natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Samtidig lægger fagbevægelsen generelt afstand til forskere og intellektuelle, selv om der stadig samarbejdes mellem enkeltpersoner.
Within the union, however, these people have very little power.
"(...) en krise i forholdet mellem faglige organisationer og medlemmer samt en ændring af de faglige organisationers syn på uddan nelse. "
The Italian trade unions, whether national or regional; have not set any store by these interpretations.
Endvidere sker der enorme ændringer i teknologi og arbejdsorganisation i forbindelse med udbredelse af de nye elektronik- og informationsteknologier, hvilket fremkalder en krise i forholdet mellem faglige organisationer og medlemmer samt en ændring af de faglige organisationers syn på uddannelse.
The technocratic model is gaining ground and becoming ever stronger and, even in Emilian unions, any experiments which make it possible to acquire expertise in the new technologies are considered to be positive irrespective of the values passed on.
De, der benyttede 150-timers ordningen, siger selv, at de gjorde det at hensyn til deres person lige kulturelle udvikling.
For an analysis of the economic development of Emilia Romagna making classification by sex see Adele Pesce (1990).
Der var altså hverken tale om et personligt utilitaristisk projekt eller en kollektiv motivation.
Capecchi (1990a) makes an analysis of the re lations between school and work in this respect.
Medlemstallet i CGIL, CISL og UIL falder i perioden 1977-87 fra 7 225 000 til 6 065 000, og den faldende tendens fort sætter og udviser først i de seneste år tegn på opretning.
The model of conflict and social classes is therefore losing ground both as a re
I samme retning peger resultaterne af nogle undersøgelser, der blev sat i gang i slutningen af 70'erne om arbejdstagernes krav til fleksibel arbejdstid.
Vocational training has become the focus of the link between trade unions and train-
* centre samt initiativer til fordel for ind­vandrere og for hjemløse varetages af en gruppe personer, som deltog i de mest innoverende forsøg i 1970'erne. Denne gruppe har imidlertid en meget begræn­set indflydelse i fagbevægelsen i dag.
"Vocational training has become the focus of the link between trade unions and training (...); (the trade un ions) prefer to go along, of ten uncritically, with the technocratic model" ing and the breakdown of the Taylorist-Fordist model has meant that Italy has also accepted the objective, already achieved in nations such as Japan and receiving great attention in nations such as France, that at least 80% of a generation should obtain a diploma or equivalent qualification.
"Den teknokratiske model vinder stadig større ud­bredelse og gennemslags­kraft, og (...) (man) ser po­sitivt på alle de forsøg, som giver ny viden om teknologi, uanset hvilke værdier der formidles. "
range of production enterprises and tech nologically sophisticated services for the protection of the environment and the person.
Den teknokratiske model vinder stadig større udbredelse og gennemslagskraft, og også i fagbevægelsen i Emilia Romagna ser man positivt på alle de forsøg, som giver ny viden om teknologi, uanset hvilke værdier der formidles.
The quest for greater autonomy and care for elderly people or the disabled are also seen against the new tech nologies and their related entrepreneurial paths.
Man holder helt op med at beskæftige sig med skolesystemets formidling af indhold og værdier, og 150­timers ordningen bruges ikke længere af forbundene til kurser med alment indhold. Hvor det er muligt, ud­nyttes den til kurser med alment indhold.
The question that was left at the end of the 1970s: are the trade unions able to achieve collective objectives that take account of individual differences, starting from the differences between men and women, is a question that the unions have yet to answer.
"Den italienske fagbevæ­gelse har afvist nyere ana­lyser (...), som gor op med tidligere teorier. "
The same is happening in relation to training routes before and during work.
Konflikt­klasse­modellen taber saledes terræn, både i kraft af den teknokratiske models udbredelse og pa grund af model­lens egne begrænsninger, som allerede viste sig i 1970'erne. og som fagbevægel­sen ikke har fundet nogen løsning pa.
Prior to work, Inchiesta's proposals are to create bridges between the educational paths of technical and vocational schools that are followed by most children (most socially critical but with less technological knowledge) and the paths followed by most children (with more technological expertise but paying less attention to applications to improve quality of life).
Specielt kvinderne har svært ved at iden­tificere sig med den nuværende faglige organisationsstruktur.
Stress is also placed on the importance (with which the unions also agree) of pro viding workers with a genuine right to basic or vocational training so that they can not only keep their jobs but change these jobs when they are low-skilled and stand in the way of career advancement.
