natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
I perioden 91-92 arbejdede partnerne i PETRA ADICIONAL (South Devon - UK, Randers - DK) med udformning og ud vikling af Det Europæiske Turistinstitut (ITE).
In addi­tion, as a result of this European ap­proach, it became a co­founder of the Centre for European Languages and Cul­tures, whose members include the Dénia municipal authority and the Dutch, Eng­lish and German residents' associations.
ERHVERVSUDDANNELSE NR.6
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EUROPFEISH TIDSSHRIFT
EUROPEAN JOURNRL
* udviklingsplaner må undgå at skabe skel mellem det økonomisk rentable og det socialt nødvendige.
This explosion of European consciousness resulted in the Dénia municipal authority's strategic plan for 1991, whose stated aim was to create an enterprise city with a European focus.
Uddannelse og teknologi som socioøkonomiske udviklingsparadigmer
forms of training within the education system, training on the job and continuing training.
Virksomheden er det sted, hvor den po tentielle konkurrencedygtighed konkretiseres, og socialt velfærd er følgen.
Between 1991 and 1992 participants in the Additional Petra (South Devon-UK, Rander-DK) action programme were actively designing and developing the Eu ropean Tourist Institute (ETI).
En forudsætning herfor er et tilstrækkeligt lager af menneskelig kapital og en ad ækvat teknologi.
This will be the only school of hotel/tourism of its kind in the Autonomous Community of Valencia, which makes administering it a worthwhile learning process.
Hvert område har sin fond af konkurrenceevne.
In 1992. in response to a proposal by ETI and OGET the Council for Culture.
Denne er et resultat af samspillet mellem erhvervslivet og de lokale infrastrukturer, dvs. mellem virksomheder nes aktiviteter og knowhow og alle de faktorer i lokalmiljøet, der bidrager til at fremme konkurrenceevnen: uddannelses systemet, forskningslaboratorier, samfundsværdier, virksomhedskultur, organisation, forbindelser mellem erhvervsdrivende og institutioner og evnen til at etablere kreative forbindelser med omverdenen. Enhver intervention i form af lokal
Every territory has a certain value in terms of industrial competitiveness which is the result of interaction between the competitiveness of its enterprises in the sense of skills and know-how and the supporting environment, by which is meant all those localised factors that help business and industry to function - the educational system, research laboratories, infrastructures, social values, measures to encourage en terprise, the organisation of agencies and institutions and the links between them, and the ability to establish creative relationships with external bodies. No community development project should create a dichotomy between what is commercially profitable and socially necessary.
CREAMA, Hotel- og Turistskolen i Marina Alta. samarbejds- og virksomhedsudviklingsklimaet, den sociale samhørighed og de erfaringer, der er indvundet i årenes lob. er nu en del af støttestrukturerne for erhvervslivet i Marina Alta. for vores fond af konkurrencedygtighed.
CREAMA. the Marina Alta School of Hotel Management and Tourism, the spirit of cooperation and the promotion of en terprise, social cohesion, and the experiences gained are now part of the supporting environment and competitive advantage for firms in Marina Alta.
ERHVERVSUDDANNELSE NR.
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Den tavse viden i en lavteknologisk virksomhed
Tacit Knowledge in a Low Tech-Firm
Seniorforsker i afdelingen for erhvervs økonomi og management, Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan.
Senior Research Fellow at Department of Industrial Economics and Management, Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan, Stockholm
Den akademiske diskussion i OECD-om-rådet drejer sig meget ofte om landenes konkurrencemæssige fordele.
Academical discussion within the OECD-area is very concerned with the competitive advantage of nations.
Den går helt tilbage til udgangen af 70'erne, hvor man blev klar over, at den gamle in dustrialiserede verden stod over for en stigende konkurrence fra de nye industri lande (Laestadius, 1980).
The origin of this discussion goes back to the end of the 70-ies when it was noticed that the old industrialized world faced an in creased competition from the newly in dustrialized countries (Laestadius, 1980).
Den akademiske diskussion om industriel konkurrenceevne domineres af begrebet videnskab-og-teknologi-perspektiv (V & TP).
This S & T perspective has, however, severe shortcomings as a base for under standing the competence necessary for in dustrial success and for policy conclusions.
Det hævdes i denne artikel, at dette V & TP giver et ufuldstændigt billede af tilvejebringelsen af viden og erhvervskompetence i industrien.
Based on the empirical results from a case study' at a Swedish lowtech company (and industry) I argue that the S & T perspective provides an incomplete picture of the knowledge formation and the industrial competence needed for staying competitive or innovative.
