natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Omvendt ses tydeligt i Socialkommissionens forløbsanalyse af 18-25årige unge fra 1981-89, at der er en sammenhæng mellem omfanget af offentlig forsørgelse i det år, hvor den unge første gang modtager kontanthjælp eller dagpenge, og risikoen for langvarig af hængighed af systemet .
47 that there is a connection between the extent of public welfare in the year in which the young person receives cash assistance or daily benefit for the first time and the risk of prolonged dependence on the system.
Hvis den første dagpenge- eller kontanthjælpsperiode er lang, er der større sandsynlighed for at den unge vil hænge fast i passiv modtagelse af offentlig hjælp i en længere årrække.
If the first period of daily benefit or cash assistance is long, there is a greater likelihood of the young person being locked into the passive receipt of public assistance for a longer periods of years.
Sandsynligheden for at blive langvarigt afhængig er højest for unge på kontanthjælp.
The likelihood of becoming dependent over a prolonged period is highest for young people on cash assistance.
De 18-20årige kontanthjælpsmodtagere fra 1981 blev i snit for sørget 34 måneder i perioden 1981-91, dagpengemodtagere blev forsørget i 28 måneder,- mens gennemsnittet for hele aldersgruppen (18-25årige) er 17 måneders offentlig forsørgelse.
The 18-20 year-old cash assistance recipients from 1981 received support on average for 34 months over the period 1981-91, and recipients of daily benefit were supported for 28 months, whilst the average for the whole age group (18-25 year-olds) is 17 months of public welfare. Approx.
Af dagpengemodtagerne blev ca. 8% forsørget i mere end 5 år, mens det blandt kontanthjælpsmodtagerne er ca. 20%, der blev forsørget så længe i perioden 1981-89.
8% of recipients of daily benefit received benefit payments for more than five years, whilst approx. 20% of recipients of cash assistance received benefit for so long during the period 1981-89.
Det er endvidere af analysen klart, at 81% af de hårdest be lastede har alene en grundskole eller uafsluttet erhvervsuddannelse bag sig, og at 2/3 af de hårdest belastede er kvinder.
It is also clear from the analysis that 81% of the hardest hit only have basic schooling or non-completed vocational training behind them, and that two-thirds of the hardest hit are women.
I løbet af 1980erne var der et betydeligt antal unge, som modtog overførselsindkomst i længere tid.
During the course of the 1980s, there was a substantial number of young people who received transfer income over a prolonged period.
Af dem,der var mellem 18 og 20 år i 1981,modtog ca. 27.000 - eller 13% af disse årgange - offentlig hjælp i mere end 3 år i perioden 1981-89.
Of those who were between 18 and 20 years old in 1981, approx. 27,000 - or 13% of this age group - received public assistance for more than three years over the period 1981-89..
De unges sociale baggrund og forældrenes afhængighed af dagpenge og kontanthjælp, da de unge var hjemmeboende, er af stor betydning for, hvem der bliver fastlåste modtagere af overførselsindkomst.
Young people's social background and their parents' dependence on daily benefit and cash assistance when the young people were living at home are of great significance in determining who become locked-in recipients of transfer income.
Det viser sig, at der er en klar tendens til, at børn af familier, der er afhængig af overførselsindkomst, også selv kommer til at trække mere på overførselssystemet end børn, hvis familie ikke modtog overførselsindkomst.
It is found that there is a clear trend towards children of families which are dependent on transfer payments also drawing more on the transfer system than children whose families did not receive transfer income.
Forskellen er mest markant for unge fra direktørog funktionærfamilier, men det gælder også for de øvrige funktionærgrupper, de faglærte arbejdere og de selvstændige.
The difference is most marked for young people from families of managers and higher civil servants, but it also applies to the other groups of civil servants, skilled workers and the self-employed.
Der kan være mange grunde til den sammenhæng mellem de unges og familiens brug af offentlig forsørgelse, f.eks. at familierne er dårligere i stand til at hjælpe børnene, fordi de
Greater familiarity with arid acceptance of the transfer system among the young people in these families is another possible explanation
Et andet karakteristisk træk ved de unge dagpenge- eller kontanthjælpsmodtagere er, at især de med mindst skolegang forbedrer deres kvalifikationsniveau mindst over tid.
Another characteristic feature of young recipients of daily benefit or cash assistance is that those with the least schooling in particular improve their level of qualifications least over the course of time.
