natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Derimod er der midler til forsøgs- og udviklingsarbejde. Dem ville FU-systemet gerne råde over - og det samme ville skoler74
Table 4.8 Skilled to unskilled workers-ratio in building and construction
Endelig skal refereres en sag, som ikke angår relationen mellem 'det faglige selvstyre' og DfE, men det faglige selvstyresystems egen funktionsmåde i forhold til faggrænse- og kontraktpi ig t s spørgsmål.
If we consider separately the relationship between employed skilled workers and unskilled workers in the building and construction-sector, we find that skilled workers became increasingly preponderant throughout the period, so that in 1984 there are about twice as many skilled as unskilled workers in the sector's employed manpower.
Servicestationernes Arbejdsgiverforening anmodede i august 1983 EUU for landtransportområdet om at udforme et forslag til en 'serviceassistentuddannelse' som EFG-2.delsuddannelse.
All the time the proportion of apprentices has been more than 17% to the building trades as a whole, for which a proportion of about 10-12% apprentices would be required to maintain a skilled workforce.
Arbejdsfeltet skulle være de supermarkedslignende kiosker ved service stationer plus muligvis hjælp til bilistkunder med at skifte en pære eller vinduesviskere.
The allocation of employment within different parts of the building and construction-sector, and the position of apprentices in relation to this in 1984, can be seen from table 4.9.
EUU-landtransport nedsatte en ar bejdsgruppe og udformede et forslag i maj 1984.
Table 4.9 Allocation of employment 1984
Indenfor metal skulle man også have overvejet om det tangerede automekanikerarbejde, men vurderet at det ikke var på tale.
Percentage apprentices of skilled persons skilled persons appren tices with more building and construction firms than 20 persons
Sagen rejstes fagretligt og 12. juni 1985 afgjorde en opmandskendelse at HK havde organisationsretten.
Gas, Water and Sanitary Installations Engineer- ing Firms
HK's hold ning var imidlertid ikke bestemt af at man ønskede at overtage uddannelsen.
Electric Installation Engineering Firms
Dermed skulle det være illustreret, at ikke kun DfE, men det samlede rådgivende og styrende system sikrer en koordination.
Private building-and-construction, total
Konkret var serviceassistenten alt for snæver som butiksuddannelse.
Public or public author i zed/semipublic firms
Uddannelsesforslaget blev iøvrigt herefter rejst indenfor specialarbe jdersystemet.
Total employment in the building-and-construction sector
Den økonomiske prioritering medførte at det også bortfaldt her.
Kilde: Statistical Yearbok 1986.
Den 'organiserede konkurrence' indebærer således også at kvalitative krav til en erhvervsuddannelse fastholdes - det er en mere organiseret end anarkistisk konkurrence! rence!
Public and concessionary companies, with an apprenticesproportion of just under 5%, stand out clearly as a 'consumer area'; they have to employ skilled workers trained in other parts of the sector.
Arbejdsdelingen mellem 'det faglige selvstyre' og AMU-direkto-ratet forekommer at være langt klarere end indenfor DfE's om råde.
The same applies to contractors, which otherwise represents the bigger firms.
Brancheudvalg (BU) og Efteruddannelsesudvalg (EU) modtager penge, og ikke personer fra AMU-direktoratet, for at varetage forvaltningen af AMU-kurserne.
It can be calculated from table 4.5 that the allocation for the workforce of the whole building and construction sector in 1984 was just under 18% salaried workers, just under 54% skilled workers and approx.
Udvalgene prioriterer kurserne og deres placering.
20% skilled workers and approx. 60% unskilled.
Men til forvaltning og planlægning af kurserne kan BU og EU dog 'låne* konsulenter fra AMU-direktoratet. tet.
It is a matter here of such a clear difference from the average for the sector, that it must have a considerable influence upon the training policy-interests of the Contractors' Association in relation to other employers in the building industry.
Når BU eller EU vil ændre bestemte kursusmodulers indhold eller oprette nye, så skal forklaringen af arbejdsmarkedsbehovet og forslaget til hvorledes et nyt kursus kan imødekomme disse kvalifikationsbehov følge det såkaldte 10-punktsprogram.
Lastly, master masons have a number of apprentices which is slightly below 10% of the number of skilled workers and is therefore less than what is necessary for full reproduction of the skilled workforce in the trade.
Når det er opfyldt optages det nye eller reviderede kursus på listen af godkendte, og det er herefter op til BU og EU selv at prioritere det økonomisk og administrere, hvor mange gange og hvor dette kursus skal gennemføres.
This has resulted in a special situation in training policy, which is discussed in more detail in subsection 4.6.