På basis af en grundig undersøgelse i en kædefabrik i Sverige, Ramnäs Ankarkätting AB, analyseres i detaljer, at denne "lavteknologiske" fabrik, såvidt vides uden F & U og med en formelt lavt uddannet arbejdsstyrke, frem viser stor international konkurrenceevne ifortøjningskæder til offshoreindustrien, som er det vanskeligste markedssegment inden for kæde produktionen.
Advanced industrialized countries should specialize in the early R & D-intensive phases of product and process cycles, such goes the argument, assuming that technological and industrial development starts with basic science and is followed by applied research but also on the assumption that R & D-intensive artifacts and processes are more advanced and more difficult to imitate than production with lower R & D intensity.
Undersøgelsen afdækker vedvarende værdiforøgende innovationer, hvoraf mange kan karakteriseres som værende bruger-producent-orienteret.
This science and technology perspective (S & TP) on competitiveness has consequences for the analyses of the problems facing small industrialized countries.
Ramnäs er således i stand til at tage imod krav og omsætte krav fra store købere til produkter af høj kvalitet.
Many of the traditionally successful European industrialized economies belong to this category.
Ramnäs fremmer også teknologien, idet firmaet selv indfører nye kvaliteter og standarder på markederne. Endvidere har firmaet helt klart evnen til at absorbere F & U udefra og om sætte denne til industrielt relevant viden.
If there are economies of scale in R & D, smaller countries should have comparative disadvantages in concentrating their industrial efforts towards R & D intensive activities.
De avancerede industrilande bør - ifølge argumentationen - specialisere sig inden for den tidlige, intensive forsknings- og udviklingsfase i produkt- og procescyklerne, idet man går ud fra, at teknologisk og industriel ud vikling begynder med grundforskning, fulgt af anvendt forskning, men også ud fra den opfattelse, at forsknings- og udviklingsintensive produkter og processer er mere avancerede og vanskeligere at imitere end produktion med mindre F & U-behov.
Based on a thorough case study of a chain factory in Sweden, Ramnäs Anchor Chains, this study analyses in detail the fact that this "low tech" plant, with no reported R & D and a formally lowly educated staff reveals a high international competitiveness in mooring chains for the offshore in dustry: the toughest market segment in chain manufacturing.
En sådan transformation er i sig selv en kognitiv proces, der ofte negligeres i analyser af erhvervskompetence og industrielle systemers kompleksitet.
Ramnäs is thus a strong demand receiver showing an ability to transform demands from strong buyers into high quality products.
Mange af de traditionelt succes rige europæiske økonomier hører til denne kategori.
This knowledge formation cannot be understood as a diffusion process starting with science, but as a transformation of knowledge between dif ferent thought worlds.
Hvis der er økonomiske fordele forbundet med F & U, ville de min dre lande være forholdsvis ugunstigt stillede, såfremt de koncentrerede deres in dustrielle anstrengelser om F & U-intensive aktiviteter.
Such transformation is in itself a cognitive process often neglected in analyses of industrial competence and of the complexity of industrial systems.
Mere eller mindre af nødvendighed forer de V & TP-inspirerede analyser til en stra tegi, der går ud på et nichevalg, dvs. at linde en industriel niche, der er lille nok til at muliggøre en fornuftig F & U-økonomi selv inden for rammerne af et lille nationalt F & U-budget. Medmindre denne stra
The second section thus contains a detailed presentation and analysis of manufacturing of chains in Sweden - an activity which from one perspective is lowtech indeed but from another appears to be highly in novative and highly competitive in international markets.
På baggrund af de empiriske resultater fra en case-studie i en svensk lavteknologisk virksomhed (og industri) vil jeg hævde, at V & T-perspektivet giver et ufuldstæn-
Unless this strategy is chosen, according to this way of reasoning, small countries face the risk of deteriorating to middle-tech or lowtech economies.
EUROPÏISH TIDSSHRIFT
EUROPEAN JOURNAL
* * * digt billede af tilvejebringelsen af den vi­den og erhvervskompetence, der kræves for at forblive konkurrencedygtig eller innovativ.
Most ofthat is, how­ever, chains of lighter and/or lower qual­ity than the high grade heavy mooring chains. High quality heavy stud chain makes up maybe 5% of the total market.
"Ramnäs' internationale konkurrenceevne afslører en erhvervskompetence, der Ikke falder Inden for V & T­Perspektivets syns­kreds." fortøjningskæder af kvalitetsklasse 4 med en leddimension på over 100 mm (emne­diameter,) til offshoreindustrien.
relating the analysis to what is found in other case studies, I argue that industrial competence does not necessarily belong to the same thought world as competence in R & D. This should be considered when reflecting on how to restructure vocational training and industrial schools in this era of great trust in science.
