natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
18 är bedre foretrak de unge äbenbart at gä i gyinnasiet eller via en specialarbejderuddannelse (der efter det kunne gennemfores med enelevokonomi,dervarendenlarlingelon)-gädirekteudpäarbejdsmar- fytdte langt kedet til ganske hoje lonninger nogle i fuld-beskaftigelsessituatio- forudgäende forsog blev EFG-for-
disputed, the young persons obviously preferred to attend upper secondary school or - possibly via semi-skilled worker-training (which after attaining his 18th birthday the student could do on a student-grant much higher than apprentice-pay) - to go directly out onto the labour market for quite high wages in the situation of full employment around 1970.
EFG-Iarlingeuddannelsenindledesmed 1 basisär indenfor et af (nu) 8 hovederhvervsomräder pä erhvervsskole, hvorefter 2.dels uddannelsen er en vekseluddannelse, som pä mange mäderkanbe-tegnessom enmoderniseringafmesterleren.Den endelige erhvervskompetence og samlede varighed af EFG-uddannelsen svarede tiI mesterlaren, men basisäret indebar storre bredde i kvalifikationerne, herunder ogsä i almene fag, säledes at EFG ogsäskullekunnetiltrakkeunge,dervarorienteretmod envidere- en afsluttet tigeledes faglig en lon,
EFG-apprentice training starts with 1 basis-year within one of the (now) 8 main occupational sectors at vocational school, followed by Part 2-training - alternance training which can in many respects be described as modernization of master apprenticeship.
Det forventedes dengän9, fuldstandig vilte erstatte uddannelse. Klart nok var afbejdsgiveroqganisationerne var denstorrebredde,fleksibifitetogvidereuddannelsesindstil--'Iing,som EFG villekunnegivedeunge,svaredetildefremti-digekvalifikationskraviproduktionen.
The final occupational qualification and the total duration of the EFG-training was the same as for master apprenticeship; but the basis-year provided a wider range in the qualifications, including general subjects, enabling EFG also to attract young persons who were aiming at further training after completing basic trade training.
Den centrale faktor terlereuddannelserne dirnensioneringenafsäve1EFG-som mes-imidlertiddenenkeltearbejdsgiverstilatantageungeilareforhold.
EFG-basis year-students likewise received a wage equivalent to the lst-year master apprentice's wage.
interesse for og vilje i ogpraktikpladsernei19 82beskeft igede f indesimidlertv irksomheder id med
It was expected at that time that EFG would within a few years be able to replace master apprenticeship completely as the basic trade training.
Storstepartenaflar€-demindrev irksomhederi afhelearbejdstyrkenrmenogprakt, ikpladser.f ndenf orca3 7tafsamtligeler€-ogundersagelseviseatvirksom- under20ansattesäledeskun18thavde57*afallebesattelar€-DAr somräde,som dogkundekkerpraktikpladser,skulleennyere
This was obviously enough the opinion of the trade unions; but in the employers' organizations, too, the opinion was widespread that the
med ur'rder 20ansatte rummede 45t af lare- og praktikplads- heder erne.
wider range, flexibility and attitude of being further training-minded, which EFG could instil in the young, matched future qualification-requirements in production.
f de mindre virksomheder har begejstringen for EFG varet knap sä stor. Den starkt stigende ungdomsarbejdsloshed fra 1975 indebar sä, at de unges interesse i at sikres igen erhvervsud- dannelse pladser.
However, the key factor for setting the scale of both EFG-and master apprenticeship-training is the individual employer's interest and desire to engage young persons as apprentices.
mesterlare- styrkefor- medfOrte Samtidig en stigende indebar det efterspOrgsel efter skift i de politiske folketingsvalget i
Within the DA's sphere - which, covers only about 37% of all apprentice- and on-job training-places, however - a fairly recent study is reported to show that firms with fewer than 20 employees accounted for 45% of such places.
L973, efter indträdt politisk hold,som varterlerenfik medvind.
