natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Siges det ikke og­så hyppigt, at de videnskabelige og tekni­ske opdagelser i løbet af fem eller ti år vil forny skalaen af den viden og kunnen, der kræves inden for de forskellige ar­bejdssektorer?
It is nowadays said that scientific and technical discoveries renew the range of know ledge and expertise required for work in the various sectors every 5 to 10 years. Whatever the sector, innovation is trans forming the design of products, goods and services which are incorporating more and more intelligence and culture.
Uanset sektor ændrer for­nyelserne udformningen af varer, goder og tjenesteydelser, som kræver stedse mere indsigt og uddannelse.
Innovation is changing production, accounting, communication and marketing methods: this is leading in turn to changes in the ways in which activities are structured and consequently to changes in jobs and skills.
Fornyelsen ændrer produktions­, regnskabs­, kom­munikations­ og afsætningsmidler, hvil­ket medfører forandringer i aktivitets­
Out side business, these innovations are not just changing life as a whole but also the problems facing individuals, families. communities and societies.
Men det er utvivlsomt oprettelsen af sted­se mere komplicerede informations­ og kommunikationsnet og dermed udviklin­gen af fjernstyrings­ og kontrolmulighe­derne samt mangedoblingen af de net, der fremmer personer, kapital, valuta og varers bevægelighed, der giver den egent­lige forklaring på samhandelens verdens­omspændende spredning, på produk­tionssystemernes verdensomspændende karakter og dermed på den stadig større brug af kvalitetsarbejdskraft med stedse stigende kvalifikationer.
The establishment of increasingly complex information and communications networks and the resultant development of remote command and control possibilities as well as the proliferation of networks promoting the circulation of people, capital, currencies and goods undoubtedly provide the best explanation of burgeoning worldwide trade, the globalization of the production system and therefore the in creasing use of high-quality and increasingly highly skilled human resources.
I vore dage op­bygges virksomhederne også i net.
These days businesses are also structured as networks.
De store virksomheder prøver for øvrigt på at ændre sig til profitcentre og mere eller mindre selvstændige enheder.
Attempts are being made by major enterprises to redevelop in the form of profit centres and more or less autonomous units.
I videst muligt omfang benytter de sig af eksterne leverandører eller underleverandører.
They use outside suppliers or subcontractors wherever possible.
Forvaltningsproblemerne bliver mere komplicerede og beslutningerne kræver strukturen og dermed i beskæftigelses­ og behandling af voksende mængder data
Man agement problems are becoming more complex and decisions have to be based on increasing amounts of information on inhouse flows, markets, customers, suppliers and sub-contractors.
Ændringernes mangfoldighed og tiltagende hastighed om interne bevægelser, markeder, kun­der, leverandører og underleverandører.
Several factors have played a part in de valuing skills and experience and continuing to raise the thresholds of entry require ments for jobs.
Uden for virk­somheden ændrer disse forandringer ikke blot livet, men også mennesker, husstan­de, institutioner og virksomheders pro­blemer.
For some people, however, an "onion" shape provides a better illustration of the outcome of these changes since it provides a better picture of changes in the demand
Flere faktorer bidrager til devaluering af kompetencer og erfaringer og til fortsat højnelse af det niveau, der kræves ved ar­bejdets påbegyndelse.
The rapid shift of less skilled and heavier activities generating greater pollution to the less-developed countries where society still has little control over investment can be explained by the growth of these worldwide networks and worldwide honeycombs of firms.
De forklarer kvali­fikationspyramidens større højde. Men nogle foretrækker at fremstille resultatet
Exports of deskilled jobs from the North are playing some part at least in the accelerated industrialization of some countries of the South.
Professor ved Louvains Universitet
Professor, University of Louvain
Også kulturen viser sig blandt ændrings­kræfterne og bliver ligeledes til en pro­duktiv kraft.
Culture also has a place among these forces for change. It is becoming a production force.
Tidligere syntes den kultu­relle udvikling at befinde sig i kølvandet på den økonomiske udvikling, som frem­mede mæcenatet.
In the past, cultural development seemed to follow in the wake of economic development promoting patronage.
I vore dage går kræf­ternes spil lidt efter lidt i den modsatte ret­ning.
At present the forces seem gradually to be moving in the opposite direction.
