natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Ludvig Christensen refererede her til Formernes Fællesudvalg fra 1909 og til Metalindustriens Lærlingeudvalg, som han begge selv havde været medlem af.
The system of management of semiskilled workertraining was based upon some of the same principles as for appren tice training, in that the central organs became the trade committees with equal representation, i.e. 'trade selfmanagement' within semiskilled workertraining - but with the decisive difference that the employers' side in this case had the union of unskilled workers as a negotiating partner, with them facing the skilled workers' unions across the table on the apprentice-training trade committee .
Disse udvalg inspicerede ikke blot uddannelsesstederne, men havde også udarbejdet regler for ud dannelsen, fagligt og teknisk.
The separation between the apprentice training system and the system for semiskilled workers in Denmark is thus not merely a partition between youth vocational training and adult - or continuing - training.
De centrale bestemmelser i 1937-lovforslaget var §19 og §20.
57 training for different unions within the trade union movement.
I §19 fastsattes regler for faglige udvalg.
The number of unemployed course-participants has been quite large, especially in recent years.
De kunne med 2/3 flertal afgive indstilling om uddannelsesregler til lærlinge rådet.
It can thus be said that in Denmark from ca 1960 onwards there are two systems of vocational training, although with different contents and different target groups.
De kunne, ligeledes med 2/3 flertal nægte at godkende læresteder og give bindende påbud til den kontraktgodkendende myndighed (politimesteren).
Both are based upon 'trade selfmanagement', but are tied to their respective ministries, the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Labour, and they each have their own system of schooling - the business schools and the technical schools for apprentice training, and the semiskilled worker schools ('specialarbejderskoler'), referred to as "our schools" by the unskilled unions.
2/3-reglen i de paritetiske udvalg indebærer altså at et vist omfang af interessesammenfald mellem arbejdsgiver- og fagbevægelsesrepræsentanter er nødvendigt for at handle praktisk.
The nature of 'trade selfmanagement' differs slightly as between the two systems; but above all it has a different composition of participants on the trade union movement's
I §20 fastlægges reglerne for lærlingerådets (LR) sammensætning og virksomhed.
59 side and functions through this relative to different labour market-sectors.
Det har status af appelinstans og samordnende i forhold til de faglige udvalg.
In 1965 'Continued training of skilled workers' was introduced under Government sponsorship, through the Budget and issue of official circulars ", but without any new legislation.
Formanden skulle ikke, som det havde været foreslået i tidligere lovudkast, udpeges af ministeren, men være en upolitisk og neutral person, udpeget af den instans som arbejdsmarkedets hovedorganisationer i fællesskab udpeger medlemmer af til behandling af overenskomststridigheder, Den faste Voldgiftsret, nu Arbejdsretten.
With regard to the form of the training courses, participants' compensation for loss of earnings, etc., it followed, on the whole, the regulations for the semiskilled worker courses. The skilled worker-sectors had realized that it was very good for them to try to keep apprentice training up to date, but that their adult skilled members also had a need for continued training -whether they were currently in employment or were unemployed, or required retraining in order to escape from a stagnating industry.
Hermed grundlagdes traditionen for at 'det faglige selvstyre' skulle tage sig af felter, hvor der var fællesinteresser fx om uddannelsesindhold og søge at forhindre konflikter og aftale brud i lærlingespørgsmål.
6 Provisional guidelines for grants to fund continuation training courses for skilled workers, etc. Ministry of Labour circular No.166 - 18.6.1965.
Samme tradition indebærer også at di rekte uddannelsespolitiske konfliktfelter, mere parlamentarisk politiske spørgsmål, søges holdt udenfor 'det faglige selvsty-
6 0 committees for apprentice training; the courses normally took place at technical schools and business schools, or in some cases at the Technological Institute or a similar institution.
Mod afslutningen af Rigsdagsbehandlingen sammenfattede social ministeren sin opfattelse af 1937-lovens hensigter således:
61 skills, lack of opportunity to acquire qualification for further education after completion of apprenticeship, etc.
"Der har maaske aldrig været fremsat noget mere demokratisk Lovforslag end netop det, der her foreligger.
At the same time, owing to the high level of employment, a wide range and flexibility of skilled workers' qualifications became more important than narrow specialization.
Det lægger praktisk talt hele Magten ud til Arbejderne og Arbejdsgiverne, som paa en lang Række af Omraader, ja paa de allervæsentligste Omraader faar Lov til at træffe Afgørelsen selv.