In the smaller firms, there has hardly been as much enthusiasm for EFG.
1975 blev mestrenes säledes afskaffet og
Owing to the sharply-rising youth unemployment from 1975 onwards, the interest of the young in obtaining vocational training thus resulted in increasing demand for apprentice places.
i de kulmiopnä en af disse indsatser indebar konjunkturudviklingen är at lare- og praktikpladsmanglen skarpedes, august 1983 med ca'19.400 unge i kOen for at pä trods folgende nerende i praktikplads.
At the same time, owing to the shift in relative political strengths after the parliamentary elections in 1973, master apprenticeship
Udbygningen af EFG-basisuddannelsen kan derfor udlegges som en tilvakst til erhvervsuddannelser i vekseluddan- dispositioner erhvervsLivets af den bestenmes af og praktikpladser.
The payment by the master craftsmen of school fees for their apprentices was therefore abolished in 1975, and in 1976 the payment of wages to EFG-basis year-students was abandoned also.
EFG-basisuddannelsen betegnes som enandring at alment erhvervsuddannelsesfgrberedende Lilgangen til glnnnasiet er stagneret, äE, som har medf0tt-, saurtidig med at de er- de säkaldte rteknikerr-
When the EFG-trials-law of 1972 was to be amended in 1977, DA and LO had worked out a compromise with a time-table for changing over to a 'single-line system', in which EFG and master apprenticeship would be combined into a higher unit However, the non-socialist majority in Parliament decided that apprenticeship and EFG should continue as two youth vocational training systems of equal rank.
Karakteren af at vare hvervsrettede uddannelser, eller reksamensr-uddannelser og heri sart Qt vokset.
They have since evolved in parallel, and in ^he calendar year 1986 the respective intakes were 23 650 students to EFG-Part 2-courses and 17 500 to the apprentice training-courses 4
statigtiske Fra denne ärden folgen- mere alment erhvervsuddannelsesforberedende kan af grunde kun illustreres nojagtig frem til 1983-84. gang var fordelingen efter fuldfort basisuddannelse de: af
From 1977, public grants likewise began to be paid to employers who established additional apprentice and on-job training-places (both master apprenticeship and EFG), and AER was set up (a fund based upon contributions from all private employers as a percentage of total wages paid, the proceeds of which were used to refund to their employers [the bulk ofQ the wages paid out to apprentices and
Eksamensbasisudd. + KVU Tilbage til grundskole
The growing queue for on-job places made it difficult to keep to this objective.
'Erhvervsgymnas iale'(tekniker+eksamensudd. )
Corresponding quotaschemes were discussed for the private sector.
Herudfra erhvervskraftig ser det ud til at rrestgrupPen', unger der ikke fär eIler studiekompetencegivende ungdomsuddannelse, er reduceret. Tallene for oglaqelseskapacitqt omfatter bäde frafald og romgangere'. l{ä1t pä individUalsta- imidlertid kontor.
However, a tripartite agreement was concluded between the Government, LO and DA, for an intensified, coordinated campaign to produce more new posts of these kinds, and the rates of grants-in-aid were increased for the grants-scheme.
Udbygningen af EFG-basisuddannelsen stor del af aren for at tilgangen til ca uddannelser gymnasiet/HF er steget uendret fra ligger
This must be considered in conjunction with the fact that from around the year 1980 there was a change-over to planning the expansion of EFG-basic training according to demand, i.e. admission to basic training became part of the campaign against youth unemployment.
30t til pä godt mägivetvistildelesenerhvervsrettedeungdoms-knap50t-samtidigmed at308.
Since that time, the change-over from completed EFG-basic training (BU) to EFG-Part 2 training has thus fallen to below 50% - also in the craft industry and manufacturing sectors.
