natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
I ovrigt er uerstattelig roIIe for den offentlige hos arbeids- den interne end det organisatoriske afstemningsproces parter i mange tilfelde mere effektiv markedets tilsvarende statslige system, som pä grund af opsplitningen af de uddannelsespolitiske kompetencer ind imellem er ude
On the other hand, however, trade unions are not always able to achieve standardization; whether or not standards will be set depends very much on the employers, who particularly in the area of further training often consider less regulation and more freedom for firms expedient.
af stand til at nä til enighed pä nationalt plan om ens- artede uddannel-sesforlob for de grundleggende erhvervs- uddannel"ser henholdsvis videreuddannelsen. parter som oftesr räder arbejdsmarkedets
Employers' associations, on the other hand, in recent years have successfully used their opportunity for appealing to their membership to increase the number of training posts, which no doubt has boosted their political reputation.
Denne mangel pä, idet deres bod uddannelsesprogrammer da overtages af statens skoleforvalt- ninger, som for eksempel basisäret inden for byqgefaget.
In the implementation of industrial training, the social partners are involved as operators of external training centers and further training institutions, most of which, to be sure, are controlled by employers and Chambers.
Iaveste niveauer spiller arbejdsmarkedets centralorganisationer en vigtig rolle for at undgä, at de sektoriale erhvervsuddan- nelsessystemer udvikler sig i forskeltige retninger.
The immediate administration of the industrial training system, in particular in the area of examinations, is in the hands of the Chambers, i.e. of associations of firms under public law.
Fagbevegelsen der overhove- det ikke er reprasenteret i kamrenes centralorganisationer er henvist til at koordinere sine delegeredes indsats i de enkelte kamres kompetente udvalg, hvilket ser ud til at vere ret vanskeligt for en organisation der ogsä har andre opgaver at se ti1.
But in the construction industry an established system of cooperation between employers and the union exists at the sectoral level aimed at creating a common order for a sector that for outsiders is difficult to under stand and that is confronted with serious problems peculiar to the industry.
Da arbejdsgiverne i forvejen og navnlig med hensyn til videreuddannelsen vagt om de enkelte kamres stär her- hvordan man end skal seLvbestemmelsesret findes vurdere de nen mangel pä faglig indflydelse og en hindring for faglige centraliseringsbestrabelser, der kan fores tilbage til- bäde arbejdsmarkeds- og indflydelsespolitiske intentioner.
Moreover, the sector has a tradition of unideological and pragmatic industrial relations that are relatively independent of the respective peak associations.
FagbevegeLsen er derfor interesseret i at regulere sä meget som muligt i form af uddannelsesordninger, der skal tilvejebringes efter samstemmighedsprincippet, og derved binde kamrenes systemer.
In a large number of cases the social partners have used the law on collective bargaining in an innovative fashion in order to exploit opportunities for action at the sectoral level as fully as possible.
Med hensyn til kontrollen med virksomhederne er fagf,orbundene afhengige af kamrenes
This tradition has also affected industrial training policy, as a result of which a sector — specific ensemble of opportunities for initial and further training was created that in its comprehensiveness — as well as in the influence exercised in it by the social partners — is unique even in the German context.
konsulenttjeneste, som de ikke indflydelse
An analysis of all three sectors, moreover, shows the large extent to which the modernization of training systems is triggered by competitive pressures.
Pä' har direkte -,men de samt bedriftsrädenes gode vilje er overbelastede og findes ikke overaLt.
These may originate in the labor market, as in the construction industry; or in the (world) product market, as in the German metalworking industry; or, as in the banking industry, they may result from technological and social changes that made traditional divisions of the market obsolete.
Tysklands erhvervsuddannelses- involveret i aI.l-e vigtige systemer arbejdsmarkedetsparter styringsfunktioner fastleggelse af uddannelses og eksamensordninger, mobilisering af finansielle midler, gennemforelse og administration samt tilsynsfunktioner omend ikke i samme omfang og medsamme indflydelse overalt.
It is therefore not inconceivable that continuing structural change in the economy will further enhance the importance of associations, and particularly of trade unions, in industrial training if they anticipate and prepare for their potential new responsibilities. sibilities.
När fagforbund og arbejdsgiverorganisationer räder over tilstrakkelige ressourcer, er en normering af uddannelses' ordninger, eksamensvilkär ikke uddannelsesprogrammer og begge parters samtykke, mulig uden bortset fra de
No one doubts that the system of industrial training in its historically evolved form would be unable to function without the fundamental and extensive incorporation of trade unions and employers' associations.
og inLerne arbejdsmarkeder Men fagforbundene kan pä den anden side ikke altid tvinge en normering igennem.
