natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
De vigtigste af disse ordninger er for be skæftigede: Professional Industrial and Commercial Updating Programme (PIKKUP), OPEN TECH, Open University, Training for Skills Programme, videregående uddannelser og arbejdsgiver-tiltag. For ledige er der to hovedtyper af voksenuddannelse: Training Opportunities Programme (TOPS) og samfundsprogrammet.
In its first year (1984­85) the PICKUP initiative, funded mainly be the Department of Education & Science (DES), together with the MSC, funded 17 large and over 100 small scale schemes. Examples of the larger projects include a scheme to tackle the UK shortage of computer software engineers, an advanced manufacturing techniques training programme, and a high street training shop acting as a drop­in information centre on training and education opportunities and backed by local firms, colleges and the chamber of commerce. The cost was UKL 1.3 million. For 1985 ­ 86 the level of funding has been increased to UKL 2.9 million. Over 60 projects have been started under the OPEN TECH scheme, which aims to promote training and retraining opportunities for employed adults, at management, technician and supervisory levels.
Det skal dog bemærkes, at der ikke altid gøres et klart skel mellem uddannelse for ledige og for beskæftigede, f.eks. har Open University også ledige kursister, og beskæftigede har adgang til TOPS-støtte til kurser. I det følgende behandles disse ordninger hver for
OPEN TECH was launched by the MSC in 1982, and provides funds for other organizations to start projects that help employees learn new skills without
Rapporter sig, og derefter undersøges udformingen af en kommende strategi for voksenuddannel­se i UK.
'A failure to invest in retraining and change is, however, a failure to invest in the future'.
De videregående uddannelsers fremtid i UK blev behandlet i den for nylig udgivne grønbog med henvisning til den rolle, der tilkommer universiteter, tekniske højskoler og teknika i voksenundervisningen (HMSO 1985).
'The unemployed deserve, and receive, special attention' (HMSO 1985).
Det an­slås, at omkring 6 000 beskæftigede har deltaget i OPEN TECH i dets første år med et budget på 3,75 millioner UKL.
employment for long-term unemployed adults on projects that are intended to be of benefit to the community.
Grønbogen er ikke særlig begejstret for statsstøtte til videregående uddannelse af voksne, den foretrækker i stedet at arbejds­givere afholder udgifterne til kurser til imødegåelse af deres særlige behov, og at voksne elever med fast arbejde yder et væsentligt bidrag til deres egne kurser.
Its target group is people aged 18-24 who have been unemployed for over six of the previous nine months, and those aged 25 and over who have been unemployed for at least 12 of the previous 15 months.
Open University anvender fjernundervis­ning i sit undervisnings­ og uddannelses­program for voksne.
In 1982/83 the Community Programme found temporary work for 40 000 unemployed people.
Dets kurser omfatter både erhvervsrettede og ikke­erhvervsrette­de programmer.
In 1983/84 the number participating had risen to 113 000 at a cost of UKL 400 million.
Omkring 100 000 studerer hvert år ved Open University, heraf deltager 40% i kurser uden afsluttende eksamen.
In spring 1985 the number of places on the Community Programme was expanded by 100 000 to 230 000, at an additional cost of UKL 140 million.
Der lægges særlig vægt på videreud­dannelses­ og ajourføringskurser, PICKUP skal bistå universiteter, højere læreanstalter og tekniske skoler med at tilrettelægge kurser og undervisningsmetoder, der kan imødekomme lokale arbejdsgiveres behov.
The report gives examples of just what individual employers are doing to retrain and update their staff, e.g. providing electronics skills to electricians, training assembly workers to be test technicians.
Det forsøges at sikre, at uddannelsessekto­ren tilbyder mere relevante og smidige kur­ser, der kan imødekomme erhvervslivets behov (HMSO 1984).
Examples of other good training practices are also now being given prominent attention in the United Kingdom in order to encourage other employers to adopt good training practices, or any training at all (see, for example, Department of Employment 1984).
PICKUP, hovedsage­lig finansieret af Undervisningsministeriet, ydede sammen med MSC tilskud til 17 store og mere end 100 mindre ordninger.
With an increasing awareness of the need for employee training, one might reasonably expect a substantial increase in employer initiatives in the coming years.
Blandt de større projekter var et program til imø­degåelse at mangelen på EDB­programmø­rer i UK, et uddannelsesprogram for avan­ceret produktionsteknik samt en »uddan­nelsesbutik« på hovedgaden, hvor interes­serede kunne få oplysninger om uddannel­sesmuligheder.
