natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
• en fast procentdel af momsindtægterne fra varer og tjenesteydelser i hele EU
• a percentage of the value-added tax applied to goods and services throughout the EU;
• et direkte bidrag fra EU-landene baseret på deres respektive velstand.
• contributions from the member states in line with their respective wealth.
• Det indre marked er et af EU‘s vigtigste landvindinger.
• The single market is one of the European Union’s greatest achievements.
Begrænsninger i samhandelen og i den frie konkurrence EU-landene imellem er gradvist blevet afskaffet, og levestandarden er steget som følge heraf.
Restrictions between member countries on trade and free competition have gradually been eliminated, with the result that standards of living have increased.
• Det indre marked er endnu ikke ét samlet økonomisk område.
• The single market has not yet become a single economic area.
Visse sektorer såsom offentlige serviceydelser er stadig undergivet national lovgivning.
Some sectors of the economy (public services) are still subject to national laws.
• Det indre marked understøttes af en række tilknyttede politikker, der i årenes løb er blevet iværksat af EU. De er med til at sikre, at liberaliseringen af markedet kommer så mange virksomheder og forbrugere som muligt til gode.
• The single market is supported by a number of related policies put in place by the EU over the years.
I. Vejen frem til oprettelsen af det indre marked i 1993
I. Achieving the 1993 objective a.
Den europæiske fælles akt fra 1987 var det retsinstrument, der banede vejen for det indre marked.
The enabling instrument for the single market was the Single European Act, which came into force in July 1987.
• Fællesskabet skulle have udvidet sine beføjelser på visse politikområder (social- og arbejdsmarkedspolitik, forskning og miljø)
• extending the powers of the Community in some policy areas (social policy, research, environment);
Traktaten om oprettelse af Det Europæiske Økonomiske Fællesskab (EØF) fra 1957 gjorde det muligt at ophæve tolden inden for Fællesskabet og at indføre en fælles udenrigstold for varer fra tredjelande. Dette mål blev nået den 1. juli 1968.
Economic Community made it possible to abolish customs barriers within the Community and establish a common customs tariff to be applied to goods from nonEEC countries.
• det indre marked gradvist skulle oprettes frem til udgangen af 1992 på grundlag af et omfattende lovgivningsprogram, der indebar vedtagelse af hundredvis af direktiver og forordninger
• gradually establishing the single market over a period up to the end of 1992, by means of a vast legislative programme involving the adoption of hundreds of directives and regulations;
Told er dog bare én del af de protektionistiske handelshindringer.
However, customs duties are only one aspect of protectionist barriers to crossborder trade.
I 1970‘erne var det andre handelshindringer, der stod i vejen for den frie handel.
In the 1970s, other trade barriers hampered the complete achievement of the common market.
Tekniske forskrifter, sundheds- og sikkerhedsstandarder, nationale bestemmelser om retten til at udøve bestemte erhverv og valutakontrollen — alt dette hæmmede den frie bevægelighed for personer, varer og kapital.
Technical norms, health and safety standards, national regulations on the right to practise certain professions and exchange controls all restricted the free movement of people, goods and capital.
Hvordan ser det indre marked ud i dag?
How the single market looks today b.
b. Målet om et indre marked inden 1993 a. Fysiske hindringer Al grænsekontrol mellem EU-landene er afskaffet for varer — ligesom toldkontrollen af personer.
The 1993 objective a. Physical barriers
Efter behov foretager politiet dog stadig stikprøvekontrol som led i kampen mod kriminalitet og narkotika.
All border controls within the EU on goods have been abolished, together with customs controls on people.
I juni 1985 udsendte Kommissionen — under den daværende formand Jacques Delors— en hvidbog med det mål, at alle fysiske, tekniske og skattemæssige hindringer for den frie bevægelighed i EF skulle være afskaffet inden syv år.
In June 1985, the Commission, under its then President, Jacques Delors, published a White Paper seeking to abolish, within seven years, all physical, technical and tax-related barriers to free movement within the Community.
Formålet var at stimulere udviklingen af industri- og handelsaktiviteter i et stort samlet økonomisk område på størrelse med det amerikanske marked.
The aim was to stimulate industrial and commercial expansion within a large, unified economic area on a scale with the American market.
Offentlige udbud er nu åbne for bydende fra hele EU — uanset om de tildeles af nationale, regionale eller lokale myndigheder. Det er resultatet af direktiver om vareindkøb, bygge- og anlægsarbejder og tjenesteydelser i mange sektorer, bl.a. vand, energi og telekommunikation.