AMU-systemet kan derfor nok fremtræde som temmelig centralistisk, indholdsmæssigt set.
For all other branches of the building trade, the number of apprentices is more than ample to satisfy the branch's own reproduction requirements.
Men dette indhold har arbejdsmarkedsparterne altså god indflydelse på, og udnyttelsen af det givne udbud af kursusmoduler er til gengæld meget fleksibel og åben for lokal indflydelse på udbuddet, især af specialarbejderuddannelser.
They are 'suppliers' of trained apprentices - most notably, electrical installation engineers, whose trained, skilled electricians have no difficulty in finding good employment in a large number of branches.
I forhold til de plankurser, som BU og EU ved starten af et år forventer at afvikle, sker der altid en del ændringer, således at der oprettes ekstrakurser - som hyppigt vil være rettet mod akutte behov ved en bestemt virksomhed.
The private building and construction-sector - apart from contractors - is characterized by a preponderance of small firms with up to 20 employees. Around twothirds of the workforce are employed in firms of this type.
I AMU-direktoratet er opfattelsen at AMU-systemet er klart arbejdsmarkedspolitisk - og ikke uddannelsespolitisk - begrundet og af samme grund skal (bør) der også være organisationsstyring.
There are most apprentices relative to skilled workers with firms of heating, water and sanitation engineers and electrical installation engineers - areas which are important, regarding both the proportion of the total number of apprentices and the preponderance of small firms.
Når der alligevel er lidt mislyde - mellem organisationerne på den ene side og AMU-direktoratet på den anden - så skal årsagen
This tendency of smaller firms training more apprentices than larger firms is documented by Annex I, table 6.
I den daglige administration og i udformning af kursusindhold synes 'det faglige selvstyre' at have stor indflydelse og reelt have fået delegeret beføjelser, som formentlig i andre lande ville blive udøvet af et statsligt direktorat.
4.6 The building and construction-sector - elucidated from the standpoints of the labour market organizations
Kritiske undersøgelser af styringen af erhvervsuddannelser og arbejdsmarkedsudannelser
Fluid organization-boundaries on the employers' side
I kapitel 1, indledningen, blev det nævnt at der i august 1985 blev igangsat en undersøgelse af styringsforholdene indenfor erhvervsuddannelserne, en opgave der blev overladt til et managementfirma, PA International Consultants A/S, i forbindelse med en styringsgruppe.
As mentioned in subsection 4.2, DA-member-firms embrace about one-third of the number of apprentices and EFG-Part 2-students.
Den vil blive omtalt senere i afsnittet.
The growth of EFG has been much slower; as recently as in 1980 just under 14% were EFG's, and the proportion reached approx.
I de senere år er den hidtidige enighed om offentlig finansiering og afgørende indflydelse for arbejdsmarkedsorganisationernes fælles indstillinger om erhvervs- og arbejdsmarkedsuddannelsespolitikken blevet et emne for den politiske debat.
The much greater persistence of master apprenticeship is connected, of course, with the preponderance of small firms in the building and construction-sector; but it is connected also with the situation in the organizations.
Fra en større artikel om uddannelsespolitiske mål af undervis ningsminister Bertel Haarder " kan et par citater illustrere en vis skepsis mod arbejdsmarkedsorganisationernes, 'det fag lige selvstyres', funktion i ungdomsuddannelsessystemet.
On the employees' side, the clear subdivision into trade unions according to background of training has already been mentioned.
"...Og erhvervslivet (arbejdsgiverne) vil blive presset til en vis medfinansiering af de dyreste uddannelser, især efteruddannelserne.
On the employers' side, a line of demarcation separates 'craft'-employers from 'industrial' employers -primarily the Contractors' Association ('Entreprenørforeningen').
Det vil skabe større ansvarlighed hos både elever og aftagere, som hidtil kritikløst har støttet enhver forlængelse og fordyrelse (af uddannelserne"), (s. 336, vore understregninger).
We saw in subsection 4.4 how the Danish Master Smiths' Association, also, mentioned the Contractors' Association as one of 'the big ones' which should pay more towards apprentice training.
I erhvervsuddannelserne må 'aftagerne' have betydelig ind flydelse.
Between the 'eraft'-employers themselves, however, a dividing-line exists which has origins going back to the coming-into-force of the Law concerning freedom to trade ('naeringsfrihedsloven') in 1862.
Hl ministeriets officielle tidsskrift, 'Uddannelse' nr 7, 1986 s. 329-363.
Thus, within DA, in relation to vocational training associated with the building and construction-sector, the following organizations exist:
præsentere 'aftagerne' og hvordan.