However, other than where fees are waived for the unemployed (usually at the initiative of individual institutions) or where TOPS support is available for specific courses, participation by unemployed adults on such courses can be problematic in the UK.
Sidstnævnte var støttet af lokale firmaer, uddannelsesanstalter og handelskammeret.
In order to receive unemployment benefits, individuals have to be available for work.
Der blev hertil anvendt 1,3 millioner UKL.
If they are registered for a full-time or substantial part-time course in higher education they do not meet the test of availability.
For 1985­86 er bevil­lingerne forhøjet til 2,9 millioner UKL.
There are no plans to change this in order to permit unemployed people to participate more fully on adult training courses in higher education.
Men bortset fra, at ledige kan fritages for gebyrer (i almindelighed på den enkelte læreanstalts initiativ), eller at der kan ydes TOPS­støtte til særlige kurser, kan ledige voksnes deltagelse i sådanne kurser være noget problematisk i UK.
Unemployed people on Community Programme schemes will not normally spend less than three months but cannot spend more than 12 months on the programme, with approval for individual schemes being given for 12 months at a time.
For at få dagpen­ge skal ledige stå til rådighed for arbejds­markedet.
For approval a project should involve work that would not otherwise have been carried out.
Hvis de er indskrevet til heltids­eller næsten heltidskurser i forbindelse med videregående uddannelse, opfylder de ikke kravet om at stå til rådighed.
In 1983/84 over 66 000 adults in the UK completed courses sponsored by the Training Opportunities Programme (TOPS).
Der foreligger ingen planer om at ændre dette, så ledige i højere grad kan deltage i videregående uddannelseskurser for voksne.
Increased emphasis is now being given to training in the new technologies, small business opportunities and in work preparation training.
Der tilbydes over 120 kurser med afslutten­de kompetencegivende eksamen, mange af disse kan anvendes til opdatering af viden.
A particular concern with TSPA is a possible displacement effect, in that the state may be paying employers to do the training that they would have carried out even in the absence of grant aid.
Der er også et stigende antal kortere kurser med henblik på uddannelse, omskoling og bedre livskvalitet.
The MSC themselves consider that the Training for Skills Programme has made 'only a marginal and often short term impact'. (MSC, 1983)
Open University bruges i stigende grad af arbejdsgivere som en del af en standard »uddannelsespakke«.
The Community Programme is explicitly an unemployment alleviation and work experience measure, and is very different from the other schemes discussed in this article, in that it invariably at present contains no training element whatsoever.
Særlig bemærkelsesværdig er den åbne handels­skole, som i samarbejde med PICKUP (se ovenfor) havde 1 600 elever på sine første kurser, der begyndte efteråret 1983.
It is included in this article since it is the single largest programme for the unemployed, and yet, in spite of the apparent recognition at the highest levels of the importance of adult training for the unemployed, it remains a work creation measure.
Hertil kommer, at over 25 000 ledere i erhvervsli­vet har deltaget i mikroprocessor­kurserne, siden de begyndte i 1981.
The instructions to those proposing new schemes are clear on this point:
Både beskæftige­de og ledige deltager i Open Universitys lange og korte kurser.
'As a Community Programme sponsor you will not be required to provide training'.
Under OPEN TECH er der iværksat mere end 60 projekter, der tager sigte på at styrke uddannelses­ og omskolingsmulighederne for voksne beskæftiget på ledelsesniveau eller som teknikere eller værkmestre.
Participants in the TOPS programme are a mixture of those in employment and wishing to acquire new skills (or update old ones), the registered unemployed and those planning to re-enter the labour market.
OPEN TECH blev oprettet af MSC i 1982 og stiller midler til rådighed for andre organisationer til iværksættelse af projek­ter, der giver arbejdstagere mulighed for at erhverve nye færdigheder uden afbrydelse af deres daglige arbejde.
In the early 1980s these first two groups, of similar sizes, represented up to nine in ten of those applying for TOPS courses. Women trainees, in particular, viewed TOPS courses as a method of re-entering employment after a period of time in child-rearing.
Det særlige træk ved denne ordning er anvendelsen af utra­ditionelle metoder og fjernundervisning, f.eks. tekster til hjemmestudium, video­ og kassettebånd.
In a 1981 follow-up survey of TOPS trainees, which took place 15—17 months after the end of the course (MSC 1981a), 80 % were in employment and, of these, 60 % were in jobs where they used the skills acquired.
