natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
- 30 spørgsmål, om arbejdsløse kvinder, der fulde af håb har på begyndt en sådan uddannelse, overhovedet kan bydes på en ny fiasko (1).
In France, a continuing training project organized for women working in a pharmaceuticals company resulted in a general upgrading of the qualification level among the workforce.
Iniativtagerne til erhvervsuddannelsesforanstaltninger har her et særligt ansvar for gennemførelsen af ledsagende foranstaltninger.
Under the terms of the official so-called solidarity pact, 23 older workers accepted the offer of early retirement with the result that 2 3 younger women who had been suitably trained could be recruited.
Det må dog understreges, - det henviser tyske sammenlignende tal til - at denne risiko i forbindelse med model forsøgsbetingelserne ikke synes at være større end ved den normale uddannelse i typiske kvinde erhverv (2).
In the medium term, all the personnel will have to undergo such a course of training. The upgraded qualifications also imply an upgrading of the occupation.
Ufaglærte arbejdspladser i produktionen har allerede i lang tid været åbne for kvinder også uden særligt fremmede kurser.
The lack of consideration of the traditional family situation in which most women in Europe still find themselves resulted in a number of additional problems.
En i den hollandske rapport citeret undersøgelse om kvinder, der selv havde søgt arbejde i sådanne "mande-erhverv", viste, at de i overvejende grad var unge og ugifte, havde en ringe uddannelsesgrad og for det meste ikke fik tilbudt nogen videreuddannelsesmuligheder (3).
If a young woman became pregnant during training, a small firm would not normally provide support and the training would have to be abandoned.
Det drejer sig om simple monotone arbejder, det let kan rationaliseres.
Family responsibilities, too, if not given due consideration, led to a marked decline in per formance, as is shown in the Belgian report, and even in some countries to course abandonment.
Til sådanne arbejdspladser er der også foretaget uddannelse i Italien og i England.
The absence of support persons or groups was very much in evidence here.
Hvor ringe kvalifikationskravene faktisk var, fremgik tydeligt af den britiske foranstaltning, der efter nogen tid kunne nedsættes fra 48 til 17 uger (4).
Work offering a relatively large measure of independence but which involved canvassing or irregular working hours, or work on a shift basis (for example, with the police force), caused a large number of women to change their occupation sooner or later because they could not reconcile these problems with their family responsibilities.
I det italienske uddannelsesprogram under ECAP CGIL i Modena
As the more recent examples of training train drivers and manageresses in the Netherlands show, this
31 skulle unge arbejdsløse kvinder som arbejdere til produktionen af elektroniske dele i et to-årigt program.
- 38 women concerned proved to be worthwhile.
Allerede efter det første uddannelsesår var der kun to kvinder til bage, af hvilke kun én påbegyndte andet års kursus. Det drejede sig her om et program, der tidligere typisk havde henvendt sig til mænd (1).
Success in such differentiated opportunities was measured not only in terms of the acquisition of a new job but also in terms of the development of a sound measure of self-confidence among the trainees.
Ved den polyvalente elektronikuddannelse (620 timer) for arbejdsløse kvinder i provinsen Modena tilpassedes program met i særlig grad deltagernes familiære og personlige behov.
Although women gained more self-confidence by virtue of a comprehensive course of training, in some instances this presented them with additional conflicts in their social environment, an environment which sometimes was not in a position to handle such new qualities or placed only little store by them.
Mens alle kvinder fra første kursus kunne finde en arbejdsplads, kunne sådanne tilfredsstillende resultater på det lokale arbejdsmarked allerede ikke mere opnås ved gentagelsen af kurset (2).
The report on the situation in Italy, where family roles are undoubtedly still more strongly conditioned by tradition than in the more north erly Member States, even concludes that occupational promotion measures can be regarded as positive with respect to the occupational aspect but tended to be negative with respect to the socioeconomic situation of the women con fi 7 ) cerned and their families.
I England var indslusningen på arbejdsmarkedet ganske vist takket være virksomhedernes praksis i det mindste til dels mulig, men kunne ikke følges op, da det kompetente ITB blev opløst, og fortsætte!sesforanstaltninger endnu ikke er plan lagt, selv om der stadig kunne være behov for sådanne til lærte hjælpearbejdersker (3).
