natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
"Hvad der skal opfylde ka­pitalens nye behov, (...) er efter alt at domme en generaliseret pædagogik, der i bojere grad er proce­dureorienteret end af ind­holdsmæssig karakler, og som er baseret på to Institutionelle støttepiller: markedet, på de områder, hvor det er muligt, og lokal­samfundet dér, hvor mar­kedsmekanismen ikke kan trænge igennem. "
□ The standardization of the product of education (a) promotes taylorization and standardization, i.e. the "industrialization" of its production (cf. e.g. the introduc­tion of ISO 9000 standards in European training establishments), (b) contributes to a process of individualization condu­cive to the penetration of information in­dustries in the non­mercantile sector.
En virksomhed er pr. definition "et system, hvor ressourcestyringen aflwnger af en direktion, dvs. en ellerfere personer, som i et konkurrenceorienteret system overta­ger prismekanismens funktion i styringen af ressourcerne "(Coase 193". s. 339). Men
The polarization of incomes and the im­poverishment and de­securitization of an increasing proportion of the population means that, in the words of Reich (with respect to the United States but this is generally applicable).
ERHVERVSUDDRNNELSENH.6
VOCATIONAL TRAINING NR.
*** ring af eleverne om, at deres "værdi" al­tid fastsættes udefra.
* carded population groups is therefore less an economic necessity than a political challenge for capital and the States.
"Der er imidlertid stadig omrader af den samfunds­mæssige reproduktion, hvor hverken markedet el­ler dets substitutter kan udfylde en pædagogisk funktion:familien, solidari­tet, sociale bånd."
"Today, against the back­drop of the globalization of the economy, we are wit­nessing the deconstruction of employment, a process commonly ideologized by the affirmation (...) that the "welfare state" is "a luxury our societies can no longer afford".
□ styring af uddannelserne i overens­stemmelse med evalueringsstandarderne (a) afskaffer "överflödige" kundskaber: vidensindholdet defineres af reglerne for kontrollen med det, (b) påtvinger underviserne dette indhold uden at gribe til direkte tvang.
They have to change their attitude and return to their role of societal agents, contribut­ing their fundamental values to persons who would be out of reach without them. They must set themselve up asjudges and unambiguously defend healthy and re­sponsible lifestyles.
I virk­somheden "kan man ikke forvente en fuldstændig effektiv kontrol med den en­keltes indsats" (Alchian­Demsetz, s. 781).
In this perspective, certain institutions of traditional societies, with the advantage of guaranteeing both basic solidarity and moral order, are currently being revital­ized.
En stor del af forvaltningen af de menne­skelige ressourcer går derfor ud på at er­statte "autoritetsrelationen" med "et de­mokratisk alternativ" i form af tilskyn­delsessystemer af typen "principal­agent", der har til formal at øge produktiviteten ved at begrænse moralsk forfald og skulketendenser.
Etzioni's "communitarinism", with the objective "of channelling all the in­stitutional forces so that people can be forced to do what is necessary" (D'Antonio, 1994) sums up this process:
□ standardisering af undervisnings­produktet (a) fremmer en taylorisering og standardisering, dvs. en "industrialisering" af vidensproduktionen (jf. f.eks. indfør­elsen af ISO 9000 standarder i europæi­ske erhvervsuddannelsesinstitutioner), (b) bidrager til en individualisering, der frem­mer informationsindustriernes indtrængen i denne ikke­markedsorienterede sektor.
□ Return to traditional family and moral values, thus recuperating the dimension of resistance to the modernity of "funda­mentalisms" and indiscriminately mobiliz­ing the fundamentalisms of all religions at global level.
Nærmiljøpædagogikken
Michael Moore's film "Roger and Me").
Der er imidlertid stadig områder af den samfundsmæssige reproduktion, hvor hverken markedet eller dets substitutter kan udfylde en pædagogisk funktion: fa­milien, solidaritet, sociale bånd.
And it is only if the problem is too much for local com­munity thai it must turn towards the state" (Etzioni 1994). "Responsibilization" im­plies (a) the negation of "rights", (b) soli­darity of the poor among themselves and the rich among themselves, (c) the
Formålet med at overlade finansieringen af den uddannelse, der finder sted efter skolepligtens ophør, til husholdningerne, sådan som de vigtigste internationale or­ganisationer anbefaler, er at tilskynde folk til at gebærde sig som rationelle forvaltere af deres menneskelige kapital i forhold til markedssignalerne, dvs. (a) reducere det "samfundsmæssige spild" i forbindelse med "uddannelsesinflationen", (b) indføre konkurrence på området uddannelses­tjenesteydelser, (c) øge uddannelses­indsatsen og orientere den i forhold til økonomiens skiftende behov, dvs. be­grænse uddannelsessystemets autonomi i forhold til produktionssystemet.
