natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Pludselig kan vi omfortolke efterkrigstidsperioden som en æra, hvor de faglærte stod over for en udfordring, fordi de ufaglærtes fagforeninger begyndte at konkurrere med de fag lærte om job ved at uddanne deres med lemmer, der nu kunne kalde sig "specialarbejdere", og hvor faglærte blev tvunget til at konkurrere selv med stigende efteruddannelse.
There is a very low level of demand forothertraining activities from the firm itself. Both the firm and the trade union can easily over look the fact that the continuing training opportunities for the workforce will sim ply make it easier to migrate away from the local area, attempts being made to prevent trained workers from creating new firms in the area.
I dette nye billede omdannes dynamikken i Danmark siden 1960'ernes start snarere til et arbejdsmarked, hvor tekniske funktionærer, faglærte arbejdere og specialarbejdere har ført en benhård konkurrence om retten til at besætte de nye jobfunktioner.
In countries where local areas are allowed some autonomy, it can have fatal consequences if the State tries to correct its vocational training policy on the basis of general ideas on what role the system of vocational training played in the past, and what role it ought to have in the present and future.
Og alle tre grupper har brugt samme middel: uddannelse og efter uddannelse har været den afgørende faktor for om den ene eller anden gruppe kunne legitimere sin ret til at kræve et bestemt
Our knowledge of these practical systems is quite slight, how ever, and we can only guess what role the State is to play if it begins to acquire this fresh insight.
Den ambivalens og det ressourcespild, som mange danske analytikere konstaterede, når de fra et statsligt ressourceperspektiv så, at de faglærtes tekniske skoler, de "ufaglærtes" specialarbejderskoler og teknikernes eksamensuddannelser ofte dublerede og konkurrede med hinanden, viser sig nu at have spillet en vigtig funktion.
But can anyone see that something has gone wrong before a catastrophe occurs? The last example is imaginary, but it is very reminiscent of a situation which arose in some local communities which under the social-democratic welfare state in the fifties and sixties were regarded as model examples of what the majority wanted to build.
Måske var det hensigtsmæssigt, at specialarbejderuddannelserne blev administreret i Arbejdsministeriet, mens de tekniske skoler og eksamensuddannelserne blev administreret i Undervisningsministeriet.
The examples are in northern Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Finland.
Ellerat samspillet på tre forskellige niveauer mellem myndigheder, arbejdsgi-
They are in all cases communities where the local ability to establish trusting cooperation between firms and trade un
CEDEFOP viden, således at den kan integreres i de kurser og aktiviteter og uddannelser, som foregår på skolen.
Some key developments in the role of the vocational training partners in France
ver og arbejdstagerorganisationer måske var med til at tilpasse erhvervsuddannel serne løbende til en virkelighed, der var ganske forskellig fra de overordnede modeller, man troede systemerne var tilpasset til.
The separatist approach tives within enterprises on training plans, joint management, under the supervision of the public authorities, of the vocational training fund which finances various schemes and the establishment and man agement of training associations on ajoint and very often sectoral basis.
Som allerede antydet forklarer denne ambivalens og dette tilsyneladende res sourcespild netop, hvorfor der har været plads til en konkurrence om at få plads på arbejdsmarkedet ved hele tiden at presse uddannelsesniveauet op.
In the French vocational training system there has always been a clearcut division between initial vocational training, taught, using school methods, in educational establishments an swerable to and financed by the State, and continuing vocational training financed by enterprise and based on cooperation and negotiation by the social partners.
Det er uden tvivl hovedårsagen til, at det danske arbejds marked, skønt opdelt på fag og professioner, ikke har oplevet den samme type af ufleksibilitet som det engelske arbejds marked.
During the 1960s in particular, vocational training in France increasingly took the form of schooling in establishments run by the Ministry of Education.
Men ambivalensen og den manglende statslige koordination har samtidig tilladt lokale kræfter at udøve systembyggerens rolle og skabe helt unike lokale systemer, hvor skolerne kan spille sammen til at møde et bestemt regionalt behov.
At the same time, there has been a decrease in many economic sectors in the initial vocational training provided by enterprise in com pany or vocational schools for which the various professional branches are responsible.
Dens historie kan dateres tilbage til 2.