Siden industrialiseringens begyn­delse kan der sondres mellem tre store fa­ser alt efter de benyttede produktive kræfter: energien og beherskelsen af den­nes forskellige former ved den industriel­le revolutions iværksættelse; i anden fase videnskaben og teknikken og til sidst kul­turen og inddragelsen af en kulturel hold­
Since industrialization began, three main stages can be pinpointed in terms of the production forces at work: energy and the domestication of its various forms bringing about the industrial revolution, science and technology during the second stage and finally culture and the inclusion of a cultural strategy and dimension in the renewal and
Som følge af afindustrialiseringen i de nordlige lande oplever disse en forskyd­ning af aktiviteten hen imodtjenesteydel­sessektoren: forsyning og distribution (handel, transport og kommunikation),
The de-industrialization of some northern countries is causing a shift towards service-sector activities and jobs: towards utilities and distribution (commerce, trans-
vel på etisk, videnskabeligt, teknisk og økonomisk plan som på politisk, kulturelt og socialt plan.
consequently means making every effort to reduce risks and resolve the problems which accompany rapid change and which take place at an ethical, scientific, technical, economic, technological and ecological level as well as a political, cultural and social level at one and the same time.
Paradoksalt nok mange dobles de sociale risici og problemer for alle befolkningskategorier i de rigeste og mest dynamiske samfund.
Paradoxically, therefore, social problems and risks are increasing for all types of people in the wealthiest and most dynamic societies.
Foruden arbejdsløsheden rammer også behovene for konstant omstilling, kvalifikationstilpasning og forandringernes tempo de lavere samfundskategorier hårdt, hvilket skrøbeliggør alle institutioner og befolknings kategorier i et samfund.
Over and above unemployment, the constant need to redeploy and adapt skills and the ever faster pace of change are attacking the various communities at the roots and gradually placing all the institutions and groups within a society on a precarious footing.
Vil man derfor imødekomme de sociale krav og de krav, der følger af internationalisering og nationernes økonomiske samling (som f.eks. i fremtidens Europa) vil kvalifikationsskalaen kun blive større.
At present, as Georges Gilder has pointed out, SMEs can put scientific and technological discoveries to profitable use in medium-sized or even small production runs.
Blandt de mindre behagelige konsekvenser heraf er der selvfølgelig farerne for et samfund med to niveauer.
The same is true of reprogrammable machines, information and communications microtechnology and technologies assisting with design, management and decision-making.
I et mere kon kurrencedygtigt samfund, som hurtigere veksler, fører (den løgformede) kvalifikationspyramide til strengere og strengere udvælgelse og dermed til mangedobling af dem, der »kasseres«, især fordi fordelingskurven for de naturlige egenskaber og intelligenskvotienterne fortsat frem træder i form af en normal fordeling (Gauss' kurve).
These innovations do not just make it easier to manage information flows in keeping with increasingly voluminous production flows but help, in particular, to reduce the scale of production and differentiate products.
Det er sikkert et af de større problemer, som vore samfund nu og fremover kommer til at stå over for. I takt med at kravene i samfundet som helhed højnes, risikerer det voksende antal ude lukkede og marginaliserede at gøre de sociale problemer i forbindelse med beskæftigelse, tilværelse og bolig mere akutte.
The same is true of the miniaturization of apparatus or the proliferation of new materials.
Det er ikke uden indflydelse på de kvalifikationer, der vil kræves til løsning af så danne problemer.
If social needs, as well as those resulting from growing internationalization and economic groupings of nations (for in stance the Europe of the future) are to be met, the range of skills which can be called upon will have to be extended.
luksustjenesteydelser, fordelingstjenesteydelser (bank, forsikring og skattevæsen) og produktionstjenesteydelser (produktion, undervisning, forskning, information og alle virksomheder, der frembringer og fordeler kunnen og kultur).
Service-sector jobs are also proliferating in industrial firms: what is sometimes called meta-industrialization. In their quest for economies of scale or range, these firms are building up technological and scientific research divisions, analysis laboratories and advertising and marketing services.
Inden for EF repræsenterer tjenesteydelsessektorennuover60% afalle arbejdspladser.
