natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Men også i 1956 sejrede det alliancemønster, der tegnede sig indenfor metalindustrien: med arbejdergivernes ønsker om en modernisering af uddannelsen uden at antallet af lærepladser blev berørt på den ene side og smedeforbundets tilsvarende ønsker kombineret med et engagement for gennemførsel af dagskolen og lærlingenes normalarbejdstid på den anden. 31
The situation in Denmark thus continues to be that the trend of the market for apprentice and onjob training posts - capacity in the infirm training sector - is the key factors for determining the size of the two competing youth vocational training systems in the form of alter nance training, namely 'master apprenticeship' under the 1956-Law concerning apprentices and EFG-Part 2-training
1956-lærlingeloven: skoleundervisningen inddrages under 'det faglige selvstyres' indflydelsessfære og bliver i vekseluddannelsen et selvstændigt led i fagkvalificeringen
When a contract for an apprentice or onjob training post is drawn up, these same two laws imply that the apprentice has a statutory claim to be admitted to classes at the vocational school.
Pragmatiske forhold indebar imidlertid at dagskoleprincippet var længe om at slå igennem: 1956-loven angav en frist på 8 år for fagene til at overgå til dagskolen.
For craft and manufacturing trades, these considerations were directed for quite a long time towards determining the capacity of the various main areas of EFG basic (pre-vocational) training relative to the expected opportunity to obtain an onjob training contract and hence admission to Part 2-training - but it will also mean, of course, allowing the decisions of the market for training-places and those of trade selfmanagement to prevail, only in an indirect way.
Større principiel betydning fik etableringen af et mønster hvor 'det faglige selvstyre' når til enighed om hvad der er fornuftige krav til indhold, omfang og organisation af lærlingens undervisning på erhvervsskolerne - og får statslig finansiering til hovedparten af udgiften hertil.
In general, the principle, of alternance training holds a strong position within the sphere of craft and manufacturing industry; but there has been competition between systems within this area - both between the two 'pure' forms of alternance training, EFG-Part 2 and master apprenticeship, mutually on the one hand, and between these and so-called 'technical training courses' or basic courses leading to a qualifying examination, comparable with the French 'Lycée Technique',on the other.
Med dagskole, fag- og årgangsdelt undervisning, værkstedsundervisning og forskoler, sådan som det bredte sig med hjemmel i 1956-loven blev et nyt fundamentalt grundlag etableret i dansk lærlingeuddannelse: skoledelen fik en selvstændig rolle i den teknisk-faglige kvalificering ved siden af virksomhedsoplæring en - med 'det faglige selvstyre' som den retningsgivende kraft.
It is true that the technical training courses include onjob training; but this does not involve any contractual obligation and is feebly regulated, and the onjob training can be described almost as an accumulation of vocational experience forming part of an otherwise school-organized education. It means also, however, that development of the technical training courses is far more manageable for planners and policy-makers.
Dermed var et fundamentalt mønster for ansvarsfordelingen mellem arbejdsmarkedets parter og staten i forhold til erhvervsuddannelserne i Danmark etableret og formaliseret i 1956-lærlingeloven. lingeloven.
From representing about 15-20% of the number of apprentices in the 1970's, the technical 'qualifying examination-courses' have increased to about 25-30% in the '80s, and further development is planned for them.
Et led i forsøgene på at udvide antallet af mulige lærepladser for de kommende store årgange var også den udvidelse af antal let af uddannelsesretninger og specialiseringer, som flere af de faglige udvalg, herunder især Metalindustriens Lærlingeudvalg, iværksatte.
However, both on the basis of the special nature of the basic technical examination courses and on the basis of their moderate growth hitherto, these can hardly be said to constitute a threat to the dominance of the alternance trainingprinciple so far, within craft and manufacturing industry.
Indenfor metalområdet blev der på fagforbundets initiativ også oprettet nogle 2-årige lærlingeuddannelser - mod indtil da normalt omkring 4 års læretid.
4 A special combination of computerregistrated studentdata, collected at 'Danmarks Statistik', and, in this case, sponsored by LO's 'Fagligt nyhedsbrev (Trade Unions Newsletter) quoted here from DTL-Nyt, Oct.1986
Det må ses i sammenhæng med den stadigt stigende inddragelse af ikke-faglærte i industriens arbejdsstyrke sidst i 1950'erne, som del af den større omstilling fra landbrugs- til industridomineret samfund.
