natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Den fundamentale styremekanisme, som gælder både mesterlære systemet og EFG-uddannelsen, nemlig at den unge individuelt skal finde en mester, der vil tegne en lære- eller praktik pladskontrakt, skiftede fundamentalt karakter med konjunkturomsvinget fra 1974 og frem.
However, one aspect of the varied nature of the AMU-system's functions will be discussed here, because it belongs under the presentation of youth vocational training in Denmark and of the fundamental features and problems of labour market training.
Det planlagte tempo for EFG-udbygning kunne ikke overholdes.
This aspect is that the AMU-system embraces a number of courses of relatively long duration within some of the industries, including building and construction and the iron and steel, engineering and other metalusing industries.
I mange fag var mestrene ikke særligt begejstrede for at antage EFG-lærlinge - de var væsentligt kortere tid i virksomheden end en mesterlærling og det kunne være diskutabelt om den 1-årige basisuddannelse havde øget arbejdsfærdighederne i netop dette fag så meget, at det kunne kompensere for knap 1 års kortere virksomhedsophold ud af en stort set ens samlet uddannelsesvarighed på 3i-4 år.
The chance of admission constituted social justice also because the training was (and still is) free of charge, and because pay while under training was not much below the normal level of wages for the course participants.
Samtidig var en række fag gået igang med også at ajourføre og revidere skoleundervisningen indenfor mesterlæresystemet, således at også mesterlærlinge tidligt i forløbet fik en omfattende forskole.
The rules for the AMU-system as a whole - except for the EIFU-EIFL and LAMU-sphere - are also broadly similar today, with unemployed course participants receiving the normal daily benefit for unemployment, and employed course participants receiving a sum equal to their normal wages, but not more than 125% of the maximum daily benefit.
Endelig havde en række mestre aversioner mod EFG-basisårets fællesfagsundervisning, som man anså for årsag til, at EFG-lærlinge var for fagforeningsorienterede, for politiske, 'kendte deres rettigheder, men ikke deres pligter' osv.
However, the lower degree of cover by daily benefit relative to average wages has made it less possible for course-pay to provide something resembling compensation for loss of earnings for some of the employed workers.
Af disse grunde foretrak mange mestre at ansætte unge som mesterlærlinge efter 1956-loven.
In section 2 a comprehensive description is given of the historical development of the system of management in apprentice training.
Det indebar stigende vanskeligheder for unge med en EFG-basisuddannelse at få en 2.dels-praktikaftale.
The 1937-law provided the basis for the trade committees with equal representation being empowered to recommend training rules and to approve firms for training apprentices.
Det har formentlig virket tilbage på tilgangen til EFG-basisuddannelsen overhovedet; specielt under indtryk af krisen har unge (og deres forældre) formentlig været tilbøjelige til at foretrække en mesterlæreplads, hvor det var sikkert at uddannelsen kunne fuldføres.
The training rules were to be decided by the Apprentices Council ('Lærlingerådet'), which in this connection controlled the trade committees and trade joint committees (FU and FFU).
Der kan naturligvis også være tale om at en del af de unge har foretrukket mesterlæren fordi de dér - modsat EFG-basisuddannelsen - kunne få lov til fra starten at arbejde praktisk og var mindre interesserede i fællesfagene, som kunne opleves som en fortsættelse af folkeskolen. len.
However, the Apprentices Council, too, was composed with equal representation of the two sides of industry, and in parliamentary policy-quarters there was a deliberate intention that it should have independent powers and be protected against political influence from the Government.
Hvorom alting er - EFG og mesterlæren var blevet to konkurrerende lærlingeuddannelser, og et stridsemne i den uddannelses politiske offentlighed.
The Government held this right, as a financing and approving body regarding the justification of grants for education at Technical Schools and Commercial Schools.
I 1976 blev lønnen på EFG-basisåret fjernet.
The composition and structure of the trade committees with equal representation were not changed.
I de statslige løntilskud til arbejdsgivere, der ville oprette ekstra praktik pladser, som blev vedtaget i 1977 som del af beskæftigelsesplanerne, blev der ikke diskrimineret mellem mesterlære- og EFG-kontrakter. De skolepenge, som mestrene skulle betale for lærlingenes undervisning, blev helt fjernet i 1975.
When the EFG-experiment-law was implemented in 1972, a special Experiment Council was set up for the EFG-system as a whole, and a number of Experiment Committees were formed for the different main vocational sectors, as they
Disse tiltag, som ikke kan siges at fremme en udvikling mod overgang til EFG, blev båret af et mesterlærevenligt flertal i Folketinget.