When they cannot do this themselves, they call on outside services specializing in these various fields.
fritid som følge af arbejdstidsnedsættelse, men også uddannelses- og kulturniveauets højnelse, højere indkomst (mange husstande har to indkomster), ønsket om velfærd, livskvalitet og den betydning, der tillægges den personlige fremtoning, interessen for miljø og arbejdsvilkår samt det enkelte menneskes rettigheder og især retten til at være anderledes.
This fundamental change in production strategy (the shift from an economy of size to an economy of range) and in technological development strategy (multi-purpose and "reprogrammable" machines) is obviously linked to increasing competition as well as people's tastes and aspirations and the needs of communities and institutions. These changes have undoubtedly been advanced by the far-reaching recession of the 1970s.
Den ændrede produktionsog organisationstankegang
These trends are summarized in Table 1 below.
Inden for denne økonomi, der nu er ver densomspændende, stilles der stedse højere krav til produkternes kvalitet og pålidelighed samt til produktivitet og kon kurrenceevne.
Qualitative changes in tastes and aspirations, due to some extent to advertising and the media, are also helping to change the skill pyramid.
For at forstå det, der sker i forbindelse med kvalifikationen, er det ikke nok at vi se, hvordan ændringerne går hurtigere og hurtigere, men måske især hvordan en grundlæggende ændring viser sig i forbindelse med produktionstankegangen og i forbindelse med den tekniske udvikling.
The increase in leisure time due to reduced working hours as well as higher educational and cultural levels, higher incomes (due largely to dual in comes in households where women work), the search for a better standard of living, the importance attributed to personal ap pearance and the stress placed on the quality of the environment and good working conditions as well as personal rights and, in particular, the right to be different are also playing a part in this change.
Men der bliver også flere servicestillinger inden for industrien; nogle kalder det me taindustrialisering.
The risk of a dual society is obviously one of the less agreeable results of these challenges.
Ud fra ønsket om be sparelser ved masseproduktion opbygger disse virksomheder tekniske og videnskabelige forskningsafdelinger, analyselaboratorier, reklame- og marketingafdelinger.
As the requirements of society as a whole rise, the increasing number of people left by the wayside and marginalized may well make social problems in the areas of work, life and accommodation more acute.
Når de ikke selv kan gøre det, hen vender de sig til udenforstående, til specialvirksomheder på disse områder.
This trend towards a global economy has meant that product quality and reliability need be increasingly high in the same way as productivity and competitiveness.
Men forskellen mellem industrivirksomheder og servicevirksomheder bliver ligesom mellem goder og tjenesteydelser mindre klar, i takt med at materiel støtte bidrager til tjenesteydelsernes industrialisering, og intelligensen indgår i produktions- og for brugsgoderne.
If we are to understand what is happening in the area of qualifications, it is not enough to show that change is accelerating but that basic changes are taking place in production as well as technological de velopment strategies.
Men mange andre faktorer forklarer de øgede kvalifikationskrav i de avancerede samfund, ikke mindst nødvendigheden af at leve op til de mangedoblede og forværrede sociale problemer og risici.
One of the many other factors which have played a part in raising qualification levels in the most advanced societies is the need to find solutions to proliferating and worsening social problems and risks.
Eksempelvis er antallet af ulykker i stigning, ikke blot i trafikken, men også i hjemmene.
For in stance, numbers of accidents are increasing not just on the road but also at home.
Det samme gælder de kroniske sygdomme, fordi folk lever længere.
People are living longer with the result that chronic disease is growing.
Nye epidemiske sygdomme som AIDS dukker op.
New epidemic diseases such as AIDS are appearing.
Andre svøber som narkotika og vold tager til.
New plagues such as drugs and violence are sweeping the world.
Tilstræbeisen af en kvalitativ ud vikling forudsætter derfor, at man tager alvorligt fat på mindskelse af farerne og på løsning af de problemer, der ledsager de hastige ændringer, der finder sted så
Until recently, scientific and technological advances promoted mass production.
Ændringen skyldes bl.a. den større
In overall terms, there is a short fall especially in the topqualification levels.
For ikke så længe siden favoriserede vi denskab og teknik især masseproduktionen.
In some cases, however, workers' qualifications are superior to the qualifications actually needed or the requirements laid down by employers.
Som Georges Gilder beskriver det, kan de videnskabelige og tekniske opdagelser overføres til og rentabiliseres af små og mellemstore produktionsvirksomheder, ja endog til produktion i små serier.