Generally speaking, for women with traditional family responsibilities in particular but also for girls living outside the major towns, a place of training which is near to the place of residence had a positive influence on access to training and also on the outcome of training.
Når der er blevet indrettet "ekstra" uddannelsespladser for piger i virksomheder, har dette ofte betydet, at der er blevet uddannet "ud over behovet": en overtagelse efter
Where this proximity was not given, flexible, free-of-charge transport facilities such as the minibus service offered in connection with in-firm continuing training at Thompson CSF and at Servier pharmaceuticals company in France made it easier to attend the course and also to reconcile continued employment, training and family com mitments.
32 uddannelsen er "usikker, hvis ikke på forhånd udelukket" (1).
The training institutions which address not working women or "family helpers in the business" but unemployed women are indeed aware of these problems.
Overtagelsesgarantier for tiden efter den grundlæggende uddannelse har man sjældent kunnet finde i de udvalgte for anstaltninger.
Nonetheless, they normally do not have the financial resources required to provide child care facilities and transport in all cases where these might be necessary.
De har ofte - ligesom det har været tilfældet ved nogle tyske modelforsøg "piger i håndværksmæssige-tek-niske erhverv" (2) - været resultatet af møjsommelige for handlinger mellem tillidsmænd, arbejdsgivere og de for det meste meget engagerede videnskabelige eller socialpædagogiske observationshold, der har taget parti for kvinderne.
But even decentralization cannot eliminate all the problems: after a protracted period of hunting, the spot ultimately found in Manchester, UK, for locating a sewing cooperative for foreign women was not accepted by the participants without considerable persuasion. It was in a district with a notoriously bad reputation, and the women feared that learning and working there could have an
Dette foretagende har ført til en høj grad af uddannelsesadækvat erhvervsmæssig indslusning i uddannelsesvirksomheden.
Proximity to the place of residence, however, in some cases also led to a change in the (regional) registration and selection authorities concerned.
Som det fremhæves i rapporterne fra de fleste lande, er det netop denne første arbejdsplads, der på afgørende vis har indflydelse på kvindernes erhvervsmæssige fremtid.
As is clear from the example of the training for occupations with the armed forces and the police force in Belgium, much ground has yet to be covered before equality of opportunity de jure can become equality of opportunity de facto.
Ansættes de efter den grundlæggende uddannelse som specialarbejdere under deres niveau, lykkes det dem senere så godt som aldrig at finde en uddannelsesadækvat arbejdsplads, som tyske forskningsresultater viser, så meget mere som deres regionale bevægelighed er ringe (3).
Here, too, inadequate sensitization work among all concerned resulted in a number of shortcomings which could otherwise have been averted. Consideration was never given, for example, to how the women with family responsibilities would be able to accommodate the harshness and timetabling of these training courses.
I Belgien er der gennemført nøjagtige undersøgelser om, hvor ledes varigheden af arbejdsmarkedsindslusningen hænger sammen med den art af beskæftigelse, som kvinderne fik efter at have afsluttet en teknisk uddannelse. De arbejdsgivere,
Even where carefully designed accompanying measures were initiated, as in the case of the German pilot projects to open up technicoindustrial occupations to women, it finally had to be admitted that the unpleasantly rough tone and prejudices against women at work could not always be eliminated. '''
2) f. eks. VEBA
72) introduction of word processing facilities.
33 - der var rede til at ansætte kvinder, kom for det meste fra ganske små virksomheder eller fra den offentlige administration og almennyttige organisationer.
Even the relentlessly tough parts of the training for service in the armed forces and the police force were evidently less difficult for the women to tolerate than this under-demanding, stressful type of activity.
Nu da den økonomiske krise rammer dem hårdt, har de små virksomheder måttet af skedige dem.
Other innovative elements had to be introduced before the measures could produce the desired effects.
Kvinderne, der var blevet ansat som de sidste, havde mindre erhvervserfaring, var ikke familieoverhoved, og derfor de første, der blev afskediget.
The introduction of modular systems, distance learning schemes (Open Tech, Open University) and didactic innovations such as project-oriented instruction proved to be creative and effective forms of training from which not only women were able to benefit.
Ofte blev kvinderne også afskediget, fordi arbejdsgiveren frygtede, at det skulle komme til konflikter ved afskedigelse af mændene.
The type of training firm or training establishment con cerned influenced the outcome of the training courses in various ways, of which some were country-specific.