The market and the community thus emerge as implicit and explicit forms of education at the service of the transfer of insecurity to families, i.e. the imposition of the short­term constraint of accumula­tion on the long­term scale of human and social reproduction.
Men for at markedet kan fungere tilfreds­stillende, er det nødvendigt med informa­tioner om produktets kvalitet, og endvi­dere kan markedet ikke regulere selve vidensproduktionen, hvortil kræves en myndighedsrelation.
The opinions expressed in this work are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official policy of the Council for Cultural Coopera­tion and the Council of Europe.
EUROPÆISK TIDSSHRIFT besiddelse øg etablerer nationale sociale band.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL
Og kun i de tilfælde, hvor problemet ligger uden for dets kompetenceområde, skal del henvende sig lil stalen" (Etzioni 1994).
Professor of sociology cil lhe University of Bologna, Director of lhe Regional Labour Market Observatory
De må opkaste sig til dommere og utvety­digt forfægte stinde og ansvarlige livs­former.
Trade unions and train ing: workers' rights to training from the early 1970s to the early 1990s
Man kan ikke længere sige. at "hvad. der er godi for General Motors. er godi for ISA", fordi GM ikke længere­har brug for amerikanske arbejdstagere hverken til at producere eller forbruge bilerne.
The history in Italy of the relationship between trade unions and training after the 1968 protests by workers and students, focus ing on the links between a review of economics and sociology Inchiesta edited in Bologna (published by Dedalo in Bari) and the trade unions of Bologna and ticular to complete compulsory education and was initially coordinated in the Emilia Romagna region by the unitary trade un ion of the FLM (Federation of Heavy En gineering Workers).
For kapitalen og staterne er sik­ringen af re­produktionsmuligheden for de befolkningsgrupper, der i stigende grad overlades til sig selv. nu ikke sa meget en okonomisk nødvendighed som en politisk udfordring.
This article looks at the features of the union's training policy when most use was being made of the 150 hours (the number of courses reached a peak in the mid-1970s) and the features of current union training policies in Emilia Romagna at a time when the use of the 150 hours is declining.
J Problemet bestar således nu i at sikre social fred til de lavest mulige omkost­ninger. Der kan da også registreres en tendens til at genoplive nogle af de tradi­tionelle samfunds institutioner, for så vidt som disse repræsenterede savel de grund­læggende solidaritetsband som den mo­ralske orden. Disse tendenser sammen­falles i Eizionis begreb "nærsamfunds­mentalitet", hvis mal er 'al kanalisere alle de institutionelle kræfter, der kan forpligte folk ¡ui at gore, hvad der skal gores' (D'Antonio 199­D:
The interpretative models common to the review and the trade unions at the outset can be identified from the debate in Inchiesta (which had a circulation of 80 000 in the 1970s and was sold at newsstands) and the particular position of its editor who became officially responsible for the FLM's education office in Bologna (and then in Emilia Romagna).
De synspunkter, iler udtrykkes i denne artikel, stai lor lorlallerens reg­ning "g .impeller ikke nodvenil'gvis Ràdei lur Kulturelt Samarbejde og Europarådets officielle politik
Through an analysis of the Bologna review "Inchiesta", the author sees the model used by the union in the 1970s to interpret the link between training and work as the structural limit of the training strategies pursued: the model of conflict, traditionally brought into play with large-scale industry and based on the right to the recognition of status is called into question by the technocraticfunctionalist model that is characteristic of the very different entrepreneurial strategies of small and mediumsized enterprise and is based on the acquisition of on-the-job technological expertise.
3 lokal demokratisk medindflydelse be­grænset til små reproduktionsenheder: familien, kvaneret. skolen, sognet... dvs. der hvor demokratisk medindflydelse må formodes bedst at kunne bidrage til at styrke den moralske orden og undertrykke afvigelser.
Un able to accept the epistemologica! break inherent in this comparison which bas been clearly pointed out by work in the sector, the union is not re defining the link between technological expertise and training policy by formulating new models, but is settling for strategies of action based on the principle of codetermination.
