natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Men da de er meget ulige fordelt over regionerne, udgør procentdelen 36,5 % i Bruxelles, 17 % i Vallonien, 6 % i Flandern.
However, owing to the fact that they are very unequally distributed among the regions the percentages for Brussels, Wallonia and Flanders are 36.5, 17 and 6 % respectively.
En væsentlig del af disse udenlandske unge er født i Belgien: Over 75 % af dem, der går i primærskolen, over 60 % af dem, der går på sekundærniveau, og man kan spørge sig selv, hvad betegnelsen "indvandrere" egentlig betyder i det tilfælde!
A large number of these young people of foreign extraction were born in Belgium, that is, more than 75 % of those attending primary school and over 60 % of those in second ary education, and it is relevant to ask what the designation "immigrant" actually means in their case!
Den skolesøgende udenlandske befolkning udgør således en forholdsvis væsentlig del, nemlig mere end 100 000 elever på primærniveau (15,3 % af det samlede tal) og mere end 80 000 på sekundærniveau (næsten 10 %).
The proportion of pupils of foreign extraction in the total population of schoolchildren is relatively high: they account for more than 100 000 pupils at the primary level (15.3 % of the total) and 80 000 at the secondary level
Hvad angår disse unges erhvervskvalifikationsniveau, er man ikke i besiddelse af særligt nøjagtige tal, men det kan dog siges, at det sædvanligvis er betydeligt lavere end de unge belgieres, og at det ligger tæt op ad "første generations".
(almost 10 %). However, the distribution of these young foreigners among the different branches of secondary ed ucation is very unequal.
I Belgien kan der således kun iagttages en meget svag forandring i den sociale mobilitet hos den indvandrede del af befolkningen.
33.8 % of them are receiving general education, 26.3 % technical education and 39.8 % vocational education, while the corresponding percentages for their Belgian counterparts are 55.6 %, 22.8 % and 21.6 % respectively.
Beskæftigelsessituationen i Belgien er blevet yderligere forværret i løbet af de sidste år, hvilket har meført en hurtig stigning i antallet af arbejdsløse blandt de unge i almindelighed; i 1974 udgjorde de 20,5 % af det samlede antal arbejdsløse, i dag udgør de 30 %.
Unfortunately the most recent statistics on vocational activity among young people of foreign extraction (that is, those who are already on the labour market) date back to 19 77.
Men de unge udlændinge lider desuden på grund af deres større sårbarhed på arbejdsmarkedet, der dels skyldes deres lave kvalifikationsniveau, dels at de er udlændinge.
They show that the overall percentage of this group available to the labour market (49.3 %) in 1977 was slightly lower than that for their Belgian counterparts (50.7 %), due to the smaller number of young girls in the working population.
Medens arbejdsløshedsindekstallet = 100 i 1974 steg til 546 i 1984 for dem under 25 år i almindelighed, nåede det op på 703 for de unge udlændinges vedkommende.
The exact figures on the level of vocational qualification achieved by these young foreigners, however, show that this is generally considerably lower than that of the young Belgians and that it remains similar to that of the "first generation" of immigrants at the time of their arrival.
Hvad angår arbejdsløsheden, må det endvidere tilføjes, at den ikke rammer alle nationaliteter lige hårdt.
There has thus evidently been very little change in social mobility in the immigrant population in Belgium.
Medens 18 % af den aktive belgiske befolkning under 25 år var ramt af arbejdsløshed i 1984, var det 26,6 % for de unge udlændinges vedkommende (men denne procentdel steg til 35,5 % for de unge tyrkeres vedkommende).
The deterioration in the employment situation, which has become more rapid in Belgium over the past few years, has been associated with a rapid increase in the number of young unemployed persons in general: in 1974 they accounted for 20.5 % of the total number of unemployed; today they account for 30 %.
Det må endvidere nævnes, at antallet af registrerede "arbejdsløse" kun delvis dækker antallet af "arbejdspladssøgende", der er væsentligt større; 29 % af de unge belgiere under 25 år var i 1984 at finde i denne sidste kategori og 42,4 % af de unge udlændinge (men 50,1 % af de unge marokkanere og 56,6 % af de unge tyrkere).
However, the young foreigners are doubly affected owing to the fact that their situation on the labour market is more vulnerable as a result of their low level of vocational qualification on the one hand and the fact of their being foreign on the other.