Within this system also, however, the basic unit was still constituted by the trade committees and trade joint committees (FU and FFU), about 50 in number.
EFG-loven 1977 - en forkastelse af arbejdsmarkedets par ters indstilling
No major changes in this situation really took place in the definitive EFG-law of 1977.
På trods heraf nåede man mellem hovedorganisationerne, LO og DA, i forbindelse med ændringen af forsøgsloven til en endelig EFG-lov i 1977 frem til enighed om en plan for fuld overgang til EFG.
The continued parallel existence of the 1956-Law concern ing apprentices resulted in there being no change in the central position of the Trade Committees.
I forhold til mesterlæren indebar det først og frem mest den faglige oplærings start indenfor et bredt hovederhvervsområde og en anselig andel fællesfag i basisuddannelsen.
They now became, also formally, the basic unit in relation to the advisory bodies on vocational training.
Gen indførelse af løn i basisåret indgik ikke i LO-DA-kompromisset, og det har været den pris, LO har måttet betale, for at få DA til at acceptere EFG trods udbredt modstand blandt DA-medlem-mer.
The eight vocational training committees (EUU) corresponding to the 8 EFG-basis-year main sectors did not get the status of controlling the FU/FFU's attached to them.
Men nok så afgørende for at opnå enigheden, har nok været en fælles interesse i at få standset 'systemkonkurrencen' mellem to ganske parallelle uddannelsessystemer, som indebar mange unødige omkostninger på erhvervsskolerne og belastede styringssystemet. Dette kompromis blev forkastet af folketingsflertallet.
EUU's were to have a coordinating function and be heard regarding proposals from FU's, as part of DfE's handling of cases.
Denne to-deling af lærlingeuddannelserne ° havde LO og DA således forgæves søgt at undgå gennem udformningen af det fælles kompromisforslag.
The vocational training committees were intended to have a coordinating and initiative-taking function with regard to new development and coordination of the courses within a main sector.
'Det faglige selvstyre' har således sine klare begrænsninger i forhold til statsmagten.
Although EUU's, too, are composed on an equal-represen-
Men det modsiger ikke at vi i Danmark hidtil har haft erhvervs uddannelser afgørende reguleret og præget af det faglige selv styre, som det fandt sin form, først i 1937-lærlingeloven og mere endeligt omkring 1960.
107 tation-basis, their significance seems to be small compared with the interaction between FU/FFU's and the Direc torate for Vocational Training (DfE).
^Her, ligesom i kapitel 3 og det følgende iøvrigt, bruges flertalsformen lærlingeuddannelserne som sammenfatning for 'mesterlæren', lærlingeuddannelsen efter 1956-loven, og EFG-uddannelsen efter 1977-loven, som begge har samme karakter som vekseluddannelser og med en kontraktansættelse af de unge i en virksomhed som konstituerende for uddannelsesforholdet.
These 8 vocational training committees in turn make re commendations to the Vocational Training Council ('Erhvervsuddannelsesrådet', EUR).
Derfor bruges lærlingeuddannelserne til at sondre overfor 'tekniker 'og 'eksamensuddannelser' som én anden ungdomserhvervsuddannelseshovedgruppe og de teoretisk gymnasiale uddannelser som en tredje ungdomsuddannelseshovedgruppe.
This council acquired the status of top planning and advisory body and is also responsible for the third main category (with those of master apprenticeship and EFG-training as the first two) of equalrepresentation committees, namely the category concerning technician training courses, (cf. Annex III, organizational chart).
Lærlingeuddannelserne
Labour market courses (The 'AMU-system)
Regulering af lære- og praktikpladsmarkedet - en nøglefunktion for 'det faglige selvstyre'
Attached to the training committee for semiskilled worker-courses, there are 2 3 branch (of trade or industry) committees.
Vekseluddannelsesprincippet er der fuld tilslutning til fra begge arbejdsmarkedets parter i Danmark.
The semiskilled worker training courses function in practice as both youth vocational training and adult vocational training; but the lower age-limit for admission is 18.
Virksomhedsdelen anses som en vigtig og central del af den faglige uddannelse.
Prior to 1983, the social partners paid 10% of the course expenses, and the course participant's local authority 5%, while the remaining 85% was allocated as a fixed sum through the Budget.
Den brede tilslutning til vekseluddannelsesprincippet skyldes den tradition, der er oparbejdet siden 1937-loven for organisa tionernes regulering af virksomhedsoplæringen gennem paritetiske faglige udvalg.
