natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
På basis af tabel IV.1 og IV.2 kan der derfor angives følgende størrelsesordener for de offentlige udgifter til grupper af ungdoms- og voksenerhvervsuddannelser i Danmark 1986:
On base of figure table IV.1 and IV.2 public expenditure on youth and adult vocational training and education could be sum marized as follows:
Lærlinge- og EFG-uddannlser: ca 2,2 mia kr
Apprentice - and EFG -educations : appr 2.200 mill DKR youth training and education
Specialarbejderuddannelser: ca 1,0 mia kr
Courses for semiskilled workers : appr 1.000 mill DKR adult training and education
Det samlede beløb på Arbejdsministeriets og Undervisningsministeriets budgetter, dvs incl El-området, LAMU mv, til arbejdsmarkeds- og ungdomserhvervsuddannelser udgjorde i alt ca 5 mia kr i 1986.
The total amount on the budgets of the Ministry of Labour and the Ministry of Education spent on vocational training and edu cation was, including EI- and LAMU-programmes etc., around 5000 mill DKR in 1986.
Forbemærkning:
Introduction
I note 1 til kapitel 2 blev det bemærket at der savnes et dansk standardværk om lærlingeuddannelsens historie og udvikling.
In note 1 to chapter 2 it was remarked that a danish standard work with reference to the development and history of danish vocational training and education is yet to be written.
Ny rop (1893), Hornby (1966), Klöcher-Larsen (1964) og W. Rasmussen (1969) giver hver for sig nogle enkelte bidrag.
In the lack of such a standard reference, Nyrop (1893), Hornby (1966), Klöcker-Larsen (1964) and W. Ras mussen (1969) could be mentioned as each delivering a certain contribution to a puzzle for which most of the parts are still missing.
Derudover er der bygget på jubilæumstidsskrifter fra organisationer og på en samlet gennemgang af rigsdags- og folketingsbehandlinger af lærlingelovforslag og lovforslag om erhvervsskoler mv.
In order to give a foreign readership an impression of the general pattern of danish vocational education, it has therefore been necessary to draw on many different types of sources, including the history-writing of the organizations and the negotions of parlament whenever matters of vocational education has been on the agenda, official commitee investigations and so on.
En del heraf er fremstillet i PUKKS-projektet (John Houman Sørensen m.fl.
A part of this has already been published in the main re port from the PUKKS-project (John Houman Sørensen a.o.
1984) hvis organisatorisk-politiske delprojekt i høj grad udgør det teoretisk-metodiske og til en vis grad også det kildemæssige grundlag for nærværende projekt.
1984), of which the organizational-politological part to a high degree has given shape to the theoretical-methodological foundations - and to a certain extents also functions as a source to enligthen the points-of-view of the social parties - of the present study.
Selv om nærværende rapport ikke ekspliciterer teoretiske diskussioner, og kun angiver få litteraturreferencer, så angives der i den følgende litteraturliste en række titler, som har været centrale for den organisatorisk-politiske del af PUKKS-projektet og som implicit indgår i begrebsapparat og argumentationsformer i denne rapport.
Even if the present study only to a very limited extensions makes explicit theoretical considerations, it has therefore been decided to let the following bibliography incorporate a number of the references, that has been central for the organizational-politological analysis in the PUKKS-project, which implicit has given shape to the concepts and modes of argumentation and reasonning dominating the present analysis.
Bilag VI: Liste over anvendte betænkninger, offentlige udredninger, lovgivning mv.
Appendix VI: Index of references to public commission reports, official investigations, legislation and other authoriative rules concerning vocational aducation and training etc.
Bilag VII: Liste over anvendte forkortelser,
Appendix VII: Abbreviations and word explanations
- Arbejdsgivernes Elev Refusion.
- Arbejdsgivernes Elev Refusion = Employers Trainee Reimbursement Scheme (Fund).
Oprettet ved lov nr. 272 af 8. juni 1977, som selvejende institution med DA-LO paritet i bestyrelsen, suppleret med en for mand udpeget af de 2 parter.
