natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
25 for arbejdssøgende handicappedes ansættelsesmuligheder. Arbejdsgiverne er f.eks. bange for, at de i forbindelse med de særlige regler for opsigelse påtager sig en beskæftigelsesrisiko.
The effect of the special rights enjoyed by the severely disabled is somewhat controversial: they sometimes act as a barrier to the employ ment of disabled people, since employers are, for example, afraid of the risk inherent in protection against dismissal.
I D er ekstraferien allerede blevet afkortet, og reglerne for opsigelse håndteres mindre striks.
In Germany additional leave has therefore been reduced, and protection against dismissal has also been relaxed.
I tabel nr. 9 er gengivet nogle rammedata vedrørende beskæftigelsessituationen i de fem undersøgte lande.
Table 9 contains some general data on the employment situation in the five countries studied.
24,5 i 8 af befolkningen:
43.3 as % of population
Ledighedstal (1986):
Unemployment rate (1986)
Antallet af handicappede i alt beror på et skøn foretaget af Office of Population and Census Surveys (OPCS) fra 1988 (jf. RADAR 1989).
The total number of disabled people is based on an estimate by the Office of Population and Census Surveys (OPCS) in 1988 (see RADAR 1989).
De for Β anførte tal siger intet om det totale antal handicappede i erhverv, men omfatter kun oplysninger om de ' personer, der i henhold til reglerne i overenskomst nr. 26 er beskæftigede på delvis subventionerede arbejdspladser i den private sektor.
The figures quoted for Belgium say nothing about the total number of disabled people in employment, referring only to people who are employed in partly subsidized jobs in the private sector under the schemes governed by Collective Agreement No. 26.
Det for statens kontorer fastsatte pligtkontingent på 1 200 pladser til handicappede var ved udgangen af 1988 overskredet med 394 beskæftigede.
Government agencies exceeded the compulsory quota of 1,200 jobs for disabled people at the end of 1988, employing 1,594.
I de halvstatslige organisationer, der er forpligtede til at besætte 90 pladser, var i alt 153 handicappede personer beskæftigede, derudover var der inden for post og telekommunikation ansat yderligere 50 handicappede i hvert område.
Parastatal organizations, required to provide 90 jobs, were em ploying 153 disabled people; the Post Office and Telecommunications sector each employed a further 50 disabled people.
Derimod var den for provinser og kommuner fastsatte kvote på 1 ud af 55 pladser ikke opfyldt.
The quota of 1:55 jobs fixed for the provinces and municipalities, on the other hand, was not fulfilled.
Med hensyn til statistisk materiale vedrørende de handicappedes situation var det ønskeligt, om der bl.a. fandtes differentierede data for tendenser og udviklinger inden for de forskellige handicapgrupper, idet der heraf kunne drages konklusioner angående nødvendige præventive aktiviteter.
Where statistics on the situation of disabled people are concerned, what are really needed are differentiated data on tendencies and trends in the various types of disability, so that it can be decided, for example, what preventive action should be taken.
I D er det navnlig hud­ og karsygdomme samt høreskader, der tiltager, mens der i NL er konstateret en kraftig stigning i antallet af erhvervsudygtige på grund af psykiske forstyrrelser: i 1988 henførtes over 30% af de nyligt anerkendte erhvervsudygtige personer til denne kategori.
In Germany, skin and vascular dis eases and hearing defects in particular are on the increase, while a sharp rise in incapacitation due to mental disorders is noted in the Netherlands: in 1988 this category accounted for more than 30% of those newly recognized as incapable of supporting themselves.
Navnlig i gruppen af yngre arbejdstagere ses en dramatisk stigning af disse former for handicap (jf. STG 1990).
A dramatic in crease in these disabilities has been seen particularly among younger employees (see STG 1990).
Selv om antallet af svært handicappede arbejdsløse har været næsten konstant fra 1985, er ca. 67 000 eller 6,6% af de handicappede i mellemtiden helt forsvundet fra arbejdslivet og kan derfor heller ikke genfindes i ledighedstallene.
On the other hand, a considerable number of dis abled people do not appear in the statistics: although the figures on unemployed severely disabled people have remained almost constant since 1985, a fairly large number of some 67,000, or 6.6%, of disabled people, have since left employment altogether and are therefore no longer re flected in the unemployment rate.
Den principielt eksisterende sokkel af arbejdsløse handicappede er den samme.
There has been no change in the core of unemployed disabled people.
De handicappede hører fortsat til den mest udsatte gruppe.
They are still one of the worst affected groups.