This is what Antoine Prost has called the scholarization of apprentices.
Verdenskrig, hvor lokale arbejdsgiver organisationer og en lokal afdeling af tekstilarbejdernes fagforening blev enige om at udnytte en ny ordning, som sigtede på at træne ufaglærte arbejdere.
This type of joint management takes place within a view of continuing training which is largely restricted to the type of educa tion provided in schools: the statutory levy may be met by training schemes taking the form of work experience periods, excluding onthejob training or short training courses offering training for adaptation to new plant.
Den nye ordning blev kaldt Arbejdsteknisk Skole, som det nationale arbejdsmandsforbund og arbejdsgiverorganisationerne havde været i stand til at skaffe politisk støtte til at få etableret.
Employers' professional organizations and workers' trade unions are undoubtedly important partners in this system: they are consulted and give their opinion on im provements to the vocational diplomas issued within the initial training system.
På det tidspunkt havde lokale fagforeninger og arbejdsgiverorganisationer i Herning ønsket at danne en folkehøjskole for beklædningsarbejdere.
This historical structure is being out dated by the economic and social changes which have been calling this division of vocational training increasingly into question for the last fifteen years. The role of training partners, the State and the social partners has consequently been changing.
Arbejdsteknisk Skole havde officielt til formål at give ufaglærte arbejdere en teknisk uddannelse, som gav dem mulighed for at konkurrere med faglærte arbejdere.
The is sue at stake is the construction of a new type of link between vocational training and employment in which everypartner's role has to be reformulated. lated.
I Herning udnyttede man denne ordning lidt mod den officielle hensigt, idet man udviklede en aftenskole, der skulle løbe over to vinterperioder med kurser for arbejdere, der havde en stor erfaring inden for beklædningsindustrien.
This development has been shaped, how ever, by the methods specific to each of these systems. A complex range of diplomas covering most fields of professional activity has been built up in initial vocational training.
Kurserne sig tede på at give mennesker med en basal erfaring inden for industrien, teoretisk vi-
Continuing vocational train ing has been developed largely in the form of limited work experience periods, al though workers' access to these is very uneven: little training in SMEs, little train ing for workers with low-level skills.
Skolen uddanner omkring 100 elever om året inden for et helt kompleks af differentierede uddannelser.
However, the professions have gradually been abandon ing their responsibilities in the area of initial training and have started to become "customers" for the "products" of the educational system.
Eleven kan gradvis bygge sin uddannelse gennem en kombination af moduler.
1982-1988, then Director ofADEP.
Modulopbygningen gør det muligt for eleven at tage et par moduler, gå tilbage til et job i virksomheden og udnytte den teoretiske viden gen nem praktisk erfaring for derefter at vende tilbage til et uddannelsesforløb.
Currently in charge of "forecasting and development " at the Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers (CNAM), Paris
Adgangskriteriet for at komme ind er EFG-uddan-nelsernes basisår.
Even if a large proportion of the continuing training supply is provided by the initial training system, this separatist ap proach is still evident.
De korteste uddannelser ovenpå EFG-basisåret er to år, og eleven bliver enten en strikke-, en beklædnings-, en tekstil-, eller en farveoperatør, som kan virke som operatør, opstille, omstille og vedligeholde maskiner.
The centralization of the initial training system and its rigid structuring contrasts with the diversity of continuing training; the essential role of the diploma in the former contrasts with the frequent lack of certification in the latter and so on.
Ovenpå dette ni veau kan man bygge endnu to års uddannelse, hvorefter man bliver enten beklædnings-, strikke- eller farvetekniker, d.v.s. en uddannelse der gør én i stand til at påtage sig ledelsesfunktioner.
The fact that the two branches of vocational training operate in such different ways has meant that the
Et sidste afsluttende fjerde niveau også af to års varighed gør eleven til industriel designer og afslutter dermed hele uddannelses forløbet.
The 1971 law provided a framework for what was a rapid increase in the involve ment of enterprise in continuing vocational training.
Siden 1985 er der opbygget en ny linje ovenpå farveuddannelsen, som nu gradvis kan lede studenten til en uddannelse som teknikumingeniør inden for kemi.
This law did not just establish statutory expenditure by enterprise on continuing vocational training.