Established by law nr 272 of 8. june 1977, as a self-administrating Foundation with a governing board, whose member ship consists of è DA and \ LO-representatives plus a chairman appointed by the two parties in common.
Bidrag opkræves hos samtlige private arbejdsgivere. Midlerne anvendes til at refundere hovedparten af arbejdsgivernes lønomkostninger til lærlinge m.v, når disse er på skoleophold under uddannelsen.
Constributions are been collected among all private employers as a percentage of the wages and salaries yearly paid to their employees, Grants are given to employers to refund them the main part of the wages to apprentices and EFG-practicants during their stay at vocational schools (TS and HS).
- Arbejdsformidlingen, de lokale statslige arbejds- markedsmyndigheder med ansvar for arbejdsanvisning, herunder lærepladsanvisning og registrering af lærekontrakter, beskæftigelsesforanstaltninger og ge nerelt udførelse af arbejdsmarkedspolitiske tiltag.
- Arbejdsformidlingen = Employment Service/Labour Exchange; the local state labour market authorities with responsibility for assignment of work, including assignment to apprentice - and EFG-practicant - workplaces, and responsibility for registrating contracts of apprenticeships and of EFG-part.2.-practice-agreements.
- Amtskommunernes og Kommunernes Forskningsinstitut.
- Amtskommunernes og Kommunernes Forskningsinstitut = The research institute of the municipalities and the regional public authorities.
Udfører evalueringen af 'efteruddannelse af faglærte' for Arbejdsministeriets Departement. Se litteraturlisten under Funder, Pilegaard Jensen og Nielsen, 1986.
AKF has on a contract with the ministry of Labour made an evaluation of the AMU-programme "continued training of skilled workers", See Funder, Pilegaard Jensen and Nielsen, 1986, in the bibliography.
- Arbejdsmarkedsnævn, 3-paritetiske organer af ar bejdsmarkedsparterne plus kommunale repræsentanter med planlægningsansvar for arbejdsmarkedspolitikken på regionalt/amtsligt niveau.
Market Tribunals, made up by regional DA­, L0­and municipalities representatives, having the responsibility for planning labour market policy on regional level, in close cooperation with the regional AF­service and with AF­personel as secretariat.
- Arbejdsmarkedets uddannelsesfond, oprettet ved lov nr. 614 af 21. december 1983.
­ Arbejdsmarkedets uddannelsesfond, The Labour Market Training Fund, established by law nr 614 of 21. december 1983.
Fonden bestyres af arbejdsministeren.
The Fund is administrated by the minister of Labour.
Midler indkræves fra samtlige lønmodtagere og arbejdsgivere og disse skal dække udgifterne ved AMU-uddannelserne, se afsnit 3.3.3.1, p. 56 f.
The percentages is being regulated every year so that it will be able to cover the total expenditure on the AMU­programmes (in 1986 ca 1700 mill DKR), see chapter 3, section 3.3.1.
- Brancheudvalg, paritetiske organer for specialarbejder uddannelser ne
- Brancheudvalg, Branch committees, parithetically training committees running "the semiskilled worker-courses", in one of the 24 "branches".
CO-metal - Kartel af fagforbund, blandt andet: DM, SID og KAD m.fl, se teksten s. 89.
- Cartel of trade unions having members employed within the metal working industries, among them DM, SiD, KAD, Electricians and more, acting as counterpart in general tariff negotiations with JA.
- Dansk Arbejdsgiverforening
- Dansk Arbejdsgiverforening, National Association of Danish Employers.
- Det nuværende SiD, se dette.
- Ealier abbreviation of SiD, see under SiD.
- Direktoratet for Erhvervsuddannelserne under Undervisningsministeriet
- Direktoratet for Erhvervsuddannelserne, The Directorate for Vocational Education under the Ministry of Education and Science.
- Danske Bankfunktionærers Landsforening (lønmodta gerorganisation, medlem af FTF)
- Danske Bankfunktionærers Landsforening, The union of danish bank employees, affiliated to FTF (not to LO).
