natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Formålet med undersøgelserne har været at belyse handicappedes aktuelle beskæftigelsessituation i ubeskyttede arbejdsforhold på det almindelige arbejdsmarked samt på basis af empiriske case-studies opridse de veje, der under de givne vilkår forekommer at frembyde de største muligheder for handicappede for at opnå regulære job (vedrørende studiens målsætninger jf. 1. kapitel).
The aim of these studies was to investigate the current employment situation of disabled people in the general labour market and to describe, on the basis of empirical case studies, ways in which disabled with disabilities are most likely to find regular jobs under present conditions (for the aims of the study see Chapter 1).
Når der i den foreliggende studie drages sammenligninger mellem forskellige nationale programmer, målsætninger, handlemåder og erfaringer, er det ikke hensigten at foretage en vurdering af, hvilke ordninger der måtte være de bedste, men at diskutere fordele og ulemper ved praksis i de forskellige lande og indordne resultaterne i en europæisk rammemodel for handicappedes erhvervsmæssige integrering med sigte på en videreudvikling af de europæiske staters fælles fremgangsmåder.
Where comparisons of different national concepts, prescriptions, approaches and experience are made in this study, the aim is not to decide which arrangements are supposedly the best but to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the various approaches with a view to incorporating the findings in a European framework model for the vocational integration of disabled people and building on approaches which the European countries have in common.
Undersøgelsens medarbejdere takker alle samtalepartnere, de handicappede, virksomheds- og institutionsrepræsentanter, der har bidraget til, at denne studie er kommet i stand.
Those who have worked on the study wish to thank everyone they have interviewed, disabled people and representatives of companies and institutions, for their support and cooperation in the compilation of this report.
Til trods for mangfoldige bestræbelser og tilskyndelser bl.a. på europæisk plan (jf. EF-Kommissionen 1988 og 1986) er de handicappedes beskæftigelsessituation i EF-medlemsstaterne fortsat utilfredsstillende, og ledighedsprocenten i denne gruppe ligesom ledighedens varighed ligger over gennemsnittet.
Despite a wide variety of efforts and incentives at European as well as national level (see Commission of the European Communities 1988 and 1986), the employment situation of disabled people in the Member States of the Community remains unsatisfactory, their unemployment rate and the duration of their unemployment being above the average.
Samtidig har der i arbejdets verden igennem længere tid været omfattende teknisk-organisatoriske forandringer i gang, med elementære ændringer af kravene til arbejdsstyrken og de nødvendige kvalifikationer til følge, og det er indtil videre uklart, hvordan de forskellige grupper af handicappede vil kunne leve op til disse nye krav.
The fundamental technical and organizational changes at the workplace that have been under way for some considerable time and entail basic changes in what is required of employees and the qualifications they need are still in full swing, and it is far from clear how the various categories of disabled people might meet these new requirements.
Udviklingen inden for den beskyttede beskæftigelse er ligeledes alarmerende.
The trend in sheltered employ ment is similarly alarming.
Det stigende antal personer i denne sektor viser, at stadig flere under påskud af et handicap, men i grunden af økonomiske og sociale årsager trænges ud i en marginal position, som stadig færre handicappede klarer at komme ud af igen eller erstatte med en almindelig beskæftigelse (jf. Seyfried 1990).
The growing numbers of people in sheltered workshops show that more and more people with the disability label are in fact being pushed into such employment for economic and social reasons. And the number who find their way out of sheltered workshops into open employment is falling (see Seyfried 1990).
Formålet med nærværende undersøgelse har derfor været at foretage en empirisk analyse af positive og negative eksempler på handicappedes erhvervsmæssige integrering og på denne baggrund påvise mulige veje for handicappedes indslusning i det åbne arbejdsmarked under de fremherskende vilkår.
The aim of this study was therefore to discover how disabled people might be integrated into the open labour market under present conditions by making an empirical analysis of positive and negative examples of their vocational integration.
Formålet med denne studie, der er bestilt af CEDEFOP, har med andre ord været at undersøge handicappedes beskæftigelsesmæssige perspektiver i ubeskyttede arbejdsforhold på det almindelige arbejdsmarked med henblik på at forbedre mulighederne for deres erhvervsmæssige integrering.