De to hovedmål for program­met er: vm
Only 6 % had had no job in the time since leaving the course.
■ at skabe en mere åben og bredere adgang til eksisterende undervisnings­ og uddannel­sesmuligheder;
In the past four years, the proportion finding work have fallen markedly, leading to the TOPS programme being the subject of close review.
■ at tilbyde nye undervisnings­ og uddan­nelsesmuligheder i forbindelse med behov, der bedst kan imødekommes ved hjemme­studium.
■ retraining can lead to improvements in job design and the use of scarce high level skills.
Ud over fjernundervisningen er de særlige kendetegn for OPEN TECH, at det er baseret på enkeltprojekter, der forudsætter et samarbejde, som kan udbygges, og som er erhvervsrettede.
This rather discouraging approach to the training of Community Programme participants may be changing, however. In the Manpower Services Commission's consultative document 'Towards an Adult
Det tager også sigte på at imødekomme
The Community Programme started in October 1982, providing temporary
Open University anvender fjernundervisning i sit program .
The NEDO (1985) report concludes that:
■ Omskoling kan være et reelt alternativ til ledighed.
Dossier and unemployed, and to enable and encourage them to adapt to change'.
I MSC's udredning »To­wards an Adult Training Strategy« og i dens reformforslag henstilles, at grunduddannel­se og forberedelse til arbejdslivet kobles sammen med arbejdserfaring gennem sam­fundsprogrammet.
Training Strategy' and in its proposals for action, it has been suggested that basic training and work preparation should be linked with work experience through the Community Programme.
Hvis det vedtages, kan der fremtidig indgå op til 13 ugers forbere­delse til arbejdslivet eller grunduddannelse i samfundsprogrammet.
If adopted, in future the Community Programme could include up to 13 weeks' work preparation or basic skills training.
En strategi for voksenuddannelse
An adult training strategy
Målgruppen er 18 ­ 24 årige, som har været ledige i mere end 6 af de sidste 9 måneder, og 25 årige og derover, som har været ledige i mindst 12 af de sidste 15 måneder.
References restructuring its own training provision, starting in 1985/86, into two programmes.
Eksempler på anden god uddannelsespraksis bliver nu særlig frem­hævet i UK for at tilskynde andre arbejds­givere til at gøre ligeså eller dog tilbyde en eller anden form for uddannelse (jf. arbejdsministeriet 1984).
This restructuring has already been supported by the UK government (HMSO 1984).
1982­1983 var 40 000 ledige midlerti­digt beskæftiget under dette program.
The first programme will be industry-focused, providing the employed and unemployed with job-related training directed to ascertained labour market needs.
1983 ­ 1984 var dette tal steget til 113 000, udgifterne beløb sig til 400 millioner UKL.
The second programme aims to give assistance to the unemployed who may need to improve their chances of finding work after long spells of unemployment.
Foråret 1985 sattes antallet af pladser under programmet op med 100 000 til 230 000 med en forøgelse af bevillingerne på 140 millioner UKL.
This second programme may use altered TOPS and Community Programme schemas as suitable vehicles for delivery.
Med en stigende forståelse for behovet for uddannelse af ansatte er der grund til at
Under the two programmes, it has been estimated that, in future, 250 000 people would be trained each year (one-half of whom would be unemployed).
Ledige beskæftiges under programmet nor­malt i mindst 3, men højst 12 måneder, de
According to the White Paper (HMSO 1984), this would represent a substantial increase on existing MSC training provision — up from the 110 000 trained in 1984, 80 000 of whom were unemployed.
Voksenuddannelsen be­finder sig dog stadig i støbeskeen, endnu er der ikke truffet afgørelse om en række vigtige spørgsmål, heriblandt uddannelses­elementet i programmer for ledige og finan­
Adult training provision is still in a state of flux, however, with decisions on a number of key issues, including the training content of programmes for the unemployed and funding arrangements, including the use of loans, still to be resolved.
Det anslås, at der fremtidig årligt kan uddannes 250 000 personer (halvdelen heraf ledige). Ifølge hvidbogen (HMSO 1984) ville dette betegne en væsentlig forøgelse af MSC's nuværende uddannelsestilbud - der blev i 1984 uddannet 110 000, heraf 80 000 ledige.
Alongside this restructuring, and the main tenance of adult training programmes such as PICKUP and OPEN TECH, a national campaign has been mounted to raise the awareness of all the parties concerned of the need for vocational training for adults in the UK.
Oversigt udarbejdet af IFF Research Limited for MSC.
