natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Men det berører også Fællesskabet. Vedtages disse lovforslag vil de nemlig gå imod mange af de handelsaftaler, der er blevet indgået de sidste 10 år.
This greatly influences their attitude to foreign trade, and is why several unions, in sectors hard hit by the recession, are joining with the employers to encourage sectoral protectionist action.
Disse er baseret på ikkediskriminering mellem lande og gensidige indrømmelser, som ik ke nødvendigvis vedrører samme sektor.
On various occasions, the AFL-CIO has advocated measures to limit imports.
Selve begrebet gensidighed resulterer i realiteten i bi latera l isme.
However, at its last Congress it recognized the importance of free foreign trade for the American economy.
Anvendes det, vil mere end tyve års bestræbelser på at styre den in ternationale handel være forgæves.
It also supports the draft legislation designed to introduce the concept of "reciprocity" in United States' trade relations.
Den forsøger at dæmme op for Kongressens indvendinger ved i samarbejde med ophavsmændene til lov forslagene at udarbejde tekster, som i højere grad er forenelige med De forenede Staters internationale forpligtelser.
However, they have told European trade unions that certain EEC investors who have preferred to set up in the Southern States, are encouraging practices and legislation which limit the free application of union rights in these states.
Administrationen har givet sin støtte til dette forslag, dog vil den modsætte sig et lovforslag, som kunne "forpligte" præsidenten til at træffe gengældelsesforansta Itninger i tilfælde af manglende gensidighed.
Regular exchanges of view between American and European trade unions allow reciprocal trade, and economic and social problems to bo raised, and should contribute to a gradual rapprochement of views.
Erhvervslivets, fagbevægelsens og landbrugets holdning til problemerne i relationerne mellem De forenede Stater og Europa
Since 1971, annual meetings have also been held between representatives of farmers and the food industry, including cooperatives, under the aegis of the US Chamber of Commerce, COPA and COGECA.
I De forenede Stater findes der ikke nogen enkelt organisation, der repræsenterer samtlige arbejdsgivere og dermed heller ikke nogen konsekvent holdning til udenrigshandelen som helhed og samhandelen med Europa i særdeleshed.
These reciprocal briefing meetings look at the state of the agriculture situation and the different markets, agricultural policy trends in the EEC and the US, and bilateral and multilateral trade relations in the farming sector.
De organisationer (Business Round Table, f.eks.), hvis medlemmer er de meget store virksomheder, som opererer kraftigt i udlandet, indtager generelt en liberalistisk holdning, skønt visse væsentlige sektorer gør sig til talsmand for en protektionistisk politik.
The now difficult situation of American fanners, combined with their electoral muscle, explains (particularly with the elections coming in November) the sharpness of the EEC/USA confrontation in the agricultural sphere.
De arbejdsgiverorganisationer, som blandt deres medlemmer tæller en lang række mindre virksomheder (*), er ligeledes principielt tilhængere af frihandel, men går generelt ind for en "hård" handelspolitik, dvs. en politik, der forsvarer de amerikanske interesser bedst muligt
It seems, however, that the US administration is tending, vis-à-vis agricultural circles, to shift onto the EEC and the Common Agricultural Policy the responsibility for a situation due largely to internal US factors.
- enten ved beskyttelse mod import, der betragtes som "urineli g"
American farmers have seen their incomes fall in the last three years (they claim that their net income is now half what it was in 1979).
I det andet tilfalde har amerikansk industri især opmærksomheden rettet mod Japan.
The Department of Agriculture estimates that the debt burden of American farmers at the beginning of 1982 was double (in current dollars) what it was in 1975.
I det første tilfælde ("Urimelig" konkurrence) tænkes der som oftes på Europa, da man mener, at de europæiske producenter i stadig større grad begunstiges af subvention og forskelligartede støtteformer.
Several sectoral measures taken by the American Government have also had negative effects (e.g. on milk and sugar).
Amerikanske erhvervsfolk mener ligeledes, at momssystemet i Fællesskabet (noget tilsvarende findes ikke i De forenede Stater) er til stor fordel for deres europæiske konkurrenter.
Finally, and most important, the high exchange rate of the dollar is a major handicap for American farm exports which in the 1970s enjoyed the crucial support of a weak dollar(l).
I de seneste år har der været kontakter rellem på den ene side UNICE og på den anden side de største amerikanske arbejdsgiverorganisationer.