- Dansk Metalarbejderforbund, se DSMF
- Dansk Metalarbejderforbund, Danish Skilled Metal Workers Union, earlier abbreviation DSMF (see this).
Enkelte steder dækker det dog over Danmarks Statistik; men misforståelser skulle ikke være mulige.
Association. DS some places are used as abbreviation of Danmarks Statistik, Danish National Bureau of Statistics, but misunderstandings should not be possible.
- Dansk Teknisk Lærerforening
- Dansk Teknisk Lærerforening, Danish association of teacher at Technical Schools.
- Erhvervsfaglige Grunduddannelser, reformeret type af lærlingeuddannelserne, hvor forsøg påbegyndtes i 1960'rnes slutning.
- Erhvervsfaglige Grunduddannelser, Basic Vocational Training, the reform version of apprenticeship, for which experiments were startet in the late I960's.
En forsøgslov blev vedtaget i 1972 og en revideret lov i 1977.
An "experimental law" was passed in 1972 and the revised, permanent law on EFG in 1977.
EFG indledes med et ét-årig skoleophold, som omfatter almene fag (ca 40% af tiden), teoretiske retningsfag og værkstedsundervisning.
The EFG-version of apprenticeship-education is starting with a "basic year", one years education at technical or commercial school, including more general subjects (ca 40% of the time), theoretical instruction and workshop instruction and practice within the greater field of trade defining one of the 8 streamings of the basic year.
Siden 1979 har der været 8 forskel lige EFG-basisår (jf oversigten i bilag II).I løbet af året sker der grendeling indenfor det enkelte hovedområde.
Each of these 8 streamings (since 1979, see appendix II) are during the "basic year" gradually parted up in more streamings within their "main trade area".
Betingelsen for at starte på 2. del er, at eleven finder en virksomhed, der er villig til at indgå en praktikpladsaftale.
After finishing the "basic year" the pupils have to find an employer/an enterprise willing to employ him or her as "EFG-2.part-practicant" on a contract basis; if they don't succeed in that they won't become a "real" EFG-apprentice and will not be able to fulfill their intented vocational education.
2. del er så ligesom mesterlæren - lærlingeuddannelsen efter 1956-loven - en vekseluddannelse.
The EFG-part 2 is therefore an alternance education, a sandwich course, just the same way as the "master-apprentice"-vocational education following the law of 1956.
Den samlede varighed af en EFG - og en mesterlæreuddannelse er nogenlunde ens i sammenlignelige fag.
The difference is primarilly the EFG-apprentices first years school-stay; the to tal length of the vocational education is practically the same within the same trade, for handicraft - and technical trades in general approximately 4 years, for commercial trades approx.
For en over sigt over den samlede struktur, fagopdeling mv henvises der til oversigterne i bilagene.
3 years. A survey of the total structure is given in appendix II.
Se iøvrigt under 'Mesterlære'.
See also "Mesterlære".
- Erhvervsintroducerende kurser på specialarbejderskolerne af 7-10 ugers varighed med særligt tilrettelagte programmer for unge, langtidsledige, ledige kvinder og indvandrere.
338 women, immigrants and similar target groups, having special problems with entrance - or reentrance - to the labour market.
Efteruddannelsesudvalg - paritetiske organer for faglærtes efteruddannelse, som oftest sammenfald ende med fagets FU
- Efteruddannelsesudvalg, "Continued Training for Skilled Workers-Boards", parithetical Boards, which often coincide with - or have quite identical membership as - the FU of the Trade.
Erhvervsuddannelsesrådet er det overordnede rådgivende organ vedrørende lærlinge - EFG- og tekniker-
- Erhvervsuddannelsesrådet, the supperior advisory Board, responsible for planning and policy of the vocational educatin system in general, i.e. apprentice - EFG and Technician-educations.
uddannelserne. Det består af 6 medlemmer udpeget af DA, 1 medlem udpeget af SALA (Sammenslutningen af Landbrugets arbejdsgiverforeninger), 6 udpeget af LO, 1 udpeget af FTF og 2 udpeget af Lærerorganisationerne. sationerne.