Handicappedes beskæftigelse er og bliver ved med at være konjunkturafhængig. En udtalelse i et interview med en medarbejder på arbejdsformidlingen lyder som følger: "Der er arbejde til de handicappede, når konjunkturerne er gode.
The employment of disabled people continues to depend on the economic trend, as a statement by one placement officer interviewed reveals: "When the economic climate is good, disabled people can find work.
Når konjunkturerne er dårlige, er der bare ikke noget arbejde til dem."
When it is bad, they can't."
Det man først og fremmest må se på, er de muligheder, som de forskellige handicapgrupper har.
It is particularly important to bear in mind the difference in the pros pects of the various groups of disabled people.
Et rundspørge foretaget af Brand (1984) viser meget tydelige forskelle i virksomhedernes beredvillighed til at ansætte personer med bestemte handicap.
A survey conducted by Brand (1984) shows very clear differences in the willingness of firms to employ people with certain disabilities.
Ifølge denne undersøgelse har personer med lette fysiske handicap eller med medicinske sygdomme de bedste chancer for at komme i erhverv (jf- tabel nr. 10).
Those with slight physical disabilities or internal disorders have the best prospect of vocational integration (see Table 10).
Beskæftigelsesmuligheder for handicappede (se side 29)
Here again, potential employers are likely to be fairly uncertain (see Herpich & Steinle 1983 p. 143). Page 38
Beskæftigelsesmuligheder for handicappede
Employment opportunities for disabled people
Hvor meget betyder de forskellige former for handicap i Deres virksomhed?
To what extent are differences between various types of disability decisive for your firm?
Nedenfor er opført ni forskellige grupper.
Nine categories are listed below.
De bedes oplyse, om De på baggrund af forholdene i Deres virksomhed ser en mulighed for at tilbyde en eller flere handicappede fra disse grupper en arbejdsplads.
Please indicate in each case whether, under the conditions prevailing in your firm, you see any chance of offering a job to one or more people in these categories.
1)difference i forhold til 100 Kilde: Brand 1984, s. 192
1 difference from 100 = no data Source: Brand 1984, p. 192
Disse observationer bør ikke ses adskilte fra den teknisk-organisatoriske udvikling i virksomhederne, for selvfølgelig er virksomhedernes beredvillighed til at ansætte handicappede afhængig af de foreliggende muligheder.
These statements should not be seen in isolation from technical and organizational developments in firms, since their willingness to employ disabled people naturally depends on their potential.
Beskæftigelsesproblematikken er derfor ikke kun et spørgsmål om konjunkturer, idet antallet "tilpassede arbejdspladser" bliver mindre og mindre.
The problem with employing disabled people is not therefore simply a question of the economic climate: there is a growing shortage of "appropriate jobs".
En medarbejder fra arbejdsformidlingen siger: "Den største manko er, at der simpelthen findes for få adækvate arbejdspladser til handicappede.
As one placement officer said when interviewed: "The worst thing is that there are simply not enough jobs suitable for disabled people.
Det er derfor ikke nok at kvalificere og anvise, man må også skabe tilpassede arbejdspladser."
So we have to do more than train and try to place them: we also have to create suitable jobs."
Udgifterne til tilpasning af arbejdsvilkårene til handicappedes specifikke forudsætninger kan variere fra gruppe til gruppe: for en stor del af de fysisk handicappedes vedkommende er det tilstrækkeligt at tage højde for de sædvanlige ergonomiske aspekter, mens sensorisk handicappede personer som regel har brug for ret dyrt specialudstyr.
As the findings of a survey of the effects of the new technologies on the jobs of 495 employees (see Table 11) have shown, much of the resulting work carries more responsibility and is more interesting and, in many cases, cleaner and physically less strenuous.
I tabel nr. 12 findes en oversigt over forskellige tendenser i den teknologiske udvikling og virkningerne for de forskellige grupper af handicappede.
At all levels of qualifi cation the positive effects dominate, although they also call for higher qualifications.
Selvfølgelig kan denne oversigt ikke indeholde en detaljeret analyse af, hvilke muligheder de forskellige grupper af handicappede har. Men den viser tendensen, der kan uddybes ved at tage de blinde som eksempel: med indførelsen af braille-computere både til ind- og uddatering af informationer åbner der sig for denne kreds af personer en hel række nye arbejdsområder.
Only in the case of semi-skilled and unskilled workers are greater monotony and increased responsibility roughly in balance.