The Community has become aware of the need to equip itself with commercial policy instruments on a par with those possessed by the United States, and progress towards this goal has been made over the last few years.
De handelspolitiske problemer mellem Europa og De forenede Stater er jævnligt blevet drøftet på disse møder.
But its political and institutional weakness all too often prevent it from deploying these instruments with maximum effect.
De amerikanske arbejdstagerorganisationer er naturligvis først og fremmest optaget af beskæftigelsessituationen.
Before they are brought into play, external negotiations have to be preceded by a round of internal negotiations.
Dette dikterer i stor udstrækning deres holdning til udenrigshandelen og er grunden til, at flere organisationer inden for de sektorer, der er hårdt ramt af den økonomiske afmatning, gør fælles sag med arbejdsgiverne og tilskynder til protektionistiske foranstaltninger inden for visse sektorer.
The Member States often do not see eye-to-eye on this issue. Although the Community institutions can defend themselves reasonably well against external pressures, they are not really geared to take aggressive action or to take the initiative in order to secure concessions of benefit to Community exporters.
AFL-CIO har gentagne gange krævet import begrænsende foranstaltninger. På den seneste kongres erkendte man dog vigtigheden af en fri udenrigshandel for den amerikanske økonomi.
Furthermore, in many instances the Commission does not have enough staff to carry out all its duties in the sphere of commercial policy (e.g. : the antidumping procedure) .
De amerikanske arbejdstagerorganisationer indtager i princippet en positiv holdning over for udenlandske investeringer i De forenede Stater ud fra et beskæftigelsespolitisk synspunkt (de har specielt lagt pres på japanske virksomheder for at få dem til at etablere sig i De forenede Stater).
(l)An aide of the US Secretary of State for Agriculture, Dr. G. Edward SCHUH, said on 15 November 1978 at the US annual agricultural conference that an overvalued currency had the same effect as an import subsidy and an export duty, whereas an undervalued currency had the same effect as an export subsidy and an import duty.
De har imidlertid gjort det klart for de europæiske arbejds-
He felt that the high level of American agricultural exports in 1977 was mainly due to a weaker dollar.
De amerikanske og europæiske fagforeninger udveksler regelmæssigt synspunkter, hvilket bringer gensidige hande l sprob lemer og fælles økonomiske og sociale problemer i fokus, og skulle være medvirkende til gradvist at bringe parterne nærmere hinanden.
These policies are increasingly affecting trade patterns, but as the Community has little or no control over them, it cannot (unlike the United States) use its full economic or political clout to defend its interests (even though its GNP is gradually overtaking that of the United States ) d).
Siden 1971 er der ligeledes blevet afholdt årlige møder mellem repræsentanter for landbruget og agro-lej-nedsmidde l indust ri en, især den kooperative, under det amerikanske handelskammers, COPA's og COGECA's auspicier.
Over the past three years, for instance, the Community has opened a number of antidumping procedures against imports (particularly of chemical products) from the United States; in several cases these have led to the imposition of temporary or permanent antidumping duties.
På disse gensidigt orienterende møder drøftes landbrugets situation og de forskellige markeder, udviklingen i EF's og USA's landbrugspolitik samt de bilaterale og multilaterale handelsforbindelser på landbrugsområdet.
A further instance occurred last April, when the Community requested the GATT to recommend, in accordance with Article XXIII, that United States legislation on DISCs (Domestic International Sales Corporations) be made compatible with the GATT rules.
De amerikanske landmænds vanskelige situation samt deres magt som vælgerkorps, forklarer (fremfor alt i lyset af de forestående november-valg) den bitterhed, der kendetegner konfrontationen mellem EF og USA på dette område.
This legislation allows tax concessions, which effectively constitute export aids, on the export earnings of US businessmen.
Det ser imidlertid ud, som om den amerikanske administration, over for amerikanske landbrugskredse, forsøger at lægge ansvaret for en situation, hvis årsager stort set skal søges inden for landets egne grænser, over på EF og den fælles Landbrugs politik.
More recently, the Community again had recourse to Article XXIII, when it started consultations under GATT on maize gluten feed. The Community wishes to renegotiate the exemption granted in 1975 for its imports from the US of maize gluten (of which the United States is a major supplier).
De amerikanske landbrugere har oplevet, at deres indkomster er faldet i løbet af de sidste tre år (de påstår, at deres nettoindkomst nu er under halvdelen af, hvad den var i 1979).
) According to the London NOMURA RESEARCH INSTITUTE, Community GNP in 1980 was equivalent to 120% of United States GNP.