Outside DA is HO ('Hovedorganisationen' - Central Organization) Building Trades Master Craftsmen's Association.
Skal det være landsdækkende organisationer?
Its historical origin lies in the rural craftsmen; but also larger enterprises - like f.ex.
I så fald risikerer man stivhed og mangel på fornyelse, fordi der bliver alt for gode muligheder for, at mere eller mindre irrelevante interessestridigheder kan blokere for fornyelse", (s. 337).
HTH-elementkøkkenfabrikken (HTH systems-kitchen manufacturers), - are members.
Efter denne kritik af den eksisterende form for 'faoligt selvstyre' fortsætter undervisningsministeren så med over vejelser over om erhvervsskolernes bestyrelser med deres forankring i lokale arbejdsmarkeder ville være bedre sty- ringsorganer, blandt andet til løsning af flaskehalsproble mer. Årsagen til dem, til 'paradoksproblemer' og til 'pro fessionalisering og bureaukratisering' af velfærdssamfundet angives på s. 340:
HO is a party to collective agreements with the building trade unions; but HO has a cheaper subscription and does not possess the same centralized powers as DA (Art.23 in the DA-laws) to monitor the pay-offers of memberfirms in collective bargaining. The bulk of the 5 000 memberfirms have 45 employees and together they have around 4 000 apprentices.
"Det er de stive, organisationsskabte båsesystemer på ar bejdsmarkedet og i uddannelserne, der skaber disse proble-
We shall add that there are many nonorganized master craftsmen. In the carpenter's trade, it is estimated that almost one-half of the firms are non-organized.
Synspunkterne har naturligvis præg af at indgå i en programmatisk artikel og som et led i den almene uddannelsespolitiske debat i efteråret 1986.
The Joiners' and Carpenters' Federation ('Snedker-Tømrerforbundet' ) does not keep any statistics of its own either;
Det gælder således en rapport fra Finanministeriets administrationsdepartements turnusgennemgang.
The two organizations in the DA: CT - which covers primarily firms of carpenters in the provincial towns and has about 1100 members, and KT, the Copenhagen guild with 100 member-firms, thus cover only a limited proportion of apprentice carpenters.
12 rjen omhandler det sam lede felt og, som traditionen er, ser den kritisk på arbejdsdelingen mellem ministerierne og på om målene for de enkelte statslige styrelser er i overensstemmelse med den overordnede politiske linje (som Finansministeriet jo altid kender bedre end nogen).
Membership of one or the other does not follow exactly the geographical boundaries or accord with criteria of firm-size - even though HO has mainly the small firms as members, which regard themselves more as master craftsmen than as employers.
Blandt de problemer, der må løses på kort sigt nævnes 'grænseproblemet' mellem DfE og AMU-direktoratet om udstyrsanskaffelser til Efteruddannelserne.
This means, in any circumstances, that DA has a duty to take account of these facts.
Endvidere at de faglige udvalg må styrkes i evnen til at op fange nye kvalifikationskrav og omstille uddannelserne til teknologisk fornyelse, eventuelt gennem AMU-direktoratets konsulenttjeneste. lenttjeneste.
It is all the more necessary for the employers' side to take measures, since its counterpart - the skilled building unions - have strong traditions of their members being the best-paid and of adhering strictly to trade demarcations and pay scales.
^Turnusgennemgang: løbende kritisk gennemgang af forskellige grene af Statsadministrationen, 'Sammenhæng og koordinering mellem arbejdsmarkedsuddannelse og erhvervsuddannelse*, København (august 1986).
At the same time, trey have well-developed cooperation, embodied in the National Association of Building Trades ('Byggefagenes Landssammenslutning'), which embraces both the skilled unions in the building trades and the unskilled
Det vil sige en stærke­re orientering mod konjunkturelle arbejdsmarkedsbehov og altså på linje med den i Danmark udbredte tænkning om forebyggelse af paradox­ og flaskehalsproblemer som et afgørende mål.
When the combined Joiners' and Carpenters' Federation was formed in 1970 and the master glaziers were accepted as members in 1974, the masters believed that they had got rid of some of the trade demarcations.
De dybereliggende årsager til mange af de væsentligere proble­mer siges imidlertid at være: 'at uddannelserne er stærkt ar­be jdsmarkedsopdelt, at 'det faglige selvstyre' har stærk ind­flydelse på adgangen til uddannelsen, og at indholdet af den formelle kompetence og uddannelserne knytter an til en bestemt overenskomstdækning'.
However, trade demarcations exist primarily in the fact that a given piece of work is priced or paid for in accordance with a pay scale which has been agreed by the trade under which the job is classified.