Moreover, projects for a fundamental reorganization of industrial training in the Federal Republic are currently not on the political agenda.
0m der skal normeres eller ei afhanger i hoj grad af arbejdsgiverne, som navnlig inden for videre- uddanne.l-sen ofte anser en mindre udpraget regulering og starre virksomhedsinterne udformningsmutigheder for formäIs- tjenlige.
There still are the union demands for financial reform and for greater, if possible legal, formalization of further training. However, under present political conditions they stand no chance of being put to the test.
Med hensyn til erhvervsuddannelsens finansiering har arbejdsgiverorganisationerne med held sat sig imod overtageLsen i statslig regi og dermed samtidig forhindret en udvidel se af den faglige indflydelse.
For the unions there is thus no need for a "realistic" moderation of these demands, taking into account current conditions and requirements as well as anticipated side—effects.
Bortset fra branchespecifikke finansieringsordninger ved overenskomster, som ikke uden videre stattes af central- arbejdsgivernes rolIe pä dette organisationer, er fagbevagelsens omräde säledes begrenset til lobbyvirksomhed
Further, the existing system has become so highly complex as well as institutionally dense and "settled" that, as in the social security system, fundamental changes are probably precluded by the sheer inertia of the evolved structures — quite apart from the fact that most of those involved believe that the system works quite well so that the risks of radical reform would not seem to be justified.
(med ringe udsigt til succes) over for staten som J-ovgivende magt samt til at pävirkning indenfor Bundesanstalt udnytte mulighederne for
That industrial training has not been affected by the evident tendency towards polarization and partial fragmentation of industrial relations is due both to its strong legal institutionalization as an autonomous policy area and the restraint exhibited by the social partners, who value highly their cooperation and past achievements in this area.
Arbeit eIIer medbestemmel.sesreglerne pä arbejdspladserne.
The latter, however, usually tends to be firm —specific.
Derimod har arbejdsgiverorganisationerne i de seneste är gjort brug af muligheden for at appellere til deres medlemmer om at foroge antallet af uddannelsespladser med godt resuL- tat, hvilket utvivlsomt har og et arbejdsgiverorganisationer- nes politiske anseelse.
On the other hand, due to its very complexity and the variety of forms in which the interested parties can participate, the existing system creates opportunities for pursuing "grand" reform goals via gradual changes of individual regulations in specific areas or with the aid of "functional equivalents" in adjoining areas of regulation, such as the Federal Labor Administration.
Til erhvervsuddannelsernes praktiske g'ennemforel-se medvirker arbejdsmarkedets parter gennemderes skoler for de grund-
Moreover, in many cases one gets the impression that trade unions and employers' associations have not yet fully utilized the regulatory instruments at their disposal.
Ieggende uddannelser samt videreuddannelsen, som imidlertid for storstedelens vedkommende kontrolleres af arbejdsgivere og kamre.
The advantage of regulating industrial training issues by collective agreement lies not only in the opportunity for the social partners to become independent of the contingencies and changes of political climate and parliamentary majorities.
I de tilfelde hvor der ogsä er brugt offentlige midler til skolernes opbygning, er fagforbundene med i ledelsen.
Rather, collective agreements also permit regulation to be more responsive than general legislation to specific sectoral conditions.
Den direkte administration af erhvervsuddannelses- systemet, specielt eksamensforholdene, ligger hos kamrene, dvs.
The associations of employers, if not necessarily their individual members, are interested in a functioning external labor market.
virksomhedsorganisationer med offenttigretlig status, somogsäharhovedansvaretfortilsynetmederhvervsuddan-nelsensammen med Bundesanstalt für Arbeit - for sä vidt denne giver tilskud til videreuddannelsestiltag og räder over tilstrekkelige midler til at fare en resultatkontrol og bedriftsrädene.
Serving as a control instrument vis —a —vis special individual interests on the part of their members, collective agreements have for a long time demonstrated their effectiveness not least as an organizational device for employers' associations.
Det fremgär tydeligt heraf, at erhverVS- uddanne.Lsessystemet i Forbundsrepublikken Tyskland i stort omfang Iigger hos parastatslige organisationer.