Qualifications are in a flux, however, as a result of the high speed of change in society, in the economy and in science and technology.
Det gælder både for maskiner, der kan omprogrammeres, og for data- og kommunikationsudstyr til udformning, forvaltning og beslutning.
In these circumstances employers are often happy to recruit workers who are overqualified as regards the work to be performed at a reasonable price.
Alle disse ny skabelser forbedrer ikke blot forvaltningen af informationsstrømmene i takt med
Bearing in mind that those who can do the most can also do the least, employers feel that workers who are overqualified now may provide for
Serviceselskaber
Industrial societies
Det samme gælder for ud styrets miniaturisering og for nye materialers udbredelse.
In some cases, therefore, it is not so much the nature of the qualification as the level of the diploma which is the reason for recruitment, if this diploma attests to the worker's autonomy and creativity.
Det er den om tvistelige, men bemærkelsesværdigt be skrevne teori, som Michael J. Piore og Charles S. Sabel fremsatte, og hvorpå de giver flere eksempler.
Systems based largely on the mass production of standardized consumer and production goods
Systemer til produktion af komplicerede helheder, produktionstjenesteydelser, service for personer, produkter med mange valgmuligheder, med høj indbygget »intelligens« og efter kundespecifikationer tioner
Systems based on the production of complex assemblies, production services, personal services, multioption products, incorporating high levels of intelligence and produced to customers' specifications
»Afmassificering« af produktionen og differentiering af produkter og kvaliteter i små og mellemlange serier
Smaller scale production with product and aualitv diversification in small and medium production runs
Manipulering af smag og forventninger ninger
Management of tastes and aspirations
Tilstræbelse af masseproduktion
Quest for economies of scale
Tilstræbelse af produktion i min dre serier
Quest for economies of range
Storbedrifter
Large-scale enterprise
Omlægning af storbedrifter til mange små og mellemstore virksomheder somheder
Redevelopment of large enterprise in the form of SMEs and proliferation of SMEs
Tabel 1 resumerer udviklingen.
Predominance of tangible capital (hardware)
Immateriel kapital (forskning, pa tenter, licenser) fremherskende
Predominance of intangible capital/ research/patents/ licences (software and "orgware")
Fysisk kapital (materiel) frem herskende
Management of production flows
Forvaltning af produktionsstrømme
Management of information flows, human skills and organizational problems
Forvaltning af informationsstrømme, menneskelig kompetence og organisatoriske problemer
The development of qualifications is not just a question of numbers, however, since a far-reaching diversification is also taking place.
Mekanisk og elektrisk udstyr
Specialist, single-purpose machines
Afdelinger med identiske maskiner
Qualifications as a source of tension and a bargaining tool
Fleksible afdelinger med differentierede maskiner
Economic use of energy and weak current
Brug af tung energi og stærkstrømsmaskiner
Use of heavy energy and highvoltage current
Økonomisk energianvendelse og brug af svagstrøm
Qualifications as an investment in human capital and a formal investment
Produktion ved lave temperaturer (mikrokemi og mikrobiologi)
Low temperature production (microchemistry and microbiology)
Produktion ved høje temperaturer (kemisk sværindustri)
High-temperature production (chemical engineering)
Megen transport og håndtering
Importance of transport and handling
Tilstræbelse af fleksibilitet
Search for flexibility
Efterfølgende kvalitetskontrol
Retrospective quality control
Løbende kontrol (»on line«)
On-line control
Geografisk koncentration af fabrikkerne
Geographical concentration of units
Som konklusion på denne præsentation kan det fastslås, at det af de ansatte for langte kvalifikations- og kompetenceniveau er stigende.
From the point of view of the worker and the enterprise, a qualification represents the acquisition of competence and experience and is a product, i.e. the result of this acquisition.
Alt i alt er der navnlig mangel på højere kvalifikationer.
A qualification is therefore an investment.
Det forhindrer ikke, at de af de ansatte i nogle tilfælde opnåede resultater ligger over de ønskede kvalifikationer eller de af arbejdsgiverne stillede krav.
Depending on the case, this investment is financed by the worker, the employer or enterprise or even by the State when skills need to be developed or equal opportunities need to be ensured.
Undertiden vil det alt så mindre være kvalifikationens art end eksamensbevisets niveau, der er udslaggivende for ansættelsen, hvis det giver sikkerhed for personens selvstændighed og kreativitet.