Dette er resultatet af regeringens økonomiske politik (høj rente, større produktionsomkostninger og øget
Subsequent changes in exchange rates will have inevitably affected these figures, however.
( ifølge visse ameri kanske kilder, 856 mio. dollars i tabt indkomst og
V. PARTICULARLY CONTROVERSIAL AREAS
(f.eks. på mælk og sukker).
American agriculture and world markets(1)
Fællesskabet har erkendt, at det er nødvendigt at have handelspolitiske værktøjer, som svarer til dem, man har i USA, og man har i de seneste år opnået visse resulta ter.
Average US total agricultural exports have been as follows (2) : for 1948-59 for 1960-7 2 for 1973-78
Med lemsstaternes opfattelse er ofte forskellig. Selv om
1.8 thousand million dollars 3.5 thousand million dollars 15.0 thousand million dollars.
EF's institutioner kan forsvare sig rimeligt godt over for pres udefra, egner de sig dårligt til en offensiv aktion eller til at tage initiativer, der kan sikre indrømmelser til fordel for deres eksportører.
In 1981 US Agricultural exports were worth 43.3 thousand million dollars (18.5% of all exports).
Men som bekendt er det netop en så afgjort offensiv handelspolitik, den amerikanske regering i øjeblikket fører.
The positive agricultural trade balance of 26.5 thousand million dollars helps to offset the non-agricultural trade deficit of 66.2 thousand million dollars(3).
Disse former for politik ø ·ver imidlertid en stadig større indflydelse på samhandelen. EF er således ikke i stand til som USA at udnytte hele sin økonomiske, endside politiske magt til at sikre varetagelsen af sine interesser, selv om dets BNI viser tendens til at være større end De forenede Staters (*).
American agricultural exports to the EEC have risen steadily over the last 25 years :
Man har dog igennem nogen tid kunnet konstatere en skærpelse af Fællesskabets holdning over for De forenede Stater på det handelspolitiske område.
One of the reasons for this deficit is that the offensive strategy of the United States is accompanied by a defensive policy( 1)(the GATT waiver, stiff quotas, healthprotection barriers, and so on).
I april måned anmodede Fællesskabet desuden GATT om på grundlag af art. XXIII at henstille til De forenede Stater, at lovgivningen vedrørende DISC (Domestic International Sales Corporation) bringes i overensstemmelse med GATT-bestem-melserne.
Criticism of the Common Agricultural Policy is a recurring theme of American commercial policy. The Administration is trying to make major cuts in public expenditure on agriculture (which has in fact contracted over the last few years)(2).
Det er en kendt sag, at denne lovgivning giver skattelettelser for eksportindtjeninger, hvilket kan betragtes som eksportstøtte.
It is therefore understandably becoming increasingly vociferous in its condemnation of rising expenditure on agriculture in the Community.
For ganske nylig har Fællesskabet, ligeledes på grundlag af art. XXIII, indledt høringer i GATT vedrørende
( 1) Extract from a speech by Mr SHARP, Agricultural Counsellor, United States mission to the EEC (4 February 1982).
(*) Ifølge NOMURA RESEARCH INSTITUTE i London var Fællesskabets BNI i 1980 lig med 120% af De forenede Staters.
(2) in spite of this, it would appear that public expenditure started to rise sharply once again in 1982.
Men kursudviklingen bekræfter dette tal med en vis usikkerhed. kerhed.
According to figures published recently in the magazine "U.S. NEWS", public expenditure in 1982 will be three times that in 1981.
Stater er en meget væsentlig leverandør af.
The feeling that the Community is helping itself to more than its fair share of the international market, thanks to subsidies, is becoming increasingly widespread amongst the Americans.
Det amerikanske landbrug og verdensmarkederne ( * )
They point out that in 1981 their worldwide agricultural exports rose by nearly 13%, but would have risen even more had it not been for the competition from subsidized EEC exports.
I international sammenhæng spiller De forenede
In recent years American farmers' organizations have brought suits (section 301) against imports of sugar, tinned and dried fruit, chickens, pasta and flour.
Stater en dominerende rolle på landbrugsområdet.
The United States are also questioning the Community's preferential tariff on citrus fruits imported from Mediterranean countries.
På verdens markederne har USA således en markedsandel på 50% for hvede,
Consequently the EEC's whole Mediterranean policy could be jeopardized by the United Stateo.