Regardless of whether they are awarded by national, regional or local authorities, public contracts are now open to bidders from anywhere in the EU as a result of directives covering services, supplies and works in many sectors, including water, energy and telecommunications.
dog ikke fuldt ud), regulerer politisamarbejdet og en fælles asyl- og indvandringspolitik. Det har gjort det muligt helt at afskaffe personkontrollen ved EU‘s indre grænser (se kapitel 10 »Frihed, sikkerhed og retfærdighed«).
The Schengen Agreement, which was signed by a first group of EU countries in 1985 and later extended to others (although Ireland and the United Kingdom do not participate), governs police cooperation and a common asylum and immigration policy, so as to make it possible to completely abolish checks on persons at the EU’s internal borders (see Lesson 10: ‘Freedom, security and justice’).
De lande, der er blevet medlemmer af EU siden 2004, gennemfører gradvist Schengen-reglerne.
The countries which have joined since 2004 are gradually coming into line with the rules of the Schengen area.
Igangværende tiltag a. Finansielle tjenesteydelser
Work in progress a. Financial services
For de allerfleste produkter har EU-landene indført princippet om gensidig anerkendelse af nationale regler.
For the majority of products, EU countries have adopted the principle of mutual recognition of national rules.
Det betyder, at ethvert produkt, der lovligt fremstilles og sælges i ét EU-land, også skal kunne markedsføres i alle øvrige EU-lande.
Any product legally manufactured and sold in one member state must be allowed to be placed on the market in all others.
EU‘s handlingsplan om oprettelse af et integreret marked for finansielle tjenesteydelser inden 2005 er gennemført.
The EU’s action plan to create an integrated market for financial services by 2005 has been completed.
Det har gjort det billigere for virksomhederne og forbrugerne at optage lån; samtidig med at sparerne får et stort udbud af investeringsprodukter — opsparings- og pensionsordninger — fra europæiske leverandører, som de selv kan vælge.
This cuts the cost of borrowing for businesses and consumers, and will offer savers a wider range of investment products — savings plans and pension schemes — which they will be able to obtain from the European provider of their choice.
Bankgebyrerne for grænseoverskridende betalinger er blevet reduceret.
Bank charges for crossborder payments have been reduced.
Servicesektoren har kunnet liberaliseres i kraft af den gensidige anerkendelse eller en samordning af de nationale regler om adgangen til at optage eller udøve bestemte erhverv (bl.a. inden for jura, medicin, turisme, bank- og forsikringsvirksomhed).
It has been possible to liberalise the services sector thanks to mutual recognition or coordination of national rules concerning access to or practice of certain professions (law, medicine, tourism, banking, insurance, etc.).
Der er dog langt fra fuld fri bevægelighed for personer.
Nevertheless, freedom of movement for persons is far from complete.
Der findes stadig hindringer, der gør det svært at flytte til eller at udøve visse former for virksomhed i et andet EU-land.
Obstacles still hinder people from moving to another EU country or doing certain types of work there.
b. Administrative og tekniske hindringer for den frie bevægelighed I EU-landene er der stadig ofte en vis mod- vilje mod at acceptere andre landes forskrifter og standarder og i visse tilfælde også mod at anerkende udenlandske erhvervskvalifikationer som ligeværdige.
EU countries are often still reluctant to accept each other’s standards and norms or, on occasion, to recognise the equivalence of professional qualifications.
De uensartede nationale skattesystemer er også en hindring for et integreret effektivt marked.
The fragmented nature of national tax systems also hinders market integration and efficiency.
Der er blevet iværksat flere tiltag for at forbedre arbejdstagernes mobilitet, særligt for at sikre, at eksamensbeviser og erhvervskvalifikationer (f.eks. for blikkenslagere og snedkere), der er erhvervet i ét EU-land, anerkendes i alle øvrige EU-lande.
Action has been taken to improve worker mobility, and particularly to ensure that educational diplomas and job qualifications (for plumbers, carpenters, etc.) obtained in one EU country are recognised in all the others.
Produkter fra EU skal beskyttes mod piratkopiering og varemærkeforfalskning.
Protection is required to prevent piracy and counterfeiting of EU products.
Europa-Kommissionen anslår, at denne form for kriminalitet koster EU tusinder af arbejdspladser hvert år.
The European Commission estimates that these crimes cost the EU thousands of jobs each year.
Kommissionen og de nationale regeringer arbejder derfor på at udvide ophavsrets- og patentbeskyttelsen.
This is why the Commission and national governments are working on extending copyright and patent protection.