Den italienske fagbevægelse ­ også i Emilia Romagna ­ har afvist nyere analy­ser som dem. der er lavet af kvindelige forskere i Inchiesta, og som gor op med tidligere teorier.
The rigidity of the interpretative model of conflict and social class is refuted by the trade unions which prefer to go along, often uncritically, with the technocratic model.
De kvindelige forskere, som i stigende grad gor sig gældende i tidsskriftet, arbejder med Luce Irigarays(3) teori om den nye konsdifferentierede kultur og stiller dybdeborende sporgsmal til mandlige forskere og fagforeningsfolk, idet de afslorer. hvordan den teknokrati­ske model og klassemodellen i virkelig­heden stemmer overens på et afgørende punkt, idet de følger den samme mand­lige logik, søm udstøder eller assimilerer kvindekønnet.
In Inchiesta, however, the international contacts that the review has es tablished with the European Community's research centre Fast (now closed) in Brussels and the International Institute for Labour Studies in Geneva have led to an analysis of technologies that remains critical and that attempts to tackle the links between regional development and globalisation in a different way.
Der gøres saledes interessante forsøg med medbestemmelse­over arbejdsmarkedsuddannelser bade i nogle mellemstøre virksomheder og via bilaterale aftaler med sammenslutninger at små virksomheder. Til dette formal er op­rettet et topartsorgan (Eber), som har til opgave at fastlægge retningslinjer for arbejdsmarkedsuddannelser, som organi­seres i samarbejde mellem faglige organi­sationer, offentlige uddannelsesinstanser på provinsplan og virksomhedsledelser.
The main question of the 1990s, supplementing the question that closed the 1970s, can be formulated as follows: at a time of profound technological change and globalisation, how is it possible to achieve, in the various regions, develop ment that is both technological and so cial and makes the most of the differences between people, starting from the differ ences between men and women.
Disse aftaler er frivillige. Virksomhederne kan acceptere eller afsla denne medbe­stemmelse over uddannelsesforløbene.
The ways in which welfare and training issues are tackled in Inchiesta have been reformulated as a result of this question.
"Fagbevægelsens fremher­skende model skifter I 80'erne og 90'erne fra en model med konflikt mellem sociale klasser til en (...) model (med) medbestem­melse sammen med arbejds­giverne. "
"The main question of the 1990s: (...) at a time of pro found technological change and globalisation, bow is it possible to achieve, in the various regions, develop ment that is both technological and social (...). "
Der er tale om væsentlige teoretiske gennem­brud, som kan fa betydning for politiske tiltag.
When looking at the new technologies, welfare issues take the form of attempts to evaluate practical opportunities for the development of technology parks with a
cl Der lægges igen vægt pa forskning, og der udfores både case­studier og syste­matiske undersøgelser (saledes blev der i 1995 lavet en undersøgelse af små ν irk­somheder med deltagelse af mange eks­perter ved vurderingen af undersøgelsens resultater).
These issues are receiving more attention in Emilia Romagna from public structures such as the Commune of Bologna and ERVET which in 1995 launched an observatory of new technologies for daily life on the basis of a project by Adele Pesce and Vittorio Capecchi in order to try to shift public structures, training processes and the new union and entrepreneurial path towards uses of technology that promote the quality of life and the environment.
Men forskerne (m/k) er nu mere lost tilknyttet de faglige organisa­tioner som konsulenter. Det stabile og faste samarbejde fra 1970'erne eksisterer ikke længere.
It is difficult at present to predict whether this initiative will have significant cultural effects or whether it will be no more than an experimental project with a circumscribed radius of action'.
En analyse al forbindel­serne mellem skole og arbejdsliv fremgår af Capecchi (1990a).
S) For these topics examined by Inchiesta see Capecchi Pesce ( 1993b. IWll
ERHVERVSUDDANNELSE NR.I
VOCATIONAL TRAINING NR. 6
Der er altså tale om en model med en dæmpet konflikt, og den inddrager endvidere nye kulturelle aspekter samt et vist økologisk islæt og et vist forsvar for vel færdsstaten, mens det enkelte menneskes krav og projekter ikke vies megen op mærksomhed, og forskellene mellem kvinder og mænd helt forbigås.
Tokunaga, N. Altman, H. Demes (eds.), New Im pacts on Industrial Relations, Munich, pp. 365-392.
Velfærdsproblematikken tages i lyset af de nye teknologier op på den måde, at man forsøger at vurdere de konkrete muligheder for at udvikle teknologiske distrikter med gode vækstbetingelser for teknologisk avancerede produktions- og service virksomheder til beskyttelse af miljø og mennesker.