Eksempelvis er det kun hver 5. af de kontanthjælpsmodtagere, som i 1981 kun havde grundskoleniveau, der opnår at få kompetencegivende uddannelse i perioden fra 1981-89, mens hver 2. kontanthjælpsmodtager med almen gymnasial uddannelse i samme periode opnår en erhvervskompetencegivende uddannelse (ibid. p. 45).
For example, only one in five recipients of cash assistance who in 1981 only had basiclevel schooling achieve education and training providing qualifications in the period from 1981-89, whilst one in two recipients of cash assistance with general upper-secondary education in the same period attain education and training giving vocational qualifications (ibid, p. 45).
Den offentlige forsørgelses økonomiske niveau er ensbetydende med, at unge med social overførselsindkomst næsten har samme indkomst som unge på det ufaglærte arbejdsmarked.
The economic level of public welfare means that young people with social transfer income have almost the same income as young people in the unskilled labour market.
Som uddannelsesstøtteordningerne fungerer idag er det set ud fra en kortsigtet, forbrugsorienteret vinkel ikke meget mere at traktivt at være i uddannelse fremfor at være ledig på kontanthjælp.
As the educational assistance schemes operate today, from a short-term, consumption-oriented point of view it is not much more attractive to be in education and training than to be unemployed and on cash assistance.
På længere sigt er der naturligvis gode argumenter for at tage en uddannelse, dels fordi livsindkomsten så stiger, dels fordi ledighedsrisikoen reduceres.
In the longer term, there are obviously good arguments for taking training, partly because living incomes then rise, and partly because the risk of unemployment is reduced.
Det har i mange sammenhænge været debatteret i den politiske offentlighed, at det ikke må kunne "betale sig" at være ledig.
There has been discussion in the political public in many contexts of the need for it not to "pay" to be unemployed.
- der får dagpenge svarende til 90% af tidligere arbejdsindkomst - der kan komme i job på mindsteløn eller et lønniveau kun lidt over arbejdsmarkedets mindsteniveau - der er arbejdsløse forsørgere på kontanthjælp, hvor der udover grundydelse og boligtilskud betales børnetilskud og indtil fornylig daginstitution.
Neither is this the case, but conversely the financial incentive is particularly low for those young people who receive daily benefit corresponding to 90% of the previous income from work who can obtain a job on the minimum wage or a level of pay only slightly above the minimum level of the labour market who are unemployed main providers on cash assistance, where child allowance and until recently a day institution are provided in addition to basic benefit.
For de unge som helhed vil der altid være "gevinst" ved at være i arbejde, men en stor gruppe vil kun se den aktuelle, disponible indkomst forøget med 200-500 kr. pr. måned efter skat.
For young people as a whole, there will always be a "gain" in being in work, but a large group will only see their current disposable incomes increased by 200-500 kroner per month after tax.
For nogle vil udgifter til transport, evt. flytning, daginstitution m.v. nemt kunne opsuge indkomstforøgelsen (Socialkommissionen, 1992, p. 18 ).
For some people, expenditure on transport, possibly moving home, day institution etc. can easily suck up the increase in income (Social Commission, 1992, p. 1848).
På baggrund af det her meget kortfattede rids af de dårligst stillede unge arbejdsløses situation samt Socialkommissionens meget omfattende analyser kan man opstille følgende forhold, som der politisk må arbejdes ud fra: - pludselige aldersbetingede lønspring (18 år) bevirker risiko for udsmidning fra arbejdsmarkedet netop på et al derstrin, hvor den samfundsmæssige accept af individet er meget vigtig for en fortsat positiv udvikling - en stabil tilknytning til arbejdsmarkedet netop i "debutantårene" er vigtig for den unges fortsatte fastholdelse fra arbejdsmarkedet - risikoen for at blive fastlåst i offentlig forsørgelse er størst for de unge, der udover at have kort skolegang el ler afbrudt erhvervsuddannelse, er børn af forældre, som selv er i offentlig forsørgelse - risikoen for at blive hængende længe i arbejdsløshed og være "stormodtager" af offentlig hjælp er størst for de unge, der modtager kontanthjælp, sammenlignet med dem der har haft tilknytning til arbejdsmarkedet så længe, at de kan optages i arbejdsløshedsforsikringssystemet
Against the background of the very brief outline given here of the situation of the most poorly positioned young unemployed and the Social Commission's very comprehensive analyses, the following circumstances can be established, on which political work must be based: sudden age-related jump in pay (age 18) causes risk of ejection from the labour market precisely at the age level when social acceptance of the individual is very important for continued positive development a stable connection with the labour market in the "debutant years" is important for the young person's continued retention in the labour market the risk of being locked into public welfare benefits is greatest for those young people who in addition to having short education or having curtailed vocational training are children or parents who themselves are in receipt of public welfare support the risk of being left unemployed for a long time and being a "large recipient" of public assistance is greatest for the young people who receive cash assistance, compared with those who have been connected to the labour market for a sufficiently long time for them to be admitted to the unemployment insurance system the financial incentives for young people on transfer income to start on education and training are regarded as so low that many young people, particularly among recipients of cash assistance, choose not to improve their level of qualifications
Disse analyser har i Danmark ført til stor politisk bevågenhed overfor aktiveringen af de unge.
