natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
dringer, der knytter sig til deres placering i det økonomiske og sociale system.
form, for example, the further training committees of 'Training Associations' (Associations de Formation) in 1982.
Med det samme melder der sig spørgsmål som den tilbudte uddannelses kvalitet og om fang (antallet af til rådighed stående pladser) eller uddannelsernes tilgængelighed (antal og art af dem, der kan deltage i ud dannelserne).
Hence, the criticisms made of national consultative bodies are thus echoed at regional and département levels.
En anden kritik rettes mod uddannelser nes gennemførelse inden for rammen af den tidligere definerede struktur.
• A lliances of a more or less systematic nature between two 'actors' in order to limit the scope of a third.
For det første kritiseres den alt for lange tid, der går, inden de forskellige uddannelser gen nemføres.
The criticisms made by tradeunion organizations of current consultative procedures at the level of the enterprise can be re-grouped in several categories:
Hyppigt kritiseres også uddannelsesapparatets træghed og mangel på evne til at tilpasse sig ændrede vilkår.
• An extension of the consultation procedures within the framework of already existing procedures.
Mere generelt kan man altså sige, at der i erhvervsuddannelsessystemet findes sektorielle subsystemer, der på forskellig måde udnytter mulighederne for gen nemførelse af erhvervsuddannelsen.
• Imbalances in information or in situations linked, for example, to the different aptitude levels of those responsible for producing reports, for keeping up on or processing statistical data, and for keep ing pace with studies and research work.
Følgelig har de forskellige opfattelser af de sektorielle forbindelser virksomhed, intersektorielt og regionalt, og udformer derved instansernes relative betydning ud fra såvel et funktionelt som et strategisk synspunkt.
• owing to the complex nature of the been set up by means of the training plan submitted for comment to employees' texts, training is often assigned to a few individuals who are experts in a specific field who then cut themselves off from others;
Grunduddannelsesapparatet efterlader fremdeles 23 % af en årgang uden er hvervsuddannelse, og det er for meget, selv om der er sket en væsentlig forbedring af situationen i den sidste halve snes år.
• Systematic opposition, for example, in the form of speeches of an ideological nature which do not tackle the actual subject of a meeting.
Betragter man de tre grundlæggende kontrakttyper, der udgør de unges ud dannelsesplan, opdager man, at situationen dårligt nok forbedres af denne ord ning.
• employees' representatives have dif representatives in accordance with in creasingly detailed procedures.
Endelig er de ulige adgangsmuligheder til erhvervsuddannelsen, som alle rede er omfattende for den grund læggende uddannelses vedkommende, næppe formindsket af ordningerne for efter- og videreuddannelse.
This trend has been reinforced by the increasingly important position which mutual benefit funds are tending to assume as tools for the realization of continuing ficulty gaining an overall view of the dif ferent policies possible in training. This is training schemes, irrespective of the
Det franske system i dets nuværende form er genstand for stor og i høj grad sammenfaldende kritik.
• Inability of the majority of the participants to make a real contribution to the dossiers.
Endelig er den status, der tillægges er hvervsuddannelsen på arbejdspladsen, genstand for debat.
especially true because although the target groups.
Som bekendt er staten på dette område den hovedsagelige garant for beviserne, som enten godkendes af undervisningsministeriet eller af en særlig »godkendelseskommission«.
Finally, the two preceding trends are or interregional structures for each oc cupational branch which normally set up accompanied by a shift in the centre of gravity in the steering of vocational train and coordinate exchanges, these structures do not wield enough influence and the elected representatives are very much left to their own devices.
Men det er den plads, der indrømmes kvalifikationsbeviserne i de kollektive overenskomster og bevisernes evne til at åbne ad gang til indplacering eller aflønning, der svarer til bevisernes »niveau«, der er gen stand for de stærkeste modsætninger mellem arbejdsmarkedets parter.
• Malfunctionings of a more general nature linked to elements such as a lack of preparation of dossiers, insufficient time to allow for dossiers to be studied properly, and overly wide definitions of tasks.
Det er ikke tilstrækkeligt at kende sammensætningen og de opgaver, der overdrages en instans, f or at kun ne vurdere den reelle rolle, den ind tager i systemet.
ing towards more decentralized forums in which consultation, even if it is a problem child at present, is no less likely to be developed on a large scale in the future, that is if the social partners want it to move in this direction.