The general stability of the status quo with respect to the participation of associations in the regulation of industrial training does not mean that in the Federal Republic there are no fundamental political controversies over the governance of industrial training.
Men selvom dette i princippet giver fagbevegelsen forhoLdsvis.stor med- indflydelse, ses det ligeledes at der inden for nogle funktionsomräder, navnlig finansieringen og gennemforelsen af erhvervsuddannelsen, ikke er tale om ligevagt i arbejds- m a r l < e d s o r g a n i s a t i o n e r n e s i n d f I y d e I s e . Endelig er organisationernes invoLvering meget for-
In one way or another they all revolve around the question of what role state and associations — i.e. the "neo—corporatist complex" as a whole — should leave or assign to the market. It is not questioned in principle that market elements will continue to have an essential function
skell aIt efter hvilken branche det drejer sig offir og her er de pägeldende fagforbunds magtposition utvivlsomt en vigtig faktor.
At the same time it is generally recognized that market processes in an area as sensitive as industrial training are in need of public control and regulation.
For eksempel er der indenfor bankfaget' hvor fagbevegelsen traditionelt er svagt representeret, ikke tilnarmelsesvis i samme omfangtaleoffir at organisationerne forhandler sig fremti I uddannelsesordninger, som indenfor jernindustrien, hvor fagforbundet stär starkt og materielt velfunderet.
What is controversial is the extent to which intervention may be required, and the selection of instruments for fine—tuning controls that would produce as few unintended side—effects as possible. For this, e.g. for the problem of the "right" distribution of apprentices, male and female, to the "right" training occupation, there is no panacea.
0gsä forbundet indenfor byggesektoren siges ikke at vare nogen serlig kampsterk organisationr men i byggeindustrien findes et etableret kooperationssystem mellem arbejdsgivere og fagforbund pä brancheniveau med detsigteatopretholdeenfellesordningfordennebranchemedsinespecielle,vanskeligevilkärsom ersvcreatoverskue forudenforstäende.Samtidigerdertraditionforenuideologiskogpragmatiskpolitik,som ernoksäuafhengigafderespektivecentralorganisationerogimange tilfelde pä opFindsom mäde har udnyttet overenskomstlovens retlige instrumentarium for arbejdsmarkedets handlingsmuligheder pä brancheniveau til bunds.
In many cases the major problem for the participants at the current level of regulation is no longer the functioning of the industrial training system itself but rather the control of interdependenties with other policy areas, such as the labor market, collective bargaining, technology, and regional policies. There are few indications that the solution of such difficult problems would be facilitated by altering the relative influence of the state, employers' associations and trade unions on the organization of industrial training.
Denne tradition har ogsä spillet en rolle for erhvervsuddannelsespolitikken og fort til udviklingen af et sektorspecifikt spektrum af erhvervsuddannelses og videreuddannelsesmulighederr der er enestäende med hensyn tiI kompleksitet samt den indflydelse som.arbejdsmarkedets parter har - selv pä baggrundaf de tyske forhold i ovrigt.
One may therefore expect that the current system of participation of the social partners in industrial training policy will remain, by and large, stable and that necessary modifications as in the 1970s and 1980s will be negotiated in specific areas, but will not affect the basic structure of the system as a whole.
- Iigesom indenfor socialsikringen - sandsynlig- pä grund af tingenes inerti forlengst er blevet helt bortset fra at tingene efter de flestes ikke fungerer sä därligt, at man udenviderebsr andringer vis alene umulige - opfattelse
Our country's accession to the EEC in 1981 and the establishment of the European Community's internal market scheduled for 1992 leave no doubt that action is of the essence.
dag,hvorfagbevegelsenogarbejds-ermed isamarbejdetomkringstyringen
A typical feature of our country is the small size of its production units, primarily in the processing sector.
Tysklandt socialpoli- onde selv blevet mere konflikt- bersrt af den settesderikkespargsmälstegnved,tiskeforholdogsäidettelanderbetonede.Men erhvervsuddannelsen er ikke observerede tendentielle polarisering og delvise fragmentering af relationerne pä arbejdspladserne, hvilket skyldes bäde dens sterke retlige institutionalisering som etuafhangigtpotitiskomräde og en tilbageholdenhed hos begge parter, der setter stor pris pä samarbejdet indenfor dette felt og de opnäede gode resultater.
Out of a total of 140 000 companies in the processing industry, 93.3% employ fewer than 10 persons, while the average number employed by small and medium-sized enter prises in the other member states of the European Community is around 400. Imports of industrial goods by Greece re present 58% of our overall imports and at the same time only 18% of our industry's production is exported to other countries.