I de offentlige tjenestegrene var kvinderne kommet i arbejde takket være jobskabelsesforanstaltninger med tidsmæssig begrænsning.
It has proved to be a particularly effective method for the problem groups represented by unemployed young people and the long-term unemployed.
Den lethed, hvormed der kunne fås offentlige til skud til dette fra staten, vendte sig på lang sigt imod kvinderne.
The integration of train ing, work and life routines is likewise a very beneficial aspect.
På grund af tidsbegrænsede kontrakter kunne in stitutionerne ikke beholde kvinderne længere, for at kunne blive havde de også måttet opfylde de sædvanlige forudsætninger med hensyn til statslige kontrakter.
By way of example: a training and production school in northern Jutland has arranged for its courses in metalworking, carpentry, weaving and sewing to be supplemented by domestic science courses so that its trainee residence can be run on an autonomous basis.
Det certifikat, der var blevet udleveret dem af ONEM, var imidlertid ikke officielt anerkendt (1).
This practi cal context also provides a background for the young women and young men to discuss and practise the sharing of domestic work.
Lignende diskrimineringer ved ansættelse og afskedigelse berettes der om fra flere lande ikke blot i forbindelse med videreuddannede kvinder, men generelt som en udvikling, der breder sig.
These include support from the personnel committee, colleagues, and, more particularly, the political will among the management to pursue a policy of positive discrimination in favour of women in order to ensure optimal utilization of the available human re sources.
Da kvinder, der allerede har en arbejdsplads, i virksomheden let kommer i defensiven ved rationaliseringsinvesteringer,
A similar concept formed the basis of the training plan developed at the Fabrique Nationale d'Armes, which provided for greater versatility and more advanced skills
I Frankrig får de kvinde lige arbejdere i laboratorierne hos Servier og hos Thompson en videreuddannelse, der er tilpasset den tekniske udvikling eller markedets krav.
Support for the measures from advisory or research teams was by no means the rule.
Det kan konstateres, at disse firmaer foretrækker at omskole personalet i stedet for at afskedige det.
In many cases this fact made for problems in the subsequent evaluation process.
På lang sigt, ser det ud til, vil dog de, der ikke har været i stand til eller villige til at deltage i videre uddannelsen komme til at frygte for deres arbejdsplads.
It also meant that some of the shortcomings were not recognized sufficiently promptly to be remedied.
Alt i alt kan der konstateres en "arbejdsmarkedsindsnævring" på det tekniske område, der i de undersøgte foranstaltninger yderligere gjorde det sværere for kvinderne at få adgang, der i forvejen var svær, til bedre betalt mandearbejde, og som betød, at de lettere tilgængelige ufaglærte arbejder forsvandt ved automatisering.
Some undoubtedly remarkable innovative measures therefore remained more or less at a standstill, with each successive course having the dubious honour of repeating the mistakes of its predecessors.
Servicesektoren, hvor der som altid arbejder flest kvinder, er i forvejen hårdt ramt af rationalisering og på det sidste også af spareforanstaltningerne i den offentlige sektor.
This also implied that efforts were made, beyond the duties set out in the contract, to gain support for the women among their colleagues, the personnel committee, their immediate superiors, the trainers, and the management.
Hertil regnes simple forvaltningsmæssige og sociale erhverv og plejevirksomhed.
In the Federal Republic of Germany this sometimes called for special awareness-raising measures to be organized for male in structors prior to commencement of the training courses.
Selv stærkt efterspurgte aktiviteter som i Holland uddannede lærerinder til socialpædagogisk ar bejde eller kvinder, der vendte tilbage til erhvervslivet, til plejehjemsassistenter, førte ikke påviseligt til an sættelse i betalte stillinger (1). Det faktiske behov for
During the training, some of the support teams offered a sociopedagogic backup service on an individual or collec-
35 - børnepasning eller pleje af gamle er dog sikkert ikke for svundet ved reduktionen af statens servicetilbud i flere lande.
Where the publicity was inadequate, it was virtually impossible to eliminate the traditional prejudices still harboured by many of those involved.
De kvindelige læger måtte dog ikke ansættes med et timetal, der lå under timetallet for en halvdagsstilling, hvilket imidlertid har ført til, at der er indrettet "faste" del tidsstillinger.
