natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Liche Heim Volkshochschulen" er der så stort et spring, at man med ret stor sikkerhed kan, sige, at vi befinder os temmeLig Langt fra at kunne tale om en europæisk landbrugs uddannelse.
These various qualifications in fact correspond to successive (but not necessarily chronologically distinct) periods in the policy pursued throughout the European Community with respect to the agricultural holding.
- der veksles mellem arbejde og kursusdeltagelse, hvorunder uddannelsen konkretiseres;
- the effort to increase unit profitability, i.e. make the farm an increasingly productive tool by means of modernization (mechanization, soil upgrading measures, improved seeds, species and fertilizers, product specialization) and eliminating unprofitable units.
- den pågældende er i stand tiL at uddanne sig se L v;
From this viewpoint, the training provision is regarded as instruction in farming methods, the fundamental chemical and biological processes, and mechanical skills.
- underviseren og deltageren, er fælles om den pågældende viden.
- the effort to understand and unify the approach to farming, i.e. to direct the farmer towards shaping his farm to conform with enterprises in any other sector.
Den europæiske s o c i aL for d , 1980, side 173.
The farmer who is able to regard his farm as a business project is
Uddannelsen, er en kont i nue rl i g proces, hvori kursusset udgør en pause i deltagerens erhvervsaktivitet.
- an effort to integrate the unit into the development of local job-creating activities, i.e. to make farming be come a driving force in the local economy.
I denne forbindelse er jagten på fiduser og spredte oplysninger ikke at betragte som nogen, uddannelse.
With this purpose in mind, there were recommendations for small-scale local processing of agricultural produce and the revitalization of traditional forms of manufacturing; there were calls for the installation of small centres for research into new forms of energy production, a field of major interest to the agricultural sector.
For det andet frem byder Landbrugernes uddannelse tre udådskiLLeLige aspekter: et teknisk, et økonomisk og et samfundsmæssigt.
Drawing on an idea parallel to this concept of a living museum, farmers were invited to participate in managing natural parks, formerly un touchable reserves.
Med hensyn til landbrugsuddannelsens mål vil der altid være to: samfundsmæssig forståelse og dømme kraft.
The training provision takes the form of motivation towards new ideas; the local develop ment officer provides access to specialists in ancient and modern skills, in marketing techniques, or in opening rural life and the farm to the tourist public.
En tysk undersøgelse skelner i fremlæggel sen af Landmændenes fremtidige uddannelse mellem individuelle og samfundsmæssige kvalifikationer:
With an induced demand for training and professional, external organizers, it might be easy to believe that farmers are having a training system imposed on them.
IndividueLle kvalifikationer åndelig smidighed dømmek ra ft evne til at indse sammenhængen mellem for skellige tænkemåder beslutningse vne planlægningsevne
Doubt is even cast on the representativeness of the trade unions and the professional associations, "for being the only voice in the agricultural world and wanting to promote the aspira tions of all, they in fact do nothing other than promote their own."
Beskrivelsen, af Landbrugsuddannelsens mål er ikke anderledes i Italien, : at give det enkelte menneske evne til at fortolke et relationssystem; uddannelsen er arnestedet for kunnen og viden, fornyelse og udsyn.
— 35 — survey of the training provision for farmers because of the confusion prevailing between training measures proper, experimental projects, ad hoc initiatives, and the contours of the training measures of tomorrow.
(regning samt mundtlig og skriftlig udtryksevne) er det obligatoriske udgangspunkt for al uddannelse for
Between the vocational training provided in the Mezzogiorno (referred to by de Schutter and Cortesse as the casualty ward of the schooling system) and the integration of the farming population into the adult education system in the Federal Republic of Germany, there is such a vast expanse that one can hardly reason in terms of one European approach to training in agriculture.
I en, beskrivelse af kvindernes uddannelse på landet i Frankrig omtales målet for al uddannelse med disse ord: "afvisning af al undervisning, der indskrænker sig til kunnen og viden; kunnen og viden skal sættes i forbindeLse med en mere viden skabelig opfattelse af emnerne, så deltagerne får indbLik i økonomiske, historiske, geografiske ja endog filosofiske og politiske forhold".
In the first instance there are the general principles of continuing adult education:
Det har altid været målet at muLiggøre det for deltagerne at bevare eller at genfinde deres enhed og at forblive eLLer bL i ve ansvarlige for sig se L v.