I løbet af 1980'erne lykkedes det Herning at skaffe sig en afdeling af Beklædningsteknisk Institut til regionen, og den er nu i stand til i tæt samarbejde med skolen at eksperimentere med nye materialer og ny teknologi og udvikle den nye
It also laid down a framework for the system based largely on cooperation by the social part ners: consultation of workers' representa
Erhvervsuddannelse I /1992
Vocational training 1/1992
CEDEFOP to amter blive enige om at stemme på den samme person for at få formandskabet i Det Danske Snedkerlaug, som har rettig­hederne til at forhandle om placeringen af forskellige erhvervsuddannelser på natio­nalt plan.
CEDEFOP exchanges of experience and innovations between the two training systems sought by the 1971 law have been few and far between.
Ovenpå de to basisår fulgte andre to års uddan­nelse, hvor man kunne specialisere sig ind på forskellige linjer. Kort sagt: det basale design var på plads til at skabe en skole for industrien på lokalt grundlag.
The advance plans which they draw up for the develop ment of basic education include develop ment prospects for initial vocational train ing and are one of the foundations for cooperation between regions and the State in this field.
I 1968 var Hernings arbejdsgivere meget hurtige til at bevæge sig, da Den Nationale Beklæd­ningsskole i København havde brug for at blive moderniseret og få nye bygninger.
While questions about continuing vocational training have been less focused, they have not been less numerous.
Ved denne manøvre gav man samtidig uddannelsessystemet på lo­kalt plan en hel ny institutionel ramme.
Un equal access to continuing training and the complexity of the system have been stressed.
Siden da har man udnyttet hver eneste uddannelsesreform, hvert eneste nye pro­gram, som sigtede på at udvikle viden om nye teknologier osv., til at udbygge og udvikle skolen, således at den på maksi­mal måde er i stand til at servicere de behov, som lokale mennesker og virksom­heder har for efteruddannelse inden for den industri.
Its inability to anticipate redeployment needs and changing employ ment in enteiprise, the uneven quality of the training provided, the frequent lack of certification and the high cost of some schemes have also been criticized.
Disse to eksempler viser, at det er muligt gradvis at bygge elementer fra forskellige dele af de nationale uddannelsesinstitutio­ner sammen til et lokalt system, som kan forene arbejdsmarkedets interesser med de industrielle behov.
Programmes to support employment policy measures and programmes to combat un employment which contain many measures relating to training for young people and adults have meant that the State is also playing a larger and more important role.
Igennem adskillige år har de politiske koalitioner, som tager sig af denne "system"bygning i Herning været bevidste om, at deres udfordring var endnu større.
These questions bear witness both to un certainties about ways of organizing vocational training and to the importance which all the partners attribute to vocational train ing as one of the key factors in economic and social change.
Man er blevet klog af erfarin­gerne fra 1970'erne, hvor lokalområdet oplevede, at en stor del af den mest lov­ende del af ungdommen afvandrede til storbyerne for at få en universitets­uddannelse. I modsætning til tidligere, hvor den lokale ungdom ofte tog til andre landsdeles folkehøjskoler for at vende til­bage med ny inspiration og projekter, som kunne berige lokalsamfundet, erfarede man, at universitetsungdommen aldrig vendte tilbage.
They are part and parcel of a period during which the link between training and employment is slowly being refashioned and during which those in volved in training are gradually having to redefine their roles.
Så for at sikre sig at den mest lovende del af ungdommen bliver i regionen, må man skabe uddannelsestil­bud, som kan konkurrere med storbyernes.
Economic developments, in the same way as developments in employment and la bour, have gradually called this division of vocational training into question.
I Herning har man efterstræbt dette mål ved at få oprettet en teknikumuddannelse. Men samtidig ønsker man at skabe et ak­tivt miljø for kontinuerlig efteruddannelse.
These developments are well known: increasing unemployment, especially among young people, industrial restructuring and its re percussions in terms of workforce redeployment and modifications of skills and working methods.
Dette prøver man at sikre ved at koordi­nere de mange forskellige skolers indsats.
Doubts have to some extent been cast on both branches - initial and continuing - of vocational training.
