natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Interviews med ophørte studerende fra naturvidenskab fra Københavns Universitet har dog vist, at de unge især savnede- forhåndsoplysninger om hverdagen som studerende og om mere uformelle forhold indenfor studiet som f.eks. studiemiljøet, arbejdsformerne og kravene til arbejdsindsatsen. (Bredo, 1990 ).
Interviews with young people who have given up studying natural science at the University of Copenhagen have shown, however, that the young people in particular lacked advance information on everyday life as a student and on more informal circumstances in their studies such as the studying environment, methods of working and requirements for the amount of work required. (Bredo, 199031).
De unge der opsøger eller opsøges af ungdomsvejledningen, er mest interesserede i konkrete arbejds- og uddannelsestilbud, men mange unge har også interesse i at modtage personlig rådgivning.
Young people who visit or are visited by the youth guidance officer are most interested in specific offers of work and training, but many young people also have an interest in receiving personal advice.
I undersøgelsen fra 1987 giver en del unge ud tryk for, at hvis de havde fået ordentlig vejledning noget tidligere, så havde de nok været i gang med en uddannelse.
In the 1987 study, a number of young people state that if they had received proper guidance a little earlier, they would have embarked on a training course.
En del af disse unge udenfor uddannelsessystemet har oplevet en manglende interesse hos vejledere og lærere, som har gjort dem mere ligegyldige overfor skolesystemet.
Some of these young people outside the education system have experienced inadequate interest among counsellors and teachers, which has made them more indifferent towards the school system.
Det bør dog præciseres, at netop denne gruppe unge ofte vil have store sociale problemer og et stort vejledningsbehov.
It should be specified, however, that this group of young people will often have severe social problems and a great need for guidance.
De fleste ungdomsvejledere i undersøgelsen giver udtryk for et godt tillidsforhold til de unge i målgruppen, og at de har været i stand til at hjælpe disse unge med relevante henvisninger til andre hjælpeinstanser (PLS-Consult, 1987 ).
Most youth guidance officers report a good relationship of trust with the young people in the target group, and state they have been able to help these young people with relevant references to other help organisations (PLS-Consult, 19876).
En stor undersøgelse fra 1980 blandt vejlederne fra folke skolerne, erhvervsskolerne og gymnasieskolerne konkluderer, at vejlederne i de 3 uddannelsesområder hovedsageligt lader eleverne tage initiativ til de individuelle samtaler, og at vejlederne bruger meget tid på at varetage administrative funktioner, give informationer og ordne ting af teknisk og organisatorisk art. Undersøgelsen, som baseredes på spørge-
A major study in 1980 among counsellors from folkeskole, vocational and gymnasium schools concludes that the counsellors in the three areas of education mostly let the pupils take the initiative for the individual discussions, and that the counsellors spend a great deal of time on attending to administrative duties, giving information and arranging matters of a technical and organisational nature.
Selv om undersøgelsen er 13 år gammel, er mange af konklusionerne formodentlig stadig gældende (Jørgensen, 1986, p. 32 ).
33 of its conclusions are probably still valid (Jørgensen, 1986, p.3232
Danske unge har god adgang til og benytter i stort omfang de vejledningsordninger, der eksisterer i og omkring uddannel sessystemet.
Young Danes have good access to and make substantial use of the guidance schemes that exist in and around the education system.
Metoderne koncentreres om kollektiv og individuel vejledning samt integration af vejledningsemner i undervisningen især i folkeskolen og i begyndelsen af ungdomsuddannelsesforløbet.
The methods are concentrated on collective and individual guidance and the integration of guidance topics into teaching, both in the folkeskole and at the beginning of youth education.
Mange unge finder vejledning i grund skolen essentiel og af betydning for deres uddannelses- og erhvervsvalg og gennemgående er en stor del af de unge til fredse med deres vejledning.
Many young people consider guidance during basic schooling to be essential and significant for their choice of education, training and vocation, and a large proportion of young people are usually satisfied with their guidance.
Imidlertid er der også en stor gruppe unge,som kunne ønske sig mere - og mere engageret -vejledning, både om uddannelses- og erhvervsmuligheder, samt om personlige problemer.
However, there is also a large group of young people who could wish for more - and more committed - guidance, both on educational and vocational opportunities and on personal problems.