Virkninger af ny teknologi faglærte tillærte/ ufaglærte n=107 lønmodtagere i alt n=495 n=127 selvstændige/ liberale erhverv n=56 ledende funk-tionærer/tje-nestemænd n=69 ikke ledende funktionærer/ tjenestemænd n=178
Effect of new technologies skilled non executive execut i ve employees/ employees/ all employees n = 495 civil servants n = 178 semi-skilled/ workers unskilled civil workers servants n = 107 n = 127 selfemployed liberal pro fessions n = 56
Som følge af tekniske forandringer er mit arbejde 1)
Technical changes have made my work civi 1 servants n = 69 %
1) besvarelser "helt og holdent" og "delvis" Kilde: Allensbach 1982
1 "completely" and "partly" answers Source: Allensbach 1982
Muligheder for de forskellige handicapgrupper
Prospects of the various groups of disabled people
Teknisk udvikling
Technical development
Motorisk handicappede
This table cannot, of course, claim to analyse the prospects of all groups of disabled people in detail.
Færre fysiske aktiviteter
CHAPTER 4: REHABILITATION AND TRAINING
Sensorisk handicappede
4.1 Changes in the content of training
Bedre tilgang/ bedre uddatering
4.2 The rehabilitation system
Teknisk specialudstyr
4.3 Vocational guidance
Psykisk handicappede
Instead, greater use should be made in this process of anamnestic methods and pedagogical,
Produktionens stigende kompleksitet Arbejdets øgede intensitet
Hence the need for cooperation with the real world of work.
Færre manuelle opgaver Opdeling af Øgede åndelige krav arbejdsforløb Øget koncentrations- Mindre evne kompleksitet
In Germany most of the 13 medical/vocational rehabilitation institutions provide retraining services.
Endvidere er udviklingen af syntetisk tale i fuld gang, dvs. at alt det der normalt træder frem på skærmen - bogstaver, ord og sætninger, cifre og tal, editorkommandoer, program- og systemmeldinger - samtidig gengives i tale.
As the current requirements regarding the content of vocational rehabilitation proper were described at the beginning of this chapter, we can confine ourselves in this section to the institutional aspects.
Disse systemer er i mellemtiden så langt fremme i udviklingen, at den talte uddatering kan vælges på forskellige niveauer lige fra stavning af enkelte ord til flydende tale (jf. Gerhard og Lenart 1984).
In Belgium there are 32 vocational training centres (CFP, Centres de formation professionnelle), most of which have specialized in certain types of disability or in training in certain sectors.
Der findes imidlertid - i hvert fald hos de af os adspurgte blinde - en vis modvilje mod den praktiske brug af udstyret, fordi syntetisk tale i længden opfattes som unaturlig.
Depending on the occupation and the level of the final certificate awarded, the training takes between 12 and 36 months.
Det kan udledes heraf, at en objektiv teknisk udvikling altid må tilgodese de subjektive dimensioner for at blive accepteret.
In early 1988 some 900 disabled people were attending these training centres.
Neubert og Cloerkes (1987) har i en interkulturel studie konstateret, at synlige handicap ikke bedømmes positivt i noget samfund.
Dis abled people are also prepared specifically for employment in a firm and receive help with placement.
Konklusionen må være, at der findes en kulturuafhængig grundindstilling over for handicappede, der kan karakteriseres som angsten for det, som er anderledes. Den er en følge af den kognitive dissonans mellem kendte og fremmedartede iagttagelser: "Fear occurs when an object is seen which is like familiar objects in enough respects to arouse habitual processes of perception, but in other respects arouses incompatible processes." (Hebb 1946, s. 268.)
They can also attend the normal training centres of the government association for the vocational training of adults (AFPA, Association pour la Formation Professionnelle des Adultes), although these centres do not provide any special assistance of the type described above.
Med hensyn til handicap nævner Safilios-Rothschild (1970) angsten hos de ikke handicappede for at miste deres egen fysiske integritet, der aktualiseres af handicappede.
The CRPs are under the supervision of the Ministry of Labour and Employment; the AFPA per forms this function on the teaching and technical side.
Som Davis (1961) har vist, kan interaktionen mellem handicappede og ikke handicappede gennem forskellige faser ligesom normaliseres af sig selv, når den opretholdes i længere tid.
The centres interviewed for the study see their heavy dependence on government bodies as patronage, since they are not free to decide on admissions, on their mode of operation and management or on changes to their internal structures.
Men en sådan vekselvirkning opstår først og fremmest i en arbejdssituation, hvorfor handicappedes erhvervsmæssige integrering også af den grund tilkommer særlig betydning.