In 1983, the Labour Market Training Fund ('Arbejdsmarkedets Uddannelsesfond', AUD) was introduced, into which a fixed sum per hour of work was to be paid by all employees and employers. This sum - with annual adjustments - was fixed at a level equal to the total costs of the AMU-system.
Disse reguleringer berører både kvantitet og kvalitet af de forskellige lærlingeuddannelser.
110 to the direct costs of training was abolished; on the other hand, a new tax on earned income was really introduced. duced.
Hvis der kun var ganske få bestemmelser om oplæringen - og hvis de var fastsat uden fagforeningernes medvirken, hverken i ud formning, administration eller kontrol, så ville der i et fag givetvis blive udbudt mange lærepladser, som kvalitetsmæssigt kunne spænde fra god oplæring til ren anvendelse til hjælpefunktioner. funktioner.
It is institutionalized in the AMU-Council and in the training committees. The influence exerted here depends upon whether politically valid arguments can be adduced for the usefulness of AMU-efforts within the particular branch-area concerned - specifically, in increased employment within export trades and industries, resulting from increased AMU-efforts.
Resultatet af en sådan svag eller mangelfuld regulering af lærlingeuddannelserne kunne altså blive et stort udbud ar' færdigudlærte (kvantitativt), men uhyre tvivlsom hvad angår kvaliteten af de færdigudlærtes kvalifikationer.
Ill local labour market authorities. With the restrictions imposed by the given level of funding, it is thus possible within 'trade selfmanagement' in the branch committees to influence the decision as to whether the aim will be one of industrial policy or of employment policy, when the AMU-policy-priorities are established.
Deres mobilitet og anvendelighed, såvel indenfor deres egne mere snævre oplæringsbranche som udenfor denne, i branchen eller faget mere bredt,
Both the revision of existing courses - which, according to the AMU-Directorate's own rules, must take place at least every 5 years - and the elaboration of completely new courses, fall within the branch committee's powers, which are exercised in collaboration with the AMU-Directorate's consultants or with special development grants to the branch committee.
Sådanne udviklinger er blevet hindret af de paritetiske faglige udvalg.
The same applies, on the whole, to the last category of equalrepresentation management organs to be mentioned.
Det var sikringen af kvaliteten af oplæringen og af de færdigudlærtes kvalifikationer, der historisk var udgangspunktet for 'de faglige udvalg's virke.
Attached to the committee for continued training of skilled workers are 11 continued training committees, the demarcation of which can be described primarily as some thing intermediate between the trade (joint) committees and the branch committees, but closer to the former.
Men denne regulering har så også en anden side: såfremt man fastsætter fagenes bredde som ganske omfattende i uddannelsesreglerne og såfremt der fastsættes nøje forskrifter for oplæringen, så kan det indebære, at det for virksomhederne bliver for bekosteligt eller ligefrem umuligt at leve op til oplæringsreglerne.
In addition to the 11 continued training committees, it must be mentioned that within 13 trades continued training is managed by the trade (joint) committees and that many of the labour market organizations' representatives on the trade joint committees (apprentice training, including EFG) also serve on the continued training committees.
Uddannelsesbestemmelser, som de faglige udvalg ud fra sagligt-tekniske overvejelser måtte have fastlagt, kan så få som konsekvens at lærepladsantallet falder.
In two cases - the meat trade and horticulture - continued training is managed by the branch committee. There are thus 26 continued training committees in all. °
For de faglige udvalg må der derfor blive tale om en balance gang i et dilemma mellem kvantitet og kvalitet i fagets lærlingeuddannelse .
Broadly the same type of modification of trade selfmanagement as in semiskilled worker training can be < associated primarily with the difficulties of having to act with reference to both the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Labour. 8 In March 1987 a continued training committee for the finance sector was approved (cf. subsection 4.7.), so that a total of 27 committees now exist.
Fagbevægelsen har her kunnet finde en alliancepartner indenfor den gruppe af arbejdsgivere, der primært har været interesseret i resultatet af lælingeuddannelserne - nemlig i at kunne an vende den færdigudlærte arbejdskraft i deres arbejdsstyrke.
Whereas the semiskilled worker schools thus come under the AMU-system, continued training of skilled workers takes place mostly at Technical Schools and Commercial Schools under DfE.
Problemet har været at opretholde uddannelsesomfang og kvalitet hos den gruppe af arbejdsgivere, hvis primære interesser ligger i selve lærlingeuddannelsesprocessen, nemlig de, der kan bruge lærlingene i deres produktion og samtidig kan oplære dem.
