natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
1.3hardetof fentl.ige den frenherskende roItei regionerne har den genere[[e kompetence, staten og departementet (amtskomnunen)den kan gCre fordeLende konpetence.Arbejdsmarkedetsparterderessynspunktgotdende pe aIte tre niveauer.
Here, the goal is to regulate the flow of the workforce between periods of activity and non-activity or to help them to remain active by limiting periods of unemployment which would otherwise arise because of insufficient or outdated skills no longer in line with the "needs" felt by enterprises.
Ud overarbejdsnnrkedetsparters generel[em.rtighederfor at gribe ind i udarbejdelsen og gennenrfdretsen af erhvervsuddannetsen betragtet som en slags "system" svarer betingelserne for erhvervsuddannelsernes genne[F tCretse til. vidt forskeItigartede situationerinden forde forske[tigesektorer.
In both perspectives, vocational training must ensure equal opportunities, must give everyone the same opportunities for access to training according to his/her capabilities and wishes and not according to the existence or lack of opportunities offered by his/her position in the economic and social system.
De forskeLl.ige situationer afhanger af de strukturer, der primart er oprettet indenfor den enkeLte sektorogden mäde hvorpäparternedel.tageristruktunerne,
This brings us straight away to questions such as the quality and the volume of training on offer (number of
Hvls men vit pIaccrc sektorernc indbyrdes, kan ürn hrl,tcn {kkc rG bortfrrforrkrttennctl,cn dc vlrklonhcdcr, dcr udgrr ccktorGrnee o9drlsrrikke dJEses stfrretec strukturrr trdfJrcr, pf rrbcjdr;rrkcdrt, og arbcJdskraftetruktur. Sldstnrvntc rt dc tndt.gcr forlkcttlgo ptrdrcr hvitkct gart rt dc vtLgcr forrkcILigc dcr i
Finally, the inequalities in access to vocational training, which are already widespread in initial training, have scarcely been reduced by continuing training measures.
Ideningar pl icrc erhvervs- darce arbcjdekraftprobtcncr' ocnGrel,t krn nn rLttl clgce !t uddannetsessystemetfindes sektorieLte subsystemer, der pt forsketl"ig mäde udnytter muLighedernefor gennenfOretse af erhvervsuddanneLsen.FPtgeLig hardeforsket Lige
This applies, particularly at national level, to national education and the Adult Vocational Training Association (Association pour la Formation Professionnelle des Adultes - AFPA), and at regional level to apprenticeship training. In this case, it is not a question of defining only the levels of studies
Det forkIarer den under s Cg eI ses met o de, der vat,gtes tiI denne forskning,som udoverenanatyse af Love ogforordningerogs!beskaf- tigede der sttr med disses gennemfCreIseinden for tre sektorer, skarp indbyrdes modsetning: Bankerne, bygge- sig i sektoren og kapita tvarerne.
and special subjects, but also the diplomas, educational channels, and "curricula".
Arbejdsnarkedsparternes ptads inden for erhvervsuddannelsernekan vurderes efterderes evne titreeltatgribeindiuddannelsesdynamikken
These criticisms are directed primarily at the periods needed to set up corresponding training schemes which are felt to be far too long.
Den kan bedCmmesi der gar ud pe at to perspektiver.
Finally, it is the very status accorded to vocational training at the job site which is a subject of debate.
Det meIl.em- bidrage ned dekompetencer, fristede,
Here, the state is the main guarantor for diplomas and for their recognition either by national education or by a "training validation board".
Ckonomiskog sociaI fremgangt 09 der i hCjere grad henger sammen der er nCdvendige fordetmere kortfristede, med arbejdsrnarkedets funktione 09 hvis mä L det er at reguIere arbejdskraftens cirku[ationsstrCmninger meItem aktivitet og inaktivitete enten ved atforbtivebeskaftigetforatbegrense de Ledighedsperioder, der skyIdes utiLstrak-
It is not enough to be familiar with the composition and tasks designated to a body in order to appreciate the real role which it plays in the system.
forhoId tit kctigc dcr f sttcrdlrtigttitprescdckorpctenccrivirksomhedernc fornuIcredc "behov".
