natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
"Dansk Arbejdsgiverforening hilser det mere end velkommen, at tilskudsordningen for lære- og praktikpladser snart ud løber.
In addition, through the establishment of trade training under the Law concerning apprentices or the EFG-Law, definition of the corresponding job functions as a trade sector, covered by a contractual obligation, will be achieved.
Dermed sparer erhvervslivet mindst 700 mio. kr. på
The strength of the system lies in the fact that
årsbasis, fordi virksomhederne gennem eet sidste par år selv har måttet finansiere tilskudsordningen.
In these sectors the skilled traditions are few and weak, and the Part 2-training courses are founded upon the tradition of semiskilled worker-training.
Pengene er ganske enkelt via staten gået fra arbejdsgiver til arbejdsgiver".
As main areas within EFG-training, they were established in 1979 and 1977 respectively - i.e. much later than the other 6 EFG-main areas.
Det siger vicedirektør Erik Tøttrup, Dansk Ar bejdsgiverforening, til Børsen og tilføjer, at virksomhederne ikke har brug for den slags urimelige afgifter.
With regard to employment, the Part 2-couroes fall - typically enough - within labour market-sectors which are covered almost completely by the Danish Semiskilled Workers' Union (SiD).
Også undervisningsminister Bertel Haarder ser frem til, at ordningen afskaffes.
In building and construction, SiD has a single representative in EUU.
"Der burde rejses en skamstøtte over disse tilskud, fordi de 44.000 nye lære- og praktikpladser i 1986 viser, at der slet ikke har været brug for ordning en", siger Bertel Haarder.
In addition, there is one representative in the central advisory body, EUR; but the representation of unskilled unions in the EFG-system is counted in with this.
I en kommentar siger Håndværksrådets direktør, Laue Traberg Smidt, at det for historieskrivningens skyld er nødvendigt at fastslå, at tilskudsordningen i de forløbne år har været livsnødvendig for en fortsat tilgang til de faglige uddannelser.
In the system under the Law concerning apprentices, they are absent outside the two above-mentioned main voca tional sectors. 10
"Det var uundgåeligt at give virksomhederne et incitament til at over vinde deres velbegrundede frygt mod at indgå fireårige uddannelsesaftaler.
When the EFG-Experimental Law was passed i 1972, expectations were high (cf. section 2, section 12) that the new vocational training system would be able to eliminate the residual group.
Fra Håndværksrådet er der ikke skygge af tvivl om, at ordningen har været en forudsætning for oprettelsen af en meget stor del af de lære- og praktik pladser, der er indgået i de senere år.
The present SiD, in particular, thus , played an active part in getting hitherto unskilled sectors classed as EFG-Part 2-training courses. There were
Som sådan kan vi også takke ordningen for, at vi ikke i dag sidder med langt større flaskehalsproblemer, end tilfældet er", siger Laue Traberg Smidt."
10 With the exception of the tiny paviors' union, which as at 1 October 1984 counted 43 apprentices and 13 EFG-Part 2-students.
Denne udvikling har ikke udløst skarpe kommentarer fra fagbevægelsens side, hvor man givetvis vil insistere på at der stadig er et lære- og praktikpladsproblem, men sikkert også vil mene at fondsomfordeling er et nødvendigt 'instrument' der imidlertid må suppleres med flere. ·'-
They were then abandoned, mostly owing to the lack of applicants. Being only new extensions of a basic training course composed so as to satisfy the interests of the trade committees of the 'old' building unions regarding course-content, their classification as EFG-Part 2-training was not attractive.
Sådanne supplerende instrumenter var på tale omkring 1980-81, hvor der trods en stigning i antal lære- og praktikpladser sam tidig var tale om at ungdomsarbejdsløsheden og køen af lære- og praktikpladssøgende steg meget stærkt.
So long as the trade committees are able to and wish to keep their apprentice training courses and maintain their position - also as Part 2 EFG-courses with a contractual obligation, etc. - then major changes are hardly possible.
I denne periode markerede arbejdsmarkedsorganisationerne sig stærkt med omfattende informationskampagner, der sigtede på at overbevise arbejdsgiverne om, at det både for deres egen, virksomhedernes og for samfundets skyld ville være godt at oprette flere lære- og praktikpladser.
In this respect, the expectations were exaggerated that the EFG-system would in time be able to ensure that all
1-Et særtilfælde udgør hér murerfaget, som såvel har haft særegne fondskonstruktioner som en speciel kollektiv praktikform, Elevbyg.
The most important agency here is the trade committees, the FU-level, which has close contact with the labour market-sectors.
som på løntilskudsmulighederne fra staten.