'restgruppen' er sä stort at blandt andet
For EFG as a whole, the change-over from completed basis-year to EFG-Part 2 has been as follows:
arbeidsmarkeds-, organisations- og ud-
Proportion with on-job training
9Der findes dog ogsä säsom fx NNF inaiings- rblandeder forbund af industriforbundstype, og Nydelsesmiddelarbejder-Forbundet).
(DfE = Direktoratet for Erhvervsuddannelserne [Directorate for Vocational Training} in the Ministry of Education.)
tioner for at sikre beskaftigelse for netop deres medlemmer ( !äde med grunduddannelser cg med voksenuddannelser i I faglartes efteruddannelsersr- eller'specialarbejderuddannelsernesl form).
The expansion of EFG-basic training cannot, therefore, be explained only as a growth to vocational training in the form of alternance training (sandwich courses); it is governed by the arrangements made by trade and industry for apprentice and on-job training places.
Arbejdsgiverorganisationerne kan valge mellem at fä dakket ny borrandingsbehov gnten gennem BU, FU, teknikeruddannelser eller videregäende uddannelser og vil ud fra en afvejning af behov öE $Ullgheder i de forskellige erhvervsuddannelsesgrene gä aktivt ind i udformningen af ny uddannelser pä dette relativt lavtplacerede niveau i styringssystemet (ca 100 enheder).
The expansion of EFG-basic training can be described, rather, as a changing of it into a common preparatory year for vocational training, which has resulted in the intake to the upper secondary school becoming sluggish, while at the same time the occupation-orientated training schemes - especially the so-called 'technician' or 'examination' training schemes (leading to a qualifying examination) - have increased.
Derimod spiller koordinerende organer I0 en mere begranset rolIe i de indholdsmassige sporgsmäl - dog har de nogle koordina- tions-, konfliktlosnings- og (dimensionerings )planlagningsopgaver. f rapporten betegnes dette som rdet lave tyngdepunktl for indflydelsen idet danske erhvervsuddannelsessystem.
For statistical reasons, this quality of being of a more general nature, preparatory to vocational training, can be illustrated exactly only up to 1983-84.
- gg hensyntagen af beskeftigelse til Al'lU-syste- understottes af en veluddannet arbejdsstyrke til sikring af opretholgelsen eller opnäelsen (gennem den äbne adgang, ogsä for arbejdslose, met ) rden betegnes
From completed basic training, all EFG-main sectors, 1983-84 (i.e. as at summer of 1984) to 6
midler Et sar- lOSom fx de I
Colleges, etc.
Erhvervsuddannelsesudvalg ErhvervEuddannelseErädet
2.0% Examination basic training + KVU 2.0% Back to primary and lower secondary school 0.5%
- pä grund har der af smävirksomheoverskud af fag- byqqe{aq - varet
Measured as admission capacity, the trend over the last 10-year period has been as follows:
Interessen 09 eventuelt for at reducere antal af specialiseringer og fä de grundlaggende erhvervsuddan- ringe.
Number admitted to youth training as percentage„of number of 17-year-olds
5.2 fndenfor metalomrädet fndenfor lletaI-omrädet ser tingene anderledes ud.
Upper sec.school/HF (higher preparatory 2 years' secondary education)
Den nuvarende status mä derfor ses som enbalancegang melJ-emt at HK-EUU ved,äthvisman ogede presset pä bankomrädet for at fä det til at tilpasse sig mere til EFc-modellen, sä kunne bankerne (som et omräde, der er blandt de mere attraktive for de unge) gä over til alene at rekruttere unge over 18 är med HHX eller studentereksamen - og dermed vare ude over EFG- oglarlingelovensreguleringsregler.Den andensideafbalancen en offentlig pä at fä ung-
On the basis of the above, the 'residual group' - i.e. young persons who do not receive vocational or study qualification-conferring youth training - seems to be greatly reduced.
€t t at bankomrädet good-will gennem at i at opretholde bestrabelserne er interesseret tilslutte sig til til at at fungere og medvirke indenfor HK-omrädet.
