natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
I øvrigt var flere traktatbestemmelser under traktaternes godkendelsesprocedure for de nationale parlamenter genstand for offentlig debat, og de kompetente ministre har, forekommer det, udfoldet særlige bestræbelser for at give en ensartet fortolkning af traktaterne.
He stated: 'The States, signatories to the Treaty of Rome, have themselves excluded all recourse to the preparatory work and it is very doubtful whether the reservations and declarations, inconsistent as they are ... can be regarded as constituting true preparatory work.
Senere europæiske internationale konventioner, såsom protokollerne af 3. juni
Nor can they be held against the new Members of the enlarged Community . . .
1971, undertegnet i Luxembourg i1), er ledsaget af »betragtninger« eller af fælles »beretninger«.
This opinion gives rise to two considerations:
Forordninger, direktiver og beslutninger indledes med »præambler« og »betragtninger«, der nærmere fastlægger betydningen og rækkevidden af de efter følgende bestemmelser.
Those States have acceded to the Treaties as they exist, that is to say with their spirit, aim and objectives .. . which may be deduced from the preparatory work.
Man kan spørge, om forhandlingsprotokoller, navnlig vedrørende forberedelsen af beslutninger, kan være et fortolkningselement for dommeren (2).
'The objectives' of the Treaties are indeed an essential factor in interpreting the wording of the Treaties.
En »vedtægtsgruppe« afgiver udtalelser vedrørende påtænkte bestemmelser angående tjenestemænds rettigheder og pligter.
The report of the International Law Commission which drafted the Convention of 23 May 1969 considered in this connexion: 'A Member State which accedes to a treaty which it has not helped to draft is perfectly entitled to see the preparatory work before consenting to accede'. '
Domstolen tager undertiden disse udtalelser i betragtning.
It is stated above in this report (p.
Men med hensyn til sådanne »forberedende dokumenter« opstår naturligvis spørgsmålet om deres offentliggørelse. Kan en domstol tage hensyn til sådanne, når de retsundergivne ikke har adgang hertil ?
56): 'The Commission (nevertheless) considered that it would be scarcely realistic or appropriate to assert in the draft of the article that recourse might not be had to external means of interpretation such as preparatory work so long as the application of the rules set out in Article 27 (Article 31 of the Convention of 1969) has not shown that it is impossible to deduce any clear or reasonable meaning from the wording'.
(2) Visse nationale »administrative« domstole gør brug heraf, bl.a. ved bedømmelsen af en retsakts eller en beslutnings »lovlighed« eller gyldighed.
In its opinion on the interpretation of the Convention of 1919 on the Work of Women at Night, the Permanent Court of Justice declared: 'The preparatory work thus confirms the conclusions indicated by a study of the wording of the Convention, that is to say that there is no valid ground whatsoever for interpreting Article 3 other than in accordance with the natural meaning of its wording'.2
ii) Domstolens og generaladvokaternes benyttelse af »forarbejder«
(ii) The national courts
Hvad angår forarbejderne til de grundlæggende europæiske traktater, har jeg ovenfor anført generaladvokaterne Lagrange og Mayras' opfattelser i1).
It may be stated that in the Federal Republic of Germany, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Belgium ' both 'administrative' and other courts have recourse in varying degrees, but generally with prudence and caution, to preparatory work of the laws of the legislature.
Forarbejderne til traktaternes godkendelsesprocedure i de nationale parla­menter er bl.a. blevet påberåbt af generaladvokat Römer.
It is generally stated that the practice differs in the United Kingdom.
I den tyske regerings redegørelse hedder det herom: »Hvad angår domstolskontrollens omfang ...
The Courts have in the past said to Parliament: we accept your intrusion into our affairs as irresistible, but we will not allow it to go one iota further than the enacted words of your statute'.
Man kan endvidere nævne den franske delegations beretning ...
'It has sometimes been suggested that we should not have regard to the reports of the Law Commission which lead to legislation.
Efter regeringens opfattelse må Domstolen tage hensyn til motiverne til de ratifikationslove, der er forelagt de andre landes parlamenter.
But we think we should. They are most helpful in showing the mischief which Parliament intended to remedy' (by Lord Denning, Wachtel ν Wachtel (1973), 2 W.L.R. 366, 375).
De udviser efter regeringens opfattelse ingen uoverensstemmelse på dette punkt«.
Cf. also the leading case of Assam Railways and Trading Company Ltd. ν Commissioners of Inland Revenue (1935) A.C. 445.3
Domstolen støtter sig herefter på en »sammen­ligning af de forskellige nationale lovgivninger«.