125 special function of continuous looking out for new qualification-requirements of this kind.
DA's kampagne over for medlemmerne blev varetaget af de lokale foreninger i samarbejde med de lokale statslige arbejdsmarkedsmyndigheder Ar bejdsformidlingen (AF) og Arbejdsmarkedsnævnene (AMN), kommunale og amtskommunale myndigheder og erhvervsskolerne.
On the basis of this they apply to the DfE, through the FU, for funds to carry out a so-called 'TF-study' - a technical and trade ('teknisk-faglig') specification of qualificationrequirements and desirable objectives for trade training to cover these requirements.
Alligevel syntes grænsen for den principielle styring af ungdomserhvervsuddannelseskapaciteten via lærepladsmarkedsmekanismen at have været tæt på at blive nået.
This description, in which the FU is responsible for the TF-study and DfE for the TP-study, corresponds to the DfE's view of how the work should be allocated.
Ungdomsarbejdsløshedens omfang og køen af unge lære- og praktikpladssøgende var så lang, at den socialdemokratiske regering i 1980-81 lagde op til et brud på lærepladsmarkedsudbuddets styringsprincip.
The social part ners must report the objectives and qualification-requirements; how they will be achieved and with what finance falls within the responsibility and respective areas of authority of the Directorate and of the vocational schools.
I forhold til det private arbejdsmarked hedder det i en aftale indgået den 30. april 1981 mellem arbejdsmarkedets hovedorganisationer (DA og LO) og regeringen:
Against this, it was asserted that the Ministry had a responsibility not only for the social partners and their estimation of trainingrequirements, but also for the individuals seeking training and for wider educational policy objectives.
"På grundlag af drøftelser mellem regeringen og arbejdsmarkedets parter udarbejdes i fællesskab vejledende normer for uddannelseskapacitet for enkelte virksomheder eller brancher.
Facets of conflict exist also with regard to planning of capacity and allocation of training posts between the different trade sectors. The 'trade self-management'-side is
Målsætningen er ikke mindst at søge at påvirke de større virksomheder, til at oprette flere pladser.
128 pressing for more such posts to be established than there is onjob training capacity to absorb them - which will produce a favourable situation for the master craftsmen in the trade, but not for the young persons concerned.
Arbejdsgiverorganisationerne vil arbejde for, at disse normer re spekteres af deres medlemsvirksomheder".
But the training policy-responsibility for the young is in accord with DfE's own interest in not defraying the expenses of apprentices for whom capacity is insufficient for them to be fully trained.
Uanset at der tales om vejledende normer og at arbejdsgiverorganisationerne ikke hverken har eller har ønsker om at få beføjelser til at gennemtvinge normer for antagelse af lærlinge på virksomheder, så udtrykker en sådan aftale et normativt pres.
The same kind of divergence regarding planning priorities exists with regard to the geographical widening of basic training capacity - which FU and FFU are supporting, because it increases recruitment, and which DfE wishes to restrict because the small units are too expensive in equipment.
Signalet er, at såfremt der ikke leves op til forventningerne, vil en form for indgreb være at forvente fra regeringens side.
Of a more organizational nature is the question to whom do trade consultants actually belong - not officially, since in this respect they are employed by DfE, but in practical reality.
Blandt andet som følge af de fælles kampagner, jvf ovenfor, lykkedes det at få antallet af lære- og praktikpladser højere op end nogensinde.
Prior to 1977, the trade-consultants ('fagkonsulenterne') were considered to be at the disposal of the respective trade committees. The other office-
I konsekvens heraf blev spørgsmålet om vejledende normer i praksis taget af bordet med loven om lære- og praktikpladstilskud i 1982.
When EUU and EUR were established on a permanent basis in 1977, it was not clear how far these secretaries came under the representatives of the labour market organizations who constituted the EUU's or under DfE in arranging the work.
Kort efter kulminerede lære- og praktikpladskøen i 1983, hvorefter den siden har aftaget.
It may be taken as an expression of the fact that the social partners within these sectors themselves perform the coordinating functions, on the basis of what can be mutually agreed within 'the participating FU and FFU.
Den omfatter stadig ca 7.000 unge - ca 10% af en årgang. Aktuelt er der ikke udsigt til at dette vil føre til at nye reguleringsme kanismer forsøges tilvejebragt. 45
However, during the last 10 years a step has been taken towards the DfE playing a bigger role in co-ordination.'