Åbningen af de nationale markeder for tjenesteydelser har gjort telefonsamtaler langt billigere — så prisen i dag er en brøkdel af, hvad den var for ti år siden.
The opening of national services markets has brought down the price of national telephone calls to a fraction of what they were 10 years ago.
Ved hjælp af ny teknologi foregår telefonsamtaler i stigende grad via internettet.
Helped by new technology, the internet is being increasingly used for telephone calls.
Konkurrencen har også fået prisen på prisflyrejser i Europa til at falde markant.
Competitive pressure has led to significant falls in the price of budget airfares in Europe.
Hindringerne på skatteområdet er blevet reduceret gennem en delvis samordning af de nationale momssatser.
Tax barriers have been reduced through the partial alignment of national VAT rates.
Beskatning af kapitalindkomst er reguleret i en aftale mellem EU-landene og en række andre lande (bl.a. Schweiz), som trådte i kraft i juli 2005.
Taxation of investment income was the subject of an agreement between the member states
EU har primært koncentreret sin indsats om den frie udveksling af tjenesteydelser i form af landtransport. Det gælder især den frie adgang til det internationale transportmar-
The EU’s activities have targeted mainly the freedom to provide services in land transport, particularly free access to the international
EU‘s omfattende konkurrencepolitik går tilbage til Rom-traktaten.
The EU’s robust competition policy dates from the Treaty of Rome.
Den er en naturlig følge af bestemmelserne om fri samhandel i EU’s indre marked. Politikken gennemføres af Europa-Kommissionen, som sammen med EF-Domstolen skal sikre, at reglerne overholdes.
It is the vital corollary to the rules on free trade within the European single market.
ked og sikringen af, at vognmænd har ret at udføre transporter inden for EU-lande, hvor de ikke er hjemmehørende.
transport market and the admission of nonresident transport firms into the national transport market of member countries.
Der er taget skridt til at harmonisere konkurrencevilkårene i vejtransportsektoren, særligt med hensyn til arbejdstageres kvalifikationer, markedsadgang, den frie etableringsret og den frie udveksling af tjenesteydelser, køre- og hviletider og færdselssikkerheden.
Decisions have been taken to harmonise the conditions of competition in the road transport sector, particularly worker qualifications and market access, the freedom to establish a business and provide services, driving times and road safety.
Formålet er at forhindre, at den frie konkurrence i det indre marked fordrejes af aftaler mellem virksomheder, støtte fra offentlige myndigheder eller misbrug af monopolstillinger.
The reason for this policy is to prevent any agreement between businesses, any aid from public authorities or any unfair monopoly from distorting free competition within the single market.
Luftrummet over Europa bliver liberaliseret gradvist, og der bliver derfor større basis for kapacitetsdeling mellem de store flyselskaber, gensidig markedsadgang og fri prissætning.
The skies over Europe are being liberalised in stages, with the result that there is greater scope for capacity-sharing between major airlines, reciprocal market access and the freedom to set fares.
Samtidig sikrer sikkerhedsklausuler, at flyselskaberne lever op til deres public service-ansvar og behovene for offentlig planlægning — for eksempel af lufthavnenes placering.
This goes hand in hand with safeguard clauses so as to take account of airlines’ public service responsibilities and zoning requirements.
Enhver aftale, der falder ind under traktatens bestemmelser, skal anmeldes til Europa-Kommissionen af de berørte virksomheder eller organer.
Any agreement falling under the Treaty rules must be notified to the European Commission by the companies or bodies concerned.
Virksomheder, der overtræder konkurrencereglerne, eller som ikke foretager den foreskrevne anmeldelse, kan få pålagt en bøde direkte af Kommissionen.
The Commission may impose a fine directly on any companies which break its competition rules or fail to make the required notification.
Er der tale om ulovlig statsstøtte, eller er støtten ikke blevet anmeldt, kan Kommissionen kræve, at den betales tilbage af modtageren.
In the event of illegal public aid, or failure to notify such aid, the Commission may demand that it be paid back by the recipient.
Fusioner og virksomhedsovertagelser, der kan føre til, at en virksomhed får en dominerende stilling i en bestemt sektor, skal anmeldes til Kommissionen.
Any merger or takeover that could lead to a company having a dominant position in a particular sector must be notified to the Commission.
Mere konkurrence har gjort det billigere at flyve — og nemmere.
Increased competition has driven airfares down and made travel easier.
Takket være EU‘s forbrugerpolitik kan man som forbruger handle trygt i ethvert EU-land.
The EU’s consumer policy permits its citizens to shop in confidence in any member country.