This presupposed a break with the market mechanism, of which the unrestricted right of employers to offer or not to offer apprentice posts is an expression, under the conditions of the prevailing political and economic trends.
De Omraader, hvor man ikke har villet lade disse Raad træffe Afgørelse, er dem, hvor der kan opstaa Interessemodsætning.
This did not take place, and no public or governmental regulation of the intake into trade training courses was established.
For at holde Fællesudvalgene neutrale er netop de Ting, der kunne skabe Interessemodsætninger, og derved gøre Virksomheden mindre neutral, lagt over til Afgørelse andetsteds", (sp. 2430) (vore understregninger)
Nevertheless, in Report No.612, 1971, youth training was shown as an all-embracing system, divided into general upper secondary school- and vocational upper secondary school-lines or courses.
Det betyder ikke at 1937-loven blev ensstemmigt vedtaget.
This would ensure that young people's preference for EFG or master apprenticeship would not be influenced by their financial circumstances.
Socialdemokratiets regeringspartner, Det Radikale Venstre, fandt ordningen rimelig for industri, men betænkelig for håndværk og handel.
At the end of the basisyear the EFG-trainee must, like the young person seeking a master apprenticeship, find a training post and obtain a contract by himself, and if he does not succeed, he receives no trade training.
Endvidere frygtede man at 'fagenes selvstyre' kunne indebære tilbagefald til laugstidens forhold.
The 'basic-year' of EFG alone does not provide recognized certification of vocational qualifications.
Den borgerlige opposition endte med at stemme imod.
There has never been any question, either, of automatic award of an on-the-job training post to anyone who has taken an EFG basisyear training course.
Partiet Venstre havde generelt været imod med liberalistiske argumenter.
The planned pace of development of EFG could not be maintained.
De konservative (Kons.) var derimod ikke fremmede for organisations-indflydelsen, det korporative samarbejde, som en moderne løsning på problemerne.
The employers in many trades were not very enthusiastic about taking on EFG-trainees, because they were in the firm for a much shorter time than the master's apprentice, and it was debatable whether the 1-year basis trainingcourse had increased job skills in this particular trade to the extent that it could compensate for just under 1 year's shorter time with the firm, out of a broadly uniform total training-time of 3 -4 years.
De stillede krav om at få fjernet beføjelser hos ministeren i de første lovudkast og overført til Lærlingerådet.
At the same time, a number of trades had also started to update and revise the schooling within the apprenticeship system, so that the master's apprentice received all-round introdutionary technical schooling early in the process.
Herudover ønskede de konservative handelsområdet udskilt under en særlig lov og de støttede bankers og forsikringsselskabers krav om ikke at blive underlagt loven.
- in it they could do practical work from the start and were less interested in general subjects, which could be felt to be a continuation of primary and lower secondary school.
Endelig foreslog de Lærlingerådet opdelt og sammensat så der ville blive arbejdsgiverflertal .
Whatever the situation may be, EFG and master apprentice ship had become two competing training courses - and a controversial issue among the general public interested in training policy.
Den parlamentariske oppositions modstand mod 19 37-loven havde en ret solid basis i erhvervslivet.
67 experimental-status of which, originating in the 1972-law, was changed to permanent status under the law of 1977.
Udover reglerne om nedsættelse af 'faglige udvalg' der med 2/3 flertal kunne udforme paritetisk faglige uddannelsesregler og anderkende læresteder, så omfattede den også mulighed for at beslutte obligatoriske svendeprøver, nedsættelse af maximal læretid fra 5 til 4 år, en begrænsning af lærlinges arbejds- og undervisningstid til 9 timer daglig, ferieregler mv. Forskellige dele af erhvervslivet følte sig mere eller mindre generet af forskellige dele af den samlede løsning, og Handelens og Håndværkets organisationer var drivende kræfter i at søge at etablere en samlet aktion mod loven - men Dansk Arbejdsgiverforening og især Industrirådet var tilbageholdende, således at kampagnen mod loven hurtigt stilnede af.
The The Confederation of Trade Unions (LO) and the Employers' Association (DA) had thus tried in vain to avoid this bisection of apprentice training courses °, by formulating the joint compromise proposal.
Der skete i årene 1938-39 et ret betydeligt fald i lærlingetallet, som dog næppe kan betegnes som resultat af en egentlig boykotbevægelse.