Hvorforer der så mange unge indvandrere, der forlader skolen uden erhvervsfagligt afgangsbevis? Er skolen kun en
It should also be added that not all nationalities are affected by unemployment to the
"parkeringsplads", medens de venter på det øjeblik, hvor det vil være muligt at komme ind på arbejdsmarkedet?
Is school for them merely a way of passing time until they are of an age to gain access to the labour market?
Ud fra denne antagelse ville skolen objektivt set ikke være andet end en ren og skær fysisk reproduktionszone for arbejdsstyrken.
If this is so, then objectively speaking school fulfils no other function that that of producing the work force in a purely physical sense.
I så henseende er de unge indvandreres situation ikke meget forskellig fra den, de unge fra belgiske arbejderfamilier uden kvalifikation befinder sig i; heller ikke for dem synes skolen at medvirke, når det gælder om at ændre forældrenes samfunds- og erhvervsmæssige udgangssituation
In this respect the situ ation of young immigrants is not very different from that of young Belgians from working class families without any qualification. In their case also, school does not seem to effect any change in the original socio-occupational situation of the parents.
For de unge indvandreres vedkommende kan denne situation sikkert bl.a. forklares ved, at såvel arbejdsmarkedet i opholdslandet som i oprindelseslandet praktisk talt så godt som ikke stiller kvalifikationskrav til dem.
In the case of the young people of immigrant origin, this can be explained by the fact that, among other factors, the labour markets of both the country of residence and the country of origin place practically no demands on them as regards qualification.
Men er det muligt at adskille uddannelsesmotivation fra tilskyndelse fra arbejdsmarkedet?
The question is, whether it is possible to distinguish between motivations for training and stimuli provided by the labour
På den ene som på den anden side må man konkludere, at det mangler på tilskyndelse til erhvervsuddannelse.
- 4 markets. Whatever the case may be, it may be con cluded that there is a lack of motivation for vocational training.
I mange år har man bedt indvandrerne om at udføre underordnet arbejde, hvortil der slet ikke kræves eller kun kræves få kvalifikationer, og som belgierne ikke vil påtage sig.
For many years immigrants have been expected to accept inferior jobs requiring little qualification or none at all, which have been disdained by the native Belgians.
Siden begyndelsen af krisen i 1973 har situationen uden tvivl ændret sig.
There has without doubt been a change in the situation since the start of the crisis of 1973.
Men den er langt fra blevet bedre; den bliver værre, da de unge udlændinge fra nu af vil befinde sig i et samfund, der ikke kun forventer, at de ikke udøver noget egentligt fag eller erhverv, men hvad der er værre, manifesterer slet ikke at have brug for dem!
How ever, far from improving, it is deteriorating, since from now on young foreigners will have to find their place in a society which not only does not expect them to have any real occupation or profession, but which makes it clear that it quite simply does not need them at all, which is even worse!
I denne proces uden forberedelse med heb 1 ik på opnåelse af en erhvervskvalifikation, spiller skolen naturligvis en stor rolle.
School education obviously plays an important role in this process of non-preparation for the acquisition of vocational qualification.
De unge indvandreres undervisningssituation er foruroligende i mange henseender allerede fra begyndelsen af primærskolen! Her er 25 % ét år og 21 % to eller flere år bagud.
There are many grounds for concern about the educational situation of young immigrants right from the start of primary school !
Hvilke er de egentlige faktorer eller karakteristika hos de indvandrede børn, som gør sig gældende i denne situation?
What characteristics of or factors associated with immigrant children can be held responsible for this situation?
Der er flere, hvoraf følgende kan nævnes: Den alder, som nogle af disse børn har, når de kommer til Belgien (at være født i udlandet udgør næsten altid et kulturelt handicap), forældrenes samfunds- og kulturelle niveau (støtte, som børnene kan regne med under deres skolegang), de forskellige nationale tilhørs-
There are many different factors involved: the age of some of these children at the time of their arrival in Belgium (to have been borne in a foreign country is almost always a cultural handicap), the socio-cultural standards of the parents (in as far as this constitutes a support on which the children can rely when they start school), the different national adhérences (which are culturally relatively far removed from the country of residence), the extent to which the parents and children have a command of the local language at the time when the children start school.
Den af natur konservative skole har ikke tilpasset sig den nye situation. Der har været en tydelig mangel på koordinering af indvandrings- og undervisningspolitikken.