Der er ikke tale om demokra­tisk deltagelse i beslutninger om produk­tionsmal og beskæftigelse: markeds­mekanismen fremstilles som et udefra­kommende krav, og nar magten til at be­stemme over de enkelte borgeres og lokal­samfundets liv lader sig inkarnere i et menneske, er dette utilnærmeligt (¡f. Mi­chael Moores film: "Roger and Me").
This does not provide an answer to the question shaped by the socio-economic dynamic pinpointed by the author: bow to harmonise the economic needs of increasingly regionalised technological development with I be growing demand for differentiation from train ees?
J tilbagevenden lil de traditionelle fa­milie­ og moralværdier, hvilket skaber et grundlag for at modstå de moderne fundamentalistiske tendenser" og pa ver­densplan al mobilisere de fundamentali­sliske grundværdier i alle religioner.
This review, founded and edited by the author in 1971, supported the achievement of the "ISO hours" by trade unions in 1973 more than other Italian reviews.
Markedet øg lokalsamfundet fremstår så­ledes som pædagogikker, der implicit el­ler eksplicit lægger usikkerheden over på familierne, dvs. underlægger den menne­skelige og samfundsmæssige reproduk­tions langsigtede perspektiv akkumu­lationens kortsigtede behov.
1 ) For details of the history of traile unionism and Industrialization in Emilia Romagna and in Bologna from the Second World W.u in tin- present see Capecchi 11987, 1989, 1990b, 1992) and Capecchi and l'esce ( 1993).
J anv endelse af subsidiaritetsprincippet: "ansvaret påhviler i enhver situation ifør­ før­
Fora luston «il Inchiesta refer to the special edition No 94, 1991 on the tirsi jn years ol lhe review, in par ticular to the article by Elda Guerra and Adele Pesce (1991).
ERHVERVSUDDRHHELSE HR. I
VOCATIONAL TRAINING NR. G
Professor i sociologi ved Bolognas Universitet, leder af det re gionale a rbejds m a rkeds-observationscenter
In the 1970s a number of issues of the Bologna FLM's journal Impegno Unitario looked at selection in compulsory education and the fact that compulsory education textbooks presented the rural and working world in a ridiculous way.
Faglige organisationer og uddannelse - arbejdstagernes ret til uddan nelse fra begyndelsen af 1970'erne til begyndelsen af 1990'erne plarer og solgtes i kiosker) og direktørens særlige stilling som officiel chef for FLM's analysekontor i Bologna (og senere i Emilia Romagna) gjorde det muligt at udarbejde de modeller, som tidsskriftet og de faglige organisationer i begyndelsen var enige om. Men allerede i løbet af
These issues of the journal were disseminated and discussed with workers in heavy engineering factories both as par ents of sons and daughters attending State schools and as people making use of the 150 hours to gain knowledge from a work ing class point of view.
Til belysning af emnet "demokrati og ud dannelse" redegøres i det følgende for et bestemt tilfælde, nemlig udviklingen i de faglige organisationers syn på uddannelse i Italien siden arbejder- og studenteroprøret i 1968.
In order to understand the training policies of the Italian unions in the 1970s, two aspects need to be borne in mind.
Dette gøres ved at se på forholdet mellem det økonomisk-sociologiske tids skrift Inchiesta (med direktion i Bologna, redaktør Dedalo di Bari) og fagforbund ene i Bologna og Emilia Romagna gennem de sidste 25 år(l).
In the first place, the 1968 protests by work ers and students and the trade union achievements of the early 1970s were followed by a boom in union membership: membership of the Italian General Con federation of Labour CGIL alone increased from 2 461 000 in 1968 to 4 528 000 in 1978.
Tidsskriftet blev grund lagt under ledelse af undertegnede i 1971 og er det italienske tidsskrift, som frem for nogen har støttet de faglige organisationer i kampen for ordningen om de såkaldte "150 timer", som de opnåede i 1973.
In the 1970s, the Italian unions, in particular the FLM, were very attractive not only to university students but to university teachers as well.
Denne ordning var en af de mest originale sejre for den europæiske fagbevægelse og går ud på, at de ansatte får stillet 150 betalte arbejdstimer til rådighed til uddannelse, forudsat at de selv giver 150 timer af deres fritid.
The 1968 protests by workers and students had a substantial impact on researchers in social and economic fields and paved the way for an organic alliance between trade unions and intellectuals.
På basis af en analyse i tidsskriftet "Inchiesta", Bologna, påpeger forfatteren de strukturelle begrænsninger for de faglige organisationers uddannelsesstrategier.
