natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Mohammad Alimuddin Subhani (britisk statsborger), var i modstrid med Domstolens retspraksis vedrørende fortolkningen af forbeholdet om den offentlige orden i EØF-traktaten.
This attitude of detachment has meant that in its recent judgment of 23 April 1975 in the Mohammad Alimuddin Subhani case (a British national), the Conseil d'État was surprised to find itself in conflict with the caselaw of the Court of Justice on the interpretation of the limitations on grounds of public policy in the EEC Treaty.
Med hensyn til Nederlandene blev løsningen på problemet om forholdet mellem fællesskabsret og national ret afgjort i forvejen ved forfatningsændringerne i 1953 og i 1956, som medførte, at det i artikel 66 i den ny forfat ning anførtes, at internationale traktater har forrang for indenlandske lovbestemmelser, for så vidt som traktaternes bestemmelser tilsigter at »forpligte alle og enhver«.
For the Netherlands the solution of the problem of the relationships between Community law and national law was predetermined by the revisions of the Constitution in 1953 and 1956 which led to the assertion in the new Article 66 of the Constitution that international treaties take precedence over national legal provisions, in so far as the provisions of such treaties are 'binding upon everyone'.
Således optræder der i den nederlandske forfatningsret to nøglebegreber fra Fællesskabets retspraksis: det begreb, man er enedes om at kalde fællesskabsrettens »direkte virkning« og princippet om traktaternes forrang.
Two key concepts of Community caselaw thus appear in the constitutional law of the Netherlands: what has come to be the principle of the 'direct effect' of Community law and the principle of the precedence of the treaties.
Man forstår herefter, at det ikke er tilfældigt, at de første præjudicielle sager vedrørende fællesskabsrettens direkte virkning netop kom fra Nederlandene, da anerkendelsen af internationale bestemmelsers forrang dér forfatningsmæssigt er betinget af direkte anvendelighed.
It is therefore not by chance that the first cases on the direct effect of Community law referred to the Court of Justice for preliminary rulings came from the Netherlands, since in that country recognition of the precedence of international rules is, under the Constitution, dependent upon their direct applicability.
En af de præjudicielle anmodninger er oprindelsen til den berømte dom Van Gend & Loos, som dybtgående har præget hele fællesskabsrettens udvikling. Siden hen har Domstolens forbindelser med de nederlandske retter gennem den præjudicielle procedure i artikel 177 været særdeles regelmæssige på alle niveauer (heri indbefattet højesteretterne, nemlig Hoge Raad (Cour de cassation) og Conseil d'Etat. 3.
Since that time, communication between the Court and the Netherlands courts by means of the procedure for obtaining a preliminary ruling under Article 177 has remained particularly active at all levels including the highest courts, that is, the hoge Raad and the Raad van State.
I Danmark, i Irland og i D et forenede Kongerige: synes fællesskabsrettens retlige anvendelse efter alt at dømme, ikke at give anledning til større problemer for domstolene.
In Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom the application of Community law by the courts appears to raise no major problems.
Det forekommer at være dette forhold, der er årsag til, at der næsten endnu ikke findes nogen retspraksis på fællesskabsrettens område, hverken i Danmark eller i Irland.
This fact appears to explain why there is scarcely any caselaw on Com munity law in either Denmark or Ireland.
Denne konstatering forekommer så meget mere forståelig, som de to stater har sørget for at bringe deres nationale forfatninger i overens stemmelse med integrationskravene: Danmark i året 1953 ved ændringen af grundlovens artikel 20, Irland ved forfatningsændringer i 1972, hvorved for fatningens artikel 29 blev ændret, særlig med henblik på at muliggøre tilslutningen til De europæiske Fællesskaber.
The truth of this finding appears to be reinforced by the fact that these two States have been careful to adopt their national constitutions to the requirements of integration; Denmark amended Article 20 of its Constitution as early as 1953 and Ireland amended Article 29 of its Constitution on a revision of the Constitution in 1972, for the express purpose of enabling accession to the European Communities.
Jeg skal desuden påpege, at spørgsmålet om tilslutningen til Fællesskaberne i de to medlemsstater var genstand for folkeafstemning, hvis positive udfald bidrog til at skabe psykologiske og politiske betingelser, der er særlige gunstige for fællesskabsrettens optagelse. gelse.