En del kritik samler sig om systemets elementers evne til at definere de store al mindelige retningslinjer under hensyntagen til udsigterne til mellemfristet ændring af landets økonomiske og sociale karakteristika.
Consequently, the elected representatives have difficulty in playing an im portant role vis-à-vis an overall training
Det gælder især på landsplan for undervisningsministeriet og sammenslutningen for erhvervsud
Thus, it can be said that there is in France plan for the enterprise, in critically ap praising the plan submitted to them and, a tendency for the social partners to play a more important rote in defining general more particularly, in providing stimulus and new suggestions.
Man kan altså sige, at det for at vurdere den plads, som arbejdsmarkedets parter indtager inden for erhvervsuddannelser ne, ikke er vigtigst at vide, om der ud fra et formelt synspunkt findes eller ikke findes mange paritetiske instanser, men de rimod at kende arten og funktionen af de instanser, der indtager en strategisk rolle i styringen af de strukturer, der bidrager til arbejdskraftressourcernes forvaltning.
The impression we have tried to give of the current position of the social partners in vocational training should not lead us to underestimate vocational training objectives by means of consultative procedures under the aegis of the public authorities. This trend seems to have the blessing of all those concerned.
Det forklarer den undersøgelsesmetode, der valgtes til denne forskning, som ud over en analyse af love og forordninger også beskæftigede sig med disses gennem førelse inden for tre sektorer, der står i skarp indbyrdes modsætning: bankerne, byggesektoren og kapitalvarerne.
By contrast, sectoral comanagement of continuing training schemes financed by enterprises and the the importance of developments observed in this area in the last 20 trend towards negotiations on an increas ingly large scale at the level of the enter years.
dannelse af voksne (Association pour la Arbejdsmarkedets parters evne til formation professionnelle des adultes — tilstedeværelse afhænger af effektiv AFPA) og på regionalt plan for lærlin funktion hos de instanser, hvori de er re geuddannelsen.
Their position has, in fact, been steadily extended in line with four parallel mechanisms: prises are encountering increasing dif ficulties arising from the differences of opinion which prevail amongst the various groups: the employers' 'trade unions' and the employees' trade unions, and amongst the employees' trade unions themselves.
Her drejer det sig ikke præsenteret, og dermed af den plads, de
The criticsms vary in strength and number depending on whom they are levelled at and from whom they stem.
Arbejdsmarkedsparternes plads in den for erhvervsuddannelserne kan vurderes efter deres evne til reelt at gribe ind i uddannelsesdynamikken.
The position of the social partners in vocational training is, in fact, one element in the overall trends which characterize political and social developments.
blot om at definere uddannelses- og specialiseringsniveauerne, men også kvalifikationsbeviserne, uddannelseslinjerne og fagplanerne.
• An extension of contractual policy through widening its field of application. Here, we are dealing more especially with branch or enterprise agreements which, in various fields: new technology, equal opportunities, and re-training, tend to give the respective partner an opportunity to state his views directly, the latter be ing involved in implementation, or in directly as, for example, in the 'commitments to the development of training' (engagements de développement de la formation — EDDF).
Den kan bedømmes i to perspektiver.
Amongst the former, CGT members are louder in their criticisms and are, on the whole, easily distinguishable from the other tradeunion organizations.
I begge perspektiver skal erhvervsuddannelsen sikre lige muligheder for alle til at få adgang til uddannelserne efter deres evner og ønsker og ikke efter de forhin
• Changes in the make-up of bodies: some of whom were not parity-based in the beginning but who then adopted this
centrale instanser og da især de, der bes kæftiger sig med efter- og videreuddannelse, er genstand for en bedre bedømmelse med hensyn til deres funktion.
which 'cut it up into pieces' according to different principles: a youth training policy negotiated with vocational train ing authorities supported by an invest ment policy negotiated with the Ministry for Industry, and a labour reduction policy negotiated at best with the one Minister of Labour and Social Affairs but in reality with the multiple partners whose interests and constraints are far from being homogeneous.
