natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Denrralmeneerhvervsuddannelsert erden,derfinderstedidetalmindeligeuddannelsessystem.
Although there may be some deficiencies, there is a general attitude of collaboration with the social agents.
Detnuvarende andet trln af erhvervsuddannelsen vl1 bllve erstattet af den säkaldte rfteknlsk-fagllge uddannelserl (rrEducacl6nTdcnlco-profeelonalr) , der vlI bestä af enstyrke Ise to af niveauer,hvorafdethtj este forudsdtter de videregEende uddannetser.
Autonomous Communities ang those in smaller areas, for example in ρrονι ηces aη d c o uη t ies.
Det andet store omrSdeinden for den post-obLigatoriske uddennelse af unge over16ärerdenfrerhvervarettedeuddan-nelgen.Etgrundlaggendetrokveddenne uddannelse €tr at den t hoJere grad er ttlpaeaet de nest pätrangende behov I erhvervsllvet fren for et give eleverne en egentllg brancheorienteret undervlsnlng; undertlden er dette sldste dog ogBA nälet ned undervlsnlngen, nen den foregAr 1 sA fald gennen losnlng af praktlske opgaver.
On the other hang, "Second Grade Vocational Training" is evolving towards a truly alternative training, an objective that it is hoped will be attained completely with the new "techno­professional education".
Ofte onfatter betegnels€n rrerhverYgrettet uddannelsert ogsäkurserafkortere varlghed end 1 Ar, ret undervlsnlnß. hvls vl gär ud fra nendog nedenegentllgerhvervsorlente-Under aIle onstsndlgheder er det sädant det f,agllge lndhold og kursusPlanerne' detr der I Spanlen gfir under betegnelsen af at en gtor del rferhvervsrettet er uddannelserf, faktlsk
This brings with it a progressive collaboration with companies and business organisations and, secondarily, with the
Srunduddannelse.
Unions.
Denrralmeneerhvervguddannelserf og den rfetrhvervgrettede uddannelser kades stadlg tottere sannen.
The organisations of the social representatives are invited to make suggestions, and also reports and opinions to assist, in i t. s control .
For eksenpel er et af de nest poeltlve frenskrldt lndfsrelsen af praktlltperloderfor eleverne pä det sldste trln af den rralnene erhvervsuddannelgeo.
At the same time, the social agents a.re invited to debate on the current Reform and to participate in its instrumentation and exe­ cu.ti on.
For fä är slden var de unge, der havde enafdegrup-Nu ergltua- af,gangsekeanenfradenne erhverveuddannelse,F€frdervarhärdestrsntaf, arbeJdslssheden.
The legal development, of the right to education and related subjec­ tive rights, facilitates a basic homogeni ty in the treatment of the social agents on a statewide scale.
I flere onräder af Spanlen bllverover6OIafdeelever,derharhaftpraktlkpladger,senereansat1desenoe vlrksonheder.
Communities" are adapting to certain systems that do not violate their autonomy and, nevertheless, allow for an analogous respect.
Fornuatvende tilbage tll den rolIe, som arbeJdsnarkedets parter splller 1 denne sanmenhang, vtlvlpege päenparadoksalsituatlon.Indenforden_BAR_terhvervsrettedeuddan-nelserr er der stsrre traditlon for deres deltagelse end I den"alnene'l Imidlertld har nyndighederne indenfor det ekslsterende uddannelsessysten skabt et veldeflneret retltgt grundlag for de lnvolverede parters medlndflydelse pä uddannelsen, og llgeledes er staten rede tit at legge udfornnlngen af den nye_BAR_tteknlsk-fagllgeuddannelserr udtilar-bejdsnarkedetsparter.
for subjective rights. On the other hand, there is a "Conference of Educational Councillors from the Autonomous Communities" which allows efficient cooperation in administrative actions.
for af
In the other main area of
Denne tendensharderlmodlkkevaretsäentydlgindendentrerhvervsrettedeuddannelseil.Men slden slutnlngen ßgT kan der ogsä hersporesenfremgang.