Generally, the country reports indicate that the publicity by the media, which included reports in local and national newspapers and on radio and television, was of positive effect and operated in the longer term - although there was no precise substantiation of this - in the direction of a change in public opinion in favour of working women.
Institutionerne under sundhedsvæsenet har i årenes løb, hvor programmet fra én region har bredt sig til hele landet, kunnet overbevises om, at det er muligt også at gennemføre så højt kvalificeret arbejde på deltid.
The media campaigns sometimes had the shortterm effect of provoking a spontaneous and not immediately satisfiable demand at the employment office and the training institutions.
Også for så vidt angår de kvindelige socialarbejdere, har der vist sig fordele ved en fleksibel genindtræden (fra lejlighedsvis timeansættelse til regelmæssig deltidsbeskæftigelse).
In the Federal Republic of Germany, the continued support for the pilot projects to open up the technicoindustrial sector to women has lent an air of credibility to the call for skilled training opportunities for girls.
På grund af nedskæringerne på det sociale områder viser der sig imidlertid i forskellige lande en tendens til at lade de på grund af kvindernes behov indrettede fleksible arbejdstider blive reglen, dvs. at der indrettes færre og færre faste heltidsstillinger på det sociale område (2).
Girls who wish to enter occupations in the technicoindustrial sector are now regarded less as strange exceptions, and the experience gained with the pilot projects is gradually causing ripples as far back as the general
36 erhverv som detail- og en gros handelen og har på grund heraf foreløbig også godt kunnet få anvist arbejde.
Generally it can be observed that governmental financial incentives can be effective in launching the notion of training and employment for a female workforce.
Succesen til at begynde med har dog ikke kunnet gentages, da arbejdsløsheden i regionen pludselig sprang i vejret.
Such a concept should not, however, be made dependent on them.
På Sardinien har kvinderne i turisterhvervet på landet fået en grundlæggende uddannelse, der ikke blot har forbedret deres personlige materielle situation, men også den for ud viklingen af regionen vigtige kvalitet af servicetilbudet til turismen (2).
The type of financial support payable to the trainees, the training firms and training establishments varied in accordance with the specific features of each national voca tional training system or a particular pilot project, and it is accordingly difficult to derive any generalizable information in this respect.
Trods omfattende henstillinger fra Kommissionen vedrørende "de nye teknologiers Europa" og kravene i forbindelse hermed vedrørende nyorientering med hensyn til erhvervsuddannelse, trods store investeringer i medlemsstaterne med henblik på deres omsætning, synes kvinderne hidtil kun at have haft liden fordel af disse "nye chancer".
- 48 feet that an adequate level of wage cost subsidization or maintenance allowances payable to the trainees, instruction which is free of charge or commands an only modest contribution, regular bonuses and other payments to firms which are willing to provide training, and an overall, long-term policy of promotion all have a positive impact.
Uddannes der til arbejdspladser, der opstår takket være ny teknologisk udvikling, kan kvalificeringen, hvis den ikke er bredt nok anlagt, meget hurtigt miste sin værdi takket være det hurtige tekniske fremskridt.
Despite the need mentioned in all the country reports to convince employers of the benefits of funding initial and continuing training courses for their female workforce, the importance of providing information on external funding possibilities from government sources should not be overlooked.
I Frankrig viste dette sig ved uddannelsen af kvinder i dybfrostteknik, der til at begynde med var alt for specialiseret.
A "European Handbook" on funding possibi lities for initial and continuing training such as was proposed in connection with the evaluation of CEDEFOP Action Programme II could be of use to interested firms. .
Efter indførelsen af dybfrostvarer fulgte der en hurtig industrialisering, forbundet med en stærk koncentra-
Grants from the European Social Fund were likewise awarded to some of the in-firm initial and advanced training measures covered by CEDEFOP op j
De dybfrostspecialister, der ikke mere var brug for i kundetjenesten, blev, efter at produkterne var slået igennem, og udviklingen stagnerede, ikke som ventet i større omfang anvendt til bedre vejledning af butiksindehaverne.
These recommendations are based on an evaluation of the 126 innovatory vocational training programmes organized for women in nine Member States of the European Community, on proposals which were submitted to CEDEFOP by various countries as supplementary material and on the findings of a preparatory conference held by CEDEFOP in Berlin in February 1984. At the
Da kurserne blev ændret fra teknisk orientering til mere vejledning/salg, kunne de uddannede kvinder, når der var mangel på stillinger, også få adgang til anden vejlednings- og salgsvirksomhed.