The main criticisms voiced in this respect can be regrouped in eight main categories :
Ibcggeper3pektivcrskr I erhvervsuddanneIsen rlhrc tlgc nuLlghcdcr for rl.tc tiL rt fl edgeng til. uddrnncIscrnc efter dcrcs cvner og inskcr og ikkc cfter dc forhlndrtngcr, dcr knytter eig tiL deres ptrccring i drt lkonorlckc og roclrtc ayotGn. ilcd dct stnnc;tctdcr dcr stg tptrgsnlI son dcn ttLbudtc uddannetscs kvrtttct og orfrng (rntrl,tet rf ttt rtdighcd sttende pladser) cttcr uddrnnctrcrnGE tl LgrngcLtghcd (anteI og ert rf dcn, dcr kan drLtrga I uddrnnelrerne).
Circumvention of a body, in particular by govern ment representatives through the creation of sub-committees or working groups, the official body assuming thereby an "alibi" function vis-à-vis the general public.
Grundudd.nnc[eesapparatet efterladerfrende[esrftnlrgrngudcn trhvtrvcuddannetsco og dct er ncgct, lctv on dcr Gr skct tn vrscnt[lg forbcdring riturtlonen i don ridstehatvesncs!r.,Betragterman dc trc 0rundLrggcndc lontrekttyper, dcr udgtr uddrnnclsrrpLon, opdrgrr üün, rt glturtloncn dc ungcB dlrl,tgt nokf orbcdrcrrfdrnncordni ng.Endcl,igerdeu [ ige rdErngrnutlghcdrr tlt crhvcrvsuddrnnel,ecn, soil .ttcredc cr onfrttcndc for dcn grundIrggcndc uddenncIser vedkom:ncndc, nlppG fornlndskct af ordningerne for efterog videreuddannetse.
Imbalances in information or in situations linked, for example, to the different aptitude levels of those responsible for producing reports, for keeping up on or processing statistical data, and for keeping pace with studies and research work.
En cieL kritikrcmtcrrlgoüsystämcts etcnenters evnG tit rt dcflnGrG dc stor€ atrnlndeIigc rGtningstinjer undcr hcnsyntagcn tit udsl gternc til. nreI tc mfri stct lnd ringe f Irndctr lkononirkc oe roclrl"c krrektcrictikr. Dct r01
Inability of the majority of the participants to make a real contribution to the dossiers.
gaIder isar pä [andsptan for undervisningsministeriet ogsä m men L u st ni ngen forerhvervsuddannetse af voksrie (Assciciation pour La.formation professionneLLe des aduLtes - AF PA ) og pä regionaIt pLan for LertingeuddanneLs.en.Her drejer det sig i kke bl.otom atdef inereuddanne[ses-ogspeciatiseringsniveauerne,men ogsä kvatifikationsbeviserne,uddannelsestinjerneogfagptanerne.En anden kritikrettesmod uddanneIser nes gennem- fCretse indenfor rammenaf den tidtigere definerede struktur.
Malfunctionings of a more general nature linked to elements such as a lack of preparation of dossiers, insufficient time to allow for dossiers to be studied properly, and overly wide definitions of tasks.
For det fCrste kritiseres den aIt for tange tid, der 9lr, inden de forskel.Lige uddanneIser gennenfCres.
A high level of indifference or absenteeism.
Hyppigtkritiseresogs!uddannetsesapparatets troghedogmangetpäevne titattitpassesigendrede vilkär-Ii kkenindregradkritiseresuddannetsernesindhol.dogdaiserdisseskombination af teoretisk viden af hovedsageLig teknisk karakter med den merepraktiskekunnen og videnr Som sigtermod konkret erhvervsudoveLse.
An imbalance between the partners concerned which stems from the fact that employers often constitute a homogeneous group vis-à-vis employees who are more varied and frequently divided (the General Confederation of Labour - Confederation Générale du Travail - CGT often with its own particular position) and from the presence, in addition to government representatives, of representatives of various chambers or similar bodies (chamber of commerce, of crafts, of agriculture...) they, too, the spokesmen of enterprises.