Erhvervsuddannelses­ og det øvrige uddannelsessystem bliver således et mægtigt værktøj, som egnen, dens virk­somheder og befolkning bruger til at løfte sig selv op ved håret.
The transformation of labour and employ ment means that new links have to be found between employment and training.
Nogle af de samme mekanismer synes at blive udnyttet i Salling i forbindelse med den Tekniske Skole, der er allokeret til Skive.
Since the end of the 1970s, the roles of these partners have undergone many and in some cases sometimes divergent changes.
For nylig er det lykkedes for skolen at tilføre endnu et uddannelsesniveau på et mere avanceret plan til Skives Tekniske Skole.
Expenditure by enteiprise on continuing training has increased substantially - it has more or less tripled in 20 years.
En ny uddannelse gør det muligt for personer med en baggrund som faglært inden for træindustrien at uddanne sig til træteknikere.
Enteiprise and professional organizations have be come more aware of the importance of vocational training.
Denne uddannelse giver de studerende en avanceret viden om mate­rialer og teknologier, derbruges i fremstil­lingsprocessen, samtidig med at de får indsigt i ledelsesteknikker og metoder til at lede en virksomhed enten som værk­fører eller som formand.
The State has also been more active, developing specific train ing programmes for workers or providing financial backing for the efforts which sectors or enterprises are making under what is known as the undertaking to de velop training.
Baggrunden er, at Salling­om­rådets møbelindustri har haft en kolossal efterspørgsel på sine varer.
As in many countries, local and regional authorities are playing a more important role.
Man har allerede videreudviklet systemet ved at give to valgmuligheder ovenpå disse 2x4­ugers kurser.
Individual enterprises are playing an in creasingly active role by stepping up their
På disse lokaliteter eksisterer der kun et begrænset behov for omstrukturering af erhvervsuddannelsessystemet. Behovet er primært at sikre, at processen fortsættes uden at fryse til i "wasted interests" og lokal korporativisme.
Initial vocational training has been criticized for the slow way in which course contents and the specialisms taught have been modified, its inability to prevent young people leaving school with no initial vocational training, its detachment from the reality of business and its extreme centralization.
CEDEFOP virksomheder og fagforeninger har været fremragende. Lokalsamfund, der har kaldt på omgivelsernes beundring og misundelse. delse.
CEDEFOP requirement to enteiprises with less than ten employees, improves recruitment con tracts involving alternance, extends individual training leave, tackles the question of tutoring within enteiprise and looks at the problems surrounding the forecasting of employment and jobs.
Integrationen mellem erhvervsliv, arbejds marked og erhvervsuddannelsessystemet på lokalt plan kan efter et par lykkelige cases synes at være selve svaret på de overordnede, teoretiske problemstillinger, der blev nævnt i første sektion.
The main issue, however, is the gradual forging of new links between the economy and education and training. This will entail further changes to the roles of the partners.
Et øjebliks genovervejelse af vore succes fulde cases ovenfor illustrerer omskifteligheden i vore og statens kriterier for at bedømme sådanne lokalsystemer.
training activities and becoming more or ganized in this area, in some cases by linking up with their local environment.
Kunne det ikke ses som ganske uansvarligt at lade en stor og stigende del af arbejdskraften blive uddannet til en frem tid i lavteknologiske brancher som tekstiler og møbler.
Professional organizations in the various sectors are attempting to pinpoint development trends and organize a training supply - especially continuing training - for enteiprises in their sector.
I dag forekommer denne optræning af arbejdskraften som én vigtig betingelse for, at virksomhederne udviklede sig til at kunne møde de internationale udfordringer. Men vil de to regioners succes ikke let kunne vendes til en fiasko?
The 1983 Inter industry Agreement established employ ment (called "qualification") contracts in tended to make it possible for young people to acquire a qualification while they work.
I en verden med stigende usikkerhed viser denne version af en lokal integration af erhvervsuddannelsessystemet med arbejdsmarkedet og storvirksomheden sin svaghed i det sekund, at den store virksomhed alligevel må lukke.
Secondly, the partners are only too aware that vocational training provision more than ever requires, if the above objectives are to be achieved, the establishment of more numerous types of cooperation, with the result that everyone's responsibilities have to be reformulated while at the same time respecting economic and individual development needs.