This gives rise to problems regarding procurement of equipment, etc., and setting up and administering courses is made difficult and is highly centralized.
Sådanne aftagerleverandørforhold findes nogle steder i forholdet mellem store og mindre virksomheder i en branche, andre steder i form af at en hel branche optræder som 'leverandør' i forhold til andre brancher.
The continued training committees clearly wish to maintain the location of the courses, because it has a beneficial effect upon the basic training courses and on the staff at Technical Schools and Commercial Schools.
Men skærpes de faglige oplæringskrav til 'leverandørerne' eller går de blot i en retning, der ikke svarer til 'leverandør'-virksomhedernes egen arbejdsgang, så indskrænkes 'leverancerne' -derfor betegnelsen dilemmaet mellem kvalitet og kvantitet.
However, it must be concluded here again that the social partners play an important role in the formulation of the course contents and can influence the nature of AMU-policy by setting priorities in the composition of the type of courses offered, as well as by influencing the setting of funding priorities in the AMU-Council and on the training committees.
Politisk-organisatoriske modifikationer af lære-praktikpladsmarkedets mekanismer
Comparison of the scope of 'trade selfmanagement' in apprentice training courses and labour market courses
For at håndtere denne problematik har de faglige udvalg fundet en løsning ved at inddrage staten som tredjepart.
As pointed out above, the limits to trade selfmanagement within the AMU-sphere are set by the conflict with the Government's AMU-policy-line and the Budget as a means of implementing it.
Ved at over føre de forandrede eller forøgede kvalifikationskrav til varetagelse på erhvervsskolerne, har man kunnet øge kvalitetskravene til uddannelsen, uden gennem skærpede krav alene til virksomhederne at risikere at sænke lærepladsantallet.
The possibility of opposition to this depends upon the measure of agreement between the social partners and whether they can supplement recommendations in the AMU-advisory system with influencing the Minister through the public and through Parliament.
Også på andre måder har arbejdsmarkedets parter i fællesskab søgt at samfundsmæssiggøre omkostningerne ved faglige uddannelser.
However, the social partners are traditionally deeply involved in the work of preparing legislation and policy making in the AMU-sphere.
Udgifterne til erhvervsskoleundervisningen er således blevet båret helt af det offentlige siden 1975, hvor mestrenes delvise betaling for mesterlærlingenes undervisning blev af skaffet.
Implementation and administra tion are managed almost independently by the social part ners on the equalrepresentation committees, which are also very much involved in supervision and evaluation of the implementation of AMU-programmes.
Ved siden af problemet om oplæringens forenelighed med den al mindelige arbejdsgang er de direkte økonomiske udgifter ved lærlinge vigtige for lærepladsudbuddet.
These phases in the political process are also normally included in the analysis of corporatism, and they form the methodological basis of the German contribution to this series of CEDEFOP-studies, with Wolfgang Streeck and Joseph Hilbert (1987) as the main authors. They divide the process into: 1. formulation of rules 2. finance
Lærlingelønninger er relativt høje i Danmark, men varierer dog en del mellem fagene og efter lærlingens alder og trin i uddannelsen.
3. implementation and administration and 4. inspection and supervision.
For DA-området var den i 3.kvartal 1986 gennemsnitlig 32,17 kr i timen, mens unge arbejdere under 18 år iøvrigt lå på ca 36-40 kr i timen.
It has a quite special status and tradition, of which the 1937-law and the 1956-law are expressions.
For voksne ufaglærte var gennemsnittet for kvinder 63,88 kr i timen, for mænd 71,83 kr. Faglærtes gennemsnitstimeløn udgjorde 82,97 kr.
Two circumstances, which still apply and which also embrace EFG-Part 2-training, are fundamental to this special character.
Lærlingelønnen svarer således til ca 90% af ungarbejderes løn ca 50% af ufaglærtes løn og ca 40% af faglærtes løn.
116 be admitted to Commercial School or Technical School for instruction in his trade.
Siden 1977 har AER, Arbejdsgivernes Elevrefusion, fungeret om fordelende for lønudgifterne til lærlinge, idet der hos samt lige private arbejdsgivere opkræves et ørebeløb pr lønarbejdstime, som anvendes til at refundere arbejdsgivere, hvis lærlinge er på skoleophold, størsteparten af lønudgiften for denne periode.