However, this is not inconsistent with the fact that in Denmark we have so far had vocational training systems
Den samlede løsning i 19 37-lærlingeloven indebar således også at der var punkter som generede SAM (nu JA), som ellers var ge nerelt positivt indstillet til etablering af 'faglige udvalg' og til samarbejde med fagbevægelsen i lærlingespørgsmål.
8 Here, as in section 3 and also in what follows, the plural form 'apprentice training systems' (lærlingeuddannelserne) is used as a blanket term covering 'master apprenticeship training' (mesterlæren), apprentice training under the 1956-law and EFG-training under the 1977-law, both of which are of the same nature as alter nance training (sandwich course)-systems, with employment of the young persons under contract in a firm constituting the training-relationship.
Organisationsmæssigt er 1937-loven et resultat af en alliance mellem fagbevægelsen og arbejdsgivere i metalindustrien og dele af håndværket.
The term 'apprentice training systems' (lærlingeuddannelserne) is therefore used to distinguish from 'technician'- (tekniker-) and 'qualifying examination-training systems' (eksamensuddannelser), as one different main category of youth vocational training, and from the theoretical or academic upper secondary school-courses (the gymnasium/Lycée) as a third main ca tegory of youth training.
Parlamentarisk blev den gennemført af Socialdemokratiet, Det radikale Venstre og Kommunisterne mod alle øvrige partiers stemmer.
68 decisively regulated and characterized by trade selfmanagement, which took shape first in the 1937-Law concerning apprentices, and then more definitively around 1960.
1937-lovens etablering af 'det faglige selvstyre' var derfor ikke nogen løsning baseret på bred tilslutning.
The principle of alternance training (sandwich courses) has the full support of both social partners in Denmark.
Den kan snarere tages som et udtryk for at den parlamentariske vej var så speget, at det for arbejderbevægelsen fremtrådte som en fordel, hvis man kunne få lovhjemmel - eller måske snarere delegeret statslig kompetence - til at man i overenskomstlignende former fag for fag kunne regulere lærlingenes uddannelse.
The wide support given to the alternance trainingprinciple is due to the tradition that has evolved since the 1937-law, for the regulation of infirm training through trade committees with equal representation of the two sides of industry.
Det var den vej Sammenslutningen af arbejdsgivere i Metalindustrien (SAM) selv var slået ind på i samarbejde med fagbevægel-
This regulation includes as well the quantity as the quality of the various apprentice training courses.
sen for at sikre, at de mange små arbejdsgivere, der uddanner hovedparten af lærlingene, overholdt uddannelsesregler, der kunne gøre de udlærte anvendelige også i de store og de moderne virksomheder.
For the trade committees, it must therefore be a question of achieving a compromise in a dilemma between quantity and quality in apprentice training within the trade.
Nu blev vejen for at gøre lærlingeuddannelsen til et samarbejdsprojekt for arbejdsmarkedets parter med 1937-loven åbnet generelt - også for fag og brancher hvor struktur og interessealliancemuligheder så anderledes ud.
The problem has been to maintain the volume and quality of training among that group of employers whose interests lie primarily in the actual apprentice training-process - namely those who can use apprentices in their production and train them at the same time.
Efter en del uro og nedgang i lærlingetallet de første år efter lovens vedtagelse blev fastlæggelse af uddannelsesregler og kontrol af læresteder gradvist mere udbredt.
A customer/supplier-situation of this kind exists in some places in the relationship between large and small firms in a trade or industry, and in other places with the whole trade or industry as 'supplier' co other trades or industries.
Men denne 'afpolitisering' gennem delegering til de faglige udvalg omfattede ikke alle konfliktemner indenfor lærlingeuddannelserne. dannelserne.
But if the trade training-requirements for 'suppliers' are made more stringent, or if they go in only one direction which does not match the supplier-firms' own operation, then the 'deliveries' will be restricted - hence the description as a dilemma between quality and quantity.
Det 'faglige selvstyre' og interessekonflikter i lærlinge uddannelsesspørgsmål
Politico-organizational changes in the market mechanisms for apprentice and onjob training posts
Blandt de ting der, med Ludvig Christensens ord, kunne skabe interessemodsætninger og derfor blev lagt over til afgørende andetsteds, var lærlingenes løn, arbejdstid og skoleundervisning. ning.