A survey carried out by IFF Research Limited for MSC.
Behovet for voksenuddannelse er nu erkendt.
To meet these aims the MSC is
At imødekomme dette behov vil tage betydelig længere tid.
'We need to upgrade the skills of those already in the labour force, both employed
Sidestillingen af erhvervenes kvalifikationsbeviser i Det europæiske Fællesskabs medlemsstater:
qualitative approach and approves a further guideline which, while recognizing the differences in training courses in the Member States, finds that 'the final qualifications giving access to similar fields of activity are in practice broadly comparable'.
Efterfølgende korte dokumentation forsøger at opridse udviklingen med hensyn til anerkendelse og sidestilling af erhvervenes kvalifikationsbeviser ved hjælp af centrale EF-dokumenter og dokumenter fra EF-in-stitutioner.
To this effect, the resolution recommends the com pilation of lists of diplomas, certificates and other evidence of qualifications recognized as being equivalent and the setting up of 'advisory committees'.
Anerkendelsesproblematikken opviser i alt fire forskellige aspekter, der dog hænger sammen indbyrdes: - anerkendelsen af afsluttende prøver til erhvervsmæssige for mål; - anerkendelsen af ikke-akademiske erhvervsuddannelses kvalifikationer; — an erkendelsen af diplomer med akademiske formål; — anerkendelsen af skoletiden til skolemæssige formål. ') mellem kortsigtede aktioner og mere lang sigtede mål (som f.eks. tilnærmelsen af uddannelsesniveauer og — strukturer og den gensidige anerkendelse af kvalifikationsbeviser), og fordi de til rådighed stående midler var utilstrækkelige. Rådet udarbejdede derefter almindelige retningslinjer for et fælles handlingsprogram inden for faglig uddannelse.6).
Despite the measure proposed, the Com mission felt the Community's progress towards the recognition of vocational train ing certificates was too slow: 'radical differ ences in the structure and organization of vocational training in the various Member States had made comparisons very difficult, and rendered it virtually impossible to achieve any conclusive results.9 results achieved by Cedefop's expert groups, the Commission submitted to the Council on 20 September 1983 a 'proposal for a Council decision on the comparability of vocational training qualifications be tween the Member States of the European Community'.19This mainly provides for: 'the adoption of a Community structure of levels of training; the endorsement of the basic methodology for establishing the comparability of vocational training qualifications for given occupations or groups of occupations; common action by the Member States to enable workers to use their vocational training qualifications for the purposes of access to related employment in another Member State; scope for the Member States to utilize existing structures and arrangements for the implementation of the provisions of this Decision; the establish ment in each Member State of a national coordination office; the periodic review and updating of the agreed Community job descriptions and comparative tables relating to the comparability of vocational train ing qualifications; the submission of per iodic national reports on the practical implementation of the arrangements and the results'.20
Det nye program, der skal forelægges for Rådet af Kommissionen med støtte fra det trefløjede (regering, arbejdsgivere, arbejdstagere) rådgivende udvalg for erhvervsuddannelse så som sit mål en fælles politik for erhvervsuddannelsen.
After favourable opinions had been delivered by the Economic and Social Committee on 14 December 198321and by the European Parliament on 17 February 1984,22the Commission submitted an amended and extended proposal,23which places particular emphasis on the importance of rapid progress towards the comparability of vocational training qualifications for all skilled workers and subsequently for other levels of training.
Med hensyn til tilnærmelse af uddan nelsesniveauerne kræver retingslinjerne, at den faktiske betydning af de forskellige eksamensbeviser for den pågældendes erhvervsløbebane i al almindelighed (burde) prøves ... og der burde udvikles en metode, der letter den gensidige anerkendelse af eksamensbeviser, der udstedes ved afslutningen af en bestemt uddannelse.7) adgangen til at optage og udøve selvstændig erhvervsvirksomhed.
The same view is taken in the report of the 'ad hoc Committee on a People's Europe' ,24 which urges the Council to invite the Community institutions 'to intensify their efforts towards greater transparency of evidence of professional qualifications' and 'to consider the introduction of a European vocational training pass for craftsmen and workers with special qualifications'.25
Som eksempler på selvstændig virksomhed omtales i artikel 57 specielt bankvirksomhed, lægegerning og lignende virksomhed samt farmaceutisk virksomhed.4) Støttet på artikel 128 i EØF-traktaten og med det mål at sikre den fundamentale ret til fri bevægelighed og etableringsfrihed samt at støtte gennemførelsen af en fælles politik for effektiv erhvervsuddannelse, hår Rådet den 2. april 1963 truffet en afgørelse om gennemførelse af en fælles politik for faglig uddannelse.s) Med henblik på gennemførelsen af de i ti almindelige principper fastsatte mål nedsattes der samtidig et rådgivende udvalg ved Kommissionen.