I. Berg, (1970), Education and Jobs: The Great Training Robbery, New York, Praeger.
Dette arbejde er baseret på internationalt samarbejde med analysekontoret Fast i Bruxelles (nu ned lagt) under De Europæiske Fællesskaber og International Institute for Labour Studies i Geneve.
R. B. Freeman (1976), The Overeducated American, New York, The Academic Press.
Inchiesta har således arbejdet med en omformulering af de regionale socioøkonomiske udviklingsstrategier, så de er blevet mere komplekse, men de faglige organisationer har svært ved at acceptere disse teorier.
V. Capecchi, ( 1990b), A history of flexible specialization and industrial Districts in Emilia Romagna", in: F. Pyke, G. Becattini, \V. Sengenberger (eds.)
I Emilia Romagna har en del af den offentlige sektor vist mere interesse for denne problematik.
Industrial District and Inter-firms Cooperation in Italy, ILO, Geneva, pp. 20-36.
(S) Angående de sidste emner, som Inchiesta har fremskyndet, jf. Capecchi og Pesce (1993b. 1994).
V. Capecchi, (1992), "The Role of Unions in Innovative Small- and Mediumsized Enterprises", In: S.
ERHVERVSUDDANNELSE NR. I
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Leder af Den Kristelige Fagbevægelses uddannelses­afdeling (B)
"The beneficiaries of this law were full­time workers in the private sector. (...) the figure for those who re­ally benefitted from the sys­tem was a little above 2% (...) slightly above 50,000 persons per year. "
Frihed til uddannelse i Belgien:
□ Training courses for middle class enterprises The "middle classes" include self­em­ployed persons and small enterprises.
Professor ved Det Katolske Universitet i Leuven (Β)
Here apprentice training and further train­ing was organized; this training included the right to educational leave of the sec­ond category, which meant that these were vocational training courses (con­struction, accounting, tax system, manage­ment, electronics, etc.).
En lovgivning med en farlig udvikling?
7,000 persons, or 15% of the beneficiaries, attended such courses in 1990­1991.
Det er kun rimeligt, at vi som forfattere af Indledningsvis vil vi sammenfatte de vig­denne artikel begynder med at præcisere tigste aspekter af loven om frihed til ud­vor sociale og kulturelle tilknytning.
A survey of the beneficiaries shows that there were a larger number of workers than salaried employees; half of them were aged 20 to 30, but more than 20% were in the above­40 age­group.
Den dannelse af 1985; dernæst følger en kort Kristelige Fagbevægelse (MOC), indenfor gennemgang af den udvikling, der førte til lovens vedtagelse, og af de synspunk­ter, som de forskellige parter indtog.
In terms of break­down by sector, more than half came from the metal industry, one of the reasons for this being the well­developed training organized in this sector.
En­delig beskriver vi, hvorfor den nuværende vending forekommer os at være en farlig udvikling (i relation til 1985­lovens aner­kendelse af de kulturelle rettigheder ef­ter en lang historisk udvikling) og en fejl­agtig løsning.
Finally, over 60% worked in companies with more than 500 employees.
Hvad uddannelsesorlov angår, beskæfti­ger MOC sig fortrinsvis med forbedring af arbejdernes kulturelle rettigheder ved at afholde længerevarende uddannelser herom, uden dog derfor at underkende den tvingende nødvendighed af mere er­hvervsrettede uddannelser.
Training courses of a general nature were almost exclusively organized by worker organi­zations (trade unions) and made up some 15% of the total number of training courses attended, but with less than 10% of the costs because these courses were relatively short.
Den belgiske lov om frihed til uddannelse af 1985 er resultatet af en langvarig udvikling og et historisk kompromis mellem ar­bejdsmarkedets parter og de politiske myndigheder.
□ Sectoral training, organized almost exclusively by the metal industry via a training institute whose directors represent both sides of industry.
Retten til uddannelse er in­gen selvfølgelighed: Den befinder sig i skærings­punktet mellem diverger­ende økonomiske, sociale og kulturelle interesser.
This is the type of training where the rise in the number of beneficiaries was most spectacular: almost five times more within five years to reach a figure of 7,700 beneficiaries in 1990­1991 (15% of the total).
Be­tegnende er det, at den bel­giske regering for nylig som følge af det voksende under­skud besluttede at begrænse retten til uddannelsesorlov.