Som en løsning på dette problem var der i en foreløbig rapport af 27.11.85 stillet forslag om at reducere de 26 faglige efteruddannelsesudvalg til 8, svarende til EUU­områdeopdelingen.
More or less at the same time as the engineering metalworkers' union - i.e. in 1954 - the carpenters had opened their doors for workers to become members who were not trained carpenters, but could perform particular tasks listed in the pay scale for the carpenter's trade - and were paid on this scale.
Administrationsdepartementet kredser således om at nå et højere aggregeringsniveau, incl en sammenkobling mellem grund­ og ef­teruddannelser, med sigte på at gøre arbejdsmarkedspolitiske fleksibilitetsmål til det overordnede.
Trade demarcations were therefore not a problem for the employers, understood to the effect that there would be a
ΡΑ­International Consultants A/S's undersøgelse af 'Styring af erhvervsuddannelserne' for Undervisnings­ministeriet
However, maintenance of the pay scale-system as such can be ensured by the trade union only so long as there actually is a good supply of young workers to the trades.
Udspillet til undersøgelsen kom oprindelig fra Sammenslutningen af forstandere ved de Tekniske Skoler.
So long as the pay scales exist, the employers, for their part, must also be interested in keeping the intake of apprentices as high as possible.
Det indgik i et debat­klima præget af ønsker om decentralisering og reduktion af or­ganisatorisk stivhed og komplexitet i det styrende system ­samtidig med at det i kommissoriet blev fastholdt at der var mange fordele ved arbejdsmarkedsparternes direkte engagement.
This interest is founded upon the fact that apprentices constitute a substantial proportion of the workforce of the smaller master--employers.
I ΡΑ­Consultants delrapport 2, 'analysefasen', fremhæves det således, at systemet focuserer på udvikling inden for de eksi­sterende fagrammer.
An outline has thus been given above of the most important parts of the social partners' constellation of interests in the building and constructionsector.
Som det, der fungerer godt, opregnes blandt andet følgende punkter: uddannelserne accepteres af arbejdsmarkedets parter ændringer inden for fagenes rammer holder trit med den tekniske udvikling nyudviklede uddannelser modtages godt af virksomheder og arbejdsmarkedet
They all point, however, towards the fact that no particular interest has ever been shown in EFG amongst the master craftsmen's organizations and the skilled trade unions.
erhvervsuddannelserne giver eleverne en landsdækkende kom­petence (s. 4­5)
218 apprentice training; the intake of apprentices was ample.
Den lange sagsgang ved oprettelsen af en ny uddannelse gennem FU­EUU­EUR­DfE systemet kritiseres for at være langsommelig og for ikke at indebære egentlig sagsbehandling i en del af led­dene (s. 19­20)
The possibilities offered by the EFG-system for the skilled worker to obtain a knowledge of other building trades, to collaborate with them and arrange his work accordingly, did not encounter any great demand, either.
Øvrige kritikpunkter er at kontakten til erhvervslivet skulle være forholdsvis dårlig, udover kontakten gennem organisatio­nerne.
In any case, any talk of wanting to make way for regular, systematic crossing of boundaries between the big building trades via training was a pipe dream.
Og at der ikke findes noget formelt organ, hvor ideer til fornyelser af uddannelser opsamles og eventuelt bearbejdes (s.31).
Any desire for more flexible arrangement of work and utilization of new technology in the building trades had to be linked to, rather, modernization of the different big trades individually.
Strukturen i det rådgivende system, hvor den reelle for­deling af indflydelse ikke i tilstrækkelig grad tilgodeser fornyelse og udvikling.
219 also many of the smaller master craftsmen had very much the same work - as an effect of the spread of the turnkey contract (package deal)-system - so that apprentice training was difficult
Sagsgangene i systemet er lange og tidskrævende.
The same applied to those who
Dette med­virker til udviklingen af uformelle kanaler og påvirker i øvrigt systemets effektivitet.
J earned a living from short orders during rapid fluctuations in the level of building activity.
Dette medfører, at der i nogle tilfælde bliver tale om uhensigtsmæssig dobbeltadmi­nistration og i andre tilfælde ansvarsmæssige huller.
In addition to the qualificatory benefits, this created finance for full trainee-pay for the EFG-students during the whole of their time at school.
I forbindelse med Direktoratets organisation påviste vi (dvs PA) en række væsentlige problemer, herunder de betyde­lige krav til koordination samtidig med, at der i forhold til skolerne foreligger en række parallelle kontaktpunk­ter."13
220 into financial difficulties, one of the reasons being that the 1977 AER-law could not provide a refund up to the full pay during the bricklayer-EFG-trainee's long schooling, and another was that the Joint Committee for the Bricklayer's Trade came to pay the wages of trainees who had worked as a gang for building firms that had gone bankrupt.
