftaler om diskriminerende vilkår over for andre virksomheder, der ikke er med i aftalen, hvorved disse stilles ringere i konkurrencen.
Within the ECN, groups of experts in certain sectors (for example, insurance and railways) discuss p fix purchase or selling prices or other trading conditions;p limit production, markets, technical development or investment;p share markets or sources of supply between competitors; orp apply discriminatory conditions to companies that are not parties
oplysninger — bl.a. en brochure, der særligt omhandler vertikale aftaler — er tilgængelige på internettet (http://europa.eu.int/ comm/competition/antitrust/ legislation/entente3_en.html#iii_1).
most common types of agreements affect competition and use examples to illustrate how the Commission would look at such agreements.
Der er dog nogle konkurrencebegrænsende aftaler, der er tilladte,fordi de kan virke konkurrencefremmende, f.eks. ved at fremme den tekniske udvikling ellerforbedre distributionen af varer.
However, some restrictive agreements between companies are allowed as they may encourage competition, for example by promoting technical progress or by improving distribution.
En aftale er således gyldig, hvis den opfylder alle nedennævnte betingelser:
An agreement satisfying all of the following conditions is allowed: of agreements in detail.
Lovgivning: EF-traktatens artikel 82 (misbrug af dominerende stilling) specialiseringsaftaler og teknologioverførselsaftaler samt for distributionsaftaler, både distributionsaftaler i almindelighed og distributionsaftaler specielt i bilsektoren.
Current block exemption regulations cover notably research and development agreements, specialisation agreements and technology transfer agreements, as well as distribution agreements — both in general and, more specifically, in the car sector.
Desuden findes der også gruppefritagelsesforordninger for bestemte sektorer (forskringssektoren, transportsektoren).
Furthermore, a number of block exemption regulations relating to particular sectors (insurance, transport) are in place.
Europa-Kommissionen eller en national konkurrencemyndighed kan nedlægge forbud mod et misbrug af dominerende stilling og pålægge bøder herfor.
Details and additional information — like an introductory brochure specifically dealing with vertical agreements — are available on the Internet (see http://europa.eu.int/comm/ competition/antitrust/legislation/ entente3_en.html#iii_1).
Den forbedrer produktionen eller fordelingen (dvs. distributionen) af varer eller fremmer den tekniske eller økonomiske udvikling.
its own distribution network and whether the company has favourable access to raw materials; all are factors which allow the company to evade normal competition;p the company dominates the European market or a‘substantial part’of it;p the company abuses its position by, for example, overcharging customers, charging excessively low prices designed to squeeze out competitors or bar new entrants from the market, or granting discriminatory advantages to some customers.
Artikel 82 indeholder et forbud mod misbrug af dominerende stilling og finder anvendelse, når:
Legislation: Article 82 of the EC Treaty (abuse of dominant position)
Konkurrencebegrænsningen skal være nødvendig for at virkeliggøre en virksomhed har en dominerende stilling under hensyn til dens markedsandel og andre faktorer, f.eks. om der de ovennævnte to mål. Den må ikke udelukke f i findes troværdige konkurrenter, konkurrencen for en betydelig del af de pågældende produkter eller tjenesteydelser.
This article prohibits the abuse of a dominant position and applies under the following conditions: p it improves the production or distribution of goods or promotes technical or economic progress;p it allows consumers a fair share of the resulting benefi t;p the restriction of competition must be necessary to achieve the two points above;p it must not eliminate competition for a substantial proportion of the products or services.
På grundlag heraf har Europa-Kommissionen vedtaget en række såkaldte gruppefritagelsesforordninger, der fastsætter de nærmere betingelser, som bestemte kategorier af aftaler skal opfylde. Konkurrencebegrænsende aftaler, der opfylder betingelserne i en gruppefritagelsesforordning, er lovlige efter artikel 81.
On that basis, the European Commission has adopted so-called block exemption regulations which spell out the conditions to be fulfilled by certain categories p the company holds a dominant position, taking into account its market share and other factors, such as whether there are credible competitors, whether the company has
Alle forordninger og retningslinjer offentliggøres i Den Europæiske Unions Tidende.
The European Commission also issues guidance on how it will apply the conditions mentioned above in order to help companies to distinguish between agreements that are compatible with competition law and those which are not.
Vurdering af fusioner
Examining mergers
Hvorfor behandles fusioner på EU-plan?
Why are mergers examined at the European level?