Pä den anden side skal man ikkemed detforsteregnemed en yderligere udvidelse af arbejdsmarkedsorganisationernes institutionaliserede rolle i erhvervsuddannelsessystemet, idet staten klart har demonstreret en vigende interesse i trepartsstyringen af
The above facts give us a clear picture of the low level of competitivity in Greece's industrial sector, which lacks rudimentary organization, firm management, incentives for innovations and proper control of merchandise and suffers from a shortage of skilled manpower capable of supporting attempts to promote the development of the SMEs.
arbejdsmarkederogarbejdsrelationer.Dettemerkesisermed hensyn tiI videreuddanneLsen, hvis voksende betydning falder sammen med,atdenstatsligepolitikgärudpäattilleggemarkedsmekanismerne stsrrevegt.Forfagbevegel-senerdetteutvivlsomtetproblem,idet ö i & grundleggende erhvervsuddannelser indlerte kundskaber og ferdigheder i stigende omfang farst og fremmest fungerer som grundlagfordensenerevidereuddannelse,derimidlertidsom regel er mere virksomhedsrettet. Der viI ikke blive tale om en deregulering af erhvervsuddannelsen der kan nindske arbejdsmarkedsorganisationernes roIle, men man mä heIIer ikke forvente at iser fagbevegelsens styringsbefajelser indenfor videreuddannelsen viI blive udbygget og udvidet ved statens foranledning i en overskuelig fremtid. Imidlertid frembyder det eksisterende system netop pä grund af kompleksiteten og de interesserede parters mangfoldige former for involvering mange gode mulighederfor
We are in the throes of an economic crisis and to emerge from that crisis we will basically have to see an increase in investments in processing industries and in particular in the SMEs. We shall need to use new technology in pro duction, develop new branches for the economy manufacturing products needed for further development of the processing industry (integration in production), verticalize product ion and promote the exporting sector etc.
"store" reformer ved gradvise ordninger pä delomräder eller at af forandringer ved hjelp af arbejde for forskellige
There is an immediate need for appropriate training of skilled manpower capable of meeting the needs of our economy as we approach 1992.
For at overmulig pä heder for at styre erhvdrvsuddannelsesomrädet uafhengigt brancheniveau - inklusive etableringen af et selvstandigt finansieringssystem. Det kan meget vel tenkes, at den
Pro grammes must be established for our vocational training institutions to ensure that their output corresponds to the incoming flow of specialized jobs in the production process.
Den ret sä stabile nes inddragelse i betydende med, at statusquo med hensyn til organisationer- erhvervsuddannelsens styring er ikke ens- der i Forbundsrepublikken Tyskland ikke forbindelse ogsä forekommer styrinqspolitiske diskussioner i
On comparison with other countries, we see that in terms of the level of technical vocational training establish ments Greece is considered to be among those countries
anden roLle med erhvervsuddannelsespotitikken. Pä den ene eIler mäde gelderdetaltsammen sporgsmä1etofrrhvilken
in the world lagging behind in technical education.
- funktion när der skal skabes uddannelsespladser, ved unges og arbejdstageres beslut- der skal fremskaffes videre- i princippet ubestridt ligesom erhvervsvalg,vedarbejdsgiveresningerom videreuddanneLse, när uddannelsestilbud etc. - det er princippetom,atmarkedsprocesserindenforetsäsensibeltomräde som erhvervsuddannelsen krever offentlig styring og regulering.
The Ministry of Education is responsible for the basic technical vocational education and shoulders the lion's share of the burden. However, on examining the sub-network of basic technical vocational establishments more closely we see that, in addition to the Ministry of Education, there are six other ministries, (Labour, Shipping, Industry and Energy, the Presidency, Health and Welfare, Communications) responsible for the running of educational centres.
Diskussionen gelder heller ikke sporgsmä1et, om ogsä organisationerne foruden staten skal vere ansvarlige for styringen - det er de forlengst, og denne rolle bestrides ikke af nogen.
In the area of vocational training there is a whole galaxy of ministries, departments, agencies and so on, which undertake educational programmes.