I analysen havde især EUU­niveauet været kritiseret for at spille en mere formel end reel rolle.
Otherwise, the bricklayer's trade provides guarantees for onjob training places for up to 400 Part 2-students in the intake.
Påpegningen af at uddan­nelserne fornyer sig udmærket inden for de eksisterende rammer,
The Central Organization (HO) of the Building Trades Master Craftsmen's Association does not have statutory authority for this, but does it in practice, if necessary.
^^PA­Consultants 3 opregner disse 6 tankestregspunkter s. 3.
Reference is made to such a scheme in the Proceedings of Parliament 1924/25; but it is probably older than this.
peger på FU-niveauet som det afgørende - med undtagelse af Jern- og Metal EUU og HK-områdets EUU, som formåede at fungere koordinerende over for de FU, der indgik i deres hovedområde.
Also during the period from 1973 up to the present day, the attitude within the trade has been characterized by co operation in ensuring adequate intake and quality in training.
DfE's forhandlinger foregår også direkte i forhold til disse to EUU, mens de i alle andre tilfælde sker direkte med det enkelte FU.14
The intake in 1984 was 275 Part 2-EFG-students, when the bricklayers' union estimated that an intake of 850 was necessary in order to maintain status and numbers in the trade.
Men altså med undtagelse af Metalområdet og HK-området, hvor organisationerne og fagene selv formår at koordinere deres interesser på et bredt branche- eller hovederhvervsområde-niveau. veau.
The trade unions are very interested in keeping their basic training - the master apprenticeship and the EFG-education up to date - but always keeping in mind the trade tradition - and they have involved themselves deeply in continue'"! training.
For dem er der - også for bygge-anlægsområdets 'selvstændige' sekretariat - tale om en ud bredt mangel på en sådan koordination eller aggregering af in teresser fra de faglige delarbejdsmarkeder.
The very high mobility in the building trades - rapid changing of building sites and movement of contractors -emphasizes the need for a qualification that has country wide recognition.
Udbedring af denne mangel synes at være et af hovedmotiverne til PA-Consultants forslag til ændring af det styrende system.
The skilled 'core of labour' does not remain within a firm, but is a common core of labour for the industry.
Men da kritikken af hvordan (de fleste) EUU har fungeret er vidt udbredt, foreslås de slettet.
In the struggle between the unions for new areas of work, handling of new materials, etc., continued training (efteruddannelse, EU) is an important tool.
De faglige udvalg skulle skifte status til at 'bistå områdeudvalgene med fornyelsen af uddannelserne inden for deres eget fagområde, samt overvåge at den teoretiske og praktiske del af uddannelserne gennemføres i henhold til vedtagne mål og planer' (PA3 s.34, vor understregning).
In contrast with the Iron and Steel Industry Employers' Association ('Jernet'), the carpenters have had the secretariats divided in the carpenter's trade.
De faglige udvalg skulle således reduceres til at være rådgivende og kontrollerende.
The craft guild ('lauget') has the secretariat for FFU - because, in the words of an ST-trade-union-spokesman:"They have the apprentices.
Der er således tale om en kraftig overførelse af kompetence fra FU-niveauet til EUU-niveauet i PA3-forslaget.
This was arranged by some of the trend-setting Social Democratic union-chairmen in the building trades.
For 'områdeudvalg-
EUU's co ordinating role is also very weak.
ene' er reelt blot et nyt navn for EUU, blot med ændrede beføjelser og en anden ikke-konkretiseret opdeling af de nuværende 8 hovederhvervsområder/EUU-områder.
223 rejected: "It is unacceptable. There will be not one, but many kinds of carpenters."
Den paritetiske repræsentation af arbejdsmarkedets parter bibeholdes, men der markeres en klart rådgivende status i forhold til undervisningsministeriet.
The last 12 weeks of the basic training were used for this purpose in the first version of the EFG-basis-year; otherwise, the content of the basisyear was characterized by the 'least common denominator'-principle.
Disse forslag er de centrale til en belysning af 'det faglige selvstyres' rolle i relation til staten.
This contributed towards the difficulty of setting up new Part 2-training courses, in which SiD, in particular, was interested.
Andre af PA-Consul-tants forslag skal ikke kommenteres her.
There was not much prospect in merely incorporating disciplines of semiskilled worker-courses on top of the basic training (cf. subsection 3.3.5., p.120).