60% for majs og 81% for soja - produkter af allerstørste be tydning for den menneskelige ernæring og som foderstoffer.
Broadly, the Americans appear to be intensifying their criticisms of the Common Agricultural Policy, as they did at the beginning of the Tokyo Round negotiations.
Desuden støtter De forenede Stater sin landbrugs produktions- og eksport kapaci t e t med betydelig politisk og økonomisk overt a l e l se smagt : fødevarehjælpen og kreditter udnyttes effektivt til at fremme afsætningen i udlandet.
At this point, we should also take into account American reactions to the possible introduction of a Community tax on vegetable oils in view of the accession of Spain.
Værdien af USA's samlede landbrugseksport udgjorde således gennemsnitlig
The United States are obviously worried about any new Common Agricultural Policy measures liable to hamper their exports to the Community.
Jf. tabel 5 i bi laget. Tal citeret fra det amerikanske landbrugsministerium af A. REVEL og C. RIBOUD i "Les Etats-Unis et la stratégie alimentaire mondiale" (USA og verdensfødevares tragien).
By virtue of the difference between Community and world agricultural prices, the Community market is in fact very valuable; it is clearly in the interests of American suppliers that access to it should be as free as possible.
I 1981 nåede den op på 43,3 milliarder dollars (18,5% af den samlede eksport).
The competitiveness of American agriculture
Det kan derfor ikke undre, at den amerikanske regering gør brug af alle de midler, den råder over, til at værne og om muligt øge denne eksport, og at den skærper sin indsats over for EF, som har vist sig at være et glimrende afsætningsmarked.
The position of the United States in agricultural trade and the influence it exerts on world markets would seem to suggest - bearing in mind the low world prices - that American agriculture is extremely competitive.
USA og den fælles landbrugspolitik
Undoubtedly, thanks to the size of its farms, American agriculture has a high productivity per man.
USA's landbrugseksport til EF er steget regelmæssigt i de sidste 25 år:
However, its productivity per acre is much lower than that of Community farming which has to be more intensive ( the area per man is smal 1er).
En af grundene til dette underskud er, "at USA's offensive strategi kombineres med en defensiv politik", (frafaldelse af GATT-best emmelser , kraftig kontingentering og m i n i mumssundhedsforskri f t er m.v.).
However, commercial and technical factors are not the only reasons : agriculture in the United States also receives considerable Federal aid (compensatory payments to producers, aid for internal transport, special export credits at subsidized interest rates, etc.).
Tal fra det amerikanske landbrugsministerium.
From the beginning of 1980, the American steel industry brought a number of antidumping suits against EEC countries, which had a noticeable effect on EEC sales to the United States.
Citat fra foredrag holdt af landbrugsat t aehé, SHARP, USA's repræsentation ved De europæiske Fællesskaber (4. februar 1982).
These suits were not concluded, as in September
Kritikken af den falles landbrugspolitik er et fast punkt i den amerikanske handelspolitik.
(This involved the fixing of "trigger prices" calculated on the basis of the most efficient producers' costs, in this case the Japanese.
Den søger derfor naturLigvis at modsætte sig stadig kraftigere de stigende udgifter til EF-Landbruget.
Any sales at these prices were presumed to have been made at "fair value", i.e. they could not be subject to dumping suits).
Amerikanerne har mere og mere følelsen af, at EF's subsidiepolitik betyder, at Fællesskabet får en større del af det internationale marked, end der rettelig' tilkommer det.
This system was viable if the "trigger price" levels fixed for each product allowed normal penetration of the American import market - i.e. they had to be relatively close to the actual prices on the American market.
De fremfører, at USA's landbrugseksport ville være steget mere end med de næsten 13%, den vitterlig steg i 1981, hvis den ikke havde været udsat for konkurrence fra EF's subventionerede eksport.
In fact, in late 1980 and 1981, the American administration distorted the system by fixing the "trigger prices" at at least 10% above real prices on the American market, creating an effective embargo.
I de seneste år har erhvervskredse i USA indgivet klager (afdeling 301) mod importen af sukker, frugt- og druekonserves, kyllinger, dejvarer og mel. Desuden anfægter amerikanerne den præferencetold, som Fællesskabet anvender i forbindelse med indførsel af sydfrugter fra middelhavslandene.
In mid-1981, American companies launched a campaign for the non-application of this system, which was virtually unworkable and very different from the one set up by the Commission as part of its arrangements with non-member countries (who benefit from a real penetration margin when entering Community markets).