Situationen i Danmark er således stadig, at det principielt er lære- og praktikpladsmarkedets udvikling, kapaciteten i virksomhedsdelen af uddannelserne, der indtager nøglerollen for dimensioneringen af de to konkurrerende ungdomserhvervsuddannelser i vekseluddannelsesformen: 'mesterlæren' i henhold til 1956-lærlingeloven og EFG-2.dels-uddannelsen i henhold til 1977-loven.
130 not members of ML. And in ML, there was one employers' and one trade union representative on the committee besides the others who were 'the same old crowd'.
Denne kapacitet har været søgt påvirket gennem økonomisk omfordeling mellem uddanner- og ikke-uddannervirksom-heder (AER, tilskudsordningerne) og gennem erhvervsskolernes øgede rolle i den fagspecifikke kvalificering.
According to the organization chart of the Iron and Steel Industry Employers' Association (JA), all matters are first handled in ML and then EFG-matters are passed on to the Engineering and other metalusing industry's EUU.
Når en lære- og praktikpladsaftale er oprettet indebærer de samme to love, at lærlingen har lovhjemlet krav på at blive optaget til undervisning på erhvervsskolen.
EUU and EUR thus now have clear official powers of co-ordination, and it is now also clear that the secretariat for EUU comes under DfE - regardless of geographical location (cf. subsection 4.4.).
Elevantallet på de tekniske skoler og handelsskolerne bestemmes således også af lærepladsmarkedets udvikling.
They have the right to take part in the relevant FU's meetings, but not as appointees of the FU; they are representatives of the Ministry of Education.
Den må planlægningen i Direktoratet for Erhvervsuddannelserne (DfE) under Undervisningsministeriet således indrette sig efter og forsøge at prognosticere.
There are no funds available in DfE for researching new qualification-requirements, etc.; responsibility for this rests with the participants in the FU-system. Nor is there
Kvalitet, omfang og indhold af undervisningen på erhvervsskolerne fastlægges i et samspil mellem de faglige udvalg og DfE, hvori hensynet til statens finansielle ressourcer naturligvis også indgår.
131 any own funding for qualification-research and pedagogical research at SEL, the National Vocational Teacher Training Institution.
Dette samspil vil blive nærmere behandlet i afsnit 3.4.1.
However, funds do exist for research and development work.
I forhold til denne ret bundne planlægningsopgave, så har ud bygningen af EFG-basisåret kunnet foregå noget mere frit ud fra politiske overvejelser i undervisningsministeriet og direktoratet. tet.
Lastly, a matter will be mentioned which does not concern the relationship between 'trade selfmanagement' and DfE, but the system of trade management's own mode of operation in relation to questions of trade demarcation and contractual obligation.
I september 1979 havde således 3.673 eller ca 75% af de der i juni havde afsluttet EFG-basisuddannelsen opnået praktikplads.
132 work would have been considered; but it was decided that there was no question of this.
Dette tal skal sammenlignes med at 14.041 påbegyndte en mesterlære i håndværks- og industrifagene.
The case was considered under trade law, and on 12 June 1985 an arbitrator ruled that HK did have the right to organize.
Håndværks- og industriområdet
Trade selfmanagement and the Directorate for Labour Market Training
På håndværks- og industriområdet står vekseluddannelsesprincippet generelt stærkt.
The division of labour between 'trade selfmanagement' and the AMU-Directorate appears to be far clearer than within DfE's area.
Men indenfor dette har der været tale om en systemkonkurrence, både mellem de to 'rene' vekseluddannel ser, EFG-2.del og mesterlæren, indbyrdes på den ene side og mellem disse og de såkaldte teknikeruddannelser eller grundlæggende eksamensuddannelser på den anden side.
Branch committees (BU) and continued trainingcommittees (EU) receive money and not personnel from the AMU-Directorate, for administration of the AMU-courses.
I forlængelse af EFG-basisåret er der blevet oprettet det såkaldte HTX, der kan ses som en parallel til HHX og formentlig vil udvikle sig til en teknisk erhvervsgymnasial uddannelse.
The committees set priorities for the courses and their location; but for administering and planning the courses BU and EU can 'borrow' consultants from the AMU-Directorate.
Teknikeruddannelserne indeholder ganske vist praktikophold, men disse er uden kontraktpligt, svagt regulerede og praktikken kan nærmest betegnes som opsamling af erhvervserfaring som led i en iøvrigt skoleorganiseret undervisning.
When BU or EU wish to modify the content of particular course modules, or establish new ones, the explanation of labour market requirements and the recommendation for the way in which a new course can meet these qualificationrequirements must follow the so-called '10-point programme'.