These analyses have led to great political favouring of the activation of young people in Denmark.
Som det også er frem gået af kapitel 2.2. er der i de senere år gennemført lov givning, som dels byder unge, der modtager offentlig hjælp, at deltage i aktiveringstilbud meget kort tid efter at arbejdsløsheden er indtruffet, dels giver mulighed for at kom munerne kan tilrettelægge 2årige uddannelses- og praktikforløb, som kan løfte de unge ud af passiv forsørgelse og bibringe dem arbejdsmarkedsrelevante kvalifikationer.
As has also become apparent from 2.2., legislation has been enacted in recent years which firstly offers young people who receive public assistance the chance to take part in activation schemes a very short time after unemployment has occurred and secondly provides an opportunity for the municipalities to organise two-year training and practical experience courses which can lift the young people out of passive receipt of welfare and endow them with qualifications relevant to the labour market.
Det har desværre ejheller været muligt at finde undersøgelser, hvor unges egne ud-
It is not possible, against the background of the material presented here,
- 41 - sagn belyser mobiliteten og ønsker til uddannelse og arbejde i netop denne gruppe unge.
50 to assess the geographical mobility of the socially and educationally most weakly positioned young unemployed people, but it is suggested by the discussion on the economic level of public assistance that there is no financial incentive to move geographically in order to find work.
Imidlertid viser evalueringerne af UTB/ATB-ordningerne og ungdomsydelsesordningen (kap.
It ought also to be clear from the demonstration of the slight improvement over time in the level of education and training of the recipients of cash assistance with the shortest education that qualification - and thus social - mobility does not take place to any great extent in this group of young people.
2.4.2.), at der sker en personlig udvikling og skabes mere selvværdsfornemmelse blandt de unge, der deltager i aktiveringsforanstaltninger. I kom bination med konklusioner fra det danske EUROCOUNSEL-ak-
Unfortunately, neither has it been possible to find studies in which the statements of young people themselves shed light on mobility and wishes for education, training and work in this group of young people.
5 tionsforskningsprojekt (Plant, 1993 ) om nye vejledningsmetoders (bl.a. selvstyrings-) og udlandsopholds effekt(omtalt i kap.
However, the evaluations of the UTB/ATB schemes and the youth benefit scheme (2.4.2.) shows that personal development takes place and a greater perception of self-esteem is created among the young people who take part in activation measures.
2.4.2.) kunne den mere personlige åbenhed - og i nogle tilfælde - kulturelle åbenhed måske anvendes af nogle af disse fastlåste unge som afsæt for øget faglig og social mobilitet. bilitet.
In conjunction with conclusions from the Danish EUR0C0UNSEL action research project (Plant, 19935) on the effect of new guidance methods (including self-management) and periods spent abroad (discussed in 2.4.2.), the more personal openness - and in some cases cultural openness - could perhaps be used by some of these locked-in young people as a take-off point for increased occupational and social mobility.
Der er imidlertid også i den nye arbejdsmarkedsreform fra 1993 indført begrænsninger i unges ret til at modtage arbejdsløshedsdagpenge, hvis de f.eks. påbegynder en uddannel se, der er godkendt til statslig uddannelsesstøtte.
However, in the new labourmarket reforms of 1993 restrictions have also been introduced on the right of young people to receive unemployment daily benefit if they for example start on a training course which is approved for state educational assistance.
Ligeledes er det fra den 1.1.1994 ikke længere muligt for ledige at erhverve ret til dagpenge, hvis kommunerne yder tilskud til den lediges arbejde.