In the Scandinavian countries the courts may also have recourse to preparatory work especially in order to discover the circumstances which gave rise to the legislation.4
(') Forslag til afgørelse fra Lagrange forud for dommen af 16. juli 1956 — sag 8/56 — og forslag til afgørelse fra Mayras forud for dommen af 2l·. juni 1974 — sag 2/74.
Folke Schmidt, 'Construction of Statutes', SSL 1957 (1) 155­198 Stig. Ströholm, 'Legislative Material and Construction of Statutes', SSL 1966 (10) 193­218.
Se også forslag til afgørelse fra generaladvokat Trabucchi i sag 43/75 (Defrenne), dom àf 8. april 1976. . ' ' < ■ (2) Sag 6/60 — Humblet — Sml.
N. S. Marsh 'Interpretation in a National and International Context' (Brussels 1973), p. 79.
søgeren ... den tyske lovgiver er således ikke enig i den belgiske administra­tions opfattelse ...«.
C — Preparatory work — The Court of Justice of the European Communities
Benyttelse af »præambler« og »betragtninger«
(i) Initial considerations
I dommen af 15. oktober 1969 (x) udtaler Domstolen: »Efter den syvende betragtning til den pågældende forordning ...
The consultation of preparatory work clearly depends on it being possible to have recourse to it.
I den ottende betragtning sammesteds hedder det ...
In this connexion it should be stated that the preparatory work to the three basic Treaties has remained of a secret or con fidential nature.
I det hele er disse elementer udtryk for bestræbelsen for at sikre de forarbejdende industrier i medlemsstaterne ...
A collection of extracts of the essential points in the 'ValDuchesse' discussions which was prepared by two lawyers has never to this day been published.
Det må følgelig antages, at forfatterne til artikel 6, stk. 1 har haft til hensigt ... Dette resultat, der bekræftes af den næstsidste betragtning til den nævnte forordning, hvor­efter ... «.
Furthermore, in the course of the pro cedures for approving the Treaties in the national parliaments, several pro visions of the Treaties formed the subject-matter of public debates and it appears that the competent ministers took particular pains to confer a common interpretation on the Treaties.
I dommen af 4. oktober 1972 (2) fortolker Domstolen forordning nr. 565/68 af 24. april 1968, der fritager indførslen af visse former for fjerkræ med oprindelse i Den polske Folkerepublik fra tillægsafgift ved indførslen i Fællesskabet.
Subsequent international European conventions, such as the Protocols of 3 June 1971, signed at Luxembourglwere accompanied by statements of grounds or common 'reports'.
Dommen udtaler: »det fremgår af betragtningerne til denne forordning, at fritagelsen er ydet dels på grundlag af garantier fra Den polske Republiks regering om, at udførslerne kun vil blive udført af statscentralen . .. som ikke vil levere de nævnte varer til franko­grænse­priser, der ligger under slusepriserne, og dels på grundlag af den nævnte regerings tilsagn om at sætte Kommissionen i stand til at udøve en fortsat kontrol med de trufne foranstaltningers effektivitet ...«.
These statements of grounds or reports were submitted to the national parliaments or to certain national parliaments in the course of the procedures for approving both the Protocols and the International Convention signed at Brussels on 29 February and 27 September 1968 to which they relate.
I den førnævnte dom af 23. januar 1975 (sag 31/74, Galli) vedrørende for­ordning nr. 120/67 om korn anfører Domstolen: »for at sikre, at den indre handel kan foregå uhæmmet, indeholder forordningen en række bestemmelser, der skal fjerne såvel begrænsningerne i den frie bevægelighed som enhver fordrejning af Fællesskabets indre handel, der skyldes andre interventioner fra medlemsstaternes side på markedet end dem, som forordningen selv åbner mulighed for«.
In the opening sections of regulations, directives and decisions there are 'preambles' and 'recitals' which explain the meaning and scope of the pro visions which they contain.
Domstolen fortsætter: »dette mål fremhæves af præamblens 15. betragtning, hvorefter ... og af 16. betragtning, hvorefter ... « (3).
It may be wondered whether the minutes relating in particular to the 'preliminaries' to decisions may be taken into consideration by the courts.2
I sit forslag til afgørelse forud for dommen af 30. oktober 1974 (4) udtaler generaladvokat Mayras, som gentager den opfattelse, han allerede har givet
Be that as it may it seems to me that the Court of Justice was very wise when it decided on 18 February 19703that the scope and effect of a decision
1975, s. 661 og dom af 25. juni 1975, sag 5/75, Sml. 1975, s. 759. («) Sag 190/73, Sml. 1974, s. 1140.