Endel,igerden status,derti[ [agges erhvervsuddannetsen pä arbejdspLadsen; genstand for debat. Som bekendt erstatenpädetteomräde den hovedsageIige garant for bevisernee som entengodkendes afundervisningsministe- det ri et e Lter af en sartig
5.2 The criticisms vary in strength and number depending on whom they are levelled at and from whom they stem
er den pLads, der indrCmmeskvaIifikationsbeviserne i de koLl,ektive overenskomster og bevisernes evne til.atäbneadgang tiL indp[acering eL Le eal [Cnning, der svarer tiL bevisernes"niveau",derergenstand fordesterkestemodsatninger mettem arbejdsmarkedetsparter.
Generally speaking, as far as the social partners are concerned, the criticisms voiced by employees' representatives tend to be stronger than those of the employers' representatives.
['et erikketitstrakkeligtatkende samnnsatningenog ie"opgaver,der overdragesen instans,foratkunne vurdere den reelterotle,den indtager isystelpt.
Amongst the former, CGT members are louder in their criticisms and are, on the whole, easily distinguishable from the other trade union organizations. As for the bodies themselves, it
- ettcr dc frcto-siturtioncr for eksenrpeIt forbindcl.sc ned de forskcl,Lige deLtagcndc ptrtars nutighed for at Iave undersC- gctrcr, rt fl krndckrb ttL gtetirtlskc dete cLl'er til, rt btlvc undGrrcttGt on 3tudlGr, forsknlnggrrbcjdc ttc.
The criticisms made by trade union organizations of current consultative procedures at the level of the enterprise can be regouped in several categories: owing to the complex nature of the texts, training is often assigned to a few individuals who are experts in a specific field who then cut themselves off from others; employees' representatives have difficulty gaining an overall view of the different policies possible in training.
- GcncrcLt dlrtigfunktionsom fflgc af nanglende forbcrcdcIsc rf stgcFRG, for kortc ttdrfrlctcr tit rt sögerne kangennemarbejdes, forbrede opgavedefinitioner Gtc.
This is especially true because although the trade union organizations have regional or interregional structures for each occupational branch which normally set up and coordinate exchanges, these structures do not wield enough influence and the elected representatives are very much left to their own devices.
5.?Den frensattekritikermere etIer mindre sterk at t efter instans og forhandIingsparter.
An extension of contractual policy through widening its field of application.
BIandt arbejdsmarkedsparterne kan man sige,?tkritikkensomhovedregeterstarkestfra[Cnmodtagerreprasentanternessideogbl.andt dissef ra CG T s r side, hvis opf attetse idet store og hete adski[[er sig ret vesentLigt fra de andre hovedorganisationers. tled hensyn tiL instanserne konstaterer man e ätkritikkensori regeI er starkest, när den retter sig tiL decentraIiserede instanser i regioner, departementer ogvirksomheder etc.De centra[einstanser ogdaiserde,derbeskeftigersignedäfter-og'v'idere-uddannetse, er genstand for en bedre bedCmmeIse med hensyntil.deresfunktion.
Here, we are dealing more especially with branch or enterprise agree ments which, in various fields: new technology, equal opportunities, and retraining, tend to give the respective partner an opportunity to state his views directly, the latter being involved in implementation, or indirectly as for example in the "commitments to the development of training" (engagements de développement de la formation EDDF).
Den kritik,derf renrfCres tit de rädgivende Iandsinstanser genfindes al.tsä i forstarket form pä regions- ogdepartementsptan-Fagforeningernes kritikafsamrädsprocedupernesnuverende funktion pä virksonhederne kan grupperes i forskeLtige kategorier:
Changes in the make-up of bodies: some of whom were not parity-based in the beginning but who then adopted this form for example, the further training
- l,JnnodtagGrnGsreprr8Gntanter har gvlrt ved rt drnnr rlg ct 3rtLüt ovcrbHk ovcr dc forskcLLtgc formcr for uddannctssspottti k. $eIv om frgforeningerne nok hrr rcglonaIc cttcr infraregionaIe branchestrukturcrt ton normrtt etlr for lgrngrrtnlng og stnordning af udvaksIlngcnr Gt dlrsc etrukturcr I reaIitetcn for
An extension of the consultation procedures within the framework of already existing procedures.