Men uenighedenbegyndernärdetdrejersigoffir hvor dybtgäende de nodvendige indgreb skal vere og hvilke instrumenter der skal velges til en finstyring der afstedkommer sä fä utilsigtede bivirkninger som muligt for eksempelpä problemet fordeling. af de uddanneLses- herfindesingenpatentlssninger,iforbindelsemed den"rigtige" sagende,mend som kvinder,päde"rigtige"uddannelsesfag.Imange tilfeldeerhovedproblemet,som depägeldendeskal tage sig aF pä det relevante styringsniveau, slet ikke mere erhvervsuddanneLsessystemets funktion som sädan,men sty-ringenogkontrollenafinterdependensenmed blandt andet arbejdsmarkeds-, overenskomst-, teknologi- og regionalpolitikken.
The most important from the point of view of technical vocational training are OAED, ELKEPA, EOMMECH and EOT, while from the point of view of socio-political training the "People's Training Agency", KEMETE and PASEGES. are important.
Der er faktisk intet der taler for, at lasningen af sä vanskelige problemer vilIe blive lettere ved indgreb i statens, arbejdsgiverorganisationernes og fagbevegelsens re.Lative indflydelse pä erhvervsuddannelsens organisering,
There are some branches of economic activity, e.g. communications and banking, where each individual unit (public utilities or banks) develops its own autonomous, annual or permanent training programmes with no coordination whatsoever between the different schemes.are important.
hvilket giver anledning til at forvente, at det nuverende system for arbejdsmarkedsorganisationernes involveringi erhvervsuddannelsen yil forblive nok sä stabilt og at eventuelle tilpasninger ligesom i halvfjerdserne og firserne vil blive opnäet ved forhandlinger og gennemfsrt efterhänden men ikke piincipielt og inden for og inden systemet fordelomräder,som helhed.
The training system is at present only in its first stages and depends upon initiatives taken by a number of bodies whose actions are conditioned by existing problems and educational gaps in a given area. This is why special care is needed, both in terms of coordinating different initiatives, i.e. general supervision, and in terms of the fundamental principles on which the gradual construction of this new educational system is based.
GRUNDLI,{IGEHDE OG VIDEREGAENDE TEKNISK ERI{VERVSUDDAT.INELSESA}IT ARBEJDS!,TARKEDETS PARTERS ROLLE
These systems are also backed up by programmes designed to assist young unemployed persons and help them acquire new skills, the aim being to reintegrate them into the labour market.
Den synsvinkel, under hvilken vi b0r unders0ge dengrundleggende teknlske erhvervsuddannelse og efteruddannelse'er bestemt af to eeregenheder ved det graske samfund og den graske 6konomi.
The unions, particularly the blue-collar ones, have de veloped programmes for trade union education and are pressing for the ratification of ILO Convention 140 on paid leave for training.
Pf, grund af vort lands tiL t ra det se af Eri1981 ogetable-rlngen af Det Europalske l'üLLeEskabs indre marked' som for-venteratttn{estcdi1992,erderlkkepladstilsendrag-tigh@d. Vort land kendetegnes ved virksomhedernes ringe st6rrelsei dette galder iser for forarbejdningsindustrien.
External malfunctioning refers to readjustments needed in the technical vocational education system to enable it to fulfil its obligations in its role as a socioeconomic factor in a time of crisis and change such as we know today.
93,3t af de cq. 140.000 f,orarbeJdnlngsvirksomheder har under 10 ansatter öamtldlg med at det gennemsnitlige antal medarbejdqre 1 EF-landenec sml og mellemstore virksomheder er pl cq. {00.
We have in doing so identified two major problems, the one being unemp1oyment, particularly among young people, and the other technological change and the restructuring of many branches of the economy
Importen af induetriprodukter udgdr 58t af landetq samlede eksport, hvorimod kun 18t af vor egen industriproduktion elr,sporteres .
Internal malfunctioning spotlights the structural problems of the system, problems which will have to be solved if it is to meet the requirements made of it due to unemployment and economic restructuring.
markedskontrol og en arbejdsstyrke, der ikke er tilstrakkeligt specialiseret til at kunne stOtte de smä ogmellem-storevirksomhederi.deresudviklingsbestrebelser.
Unemployment, which was the real regulator of the labour market and trends in wages and salaries during the fifties, fell markedly at the end of the sixties as a result of mass migration of workers to Western Europe and an increase in the production capacity of industry and the public service.
vi befinder os i ud af denne krise, okonomiske krisetiderr vil det hovedsagelig skal
Greece' development in the post-war period has throughout been marked by high levels of underemployment, both in periods of high "overt" unemployment and in periods when it has been limited.