Formålet med at vurdere planlagte fusioner er at forebygge konkurrenceskadelige virkninger. Fusioner, der rækker ud over en enkelt medlemsstats grænser, skal vurderes på EU-plan.
extent that they do not impede competition and hence are capable of increasing the competitiveness of European industry, improving the conditions of growth and raising the standard of living in the EU.
Det giver virksomheder, der opererer i forskellige medlemsstater, den fordel, at de kan få godkendt deres fusioner én gang for alle.
While companies combining forces(referred to below as mergers) can expand markets and bring benefits to the consumer, some combinations may reduce competition and harm consumers.
Når to eller flere virksomheder lægger deres aktiviteter sammen, kan de blive i stand til f.eks. at udvikle nye produkter mere effektivt eller nedbringe deres produktionsomkostninger. Den øgede effektivitet kan skabe mere konkurrence på markederne og give forbrugerne bedre varer til lavere priser.
Combining the activities of different companies may allow the companies, for example, to develop new products more efficiently or to reduce production or distribution costs. rough their increased efficiency, the market becomes more competitive and consumers benefit from higher-quality goods at fairer prices.
Når to eller flere virksomheder slutter sig sammen (fusionerer), kan det i nogle tilfælde føre til større markeder og fordele for forbrugerne, mens det i andre tilfælde kan resultere i en svækkelse af konkurrencen til skade for forbrugerne.
ese rules apply to all mergers no matter where in the world the merging companies have their registered office, headquarters, activities or production facilities. is is so because even mergers between companies based outside the European Union may affect markets in the EU if the companies do business in the EU.
Hvilke fusioner skal vurderes af Europa-Kommissionen?
e objective of examining proposed mergers is to prevent harmful effects on competition.
Europa-Kommissionen kan også behandle fusioner, som den får henvist af de nationale konkurrencemyndigheder i EU-medlemsstaterne.
Mergers going beyond the national borders of any one Member State are examined at European level. is allows companies trading in different EU Member States to obtain clearance for their mergers in one go.
Det kan ske efter anmodning fra de implicerede virksomheder eller fra den nationale kompetente myndighed i en EU-medlemsstat.
Which mergers are examined by the European Commission?
Der er imidlertid nogle fusioner, der kan virke konkurrencebegrænsende på et marked, normalt fordi de skaber eller styrker en dominerende stilling. Det kan være til skade for forbrugerne, når det resulterer i højere priser, færre valgmuligheder eller mindre innovation.
However, some mergers may reduce competition in a market, usually by creating or strengthening a dominant player. is is likely to harm consumers through higher prices, reduced choice or less innovation.
Hvis den årlige omsætning for de fusionerede parter overstiger bestemte tærskelværdier for salget i hele verden og på EU-plan, skal fusionen anmeldes til Europa-Kommissionen, som også skal behandle den.
Increased competition within the European single market and globalisation are among the factors which make it attractive for companies to join forces.
Den øgede konkurrence på EUs indre marked og globaliseringen er nogle af de faktorer, der gør det attraktivt for virksomheder at slutte sig sammen.
If the annual turnover of the combined businesses exceeds specified thresholds in terms of global and European sales, the proposed merger must be notified to the European Commission, which must examine it.
Sådanne reorganiseringer er en positiv ting, i det omfang de ikke hæmmer konkurrencen, men tværtimod vil kunne gøre den europæiske industri mere konkurrencedygtig, skabe bedre vækstbetingelser og højne levestandarden i EU.
Below these thresholds, the national e European Commission may also examine mergers which are referred to it from the national competition authorities of the EU Member States. is may take place on the basis of a request by the merging companies or based on a request by the national competition authority of an EU Member State.
Det hænger sammen med, at også fusioner mellem virksomheder baseret uden for EU ofte kan påvirke markeder i EU, hvis de fusionerende virksomheder er aktive i EU.
Under certain circumstances, the European Commission may also refer a case to the national competition authority of an EU Member State.
Hvornår giver Kommissionen en betinget godkendelse af en fusion?
in development which would compete with Pfizer’s Viagra, thereby allowing the deal to be cleared.
De kan f.eks. afgive tilsagn om at sælge en del af aktiviteterne eller give en anden aktør på markedet licens på deres teknologi.
If they do not, they are approved unconditionally.
Hvis Europa-Kommissionen føler sig forvisset om, at sådanne tilsagn vil bevare eller genoprette konkurrencen på markedet og dermed tilgodese forbrugernes interesser, vil den give sin betingede godkendelse til fusionen.