Furthermore, it must be remembered that in both States accession to the Communities formed the subject of a referendum whose positive outcome contributed to the creation of psychological and political conditions which were particularly favourable to the acceptance of Community law.
Retspraksis'en i Det forenede Kongerige er lidt mere omfattende, men på grund af loven om De europæiske Fællesskaber har det ikke været nødvendigt for Det forenede Kongerige at komme ind på de grundlæggende problemer, som har optaget de andre medlemsstaters retter; den direkte virkning og fællesskabsrettens forrang anerkendes som indiskutable aksiomer.
There is rather more caselaw in the United Kingdom but, owing to the existence of the European Communities Act, it has had no need to deal with the fundamental problems which have preoccupied the courts in other Member States. The principles of direct effect and the precedence of Com munity law are accepted as incontrovertible axioms.
Underretterne og appelin stanserne har adskillige gange fået forelagt problemer vedrørende fællesskabsrettens anvendelse, der angik sådanne områder som frie varebevægelser (især i forbindelse med beskyttelse af industrielle og kommercielle ejendomsrettigheder), konkurrencen, den frie bevægelighed for personer og den sociale sikring.
Problems relating to the application of Community law and concerning such areas as the free move ment of goods (in particular in the context of the protection of industrial and commercial property rights), competition, free movement of persons and social security have on several occasions been brought before courts of first instance and appeal courts.
I denne sammenhæng har det været diskuteret, hvorledes artikel 177 kunne indgå i de særegne nationale processuelle regler.
In this context discussions have taken place as to how proceedings under Article 177 fit in with the special features of internal legal procedure.
De præjudicielle forelæggelseskendelser, der er blevet hyppigere og hyppigere, har derimod ikke indtil dato afsløret nogen praktisk vanskelighed i dette spørgsmål.
So far, references to the Court of Justice for preliminary rulings, which are becoming more and more frequent, have revealed no
Alt i alt findes der i dommene, der er affattet i den for Common law's retter så særegne stil, en fuldstændig forståelse for de retlige virkninger af den europæiske integration og en vilje til inden for Det forenede Kongerige territorium at sikre fællesskabsretten den gyldighed, som den i medfør af sin egen natur kræver.
practical difficulty of this kind. On the whole the decisions given show in the style of the Common Law courts — a style which is their own — a perfect understanding of the legal implications of European integration and the desire to ensure that, within the territory of the United Kingdom, Community law is as effective as by its nature it should be.
Denne indstilling fandt allerede udtryk på særdeles slående måde i Lord Dennings ord i Blackburrìs case af 10. maj 1971 — altså et godt stykke tidligere end tilslutningen — og er senere gentagne gange blevet bekræftet.
This has already been brought out very strikingly in Lord Denning's judgment in Blackburn ν Attorney-General on 10 May 1971 — some years before accession — and has since been confirmed on many occasions.
BR Tyskland, Belgien, Frankrig, Italien: Diskussioner på domstolsniveau vedrørende de grundlæggende anvendelsesproblemer
Germany, Belgium, France, Italy: legal debate concerning the fundamental problems of application
Det er i BR Tyskland, i Belgien, i Frankrig og i Italien, at retspraksis udviser et billede af usikkerhed ved domstolene angående problemerne om fælles skabsrettens anvendelse og gyldighed.
In Germany, Belgium, France and Italy the caselaw reflects the uncertainty surrounding the problems concerning the application and effectiveness of Community law.
På nuværende tidspunkt man kan dog
At present however, it can be said that, happily, since this period of uncertainty decisions given by the highest courts in those States have come down firmly in favour of the full effectiveness of Community law.
heldigvis konstatere, at disse staters højesteretter i de afgørelser, som de har afsagt efter denne usikkerhedsperiode, eftertrykkeligt har betonet fælles skabsrettens fulde gyldighed.
In particular, many important decisions of principle have been given in recent years.
Især de sidste år har været rige på vigtige principielle beslutninger; men dette er ikke ensbetydende med, at problemerne overalt er løst uden besvær.
This is not to say, however, that in every case the problems have been settled unequivocally.
Jeg må derfor fremstille den individuelle situation i hver af de fire medlemsstater under hensyn til hver enkelt stats særegne forfatningsmæssige og judicielle vilkår.
It is therefore necessary to outline the situation in each of the four Member States individually, in the light of the particular constitutional features and caselaw of each.