In the following we will show that the introduction of these train­ing courses unbalanced the whole system and, at the least, raised the question of refinancing because of the risk of exces­sively emphasizing training courses with an immediate professional usefulness to the detriment of the more global training of workers.
Det gik ikke ud over de kort­varige erhvervsuddannel­ser, men kun de længereva­rende, hvilket er typisk for en kortsigtet politik og i strid med de storsindede er­klæringer om uddannelsens betydning ikke blot ud fra et økonomisk synspunkt, men også ud fra et socialt og kulturelt synspunkt.
"Training courses of a gen­eral nature were almost exclusively organized by worker organizations (trade unions) and made up some 15% of the total number of training courses attended, but with less than 10% of the costs (...)"
Artik­len gennemgår lovens tilbli­velse og gennemførelse og redegør for årsagerne til det nuværende budgetmæssige underskud og den trufne beslutnings inkonsekvens.
This received a new im­petus through a recent reform, even though budgetary constraints in the field of edu­cation in general prevented the implemen­tation of all the planned objectives of the reform.
Artiklen slutter med nogle mere positive udsigter for fremtiden.
It was possible to attend courses which led to the acquisition of diplomas equivalent to those in ordinary (second­ary and higher) education, but also to at­tend more specific courses such as lan­guages or computer technology.
Der er tre væsentlige årsager til, at vi øn­sker at informere dette tidssskrifts læsere om ændringerne i den belgiske lovgivning om frihed til uddannelse: For det første er loven vigtig for de belgiske arbejdere, idet den har gjort det muligt at indrømme arbejderne en reel kulturel rettighed, hvil­ket vi tillægger stor betydning. Endvidere er loven, så vidt vi ved, enestående i Eu­ropa, idet den har givet arbejderne en personlig ret til uddannelse, som de kan bruge til forbedring af såvel deres erhvervskvalifikationer som deres viden inden for et bestemt interesseområde el­ler endog for nogles vedkommende til forbedring af deres indsatsmuligheder i samfundsmæssigt eller fagligt organisati­onsarbejde.
□ Finally, other types of training were proposed such as training courses at university or equivalent level, or train­ing courses accepted by the approval commission, for instance, the training organized by the MOC ­ Mouvement Ouvrier Chrétien ­ (graduate degree in social labour sciences from the Institut Supérieur de Culture Ouvrière, a diploma recognized by the.Faculty of Notre Dame de la Paix in Namur) and by MOC in col­laboration with the Catholic University of Louvain (degree in Political, Economic and Social Sciences from the Faculté Ouverte de Sciences Politiques, Econo­miques et Sociales).
Begunstigede er fuldtidsbeskæftigede i den private sektor.
In most cases the training courses were selected by the worker and were gener­ally not of immediate relevance for the employer.
Deltidsansatte er udelukket fra ord­ningen (85 % af disse er som bekendt kvin­der), og det samme gælder for den offent­lige sektors ansatte, hvoraf en stor del ny­der godt af en særlig uddannelsesorlovs­ordning, som dog er mindre omfattende end den private sektors.
The primary objective of this legislation was to raise the level of edu­cation of the working population and not to respond to employers' needs.
Nu er denne bemærkelsesværdige lov imidlertid kommet i fare, fordi man lidt efter lidt skærer ned på de sider af loven, der betyder mest for forbedringen af ar­bejdernes kulturelle rettigheder.
Almost 55% of the beneficiaries of this law attended social advancement courses; in 1990­1991 this implied a number of 27,000 persons.
Ordningen udnyttes af flere arbejdere end funktionærer; halvdelen af dem, der ud­nytter den, er mellem 20 og 30 år, men alligevel er knap 20 % over 40 år.
The joint labour/ management committees in the compa­nies have to reach an agreement which takes into consideration both the inter­
ERHVERVSUDDANNELSE NR.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL
* * uddannelser (teknisk tegning, bogføring, skatteregnskab, forvaltning, edb osv.)
"There has been little evaluation of this measure." ests of the workers concerned and the needs of work organization through what the law called "collective planning".
Uddannelserne fulgtes i 1990-1991 af 7 000 personer svarende til ca. 15 % af samtlige deltagere.
The salary to be paid is subject to a ceiling which at present is 65,000 francs per month gross salary.
Sektorielt falder næsten halvdelen pa jernindustrien, hvilket i nogen grad forklares af udviklingen af denne sektors uddan nelsesordninger. Endelig er henved 60 % beskæftiget pa virksomheder med over 500 ansatte.
alone) have certainly improved the pro fessional adaptation of the beneficiary workers, but in this case some justifiable doubts arise as to the legitimacy of making all employers share these costs (for the onehalf contributed by the employ ers as the other half is paid by the State), whereas more than 90% of the persons trained attend courses provided by the training institute of the metal sector.