Ved udgangen af 1994 leverede Ramnäs de sidste kæder af en ordre på 6000 tons til Norsk Hydro (Trollfeltet i Nordsøen).
The Ramnäs anchor chain factory ­ the high quality of low­tech production2
Det drejede sig om en 152 mm kæde af klasse 4 til en værdi af over 150 millioner SEK (svarende til ca. 20 millioner USD).
Swedish, Japanese and Spanish manufac­turers dominate the world market for this heavy stud chain.
Det er den største ordre, der nogen sinde er givet til ­ og den stærkeste kæde. der nogen sinde er leveret af ­ kæde­industrien, og den udgør over halvdelen af Ramnäs' årsomsætning.
Ramnäs has also managed to increase its value added more than and to levels well above the average in Swedish manufac­turing.
"Hvis kompetence måles ef­ter formel uddannelse (...), er tienne formelle kompe­tence meget ringe (hos Ramnäs) i forhold til de gennemsnitlige svenske uddannelsesnormer. "
"If competence is measured by formal education (...) as a whole this formal compe­tence is very low (in Ramnäs) by average Swed­ish educational standards. "
Andet afsnit af denne artikel omfatter derfor en detaljeret præsentation og ana­lyse af fremstillingen af kæder i Sverige ­en aktivitet, der fra én synsvinkel helt klart er lavteknologisk, men fra en anden forekommer at være yderst innovativ og yderst konkurrencedygtig på de inter­nationale markeder.
Founded in 1590 Ramnäs has always been part of the ironworks cluster which con­stituted the industrial basis for Swedish international competititiveness in the 17th, 18th and the 19th centuries.
I tredje afsnit, hvor analysen sættes i relation til hvad der er konstateret i andre case­studies, vil jeg ar­gumentere for. at erhvervskompetence ikke nødvendigvis tilhorer det samme lænkesæl som Fcil'­kompelence.
In 1876, Ramnäs started ­ with the help of migrant blacksmiths ­ the manufacturing of chains.
Dette bor tages i betragtning, nar man overve­jer omstruktureringen af erhvervsud­dannelsen og erhvervsskolerne i en tid. der er præget al store forventninger til videnskaben.
The modern competence in anchor and mooring chains has its origin in the Sec­ond World War and the need to supply the Swedish merchant fleet and navy with anchor chains.
Kædeproduktionens omfang pa verdens­plan er ikke kendt, men verdenshandelen overstiger 1200 millioner USD. Største­delen vedrorer imidlertid kæder af lettere og eller ringere kvalitet end de tunge for­tøjningsskæder.
By established international terminology, Ramnäs is a low­tech company within a low­tech industry (ISIC, Rev. 3, 28.7420).
Tunge stolpekæder af hoj kvalitet udgør maske 5% af markedet som helhed.
The international competi­tiveness of Ramnäs reveals, however, an industrial competence beyond from the S & T perspective.
Kam näs­fabrikken. der fremstiller ankerkæder ­ lavteknologisk produk­tion af høj kvalitet2
By that time Ramnäs had developed its production system fur­ther and became one of very few chainworks which could meet the in­creased demand in the seventies for high quality, high strength chain products for the offshore industry.
"En dybgående analyse af virksomheden viser, at der i årtier og vedvarende er gennemført værdiforøg­ende innovationer af pro­dukter og processer. "
"(...) a deep analysis of the company reveals continu­ous incremental innova­tions in products and proc­esses for many decades."
Ramnäs blev grundlagt i 1590 og har altid tilhørt den gruppe af jernværker, der har udgjort det industrielle grundlag for Sve­riges internationale konkurrenceevne i det I"..
This section of Swedish industry is some­times characterized as "unskilled labour intensive".
IS. og 19. århundrede.
Ramnäs is not an exception.
I 18~6 be­gyndte Ramnäs kædefremstillingen ­ med hjælp fra indvandrede grovsmede. Den moderne kompetence inden foranker­ og fortøjningskæder stammer fra anden ver­denskrig og behovet lor at forsyne den svenske handels­ og krigsflåde med anker­kæder.
If competence is measured by formal edu­cation it can be noticed that about two thirds of the employees have only lower secondary school as their highest basic education (9 years), about a quarter have 1­2 years more of vocational training and the remaining 10% have upper second­ar}' school/college (Swedish gymnasium) or (for two persons) university level edu­cation.