Sammenfattende kan man sige, at god vejledning efter de unges opfattelse indebærer : - at vejlederen er engageret og en tillidsvækkende person, som har god tid, når man opsøger vedkommende - at vejlederen selv opsøger eleven med tilbud om både individuel og kollektiv vejledning - at vejledningen påbegyndes tidligere, f.eks. på 5. - 6. klassetrin - at vejledningen aktiverer de unge og ikke er en teoretisk baseret informationsformidling - at vejledningen involverer de unge og deres egne erfaringer fra f.eks. arbejdspraktik, fritidsarbejde og forældres arbej ds forhold - at vejledere har et opdateret reelt kendskab til uddannel sessystemterne) og arbejdsmarkedet - at vejledning inddrager såvel formelle krav som mere uformelle krav i forbindelse med uddannelse og arbejdsmarked - at vejledningen bindes stærkere til "virkeligheden" ved hjælp af udvidede praktikmuligheder, inddragelse af gæstelærere, besøg på arbejdsmarkedet m.v. - at vejledningen bliver mere sammenhængende fra det ene system til det andet (f.eks. fra folkeskole til ungdomsuddannelse) dannelse)
To summarise, it can be said that good guidance in the view of young people means counsellors being committed and confidence-inspiring people, who have plenty of time when one goes to see them counsellors themselves visiting pupils, offering both individual and collective guidance the guidance being started earlier, e.g. in the fifth to sixth forms the guidance activating young people not being theoretically based passing-on of information the guidance involving the young people and their own experiences e.g. of work experience placements, leisure-time work and the working situations of parents counsellors having up-to-date real knowledge of the education system(s) and the labour market guidance involving both formal requirements and more informal requirements in connection with education, training and the labour market the guidance being linked more closely to "reality" using expanded practical work experience opportunities, guest teachers, visits to the labour market etc. the guidance being more coherent from one system to another (e.g. from folkeskole to youth education)
Sammenlignes disse ønsker med kritikken af vejledningen, ser det ud til, at metoder og indhold i uddannelsessektorens vejledning bør forbedres.
34 that the methods and content of guidance in the education sector should be improved.
Som tidligere nævnt er der da også i de senere år taget initiativ til undersøgelser og forbedringer af vejledningen i uddannelsessystemet, omend der ikke markant er tilført flere ressourcer.
As mentioned previously, initiatives have also been taken in recent years for studies on and improvements to the guidance given in the education system, although more resources have not been noticeably allocated.
Man skal imidlertid være opmærksom på, at den vejledningssøgendes forventninger ikke altid står mål med vejledningens muligheder.
It must, however, be borne in mind that the expectations of those seeking guidance are not always on a par with the capabilities of guidance.
I et samfund med stor ledighed, et stort pres på uddannelsessystemet, meget komplekse valgmuligheder og optagelsesbetingelser ligger det ofte udenfor vejledningens rækkevidde, at den unge faktisk når en tilfredsstillende uddannelses- og beskæf tigelsessituation. .
In a society with high unemployment, severe pressure on the education system and highly complex options and conditions for admission, it is often beyond the scope of guidance when the young person actually obtains a satisfactory training and employment situation.
Oplevelser og behov i arbejdsmarkedsvejledningen Det er kendetegnende for vejledningen i arbejdsmarkedsregi, at den koncentreres og integreres i arbejdsløshedsbekæmpelses foranstaltningerne.
It is characteristic of guidance provided in the context of the labour market that it is concentrated on and integrated into measures to combat unemployment.
Vejledningen tilbydes regelmæssigt og er i sammenhæng med uddannelses- og arbejdstilbud til unge et obligatorisk element både for vejledningspersonalet og for den unge.
The guidance is provided regularly, and in connection with the provision of education, training and work for young people is a compulsory element both for counsellors and for the young person.
Sammenligner man med andre lande, fremtræder vejledningen i såvel uddannelsessystemet som arbejdsmarkedsregi godt struktureret og koordineret på såvel regionalt som lokalt plan.
If comparisons are made with other countries, the guidance in both the education system and labourmarket services emerge as being well structured and coordinated at both the regional and local levels.
3 3 brugerne (European Foundation, 1992, p. 9 ).
All guidance services are provided and paid for by the public authorities, but many actors are involved and the system as such is not always regarded as working well by the users (European Foundation, 1992, p. 933).