The EUR-Board has a chairman appointed by the Minister of Education, 6 members appointed by DA, 1 member from SALA (The federation of employers within agriculture), 6 members appointed by LO, 1 by FTF and 2 members from the vocational-teacher-organizations (DTL and HL).
Undervisningsministeren udpeger 1 medlem, der er formand. Herudover deltager følgende med hver 1 repræsentant i møderne uden stemmeret:
Members of EUR, but without having a vote, are also: 1 representative for respectively the Ministry of Labour, the Ministry of Education, the Federation of Regional Municipalities, the Federation of Local Municipalities, the Organization of Leaders of TS, the Organization of Leaders of HS.
EUU-for-mandskaberne kan også deltage i EUR-møderne.
The chairmen of the 8 EUU's are allowed to attend the meetings of EUR.
- Erhvervsuddannelsesudvalg, hvor af der i dag findes 8, dækkende hver et hovederhvervsområde.
- Erhvervsuddannelsesudvalg, Vocational training committees, of which there since 1979 has existed 8, corresponding to the 8 EFG-basis-year main sectors.
Udvalget har koordinerende funktioner i forhold til lærlinge - EFG- og teknikeruddannelser indenfor dets område.
EUU's have coordinating functions in re lation to the apprentice - EFG - and technician educations falling within their respective main sectors.
EUU's paritetiske repræsentation af arbejdsmarkedets parter suppleres med repræsentanter for lærere og skoleledelser ved TS eller HS.
The parithetical representation of the DA- and the LO-side is supplemented by representatives for the teachers and the school-head-masters from TS or HS within the main sector.
Se afsnit 3.4.3.4, s. 83-84
See chapter 3, section 4.3.4.
- Funktionærernes og Tjenestemændenes Fællesråd
- Funktionærernes og Tjenestemændenes Fællesråd, central organization or "umbrella organization" for unions of employees/salaried personel (civil servants etc., where LO is central organization for unskilled and skilled workers and AC, Akademikernes Centralorganisation, organizes the professional unions having a membership with an academic education.
- Faglige Udvalg, paritetisk sammensatte udvalg af lønmodtager- og arbejdsgiverorganisationer i et fag med beføjelser til at godkende praktiksteder og ud forme uddannelsesregler for lærlingeuddannelser og EFG 2. del's uddannelser
- Faglige Udvalg, Trade committees, parithetical boards of trade union - and employer/master-organizations within a trade with the competence to accept (or reject) firms as "practice place" for the infirm training part of apprenticeship - and EFG education in the trade.
- Fælles faglige udvalg, beføjelser svarende til FU, men dækkende et antal beslægtede faglige uddannelser
- Fælles faglige udvalg, Joint trade committees, with the same compentences as a FU, but covering a number of related trades.
- Højere Handelseksamen, se afsnit 4.7
- Højere Handelseksamen, Higher Commercial Examination, see chapter 4, section 7.
- Handels- og kontorfunktionærernes Forbund i Danmark
- Handels- og kontorfunktionærernes Forbund i Danmark, The trade union of workers within commerce and office, membership around 300.000, affiliated to LO.
HK-området - Handels- og kontor-uddannelserne
Handels- og kontor-uddannelserne, the vocational education within the commerce and office-sector, 1 of the 8 EUU-"main areas".
- Handelsskolernes Lærerforening
- Handelsskolernes Lærerforening, The organization of teachers at commercial vocational Schools (HS).
- Handelsmedhjælpereksamen, se afsnit 4.7
- Handelsmedhjælpereksamen, Commercial assistants examination, se chapter 4.7.
- Hovedorganisationen Byggefagenes Mesterforeninger (udenfor DA)
- Hovedorganisationen Byggefagenes Mesterforeninger, Central Organization of Masters within the Buil-
- Håndværksrådet (tidligere 'Fællesrepræsentationen for Dansk Industri og Haandværk),'Organisationen for Danske Håndværk og mindre Industri'.