- an alternance approach encompassing practical work in the occupation and a training course, the focal point of the training ;
Udarbejdelse af behovene
- the trainer and the trainee share their knowledge.
"korts Lut ning" gennem en nedskæring af kursusomfanget, så det bLot imødekommer de direkte udtrykte behov.
Judged against this yardstick, chasing obscure successes or seeking out disparate information cannot be regarded as training in the proper sense of the term.
En korrekt uddannelsesmæssig fremgangsmåde må gå ud fra landmandens situation og de med denne forbundne problemer; her optræder underviseren som analytiker.
Then there is a second consideration, namely that vocational training for farmers displays three inseparable aspects: the technical, the economic, and the social.
I anden fase optræder underviseren som igangsætter for at få deltageren tiL at lave et projekt og til at finde ud af, hvor problemerne, det vil sige uddannelsesbehovene, ligger.
With regard to the objectives of agricultural training, these are fundamentally two: social advancement and accurate judgement.
Og endelig i uddannelsens sidste fase: projektets ti L k nyt n ing tiL den eksterne økonomiske struktur, hvorunder underviseren optræder som konsulent i Ledelse.
A German survey conducted in 1977 charts out future training for farmers by making a distinction be tween individual qualifications and social qualifications:
Undervisernes kunnen, kommer til udtryk i en a f k La ret teknisk sprogbrug, fordi den, skal kunne bruges overalt,
. mental agility . skill in judgement
Landbrugerne udtrykker sig i et sprog, der er yderst jordbundent.
. skill in identifying correlations between modes of reasoning . skill in decision-making . skill in formulating projects
Derfor kan den udsættelse af en tidsfrist, der er ganske ligetil for konsu lenten, være en skammelig nødvendighed for landmanden.
. experience of a need for cooperation and association (including within the marriage and family life) . skill in cooperating with others . ease in relations with others
Vægt og flader udtrykkes ikke nødvendigvis i kilogram og kvadratmeter, men i læs eLLer arbejdsdage.
. ability to communicate with democratically elected representatives .
Den gyldne middelvej mellem teori og praksis ser ud til at være et omstridt emne inden for uddannelsespædagogikken for landmænd.
A description of the objectives of agricultural training in Italy strikes the same note: to provide the individual with the ability to interpret a system of interrelations; training is the source of culture, change, and a more open attitude.
For uddanneLsesdeLta -geren er teorien primært noget, der ikke gælder for ham (igen står vi over for et spørgsmål om sprogbrug). Det kan være noget tænkt, som for eksempel en gennemtænkt arbejdsplan, i modsætning til det, han kommer ud for i dagliglivet, nemlig en række forskelligartede aktiviteter, der følger på hinanden.
One element, however, does betray the special situation prevailing in this country: compensating for de ficient schooling (arithmetic and written and oral expression) emerges as the necessary point of departure in any train ing venture designed for the farming population.
Teori opfattes også som en viden, der er blevet til uden for bondens verden, altså som noget bon,den enten ikke har set eller som ikke er "accepteret" af hans nærmeste omgivelser. Ting, der for underviserens forsøgsaktivitet anses for at være ganske uvæsentlige, kan udmærket være af o ve rordentLi g stor betydning i deltagerens be vidsthed.
A document on training for women in rural areas of France in fact recounts the ultimate objective of all training efforts: "To reject a type of education which is confined to instruction in skills in favour of one in which these skills are related to knowledge of a scientific nature and represent a path of access to economic, historical, geographical, even philosophical and political realities".
Der kan ikke være tale om uddannelse, uden at man rives ud af sine vante omgivelser, men heller ikke uden at der hele tiden henvises til disse.
The objective has always been to allow the individual to retain or regain his unity, to remain or acquire an ability to be responsible for his own actions.
Dette punkt vedrører møderne, kursusaktiviteten eller uddannelsesdagene, idet uddannelsen, er ved varende og derfor ikke kender anden tid eLler andet sted end bedriften.
Firstly, bearing in mind that training demand almost always emerges in response to a stimulus, such de mand does not necessarily exist a priori, or the description given by the person experiencing the need for training may be nebulous. In either instance, the trainer will reformulate
Til trods for problemerne i forbindelse med arbejdets fortsættelse på bedriften betragtes nogle dages luftforandring som led i en eller anden uddannelsesak tivitet for at være velgørende som føLge af de rige muligheder, der er for udveksling af syr,spurkter i de ledige stunder (måltider, aften) og som føLge af at være sammen med andre.