F CL g cL tg har de vtIgtc reprrscntrntcr tvrrt spi l"l.e cn vigtig roI teoverforensanletuddan- ved at rotLe med hen e y nen roILe 3o[l nctrcspIrn for vlrkoomhcdenr Gfi kritisk tiI den ptrn, de flr forelrgt, ncn isrr lnrpuIegiver og forsIagssti [[er.
They have gradually been set up by means of the training plan submitted for comment to employees' representatives in accordance with increasinly detailed procedures.
6.Den opf rt t ct se, fon rln hrr prfvet pl at giver f arbejds fi Er kedets parter3 nuv*endc ptrdg indcn for erhvcrvsuddannctrcrnc t tkke ffrc ttI undcrvurderlngef bctydningenaf dcnide sidrtetyvclriagttagede udvikLing.
This trend has been reinforced by the increasingly important position which mutual benefit funds are tending to assume as tools for the realization of continuing training schemes, irrespective of the target groups.
-En udvldel"cc ef ovGronskonstpoLitikkcn ved fordgcLse af dcns anvcndc[segomrlde.Der er her lsrr taIe on branche- etIer virkgomhedsaftaIer, der pl forskettlge onrldrr !on ny trknik, tlgcrtttting og amtkottng
Thus, it can be said that there is in France a tendency for the social partners to play a more important role in defining general vocational training objectives by means of consultative procedures under the aegis of the
Udvidelse af samrädsprocedurerne som Ied i bestäende ppocedurer.
This trend seems to have the blessing of all those concerned.
Det gatder setvfCIgetig for sädanne uddannetsesaktioner, som gennemfCres pä virksornhederne pä disses eget initiativ og finansieres af disse i henhoLd tiL loven at 1971e 09som Lidt efter Lidt har antaget form via den uddanneIsesptan, der foreIagges ICnmodtagerreprasentanterne til, udtateIse i henhoLd tiL mere ogmerepraciseprocedurer.Denne tendens forsterkes yderIigere af den voksende ptads ti l.btjel.ighed tiL at fonde" har
By contrast, sectoral co-management of continuing training schemes financed by enterprises and the trend towards negotiations on an increasingly large scale at the level of the enter prises are encountering increasing difficulties arising from the differences of opinion which prevail amongst the various groups: the employers' "trade unions" and the employees' trade unions, and amongst the employees' trade unions themselves.
"gensidige redskaber som de antage som uddanneIse for gennemfdreIse pubIikum, der af efterfCtgende sigtes imod.- uanset hviIket
The position of the social partners in vocational training is, in fact, one element in the overall trends which characterize political and social developments
Endel"ig opleverman sidelCbende med de to tOrnevnte udviktinger en forrykkeIse af tyngdepunktet for styringen af erhvervsuddanneIserne henimod mere om det potentieIt hvor sanrSdet, seIv OjebLikket, ätIigeveI decentraIiserede steder, votder vanskeLigheder i til. at btive starkt parternes Cnske ger udvidet i fremtiden, i denne retning.
In future, this topic will not be able to escape the major debates which are at present raging in French society: What position should be given respectively to laws and contractual policy in regulating the links between social groups in moves toward "less state involvement"? What privileged fora located between central government and the various territorial communities must be retained within public authorities in order to implement policies, and between intersectoral, sectoral and entrepreneurial levels in the private sector?
er i stand forudsat at üan kan attsä sige, at der i Frankrig er tendens styrke arbejdsnrarkedetsparters rotte i processen tit at
What positions must the social partners assume in decision-making procedures: a consultative role and a decision-making role?
med henbl,ik pt definition af erhvervsuddannetsens atmindel.ige mlt ved hjrLp af hdringcr i offentl.igt regi.
7.1 Parity is not in itself a panacea: practice has shown that in order to obtain effective action on the part of parity structures a certain number of conditions, to a certain degree structural, has to be fulfilled.
Denne tendens 8er ud tit at finde aLLe berCrtc parters ti Lstutning.
This is far from always being the case in France.