• Omgåelse af instanser, især fra statens repræsentanters side, ved nedsættelse af underudvalg eller arbejdsgrupper, så den officielle instans blot kommer til at virke som »alibi« over for publikum.
tral government and the various ter ritorial communities must be retained within public authorities in order to im plement policies, and between inter-sectoral, sectoral and entrepreneurial levels in the private sector?
• Alliancer af mere eller mindre systematisk karakter mellem to parter for at begrænse den tredje parts indflydelse.
It is easy to imagine the reverse situation: a reduction in direct state intervention in training provision.
Den kritik, der fremføres til de rådgivende landsinstanser genfindes altså i for stærket form på regions- og departementsplan. mentsplan.
Here, its role would be limited to that of a pilot body in connection with priority objectives and to situations in which the private partners prove unable to achieve these objectives.
• som følge af teksternes sammensatte karakter overdrages uddannelsen hyppigt til nogle få, der specialiserer sig og har tilbøjelighed til at adskille sig fra de øvrige;
Parity is not in itself a panacea: practice has shown that in order to obtain effective action on the part of parity structures a certain number of conditions, to a certain degree structural, have to be fulfilled.
• Systematisk obstruktion, f.eks. ved at tale om ideologi for at undgå at komme ind på det egentlige emne for mødet.
Initially, there must be a real desire for a dialogue, and this implies limited an tagonisms. This is far from always being the case in France.
• Udvidelse af samrådsprocedurerne som led i bestående procedurer.
There are, therefore, no grounds for re jecting a priori the enterprise as the cen tral location for negotiation.
Denne tendens forstærkes yderligere af den voksende plads som de »gensidige fonde« har tilbøjelighed til at antage som redskaber for gennemførelse af efterfølgende uddannelse uanset hvilket publikum, der sigtes imod.
In France, the main problem lies in the major differences both in the attitude of enterprises towards training and in the ability of employee representatives to negotiate effectively with employers.
• Manglende teknisk indsigt blandt størsteparten af deltagerne, som derfor ikke reelt er i stand til at beskæftige sig med sagerne.
On closer examination, the regulatory system corresponding to decentralization poses a series of problems which vary in importance depending on the conditions under which it was introduced in the different regions.
• lønmodtagernes repræsentanter har svært ved at danne sig et samlet overblik over de forskellige former for uddannelsespolitik.
This ability varies according to the size of the enterprise and from sector to sector depending on the intensity of tradeunion activity.
• Generelt dårligfunktion som følge af manglende forberedelse af sagerne, for korte tidsfrister til at sagerne kan gennemarbejdes, for brede opgavedefinitioner etc.
In other words, parity poses the two-fold problem of the philosophy and aptitude of the partners concerned: two areas in which labour relations in France are often on delicate ground.
• Endelig oplever man sideløbende med de to førnævnte udviklinger en forskydning af tyngdepunktet for styringen af er hvervsuddannelserne hen imod mere de centraliserede steder, hvor samrådet, selv om det volder vanskeligheder i øjeblikket, alligevel potentielt er i stand til at blive stærkt udvidet i fremtiden, forudsat at parternes ønske går i denne retning.
state consults the regions about their ac tivities range from strictly separate forms to the joint preparation of regional schemes.
Følgelig har de valgte repræsentanter svært ved at spille en vigtig rolle over for en samlet uddannelsesplan for virksom heden, en kritisk rolle med hensyn til den plan, de får forelagt, men især en rolle som impulsgiver og forslagsstiller.
In the game for three which is being played by the social partners and the public authorities, the latter appear to be the guarantors for general economic and social goals.
Den opfattelse, som man har prøvet på at give af arbejdsmarkedets parters nuværende plads inden for er hvervsuddannelserne må ikke føre til undervurdering af betydningen af den i de sidste tyve år iagttagede ud vikling.
The contracts under the state-region plan give rise to formulas in which state ac tivities, parallel to those of the regions, vary quite considerably.
• Manglende ligevægt mellem deltager ne, ofte fordi arbejdsgiverne optræder homogent over for fagforeningerne, der repræsenterer forskellige synspunkter og tit er splittet, da den kommunistisk dominerede hovedorganisation CGT mange gange har sin egen opfattelse, men også fordi der side om side med arbejdsgiverrepræsentanterne befinder sig repræsentanter for handels-, håndværker- og landbrugskamre, der også taler virksomhedernes sag.