The aim of the study commissioned by CEDEFOP was, then, to examine the prospects of disabled people finding employment in the general labour market so that their chances of vocational integration might be improved.
Undersøgelsen omfatter de store grupper af handicappede, både de fysisk og sensorisk og de
The study covers the large categories of disabled people, i.e. the physically disabled, people with sensory impairments, the mentally handicapped and the emotionally disturbed.
åndeligt og psykisk handicappede.
integration of disabled people, and the institutional situation, i.e. ex isting vocational rehabilitation measures and facilities.
Alle andre såkaldt socialt handicappede såsom langtidsledige, narkomaner, alkoholikere eller hjemløse har ikke været genstand for undersøgelsen.
The analysis must, however, focus on requirements relating to the two leading actors, employers and disabled people.
En analyse må imidlertid fokusere på forudsætningerne hos de to hovedparter, nemlig virksomhederne og de handicappede, hvorfor det også har været undersøgelsens vigtigste anliggende at adspørge disse om deres praktiske erfaringer.
The primary concern of the study was therefore to question both these groups about their practical experience.
Undersøgelsens formål har derfor været at belyse, under hvilke betingelser handicappede mennesker i dag kan integreres i arbejdslivet i en varig beskæftigelse.
With account taken of these various dimensions, the aim of the study was thus to determine under what conditions disabled people can today be integrated into working life and find permanent employment.
Af analyseresultaterne fremgår en række vilkår, der enten begunstiger eller forhindrer handicappedes erhvervsmæssige integrering.
From the analysis various conditions conducive to or preventing the vocational integration of disabled people are identified.
Endvidere har det været undersøgelsens formål ud fra analysen at formulere strategiske konklusioner med hensyn til, hvordan der kan skabes udvidede beskæftigelsesmuligheder for handicappede i fremtiden.
A further aim of the study was to take this analysis as a basis for strategic conclusions on ways of enabling more disabled people to be employed in the future.
Ved at generalisere undersøgelsens resultater munder de ud i konceptuelle forslag og modeller til en forbedring af den erhvervsmæssige integration.
Thus where the findings of the study can be generalized, conceptual proposals and models for the improvement of vocational integration are presented.
Den af CEDEFOP stillede forskningsopgave gik ud på at undersøge de lovmæssige og institutionelle forudsætninger for den erhvervsmæssige integrering såvel som uddannelsens eller revalideringens betydning samt af anvisnings- og vejledningsaspektet.
CEDEFOP's research contract called for a study of the legal and institutional requirements for vocational integration, of the importance of training and rehabilitation and of the placement and guidance aspect.
Der blev foretaget en baggrundsanalyse ved at evaluere relevant litteratur og foreliggende dokumenter.
To this end, a background analysis consisting of an evaluation of appropriate literature and available documents was made.
Endvidere rettedes der forespørgsler til forskellige institutioner
In addition, various institutions (for the training, rehabilitation, placement and guidance of disabled people and the representation of their interests) were inter viewed.
(uddannelses-, revaliderings-, formidlings-, vej ledningsinstitutioner samt handicappedes interesseorganisationer).
in each of the five countries in which the study was undertaken.
Hovedvægten lå imidlertid på en empirisk undersøgelse af forskellige virksomheders nyskabende foranstaltninger samt eksemplariske case-studies vedrørende vel- eller mislykkede forsøg på erhvervsmæssig integrering af handicappede personer.
The first step was to design appropriate guides (see Annex) on which to base the partly structured interviews.
I alle fem lande, hvor undersøgelsen fandt sted, skulle a. ca. 12-14 virksomheder interviewes om deres specifikke anstrengelser for og erfaringer med handicappedes erhvervsmæssige integrering.
In line with the methodological re quirements for partly structured interviews, these guides were to cover the essential aspects of the problem area to be studied and yet remain sufficiently open to enable the experience of individuals to be de scribed.
Endvidere skulle b. ca. 12-14 handicappede inden for de forskellige handicapgrupper interviewes om deres - både positive og negative - erhvervserfaringer.
Consequently, the guides include both "open" questions and detailed questions on quite specific problem areas in vocational integration.
Der blev i første omgang udarbejdet retningslinjer (jf. tillægget) for gennemførelsen af delvis strukturerede interviewer. For at tilgodese de metodologiske krav til delvis strukturerede interviewer skulle disse retningslinjer dække det relevante problemområde i alle væsentlige forhold, men samtidig være tilstrækkeligt åbne til at kunne opfange individuelle erfaringer.