Samme høje beskyttelsesniveau gælder for alle forbrugere.
All consumers benefit from the same high level of protection.
De produkter, du køber, og de fødevarer, du spiser, afprøves og kontrolleres for at sørge for, at de er så sikre som muligt.
The products you buy and the food you eat are tested and checked to make sure they are as safe as can be.
EU‘s indsats skal sikre, at du hverken bliver snydt af useriøse erhvervsdrivende eller udsættes for falsk eller vildledende reklame.
The EU acts to make sure you are not cheated by rogue traders and are not the victim of false or misleading advertising.
Dine rettigheder beskyttes, og du har mulighed for at klage, uanset hvor i EU du befinder dig, og om du har købt dine varer i en butik, pr. postordre eller over telefonen eller internettet.
Your rights are protected and you have access to redress wherever you are in the EU and whether you buy your goods in a shop, by mail-order or via the telephone and internet.
Søtransport er omfattet af EU’s konkurrenceregler, uanset om den gennemføres under EU-flag eller af fartøjer, der sejler under tredjelandsflag.
Shipping — whether carried out by European companies or by vessels flying the flag of nonEU countries — is subject to EU competition rules.
Målet er at sætte en stopper for illoyal priskonkurrence (bekvemmelighedsflag) og at løse de store problemer, EU’s værftsindustri befinder sig i.
These rules are intended to combat unfair pricing practices (flags of convenience) and also to address the serious difficulties facing the shipbuilding industry in Europe.
12 af de daværende 15 EU-lande indførte euroen til ikke-kontante transaktioner i 1999 — og til alle betalinger i 2002, da der blev sat eurosedler og -mønter i omløb.
Twelve of the then 15 countries adopted it for non-cash transactions from 1999 and for all payments in 2002 when euro notes and coins were issued.
• Tre lande — Danmark, Det Forenede Kongerige og Sverige — deltog ikke i ØMU’en.
• Three countries (Denmark, Sweden and the United Kingdom) did not participate in this monetary union.
• De nye medlemsstater forbereder sig på at deltage i euroområdet, så snart de opfylder de fastsatte kriterier.
• The new member countries are getting ready to enter the euro area as soon as they fulfil the necessary criteria.
b. Fra EMS til ØMU
From the EMS to EMU
I. Baggrunden for valutasamarbejdet a. Det europæiske monetære system (EMS‘en)
I. The history of monetary cooperation a. The European monetary system (EMS)
EMS‘en havde en broget historie.
The EMS had a chequered history.
Efter den tyske forening og det fornyede pres på valutaerne i Europa forlod den italienske lire og det britiske pund EMS’en i 1992.
Following the reunification of Germany and renewed currency pressures within Europe, the Italian lira and pound sterling left the EMS in 1992.
I august 1993 valgte EMS-landene midlertidigt at sætte den maksimale udsvingsmargen op til 15 %.
In August 1993, the EMS countries decided to temporarily widen the bands to 15%.
For at undgå store kursudsving mellem medlemsstaternes valutaer og konkurrerende devalueringer havde medlemsstaternes regeringer i mellemtiden besluttet igen at satse på en fuld monetær union og at indføre en fælles valuta.
Meanwhile, to prevent wide currency fluctuations among EU currencies and to eliminate competitive devaluations, EU governments had decided to relaunch the drive to full monetary union and to introduce a single currency.
I 1971 besluttede USA at opgive den faste kobling mellem dollaren og den officielle guldpris, som havde sikret en verdensomspændende valutastabilitet efter Anden Verdenskrig.
In 1971, the United States decided to abolish the fixed link between the dollar and the official price of gold, which had ensured global monetary stability after World War Two.
Det satte en stopper for systemet med faste valutakurser.
This put an end to the system of fixed exchange rates.
EU-landene besluttede at danne deres egen monetære union og at forhindre udsving på over 2,25 % i kursen på deres valutaer gennem en samordnet intervention på valutamarkederne.
With a view to setting up their own monetary union, EU countries decided to prevent exchange fluctuations of more than 2.25% between the European currencies by means of concerted intervention on currency markets.
Planen indgik i Maastricht-traktaten om Den Europæiske Union, som Det Europæiske Råd vedtog i december 1991.
This plan became part of the Maastricht Treaty on European Union adopted by the European Council in December 1991.
• En referencevaluta kaldet ecu‘en: Der var tale om en »kurv« af alle medlemsstaternes valutaer.