They claim that bureaucracy prevents them from adjusting training conditions to the needs of the target group and the labour market: "The
Da der herudover ikke forekommer nogen kontinuerlig interaktion med handicappede, lige så lidt som et kollektivt opgør med den omtalte - uspecifikke eller specifikke - angst finder sted, domineres mødet med handicappede i al almindelighed fortsat af netop denne angst.
In Britain the 26 state-run Employment Rehabilitation Centres (ERCs) and five ASSET centres are joined by numerous private institutions (training colleges for disabled people) in Britain. Only two of the ERCs have residential facilities; in 1986/87 they accommodated 1,223 young people.
Der opstår meget forskellige adfærdsformer, der kan være lige fra åben afvisning og diskriminering til ignorering og medlidenhed (jf. Seywald 1977).
ERCs and ASSET centres provided assessment and guidance for 25,000 disabled people in 1989/90 and rehabilitation for about half this number (Department of Employment 1990).
Endvidere beror holdningsmønstrenes intrakulturelle variabilitet over for handicappede på de dominerende kulturelle værdier i de respektive samfund.
The network of off-the-job vocational rehabilitation institutions in Germany is able to meet the demand.
For de vesteuropæiske samfund generelt, og for disse samfunds produktionsformer specielt, er effektivitet en af de centrale, henholdsvis simpelthen den centrale kategori.
The vocational training centres for disabled people (BBWs) are primarily intended for the initial vocational training of young disabled people; 39 of these centres have some 10,000 places and provide training in about 150 different occupations.
Den afvisning og ignorans, der lægges for dagen over for handicappede som et resultat af angsten, søges retfærdiggjort ved, at den, der er afvigende, tillægges manglende effektivitet.
The BBWs' clients are mostly people with learning difficulties, a group which has been growing steadily in recent years; 19 BBWs are specifically de signed for this group.
Således er handicappets deficitmodel i form af fordomme om handicappedes generelt ringere effektivitet fortsat aktuel i den offentlige bevidsthed, selv om den er forældet og for længst videnskabeligt modbevist (jf. Frieling og Sonntag 1987, s. 175).
The vocational retraining centres for disabled people (BFWs) are intended for the further training and retraining of disabled adults no longer able to pursue their previous occupation for health reasons; 21 BFWs currently have some 12,500 places and provide training in about 70 occupations.
Et andet problem er, at også de pågældende personer selv ikke altid kan frigøre sig for denne deficitmodel, men overtager den som en del af deres selvforståelse og derved bidrager til dens befæstelse som en slags profeti, der går i opfyldelse af sig selv (jf. 7. kapitel).
In recent years the rehabilitation institutions have made major efforts to cooperate with firms in the training of disabled people, the firms either providing places for periods of practical training or allowing all practical training to take place on their premises. It is not least due
I dette kapitel beskrives forudsætningerne for handicappedes erhvervsmæssige integrering i form af uddannelse og revalidering.
In 1988 the German training centres for dis abled people conducted their first joint survey of former trainees.
Formålet med den erhvervsrettede revalidering er at kvalificere handicappede gennem uddannelse og i en grad, at de om muligt varigt vil kunne (gen)indsluses i et erhverv, deres fag og samfundet.
At the time of the survey, about a year after they had left in 1987, 73% of their former trainees were employed, 10.5% were undergoing further or continuing training, doing their military service, on maternity leave, etc., and 16.5% were unemployed.
Handicappede, der deltager i foranstaltninger af denne art, modtager i alle undersøgte lande økonomisk støtte enten i forhold til deres tidligere indkomst eller, såfremt de endnu ikke har været i arbejde, efter deres sociale behov.
These figures can be regarded as representative since they largely agree with the findings of a survey conducted by the Rehabilitation Foundation in Heidelberg of BBW-leavers from 1981 to 1983 and of similar surveys of BFW-leavers in 1986 (see Table 13, obtained from the Federal Association of Vocational Training Centres for Disabled People).
Ændringer med hensyn til uddannelsesindhold
Heidelberg BBW-leavers 1981-1983
Den ny teknik har allerede vundet indpas i handicappedes uddannelse i en grad, der var utænkelig for kun nogle få år tilbage.
11.4% 15.5% thereof, at the time of the survey, - employed - not available for employment - unemployed
Kravene vokser gennemgående mest med henblik på tekniske og sociale nøglekvalifikationer. Mange erhvervsprofiler defineres på en helt ny måde, traditionelle fag får nyt indhold.