- 5 - various research projects in this field revealed that the system was unable to cope with the influx of foreign pupils Conservative by nature, the schools were not able to adapt to the new situation.
Det er stadig væk således i Belgien, at der ikke sker nogen tilpasning af undervisningsstrukturerne.
There was a clear lack of coordination between the policies on immigration and education, and the Belgian educational structures have still not managed to adjust.
De f or skel 1 ige regeringers politik når ikke længere end til at bekendtgøre foranstaltninger, som i ringe udstrækning eller dårligt kan omsættes til de faktiske forhold.
The pol icies of successive governments have achieved nothing more than the announcement of measures which have been followed by few and inadequate concrete changes.
Det er iøjnefaldende, at der er mangel på koordinering mellem de få eksisterende initiativer, og man må konkludere, at der ikke er defineret egentlige og tydelige målsætninger.
There is a conspicuous lack of coordination between the few existing projects and one is forced to conclude that no real and clear objectives have been defined.
Erhvervsuddanne!sessituationen
The vocational training situation
I Belgien foregår en meget stor del af de unges erhvervs uddannelse inden for selve skolesystemet efter afsluttet primærniveau.
In Belgium a large proportion of vocational training for young people is provided by the school system itself, following on from primary—level education.
Det kan således skønnes, at erhvervsuddannelsen på skole i øjeblikket omfatter næsten 50 000 unge udlændinge mellem 14 og 24 år.
It may thus be estimated that almost 50 000 young foreigners between the ages of 14 and 24 years are at present receiving vocational education in schools.
Samtlige statistiske undersøgelser om valg af skoleforløb efter primærniveau understreger, at der er forholdsvis flere unge udlændinge end tilsvarende belgiere inden for dette uddannelsesforløb, og at de således tidligere end de unge belgiere er orienteret mod at indtræde på arbejdsmarkedet.
All statistical studies on the choice of post-primary education emphasize the fact that the young foreigners are more highly represented in this branch of training than their Belgian counterparts and that they are thus oriented towards the labour market at an earlier stage.
undersøgelser om denne undervisnings funktion, effektivitet og resultater stadig væk yderst sjældne.
Rather paradoxically, although Belgium prides itself on having one of the most highly developed systems of technical and vocational training in the world, very little research has been conducted into the functioning, efficiency and results of this education.
Der kan således observeres betydelige forskydninger i afgangsbevisernes faktiske værdi på arbejdsmarkedet i forhold til deres lovmæssige værdi, uden at erhvervsundervisningens logik tages op til drøftelse.
Thus there have been considerable shifts in the value of diplomas on the labour market in real terms, as compared with their face value, without there having been an ensuing review of the rationale behind the system of vocationa training.
Dette medfører fænomenet om manglende kvalifikation hos mange unge med afgangsbevis fra disse skoler.
This means that there has been a fall in the value of the qualifications of a number of young people
Det er på grundlag af denne konstaterede mangel på uddannelsesområdet, at der er blevet organiseret private initiativer med henblik på at foreslå særlige programmer, der henvender sig direkte eller indirekte til unge udlændinge.
A reform of vocational training in schools has been in progress for several years and in 1983 the Government passed a series of measures with a view to extending compulsory education (the schoolleaving age was raised to 18 years) by various different means (reducing the timetable and introducing alternance training) .
Blandt disse initiativer kan f.eks. nævnes FUNOC (Charleroi), Canal Emploi (Liège), APAJI, Ateiiers Maro!1iens og Ecole des Etangs Noirs (Bruxelles).
However, in view of the practical means of im plementing this new law the question arises as to whether the real objective was not quite simply to disguise a certain proportion of unemployment among young people by subtracting a fraction of them from the total working population.
Den positive erfaring med disse initiativer set i forhold til de mislykkede forsøg i forbindelse med de traditionelle systemer taler for, at man mærker sig disse initiativer, selv om de rent kvantitativt er helt utilstrækkelige til at dække det egentlige behov.
At all events the question has been raised as to whether the explicit aims of the law have not been pushed into the back ground by the attempt to exercise the greatest control possible over young people leaving school who have little chance of becoming integrated in the economic system.
Er de unge mindst 14 år, kan de få en erhvervsuddannelse (orig. s. b) ved hjælp af en lærekontrakt under tilsyn af ministeriet for middelklasserne.