Det indebærer imidlertid også at teknikeruddannelsernes udbygning er langt mere håndterlig for planlæggere og politikkere.
When this has been fulfilled, the new or revised course is included in the list of approved courses, after which it is up to BU and EU themselves to set the financial priorities for it and deal with the , question as to the frequency and location of this course.
Fra at udgøre ca 15-20% af lærlingetallet i 1970'erne er de tekniske 'eksamensuddannelser' vokset til ca 25-30% i 80'erne, og de planlægges udbygget yder ligere.
134 and this also makes it an instrument of diversified labour market-policy.
Både på grund af de grundlæggende tekniske eksamensuddannelsers egen karakter og på grund af deres hidtidige moderate vækst kan disse dog næppe udgøre en trussel mod vekseluddannelsesprincippets hidtidige dominans indenfor håndværks- og industriområdet.
Some changes always take place regarding the planned courses which BU and EU expect to hold at the beginning of a year, and extra courses are set up often to meet acute needs in a particular firm.
Til gengæld synes de at tiltrække de videreuddannelsesorienterede.
This degree of freedom for 'trade selfmanagement' - which perhaps should be described rather as 'organization management' - is intentional from the side of the system.
Af de i 1982-83 færdiguddannede fra grundlæggende eksamensuddannelse påbegyndte 22% eller 3.400 en videregående ud dannelse mod kun 34% fra EFG- og lærlingegruppen eller ialt under 900 unge med en faglært uddannelse (omfatter hele området, ikke kun håndværk og industri).
In the AMU-Directorate the view is that the AMU-system is obviously founded upon labour market policy and not upon training policy, and for the same reason there must (should) also be organization management.
sen. Mens tilgangen til basisuddannelsen i håndværks- og industrifagene fra 1979 til 1984 næsten 3-dobledes - fra 6.504 til 16.897 - blev overgangen til EFG-2.del kun godt og vel fordoblet således at overgangsfrekvensen faldt fra ca 75% 2 til ca 45-50%.3
"...And the business community (the employers) will be urged to contribute towards the most expensive training courses, particularly continued training. It will create greater responsibility in both students and customers, who have hitherto supported uncritically any extension and increase in the cost (of courses)". (p.336, our underscoring).
Disse tal gælder for de unge, der afslutter basisuddannelsen.
In vocational training, 'the customers' may have considerable influence; only the question is: who is to represent 'the customers' and how.
Herudover sker der frafald i årets løb, herunder overgang til andre uddannelser, eventuelt til mesterlære.
Is it to be nation-wide organizations? If so, there will be risk of rigidity and lack of innovation, because far too good opportunities will exist for more or less irrelevant conflicts of interests to prevent innovation", (p.337).
Fordelingen af de ca 50%, der gennemførte basisuddannelsen, men ikke påbegynder en 2.delsuddannelse, har været omdiskuteret.
Following this criticism of the existing form of 'trade selfmanagement', the Minister of Education then continues with consideration of the question whether the governing boards of the vocational schools, rooted -in local labour markets, would be better organs of manage ment - for solving bottleneck-problems, for example.
En specialkørsel4 for færdiguddannede fra EFG-basisåret 1984 gav følgende resultater: tater:
The reason for them, for 'paradox-problems' and for 1 professionalisation and bureaucratisation' of the welfare society, are given on p.340: "It is the rigid, enclosing systems created on the labour market and in the training schemes by the labour market organizations which cause these problems."
Grundlæggende eksamendsudd.
It thus concerns a report from the regular review by the Ministry of Finance's administration department.
EFG-basisuddannelsen indenfor:
The following points are listed as examples of what is func­tioning well:
Bygge + Anlæg
Centralization.
For de ca 20%, der påbegynder en mesterlære, kan man tale om at basisåret reelt repræsenterer et års læretidsforlængelse - og dette udløste en ret omfattende debat om 'misbrug af systemet', som imidlertid også burde inddrage det ukendte antal af afbrydelser undervejs i et basisårsforløb, når muligheden for en mesterlærekontrakt måtte vise sig.
PA propose instead that about 10 sector committees should be set up, which could have an initiative-taking, co­ordinating function for the updating of training within a vocational sector (p.5 and pp.34-36 in PA3).
På disse områder spiller overgangen til grundlæggende eksamensuddannelser en relativ ringe rolle.
The role of the trade committees would thus be reduced to an advisory and supervisory one.
Den 'uoplyste' gruppe omfatter unge, der indgår i praktikplads køen, samt unge der ikke på anden måde indgår i Danmarks Stati-
These proposals are the main ones for elucidation of the role of 'trade selfmanagement' in relation to the Govern­ment.