Certain national 'administrative' courts have recourse to them in particular in order to appraise the 'legality' or validity of a measure or decision.
udtryk for i de førnævnte forslag til afgørelser: »Besynderligt nok udleder Kommissionen ikke desto mindre af disse omstændigheder i forbindelse med de forskellige etaper for udarbejdelsen af forordningen den konklusion, at denne fællesskabstekst ikke udelukker > supplerende foranstaltningen ... Jeg ser mig ikke i stand til at følge Kommissionen på dette punkt. For det første fordi det ville betyde en fortolkning af forordning nr. 234/68 ved hjælp af forarbejderne, såfremt man søgte efter de intentioner, de bevæggrunde, der drev fællesskabslovgiveren, hvilket Domstolen altid har nægtet at gøre. I denne henseende mener jeg, at det er en sikrere metode at tage forordningen, som den er, som en objektiv tekst, der er bindende i alle sine enkeltheder og vel at mærke med umiddelbar virkning, og basere vor fortolkning på ordlyden af dens bestemmelser og på dens almindelige opbygning«. At støtte sig på den »almindelige opbygning« forekommer mig ikke nød vendigvis at udelukke en benyttelse af forarbejder.
adopted by the Council by virtue of Article 235 of the EEC Treaty must be assessed in the light of its terms and therefore could not be restricted by reservations or declarations which might have been made in the course of preparatory discussions or which might emerge from the minutes of the meeting of the Council; such a decision is adopted 'within the context of the institutions and is thus in the nature of an international agreement rather than a Community measure'.
Disse kan netop medvirke til at fastlægge, hvori forordningens almindelige opbygning består.
A 'Staff regulations' body provides opinions on the arrangements to be adopted with regard to the rights and duties of officials.
Det fremgår, at Domstolen for at besvare spørgsmålet tager hensyn til et »forberedende« dokument: betænkningen fra Rådets vedtægtsgruppe, der var godkendt af de faste repræsentanters udvalg.
I have indicated above the views of Advocates-General Lagrange and Mayras on recourse to the preparatory work to the basic European Treaties. '
Domstolen udtaler, at beslutningen af marts 1972 bestemmer, at den »særlige indikator« skal udarbejdes på grundlag af indekset for udviklingen af ... lønninger .. . beregnet af De europæiske Fællesskabers statistiske Kontor efter den metode, som hidtil er benyttet men med visse forbedringer (NB : beslutningen henviste således til »en metode, som hidtil er benyttet«, og der måtte følgelig tages hensyn hertil).
Thus, in relation to Article 33 of the ECSC Treaty which provides that, 'the Court may not examine the evaluation of the situation, resulting from economic facts or circumstances, in the light of which the High Authority took its decisions or made its recommendations, save where the High Authority is alleged . . .', the distinguished Member of the Court stated in his opinion in Case 6/54: 'It is important to establish the reasons which gave rise to the restriction of the review by the Court.
Domstolen fortsætter: »denne metode var forud blevet fastlagt af Rådets vedtægtsgruppe i en betænkning, som blev godkendt af de faste repræsentanters udvalg på dets møde ... ifølge denne betænkning bør der ved bestemmelsen af lønbegrebet > tages hensyn til .. . < ; de i beslutning af 20. og 21. marts 1972 omhandlede forbedringer tager sigte på en bedre harmonisering af de beregningsmetoder, der anvendes af de forskellige nationale forvaltninger, og l (
In its judgment of 16 December 1960 2the Court, in order to determine the scope of the provision in the Protocol on the Privileges and Immunities
) Sag 70/74, Sml. 1975, s. 795.
Case 6/60, Humblet, Recueil 1960, p. 1130.
en mere fuldstændig underretning af Kommissionen, men berører ikke grund laget for den tidligere fastlagte metode«.
exonerating and exempting the emoluments or salaries of Community officials from national charges, held that: 'the statements of grounds submitted by the governments on occasion of the parliamentary debates on the ECSC Treaty are silent on this point. . .
Domstolen udtaler endvidere: »samme betænkning tillagde klart Kommissionen mulighed for i påkommende tilfælde at fremlægge andre faktorer til vurdering, end der følger af den ved tagne metode, men den opretholder Rådets frihed med hensyn til, hvorvidt de skal tages i betragtning«.
This is also the case with regard to the vote of the parliaments on the EEC and EAEC Treaties which contain a substantially identical provision as the majority of the government statements, with the exception of the statement by the Luxembourg Government with regard to the EAEC Treaty passed over this point in silence .. .