This would make the goal less one of providing each individual with vocational training of which he can make use immediately than one of preventing young people from abandoning training courses before the age of 18 years.
Disse kontrakter omfatter en uddannelse, som gives af mesteren i en mindre virksomhed eller af håndværksmesteren og i princippet forbereder til udøvelse af selvstændige erhverv.
Moreover, the extension of compulsory schooling would them become part of a more far-reaching move to re-define the economic and social roles of the family by forcing it to carry the financial burden of the additional years of schooling.
I 1982 var omkring 1 500 unge udlændinge (af i alt 13 000) omfattet af disse kontrakter i levnedsmiddel-, mekaniker-, elektro-, bygge- og detailhandelsfågene.
This would be nothing less than a confirmation of the tendency of social policies to foist upon the family unit a number of costs which until recently had been borne by the community as a whole.
Kvaliteten af den uddannelse, der opnås i forbindelse med disse kontrakter, er der delte meninger om.
Whatever the case may be, young people from immigrant families are at present far more highly represented in vocational schools than in other branches of schooling, either because they have previously received only mediocre education, or because they wish to learn an occupation fast.
Hvad der end er om disse meninger, ser det i høj grad ud til, at denne form for uddannelse kun giver ringe garanti og ofte er uden godt resultat, tilsynet med lærlingene er dårligt, og de unge indvandrere støder her på de samme kulturelle vanskeligheder (utilstrækkelige læse- og skrivefærdigheder) i forbindelse med den teoretiske del af deres uddannelse, som de før var stødt på i skolen.
These young people have a difficult time making a start on their careers and they themselves well realize that there is no harmonious coordination between the educational and economic systems.
Arbejds- og arbejdsløshedssituationen
Alternative training projects
Når de først har forladt skoleverdenen, kan de unge arbejdstagere, indvandrere og belgiere, benytte sig af særlige uddannelsesstrukturer med henblik på at afhjælpe mangler i deres tidligere uddannelse eller supplere denne.
It was the realization of this state of affairs in vocational training that led to the setting up of privately run projects for the purpose of providing specific programmes for young people of foreign extraction, either by direct or by indirect means.
Der er hovedsageligt to muligheder, nemlig aftenskolekurserne ("Cours de Promotion Sociale") og erhvervsuddannelserne henhørende under statens arbejdsformidling (Office National de l'Emploi - ONEM).
Examples of such projects are the FUNOC (Charleroi), the "Canal Emploi" (Liège), the APAJI, the Ateliers Marolliens and the Ecole des Etangs Noirs (Brussels).
Deltagerne i kurserne "Promotion Sociale" (der på aftenskole indhenter de traditionelle mål for teknisk og erhvervsundervisning på sekundærniveau) er almindeligvis 18 år. I 1982 var der omkring 10 000 unge udlændinge (af i alt 85 000 elever) .
In view of the positive results achieved by these projects compared to the overwhelming failure of the traditional system they deserve to be taken into account, although there are by no means enough of them to answer the real needs.
Der foreligger ikke nogen undersøgelse om, hvor effektiv denne undervisning er, og også her fremsættes der de mest modsigende 7) meninger.
Young people of not less than 14 years of age can obtain vocational training by becoming articled as apprentices under the auspices of the Ministry of Small and Medium Enterprises.
Generelt understreger man, at der i forbindelse med uddannelseskurserne er en meget høj frafaldsprocent (60 %).
Under these contracts they receive training from the owner of a small enterprise or a craftsman, which bascially prepares them form one of the independent trades.
ONEM gør principielt ikke forskel på deltagerne, hvad angår nationalitet i forbindelse med samtlige dens erhvervsuddanne! sesaktiviteter for arbejdsløse.
In 1982 roughly 1 500 young people of foreign extraction (out of a total of 13 000) were receiving training under such a contract for occupations such as caterer, mechanic, electrician, builder or retailer.
I 1983 gennemførtes der næsten 7 000 uddannelser til fordel for unge under 25 år, herunder lidt over 800 unge indvandrere.
There is some controversy as to the quality of the training provided under these contracts.
Selv om kvaliteten af ONEM's uddannelser generelt betragtes som værende god, er der alligevel grund til at spørge, hvorvidt unge udlændinge har adgang til dem.
There are those who claim that it is distinctly szperior to that offered by the schools, whereas others maintain that it is mediocre and in need of considerable reform.