More importantly, the training is in danger of being short-circuited by diminishing the scope of a course to fit the training needs expressed.
I alle tilfæLde er enkelte dage om forskellige emner i strid med uddar- nelsen, hvorved mange populariser!ngsaktioner ser ud til at blive udelukket fra uddannelsen.
The correct approach to training must depart from the situation of the farmer himself and the problems involved within that situation.
UddanreL- sesarbejdets rytme skal endvidere være i overensstem melse med årstiden på grund af de med denne for burdre a r be j dsopga ve r .
The role of the trainer here is initially that of an analyst; at a subsequent stage his purpose will be to promote reflection with a view to guiding the individual towards designing a training project and discovering where his shortcomings and, by extension, his training needs, lie.
a - Kyi_nderne
Language
Kvinderne på landet udgør en, særlig deltagergruppe inden, for UddanneLsen; det skyldes kvindens utallige opgaver på bedriften (husmoder, mor, deLtager i produktionen) og det forhoLd, at kvinderne tit finder sammen, som Led i Lokale udviklingsprojekter.
Trainers express their knowledge by means of a technical code which is filtered with a view to universal application.
Der kræves derfor særlige uddannelsesmetoder.
For their part, farmers tend to express themselves in a language which is impregnated with affective terms.
TiL forskel fra landbrugeren selv, for
Weights and areas are not necessarily expressed in terms of kilogrammes or acres but as a function of trailer-loads or man/days.
Det samme gælder for uddannelses- tilbuddet, idet der ikke foreligger noget direkte økonomisk kriterium og heller ikke noget renta biLi- tetskriterium for hende; og endelig findes der heller ikke noget erhvervsfagligt miljø.
Reconciling these two languages is a precondition for acknowledging the instrumental value of any tool of reflection (a concept, process, or method of calculation).
UddanneLsesefterspørgselen
Theory and practice
Landbokvinden,s uddannelsesefterspørgsel omfatter tre aspekter:
Finding the exact balance between theory and practice seems to be a controversai pedagogic issue with respect to training for farmers.
- tiLstræbelse af selvstændighed og anerkendelse: uddannelsen tilsigter ikke erhvervelse af en, kva lifikation, men, forskellige former for kompetence i forbindelse med det arbejde, hun allerede udfører på gården eLLer i samfundet;
For the trainee, theory (here again a question of terminology) is first of all something which does not apply to him, an ideal situation, a well-ordered schedule as opposed to that which he encounters in his daily work in the form of a succession of varied tasks.
- tiLstræbelse af nye muligheder og aLmendanneLse : uddannelsen, tilsigter erhvervelse af psykisk sikker hed, der muliggør det for kvinden "af komme ud af huset";
Theory is also knowledge which has been developed beyond the farmer's visual range, something which he has not seen and which has not been "validated" by his local fellow-farmers.
En definition af omridset af det, der er produktions arbejde, og det, der er husmoderarbejde i hjemmet, foranlediger Landbohustruen til at opstille og at sammenligne beskæftigeLsesklassificeringer og til at analysere, hvad der er
This issue must revolve around the training sessions, the training courses and the study days, for training is a continuing process and its time and place can be none other than the farm itself.
Denne uddannelse indgår i bedriftens rationaliseringsproces; således kan man ikke føre regnskab overdriften uden at finde frem til de forskellige arbejdstider og disses pris, uanset om det er manden eller kvinden, der præsterer arbejdet.
Despite the difficulties with respect to the continuity of work on the farm, removal from the farm for a session of several days' duration is considered to be beneficial by virtue of the wealth of contacts which can be made in the extramural periods (meals, evenings) and the experience of the community spirit which develops under such circumstances.
Derfor vil uddannelsen måske medføre, at der sker en ændring af prioriteringen af de forskel lige investeringer eLLer en omlægning af driften, under hensyntagen til kvindens arbejdsindsats.
Isolated days dealing with disparate subjects are far removed from training, a view which seems to preclude from training a large number of existing extension measures.