Jeg har allerede ovenfor (afsnit 3, indledningen, in fine) fastlagt den betydning og den rækkevidde, der her tillægges begrebet »komparativ ret«.
Apart from the fact that this passage (of the Luxembourg memorandum) refers to the Protocol annexed to the Treaty of Rome and not to the ECSC Protocol it cannot by itself prove that the authors of those Treaties all concurred of the inter­pretation thus advocated'.
I Domstolens fortolkningsvirksomhed spiller det en dobbelt rolle.
The Court then had recourse 'to a comparison of different national laws'.
Dels kan Domstolen i medlemsstaternes ret, navnlig de nationale domstoles praksis, finde bidrag til løsningen af de problemer, der er forelagt den, navnlig klarlæggelsen af reglerne i de europæiske traktater og endog i forordninger og direktiver samt de begreber, disse gør brug af.
It considered that: 'whilst it is true that the finance law of the French Republic is guided by the same concepts as Belgian caselaw and practice it is clear from the law of the Federal German Republic that the latter has interpreted the Protocol in the manner advocate by the appli­cant .. . and that the German legislature accordingly does not share the view of the Belgian administration . . .'.
Dels udledes de almindelige retsgrundsætninger o.l. — som ligger til grund for de europæiske traktater, som disse er bygget på, eller som supplerer disse, og som altså er en del af europæisk ret — af medlemsstaternes ret.
In its judgment of 15 October 1969 ' the Court held that: 'according to the seventh recital of the preamble to the regulation in question . . . the eighth recital of the same preamble states . .. Taken as a whole these factors indicate anxiety to ensure for the processing industries of the Member States ...
Disse rets systemer bør derfor undersøges.
It must therefore be assumed that the authors of the first paragraph of Article 16 intended . . .
I forbindelse med spørgsmålet om tilbagekaldelse af forvaltningsakter, som skaber individelle rettigheder, navnlig udnævnelsen af tjenestemænd, udtaler Domstolen i dom af 12. juli 1957 i1): »det drejer sig om et forvaltningsretligt problem, der er velkendt i retspraksis og teori i alle Fællesskabets lande, men for hvis løsning traktaten ikke indeholder nogen regel ...
In its judgment of 4 October 19722the Court interpreted Regulation No 565/68 of 24 April 1968 which provided for the non-fixing of an additional amount for slaughtered fowls originating in and coming from the Polish People's Republic.
I sit forslag til afgørelse i sag 12/74 — Kommissionen mod Forbundsrepublik­ken Tyskland — har generaladvokat Warner for at klarlægge nogle begreber og sin opfattelse med hensyn til beskyttelse af herkomst­betegnelser anført tre engelske og en skotsk retsafgørelse.
When the Court in its abovementioned judgment of 23 January 1975 (Case 31/74, Galli), interpreted Regulation No 120/67 on cereals the Court stated that: 'So as to ensure the freedom of internal trade the regulation comprises a set of rules intended to eliminate both the obstacles to free movement of goods and all distortions in intra-Community trade due to market inter vention by Member States other than that authorized by the regulation itself'.
Domstolen udtaler: »Spørgsmålet bør undersøges i lyset af traktatens opbyg­ning og de retsregler, der i almindelighed er anerkendt i medlemsstaterne« i1).
The Court continued: 'This objective is emphasized by the fifteenth recital of the preamble according to which . . . and by the sixteenth recital according to which ...'.'
Generaladvokat Lagrange undersøger medlemsstaternes ret, før han frem­sætter sit forslag til løsning vedrørende spørgsmålet, om en sag fortsat bør betragtes som forelagt Domstolen i henhold til EØF­traktatens artikel 177, når forelæggelseskendelsen er under appel — (Forslag til afgørelse forud for dom af 6. april 1962, sag 13/61) (2).
Confirming the view which he already expressed in the opinion cited above Mr Advocate-General Mayras considered in his opinion in Case 190/73 -that: 'Rather curiously, from this account of the successive preparatory stages of the regulation the Commission nonetheless concludes that this Community provision does not exclude the intervention of "supplementary measures" ...
Β — Benyttelsen af medlemsstaternes ret for at klarlægge et begreb i fællesskabsretten
I believe that a more certain method in this respect would be to take the regulation as it is — an objective text, binding in its entirety and of course having direct effect — and to base my interpretation upon the specific wording of its provisions and its general tenor'.
I sit forslag til afgørelse forud for dommen af 11. februar 1955 (4) foretog generaladvokat Lagrange en grundig undersøgelse af den betydning og den
It seems to me that to base an interpretation 'upon the general tenor' does not necessarily exclude recourse to the preparatory work.