"In the 1970s, (there was) a common interpretative model of conflict and social classes which ran counter to the technocratic-functionalist model" c) measures to protect workers' health with research and action in factories coordinated by works doctors using the con sensual validation method.
Han mener, de beror på den model, fagbevægelsen siden 1970'erne har anvendt på forholdet mellem uddannelse og arbejde, nemlig den traditionelle konfliktmodel, som er baseret på storindustrien og på retten til anerkendelse af kvalifikationer.
People work ing in a particular department had topin point harmful physical and mental factors and draw up a consensual report which was then used by the union for company bargaining.
Denne model kritiseres med udgangspunkt i den teknokratisk-funktionalistiske model, som tager højde for mere differentierede virksomhedsstrategier i små og mellemstore virksomheder og tilegnelse af teknologisk viden på arbejdspladsen. De faglige organisationer anerkender ikke det videnskabsteoretiske opgør, som forsk ningen i denne sektor klart har ført til, og forsømmer at omdefinere for holdet mellem teknologisk viden og uddannelsespolitik.
The overall training strategies introduced in the various departments were designed not just to pass on knowledge but to create a climate of trust be tween workers in order to promote an awareness of the hardships of factory work; attempts were then made to over come these hardships psychologically bearing in mind that people had to carry on working.
De udarbejder ikke nye modeller, men holder fast på strategier, der er baseret på medbestemmelsesprincippet.
My personal history illustrates this situation.
De finder såleds ikke svar på det spørgsmål, der ud springer af den socioøkonomiske dynamik, forfatteren redegør for: Hvor dan kan de økonomiske krav, en stadig mere regionaliseret teknologisk udvikling stiller, forenes med de enkelte menneskers krav om differentieret uddannelse?
As a teacher of sociology at the University of Bologna and editor of the re view Inchiesta I began to work with the FLM in Bologna, initially on union re search to protect workers' health and then as coordinator of the 150 hours at the University of Bologna, working as director of the FLM's education office from 1975 to 1983 (the education office closed down when trade union unity came to an end).
70'erne påpeges i Inchiesta nogle begrænsninger for denne model, forbund ene har valgt, mens sidstnævnte kun del vis anerkender disse begrænsninger.
Action by the FLM in Emilia Romagna in the 1970s, in the area of the links between trade unions and training, took four main directions: d) research and action coordinated by the Education Office both on the shopfloor and among white-collar workers to find out about information paths and flows of materials in order to pinpoint different ways of organising the factory and pave the way for production conferences and factory disputes.
Retten til betalt frihed til uddannelse blev i 1970'erne især brugt til at indhente grundskoleundervisningen. I regionen Emilia Romagna blev ordningen i de før ste år koordineret af enhedsforbundet FLM (metalarbejderforbundet).
In the early 1970s, trade union action and the research conducted on behalf of the union by university staff was based on a common interpretative model of conflict and social classes which ran counter to the technocraticfunctionalist model.
Angående Inchiestas historiske udvikling henvises til særnummeret 94, 1991 om tidsskriftets forste tyve år, især artiklen ved Elda Guerra og Adele Pesce (1991).
The 150 hours were used to complete compulsory education (increasing in Emilia Romagna from 42 courses in 1973-74 to a peak of 202 courses in 1976-77 and then decreasing to 106 in 1980-81).
I begyndelsen af 1980'erne brydes den fag lige enhed (hvilket også medfører, at jeg fratræder som chef for FLM's analyse kontor), og i tiden frem til i dag ændres forbundenes politik over for såvel regi onale udviklingsproblemer som uddan nelse af arbejdstagere. Det er interessant at følge debatten i Inchiesta (som i 80'erne
Under the technocraticfunctionalist model social change is shaped by tech nological innovation which, by changing the content and organisation of the various occupations and types of work, means that changes have to be made to the edu-
ERHVERVSUDDANNELSE! I
VOCATIONAL TRAINING NA. G
Efter 1968­oprøret "blev (det) muligt at indgå en tæt alliance mellem faglige or­ganisationer og Intellek­tuelle." øg 90'erne har et oplag pa 5 000 eksem­plarer og kun sælges i bøghandelen) for at se, hvilke spørgsmål der stilles, og hvilke af disse spørgsmål forbundene bedst kan finde svar på ­ stadig med henblik på em­net fagbevægelse og uddannelse.
The ability or lack of ability of the various facilities (schools, research centres, industry, etc.) to adapt to tech nological progress is the yardstick against which facilities for training, research, pro duction, etc., are assessed.
sitetskurser, som udviser samme tendens (maksimum midt i 1970'erne og dernæst fald de følgende år).