The two Dutch training centres interviewed are similarly effective, able to boast similarly high figures for people successfully integrated into employment after rehabilitation: up to 90% find jobs.
Sociale kompetencer er trådt i forgrunden, såsom fleksibilitet, kreativitet og
Here again, some training takes place in firms in the surrounding regions. Both centres
37 samarbejdsevne, om end der stadig er prolemer forbundet med den praktiske gennemførelse heraf.
37 provide assistance in the search for work.
I første omgang må instruktørerne selv tilegne sig disse kvalifikationer, mens det er uvist, hvordan de handicappede i sidste ende vil kunne håndtere dem.
Training is geared not only to the subsequent occupation but also to finding employment in this occupation (see section 4.7).
Endvidere udgør et grundlag af matematisk og abstrakt teoretisk viden i dag en del af uddannelsen, f.eks. kan nævnes maleruddannelserne, hvor bl.a. kemiske reaktionsprocesser indgår i undervisningen.
As in Britain, increasing efforts are being made in the Netherlands to create local training and rehabilitation facilities for disabled people.
Dette gør det vanskeligt især for de udviklingshæmmede og evnesvage, der hidtil i stort omfang netop har lært sådanne fag, at gennemføre en kompetencegivende uddannelse.
In the future action might focus on improving the flexibility of the various forms of training, adjusting the new career profiles to the needs of disabled people, extending training periods and transferring more off-the-job training places to firms and vice versa (see also Tews 1985).
På den anden side er handicappede med dobbeltsidede lammelser uden videre i stand til at arbejde med CAD-computere som teknisk tegner.
The information we collected also indicated the importance in this con text of "relieving firms of the training risk".
Uddannelsen i Forbundsrepublikken Tyskland forudsætter imidlertid, at man også kan udføre tegneoperationerne manuelt, hvorfor en uddannelse i faget for tiden ikke er mulig for de pågældende personer.
The rehabilitation in stitutions might then increasingly take responsibility for training and also provide the trainers. The training could be provided in a firm in the private sector.
Eksemplerne viser klart, at det i forbindelse med hele nyorienteringen ikke må glemmes, at der også skal finde en afpasning af uddanneIsesinhoIdet sted efter de handicappedes særlige behov.
The employers and placement officers we interviewed repeatedly called for training at the vocational rehabilitation centres to be geared more to the real world, less instrumental and - particularly in view of the rapid development of technology - tailored more closely to the actual needs of firms.
Der er i 1987 i Forbundsrepublikken Tyskland uddannet i alt 22% af alle revalidenderne inden for afpassede erhvervsprofiler af denne art (jf. Bundesanstalt für Arbeit 1988 a, s. 15).
It at least seems necessary to forge far stronger links between training and the world of work.
Med kravene til revalidendernes kvalifikationsniveau stiger også kravene til uddannelsens organisation.
4.5 Training and rehabilitation in firms
Uddannelsesindholdet skal videreudvikles, mens nye uddannelsesmetoder (modulsystemer, anvendelse af ny teknik som didaktisk redskab) er både mulige og - for så vidt angår visse grupper af handicappede - aldeles påkrævede, såfremt de skal kunne klare det nye uddannelsesindhold. Der er en generel tendens til at differentiere uddannelsestilbudene - bl.a. under hensyn til specifikke regionale eller lokale vilkår.
This thinking has prompted several of the countries studied - Belgium, France and Britain - to take special measures to promote the training of disabled people in firms.
38 erhvervsuddannelsesniveauer kan udformes flere og flere specifikke, målgruppeorienterede tilbud.
38 regulations in the trade and craft sectors still include provisions that make access for disabled people difficult.
Revalideringssystemet omfatter som regel tre afsnit i forlængelse af hinanden: første- eller akuthjælpen, den medicinsk-funktionelle revalidering og uddannelsesfasen eller den erhvervsrettede revalidering.
In France appropriate vocational training for disabled people was virtually confined to the CRPs before the employment crisis; the apprenticeship, a form of on-the-job training, is, however, the oldest form of vo cational training for young adults.
Ved medfødte eller tidligt erhvervede handicap kan der ved siden af den regulære skoleuddannelse anvendes specialundervisning eller yderligere støtteforanstaltninger.
Although this system was reintro duced by law as long ago as 1971, little advantage is currently taken of it for disabled young people.
I øvrigt burde den almindelige skole i langt større grad end hidtil være tilgængelig for handicappede børn.
In an apprenticeship, which lasts two years, the employer undertakes to train the young person concerned in his firm.