If they do, and no commitments aimed at removing the impediment are proposed by the merging firms, they must be prohibited to protect businesses and consumers from higher prices or a more limited choice of goods or services.
Den vil herefter føre tilsyn med, om fusionsparterne nu også opfylder sine tilsagn, og skride ind, hvis de ikke gør det.
Proposed mergers may be prohibited, for example, if the merging parties are major competitors or if the merger would otherwise significantly weaken effective competition in the market, in particular by creating or strengthening a dominant player.
Hvis det ikke er tilfældet, bliver de godkendt uden betingelser. Hvis de anses at ville hæmme konkurrencen, og de fusionerende virksomheder ikke har afgivet nogen tilsagn, der vil kunne løse problemerne, må der nedlægges forbud mod dem for at beskytte andre virksomheder og forbrugerne mod højere priser eller færre valgmuligheder.
Even if the European Commission finds that a proposed merger could distort competition, the parties may commit to taking action to try to correct this likely effect. ey may commit, for example, to sell part of the combined business or to license technology to another market player.
Der vil f.eks. blive nedlagt forbud mod en fusion, hvor fusionsparterne er store, konkurrerende aktører på markedet, eller hvis fusionen på anden vis vil føre til en betydelig svækkelse af konkurrencen på markedet, specielt ved at skabe eller styrke en dominerende stilling.
If the European Commission is satisfied that the commitments would maintain or restore competition in the market, thereby protecting consumer interests, it gives conditional clearance for the merger to go ahead. It then monitors whether the merging companies fulfil their commitments and may intervene if they do not.
Kommissionen fik anmeldt to store fusioner i lægemiddelsektoren, den ene mellem Sanofi og Synthélabo, den anden mellem Pfizer og Pharmacia.
MERGERS IN THE CONSUMER GOODS/FOOD SECTORThe initial analysis of the European Commission concluded that the merger between the food companies Unilever and Bestfoods would reduce competition in the markets for instant soups, pasta sauces, jams and other food products in almost all EU Member States.
Kommissionen drog den konklusion, at begge fusioner kunne få konkurrenceskadelige virkninger ved at begrænse udvalget af bestemte lægemidler for patienterne.I begge sager tilbød parterne at afgive nogle af deres produkter til konkurrenter, og Kommissionen var enig med dem i, at det kunne genoprette konkurrencen på markedet og dermed tilgodese patienternes interesser.
Consumers would have been significantly affected by the proposed merger, which could have resulted in a reduced choice of products at higher prices.
I Sanofi /Synthélabo-fusionen var der bl.a. tale om at afgive vitamin B12, markedsført under mærket »Delagrange«, visse antibiotika, hypnotika og sedativer.
As a result, the parties proposed the sale of an estimated EUR 1 billion of their business to competitors and this allowed the European Commission to give conditional clearance to the merger.When examining the acquisition of Wella by Procter & Gamble, the MERGERS IN THE PHARMACEUTICALS SECTORTwo large mergers in the pharmaceutical sector were notified to the European Commission: Sanofi/Synthélabo and Pfizer/Pharmacia.
I Pfizer/Pharmacia-fusionen tilbød parterne bl.a. at afgive en række produkter, der var under udvikling, og som kunne tage konkurrencen op med Pfizers Viagra, hvilket åbnede mulighed for, at Kommissionen kunne godkende fusionen.
The European Commission concluded that both mergers could have an adverse impact on competition, limiting the choice of certain drugs available to patients.In both cases, the parties proposed transferring some of their products to competitors, which the European Commission agreed would restore competition in the markets and so protect the interests of patients.
Kommissionen fandt i første omgang, at fusionen mellem fødevaregiganterne Unilever og Bestfoods ville mindske konkurrencen på markederne for færdigsupper, pastasaucer, marmelade og andre fødevareprodukter i næsten alle EU-lande.
In the case of Sanofi/Synthélabo, among the products transferred or sold were, for instance, vitamin B₁₂ sold under the name ‘Delagrange’, certain antibiotics, hypnotics and sedatives.
Fusionen ville have fået betydelige virkninger for forbrugerne i form af færre valgmuligheder og højere priser.
In the case of Pfizer/Pharmacia, the parties, for instance, proposed transferring to competitors certain products
Derefter kunne Kommissionen give sin betingede godkendelse til overtagelsen.
This allowed the European Commission to give conditional clearance to the acquisition.
FUSION MELLEM FRANSKE OLIESELSKABER
the service stations on French motorways.