- Håndværksrådet (tidligere Fællesrepræsentationen for Dansk Industri og Haandværk),"Organisationen for Danske Håndværk og mindre Industri" - the Council of Handicraft Masters, ealier named "The Common Representation of danish manufacture and handicraft, today the HR refers to itself as "the organization for danish handicraft and smaller industry".
HR er ikke en arbejdsgiverforening, der forhandler overenskomster eller optræder som direkte modpart til lønmodtagerorganisationerne.
HR could not be called an employ ers organizations, as it doesn't conduct tariff negotiations or acts as direct counterpart to the trade unions.
HR har, svarende til de større virksomheders organisation, Industrirådet (IR), først og fremmest erhvervspolitiske funktio-
HR has, as its parallel for the greater enterprices, Industrirådet (The Council for Industry), primarilly protection of the voca tional interest of its membership, i.e. in relation to legislation public support programmes for industry, taxation, foreign trades policy etc., as its Function.
- Handelsskole(r)
- Handelsskole(r), Commercial Schools or Business
- Handelseksamen, se afsnit 4.7
- Handelseksamen, Commercial examination, see chapter 4.7.
- Jernets Arbejdsgiverforening, før 1980, Sammenslutningen af arbejdsgivere i Metalindustrien (SAM)
- Jernets Arbejdsgiverforening, "The Employers of the Iron", before 1980 named "The Federation of Employers in the Metal Working Industries" (SAM).
- Jernets uddannelsesfond, se afsnit 4.4.3, s. 108-109.
- Jernets uddannelsesfond, "The training Fund of the social partners in the metal working industries", see chapter 4, section 4.3.
Kons. - Det konservative Folkeparti, se politiske partier
Kons. - Det konservative Folkeparti, The conservative Party, see "politiske partier".
- Københavns Tømrerlaug (DA-medlem)
- Københavns Tømrerlaug, The Guild of Carpenters in Copenhagen (member of DA).
- Længerevarende arbejdsmarkedsuddannelser er et uddannelsestilbud på specialarbejderskolerne for ledige over 25 år, som har afsluttet et arbejdstilbud.
- Længerevarende arbejdsmarkedsuddannelser, "Labour Market Training Courses of Longer Duration" is an offer, organized by "Specialarbejderskolerne" for unemployed over 25 years of age, who has served a "work opportunity offer" arranged by AF.
Varigheden ligger mellem 15 og 26 uger.
LAMU-courses lasts for between 15 and 26 weeks.
- Landsorganisationen - De samvirkende fagforbund i
- Landsorganisationen, The national federation of trade unions, the danish TUC, earlier abbreviated DsF, The cooperating trade unions of Denmark.
- Lærlingerådet; det overordnede såvel rådgivende som besluttende organ i henhold til lærlingeloven af 1956
- Lærlingerådet, The Council for Apprenticeshipmatters, having not only advisiry but also several decisive powers according to the 1956-law.
- Metalindustriens Brancheudvalg (specialarbejderuddannelsen )
- Metalindustriens Brancheudvalg, The Branch Committee (BU) of the Metal Working Industries, responsible for "specialarbejderuddannelsen" within the metal working sector.
'Mester lære' - Lærlingeuddannelsen i overensstemmelse med reglerne i lov nr. 261 af 2. oktober 1956.
"Mester lære" - Masterapprenticeship - in accordance with the rules in law nr 261 of 2. October 1956.
Uddannelsen etableres ved kontrakt mellem den kommende lærling og en arbejdsgiver.
The apprenticeship-education becomes established by setting up a. contract ( standarized ) between the apprentice-to-be and an employer.
Herefter tilmeldes lærlingen til erhvervsskolen, TS eller HS, hvor der er 34 ophold på skolen af sammenlagt 30-40 ugers varighed i løbet af de 3i-4 år, der er den hyppigste samlede længde af uddannelsen. Der henvises til forklaringen af EFG i denne liste samt til bilagene
After signing the contract, the apprentice starts working in the firm, but are at the same time being registrated as a pupil with a right to instruction at vocational school (TS og HS), where the appren tice will attend school in 3 to 4 periods, total ly counting 30-40 weeks during the total "learning time" of appr.