I modsætning til vejledningen i uddannelsessystemet er der i den arbejdsmarkedsvejledning, der er knyttet til aktive ringsprogrammerne, også et element af kontrol og tvang.
In contrast to the guidance in the education system, there is also an element of control and compulsion in the labourmarket guidance, which is related to the activation programmes.
I forbindelse med gennemførelsen af ungdomsydelsesforpligtelsen til at modtage introduktions- og beskæftigelsestilbud var der en del diskussion i medierne om de unges reaktion på denne tvangsmæssighed.
In connection with the implementation of the duty in youth services to receive introductory and employment provisions, there was considerable discussion in the media on the reaction of young people to this compulsion.
Ifølge en undersøgelse af ungdomsydelsesordningens 1.periode og de 18-19åriges oplevelse af ordningen, er det ret få ( 6%), der henvender sig og afviser aktiveringstilbudet, men måske er der unge der helt undlader at henvende sig pga. kravet.
According to a study of the first period of the youth benefit scheme and the experience of the scheme among 18-19 year-olds, tiu. proportion who apply and reject the activation offered is quite small (6%), but there may perhaps be young people who do not apply at all because of the requirement. Altogether it is estimated that approx.
I alt skønnes ca. 30.000 unge (ca. 1/4 af alle unge i aldersgruppen) at have været i berøring med ordningen.
30,000 young people (approx. 1/4 of all young people in the age group) have been in touch with the scheme.
Kvinderne er lidt mere positive end mændene,
The study shows that of the 838 recipients
Ikke alle unge bliver i ordningen i den periode de har krav på.
Not all young people stay in the scheme during the period for which they have the right to do so.
Undersøgelsen, der dækker 2/3 af alle danske kommuner, viser at af de unge, der modtog hjælp i foråret 1991, gen nemførte kun halvdelen et beskæftigelsestilbud.
The study, which covers two-thirds of all Danish municipalities, shows that of the young people who received assistance in. the spring of 1991 only half took up the offer of employment.
Der er tendens til at unge med baggrund i de højere socialgrupper bliver kortest tid i ordningen.
There is a tendency for young people with a background in the higher social groups to stay in the scheme for the shortest time.
Omkring hver 6. faldt af alle rede i introduktionsperioden, oftest pga. arbejde eller på begyndt uddannelse, mens de resterende havde vanskeligt ved at se, hvad aktiveringstilbudet skulle bruges til.
Around one in six already drop out in the introductory period, generally due to work or having started on a course of education or training, whilst the remainder find it difficult to see the point of the activation provided.
De unges vurderinger af introduktionsforløbene og beskæfti gelsestilbudene er overvejende positive,dog mest blandt dem, der måske har "mindst" behov, nemlig de med fuldført ungdomsuddannelse.
Young people's assessments of the introductory courses and the employment provided are predominantly positive, but mostly among those who perhaps have "least" need, that it is to day those who have completed youth education.
Den beskæftigelsesmæssige effekt er vanskelig at måle, men det ser ikke ud til at unge, der har været igennem et beskæftigelsestilbud, hyppigere får arbejde eller påbegynder uddannelse end de, der ikke har.
The employment effect is difficult to gauge, but it does not appear that young people who have taken up an offer of employment obtain work or start on training more commonly than those who have not.
Een af forklaringerne er givet, at et beskæftigelsestilbud ofte giver særdeles kortvarig - om nogen - kontakt til arbejdslivet.
One of the explanations is obviously that a employment provided under a jobcreation scheme often gives extremely brief - if any - contact with the working world.
De færreste unge konfronteres med det almindelige, åbne arbejdsmarked.
Very few young people are confronted with the general, open labour market.
Hovedparten af de unge (62%) oplever da heller ikke selv, at deres muligheder for at få eller beholde et lønarbejde er blevet forbedret.
Nor do the majority of young people (62%) themselves regard their opportunities for obtaining or keeping paid work as having been improved.
Derimod oplever knapt halvdelen at have fået lidt eller meget større selvtillid, mens den resterende del oplever selvtilliden uændret.
On the other hand, just under half have the experience of having gained a little or far greater amount of selfconfidence, whilst the remainder consider their selfconfidence to be unchanged.