This problem was solved by interposing a substantive and meth odological stage: interviews with training, placement, advisory and care bodies.
Dette er grunden til, at retningslinjerne omfatter både "åbne" og detaljerede spørgsmål vedrørende helt bestemte problemområder i den erhvervsmæssige integration.
During the interviews various cases were first discussed, and after suitable cases had been selected, the institutions were asked to arrange the necessary contacts.
Den metodiske fremgangsmåde er valgt, fordi der fra tidligere, eksplorative forskningsarbejder (jf. Seyfried og Lambert 1989) allerede forelå en relevant viden på området, der muliggjorde struktureringen.
Not all the disabled people originally selected were prepared to take part, either because they were unwilling to face the problem or out of fear of stigmatization, a fear which could not always be allayed even though anonymity was ensured.
Da betydningen af ny teknologi for handicappedes fremtidige beskæftigelsesmuligheder var omfattet af undersøgelsen, inkluderedes endvidere spørgsmål vedrørende dette emneområde i retningslinjerne.
The eventual choice of "suitable" cases was thus dictated by the willingness of disabled people to cooperate and by the criteria governing the study, such as the re-
5 Den i metodisk henseende vigtigste opgave var at løse "adgangsproblemet" i forbindelse med de empiriske undersøgelser, dvs. at den udarbejdede metode skulle vise vejen til den rette udvælgelse af virksomheder og handicappede.
quirement that all types of disability, the various sectors of production, etc., be covered.
Problemet løstes ved at indskyde en både indholdsmæssig og metodisk mellemfase, idet man også adspurgte uddannelses-, anvisnings-, rådgivnings- og støtteinstanser.
To ensure that the study did not consider only disabled people who had found jobs through placement bodies, interviews were also conducted with other organizations, e.g. organizations of disabled people, trade union representatives and vocational rehabilitation institutions.
Disse institutioner blev spurgt om deres erfaringer med den erhvervsmæssige integrering, men samtidig benyttedes samtalerne til at etablere de ønskede kontakter til virksomheder og handicappede.
This also made it possible to find out about their views on the substantive issues and include them in the study.
I interviewerne diskuteredes først forskellige konkrete tilfælde, hvorefter flere velegnede emner udvalgtes, og institutionerne anmodedes om at etablere de nødvendige kontakter.
Another method of gaining access to dis abled people was to interview the employers; here again, disabled indi viduals employed in the firm and suitable for a case study were dis cussed.
Ikke alle handicappede erklærede sig villige til at deltage, enten fordi de ikke ønskede at blive konfronteret med problematikken, eller fordi de var bange for en stigmatisering, og selv om de tilsikredes anonymitet, var det ikke altid muligt at overvinde dette forbehold.
Access to the employers was similarly gained through intermediary bodies, since the firms approached directly all refused to cooperate, either be cause they had no time or because they claimed the employment of disabled people did not pose any problems.
I sidste ende fremstod en række "egnede" emner på basis af samarbejdsvillige handicappede og undersøgelsens kriterier, bl.a. inddragelse af alle former for handicap, inddragelse af forskellige produktionsområder etc.
There was no denying, however, that many of these firms felt the need to conceal their methods from overly critical eyes.
For at undgå at der i undersøgelsen kun skulle deltage handicappede, der havde fået anvist deres arbejdsplads, gennemførtes tilsvarende interviewer også med andre, f.eks. handicaporganisationer, faglige repræsentanter eller institutioner til erhvervsrettet revalidering, hvis standpunkter til indholdsmæssige spørgsmål samtidig kunne bringes i erfaring og inddrages i undersøgelsen.
It is, of course, impossible for an outsider to judge whether there was in fact anything to conceal or whether this attitude stemmed from a fear of unjustified attacks.
En anden adgangsvej til de handicappede var interviewerne med virksomhederne.
The firms contacted through the intermediaries proved to be highly cooperative.
Også her omtaltes enkeltpersoner, der var beskæftigede i virksomheden, og som kunne komme på tale for en case-study.
This approach meant, however, that interviews were conducted only with firms making positive efforts to integrate disabled people, whereas the "black sheep" could not be considered.