This is partly due to there being no systematic legal development of the
Iden nugeldende rdtsorden er der fastlagt neget veldeflnerede ramner, son 1 ovrlgt glver rlge nullgheder forr ät de forskelllge lnteressegrupper kan sptlle en frentrodende ro1le.
Finally, we can mention participation i η ρ u b 1 i c t. r a i η i η g ins t. i t. u t i o η s a η α orog r a m m e s.
Den lovglvnlngamoaslge opfolgnlng af forfatnlngen er lkke blevet gennenfort 1 fuldt onfang for a!le bestennelgers vedkonmende; og dette gelder I endnu hoJere grad for udar- beJdelaen af regulatlver og den adnlnlgtratlve praksls.
The State finances its activities in occupa­ tional training, substantially from two sources of income: the so-called
Pä undervlsnlngaonrädet er der dog gennemfsrt et stort og detalJeret lovgivnlngsarbeJder hvls kerne er frDenkonstltutlonelle Lov on Ret ttl Uddannel'setraf 1985.
The said quote is paid by the social agents using the work, factor (0.607. of salaries is paid by the company and 0.
Endvldere er der pä admlnistrattvt plan vlst vllJe tll at fol.ge lovglvnlngcn op 1 praksls.
10% is charged to the worker).
Sksnt der er vlsse mangler, vlaer nyndighederne vllJe tll samarbeJde ned de forskeltlge lntereesegrupper 1 sanfundet.
This taxation on employment is not intended for qualifying the work force that pays it, in the companies that also pay quotas.
Sltuatlonenerdog denrat4OFafdenrfalmeneerhvervsud-dannelsetr er I prlvate honder.
The Quota serves fundamentally to finance a.ctions to insert or reinsert unemployed workers.
I de offentllge uddannelsescentre, der stär for undervlsnlngen pä erhvervsuddannelsens andet trln, - gon er den lkke-obllgatorlske 't er der oprettet skoler{d (trConseJosEscolaresrf ) sanmensat af repragentanter for lrrcre og elever.
It provides the State with the financ­ ing that national Administrations must provide to make up that, given by the European Social Fund.
Idlssecentrekanarbejdsmarkedetsparterkunhavelndl-rektelndflydelse.Men derinod er de reprosenteret 1 det statsLige skoLeorgan rrConsejoEscolar del Estadon, säveI son I de tilsvarende organer, der flndes i de autonome regloner oB, mere lokalt,foreksempelpäprovins-og dlstrlktsplan.
Following the disappearance of the Franco regime, possible coopera tion has had to face enormous obstacles ano conditioning factors.
Endvldereererhvervsuddannelsensanden delvedatudvlkleslghenimod enegentligvekseluddannelseretnälsom for-ventesatbllvenäetfuldtudnedden konnende'teknisk-fag-llgeuddannelsd'.
This type of effort has occured mainly at the "summit" of social organisations and has crystallised into important statewide cooperation, from 1978 to 1984.
Dette vll fsee til et stadlg bredere samarbeJde ned vlrksonheder og arbeJdsglverorganlsatlonerr I farste rakker oB i anden rakkenedfagbevegelsen.Organlsa-tlonernefärnullghedforatfremkomne nedforslag,lnfor-matlonogvurderlnger,sonletterkontrollennedonrädet.
But in 1984, with the "Economic and Social Agreement", fundamental pacts were reached for coopera tion in this field.
Desuden er arbeJdsnarkedets parter lndbudt tll droftelser af den reforn, der er under udarbeJdelser og tll ad deltage 1 dens udformnlngoggennenforelse..
Training quota") was lowered considerably, and in its place a contribution was created, administered tripartately and considered as temporary.
Den I loven nedfaldede ret til uddannelse og de derned forbundne rettlgheder frenner en ensartet behandllng af de forskeltige lnteressegrupper pä landsplan.
Training Quota was once again raised, and used for the financing of the mentioned programme.
De enkelteau-tononereglonergennemforerdisselovfastederettlghederpäensädan näde,ätderesautonome statuslkkelndskrankes,samtidlgned atdenavnterettlghederrespekterss.Derer
Management of this Plan by the Adminis tration, however, also saw the participation of the social agents,
endvldere oprettet et kontaktorgan for de reglonale undervlsnlngsnlnlstre ( rrConferencla de ConseJeros de Educacl < jn de Conunldades Autdngmagil), sorn ermed tll at frenme et effektivt sanarbeJde pä det admlnlstratlve plan.
and this included transfers of finance to private agents for the g i v i n g o f t r a i. η ι η g i η c ι υ ο ed in t h e Ρ r ο g ramme.