Nogle af disse opgaver, der havde noget stærkt fælLesskabs- betonet over sig (fælles tøjvask i det offentlige vaskehus), er bortfaLdet til fordel for hjemmevask, men andre kunne træde i deres sted.
Two special target groups for training measures in rural areas will be described: women and persons with a non-agri cultural background.
For øvrigt sker uddannelsen trinvis,og den er ikke uden for bindelse med den, sideløbende udvikling af omgivelser ne (familien, andre kvinder, miljøet).
— 41 — part of an occupational upgrading scheme within the framework of a national project to modernize agricultural production and farm management, training for women in rural areas responds to a general criterion of society.
I så henseende indtager oplæringen i at give udtryk for sine opfattelser en lige så betydningsfuld plads som erhvervelsen af kompetencer.
The same applies to the training provision for women: there is no criterion of immediate cost-effectiveness to be observed in connection with the training offered to women in rural areas; moreover, there is no occupational milieu.
En frigjort personlig fremtræden er også en del af den ekstrakompetence, der kræves af kvinderne,
The training demand prevailing among women in rural areas manifests itself as a threefold quest:
I denne forbindelse består UddanneLsen først og fremmest i erhvervelse af muligheder for at kunne ræsonnere og ikke blot i at opsamle viden.
- a quest for autonomy and recognition: the training is not intended to provide a formal qualification but greater knowledge and skill which can be applied to activities already carried out by the women either on the farm or within the community;
Evnen tiL at koordinere og tiL at skabe forbindelser er vigtigst: skabe sammenhæng mellem "viden", "kunnen," og "at forstå at være til".
- a quest for a broader outlook and education: the training seeks to afford the woman a degree of psychological security and confidence which enables her to develop outwards;
Her drejer det sig imidlertid ikke om at udtænke uddan nelser i rent mandlige eller kvindelige grupper.
- a quest for a model for rural living: the training is in tended to afford women a social status which serves as the basis for their participation in constructing a different framework for living.
Visse spørgsmål viL kun, komme frem, dersom kvinderne deltager i de uddannelser, der sædvanligvis har været "forbeholdt" mændene (alternativet leve bedre f .eks.) .
Defining the boundaries between productive work for the farm and family/household work causes the farmer's wife to classify and compare occupations, to differentiate be-
Lyst til at overgå til Landbrugsvirksomhed.
This approach to training is in line with the rationalization process on the farm: the accounting, for example, would not be correct if the hours worked and their cost were not recorded, irrespective of whether the husband or the wife worked them.
Ten,- derser har været så omfattende, at den så tidligt som i 1975 blev gjort til genstand for undersø gelse i Frankrig.
The outcome of the training might be a shift in investment priorities or a reorganization of the holding which takes into account the work invested by the farmer's wife.
Denne gruppes oprindelse er yderst fo r s ke L L i ga rt e t (arbejdere fra f øde va re fora r be j d- ningsindustri en, unge arbejdsløse fra byerne, funk tionærer, håndeLsmedhjæLpere), hvorfor det er meget irdividuelt, hvordan dette publikum integreres i landbruget.
The examination of day-to-day tasks provokes an exchange of old and new knowledge, an objective analysis of processes with an affective or traditional dimension , and the identification of the tasks "reserved" for women by the local community.
Som det har været tiLfældet for Land bruget i almindelighed, skal man også i dette til fælde betragte uddannelsens plads i relation, til alLe de forskellige problemer, der melder sig for dette publikum (herunder selve retten, til uddannelse).
Some of these tasks with their profound communal element (e.g. washing the laundry at the public wash-house) have disappeared in the wake of the privatization process, but others could succeed them.
(og der kan endog blive taLe om en, kritisk prøvelse af situationer og fremgangsmåder).
The experience gained as a wife and mother represents a fund of knowledge which can be pooled by organizing neighbourhood services, the first step in a process of opening up the outside world and en suring public recognition of latent capacities and abilities.
Problemerne i forbindelse med denne særlige deltager gruppes landbrugsuddannelse er navnlig af organisa torisk karakter; det er en, normal for bi gående situa tion i forbindeLse med efterspørgselens nyhed.
The ultimate objective of training for women living in rural areas is to remove the obstacles which still prevent them from participating in the construction of a different mode of rural living which gives due consideration to the profitability of the farm and the value of personal and social relations within the community.