Vejen til virksomhederne gik via formidlende instanser, idet de direkte adspurgte firmaer gennemgående nægtede at samarbejde, enten af mangel på tid eller med den begrundelse at der ikke var problemer med beskæftigelsen af handicappede.
The interviews were conducted partly in writing, partly in person, in which case they were usually recorded, the important passages then being transcribed. The content was then analysed to enable the various state ments on specific aspects to be summarized and their significance and relationship one to the other analysed.
Det fremgik imidlertid ret tydeligt, at mange af disse virksomheder prøvede at
Exemplary statements on specific problem areas have been included in this report as illustrations.
I dette kapitel gives et overblik over analysens forskellige dele samt de i forbindelse med den empiriske undersøgelse adspurgte personer og institutioner.
In this chapter we begin with an overview of the various levels of the analysis and of the people and institutions interviewed during the em­pirical study.
De samfundsmæssige rammevilkår (jf. 3. kapitel) udgør naturligvis grundlaget både for analysen og vurderingen af konkrete handlingsmuligheder.
The societal environment (see Chapter 3) naturally forms the basis for both the analysis and the assessment of potential courses of action in practice.
Men som et led i den empiriske forskning er dette grundlag ligeledes blevet undersøgt med henblik på gennemførelsen og virkningerne i praksis, dvs. at det bl.a. har været genstand for interviewerne med handicappede, virksomheder og institutioner inden for handicaparbejdet. I tabel nr. 1 er vist et overblik over empiriske interviewer.
However, this basis was also examined during the empirical research to see what practical implications and effects it has, i.e. it was also raised during interviews with disabled people, firms and insti­tutions working with disabled people.
Overblik over undersøgelsesområdet
Overview of the field covered by the study
Lande :
Country
Adspurgte :
Interviewed
Handicappede
Disabled
Navnlig i interviewerne med de i alt 68 institutioner, der udfører forskellige opgaver i forbindelse med handicappedes erhvervsmæssige integrering, er de samfundsmæssige rammevilkår
During the interviews with the 68 institutions performing various tasks connected with the vocational integration of disabled people, some con­siderable time was devoted to the societal environment.
tilgodeset i forholdsvis stort omfang. Dels hører de adspurgte institutioner selv ind under disse rammevilkår, og dels er deres sagkyndige medarbejdere hele tiden konfronteret med dem.
for another, it is something with which the experts they employ are con stantly confronted.
I alt 11 af de interviewede personer arbejdede på statslige kontorer til anvisning og erhvervsvejledning af handicappede, 24 arbejdede i institutioner, der tager sig af at forberede handicappede til erhvervsarbejde og i den forbindelse også foretager anvisninger.
Eleven of the interviewees were employed by government bodies for the placement and vocational counselling of disabled people and 24 by institutions concerned with the vocational preparation of disabled people, after which they undertake appropriate placement activities.
Andre 16 adspurgte varetog vejledende funktioner i organer, der hjælper handicappede med forskellige problemer i arbejdslivet eller med adgangsvanskeligheder; to af disse var ansatte i selve virksomhederne og ansvarlige for at varetage de beskæftigede handicappedes interesser.
A further 16 interviewees were employed by services which help disabled people when they encounter various problems in working life or difficulties when seeking employment. Two of these interviewees worked for firms, where they were responsible for safeguarding the interests of disabled em ployees.
Endvidere interviewedes syv repræsentanter for faglige organisationer, tre af disse arbejdede på en virksomhed.
In addition, seven representatives of trade union organizations were interviewed, three being employees of firms.
Og endelig havde vi interviewer med 10 andre organisationer, der arbejder inden for handicapforsorgen, og i den forbindelse specielt tager sig af spørgsmålet om den erhvervsmæssige integrering.
Finally, we inter viewed ten other organizations which care for disabled people and are specifically concerned with aspects of vocational integration.
En analyse af disse institutioners forskellige funktioner og opgaver findes i 5. kapitel.
The various functions and substantive tasks of these, institutions are analysed in Chapter 5.
På virksomhedsniveau er der foretaget i alt 63 interviewer.
A total of 63 interviews were conducted in firms.