At the Commission's request the Institute for University Studies submitted a scientific study on the 'Approximation of Levels of Training in the Process of Harmonizing Vocational Training in the European Com munity' in 1973, an extended version following in 1974.10The authors — Gabriel Fragniere and Burkart Sellin — see the purpose of their study as being 'to facilitate as far as possible a comparison of the systems in the various countries' and 'to establish a common reference framework which enables future developments to be covered.'
I det ottende princip i afgørelsen fastlægges det, at en fælles erhvervsuddannelsespolitik må være af en sådan beskaffenhed,» at den muliggør en gradvis tilnærmelse af uddannelsesniveauerne«.
They took as their basis the professional qualifications themselves rather than the training courses from which they derive.
Derefter skal Kommissionen sammen med medlemsstaterne efter behov opstille har moniserede beskrivelser af de almene krav, der skal være opfyldt for at få adgang til de forskellige uddannelsestrin inden for fag, der kræver en bestemt uddannelse. »På grundlag af disse beskrivelser skal der til stræbes en tilnærmelse af de objektive betingelser, der gælder for beståelse af afsluttende prøver, for derigennem at nå frem til gensidig anerkendelse af certifikater og andre beviser på en afsluttet faglig uddannelse.« De arbejder, der påbegyndtes på grundlag af denne afgørelse, har dog ikke ført til de ønskede resultater - som Kommissionen har meddelt Rådet det -fordi der først måtte samles metodologiske erfaringer, der ikke strengt nok blev sondret
Apart from adopting this innovative methodological approach, the study pro poses a Community structure of five train ing levels, which, with account taken of the length and objective of the training, largely correspond to semi-skilled work, skilled work, skilled work and the levels of training achieved by technicians and technical college and university graduates.11As two stages in the process of approximating training levels in the Member States, the authors propose the 'joint formalization and application of a global structure of levels' and a 'comparison of qualifications and the achievement of transparency in each sector of the economy and occupation al field'.12The study led the Advisory Committee for Vocational Training to set up a tripartite 'Expert Group for the
Det grundlæggende dokument for alle disse synspunkter er »Traktat om oprettelsen af Det europæiske økonomiske Fællesskab«.
The abovementioned documents resulted in the adoption of the 'Council decision of 16 July 1985 on the comparability of vocational training qualifications between the Member States of the European Communi ty'.26.
Anerkendelsesproblematikken er der ind ordnet i den større sammenhæng: fri bevægelighed, fri bevægelse for tjenesteydelser og kapital, samt socialpolitikken.2) Ved siden af artiklerne 48 og 49 (gennemførelse af fri bevægelighed) og 128 (Rådets gen nemførelse af almindelige principper for faglig uddannelse med henblik på gennem førelse af en fælles politik) tilkommer der navnlig artikel 57 betydning, hvor som eneste sted anerkendelsen eksplicit omtales: »for at lette adgangen til at optage og udøve selvstændig erhvervsvirksomhed, udsteder Rådet . . . direktiver om gensidig anerkendelse af eksamensbeviser, certifikater og andre kvalifikationsbeviser.«3) Med henblik på det samme er der i artikel 57, stykke 2, fastsat, at Rådet udsteder direktiver om samordning af medlemsstaternes love og administrativt fastsatte bestemmelser om
Although this decision, which is directed at the Member States and the Commission, largely follows the Commission's proposal, it also contains a number of modifications, relating primarily to the pro posed adoption of the structure of levels of training. In the Council's view this structure
For den videre støtte til arbejdet med hensyn til gensidig anerkendelse af eksamensbeviser, certifikater og andre for melle kvalifikationsbeviser vedtog Rådet den 6. juni 1974 en resolution, i hvilken betydningen af retningslinjerne vedrørende
The technical work was transferred to the 'European Centre for the development of vocational training' (Cedefop), which was founded in 1975, explicit reference being made to the recognition problem in the regulation establishing this organization.
Efter anbefalende udtalelser fra Det økonomiske og sociale Udvalg af 14. 12.
For the directives adopted by the Council see Bulletin of the European Communities, No 10, 1983, pp. 106-109.