This is con firmed by the large gaps which exist at in terregional level in the relations between state funds channelled into the contracts envisaged under the plan and the compulsory transfers.
Man kan altså sige, at der i Frankrig er tendens til at styrke arbejdsmarkedets parters rolle i processen med henblik på definition af erhvervsuddannelsens al mindelige mål ved hjælp af høringer i of fentligt regi. Denne tendens ser ud til at finde alle berørte parters tilslutning.
In this case, the problem is clearly the boundaries imposed within the framework of this law or, in the case of sectoral agreements based on this law, the extension of their field of application.
Derimod støder den sektorielle fællesadministration af efter- og videreuddannelsen og tendensen til at indføre en bredere og bredere forhandling i virksomhederne på større vanskeligheder som følge af divergenser mellem parterne arbejdsgivere og fagforeninger, men også mellem fagforeninger indbyrdes.
Given the present attitude of French managers towards the importance of the 'training investment' and given the present state of employee representation in French enterprises, it is difficult to en visage effective, direct negotiations in these enterprises without there being considerable changes in the law, changes which would increase the level of this statutory obligation and, more impor tantly, extend this obligation to all enterprises, failing which there could be a widespread economic and social slump.
Således oplever man faktisk en regelmæssig udvidelse af arbejdsmarkedets parters plads i henhold til fire sammenhængende mekanismer:
The importance of, and the need to im prove the coordination mechanisms in decentralized vocational training are even more essential in the welcome perspective of an extension of this decentralization to vocational training under the aegis of national education.
Arbejdsmarkedets parters plads i erhversuddannelserne indgår faktisk i den almindelige tendens, der ken detegner den politiske og sociale ud vikling.
Undoubtedly, the greatest tension in labour relations in France centres around the roles which have been assigned to the branches and enterprises.
Den fremsatte kritik er mere eller mindre stærk alt efter instans og forhandlingsparter.
The first role of the public authorities is, thus, above all as an arbitrator but also as a 'watchdog' deciding the rules of the game and ensuring they are observed.
Blandt arbejdsmarkedsparterne kan man sige, at kritikken som hovedregel er stærkest fra lønmodtagerrepræsentanternes side og blandt disse fra CGT's side, hvis opfattelse i det store og hele ad skiller sig ret væsentligt fra de andre hovedorganisationers.
It is impossible to see how, in this field, they could abandon their prerogatives, even in the case of intervention within the framework of an extended contractual policy. This kind of role will remain necessary as long as the French system remains so disunited and its constituent organs continue to guard their prerogatives so jealously.
Med hensyn til in stanserne konstaterer man, at kritikken som regel er stærkest, når den retter sig til decentraliserede instanser i regioner, departementer og virksomheder etc. De
A second role for the public authorities is to maintain their ability to provide effective stimulus to the dynamics of training, particularly in connection with major economic and industrial trends.
Dens udvikling kan altså ikke unddrage sig øjeblikkets store debat i det franske samfund: Hvilken plads skal der gives
It is equal ly certain that the enterprise must be seen as a management unit and that it would be disadvantageous to have incentives
• En udvidelse af overenskomstpolitikken ved forøgelse af dens anvendelsesområde.
Inversely, increased awareness of the ad vantages of vocational training as an in vestment linked with the development of the technical tools for its implementation would probably lead to the emergence of major areas of common interest between the social partners in multi-annual train ing plans which would favour training schemes leading to recognized qualifica tions.
Der er her især tale om branche- el ler virksomhedsaftaler, der på forskellige områder som ny teknik, ligestilling og omskoling tilstræber at give parten et ord at sige enten direkte ved inddragelse i gennemførelsen eller indirekte ved »uddannelsesudviklingsforpligtelser« il)
The advantage of such a situation is that it would avoid binding those in volved to a single model and would enable them to establish balances adapted to different kinds of activity, to employees' qualifications, and to the kind of social debate peculiar to the enterprise or branch.
Hvilken plads skal arbejdsmarkedets parter indtage i beslutningsproces sen: Hørings-/samrådsrolle og beslutningsrolle?