FciU­andelen udgor mindre end 0.6% af omsætningen, og fir­maet oplyser ikke om nogen patent­aktiviteter.
As a whole this formal com­petence is very low by average Swedish educational standards.
Men Ramnäs' internationale konkurrenceevne afdækker en erhvervs­kompetence, der ikke falder inden for V & T­perspektivet.
It is low also com­pared to the Swedish metal industry in general.
Fælles anstrengelser under krigen, hvori Asea­Svets (el svejsefirma), Ramnäs og Ljusne (en anden kædefabrik) medvir­kede, resulterede i en enestående inter­national konkurrenceevne, der holdt sig el godt sivkke ind i 60erne.
Until now. Ramnäs is the only chain manufacturer in the world which has de­livered mooring chains of quality class τ for the offshore industry with a link di­mension of more than 100 mm (blank diameter).'
Pa delle tids­punkt videreudviklede Ramnäs sii produk­tionssystem og blev en af de ganske fa kædefabrikker, der kunne leve op til 70'ernes stigende efterspørgsel efter kædeprodukter af høj kvalitet og stor styrke fra offshoreindustrien.
At the end of 1994 Ramnäs delivered the final chains of a 6000 ton order to Norsk Hydro (the Troll Field in the North Sea) of 152 mm chain of grade ι worth more than SEK 150 mil (ca. USS 20 mill.); the biggest order ever received ­ and the strongest chain ever delivered ­by the chain industry and representing more than half of Raninas' yearly turn­over.
y K.edens storrelse udtrykkes ved diameteren pá stålemnet, som leddel formes af. lit klasse­lied i storrel­sen IS" min liar en hengele al ')·ι em og vejer ,(n kg'
3) The size of a chain is expressed in (he diameter of the blank (steel bar ι from which the link Is formed. A gratie l link of size IS" mm has a length of 94 cm and a weight of 345 kg'
1 dag er Ramnäs den eneste kæde­producent i verden, der har leveret
The total size of world production of chains is unknown but world trade ex­
Denne del af svensk industri betegnes af og til som "specialarbejderintensiv ".
From a S & TP point of view, a chain is a very old product, its manufacturing takes place in a mature industry and the core process, welding, is an old technology long since documented in handbooks all over the world.
Ramnäs er ingen undtagelse.
Even so a deep analysis
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"(...) evnen til at absorbere F & U udefra (...) samt - og det er ikke helt det samme -en lokal læreevne i foretagendet." gendet." erhvervsrelateret kreativitet af kollektiv og systemisk art. Ved at associere deres empiriske åbenhed med bruger-producent-relationerne, der undersøges inden for den moderne innovationsteori (jf. Lundvall, 1992, 3· kapitel, og von Hippel, 1988), genkender vi de mange forskellige roller, som Ramnäs spiller.
"(■·■) agood ability to ab­sorb external R & D (...) and of the company reveals continuous incre­mental innovations in products and proc­esses for many decades.
en fjerdedel yderligere har 12 års er hvervsuddannelse og de resterende 10% henholdsvis en gymnasie- eller (for to personers vedkommende) en universitetsudannelse. Ca. fire af de meget få ansatte med en skoleuddannelse på mellemniveau (gymnasium) har gået på en "praksisorienteret" erhvervsskole inden for metalområdet.
­ which is not exactly the same ­ on a local learning capacity in the organiza­tion. " ceiver with a competence to establish a dialogue with the very demanding buy­ers (like Norsk Hydro) and classification companies (like American Petroleum In­stitute) in the industry and develop its products and processes in response to their demands on high quality.
Alt i alt er den for melle kompetence meget ringe i forhold til de gennemsnitlige svenske uddannelsesnormer.
Ramnäs' second producer role is as a technolog)' pusher.
Den er også ringe i sammenligning med den svenske metalindustri generelt.
In fact Ramnäs has been a proactive leader in pushing for higher quality on mooring chains as well as a leader in the development of product design and production technology.
Mere eller mindre hele udstyret, der bruges i denne lille kædefabrik, er resultatet af intensive dialoger mellem teknikerne hos Ramnäs og deres maskinleverandører.
Ramnäs has thus been able to develop the well known processes of cutting, heat­ing, bending, welding, heat treatment, proof loading etc. to be suitable and effi­cient also for high quality steels in the production of increasingly heavier dimen­sions to meet the high standards needed in offshore activities.
Eksisterende teknik er blevet ændret og nyt udstyr konstrueret i henhold til disse dialoger.