By transferring the changed or increased qualification require ments to the vocational schools to deal with, it was possible to increase the qualification requirements for training, without risk of reducing the number of training posts by making the requirements more stringent only for firms.
Fra 1939 blev det almindeligt, at lærlingenes løn blev fastsat som led i fagenes generelle overenskomster.
The social partners have tried also in other ways jointly to socialize trade training with finance from public funds.
Helt op til 1936 havde der været eksempler på, at arbejdsgivere i selve lærekontrakten forbød lærlinge at organisere sig, sammenhængende med ideologien om, at en lærling stod i et særligt opdragelsesmæssigt forhold til sin læremester - og ikke som en lønarbejder overfor en arbejdsgiver.
Apart from the problem of reconciling training with day-to-day work, the direct expenses for apprentices are an important factor for the supply of training posts.
Lærlingene blev nu de facto anerkendt som en del af arbejderklassen med organisationsret, men ikke strejkeret.
Apprentices' wages are relatively high in Denmark; but they vary to some extent as between trades and according to the apprentice's age and training stage.
Selvom organisationsprocenten blandt lærlinge ikke har været særlig høj, så har fagforbundene dog betragtet dem som potentielle medlemmer, hvis interesser de varetog.
For the DA (Employers Association)-sector, in the 3rd quarter of 1986 they averaged 32.17 kr an hour, whereas for young workers under 18 years of age they were otherwise about
Arbejderbevægelsen havde længe før 19 37-loven krævet dagskole og at tiden hertil sammen med arbejdstiden i virksomheden skulle udgøre en normal arbejdsuge.
An amount in 'ore' is levied from all private employers per hour of hourly-paid work and the resultant fund is used to reimburse employers whose apprentices are attending school, for most of their expenditure on wages during this period.
I udspillet til loven forsøgtes et kompromis: halvdelen af undervisningstiden på erhvervsskolen skulle modregnes i arbejdstiden i virksomheden.
In the period 1978-81 a general grant of 16 000 kr, financed out of taxation, was made for the establishment of extraordinary apprentice and on-the-job training posts.
Det kom ikke igennem - aftenskolen udover en almindelig arbejdsuge vedblev at være reglen for lærlinge.
In 1982 this sum was increased to 30 000 kr for training courses of more than 1 years' duration.
I kraft af sammenkædningen mellem arbejdstids- og skoleundervisningsspørgsmålet lod det sig ikke så let løse overenskomstmæssigt; skoleproblemerne indebar at det var nødvendigt med lovgivning.
In a way similar to that when the labourmarket training courses changed over, on the introduction of the Labourmarket Training Fund (AUD) in 1983, from ordinary taxfinancing to payment by the social partners of portions of
Krav om erhvervsskolernes overgang til dagskole og til fagog årgangsundervisning
74 the wages into a fund, the present non-socialist 4-party government introduced financing of the grants for extraordinary apprentice and onjob training posts through AER-contributions, taking effect as from 1 July 1984 for new traineeships.
Aftenskoleundervisningen lod sig kun gennemføre med et tæt net af tekniske skoler og handelsskoler.
Thus, in the mid-'80s, more than 95% of all apprentice and onjob training contracts reportedly received grants, fcf. Annex I, Tables 3 and 4).
De mange små skoler inde bar at undervisningen hverken kunne være opdelt efter lærefag, endsige efter årgangstrin på lærefag.
The transfer of financing to AER may therefore certainly be regarded also as preparation for the scaling-down or abolition of the grant-scheme.
Fagene omfattede da også hyppigt kun dansk, regning og teknisk tegning og ingen fagspecifik teoretisk undervisning eller værkstedsundervisning.
It was considered doubtful whether the scheme did in fact create additional appren tice and onjob training posts - the only certain fact is that Denmark has thus had a general fund which transfers funds from non-training firms to training firms.
Et så ringe supplement til virksomhedsoplæringen var et problem; det måtte forudses at moderniserede uddannelsesregler til at imødekomme udviklingen i kvalifikationsbehovene ville reducere an tallet af mulige lærepladser.
Without a shot being fired, so to speak, with effect from 1 January 1986 the grant was reduced from 30 000 to 15 000 kr, and during 1987 the payment of grants for newlyestablished apprentice and onjob training contracts will be discontinued.
Sådanne bekymringer gjorde sig tidligt efter 2. verdenskrig gældende indenfor metalindustrien.