This led to the creation of the European monetary system (EMS) which came into operation in March 1979. It had three main features:
1990, omfattede:
1990, involved:
• helt frie kapitalbevægelser mellem medlemsstaterne (ingen valutakontrol)
• completely free movement of capital within the EU (abolition of exchange controls);
• En kreditmekanisme: Hvert land overførte 20 % af sin valuta- og guldbeholdning til en fælles fond.
• a credit mechanism: each country transferred 20% of its currency and gold reserves to a joint fund.
• flere midler til at fjerne uligheder mellem medlemsstaternes regioner (strukturfonde)
• increasing the amount of resources devoted to removing inequalities between European regions (structural funds);
De handlende på torvet i Ljubljana udskiftede den 1. januar 2007 den slovenske tolar med euroen.
Ljubljana’s market traders swapped the Slovenian tolar for the euro on 1 January 2007.
for valutapolitikken, der fastlægges og gennemføres i euro.
• economic convergence, through multilateral surveillance of member states’ economic policies.
• økonomisk konvergens gennem gensidig overvågning af medlemsstaternes økonomiske politik.
Since then, only the euro has been legal tender for all cash and bank transactions in the euro area countries, which represent more than two thirds of the EU population.
• oprettelsen af Det Europæiske Monetære Institut (EMI) i Frankfurt, som bestod af centralbankcheferne fra de forskellige medlemsstater
• establishing the European Monetary Institute (EMI) in Frankfurt. The EMI was made up of the governors of the central banks of the EU countries;
Den 1. januar 2002 blev der sat eurosedler og -mønter i omløb i de 12 lande, der tilsammen dannede euroområdet.
Each EU country must meet the five convergence criteria in order to go to the third stage. They are:
Deres nationale valutaer blev taget ud af omløb to måneder efter.
• independence of national central banks;
• regler om størrelsen af de nationale budgetunderskud.
• interest rates: long-term interest rates may not vary by more than 2% in relation to the average interest rates of the three member states with the lowest interest rates;
• Prisstabilitet: Inflationsraten må ikke overstige den gennemsnitlige inflationsrate i de 3 medlemsstater, der har den laveste inflation, med mere end 1,5 procentpoint.
• deficits: national budget deficits must be below 3% of GDP;
Tredje etape var indførelsen af euroen.
The third stage was the birth of the euro.
Den 1. januar 1999 indførte 11 lande euroen, som dermed blev fælles valuta i Belgien, Finland, Frankrig, Irland, Italien, Luxembourg, Nederlandene, Portugal, Spanien, Tyskland og Østrig.
On 1 January 1999, 11 countries adopted the euro, which thus became the common currency of Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal and Spain.
(Grækenland indførte euroen den 1. januar 2001.)
(Greece joined them on 1 January 2001).
Det Europæiske Monetære Institut blev erstattet af Den Europæiske Centralbank, som fik ansvaret
From this point onwards, the European Central Bank took over from the EMI and became responsible for monetary policy, which is defined and implemented in euros.
• Statsgæld: Statsgælden må ikke overstige 60 % af BNP.
• public debt: this may not exceed 60% of GDP; resent the euro in international monetary forums.
De nye medlemsstater og ØMU‘en Alle nye EU-lande skal indføre euroen, når
The new member states and EMUNew EU members are all due to adopt the
• Stabile valutakurser: De fastsatte udsvingsmargener for valutakursen skal være overholdt i de seneste to år.
• exchange rate stability: exchange rates must have remained within the authorised margin of fluctuation for the previous two years.
de opfylder kriterierne.
euro, when they are able to meet the criteria.
Slovenien er det første af de lande, der blev medlemmer i 2004, der opfyldte kriterierne, og landet indførte euroen den 1. januar 2007.
Slovenia was the first of countries from the 2004-enlargment to do so and joined the euro area on 1 January 2007.
I juni 1997 vedtog Det Europæiske Råd en stabilitets- og vækstpagt.
In June 1997, the European Council adopted a Stability and Growth Pact.
Pagten, som skal sikre, at medlemsstaterne bestræber sig på at overholde budgetdisciplinen, gør det muligt at straffe lande i euroområdet, der har et budgetunderskud på over 3 %.
This was a permanent commitment to budgetary stability, and made it possible for penalties to be imposed on any country in the euro area whose budget deficit exceeded 3%.
Pagten blev senere anset for at være for streng og blev ændret i marts 2005.
The Pact was subsequently judged to be too strict and was reformed in March 2005.
Eurogruppen er et uformelt organ, hvor eurolandenes finansministre mødes.
The Eurogroup is the informal body where the finance ministers of the euro area countries meet.