I denne medlemsstat er der nemlig i artikel 24, stk. 1 i forfatningen givet mulighed for »ved lov at overføre suverænitetsbeføjelser til mellemstatslige institutioner«.
In this Member State the first paragraph of Article 24 of the Constitution provides for the possibility of 'transferring sovereign rights to international institutions by legal means'.
Trods dette gunstige udgangspunkt har visse lavere retsinstanser betvivlet fællesskabs rettens forenelighed med den nationale forfatnings bestemmelser; der er således blandt visse retsinstanser sporadisk sat spørgsmålstegn ved denne rets gyldighed.
Despite this favourable beginning certain lower courts had questioned the compatibility of Community law with the provisions of the national constitution. Thus, the effectiveness of this law has occasionally been called into question in certain of the courts.
Det er netop sådanne tilfælde, som ret hurtigt tvang forfat ningsdomstolen til at tage stilling til fællesskabsrettens virkning inden for de nationale rammer.
Precisely because of these disputes, the Constitutional Court quickly made clear its views on the effect of Community law within the national framework.
Jeg skal i denne forbindelse nævne to domme: dommen af 18. oktober 1967, som indeholder bemærkelsesværdige udtalelser om Fællesskabets struktur, om fællesskabsrettens selvstændighed og om dens virkning inden for medlemsstaterne, samt dommen af 9. juni 1971, hvori fællesskabsrettens forrang i forhold til modstridende national lovgivning udtrykkeligt nævnes.
Reference should be made to two decisions on this question: that of 18 October 1967, which contains some remarkable developments as regards the structure of the Community, the autonomy of Community law and its effect within the Member States, and that of 9 June 1971, which specifically states that Community law has precedence over conflicting national law.
Forfatningsrettens stillingtagen i disse to sager har definitivt afsluttet alle diskussioner i Forbundsrepublikken Tyskland om fællesskabsrettens gyldighed og rang — bortset fra et forbehold, som jeg senere skal vende tilbage til (under punkt 5).
The pronouncements by the Consti­tutional Court in these two cases have finally put an end to all debate in the Federal Republic of Germany as to the effectiveness of Community law and its position in relation to national law — subject to one reservation to which
retten.
I shall return later (under 5).
Det er først for nylig, i 1970, at der indsattes en ny bestemmelse, artikel 25 a, i forfatningen, for at der skulle blive mulighed for at overføre nationale suverænitetsbeføjelser til internationale institutioner.
A new provision, Article 25 bis, was inserted into the Constitution only as recently as 1970 for granting to international institutions powers which fall within the sphere of national sovereignty.
Problemerne i forbindelse med fællesskabsrettens anvendelse har altså udelukkende måttet løses ad retslig vej..
The problems connected with the application of Community law have thus been settled exclusively by means of case­law.
Men her har de belgiske retter måttet kæmpe mod en svær forhindring, nemlig i form af en gammel dom, afsagt af Cour de cassation den 26. november 1925, Schieble, i forbindelse med Versailles-traktaten, som var dualistisk præget og lidet gunstig over for folkerettens gyldighed.
In fact, in this connexion the Belgian courts were very severely handicapped by the old judgment of 26 November 1925 of the Cour de Cassation in the Schieble case concerning the Treaty of Versailles, which was dualist in tone and opposed to the effectiveness of international law.
I årenes løb dannedes der en hel strømning i teori og retspraksis mod dette præcedens. Denne bevægelse kulminerede, samtidig med at den nåede sit resultat i Cour de cassation's dom af 27. maj 1971, Den belgiske Stat mod S.A. Fromagerie Franco-Suisse (Le Ski), hvori det anføres, at »når der er konflikt mellem en national norm og en folkeretsnorm, som har direkte virkning i det nationale retssystem, bør traktatsregien have forrang; dennes fortrinsstilling følger af selve den internationale aftalerets natur«.
Over the years a flow of legal writing and case­law had arisen in reaction against this precedent and this movement culminated in the judgment of the Cour de Cassation of 27 May 1971 (Etat belge ν SA Fromagerie Franco-Suisse (Le Ski)), which stated that 'where a conflict exists between a rule of national law and a rule of international law which has direct effect in the internal legal system, the rule laid down by the Treaty must prevail. The predominance of that rule arises out of the very nature of international law on conventions'.
Denne begrundelse overførtes ved en a fortiori-slutning til forholdet mellem national ret og fællesskabsretten.