"The Danish Employers' Association more than welcomes the expiration soon of the grant-scheme for apprentice and onjob training posts.
De kunne løses, såfremt man udvidede Teknisk Skoles rolle i lærlingeuddannelsen - og for metalområdet, som omfatter mange store fag og udgjorde hovedparten af eleverne på de tekniske skoler, kunne en fag- og årgangsdeling lade sig gøre - også med nogenlunde jævn geografisk spredning, men ikke uden at afstandene blev så store at en af tenskoleundervisning blev umulig de fleste steder i landet.
This will save trade and industry more than 700m kr annually, because the firms have had to finance the grant-scheme themselves during the last couple of years, with the money quite simply passing from employer to employer through the Government." This is what Deputy Director Erik Tøttrup, of the Danish Employers' Association tells 'Børsen', adding that the firms do not want unfair charges of this kind.
Overvejelser om nødvendigheden af en styrkelse af erhvervsskoler nes rolle i teknisk-faglig henseende blev på denne måde også en støtte til - og en del af - arbejderbevægelsens krav om overgang til dagskoleundervisning i lærlingeuddannelsen.
76 of infamy' should be erected to these grants, because the 44 000 new apprentice and onjob training posts in 1986 show that there was no need at all for the scheme," says Bertel Haaarder.
Modstanden kom fra mindre arbejdsgivere og mestre i almindelig hed.
From the mid-'70s and onwards over the next 10 years, those firms that traditionally per formed the trade training-functions were in a very serious situation.
De mente, at lærlingene ikke kunne undværes i den alminde-
This being so, we also have the scheme to thank for our not having to contend today with bottleneck-problems much bigger than they actually are," says Laue Traberg Smidt.'
lige daglige arbejdstid, og at denne tilstedeværelse i hele ar bejdsugen også var nødvendig for at lærlingene kunne lære hele produktionsgangen at kende. Men i særdeleshed kom den fra de mindre lærefag, hvor der kun kunne etableres fagspecifik under visning på én eller nogle få fagskoler, som så måtte blive kostskoler med et antal flerugers kostskoleophold for lærlingene.
Nevertheless, it seemed that the limit had very nearly been reached to the basic management of youth vocational training capacity through the market mechanism for training posts.
Først i 1950'erne var der imidlertid adskillige statslige initiativer igang med henblik på at omstille arbejdsmarkedet til en forventet stærk teknisk og industriel udvikling.
Regarding the private labour market, the following is stated in an agreement entered into on 30 April 1981 between the main labour market-organizations (DA and LO) and the Government:
I arbejdsmarkedsmæssig henseende bekymrede man sig også stærkt for de store fødselsårgange fra krigsslutningen, som ville melde sig som lærepladssøgende omkring 1960.
"On the basis of discussions between the Government and the social partners, guiding rules are being drawn up jointly on training capacity for individual firms or industries.
I forarbejdet til lærlingeloven af 1956 forsøgte man derfor at gøre det mere attraktivt at oprette lærepladser og fra regeringsside søgte man at på virke de faglige udvalg til på forskellige vis at øge lærlinge tallet indenfor hver deres fag.
One of the more important aims is to try to induce the bigger firms to establish more training posts. The employers' organizations will work to ensure that these rules are observed by their member-firms."
Fra folketingsside blev 'det faglige selvstyre' stadig mødt med en vis mistro; således endte det med, at der i loven blev optaget et forbud mod de såkaldte 'lærlingeskalaer', som nogle fag lige udvalg havde vedtaget med angivelse af maximalt antal lærlinge pr voksen udlært.
Although guiding rules are mentioned, and although the employers' organizations neither have nor wish to have powers to enforce rules for the acceptance of apprentices by firms, an agreement of this kind does express normative pressure.
Begrundelsen var altid oplæringshensyn, men nogle liberale partier anså dette for en adgangsbegrænsning, en sammenrotning mellem mestre og svende, der skulle be skytte faget mod konkurrence gennem 'for stor' tilgang.
The indication is that if the expectations are not fulfilled, a form of intervention on the part of the Government must be anticipated.
Ca 180 handelsskoler og ca 350 tekniske skoler blev i løbet af en halv snes år efter 1956 reduceret til henholdsvis ca 60 handelsskoler og ca 55 tekniske skoler.
There is no prospect at present of this resulting in an attempt to introduce new regulatory mechanisms.