For the approx. 20% who begin a master apprenticeship, it may be said that the basisyear really represents extension of the apprenticeship by one year - which caused a very big debate on 'misuse of the system'; but this should also include the unknown number of drop-outs in the course of a basis-year, if the opportunity for a master appren ticeship contract should appear.
Specialarbejderuddannelsens etablering 1960
EFG-basis Apprentices EFG-Part 2 Higher Com-merce(HHX)
I kommissionsbetænkningen vedrørende ikkefaglærtes uddannelse 5 opregnes det hvorledes arbejdsopgaver havde skiftet karakter fra mere enkle manuelle færdigheder, som uden videre kunne læres ved blot at deltage i produktionen, til mere kom plexe færdigheder, der nok ikke krævede en egentlig faglært uddannelse, men dog krævede træning i jobfardigheder og en vis teknisk indsigt.
5 Cf. summary of EFG-main vocational sectors in Annex II, Fig.9.
Resultatet af kommissionens arbejde blev loven af 1960 om specialarbejderuddannelserne.
Within the Commerce and Clerical-sector (HK-sector), it is hardly appropriate to speak about competition between the EFG-system and master apprenticeship.
Uddannelserne blev modulopbyggede kurser af et antal ugers varighed med egentlig jobkvalificering i de forskellige brancher som mål.
HHX can thus in some cases be regarded as a. part of alternance training in which it is a question only of a great amount of prior training at a vocational school.
Målgruppen var voksne, ikke-faglærte arbejdere og uddannelsessigtet enten en grundkvalificering til arbejdet i fx bygge-anlægs området for personer fra andre brancher (og dengang især fra landbruget) eller en viderekvalificering indenfor den branche, som den ikke-faglærte allerede var beskæftiget i.
The bulk of the academic training thus precedes entry into a contract. Instead of alternance training, one can therefore speak about 'traditional' apprentice training (namely with infirm training as the dominating element), but with steadily increasing prior requirements - differentiated by trades - for entry into apprenticeship.
Det sidste sigte kunne være en potentiel trussel mod de faglærte forbunds beskæftigelsesområder, mod faggrænser og overenskomstdækning af delmarkeder.
Since 'competition' with master apprenticeship is so insignificant in the HK-sector, one is struck by the fact that the shortage of onjob posts relative to young persons' demand for them is the problem, and also one of the factors behind the strong growth of HHX.
Det var formentlig en sådan trussel DSMF havde søgt at forebygge med de ny 2-årige lærlinge uddannelser.
The requirements for obtaining an apprentice or onjob training post - and hence actual vocational training - are determined by market forces.
Disse fik imidlertid næsten ingen tilgang og da DSMF klagede til jernets arbejdsgivere herover var svaret at man jo ikke kunne tvinge medlemsvirksomhederne til at oprette lærepladser.
With the EFG-system it has been possible to aim at unrestricted admission to the purely schoolbased part, the basic education. This tendency has become generally established since 1980 and must be regarded as part of the policy to combat youth unemployment.
Behovet for mere kortvarigt uddannede har man fra SAM, metalarbejdsgivernes side, formentlig skønnet bedre kunne tilgodeses i specialarbejdersystemet, som man deltog intensivt i tilrettelæggelsen af.
This has not solved the 'residual group-problem', however. The proportion of young persons in the 16-20 years-of-age group who do not receive a training qualifying for studies or conferring a recognized vocational qualification is still more than 30%.
5Betænkning nr 221, København 1959
1984-intake to: Upper secondary school, HF, etc.
Delingen mellem lærlingeuddannelsessystemet og specialarbejdersystemet i Danmark er således ikke blot en deling mellem ungdomserhvervsuddannelse og voksen - eller efteruddannelse.
'school-dominated' forms - with HHX as the weightiest factor - which in absolute figures trebled within the period, whereas actual alternance training courses in absolute figures doubled within the period.
Vedtagelsen af 1960-loven blev af Dansk Arbejdsmand- og Specialarbejderforbund (nu SID) og af Kvindeligt Arbejderforbund (KAD) for nu blot at nævne de to i denne sammenhæng vigtigste ufaglærte forbund, anset som en sejr for et lighedsprincip, en erobring af en ret til en grundlæggende erhvervsuddannelse for de, der generelt af samfundet var blevet forfordelt med uddannelse.