Although ­ superfi­cially at least ­ a chain is a chain, the amount of incremental innovations in product and processes separating a pre­World War anchor chain from the recent Troll­Field mooring chain is too large to be neglected.
Nogle gange angives de ønskede specifikationer i detaljer, andre gange finder kun en udveksling af ideer sted, og andre gange igen udfører folk fra Ramnäs en del af designet og fremstillingen af udstyret på egen hånd.
These innovations in fact lie more or less totally out of sight from the S & T perspective. Nevertheless they ex­plain the difference between companies that are internationally competitive and those which are not.
Fra en V & TP-synsvinkel er en kæde et meget gammelt produkt, fremstillingen sker i en veletableret industri, og den væsentlige proces, svejsningen, er en gammel teknologi, der i mange år har været dokumenteret i manualer verden over.
This industrial competence is to a large extent based on a good ability to absorb external R & D (cf. "receiver competence" in Eliasson, 1990) and ­ which is not ex­actly the same ­ on a local learning ca­pacity in the organization.
Men alligevel viser en dybgående analyse af virksomheden, at der i årtier og vedvarende er gennemført værdi forøgende innovationer af produkter og processer.
These abilities, however, and the activities connected with them, are neither identified as innova­tions, nor registered in the accounts as R & D. In fact, when interviewed, many of the employees at Ramnäs had difficulties isolating and identifying their day to day activities as incremental innovations even if they had been directly involved in such processes (according to the terminology of this paper).
"Læreevnen (...) har karakter af at skabe industrielt relevant viden.
"The learning capacity (...) has the character of creat­ing industrially relevant knowledge.
Dette betyder dels (...) at videnskabelig viden omdannes, og dels at det drejer sig om en lære proces, der er uafhængig af videnskaben. "
Partly, (...) this involves the transformation of scientific knowledge, partly it is a learning proc­ess independent of science. "
Ramnäs har to forskellige profiler i rollen som stærk producent.
The Ramnäs company has demonstrated competence in everyday engineering problem­solving: new combinations and intelligent variations occur on old themes.
Dels agerer virksomheden som en innovativ modtager af krav med kompetence til at føre en dialog med de meget krævende købere (som f.eks. Norsk Hydro) og klassificeringsfirmaer (som f.eks.
Although there is nothing revolutionary in improved studs and schackles or changes in welding and heating processes, such incremental innovations reveal an in­dustrial creativity of a collective and sys­temic nature.
American Petroleum Institute) fra industrien og udvikle sine produkter og processer i henhold til disse krav om høj kvalitet.
3 & von Hippel, 1988) we recognize the many different roles played by Ramnäs. The company The learning capacity identified above to a large extent has the character of creat­ing industrially relevant knowledge.
Ramnäs' anden producentrolle er at fremme teknologien.
Partly, but not wholly, this involves the transformation of scientific knowledge, partly it is a learning process independ­ent of science.
Ramnäs har faktisk været en af de førende virksomheder til at fremme en højere kvalitet for fortøjningskæder, ligesom virksomheden har været førende i udviklingen af produktdesign 'og produktionsteknik.
Let me illustrate with some examples from this process of knowledge appears to be a strong user, a demand formation ­ which is our aggregate con­former, forcing its subcontractors and cept for this ­ at Ramnäs. equipment contractors to improve.
Selv om - i hvert fald overfladisk set - en kæde er en kæde, adskiller ankerkæden fra for verdenskrigen sig fra den nye fortojningskæde til Trollfeltet ved værdiforøgende innovationer i produkt og processer i et omfang, der er for stort til, at man kan negligere det. Disse innovationer ligger faktisk mere eller min dre totalt uden for V & T-perspektivets synsvidde.
More or less all equipment used in this small chain factory is the result of inten­sive dialogues between the technicians at Ramnäs and their suppliers of machinery.
Men de forklarer alligevel forskellen mellem virksomheder, der er konkurrencedygtige på internationalt ni veau, og dem der ikke er det.
Sometimes the de­sired specifications are given in detail, sometimes there is just an exchange of ideas and sometimes the Ramnäs people do part of the design and the manufac­turing of the equipment themselves.
Denne erhvervskompetence er i vidt om fang baseret på evnen til at absorbere F & U udefra (jf, "modtagerkompetence" i Eliasson, 1990) samt - og det er ikke helt det samme - en lokal læreevne i foretagendet.
The kind of knowledge behind what is written on the materials certificates, e.g. phase diagrams, accompanying the blank deliveries from the steelworks are of great importance but of no direct use in the industrial processes at Ramnäs.