"Begunstigede af loven er fuldtidsbeskæftigede i den private sektor. (...) reelt benyttes ordningen af godt og vel 2 % (...) lidt over 50 000 personer årligt. "
The duration of the training was fixed up to 1 September 1995 (before the new provision which will be discussed later); the maximum period was 240 hours per year (equivalent to 30 8-hour working days) for vocational training courses and 160 hours per year for general education and training. The minimum has been fixed at 40 hours a year.
Uddannelserne er enten lovbestemte eller godkendt pa grundlag af en ansøgning til et paritetisk sammensat udvalg.
The State is responsible for the financing of the system as far as general edu cation and training is concerned (whereas before 1985 the burden was divided be tween the State and the employers).
De almene uddannelser gennemføres næsten udelukkende af fagforeninger og udgør ca. 15 % af al den uddannelse, der gives, men under 10 % af udgifterne der til, idet der er tale om relativt kortvarige uddannelser.
Half of the salaries paid during training are subsidized by the State and the other half is paid from a special levy imposed on all employers in the private sector irrespective of whether their workers make use of the right to educational leave or not. This levy amounts to 0.04% of the payroll.
De erhvervsrettede uddannelser omfatter hovedsagelig:
What assessment can be made of this law after ten years of operation?
J Sektorielle uddannelser afholdes næsten udelukkende af jernindustrien via et paritetisk ledet uddannelsesinstitut. Disse uddannelser har gennemgået en rivende udvikling, idet deltagerantallet femdobledes på fem år og i 1990-1991 nåede op på 7 700 C15 % af det samlede antal).
In general terms one may say that the very fact that education/training is an individual right (i.e. a choice made by the individual), that it involves a considerable effort on the part of the worker (just mere attendance of the course is not enough, the content has to be assimilated, examinations have to be prepared, etc.) probably entails a substantial improvement of the worker's knowledge.
Længere henne i artiklen omtales det. hvorledes denne undervisning har skabt uligevægt i ordningen, hvilket i hvert fald vil kræve en omlægning af finansieringen, hvis der ikke skal ske en fuldstændig forvridning af undervisningen til fordel for uddannelser, der er umiddelbart anvendelige pa arbejdsmarkedet, pa bekostning af en mere almen uddan nelse af arbejderne.
Otherwise, why all this effort? Other grey zones should also be mentioned: it is not possible to evaluate the impact of this legislation on work processes as a whole (better skills, better integration in the work organiza tion) or on employment; if the fact of having a large number of workers in train ing leads to the assumption that at least some of these workers will be replaced, there is not much probability of this happening unless a sufficient number of workers are away on training and the company is not undergoing a recession.
En for nylig gennemført re form af ordningen har givet den et øpsving. selv om de generelle budgetproblemer pa undervisningsområdet ikke tillader virkeliggørelse af alle reformens hensigter.
There has been little evaluation of this measure.
Dellagerne kan enten vælge bevisgivende uddannelser svarende til almindelig tinden isning, eller de kan dellage i mere speciel undervisning som f.eks. sprog eller edb.
It is significant to note that the only assessment in ten years was inspired by budgetary considerations and was con ducted by the Court of Audit.
Namur) eller MOC's uddannelse i samarbejde med det katolske universitet i Leuven (licenciât i politik, okonomi og socialvidenskab fra Faculté Ouverte de Sciences Politiques. Economiques et Sociales).
In brief, all that remains is the effect of the training on the individual worker plus the implication that no collective impact (in terms of employment or the collective handling of work organization) can be identified unless the scope of the measures is broadened.
"De almene uddannelser gennemføres næsten ude lukkende af fagforeninger og udgør ca. 15 % af al den uddannelse, der gives, men under 10 % af udgifterne... "
In order to have a better understanding of the issues at stake, it will be useful to present a brief summan' of the historical background.
Lovens primære mal er tor øvrigt at højne den arbejdende befolknings skok-uddannelsesniveau og ikke at imødekomme arbejdsgivernes behov.
In terms of quantity, the system has with out doubt increased the number of beneficiaries (from 20,000 before 1985 to a little over 50,000 today).
I 1990-1991 udgjorde deltager antallet 2" 000.
But it is still very marginal (2% of all persons employed in the private sector).