I forhold til de øvrige Landmænd er disse deltagere selvfølgelig "bagefter" med hensyn til daglig praksis, men de vil hyppigt nyde fordel af kvalifikationer og erfaringer fra udøvelsen af et andet erhverv.
The group plays a more important role in training for women. In many cases, the woman has to tear herself away from her milieu; the training results in the redefinition of the woman's role, hence its disruptive dimension and efficiency.
De Lokale udviklingsprojekter, der stort set florerer over hele Europa, har alle det tiL fælles, at de prøver på at omdanne
Target groups with a non-agricultural background
Der er først og fremmest taLe om en opadstigende ændring.
This target group, which emerged quite suddenly towards the mid-1970s, is made up of individuals who wish to retrain for work in agriculture.
Det er den lokale befolkning, der er "drivkraften" i udviklingen.
The size of the movement became such that an enquiry had already been launched in France by 1975.
Det fremgår allerede klart af afgrænsringer af det område, der er genstand for projektet, idet mar vil foretrække det område, som befolkninger opfatter som værende et område for sig selv frem for at vælge en eller anden form for administrativ inddeling.
From the viewpoint of its origin, this category of intending farmers is very heterogeneous (workers in the food processing industry, unemployed city youths, white-collar workers, clerical staff), and their integration into agriculture therefore has to be very much an individual affair.
Dernæst er produktet ikke "færdigsyet", men befolkninger opfordres til i fæLLesskab at opsøge nye veje.
As with respect to agriculture in general, here too there is a need for relativizing the role of train ing within the broader overall problem complex faced by this group (which includes the question as to its very right to training).
Det er formålet at forlige det erhvervsmæssige med det kulturhistoriske.
The training needs of this group are immediate, and train ing may indeed be a prerequisite before any further step can be taken.
Gen,oplivelsen af en egn, er ikke kun et spørgsmål om at genskabe traditionelle aktiviteter eller ar ligge nye; det er også et spørgsmål om at genskabe et livs- miljø.
Insofar, the training demand emanating from this group is in clear contrast to that emanating from the general body of farmers: it is a spontaneous and intensive demand which relates to all aspects of the occupation and its environment (and which may in extreme instances develop into a critical investigation of situations and methods).
Udtrykket kulturhistorisk kan misforstås; foranst staltninger til skabelse af forbindelser mellem mennesker går hånd i hånd med foranstaltninger tiL opsøgning af en fælles fortid.
The main problem in providing training for this special type of target group is of an organizational nature, but this is a normal, temporary shortcoming resulting from the fact that this particular demand is but a recent phenomenon.
Mellem lokal og regional udvikling er der kun forskel i målestokken.
In the longer term, there will be occasion for the non-agri-
Sideløbende hermed skaL der ske en opsøgning af kunnen og viden samt af lokaLe menneskelige ressourcer; det skal konstateres, hvad der findes af foreninger med mere eLLer mindre Liv i, og hvor interesserne og konflikterne ligger.
The motivation experienced by this group is just as much professional (to change occupation or create work) as it is aesthetic (the desire to experience a new mode of living and pursue an occupation which calls for creativity, initiative, and responsibility).
Rbningen af befolkningens øjne for projektet forudsætter en. uddannelse i kommunikation, udtryksevne og gruppediskussion; igangsættelsen, af nye aktiviteter i regionen indebærer uddannelse i problemanalyse og opsøgning af LokaLe ressourcer.
Compared with those who are already engaged in farming, these persons of course have much to make up from the viewpoint of the day-to-day routine of the occupation; however, many have the advantage of bringing with them skills and abilities from a different occupation.
Udøvelse af flere forskellige aktiviteter er ikke noget nyt på landet.
A common feature of the local development projects now found in abundance throughout Europe is their claim to transform a rural population into a rural community and afford the region a nostalgic, homely character.
I Fællesskabets medlems stater drejer det sig om familiens udøvelse af fLere aktiviteter med jordens dyrkning som den. primære og væsentLigste aktivitet.
This transformation is in the first instance of a bottom-up type: the local population serves as the driving force in the development process.
Udviklingsprojekterne er i mange tiLfælde ikke andet end ansporing til skabelse af sekundære aktiviteter, der skaL udøves af et eLLer flere af husstandens medlemmer.
This is evident as soon as the project zone is defined, for an area which the population perceives as a separate entity will be preferred to any administrative delimitation.