Når det drejede sig om mindre virksomheder, var de adspurgte indehaverne selv, ellers var det personaleafdelingen, der besvarede spørgsmålene. Ved disse samtaler var ikke kun personalechefen, men også den handicappedes direkte foresatte eller den pågældende afdelingsleder til stede.
In smaller firms the owner was interviewed, otherwise the person responsible for personnel matters.
enkelte handicappede, der - i et efterfølgende separat interview - blev adspurgt om sine erfaringer i den pågældende virksomhed.
This enabled the discussion to cover both general aspects of corporate policy and issues connected with the employ ment of individual disabled people, whom we also questioned about their experience with the firm concerned in separate interviews.
Ved udvælgelsen af de interviewede virksomheder tilstræbtes en vis repræsentativitet, dvs. at både små, mellemstore og store virksomheder var omfattet, ligesom de forskellige brancher skulle være rimeligt repræsenterede.
In the selection of the firms to be interviewed care was taken to achieve something like a representative sample, i.e. to include small as well as mediumsized and large firms, and also to take appropriate account of the various sectors.
Af tabel nr. 2 fremgår denne fordeling som følger:
The distribution is shown in Table 2.
Interviewede virksomheder efter størrelse og branche
Firms interviewed, by size and sector
Små vi: rks. ind t .30 ans.
Small < 30 empi. Large > 300 empi. Sector
Med hensyn til landene er der en vis uligevægt, men når man ser på undersøgelsen som helhed er der opnået en nogenlunde rimelig fordeling på de forskellige brancher og størrelser, så vidt dette i det hele taget er muligt ved en stikprøve med n = 63.
Although there are some imbalances among the various countries, a fairly appropriate distribution among the various sectors and sizes is achieved in the study as a whole, to the extent that this is possible with a sample of n = 63.
Alt i alt interviewedes 95 handicappede om deres erhvervserfaringer.
A total of 95 disabled people were questioned about their experience in employment.
Antallet af interviewer ligger således langt over den stikprøve, der var regnet med i forskningsopgaven med 12-14 for hvert land.
The number of interviews is thus far higher than the sample of 12 to 14 per country required by the research contract.
Afvigelsen skete ved, at man pr. interviewet virksomhed som regel adspurgte mere end en handicappet person.
This depar ture was due to the fact that more than one disabled person was inter viewed in most of the firms participating in the study.
Dertil kommer, at der interviewedes flere handicappede, hvis erhvervsmæssige integrering ikke var lykkedes, og som ikke havde nogen almindelig beskæftigelse på tidspunktet for interviewet.
In addition, interviews were conducted with some disabled people whose vocational integration had failed and who were not in open employment at the time of the interview.
I nogle af disse tilfælde var det ikke muligt at adspørge de pågældende virksomheder, idet de handicappede ikke gav deres tilladelse dertil.
In some of these cases the disabled people would not agree to former employers being interviewed.
I tilfælde af en vellykket integrering skulle ansættelsestidspunktet ligge mindst seks måneder tilbage, for først efter dette tidsrum, der jo som regel også gælder som prøvetid, kan det afgøres, om integreringen virkelig er vedvarende.
In the examples of successful integration the time elapsing since initial employment was to be at least six months because it is only after such a period, during which employees are usually on probation, that it can be decided whether integration is really permanent.
I tilfælde af fiasko skulle tidspunktet herfor heller ikke ligge længere tilbage end tre år.
Where integration was not successful, the time at which the failure occurred was similarly to be not more than three years in the past.
Ikke taget i betragtning er de mange tilfælde, hvor man gjorde os opmærksomme på virksomhedernes egne tekniske tilpasningsforanstaltninger, der ikke bevirkede oprettelsen af en ny arbejdsplads, men var beregnet på at bevare arbejdspladsen for en allerede ansat handicappet person.
The fairly common cases brought to our notice of technical modifications in firms which resulted not in a new disabled person being employed but in an existing employee keeping his job were not considered.
Interviewerne fordeler sig på de forskellige former for handicap som følger:
The types of disability covered by the interviews are shown in Table 3.
Oversigt over adspurgte handicappede personer
The disabled people interviewed
Lande:
Country
Men på den anden side genspejler disse personers
10 these people are probably borderline cases, meaning that more seriously mentally handicapped people are hardly represented in the study for the simple reason that, despite intensive searches, few were to be found in employment.