Man ser først og fremmest, at de unge udlændinge oftere end deres ligestillede belgiske medborgere er rettet mod uddannelser i den sekundære sektor. Dette synes at antyde, at størsteparten af "anden generation" inden for ONEM som inden for andre erhvervsuddanne!sesstrukturer fortsat er orienteret mod den slags arbejderjobs, som ligger tæt op ad dem, som deres forgængere fra første generation havde.
Whatever the case may be, it would nonetheless seem that this type of training offers little guarantee of success and that it is associated with a considerable number of failures, supervision of the apprentices is poor and the young immigrants find that they are faced with the same cultural difficulties in the theoretical part of their training as they encountered previously at school (limited ability to read and write).
Der er således tendens til elitedannelse inden for ONEM's uddannelser, som så at sige automatisk marginaliserer de unge marokkanere og tyrkere.
Young workers, both immigrant and native Belgian, can make use of certain training schemes if they wish to fill in the gaps in their training or improve their qualifications once they have left school.
Der er ikke risiko for, at denne tendens vil mindskes i de kommende år, da forfatterne af "Mc Kinsey rapporten" (1984) med henblik på en forbedring af ONEM's funktion anbefaler, at denne tendens til at udvælge ansøgere til uddannelser af "højt niveau" understreges.
There are two main ways of doing this, i.e. either by means of the "social advance ment courses" (cours de promotion sociale) or by taking one of the courses in vocational training offered by the National Employment Office (Office National de l'Emploi ONEM).
Alt i alt spiller ONEM ikke nogen betydelig rolle i forbindelse med eventuel indhentning af kundskaber for de unge indvandrere, hvis grundlæggende uddannelse er utilstrækkelig.
Most of those attending the "social advancement" ' courses (evening classes oriented towards the attainment of the traditional objectives of secondary level technical and vocational education) are 18 years of age.
(orig. s. 8) Desuden befinder vi os endnu en gang over for en struktur, der ikke er tilpasset og ikke er i stand til at dække de særlige bebov, som de unge indvandrergenerationer har.
No studies have as yet been conducted on the efficiency of the social advancement courses with regard to young migrants and, here again, opinions on the issue are widely divergent. On a general level it has been emphasized that
Erhvervsuddannelsesspørgsmålet omkring de unge indvandrere udgør i Belgien, som i de øvrige indvandrerlande, et åbent problem, der er lige så gammelt som staternes beslutning om systematisk at ansætte fremmed arbejdskraft.
Basically no difference is made between nationalities in any of the vocational training schemes for the unemployed organized by the ONEM.
Spørgsmålet om indvandrernes erhvervsuddannelse melder sig i dag som en af de største komponenter i problemet "anden generation", som vender op og ned på kendsgerningerne af et problem, som man mente, man kunne lade stå åbent.
In 1983 nearly 7 000 trainees under 25 years completed such training courses.
Vi har set, at integrationen i skolen på primærniveau stadig væk er mere end problematisk.
Just over 800 of these were of immigrant origin.
Ulighedens skole, som der så ofte er blevet gjort opmærksom på i forbindelse med de unge fra den belgiske arbejderklasse, er i deres tilfælde blevet til "massakrens skole".
While the training courses provided by the ONEM are generally considered to be of a high quality it is nonetheless appropriate to ask how accessible they are to the young foreigners.
Uden erhvervskvalifikation er de unge indvandrere mere end andre udsat for arbejdsløshed.
The whole trend in these schemes makes it look as if the ONEM were trying to attain maximum profitability of its training centres.and, in order to achieve it, subjecting the applicants for places to a rigorous selection procedure which ruthlessly rejects the weakest.
Der er flere og flere af disse unge uden arbejde, der kun opfatter samfundet som noget halvt og negativt for eksempel gennem arbejdsløsheds- og politikontorer
There is thus a tendency towards elitism in the ONEM's training system which more or less automatically relegates the
(orig. s. 9) For disse unge kan denne situation kun opleves som en afvisning fra samfundets side, der udløser aggressivitet, som er mere skæbnesvanger end hvilken som helst anden fremmedfjendtlig eller racistisk holdning fra belgiernes side.
Maghrebian and Turkish candidates to a fringe position. There is little hope that there will be any relaxation of this trend in the next few years since the methods suggested by the "McKinsey Report" (1984) for improving the efficiency of the ONEM place more stress on the selection of candidates for the so-called "high level" courses.