(') Dom af 16. december 1960, sag 6/60 (Humblet) nævnt ovenfor.
The latter makes it possible to determine what constitutes the general tenor of the regulation.
(2) Generaladvokat Lagrange sagde: »[Man må derfor .. .]som De altid gør i lignende til­fælde, lade sig lede af de almindelige principper, som fremgår af medlemsstaternes nationale ret«. (Sml. 1954—64, s. 304).
In its judgment of 26 June 19753the Court had to decide whether the Council's refusal to adjust the salaries of officials, notwithstanding the fact that the annual specific indices used for the purposes of fixing the salaries were inaccurate, constituted an infringement of the rules of law and in particular of the rule of legitimate confidence which the officials and servants might have that the decision previously adopted by the Council on 20 and 21 March 1972 would be implemented.
Λ til afgørelser på mange andre områder.(*) Sag 3'54, Sml. 1954—64, s. 9.
Cf. also in particular Case 93/74 [1975] ECR 661, and Case 5/75 [1975] ECR 759. [1947] ECR 1141.
rækkevidde, der i de 6 medlemsstater tillægges begrebet »magtfordrejning« eller tilsvarende begreber, der eventuelt indgår i mere omfattende overbegreber. greber.
to settle this point the Court took cognizance of a 'preparatory' document: the report of the Council's working party on Staff Regulations approved by the Committee of Permanent Representatives.
I dommen af 21. juni 1958 i1} fastlægger Domstolen betydningen og række vidden af begrebet de retsundergivnes lighed for den økonomiske regulering på grundlag af »et princip, der i almindelighed er anerkendt i medlemsstater nes ret«.
The Court held that the decision of March 1972 provided that 'the specific index' would be constituted by the index of the variation of public salaries drawn up by the Statistical Office of the European Communities in accord ance with the method used until now but with certain improvements (N.B. the decision thus referred to a 'method used until now' and it was necessary to take it into account).
C — Benyttelse af medlemsstaternes ret for at finde frem til en retsgrundsætning, der er en del af fællesskabsretten
The Court continued: 'this method had previously been fixed by the Council's Working Party on Staff Regulations in a report approved by the Committee of Permanent Representatives at its meeting on ...
Her undersøges det, om der i medlemsstaternes ret — og i bekræftende fald med hvilken betydning og rækkevidde — findes noget princip »patere legem quam ipse fecisti« og noget princip om den nødvendige beskyttelse af bl.a. de retsundergivnes »berettigede forventning«.
The improvements envisaged by the Decision of 20 and 21 March 1972 have as their object an improved harmonization of the calculating methods applied by the various national administrations and to ensure that the Commission is more completely informed, but do not call in question the basis of the method previously laid down'.
Støtte på samme måde i de »høje kontraherende parters« eller andre myndigheders senere adfærd
The Court further stated that: 'No doubt this same report provided for the possibility of the Commission putting forward, where appropriate, factors for consideration other than those resulting from the method adopted, but it left the Council free with regard to taking them into account'.
A — »Rangmæssigt« lavere normer
3 — Comparative law
Men jeg tror virkelig ikke, det kan antages, at Domstolen i denne sag har fulgt denne metode.
I have already explained above (Section 3, introduction, in fine) the meaning and scope which I ascribe here to the concept of 'comparative law'.
I virkeligheden skulle Domstolen fortolke både artikel 85 og forordning nr. 17.
It plays a double role in the task of interpretation which the Court of Justice undertakes.
Ganske vist udtaler Domstolen i dommen af 8. maj 1974 (4), at »Kommissionens forklarende bemærkninger« udgør et vigtigt bidrag til fortolkningen af den fælles toldtarif, men Domstolen fastslår, at disse bemærkninger ikke kan »ændre dennes tekst, herunder de indledende bestemmelser til de enkelte kapitler, som er en integrerende del af tariffen«.
On the one hand, by consulting the law of the Member States, especially the caselaw of the national courts, the Court of Justice can obtain information which makes it easier to solve the problems submitted to it and, in particular, to clarify the rules of the European Treaties and even those of regulations and directives and the concepts to which the latter relate.
(4) Sag 183/73, Sml. 1974, s. 477.
Those laws must thus be scrutinized.
Det forekommer de nationale dommere lidet forsvarligt at fortolke en norm i lyset af en anden, rangmæssigt lavere norm: lovgiveren skal ikke fortolke forfatningen og den udøvende magt skal ikke fortolke lovene.
(A) The laws of the Member States which constitute a guide, indication or model and thus facilitate or can facilitate the solution of a problem submitted to the Court of Justice.