This reasoning is transported a fortiori to the relationship between national law and Community law.
Med hensyn til republikken Frankrig kan man konstatere, at fællesskabsretten er indtrådt i det nationale retssystem under gunstige forfatningsmæssige auspicier: artikel 26 i forfatningen af 1946, der var gældende på tidspunktet for Frankrigs tilslutning til Fællesskaberne, fastsatte nemlig, at »de diplomatariske traktater, der er behørigt ratificeret og offentliggjort, har lovkraft, selv i tilfælde af at de strider mod de franske love, uden at der kræves andre lovbestemmelser for at sikre deres anvendelse end dem, som har været nød vendige for at sikre deres ratificering«. Her er den direkte virkning og for rang sikret i én eneste sætning i forfatningen.
With regard to the French Republic it may be said that where the Constitution is concerned, Community law was incorporated into the national legal system in favourable circumstances. In fact, Article 26 of the Constitution of 1946, which was in force when France acceded to the Com munities, provided that 'diplomatic treaties which have been properly ratified and published shall have the force of law even where they conflict with French laws without any necessity to adopt legislative provisions for the purposes of their implementation other than those necessary to ratify them' — direct effect and precedence thus dealt with in a single sentence of the Constitution.
Den nuværende forfatnings artikel 55 bestemmer ligeledes, at traktater har »en gyldighed, der er højere end loves«.
Article 55 of the present Constitution also lays down that treaties are 'of higher authority than laws'.
Trods dette gunstige udgangspunkt har fransk retspraksis dog i lang tid udvist et billede på usikkerhed med en ovenikøbet tydelig opspaltning mellem de almindelige retters mere åbne holdning og forvaltningsdomstolens mere forbeholdne indstilling over for dette nye fænomen, som fællesskabsretten er.
Despite this favourable beginning French caselaw has long presented an uncertain picture with, in addition, a visible rift between the receptive attitudes of the ordinary courts to this new phenomenon of Community law and the more reserved reactions of the administrative courts.
teret en klarere og klarere anerkendelse af de krav, der er uadskilleligt for bundet med fællesskabsrettens gyldighed; sideløbende er forbindelserne blevet forstærket gennem den præjudicielle procedure i artikel 177, og Domstolen får nu regelmæssigt præjudicielle spørgsmål fra franske retter af enhver art og på ethvert niveau, også fra de højeste retter, Cour de cassation og Conseil d'Etat.
At the same time, communications between the French courts and the Court of Justice has increased as a result of the procedure for obtaining a preliminary ruling provided for under Article 177 and this Court regularly receives questions referred to it by French courts of all kinds and at every level, including the highest courts, the Cour de Cassation and the Conseil d'État.
De afgørende udtalelser er for nylig kommet fra Cour de cassation.
Decisive pronouncements have been made recently by the Cour de Cassation.
I dom af 24. maj 1975 i sagen Jacques Vabre, har rettens blandede afdeling (Chambre mixte) under pådømmelse af det bemærkelsesværdige forslag til afgørelse, som generaladvokat Touffait havde fremsat, erklæret, at EØF-traktaten »har højere gyldighed end love« og »indfører et eget retssystem, der er integreret i medlemsstaternes; på grund af dets specifikke karakter har det retssystem, der er skabt, direkte virkning for disse staters statsborgere, og det forpligter deres retter«.
In its judgment of 24 May 1975 in the Jacques Vabre case, ruling on the noteworthy opinion delivered by the Procureur-Général, Mr Touffait, the 'Chambre Mixte' of that Court held that the EEC Treaty 'is of greater authority than laws' and 'establishes its own legal system which is incorporated into that of the Member States. As a result of that characteristic the legal system which it has created is directly applicable to the nationals of those States and is binding upon their courts'.
I en nyere dom af 15. december 1975, von Kempis, der var en særlig kilden sag, eftersom det drejede sig om en anden medlems stats statsborgers generhvervelse af en landejendom, har Cour de cassation atter hævdet fællesskabsrettens forrang, idet den erklærede, at EØF-traktatens artikel 52 om den fri etableringsret »har direkte virkning for statsborger ne i Fællesskabets medlemsstater« og »forpligter medlemsstaternes retter, forbyder enhver begrænsning i den frie etableringsret for disse statsborgere i Frankrig«, og at »de nationale franske lovbestemmelser, der krævede, at enhver, der ville udøve landbrugsvirksomhed i Frankrig, skulle indhente en tilladelse fra myndighederne, derfor ikke længere kan anvendes«.