This investment in human capital is often the result of the combined efforts of all these people.
Geografisk og transnational spredning af fabrikkerne; udvikling af net af mangecellede fabrikker og brug af underleverandører er ikke sikkert, at arbejdernes organisationer uden videre accepterer en individualisering af ansættelsesbetingelser og aflønning.
Geographical and transnational distribution, multi-cell and honeycomb development of firms and use of sub contractors
Organiske modeller fremherskende fikationer, de giver.
Predominance of organic models
Forvaltning af produktionsstrømme og arbejdsorganisation
Management of human resources and organization of the enterprise
Forvaltning af menneskelige res sourcer og virksomhedsorganisation tion
Management of production flows and organization of work
Afhierarkisering og forkortelse af kommandovejen — indbyrdes kon takt mellem de forskellige niveau er, udvikling af projektgrupper
Removal of hierarchy and shortening of command chains - interdependence of levels - development of project groups
Tilnærmelse af kategorier og af udviklings-, organisations- og udøvende arbejde
Blurring of status and of design, organization and execution tasks
Teknisk arbejdsdeling og udstykning af opgaverne
Separation of categories by status (manual workers, employees and managers)
Erhvervsmæssig opdeling af arbejdet — opbygning af selvstændige grupper og mere betydningsfulde opgaver
Professional division of labour -development of autonomous groups and task enrichment
Altså er kvalifikation i samfundet resultatet af to investeringer, og den formelle er ikke den mindst vigtige.
Qualification in society is therefore the result of a two-tier investment in which the formal investment does not play a negligible role.
Placering i flere lande — opbygning af in- og eksterne kommunikationsnet kationsnet
Location predominantly on national territory
Smidighed og tilpasning tilstræbes
Flexibility and adaptability sought
Formalisme i forbindelser og adfærd
Formalization of relationships and practices
Specialisering og opsplitning af kunnen og viden
Specialization and compartmentalization of knowledge
Tværfaglighed og kombination af kunnen og viden og certificeres: en skole, en virksomhed eller en hvilken som helst anden nærmere betegnet instans.
Multi-disciplinary nature and combination of knowledge status from the categories of manual worker and employee.
Kvalifikationen som kilde til spændinger og genstand for forhandlinger
In modern societies qualifications (trades and occupations) generally have a title and a definition of the skills and abilities re quired before someone decides to acquire this or that vocational qualification.
I de moderne samfund har kvalifikationerne (fag og erhverv) almindeligvis en betegnelse og en definition af kompetencer og krævede egenskaber forud for det valg, der træffes af en person om at er hverve denne eller hin faglige kvalifika tion.
A qualification is also what economists call a formal investment (L. Thevenot and M. Maurice, 1986).
De kompetencebetegnelser og -definitioner, der skal erhverves, de program mer, der skal følges, og de beviser, der skal opnås, giver arbejderen mulighed for at orientere sig inden for uddannelses- og kvalifikationssektorerne, navnlig når disse kvalifikationer har en klar placering på uddannelses- og beskæftigelsesmarkedets skala over anerkendte fag og erhverv.
Over and above the investment made for the purpose of ac quiring a qualification or the certificate which attests to its reality, an investment has to be made in society as a whole to ensure the social recognition of this qualification, its name, its content and the framework in which it can be acquired and validated: school, enterprise or any other context.
Eksempelvis er formelle investeringer den samlede indsats, der ydes, for at gøre et varemærke eller et nyt produkt kendt, for at få det ud af konkurrencen ved at give det et særligt kendetegn.
No qualification receives social recognition without a series of efforts made in advance, concurrently or jointly, by various parties.
Det samme gælder, når virksomhederne til stræber legalisering af ledergruppen til forskel fra arbejdere og funktionærer.
Any genuine qualification is therefore a social construct imposed by employers as a whole or individually or in contrast by workers, for instance when computer personnel attempted to obtain separate recognition from other trades or occupations.
Både ud fra den ansattes og virksomhedens synspunkt er kvalifikationen på én gang en kompetence- og erfaringserhvervelsesproces og et produkt, nemlig det af denne proces opnåede resultat.
As a rule, of thumb this formal investment is made up of all the costs which one or a number of economic and social partners incur in establishing a definition.