Lokalsamfundet står tilbage med så få elementer til at omskabe sin dynamik, at det overordnede eller teoretiske problem for erhvervs uddannelsessystemet, som vi formulerede ovenfor, synes langt mere overkommeligt end dette.
This widespread increase in the activities of the various partners involved in training has been accompanied by the emergence of new partners - especially the regions -and has helped better to define the roles of all the partners.
Her er der for alvor brug for at den lokale praksis for at forvalte erhvervs uddannelser ændres pludseligt; men hvor dan erhvervsuddannelsessystemet kan bruges under så store udfordringer, har vi kun få gennemgribende analyser af. Paradoksalt nok er erhvervsuddannelsessystemet et af de væsentligste midler til at skabe en ny dynamik i en sådan situation, der kræver omstilling på alle planer, lige fra lokalbefolkningens dybeste værdier til dens praktiske færdigheder.
These changes will affect the role of the training system which has yet to establish full relations with the economic world and which will need to find a way of balancing the continuation of a national system, aimed at equal opportunities, and a decentralization of the system allowing adaptation to the local economic context.
I en region med et begrænset arbejdsmarked er lokaliseret en meget stor virksomhed, f.eks. et skibsværft, som oplever stærkt svingende efterspørgsel.
Changes will also take place in enteiprise which will have to find ways of helping with vocational training by developing tutoring and reception facilities for young people.
Virksomhedens eksistens er derfor betinget af at kunne beskæftige et stærkt svingende antal arbejdere.
Enterprise, like schools, must establish methods of cooperation in which clear responsibilities are defined so that neither is relegated to a subordinate position. tion.
Lokal systembygning og politik på statsligt og europæisk plan
Thirdly, some of the current systems for partners' representation are still problem atic.
De tre historier er fortalt så det er selvindlysende, hvorfor de to blev succesfulde og den tredie en fiasko. Og det er utvivlsomt let for staten at se det behov for national korrektion, som burde have været udøvet i det sidste eksempel for at undgå den katastrofe, som opstod.
Reduced numbers at central trade union offices, the weakness of some em ployers' organizations, the increasing role played by enteiprise rather than the sector and the frequent questioning of the valid ity of central government action do not always facilitate this gradual redefinition of everyone's action, with the result that the status quo may appear less risky than developments whose results are uncertain.
Omstillingsbehovet vil kun kunne identificeres på det niveau, hvor det nationale system bliver udøvet som praktisk system.
In the first place, they are all faced with new requirements in the area of vocational training development.
Vores kendskab til disse lokale praktiske systemer er imidlertid ganske ringe, og vi kan kun gisne om, hvilken rolle staten skal spille, hvis den begynder at få denne nye indsigt.
Defining training needs and training objectives and forward studies of employment trends have be come crucial, but difficult, stages in the
Erhvervsuddannelser i området er begrænset til grundlæggende træning af arbejds kraft.
The roles of the partners have undoubtedly been undergoing major change for a number of years.
Såvel virksomhed som fagforening kan let overskue, at efterudannelsesmuligheder for arbejdskraften blot vil gøre det lettere for arbejdskraften at vandre væk fra lokalområdet, idet man jo søger at blokere for, at uddannet arbejdskraft skaber nye virksomheder i om rådet.
Relations between schools and enterprise have changed so that there design of training: from the State to enter is now a greater awareness of industry in prise, passing via sectors and regions, every schools.
Samtidig har virksomheden en me get lille omsætning af funktionær-stillinger for folk med en faglærts baggrund, som følge af at folk kun forlader funktionærstillinger, når de pensioneres.
In 1991 the social partners signed partner has its own share of responsibility a new agreement on continuing training as regards the provision of vocational train which extends the statutory expenditure
Men kan nogen se, om der er noget galt, før en katastrofe opstår? Det sidste eksempel er tænkt, men det minder meget om en situation, der er opstået i nogle lokalsamfund, som under den socialdemokratiske velfærdsstat i halvtredserne og tresserne blev anset for mønstereksempler på det, majoriteten ville bygge op.
There will be changes in employers' and workers' organizations, whose responsibilities will increasingly include the definition of training needs and the manage ment of vocational training and changes in the role of the State which will have to clear spaces, in continuing as well as initial vocational training, for the social and professional partners.