As mentioned in section 2, the 1960 Law concerning semiskilled worker training courses - which was aimed at the unskilled - was quickly followed by corresponding labour market courses for the catégories of skilled workers, through the setting-up, by official circular, of 'Continued training for skilled workers' ('Efteruddannelsen for Faglærte') in 1965, and by a special scheme for measures of re-training, etc.
Specialarbejderuddannelserne blev placeret på særlige skoler hvoraf de fleste var selvejende institutioner, mens nogle, særligt i brancher der krævede hele landet som rekrutteringsunderlag, blev statsskoler, og nogle enkelte forlagt til virksomheder i branchen.
The labour market training courses are in principle open to all members of the labour force - both employed and unemployed - who have or are seeking work in a trade or industry, and who satisfy admission requirements of prior education and training, courses or skills acquired through work experience.
Hovedsagen var at uddannelsen var skoleundervisning, tilrettelagt af brancheudvalgene og betalt af organi sationerne for 10%'s vedkommende, af kursisternes bopælskommune for 5%'s vedkommende, og af staten for de 85% af udgifterne -ligesom der blev udbetalt løntabsgodtgørelse til kursisterne.
Semiskilled workertraining includes general courses for 'beginners' in each trade or industry, on completion of which they have admission to one or more series of further modules which confer qualification for
Dimensioneringen af kurserne og adgangen til dem var ikke af hængig af, om man havde ansættelsesforhold til en arbejdsgiver, idet der dog var fortrinsret for personer, der havde eller søgte beskæftigelse indenfor det pågældende brancheområde.
This means in practice that retraining is possible also from one special field within a main vocational area, to another special field. However, the main aim is in principle to update a skill training to the current standard, and further training of skilled workers to include new or specialized job functions.
Antal let af ledige kursister har især i de senere år været ganske stort.
Thus the 'inventions* are made within the adult vocational training, and changes in youth vocational training come later.
Brancheudvalgene kunne udforme forslag til indhold og omfang af kurser ud fra deres skøn over beskæftigelsesmulighederne i branchen - og ville få dem imødekommet af den bevilgende myndighed, Arbejdsministeriet, afvejet i forhold til andre branchers behov, vurderingen af arbejdsmarkedssituationen og de statsfinansielle muligheder.
These two main programmes within the labour market training-system (AMU-system) are both directed towards conferring job skills which can be applied directly, and their completion is documented by means of certificates which confer a vocational qualification.
Fra ca 1960: to erhvervsuddannelsessystemer administreret af to udgaver af 'det faglige selvstyre'
The programmes prepare for a vocation and are often made up of elements from basic courses in a multitude of trades and industries, etc., but thus do not confer any voca tional qualification.
Fra ca 1960 kan man således tale om at der i Danmark findes to erhvervsuddannelsessystemer, omend med forskelligt indhold og forskellige målgrupper.
With the new labour market training-(AMU-) law of 6 June 1985, a fourth programme-category finally appeared which embraces certain categories of technicians and foremen or supervisors.
Begge bygger på 'fagligt selvstyre', men er knyttet til hver sit ministerium, Undervisningsministeriet og Arbejdsministeriet, og de har hver deres skolesystem, Handelsskolerne og de Tekniske Skoler for lærlingeuddannelser nes vedkommende og Specialarbejderskolerne, som af de ikke-faglærte forbund omtales som 'vores skoler'.
With the addition of it, the vocationallyqualifying continued training of the AMU-system covers all categories of workers employed in the private sector and in those parts of the public sector whose job functions are identical with the corresponding ones in the private sector, and which do not have higher education (i.e. with student examination as admittance-condition) - namely, unskilled workers, skilled workers, technicians and lower-ranking office staff. It is as yet difficult to assess how important this latest additional category will become.
I 1965 indførtes via Finanslov og cirkulæreudstedelse, " men uden ny lovgivning 'Efteruddannelsen af faglærte' i arbejdsministeriets regi, som i henseende til uddannelsernes udformning, løntabsgodtgørelse til kursisterne mv stort set fulgte reglerne fra specialarbejderuddannelserne.
Semiskilled workertraining is numerically the most comprehensive labour market training. From 1974/75 it grew from having 41 000 course-beginners to 92 086 in 1985, equivalent to a growth, of 58 300 individuals (The number of persons is always smaller than the number of courses, because some persons participate in more than one modular course during a year).