I hele dette billede hører også de amerikanske reaktioner på muligheden af, at Fællesskabet indfører en afgift på vegetabilske olier med henblik på Spaniens medlemskab.
This campaign took shape, at the beginning of January 1982, with the filing of a number of suits on almost all European exports, and covering all Community countries involved in steel trading with the United States.
(*) I 1982 synes de dog at være steget meget kraftigt igen.
These suits involved both dumping and countervailing duties.
Ifølge de seneste tal, der er offentliggjort i U.S. NEWS skulle de i år være tredoblet i forhold til sidste år.
They were to be accompanied, in the following weeks by different suits on a whole range of other products such as wire rod and special steels.
Det står stadig mere klart, at USA narer frygt for enhver ny foranstaltning inden for den fælles landbrugspolitik, som vil kunne hamme deres eksport til Fal lesskabet.
On 11 June, following the US steelmen's suit, the US Trade Department decided to apply countervailing duties to steel imports from Europe.
USA's placering i den internationale handel med landbrugsprodukter og den indflydelse, det øver på verdensmarkederne, lader formode, at amerikansk landbrug - i betragtning af det lave prisniveau på disse markeder - er meget konkur rencedygt i ge.
On 28 and 29 June, the European Council nonetheless expressed a wish to leave open all possibilities of a compromise with the United States, and not be responsible for transforming the conflict into an outright trade war.
Amerikansk landbrug er takket være landbrugsbedrifternes størrelse, utvivlsomt kendetegnet ved en høj produktivitet pr. mand; men produktiviteten pr. hektar er imidlertid meget lavere end i europæisk landbrug, som nødvendigvis må være mere intensivt, fordi arealet pr. mand er mindre.
Negotiations were possible up until 23 July, as until this date (a month before the introduction of countervailing duties), Washington could have stopped their effective enforcement, if the concessions proposed by the Community seemed likely to satisfy the American steelmen.
De amerikanske bedrifters størrelse betyder unægteligt, at landbrugerne - hvis driftighed man må beundre -kan anvende stordriftens teknikker, at de råder over finansielle reserver, som kan dække eventuelle tab, samt at der findes area l reserver, som let kan inddrages som landbrugsjord, såfremt det skulle være nødvendigt (mellem 1972 og 1974 blev 24 mio. hektar "reservejord" genopdyrket).
The talks held in early July by the Commission, and then bilaterally by the Member States (more especially the four countries most involved : United Kingdom, France, Italy and Belgium), failed because the US Government felt that the proposed undertakings to limit European exports to the United States were fixed too high (reducing their totals by 10% over three years).
Men de handelsmæssige og tekniske faktorer giver ikke hele forklaringen: amerikansk landbrug modtager også betydelig støtte fra regeringen (kompensatoriske ydelser til
In the face of this deadlock, the Ten decided to open general negotiations, and on 24 July the Council instructed the Commission to negotiate on its own, on behalf of the Community, a general steel agreement with the United States to create a "steel peace" until the end of 1985.
Allerede i begyndelsen af 1980 indledte de amerikanske stålproducenter en række anti-dumpingprocesser over for EF-landene, som influerede mærkbart på EF's salg til USA.
Since then, an agreement has been reached between the European Community and the American Administration, but it will not come into force unless the suits brought by the American steel industry are withdrawn.
(Dette system bestod i at fastsatte "prisudløsere" udregnet på basis af de mest effektive producenters om kostninger, i dette tilfælde de japanske producenter. Ethvert salg til disse priser blev betragtet som "fair"; dvs. de kunne ikke gøres til genstand for søgsmål for dumping).
Around a third of its workers (111,000) were unemployed at the beginning of July, with 22,000 on short time.
Dette system kunne fungere, hvis ud løsn ingspriserne for hvert af produkterne tillod en normal ståleksport til det amerikanske marked, dvs. sålænge de lå relativt tæt op af priserne på det amerikanske marked.
In 1977-78, the US market share of European steel products was 7.1%. In 1979 and 1980 this fell to 5.2% and 4.2% respectively.
I slutningen af 1980 og i 1981 blev systemet faktisk fordrejet af den amerikanske administration^ der hævede udløsningspriserne med mindst 10% i forhold til de amerikanske markedspriser.
In 1981 it rose again to 6.9%, but this was because European imports in 1980 were reduced by the first US STEEL suits.
Der var altså her tale om en reel blokade.
Since then, this share has ben falling continually, and in 1981 was little more than 30%.