However, the figures for admission capacity include both 'drop-outs' and those on a 'second time round'. Measured as individual statistics, the
domserhvervsuddannelserne lose praktikpladsproblemerne
'residual group' has fallen from 46.0% (1978-79) to 36.9%
De politiske stridssporgsuräI er koncentreret til denne uddannelse.
6 Source: Ministry of Education, Economic Statistics Office.
om ilgfegliggg,/adgangsvejen fra Reformudvalget basisuddannelse' er vil betankningen g6re l-ärig
Memorandum August 1986, table 2.11, p.14.
EFG-konceptet) reelt skulle incl almene fag (dvs sekundere adgangsvej til ärs det starte med l deltagelse i hovedvejen.
8 Source: Table 1.5(2) appended to report.
Mindretallet adgangsveje, herunder mesterlareuddannelsen, af den rette en variant svarende t,il forste är af uden at fremheve den ene for den anden: model onskes overladt til de faglige afgorelsen udvalg.
The expansion of EFG-basic training must, of course, be given much of the credit for the increase, from approx. to just under 60%, in the intake to vocational youth training, while at the same time 'Upper secondary school/HF' remains unchanged at a good 30%.
Bagsävelflertalletssom mindretalletsstandpunkter-som her nodvendigvis er sterkt forenklet fremstillet - skjuJ-er sig e! dilemma mellem kvantitet og kvalitet af ungdomserhvervsuddannelser, som harsitgennemslagsominternespendingersävelifagbevagelsensomiarbejdsgiverorganisationerne.
One of the reasons, among others, why the drop-out from training is so high that the 'residual group' is still just under 37%, must be the mismatch between training-areas and employment-areas.
bredde i uddannelsen, herunder af almene vare i modstrid ned den enkeltfaglige, arbejdskraftkvalificering, som indebarer
Thus, large parts of the occupational system - including the public social welfare and care sector - are not covered by EFG-Part 2 or master apprenticeship training.
vil at reagere,men heller lObe en sädan risiko giverorganisationerne forbund er villige til ikke mange fag- i en generel ar- 7.000 unge - ca prak- eller bejdsloshedssituation og i en situation, hvor L/tO af hele ungdomsärgangen - stär i kP for en lare- tikplads.
The problems are thus also connected with the special distinction between skilled trade areas, within which contractual obligation exists, so that young persons as a rule can be employed only as part of trade training, and unskilled areas.
En äben rammelovgivning er den sandsynlige udvikling.
This distinction coincides with the trade union movement's sub-division, according to
sandsynligvis i hovedsagen komme til ungdomserhvervsuddannel- vil den politiske strid dreje sig om indgangsäret
training criteria into skilled and unskilled trade unions 9
Den fremtidige udvikling vil säledes i hoj grad bero pä det fa91i9e selvstyres dispositioner.
- within a trade union movement which, moreover, is a unified movement with a union membership-percentage of about 96%.
Mälene,som betenkningen angiver for 2.delsuddannelserne , kraver en storre koordination og samordning af erhvervsuddannelserne. De vil fOrst for alvor fä vind i sejlene, när der mätte blive konkurrence om tilgangen af unge og när det mätte blive vigtigt, ät den enkelte faglarte lOnarbejder kan skifte ar- arbejds- bejdsfunktion t og ikke lOshed, kan udskiftes blot,stom underdengenerellemed enanden,starkt-specialiseret fagar- 1970, for
It is between the individual unions - the skilled tradesmen within the various 'trade committees' (FU) and the unskilled workers in the 'sector committees' (BU) for semi-skilled worker training - and the organization(s) of the employer(s) on the other side, that the close cooperation in 'trade self-management' takes place.
EFG omkring til a9 over interesse 70'erne t fra den store renassance i bejder. Skiftet via mesterlarens bäde-og po- 2.dels-ud- en harmoniseret tit
This work is very dynamic in endeavouring to gather new qualification-requirements in production.
Irtere radikale brud erhvervsuddannelserne pä den hidtidige tegner der sig somfOlge af reformoplagget.