The role of the social partners in vocational training in Italy
Der skal fra begyndelsen være virkelig vilje til dialog, hvilket forudsætter, at der ikke er for megen modstrid.
Points of crisis and new trends in participation in the training system: these are the focuses of the present report.
Det er langt fra tilfældet i Frankrig.
The analysis and the attempt at explaining the déficiences proceed hand in hand with the identification and the assess ment of the innovations taking place in the role of social partners.
Den varierer efter størrelsen, man også efter sektorerne i forhold til fagforeningernes indflydelse.
Awareness of the state of crisis in which vocational training and participation in training stand appears, from the survey, to be widespread and critical.
Statens forudgående høringer af regionerne om disses aktioner gennemføres i forskellige former, der spænder lige fra streng adskillelse til opbygning af fælles regionale systemer.
There are two discriminating features of this state of crisis: on the one hand, the insufficiency and inadequacy of existing participation, on the other, the absence of the role and of the participation of the social part ners in many fields crucial to the training experience, particularly those offering more prospects for the future.
Med andre ord rejser parternes ligestilling både spørgsmålet om disses filosofi og tekniske indsigt, som er to punkter på hvilke de faglige forbindelser i Frankrig tit befinder sig i en vanskelig situation.
reconversion of labour processes, inadequacy in handling the new demand and in stimulating and re-qualifying the supply.
Hvad erhvervsuddannelsen angår, kan man gå ud fra, at den paritetiske dialog først for alvor vil opnå stor udbredelse, når parterne i fællesskab betragter den som en virkelig mellemfristet investering, der skal give de pågældende kredse i be folkningen mulighed for at få gode er hvervsmæssige kvalifikationer.
Of equal gravity are the problems posed by the participation that is non-existent, because the social partners are absent (in those sectors devoid of the trade unions), because participation is 'submerged', in that the workers and employers are not represented by collective organizations belonging to the industrial relations system, or, finally, because participation is 'hidden', in that the workers and the firms act 'informally' within their organizations and are unable to influence policy and/or make their experiences known.
Plankontrakterne stat-region giver an ledning til ordninger, hvorefter statens aktioner ud over de af regionerne gen nemførte varierer meget stærkt, hvilket fremgår af de interregionale forskelle, der består mellem de statsbevillinger, der in drømmes i henhold til plankontrakter, og de obligatoriske overførsler.
Existing participation is judged as being limited, generally inefficacious or even harmful at times, insofar as it takes the form of bureaucratic top-heaviness, of impediments against — and rigidity in — pears more functional to the 'pathology' than to the normal, consensual management of social relations.
Farerne ved at det offentlige trækker sig tilbage. I det spil med tre deltagere, der udkæmpes mellem arbejdsmarkedets parter og det offentlige, er det sidstnævnte, der er garant for de generelle økonomiske og sociale mål.
The conflictsolving or conflict-preventive function of training prevails over the physiological and regulating one and adapts itself with difficulty to a process such as training which takes place in a continuum follow ing slow, gradual timing and pace, that is, the timing and pace of learning.
Omfanget og nødvendigheden af en for bedring af systemet til koordinering af den decentraliserede erhvervsuddannelse vokser i takt med den ønskede udvidelse af decentraliseringen af de erhvervsud dannelser, der henhører under undervisningsministeriet. ningsministeriet.
The clash between the continuous process in volved in training and the episodic character of the attention of the partners leads to a low incidence of influence and above all, creates the impression that agreements, the contracts, the legislative achievements, even the structures and in stitutions of participation have little effect upon the real process which goes along its own way.
Det er ganske ubestridt ¡forbindelse med den rolle, der er overdraget til brancherne de konvergens mellem arbejdsmarkedets
Associate Professor for applied economics, Faculty for Statistics at the University of Padua
Det er altså det offentliges primære opgave at være dommer, men også at udgøre et »rækværk« ved at fastsætte spillets regler og sørge for deres overholdelse.
• The 'politicization' of the role played by the partners.
Man kan ikke forestille sig, hvordan det offentlige skal kunne trække sig tilbage fra disse opgaver — end ikke ved at gribe ind som led i en omfattende overenskomstpolitik.
This characteristic, which reflects an aspect of the Italian in dustrial relations system, is perceived frequently as a limitation of efficacy.