Derimod etlder den sektorictLe frtl.csrdministration af efterog videreuddanne Isen og tcndcn3cn tiL at indflrc en brederc og brederc forhcndl.ing i virkgomhedcrnc pt stfrrc v.nrkql,lghcdcr tot ftl.gc af dlvcrgGntGr ncLLem prrtcrncs trbcjdsgivcre og fagforcnlngcr, ncn ogsl mcttctn fegforcningcr indbyrder.
In other words, parity poses the two-fold problem of the philosophy and aptitude of the partners concerned: two areas in which labour relations in France are often on delicate ground. It could be said that as far as vocational training is concerned, a parity-based dialogue cannot begin in earnest until the social partners come to see vocational training as a real medium-term investment which will enable interested groups to acquire valuable occupational skills.
Arbcjdrrrkrdrtr p.rtGrr pl,rdr I erhvcruuddrnnctsGrnc tndglr frkttrk I den rLmlndcl.igc tendens, dcrkcndc-tcgncr dcn poHtickc og rocirteudvik[ing.
In the game for three which is being played by the social partners and the public authorities, the latter appear to be the guarantors for general economic and social goals.
Hvi Ikcn pteds skaI m.n ind- rCmmeparternes l,igeetiLl"ing' vedsidenaftresidetheden?
It is impossible to see how, in this field,
fra begyndeIsen vere forudsatter, at der tangt fra tiLfal.det i
A second role for the public authorities is to maintain their ability to provide effective stimulus to the dynamics of training, particularly in connection with major economic and industrial trends.
lled andre ord rejser parternes Iige stiLLing bäde spdrgsmätet om dissesfitosofiogtekniskeindsigt,sonertopunkterpähvi Ike de fagtige forbindeIser i Frankrig tit befinder sig i en vanskeLig situation.Hvad erhvervs-uddanneIsen angär , kan nen gä ud tra, at den paritetiske diaLog fCrst for atvor viL opnä stor udbredeIse, ntr parterne i fattesskab betragter den som en virketig metIenfristet investering, der skaI give de pegeIdende kredse i befoIkningen mul"ighedfor at te gode erhvervsmcssige kvatifikationer.
The problem here is the incapacity or lack of willingness on the part of the social partners to take up difficult challenges such as the development of new training programmes linked with the spread of new technologies.
Farerne ved atdet, offenttigedetspil.ned tredeltagere, trakker sig der udkampes tilbage-
It is easy to imagine the reverse situation: a reduction in direct state intervention in training provision.
I ogdetof fentl.ige t €? det de genere[[e Ckonomiske meIten arbejdsmarkedetsparter sidstnarnte, der er garant for og sociaIe mä1.
Here, its role would be limited to that of a pilot body in connection with priority objectives and to situations in which the private partners prove unable to achieve these objectives.
sigehvordan detof fentl,ige skat fra disse ppEaver - end ikke ilankanikkekunne trakke foresti Ite sig tiLbage gribeindsom Led ienomfattende overenskomstpo0pgaven ersämeget destomere nCdvendig, ved att itik.
Continuing vocational training and apprenticeship training are known to be the first two areas in which central state power was first transferred to the regions, even if the state kept the authority to decide on the scale of competencies it was to retain. On
og dc ptrtcr, dcr iom dGt frrnrkc udgrr dct, vlgcr syrtcm cr Lidet s.ntct ovcr dcres rcttighcder.
closer examination, the regulatory system corresponding to decentralization poses a series of problems which vary in importance depending on the conditions under which it was introduced in the different regions.
En rndcn af dct offcntLigec vigtige bcvrrctrcn rf GvnGntlL rt glvc {nputccr
The preliminary procedures whereby the state consults the regions about their activities range from strictly separate forms to the joint preparation of regional schemes.
I dynrnl kkcn undcr hcncyntrgcn ttL dcn lkonomlskc og lnductrltl.l.G udvikIing.
The contracts under the state-region plan give rise to formulae in which state activities, parallel to those of the regions, vary quite considerably.
Hrr mcIdcr der rlg vtnskaIighedcn ncd parterReg vünfkc- ned nrngl,cndo t v nG ctlcr vtLje tlL .t gl { l.eg ncd rldrnna Ltghrdcp 80n udvlkttng rf nyt uddrnncIser i forbtndctse lndfJrctsrn rf nyt tcknlgkr nctodcr.