Likewise, it is no longer possible from 1.1.1994 for unemployed persons to acquire a right to daily benefit if the municipalities are paying subsidies for the unemployed person's work.
Det vil især få konsekvenser for de unge, som hidtil i stort omfang er kommet ind i arbejdsløshedskassesystemet og har erhvervet dagpengeret gennem be skæftigelsesforanstaltninger med kommunalt løntilskud.
This will have consequences particularly for young people who to date have to a large extent entered the unemployment insurance fund system and have acquired the right to daily benefit through jobcreation schemes with municipal pay subsidies.
Som det er fremgået f.eks. analyserne af ungdomsydelsesordningen i kommunerne (kap.
As has become apparent for example from the analyses of the youth benefit scheme in the municipalities (2.2.3.) and the UTB/ATB scheme (2.2.1.), there is less than total satisfaction with the present schemes particularly among the young people who have the weakest educational and social
2.2.3.) og UTB/ATB-ordningen (kap.
51 backgrounds.
Tiltroen til at de kan opnå forbedrede kvalifikationer og varig arbejdsmarkedstilknytning er ikke stor, ligesom den faktiske beskæftigelseseffekt er ringe.
Confidence in their ability to achieve improving qualifications and lasting connection with the labour market is not high, and the actual employment effect is also low.
Det er bekymrende, at netop de unge, som må formodes at have størst behov for aktivering, mindre hyppigt end den gennem snitlige ungdomsydelsesmodtager har gennemført et egentligt beskæftigelsestilbud.
It is worrying that those young people who may be presumed to have the greatest need for activation have taken part in jobcreation schemes less commonly.
Det er også blandt disse unge, at utilfredsheden er størst.
It is also among these young people that dissatisfaction is greatest.
De (for) korte aktiveringstilbud suppleres nu med de 2årige erhvervsforberedende forløb, som kommunerne kan tilbyde, men det kan frygtes, at også i disse tilbud falder en gruppe unge fra, hvis ikke vejledningselementet styrkes væsentligt.
The (excessively) short activation provision is now supplemented by a two-year vocational preparatory course which the municipalities can offer, but it may be feared that a group of young people will also drop out of these schemes if the guidance element is not greatly strengthened.
Set fra et vejledningssynspunkt må aktiveringstilbudene for de fastlåste unge først og fremmest - tage udgangspunkt i de unges egne ønsker, d.v.s. arbejde
Guidance cannot solve young people's most serious problems: lack of work and lack of education and training places, but it must be postulated here that precisely those young people who are at greatest risk of being marginalised and locked into the public welfare system can have
Vejledning kan ikke løse de unges alvorligste problemer: manglen på arbejde og manglen på relevante uddannelsespladser, men det skal her postuleres, at netop de unge, som står i størst risiko for marginalisering og fastlåsning i det of fentlige forsørgelsessystem, kan få øget deres sociale og kvalifikationsmæssige mobilitet, deres selvværd og dermed åbenhed overfor deltagelse i kulturelle og demokratiske pro cesser, hvis vejledningen
52 their social and qualification mobility, self-esteem and thus openness to participation in cultural and democratic processes increased if the guidance 1. is professionalised through training of the many trained counsellors in the present employment and activation services provided 2. is combined and made visible at the local level, e.g. with a municipal obligation to be in charge of guidance centres to which guidance from all parts of the education and training institutes and labourmarket guidance schemes must be connected
1. professionaliseres gennem uddannelse af de mange uuddan nede vejledere i de nuværende beskæftigelses- og aktive ringstilbud 2. sammenlægges og synliggøres på lokalt niveau, f.eks. ved en kommunal forpligtelse til at forestå vejledningscentre, hvortil vejledning fra alle dele af uddannelsesinstitutionerne og arbejdsmarkedets vejledningsordninger skal knyttes 3. tager udgangspunkt i den enkelte unges individuelle værdigrundlag, kammeratskabsgrupper og sociale baggrund 4. forholder sig opsøgende til de unge, dels ved aktivitetstilbud i vejledningscentrene, som omfatter de unges fritid, dels ved vejledernes faktiske tilstedeværelse i de unges miljøer
3. takes as its point of departure the young person's individual basis of values, groups of friends of acquaintances and social background 4. searches out the young people, partly through activation services in the guidance centres which cover the young people's leisure time, and partly through the counsellors' actual presence in the young people's environments
De arbejdsløse unge, der har størst risiko for at blive fastlåst i det offentlige forsørgelsessystem, er unge med kun grundskoleniveau, ringe arbejdserfaring, som modtager kontanthjælp og hvis forældre også er modtagere af offentlig hjælp. Disse unge har ringe motivation - både økonomisk og socialt - for at forbedre deres kvalifikationsniveau.