In a more recent judgment given on 15 December 1975 in the Von Kempis case, which was of a particularly delicate nature because it concerned the recovery of rural property by a national of another Member State, the Cour de Cassation reaffirmed the precedence of Community law by stating that Article 52 of the EEC Treaty, which deals with freedom of establishment, 'is directly applicable to the nationals of the Member States of the Community' and 'is binding on their courts and tribunals, prohibits any restriction on the freedom of establishment of such nationals in France' and that, therefore, 'provisions of French internal law which required persons wishing to run an agricultural undertaking in France to obtain an authorization from the administration are no longer applicable'.
Man må gå ud fra, at man med disse domme fra Cour de cassation, for så vidt angår anvendelsen af fællesskabsretten i Den franske Republik, nu er nået frem til centrale positioner, som er udtrykt på en tilfredsstillende og indiskutabel måde.
These judgments of the Cour de Cassation may be seen as defining the basic principles of application of Community law in the French Republic satisfactorily and incontrovertibly.
Retspraksis i Italien fremviser ligeledes et billede på en intens søgen og en langsom fremadskriden.
In Italy also the relevant caselaw reflects intense efforts and slow progress.
Også der må jeg begynde med at omtale et forfat ningsgrundlag, artikel 11 i forfatningen, hvorefter den italienske stat indvilliger i »suverænitetsbegrænsninger, der er nødvendige for oprettelsen af en ordning, der sikrer freden og retfærdigheden blandt nationerne«.
Here, too, the first step was taken through the Constitution, that is, by Article 11, whereby the Italian State agrees 'to the limitations of sovereignty necessary for the establishment of a system ensuring peace and justice among nations'.
Men vejen skulle blive lang mellem denne generelle formulering og anerkendelsen af fællesskabsrettens fulde gyldighed i det nationale retssystem, hvilket i det væsentlige, bortset fra visse uvæsentlige problemer, er en kendsgerning i dag.
However, between the adoption of this general formula and the statement that Community law is fully effective in the national legal system — a principle which is on the whole accepted today except for certain sideissues — progress was slow, since it was first necessary to break with a whole tradition of dualist thinking which was expressed as late as the judgment of the Constitutional Court of 24 February/7 March 1964, No 14, which was opposed to the principle of the effectiveness of Community law within the national territory.
For det har for at nå dette mål været nødvendigt at bryde med en hel verden af dualistisk tankegang, hvilket stadig ses i dommen fra Cour constitutionelle af 24. februar — 7. marts 1964, nr. 14, lidet velvillig over for fællesskabsrettens interne gyldighed; det er utvivlsomt denne dom, der er forklaringen på de skarpe udtryk, som fællesskabsdomstolen anvender i en lidt senere dom af 15. juli 1964 i en sideløbende sag, Costa mod ENEL.
The existence of this decision clearly explains the vigorous terms used by the Community Court in a judgment given soon afterwards on 15 July 1964 in a parallel case, Costa ν ENEL.
Siden da har man været vidne til konstant stigning i retspraksis.
Since then, the amount of caselaw has risen steadily.
retsinstanser, især underretterne; den præjudicielle procedure er snævert forbundet hermed, eftersom de italienske retter i adskillige sager, der er forelagt i medfør af artikel 177, har anmodet Domstolen om at fastlægge række vidden af fællesskabsretlige bestemmelser med henblik på at sætte dem i stand til at afgøre, om deres egen nationale lovgivning var i strid med disse bestemmelser.
It has come from the lower courts, in particular those of first instance and is closely linked to the procedure for requesting preliminary rulings since, in several cases referred to the Court of Justice under Article 177, Italian courts have asked it to define the scope of certain provisions of Community law to enable them to give a ruling as to the compatibility of their own national legislation with the provisions of that law.
Jeg skal ligeledes i denne sammenhæng gøre opmærksom på, at Conseil d'Etat for sin del allerede meget tidligt, i en dom af 7. november 1962, har udtalt sig gunstigt om EØF-traktatens virkning.
It must also be pointed out in this context that as early as 7 November 1962 the Consiglio di Stato gave judgment in favour of the effectiveness of the EEC Treaty.