The first limit was that in Italy (and not just in Italy) the trade unions, when us ing the interpretative model of conflict and social classes, focused almost exclusively on major mass-producing enterprises and considered the Taylorist-Fordisi type of labour organisation to be predominant.
Disse kurser dæk­ker forskellige emner: fra økonomi og fagbevægelsens historie til kurser for kvin­delige arbejdere og universitetslærere om kvindens situation på og uden for arbejds­pladsen.
At the beginning of the 1970s in Italy, both the national and the regional unions (even those in regions without major enter prises) tended to see Taylorism-Fordism as the predominant organisational model of capitalist societies with the result that small enterprises were not considered to be very important: no more than a "decentralisation" of large enterprises.
Politik for uddannelse af arbejdstagere i begyndel­sen af 1970'erne ­ teori og praksis b) IndsaLs i forbindelse med grundskole­systemet.
Under the model of conflict and social classes social change is shaped by the struggle entailed in the conflicts between the various social classes in a situation where the dominant class is always at tempting to reproduce its power base.
170'erne udkommer nogle numre af tidsskriftet Impegno unitario, udgivet af FLM i Bologna, med en debat om den se­lektion, der finder sted i grundskolen.
Combatting inequality is the primary aim of this interpretative model just as defend ing the status quo is the aim of the tech nocratic model.
Det påvises her. hvordan grundskolens lære­boger latterliggør bonder og arbejdere og deres miljø. Disse numre af tidsskriftet bli­ver formidlet til og diskuteret af arbejderne på metalfabrikkerne, enten fordi de er for­ældre med børn i grundskolen, eller fordi de går på kurser under 150­timers ordnin­gen for at tilegne sig viden ud fra arbej­derklassens synsvinkel.
In Italy, the reference point for this model is a book written by a priest Lettera a una professoressa (Letter to a woman teacher) by Don Milani (1967) which highlights, using the official statistics, the fact that educational selection almost exclusively affects those from working class families and the fact that textbooks and teachers pay no heed to these problems and the actual situation of the working class.
Modellen fra 1970'erne "er en fælles model, nemlig en model med konflikt mellem sociale klasser, i modsæt­ning til den teknokratisk­funktionalistiske model "
"The interpretative model that considered large enter prise to be the only pro tagonist was therefore called into question. "
For al forstå de italienske faglige organisationers uddannelsespolitik i be­gyndelsen af 70'erne må man holde sig to aspekter for øje. Først og fremmest ma man gøre sig klart, at der efter arbejder­og studenteroprøret i 1968 og de faglige sejre i begvndelsen af 70'erne kommer en periode, hvor fagbevægelsen vinder stærkt frem.
Inchiesta documented, however, different types of regional development in Italy and paved the way for research that began to identify a different kind of industrial de velopment, remote both from the development of the regions of northern Italy based on large-scale enterprises and the lack of development of the southern re gions.
Alene CGlL's medlemstal stiger fra 2 i61 000 i 1968 til ι 52H 000 i 1978. Endv idere er der ikke kun hos studerende, men også hos universitetslærere stor in­teresse for fagbevægelsen i Italien i "(lerne, specielt for Federazione Lavora­tori Metalmeccanici (FLM).
The review thus helped to high light the existence of a 'third Italy" (which was the title of a book written in 1977 by Arnaldo Bagnasco) between these two areas in which subsystems of flexible small and mediumsized enterprises produced specialist machinery for industry in response to the demand from customers.
c) Indsats til beskyttelse af arbejdstagernes helbred ved hjælp af aktionsforskning på fabrikkerne, koordineret af arbejds­medicinere, som bruger konsensus­vurderingsmetoden.
The review discovered that re gions such as Emilia Romagna had a range of small specialist enterprises whose own ers had had experience of skilled manual work and had set up on their own.
De ansatte i en be­stemt afdeling skal udpege skadelige fak­torer, savel fysiske som psykiske, og ud­arbejde en konsensusrapport, som der­næst bruges af forbundet ved forhand­linger på virksomheden.
The interpretative model that considered large enterprise to be the only protagonist was therefore called into question.
L'ddannelses­strategieme fores helt ud i de enkelte af­delinger øg går ikke kun ud pa at for­midle viden, men også på at skabe en at­mosfære af tillid hos de ansatte og såle­des skærpe bevidstheden om gener på fabrikken.
These reservations were accepted by the unions of the Emilia Romagna region but not by the national unions which continued to See large enterprise as the almost exclusive focus of trade union action.