The trade unions try to 'cover with training' new job functions, in order to secure employment particularly for their members (with both basic training schemes and adult training schemes in the form of 'skilled further training courses' or 'semi-skilled worker training courses').
Forandringerne vil afhenge af hvorvidt de Okonomiske, politiske og organisatoriske konjunkturer andres, men vilstadigvareunderlagtrdetfagligeselv-styres'merefundamentalerammmebetingelser- markedsmekä- i dele af fagforbund delsfraetsom ogsätrivesikke-faglarte
The employers' organizations can choose between getting new manning requirements covered through either 'trade committees', 'sector committees', technician training or continuing training, and will actively participate, on the basis of weighing needs and opportunities in the various branches of vocational
ognogleafdepolitiskradikalefaglerteforbund.Mengenereltnyderrdetfagligeselvstyre'som man ogsäkunnebetegnesomrdetorganisationsdominerede,korporativesystemtstoraner- kendelse og dets fordele iser stabiliteten i reproduk- 09 (gradueret) fagligt-fardig-
training, in working out new training schemes at this relatively low level within the management system (about 100 units).
- arbejdsstyrke anses for storre end tionen af en fleksibel, hedsmessigt kompetent ulemperne.
Coordinating bodies , on the other hand, play a more limited role in matters of content - but they have some tasks of coordination, settling disputes and (scale-)planning.
Pä arbejdsmarkedsuddannelsernes omräde har kompromistraditionen varet bäret af den dobbelte rnälsatni4g. Dobbeltheden indebarer
In the report, this is referred to as 'the low centre of gravity' of influence in the Danish vocational training system.
De kan kurser, udgore sig at trussel har der vist en potentiel mod AMU-kursernes landsdakkende arbejdslose - VTP-loven flyt- kompetence og mod systemets äbenhed, ogsä for eller sammenfattets regeringens forvaltning af ter- efter fagbevagelsens vurdering - vagten irden dobbelte erhvervs- i den virksomhedsretteder mälsetningr politiske for meget over vagtskäl.
Attention to growth in productivity - which can be supported by a well-trained labour force - and ensuring maintenance or achievement of employment (through unrestricted access - also for unemployed persons - to the AMU-system), fall within the horizon of common interest of 'trade self-management'.
Tyskland som verende af offentlig interesse og som en af samfundets bor overlades tiI privat- ressourcer, hvis frembringelse ikke akonomiske interesser.
school instruction of banking students to take place as instruction requisitioned from the commercial schools, or by arranging it themselves, under the control of the sector organization.
Det vi1 ikke sige, at erhvervs- uddannelsen er noget staten tager sig af.
However, it has been decided to continue (a) to use EFG-basic training as the access path and (b) to adapt further training to the EFG-Part 2 models.
Der har derimod udviklet sig et hojtinstitutionaliseret og yderst kompleks offentliqt system, hvis udformning og administration bäde kvalifika- de tilbyder og de der der- modtager erhvervsfaqlig deres organisationer- tion representeret ved har ind- i det offentlige system sker fire hoved- flydelse pä.
Some dissatisfaction with the - to some extent - separatist vocational training policy of the banking sector has been expressed by the other partners within the commerce and clerical sector's EUU and by the Minister of Education.
Bäde faglige organisationer og arbejds- giverorganisationer fungerer i
Development tendencies within youth vocational training
Tyskland i et forbavsende stort omfang som tilbudsgivere for de grundleggende erhvervsuddanneLser og for videreuddanneLse.
The three sectors thus show something of the range of variation and difference within the vocational training system in Denmark - which in form and in law is a reasonably uniform system.
Disse aktivite- tilfelde dog med akonomisktersomtilbudsgivere for uddannelser der ofte krever store at parterne investeringer og driftsomkostninger bevirker, der har
In the debate on the subject within the country, the Danish system has often been charged with being rigid and tied too closely to labour market organization demarcations, etc.