FFU (se dette) for såvel smede- og maskinarbejdere - som andre metal faggrupper .
Politiske partier- Political Parties.
Politiske partier- Forkortelserne V, RV, Kons, og SD dækker over 'de 4 gamle' politiske partier i Danmark.
The abbrievations "V", "RV", "Kons." and "SD" covers "the 4 old" political parties in Denmark.
Det vil føre for vidt i forhold til et udenlandsk publikum at redegøre for de mange andre partier, der har eksisteret i tidens løb.
It will lead too far to explain a non-danish readership about the many other parties that has existed, both to the wright and the left - and also in the center, in relation to the 4 old parties.
stod af Kons, (populært sammenfattet som repræsenterende selvstændige og højtlønnede i byerhverv) og Venstre (selvstændige bønder m.v overvejende styrke i landområderne). I landstinget, 2. kammeret i den danske rigsdag som bestod indtil 1953, havde V og Kons, flertal indtil 1936.
In "Landstinget", the second chamber of the legislative body, existing up to 1953 (where the constitution was revised, so that there since then only is one chamber of the danish parlament, The "Folketinget"), did Kons, and V hold the absolute majority up to 1936.
Den anden fløj be stod af RV (populært selvstændige i de mindre land brug, håndværk, lærere og liberale erhverv i byer) og af SD, arbejderpartiet med tæt organisatorisk tilknytning til LO, der er en faglig enhedsorganisation. Fra 1913 til 1920 dannede RV en mindretalsregering med SD-støtte, som sikrede majoritet i Folketinget, 1. kammeret.
The other wing consisted of RV (the "Radical Left", a social-liberal party, popularily explained as representing independents from smaller farms, from handicraft, teachers, intellectuals and liberal professions in the cities) and SD, the Social democratic Party, representing the working class and closely connected to the trade union movement, LO.
1920-24 dannede V regering, støttet af Kons.
1920-24 did V form the government, supported by Kons .
1924-26 dannede SD regering, støttet af RV 1926-29 dannede V regering, støttet af Kons. 1929-40 dannede SD og RV en koalitionsregering.
1924-26 did S form the government, supported by RV 1926-29 did V form the government, supported by Kons.
Lærlingelovens gennemførelse i 1937 må ses i denne kontext.
The passing of the Apprenticeship-law in 1937 has to be seen in this context.
Lærlingeloven 1956 kom til under en SD-mindretals-regering i en periode hvor RV var afgørende for majoritetsdannelsen.
The apprenticeship-law of 1956 was brought into living under a SD-minority-government in a period where RV held the key to forming a majority in parliament.
Efter 1960 tilkom SF, Socialistisk Folkeparti, hvorefter et alternativt flertal bestående af SD+SF i hele perioden siden har været en potentiel mulighed.
In 1960 SF - "Socialistic Peoples Party" showed up on the parliamentary scene and since then an alternativ majority to the left,
Et sådant 'rødt flertal' har eksisteret i 1966-67 og 1971-73, begge gange med en SD-mindretalsregering som resultat.
Such a "red majority" has existed in 1966-67 and in 1971-73, both times with a SD-minority government as the outcome.
I sammenhæng hermed er RV også overgået til at del tage direkte i regeringsdannelser med V og Kons. i stedet for, som tidligere, at foretrække mindretalsregeringer enten af SD eller af V, som RV så gav politisk afpasset støtte.
Following this development, the RV has changed its earlier disposition of being support party to either SD-minority governments or (after WWII) to "V and Kons." minority governments, and instead participated directly in the governments. From 1968 to 1971 the RV lead a majority coalition government, formed by RV, V and Kons.
I 1968-71 var der således en RV-ledet koalitionsregering bestående af RV, Kons, og V. EFG-forsøgsloven 1972 tilkom under en SD-regering med SF-støtte.
The EFG-experiment law in 1972 was passed under a SD-government with SF-support.