De faglærte områder havde indset, at det var meget godt at de prøvede at holde lærlinge uddannelserne ajour, men at deres voksne faglærte medlemmer og så havde efteruddannelsesbehov, hvad enten de nu var i beskæf tigelse, var arbejdsløse, eller havde behov for at omskole sig for at slippe bort fra en stagnerende branche.
The potential target group could be illustrated with the number of employed unskilled workers, which according to RAS (register-based manpower statistics) was about 571 400 in 1984, supplemented by a cautious estimate of the number of relevant unemployed unskilled workers - namely by adding only unemployed members of SID's A-fund,(i.e. an unemployment insurance fund, closely integrated with the trade unions) (59 704) and those in KAD's A-fund (20 535), according to which the target group should number about 651 600.
De paritetiske styrende organer for efteruddannelserne blev normalt identiske med de faglige udvalg for lærlingeuddannelserne; uddannelserne foregik normalt på tekniske skoler og han delsskoler, eventuelt på Teknologisk Institut eller lignende.
Measured in the number of persons, 8.6% of the target group should thus have gained admission to semiskilled worker courses in 1984 and, measured in the number of coursebeginners, 13.9%. However, only 60% of the course participants were unskilled.
^Foreløbige retningslinier for ydelse af tilskud til efteruddannelseskursus for faglærte mv. Arbejdsministeriets cirkulære nr 166 - 1965-06-18.
About 28% were skilled, and of these, 20% were skilled in a quite different trade or industry. 10%, or about 6 000 persons, had completed an EFG-basis-year as the highest level of completed prior training.
EFG - reformering af lærlingeuddannelsessystemet?
The labour market policy-aim behind the courses
I 2. halvdel af I960'erne begyndte lærlingetilgangen at stagnere.
The courses are thus labour market-courses, with the fundamental aim of being available to every member of the labour force.
Samtidig opstod der en omfattende lærlingebevægelse, der var stærkt kritisk mod mesterlæren og hvis synspunkter fandt bred opbakning i arbejderbevægelsen og også blev mødt med lydhørhed på arbejdsgiverside.
98 continued training is conducted primarily by firms, or is reserved for the employed.
I et kommissionsarbejde, hvor arbejdsmarkedsparternes paritetiske repræsentation som vanligt var stærk, lagde man op til forsøg med det senere EFG og opsummerede hovedpunkterne af kritikken. '
It will be added here - and discussed in more detail in section 6 - that the courses are officially approved and that course certificates are issued, which are marketable and approved by the social partners, so that the vocational qualification enjoys nation-wide recognition.
Nogle af kritikpunkterne omfattede den stærke specialisering fra uddannelsesstarten kombineret med kontraktbindingen, mangelfuld oplæring, mangel på mere samfundsmæssig undervisning, manglende muligheder for at erhverve sig kompetence til videreuddannelse efter udlæring mv.
This serves a dual purpose, in that, with AMU's designing of the courses to meet present-day needs on the labour market - as guaranteed by the equalrepresentation committees of labour market-representatives - the employers can find workers with the relevant qualifications and the workers can find a job, or change jobs, by taking a course.
Såfremt erhvervslivet fortsat ville sikre sig en tilstrækkelig stor tilgang - også af den type unge, som måtte have gymnasiet som alternativ til en læreplads - måtte man reformere lærlinge uddannelserne.
Compared with a firm-based system, the most important differences are: a) that employers can find labour with the right qualifications, or ensure that some workers are trained (where applicable, through activity in relations with the employers' association and the trade union) via the public AMU-system.
Samtidig indebar den høje beskæftigelse også at bredde og fleksibilitet i de faglærtes kvalifikationer blev mere væsentlig end den stærke specialisering.
With the firm-based system (regardless of whether any public grants existed), this would result in the employer having to arrange or purchase a course himself.
I 1968 var de første forsøg med det, der senere blev til Erhvervsfaglig Grunduddannelse, EFG, begyndt.
99 b) that hourly-paid workers in employment can acquire qualifications which can improve their position within the employing firm, but such that the qualification acquired is also marketable elsewhere, or else they can participate in courses which will enable them to change jobs within the trade or industry, or to a related trade or industry, or find a new job within an entirely different field.
EFG indebar at lærlingeuddannelsen påbegyndtes med ét år på teknisk skole, hvor der først i anden halvdel af året skete en vis opdeling på fagretninger indenfor hovedområdet og hvor der indgik en væsentlig andel af almene fag, ca 40% af undervisningstiden.