Evaluering af ungdomsydelsesordningen konkluderer, at ordningen ikke kan karakteriseres som en glimrende metode til at fastholde og udvikle de unges erhvervsevne for at undgå, at ledighed bliver en barriere i forhold til arbejdsmarkedet (ibid. p. 112).
Evaluation of the youth services scheme comes to the conclusion that the scheme cannot be described as a brilliant method for maintaining and developing young people's vocational abilities in order to prevent
Tanken om "det lille skubs" effekt er i den nye lov om 2årige erhvervsgrunduddannelser for unge uden kompetence udvidet til et stort skub i retning af formel ud dannelse (jvf. kap. 2.2.3.).
The idea of the effect of the "little nudge" has been expanded in the new law on two-year initial vocational training for young people without qualifications to a strong nudge in the direction of formal training (cf. 2.2.3.).
Hvordan denne lov vil blive modtaget af de unge er naturligvis endnu uvist. Også i denne
It is obviously not yet known how this law will be received by the young people.
- 29 - lov er der et tvangselement, idet frafald i et EGU-forløb kan medføre tab af retten til kontanthjælp.
There is also a compulsory element in this law, in that dropping out of an initial vocational training (EGU) course can lead to loss of the right to cash assistance.
En konsekvens af denne tvang kunne betyde risiko for dannelsen af et nyt ung domsproletariat .
A consequence of this compulsion may be the risk of a new youth proletariat being formed.
Uddannelsestilbuds- og arbejdstilbudsordningerne for de dagpengeberettigede ledige synes ligesom ungdomsydelsesordningen at have god effekt for de ledige, når man ser bort fra den væsentligste effekt nemlig beskæftigelseseffekten !
The training (UTB) and jobcreation (ATB) schemes for unemployed people entitled to daily benefit seem, like the youth benefit scheme, to have a good effect for unemployed people if the major effect is disregarded, namely the employment effect!
UTB-/ATB -ordningen skønnes i sin helhed at bringe 3 ud af 10 ud af langtidsledigheden i løbet af 1 til 2 år efter tilbudet, men beskæftigelseseffekten af uddannelsestilbudet er betyde ligt mindre (ca. 13%).
The UTB/ATB scheme is estimated as a whole to take three out of ten out of longterm unemployment over the course of one to two years after the training or work has been provided, but the employment effect of the training provided is significantly smaller (approx. 13%).
Beskæftigelseseffekten varierer dog med deltagerforudsætningerne.
However, the employment effect varies with the background of the participants.
I UTB-forløbene er effekten således mindst for ældre, for enlige med små børn, for ufaglærte og kortuddannede.
In the UTB courses, the effect is smallest for older people, single people with small children, the unskilled and those with a short period of education.
Det er ikke muligt at vurdere specielt de unges udbytte af denne ordning.
It is not possible specifically to assess the benefit young people obtain from this training.
Uddannelses- og arbejdstilbudsordningen i arbejdsformidlingsregi medvirker derimod i høj grad til en forbedring af de lediges personlige forudsætninger.
The training and jobcreation schemes under the Public Employment Service, on the other hand, contribute to a great extent to an improvement in the personal prospects of the unemployed.
Både arbejdstilbud, selvvalgt uddannelse og de kortere UTB-tilbud synes efter de lediges egne vurderinger at bidrage til at øge deres kvalifikationer.
Both jobcreation schemes, selfchosen training and the shorter UTB schemes appear in the views of the unemployed themselves to contribute towards increasing their qualifications.
De lærer enten nye fagområder at kende eller forøger deres kvalifikationer inden for det fagområde, de kender til i forvejen.
They either learn about new specialist areas or increase their qualifications within the specialist area they know beforehand.
Også selvtilliden og optimismen øges væsendligt, dog mest for personer i selvvalgt uddannelse.
Selfconfidence and optimism are also greatly increased, although most for people in self-selected training.
Især uddannelsestilbudene øger interessen for at få arbejde
Training provisions in particular increase interest in obtaining work and increase job-seeking activities
Flere undersøgelser peger på vigtigheden af at synliggøre vejledningen som et vejledningstilbud og ikke en kontrolforanstaltning.
Several studies point to the importance of making guidance visible as a guidance service and not a controlling measure.
En mindre undersøgelse af en gruppe ufaglærte lediges oplevelser af vejledning (AF og AMN -Storkøbenhavn,
A small-scale study of the experiences of guidance of a group of unskilled unemployed people (AF and AMN - Greater Copenhagen, 199135) points out that the guidance must come very early in the period of unemployment and that individual discussions produced the greatest yield.