Den ville også være blevet den største leverandør af LPG-gas.
It would also have become the leading supplier of liquid petroleum gas (LPG).
Kommissionen fandt, at en sådan markedsstyrke ville have resulteret i højere priser.For at løse disse konkurrenceproblemer tilbød TotalFina/Elf at afhænde en stor del af disse aktiviteter til konkurrenter.
The European Commission considered that this level of market power would have pushed up prices.To remedy these competition concerns, TotalFina/Elf proposed the sale of a large proportion of these operations to competitors.
De tilbød f.eks. at sælge 70 tankstationer på motorveje i Frankrig til konkurrenter. Det betød, at Kommissionen kunne godkende fusionen på en række nærmere
For example, it proposed selling 70 motorway service stations in France to competitors.
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Forordning (EF) nr. 139/2004 — fusionsforordningen anmeldelseskrav er fastsat i Kommissionens forordning (EF) nr. 802/2004, der også indeholder en anmeldelsesformular (den såkaldte CO-formular).
Regulation (EC) No 139/2004 — the merger regulation:
Over 90 % af alle anmeldte fusioner godkendes efter den indledende fase på 25 arbejdsdage.
unconditionally, or it may prohibit it, notably in cases where the companies have not been able to propose appropriate solutions to the concerns raised by the Commission.‘Conditions’ attached to the authorisation frequently entail the sale to competitors of assets, shares, patents, etc.
De fleste af de sager, der underkastes den tilbundsgående undersøgelse på 90 arbejdsdage, ender med en betinget godkendelse. Siden 1990 er der kun nedlagt direkte forbud i 19 tilfælde.
merger control which provide a detailed explanation of the analytical framework employed by the Commission in assessing the likely impact of mergers on competition, and of some of the basic terms used in merger control law (such as, for example, a notice on the concept of concentration).
Nærmere statistiske oplysninger findes på Europawebstedet under konkurrence.
These can be found on the Europa competition website.
Kommissionen har enekompetence til at behandle fusioner med fællesskabsdimension.
p The European Commission has the exclusive power to investigate mergers with a Community dimension.
Det betyder, at en fusion kun skal anmeldes til og godkendes af én instans — det er det såkaldte »one-stop shop«-princip.
Companies thus have a onestop shop for merger control, which simplifies and reduces administrative procedures.
Det afgørende kriterium for, om en fusion har fællesskabsdimension, er, at fusionsparterne skal have en omsætning i hele verden på over 5 mia. EUR og en omsætning inden for EU på over 250 mio. EUR.
The main benchmarks for determining which mergers have a Community dimension are that the worldwide turnover of the merging companies is over EUR 5 000 million and that their Community-wide turnover is over EUR 250 million.
Efter denne procedure vil Kommissionen godkende fusionen med eller uden betingelser, eller den vil nedlægge forbud mod den, specielt i de tilfælde, hvor virksomhederne ikke har været i stand til at foreslå ordentlige løsninger på de problemer, Kommissionen har påvist. Når der knyttes betingelser til en godkendelse, drejer de sig ofte
p After an initial scrutiny period of 25 working days, the Commission decides either to authorise the transaction or, if it thinks that the concentration might result in a significant impediment to effective competition, it may initiate an in-depth investigation procedure which usually takes up to a further 90 working days (in certain circumstances, this may be increased to 105 or 125 working days).
Fusioner med fællesskabsdimension skal anmeldes til Kommissionen og godkendes af denne, før de kan føres ud i livet.
p Mergers with a Community dimension have to be notified to the Commission for its agreement before they are put into effect.
Kommissionen modtager i øjeblikket hvert år mellem 200 og 300 fusionsanmeldelser.
The Commission currently receives between 200 and 300 notifications cations p At the end of this procedure, the Commission may authorise the merger conditionally or p The Commission has adopted a number of interpretative notices on various aspects of
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Indførelse af konkurrence på markederne ence
Opening up markets to competition o co
Hvordan er valgfriheden blevet indført?
How has freedom of choice been introduced?
Det er takket være den liberalisering af luftfarten, som Kommissionen har fået gennemført, at vi har fået lavprisflyselskaber i Europa.
LOWCOST AIRLINESLow-cost airlines have been able to start operating and developing in Europe thanks to the European Commission opening up the airline industry to competition.
Det øgede udbud af billigere flybilletter er en fordel, som mange europæiske forbrugere nyder godt af.
The wider and more affordable range of services now available are enjoyed by many European consumers.