And for those who are unemployed, the open system is a necessary condition for maintaining and renewing qualifications which increase the chances of getting back into employment.
Efter denne l.del, basisuddannelsen, svarede 2.del stort set til mesterlærens uddannelser, afkortet med knapt 1 år og med et lidt anderledes indhold og omfang af skoleopholdene.
Here, a firm-based system would be inaccessible for the unemployed, and for the employed it would involve risk of qualifications being too firm-specific and not usable for finding jobs in other trades or industries, and not being documentable by means of recognized course certificates.
gruppen', den andel af ungdommen, som ikke fik nogen kompetencegivende uddannelse efter folkeskolen.
If there is a scarcity of funds relative to employees' demand for courses, and if funds are used on a course content which is closely tailored to needs which are notified by the firms, for their employees, then it will be reasonable to describe the AMU-policy as firm policy- or industrial policy-based.
Det ville have forudsat et brud med den markedsmekanisme, som arbejdsgivernes frie ret til - under de betingelser politiske og økonomiske konjunkturer indebærer - at udbyde lærepladser eller lade være er et udtryk for. Det kom ikke.
If the funds were so abundant that there was virtually no queue for admission to an AMU-course, and if the coursecontent were largely designed to provide qualifications for trades in which growth of employment is expected -also in terms of a longer time-scope than seen by shortterm employment forecasts - then it would be reasonable to describe AMU-policy as directed towards employment policy or as a policy to combat unemployment.
Man lagde ikke op til en offentlig/statslig regulering af tilgangen til de faglige uddannelser.
During the long time since the passing of the Law concerning semiskilled workers in 1960, a compromise has been worked out in Denmark for the priorities between the target groups for AMU-courses.
Alligevel illustrerede man i Betænkning nr 612, 1971, ungdomsuddannelsen som et alle omfattende system, delt op i almengymnasiale og erhvervsgymnasiale retninger/uddannelser.
101 an AMU-course, second priority, and job seeker/unemployed workers generally, third priority. The funding has enabled 'third-priority applicants' to account for about one-half of all course participants over long periods.
I forsøgsloven af 1972 blev der forventet en relativ hurtig udbygning af EFG, således at den ville afløse mesterlæren som den faglige grunduddannelse.
The mobility-promoting function is being well managed by the Danish AMU-system, and there is little opposition to this.
Det blev ligeledes vedtaget, at betale løn til lærlingene på basisåret, uanset de ikke havde noget ansættelsesforhold til en arbejdsgiver.
Although it cannot be attributed to the AMU-system alone, a noteworthy fact - considered in relation to the total labour force of approx.
Herved skulle det sikres, at det ikke var økonomiske forhold der blev afgørende for, om unge foretrak EFG eller mesterlære.
2 300 000 - is that about 500 000 job-changes take place annually.
Trods mange forskelligheder er der imidlertid en afgørende lig hed mellem EFG og mesterlæren.
Thus, agreement has for a long time existed regarding a labour market-orientated policy and the fundamental desirability of unrestricted admission to courses.
Ved afslutningen af basisåret skal EFG-lærlingen, ligesom en mesterlærepladssøgende, individuelt ud at finde sig en læreplads og skaffe sig en kontrakt -lykkes det ikke, så er der ingen faglig uddannelse.
However, under the influence of relatively tighter financing for the AMU-system, there are indications of a breakdown regarding this compromise between employer- and trade union-interests.
Der har heller aldrig været tale om, at der var en automatisk tildeling af en praktikplads til alle der gennemførte en EFG-basis-uddannelse.
The Government's AMU-policy is thus considered by the trade union movement to be to turn development towards a basis of firm-policy or industrial policy orientation -and this reaction from the trade union movement to the Government's policy also means that there will be discussions with the employers' side concerning the main line of AMU-policy within 'the dual purpose'.
Men mens det tidligere ikke havde været 'synligt' og statistisk dokumenterbart i Danmark, hvor mange unge der forgæves havde søgt en mesterlæreplads - og ej heller hvor mange arbejdsgivere, der forgæves måtte have udbudt lærepladser - så indebar EFG-systemet at problemerne blev synlige.
This question will be discussed again, in section 6, on current development tendencies, and also in section 4, in which the varied nature of the AMU-system's function within various industries and labour market-sectors will be illustrated.