2jvf opgørelsen foretaget af Sektorrådet for de fortsatte skoleuddannelser (1980) s. 16.
The steering group is of the opinion that the recommendations not sufficiently take the conclusions of subsidiary report 2 (analysis-phase) as their basis.
3jvf oversigterne i Bilag I, tabel 1 og 2, til denne undersøgelse. gelse.
"What is lacking, however, is emphasis of the possibilities for updating and innovation which lie within the in firm part of the training courses, and the possibilities of this kind which have their source in the trade committees' contact with the labour market".
^Foranlediget af LO's Fagligt Nyhedsbrev, her citeret efter DTL-nyt, oktober 1986.
In other words, emphasis of the value of participation by the social partners, both in the onjob part of the training itself and in the trade committees' role within the management system.
stiks individualregister over uddannelsessøgende - reelt ar bejdende og arbejdsløse, herunder de, der med afsluttet basisår bag sig senere påbegynder en specialarbejderuddannelse.
It is worth noting in this connec­tion that, in the opinion of EUR, ΡΑ-Consultants forget that the courses are alternance-training (sandwich) courses; for PA the school-side is the central element and the infirm training element is supplementary.
Knap 6.000 af de personer, der i 1985 deltog i et specialarbejderkursus, havde et gennemført EFG-basisår bag sig.
Contrary to this view, EUR points to the importance of the FU-level and the significance of involvement of the social part­ners .
På baggrund af disse tal må man konkludere at EFu-basisuddan-nelsen siden 1980 på håndværks- og industriområdet har skiftet samfundsmæssig funktion: Fra at være en l.del tæt knyttet til en 2.del i en EFG-version af lærlingeuddannelsen til snarere at burde betegnes som et erhvervsintroducerende basisår i skolemæssig form.
"Whereas these courses are alternance training courses in which the constituent elements of school education and infirm training rank equally, the report (PA3) leaves the overall impression that school education is regarded as the central part of training and onjob training as a supplement to this."
Planlægningen af EFG-basisuddannelserne har siden 1980 ligeså meget været en del af ungdomsarbejdsløshedsbekæmpelsesprogrammet og vægten har - med noget forskellig styrke indenfor ho vederhvervsområderne5 - været lagt på at skaffe fri adgang til alle unge ansøgere.
EUR is thus critical of PA's emphasis of the schools and local trade committees as primary agents of updating and innovation.
For handels- og kontorområdet har EFG-basisårsudbygningen al drig været bundet tæt til EFG-2.dels kapaciteten.
The demand for nation-wide qualification has been common to all elements of the trade committee-system and has resulted in very marked centralization of the regulation of school education.
Som det frem går af tabel 3.1 var det allerede fra midt i 70'erne kun knap halvdelen af de unge med afsluttet EFG-basisuddannelse, der på begyndte en 2.dels uddannelse året efter.
In addition, FK carry out inspection of instruction given in the trade and check the qualifications of teachers at the vocational schools. Official local powers to influence both the quality and the quantity of apprenticeships are small.
Til gengæld påbegyndte et stigende antal en højere handelseksamen, HHX, hvis fuldførelse kan give adgang til en EFG-2.dels-uddannelse og til videregående uddannelser, men som også er erhvervskompetencegivende i sig selv.
ΡΑ-Consultants' proposal also included, of course, some points and proposals for the decentralization of powers to the local school-level and the regional level.
5jvf oversigten over EFG-hovederhvervsområderne i bilag II, figur 9.
This is consistent with the recommendation described in subsection 3.4.3.2. described above.
Højere Handelseksamen (HHX)
The Danish Metalworkers Union (DM) has 138 500 members, all of whom are in principle skilled workers.
Indenfor handels- og kontorområdet (HK-området) er det næppe meningsfuldt at tale om en konkurrence mellem EFG-systemet og mesterlæren.
But the position organizationally is not; an apprentice painter or a journeyman painter _is a member of the painters' union (in so far as they are unionized at all) -
Ved afviklingen af handelsmedhjælpereksamen i 1977 til fordel for EFG-basisuddanenlsen blev EFG-2.dels-kontrakten den foretrukne indenfor området, mens mesterlæren blev opgivet i en række fag og i de resterende opretholdes med en tilgang på ca 2.500-3.000 unge overfor en tilvækst i EFG fra ca 9.000 til ca 13.000 mellem 1980 og 1985.
158 regardless of whether the person concerned is employed in a shipyard, a master-painter's firm or the main workshop of the Danish Railways.