There can be no question of reducing the number of apprentices admitted to the school in order to ensure good quality. Any governmental plans for curtailment of economies can therefore be interpreted unequivocally as impairment of quality, providing a strong bargaining position for 'trade selfmanagement' in relation to DfE - and for DfE in relation to the Ministry of Education, Ministry of Finance, etc.
I perioden 1978-81 blev der ydet et almindeligt skattefinansieret tilskud på 16.000 kr til oprettelse af ekstraordinære læreog praktikpladser.
Within EFG-basic training, which falls outside the scope of contractual obligation, the situation is more normal.
I 1982 hævedes dette beløb til 30.000 kr for uddannelser af mere end li års varighed.
Restriction of admission, total or in the individual main areas, can be implemented and/or stan­dard reductions can be made in order to ensure places for all applicants, depending upon Ministry of Education-policy.
På tilsvarende måde som arbejdsmarkedsuddannelserne med AUD's indførelse i 1983 overgik fra almindelig skattefinansiering til arbejdsmarkedsparternes indbetaling af lønandele til en fond indførte den nuværende borgerlige 4-partiregering at tilskud dene til ekstraordinære lære- og praktikpladser skulle finansieres over AER-bidrag med virkning for nye læreforhold fra 1. juli 1984.
The essential point here is the dual function of tho contractual obligation. It can be considered from two aspects : 1) as a means of ensuring the training of the young persons within correlated training processes, with a view to a high professional standard;
Hvor bidraget til at dække lønrefusion for skoleophold udgjorde 0,24 kr pr arbejdstime, så indebar AER-finansering af tilskud dene til at understøtte lære-praktikpladsudbuddet 0,29 kr pr arbejdstime.
2) as a regulator which prevents employers from using young persons for job functions which are regarded generally as part of trade-field.
Hvor andelen af praktikforhold etableret med tilskud i ordning ens første år, 1978-80, var mellem 18 og 26%, så var denne nået op på 72% for 19 85 - og denne andel er endda regnet for lavt, fordi alle praktikforhold med tilskud faktisk finder sted, mens det beregningsmæssige totaltal omfatter lærepladsaftaler, der ikke påbegyndes eller hurtigt afbrydes.
The second point can be regarded as protection of trade union-interests - more narrowly defined as protection of adult skilled workers against competition on wages from unskilled young persons and, in the longer term, as protection against any splitting-up or parcellingout of the trade into several job functions which can be performed after brief instruction or job training.
Ved midten af 80'erne var der således tale om, at over 95% af alle lære- og praktik pladsaftaler fik tilskud, (jvf bilag I, tabel 3 og 4).
It is therefore a question of protection of trade demarcations and of the trade itself, and here we must again refer to point 1, to the effect that conditions should be created for continued recruitment of broadly and highly qualified skilled labour to the trade.
Overførslen af finansieringen til AER må derfor sikkert også ses som forberedelsen til en aftrapning eller afskaffelse af tilskudsordningen.
The contractual obligation is therefore a key instrument for implementing the common interests of a trade committee.
Det blev anset for tvivlsomt om ordningen faktisk fremskaffede ekstra lære- og praktikpladser - det ene ste sikre er at Danmark altså har haft en generel fond, der overfører økonomiske midler fra ikke-uddannende virksomheder til uddannervirksomheder.
It links a demarcation of specific job functions in trades and industries as belonging to a trade labourmarket sector (in which a particular skilled union has a monopoly on making tariff agreements) and specific content-requirements, to the apprentice training which is intended to confer qualification for these particular job functions. The infirm part of apprentice training courses
Uden de store sværdslag blev tilskuddet pr 1. januar 1986 nedsat fra 30.000 til 15.000 kr og i løbet af 1987 afskaffes udbetalingen af tilskud til nyetablerede lære- og praktikpladsforhold.
With the very clear, marked reference to the particular trade market-sector for which a training course is to confer qualification, the trade committees are therefore very well supplied with information and assessments of needs when the content and structure of the school-part of apprentice training are to be arranged.
Men nogle forskellige vurderinger af tilskudsordningens betydning for henholdsvis de noget større virksomheder, staten og de håndværksprægede virksomheder kan illustreres med følgende citater fra 'Teknisk Skole' 1987, s. 48-49:
In relation to DfE, however, this also is only a bargain ing position, of course - but a very strong one, since the trade committees might also be asked to tighten up the requirements for infirm instruction instead of school education, of course.
"Tilfreds med, at lærlingetilskud bortfalder
Not until after training has started will the contracts taken be able to function as a position of strength in relation,to DfE.