The unemployed young people who have the greatest risk of being trapped in the public welfare system are young people with only basiclevel schooling, little experience of work, who receive cash assistance and whose parents are also in receipt of public assistance.
Stabil arbejdsmarkedstilknytning i ungdomsårene er særdeles vigtig for at undgå at blive stormodtager af offentlig forsørgelse.
Stable connection with the labour market during youth is extremely important to avoid being a major recipient of public welfare.
Initiativer i arbejdsmarkedslovgivninggen har da også koblet aktiveringsforpligtelse til både arbejdsløshedsunderstøttelse og kontanthjælp i det sociale system.
Initiatives in labourmarket legislation have also linked the duty of activation to both unemployment support and cash assistance in the social system.
Analyser tyder imidlertid på, at netop de svageste unge ikke får fuld gavn af aktiveringstilbudene.
However, analyses suggest that precisely the weakest young people do not obtain the full benefit of the activation provisions.
I denne sammenhæng må en forbedring af vejledningen sikre, at de unge får bedre mulighed for in dividuel målafklaring, at de unge kan overskue uddannelsesog vejledningstilbudene, og at de vejledere, som skal følge de unge, har den fornødne forståelse for deres sociale bag grund og nonner og et stort engagement.
In this context, an improvement in guidance must ensure that the young people are given a better opportunity for individual clarification of objectives, that the young people can gain an overview of the educational and guidance services provided, and that the guidance staff who are to monitor the young people have the necessary understanding of their social backgrounds and norms and are highly committed.
Vejledningen overfor de fastlåste arbejdsløse unge må være langt mere opsøgende og helhedsorienteret og skal adskilles fra de kontrolfunktioner, der er knyttet til offentlig økonomisk bistand.
Guidance in relation to locked-in young unemployed people must be far more in the nature of searchingout and
UNGES FRAFALD OG OMVALG I UDDANNlgT^R^VffTEMET
YOUNG PEOPLE DROPPING OUT OR CHANGING COURSE IN THE EDUCATION SYSTEM
I Danmark er antallet af unge, der forlader grundskolen i utide ( = før undervisningspligtens ophør) meget lavt.
In Denmark, the number of young people who leave basic school early (before compulsory education ceases) is very low.
Af de ca. 127.000 unge, der påbegyndte 8. og 9. klasse i 1990 var det mindre end 1500 unge, der forlod disse klassetrin.
Of the approx. 127,000 young people who started in the eighth and ninth forms in 1990, less than 1,500 left in these forms.
For unge i 9. klasse er der siden 1982 sket en halvering af an tallet af frafaldne, som nu altså udgør godt 1% af det samlede antal elever i 9. klasse (Undervisningsministeriet
For young people in the ninth form, the number of dropouts has halved since 1982, and now accounts for just over 1% of the total number of pupils in the ninth form (Ministry of Education and Research, 1993, p. 2949).
Langt de fleste af disse unge vil via det sociale system og skolen / ungdomsvejledningen sluses over i behandlingsinstitutioner, beskyttede værksteder og arbejdsforhold, der godkendes som erstatning for opfyldelse af undervisnings forpligtelsen.
By far the majority of these young people will be transferred via the national assistance system and school/youth guidance into treatment institutions, protected workshops and working situations which are approved as a substitute for compulsory education.
Unge, der tager et af folkeskolens afsluttede klassetrin (9. eller 10. klasse) om, er uhyre sjældne i Danmark - de udgør kun 0,4% af samtlige antal fuldførte elever i perioden 1982-88.
Young people who repeat one of the final years of the folkeskole (ninth or tenth form) are extremely rare in Denmark - they account for only 0.4% of the total number of pupils completing in the period 1982-88.
Oftest vil disse unge gentage et 9. eller 10. skoleår på en efterskole af sociale eller familiemæssige årsager (Undervisningsministeriet, 1992, p. 3350).
These young people will generally repeat a ninth or tenth school year at a continuation school for social or family reasons (Ministry of Education and Research, 1992, p. 3378).