1991 ) peger på, at vejledningen skal komme meget tidligt i ledighedsperioden og at individuelle samtaler giver det største udbytte.
Some studies show that the impact and effect of the various activation measures are closely related to the activation instruments and forms of guidance used.
Det er vigtigt at give især de usikre god tid og mulighed for hjælp til personlig planlægning, hvilket er uvant for en stor del af de ufaglærte ledige.
The second Danish report of the action research project "Eurocounsel" (Plant, 19935) points out that projects led and managed by the unemployed themselves are highly regarded by the users, particularly where the projects are supported by voluntary commitment and professional counsellors.
Det ser ud til i denne undersøgelse, at de, der ved hvad de vil, er bedst i stand til at udnytte de eksisterende vejledningstilbud, mens både de, der er usikre og de, der er vant til at klare sig selv og ikke bede nogen om noget, får for lidt ud af vejlednignen i AF-regi.
It is also pointed out that the projects which contain elements of self-management, self-help and voluntary labour do not necessarily ensure that those people who need guidance, jobs or other forms of assistance actually obtain the assistance they need (ibid, p. 36).
- 30 - tidsledige i dette regi viser, at - arbejdstilbud i private virksomheder har bedre effekt end offentlige arbejdstilbud - selvvalgte uddannelser giver større beskæftigelseseffekt og motivation end de kortere UTB-kurser, hvilket dog ikke kan adskilles fra at de 2 typer af uddannelsestilbud søges af forskellige målgrupper - at længerevarende uddannelsesforløb bedre end de kortere varende hjælper den langtidsledige igang igen (Mærkedahl, 1992, kap. 7.4.17).
It is striking to how great an extent the various evaluations of the guidance in unemployment-combating measures or projects more of the nature of social/psychological "reconstruction" all underline the value of and need for increased self-confidence.
Nogle undersøgelser peger på, at de forskellige aktiveringsforanstaltningers gennemslagskraft og effekt hænger nøje sammen med de aktiveringsinstrumenter og vejledningsformer der anvendes.
Self-determination, clarity over one's own resources and the experience of new personal qualifications play a decisive role in the individual's motivation for taking an active part in the processes of society.
Aktionsforskningsprojektet "Eurocounsel's" 2. danske rapport (Plant, 19935) peger således på, at projekter, der ledes og styres af de arbejdsløse selv, vurderes højt af brugerne, især hvor projekterne støttes af frivilligt en gagement og professionelle vejledere.
This conclusion is also seen in the European context: in the evaluation of the youth initiatives of the PETRA programme, it is said that the openness of the youth projects towards young people being able to arrange and try out new methods and procedures in accordance with their own needs, expectations and problems is important, particularly "against the background of modern society's existing structures, which have a tendency to promote inhibitions, passivity, isolation and lack of independence, resulting in a lack of initiative and renewal.
Der peges da også på, at de projekter der indeholder elementer af selvstyring, selvhjælp og frivillig arbejdskraft ikke nødvendigvis sikrer, at de folk, der har brug for vejledning, arbejdsformidling eller andre former for hjælp rent faktisk får den hjælp, som de behøver (ibid, p.36).
The youth initiatives are an exception, because they encourage initiative, enterprise and a sense of responsibility (...) The young people understand that they have responsibility for themselves and each other (PETRA, 1991, p.4036).
Det er slående i hvor høj grad de forskellige evalueringer af vejledningen i arbejdsløshedsbekæmpelsesforanstaltninger eller projekter af mere social/psykologisk "genopbygningskarakter" alle understreger værdien af og behovet for øget selvtillid.
To summarise, it can be said that the guidance schemes under labourmarket services, which are Concentrated on combating unemployment, have good longterm effects by virtue of the fact that the scheme increases unemployed people's selfconfidence, motivation for training or continued jobsearching and the experience of improved qualifications.
Selvbestemmelse, klarhed over egne ressourcer og oplevelsen af nye personlige kvalifikationer spiller en af gørende rolle for den enkeltes motivation til at tage aktivt del i samfundsprocesserne.
However, it is difficult to gain an overview of the direct employment effect, particularly in the shorter training or jobcreation schemes.