This is confirmed by the large gaps which exist at inter regional level in the relations between state funds channelled into the contracts envisaged under the plan and the compulsory transfers.
0nvcndtkrnnlnnemnerc forcstlLtc ri0r at 3trtCn afg ud rf dlrcktc mcdvlrkcn I uddanncIsestl Lbuddct' frr rldrnnc tlLfrLdc, hvor dcn optrrdcrsonstyringc-forblndclrcredprlorltercdcnl[,son dc prlvetc I kkckrnk Ilcc.
The importance of, and the need to improve the coordination mechanisms in decentralised vocational training are even more essential in the welcome perspective of an extension of this decentralization to vocational training under the aegis of national education.
Ptankontrakternestat-regiongiveranl.edning tit ordninger, hvorefter statens aktioner udover de af regionerne gennemfCrtevarierer. meget starkt,hvitketfremglrafdeinterregionateforsketl.e,derbestärmettem de statsbevi [[inger, der indrCnmesi henhol,dtiL pIankontrakter, og de obIiga- torisk e overfCrs Ier.
Certainly, the enterprises play a central role in the workings of the labour market via their selection, training, job assignment and redundancy policies.
0mfanget og nCdvendighedenaf en forbedring at systemet tiL koordinering af den decentraIiserede erhvervsuddanneIse vokser i takt med dendnskede udvideIse af decentratiseringen at de erhvervsuddannetser, der henhdrer under undervis- ningsministeriet.
It is equally certain that the enterprise must be seen as a management unit and that it would be disadvantageous to have incentives which "cut it up into pieces" according to different principles: a youth training policy negotiated with vocational training authorities supported by an investment policy negotiated with the Ministry for Industry, and a labour reduction policy negotiated at best with the one Minister of Labour and Social Affairs but in reality with the multiple partners whose interests and constraints are far from being homogeneous.
Detergiveteätvirksomhederne indtager en centraI arbejdsmarkedets funktionpägrundafderesppoces- rotIe i sti ttingerne Det er ogsä serforudvatgetser.uddannetse og afICnnJng at og tigeIedes gennemderes afskedigeIsespol.iti k.
But this is not the real problem. In France, the main problem lies in the major differences both in the attitude of enterprises towards training and in the ability of employee representatives to negotiate effectively with employers.
Der er aLtsä ingen grund tiL fortods at afvise virksomhedensom centraIt forhandLingssted, Sä meget destomindreson en rokke virksomheder Iagger megendynamik og stor interesse for uddannetsen for dagen. Det er ikke ddr probtemet Ligger.
In this case, the problem is clearly the boundaries imposed within the framework of this law, or in the case of sectoral agreements based on this law, the extension of their field of application.
at er i toven for hvordan manr so0l forhotdene aftaIer Det er pä grundLag at ikke nent at 5€r djebtikket, med hensyn tiL de franske virksomheders l"edetses opfatteIse af begrebet "investering i uddanneIse" og med hensyn tiL LCnmodtagernes reprasentation i de sanme virksornheder skaL kunne overveje en direkte forhandting pt virksomhedsptan, uden en omfattende Iovrndring, som haven de Iovmassige forptigtel.sers niveaur men isarudstrekkerf orpLigteIsen til" at omfatte samttige virksomheder, hvis der ikke skaI indtrade en omfattende sSveI Ckonomisk som sociaI ti Ibagegang.
Inversely, increased awareness of the advantages of vocational training as an investment linked with the development of the technical tools for its implementation would probably lead to the emergence of major areas of common interest between the social partners in multi-annual training plans which would favour training schemes leading to recognized qualifications.
Cjnene op for og afsatter investere i erhvervsuddanneIse dertil, skuLLe det vore muLigt meLIem arbejdsmarkedetsparter at opnä omfattende konvergens om fLerärige uddanneIsespIaner, tit kvaLificerende uddanneIser.
The advantage of such a situation is that it would avoid binding those involved to a single model and would enable them to establish balances adapted to different kinds of activity, to employees' qualifications, and to the kind of social debate peculiar to the enterprise or branch.