- en interesse i at udvides og erhvervsuddannelsen af staten - bestyrkes sel"vfolgelig ogsä stottes yderligere og meget händfast i denne holdning.
As mentioned above, however, the operation of the system is highly diversified and it is characterized by dynamic competition in covering new qualification requirements -but at the organization level, instead of competition between individual firms and persons.
Endvidere giver den direkte involvering i gennemfarel-sen af uddannelsestiltag mulighed for at inddrage praktiske erfaringer i organisa- t i o n e r n e s e r h v e r v s u d d a n n e J. s e s p o I i t i s k e b e s l- u t n i n g s p r o c e s .
As a result, in a number of market segments well-known recognition of vocational and labour market training schemes exists nation-wide, implying flexibility, capacity to change and mobility within the labour force.
0rganisationerne medvirker til at afkl-are og standar- disere erhvervsuddannelsespolitisk relevante interesser, bäde inden for de pägeldende organisationssystemer og dem arbejdsgivernes og fagforbundenes centrale imellem.
These must be regarded as very important advantages in a community such as the Danish, which is characterized by the existence of many small and medium-sized enterprises, and a necessary rapid adaptation to changes in the international division of labour.
Deite bidrager til at bevare erhvervsuddannelsernes og horisontale gennemgangsmuligheder.
Mobility is high, in fact; about 50% of the male workers changed jobs in 1986 - and among participants in
0rganisationerne medvirker i udavelsen af offentlig magt ved at deltage i autoritative beslutningsprocesser og fä overdraget retlige styringsbefojelser.
Within youth vocational training, there is no prospect of the more fundamental features of 'trade self-management' being affected by the current reform work towards drafting a common Law on vocational training to replace the apprentices law of 1956 and the EFG-law of 1977.
Inden for denne kategori findes serlig mange og for det tyske erhvervsuddan- nelsessystem karakteristiske former for organisationsinvol- vering.
The most important driving force for this is to achieve benefits in training finance and administration by getting EFG-Part 2 draining and apprentice training integrated in a unified system.
Farst og fremmest skal navnes fagbevegelsens og arbejdsgiverorganisationernes representa-
The question of political controversy is concentrated upon the introduction/access path to this training.
Iovligt fasttagte og parastatslige tion i forskeltige statslige institutioner, specielt
Since the report was finished, the Reform Committee's memorandum has appeared.
Erhvervsuddannelserne og
11 Cf. section 7 of the report
( svarer til
Page 39
Arbejdsdirektoratet ). fagforbundenes medvirken
emphasizing any one path over another, their desire being to leave to the trade committees the decision as to the correct model to use.
TiI denne kategori horer endvidere erhvervsuddannelsesudvalgene under i - brancheforeningerne status - der ud og over
Heavy emphasis upon the range of training - including general subjects - will inevitably conflict with one-trade, firm-related labour qualification, which enables the apprentice to be a valuable member of the workforce also during the apprenticeship.
"1"urrmed offentligretlig for erhvervsuddannelsen deres ansvar imidlertid udelukkende eller overvejende er virksomhedernes interesseorganisationer,
It is natural that the employers' organizations should react against such a risk; but not many trade unions are willing to run this risk, either, in a situation of general unemployment and in a situation in which there are 7 000 young persons - about l/10th of the whole youth year - queueing for an apprentice or on-job training post.
Inddragelsen af parter i disse og lignende arbejdsmarkedets den politisk organer har ogsä vigtige funktion at g@te
Consequently, very wide agreement exists between the social partners within the trade committees, in their desire to maintain a balance - as 'trade selfmanagement's' own affair - between wide range and
BIBB rent faktisk er tvunget til at tage stilling til
Open, framework legislation is what will probably be applied.
Forbundsregeringens ärsberetning om erhvervsuddannelsen). organisationerne pä alle mulige
The political controversy will therefore probably be mainly over the year of entry to youth vocational training.