CEDEFOP Seminar, " Equality of Opportunity and Vocational
Blandt de nyere uddannelsesforanstaltninger, der specielt har henvendt sig til kvinder, er der kun fundet meget få, der er kvalificerede til fremstilling eller anvendelse af ny teknologi.
Training - Review and Prospects " which was also held in Berlin from 26-28 September 1984, the first draft of recommendations as laid out in the synthesis report " Equality of Opportunity and Vocational Training - Five Years On..." was presented to the participants from all EC Member States.
Til de sjældne uddannelsestilbud af denne art hører uddannelsen af kvindelige teknikere til fremstilling af integrerede kredsløb, der planlægges i Frankrig (1).
The recommendations were discussed and additions made in two study groups (1.
En ny uddannelsesgren skal føre til en ny slags formidlingsfunktion mellem programmører og benyttere af edb og særlig give kvinder en chance (2).
Orient ation and Training, 2. Framework for Orientation and Training).
I England begyndte man i 1983/84 at orientere kvinder i ret ning af erhverv i de nye teknologiers 140 kvinder deltog i 4-ugers orienteringskurser, der fandt sted i forbindelse med
The conclusions reached in the course of the seminar have been integrated into the final version presented here.
Frankrig er åbenbart det eneste land, hvor der - siden op rettelse af ministeriet for kvindens rettigheder - i nævneværdigt omfang er indrettet kvalificerede eksperimentalprogrammer for at forberede kvinder på forskellige erhverv inden for de nye teknologier (2).
( sewing, domestic science, child-care, craftwork ) should no longer merely be offered as options; they should be compulsory subjects for both boys and girls.
En vigtig faktor ved forbedringen af kvindernes muligheder på arbejdsmarkedet har en målrettet positiv diskriminering været. Et eksempel herpå har vi i Belgien, hvor en bank ved ansættelsen af folk med universitetsuddannelse har indført en kvindekvote på en tredjedel.
All individuals who play a role in determining the vocational orientation of girls or women such as parents, teachers, career advisers, trainers and journalists in the various media, should be placed in a position to contribute towards broadening the traditional range of occupational choice open to girls.
I Frankrig er der ved luftvåbenet i 1975 udstedt en forordning, der fastsatte en kvindekvote på 15 % blandt officererne.
Women's associations and groups would be most appropriate supporting bodies for further training measures of this kind.
Med hensyn til under officererne, som ikke have nogen rigtig kvotering, fastsatte en arbejdsplan, at et bestemt antal arbejdspladser skulle være reserveret til kvinder.
All those involved in career advisory services should also participate in a comparable programme.
Den faktisk opnåede andel beløber sig til 10 %.
Schools and other training institutions should appoint " Equal
I de virksomheder, hvor forfremmelse inden for virksomheden af kvinder i det mindste bevidst blev fremmet ved karriere planlægning og videreuddannelse, kom det til særlig positive resultater.
Schools should open their gates to the public, drawing parents, local associations and the world of work ( industry and trade unions) into closer involvement with school affairs.
Den britiske rapport indeholder nogle opmuntrende eksempler af denne art for forskellige industriområder.
Suitable didactic material should be collated to this end.
Den publicity, som de i virksomhederne til at begynde med enestående foranstaltninger fik, førte oven i købet ofte til en sneboldvirkning: Flere kvinder end oprindelig ventet an modede om videreuddannelse til ledende positioner. Ganske vist kom ingen kvinder i topstillinger, men der blev klart flere af dem på mellemledertrinet (1).
Concrete forms of action could be for firms or trade unions to sponsor schools, for pupils to spend practical training periods in industry and for young employees of both sexes to give talks on their job experiences in schools.
Det er dog opsigtsvækkende, at kvinder væsentlig hyppigere er blevet hjulpet ved indtræden i nye erhverv end ved for fremmelse inden for virksomheden på grundlag af en allerede opnået erhvervsuddannelse.
The range of training opportunities which happen to be available in one given region frequently depends on the particular features of the local economy.
Her er der et stort behov, der skal dækkes.
In rural areas especially, training provision tends to follow traditional lines.