!rerhvervsrettede trnddrageIsen af arbejdsmarkedets parter i den
This public behaviour nas had a negative impact on Vocational
Hvad angär det andet store onrAde indenfor erhverveuddannelserner €F sltuatlonen nere uoverskuellg.
The major part of this financing is directed towards actions for professional insertion, reinsertion and reconversion.
Dette ekyldes tlI dele, at der lkke er gennenfort en syatematisk lovgivnlng, der folger forfatnlngens prlnclpper oP.
Continuous trining is the subject, of very limited attention and under very unequal conditions, according to the size of the company and the enthusiasm of the work force.
I Spanlen er der en lang tradltlon for vllkärllghed pä soclalomrädetr oB en vls traghed I syetenet logger hlndrlnger 1 veJen for en fuld udvlkling af retsstaten.
The social agents do not disagree with the ex i stance of a wide programme intended to favour professional insertion, reinsertion and reconversion.
Säledes er der ret fä lovfastede rettlgheder vedrorende uddannelse og begktftlgel.ser oB I vlgse tllfalde er de lkke ledsaget af tllstrekkellge garantler.
They also appea.r to accept that such a Programme should absorb the major part of the financing from the European
Dette er netop tl1foldet ned en af de f,ä rettlgheder, Eom er udtrykkellgt fastslAet 1 loven: nenllg retten til uddannelse, son alle lsnmodtagere har, og son er anerkendt 1 loven on arbeJder- ned rettigheder af 1980 (üEstatuto del og TrabaJadoresil).
What they do occasionally criticise are the concrete workings of the FIP Plan, and that the contribution from the Spanish
dernastdetomräde, hvor de bllaterale eIler multilaterale aktlvlteter er frenherskender oB hvorparterneerheltuaf-hanglge,onend dekannodtagestottefrastaten;endeltrgdetaftaleonräde;sottt erunderlagtregulerlngogkontrolfrastatensslde.T11 sldstkunne v1navne deltagelsen1deoffentllgeuddannelsescentreogdereskursusplaner.
In their view, this deviation makes difficult the effectiveness of the right to training of employed workers, which is current from the legal point of view, and puts a brake on the adaptation of the work force to the demands of technological and organisational innovation; this, in turn has important implications for the produc tivity and, therefore, competitiveness of the
Med hensyntl1nodlfikation, parternes ldet staten uddannelse pä grundlag af to hovedindtegtskllder! det säkatdte erhvervsuddannelsesbidrag (rrCuota de FornacLSn Pro- feslonalil) og Den Europalske Socialfond.
In any event, although polls and indicators are insufficient, it may be estimated that investments by business in training for em ployed workers are almost, double the Quota for Vocational Training, i.e., it is more than 17. of overall salaries.
Det navnte uddannelsesbidrag pälegges parterne I ethvert arbejdskontraktforhold; bldraget udgor Or6fr aflansunmenforvirksonheder- lonmodtagerens vedkomnende.
However, the Labour Administration is modifying its attitude towards cooperation in a positive direction.
nesvedkomnende og Ot1fifor af arbeJds- den arbejds-
In the regulations for the
Denne afglft,derlaggespäbeskefttgelsenkraft,anvendes ikketllefteruddannelseaf styrke,dersat1nen ned vlrksonhederne er ned til at betale den .
FIP Plan for 1988, financing is planned for mancomunai projects between business and union organisations, and these are even given priority.
Afgiften tJener f srstogf remmest tiI at f inansiere aktloner, der skal frenneindslusnlngen pä arbejdsnarkedet og onskollngen af de arbeJdslose.
As for participation by the social agents in public institutions and programmes, mention has already been made of financial partici pation, in "active" and "passive" terms.
Denne situatlon pävlrker t hoJ grad dialogen nellen arbeJdsnarkedets parter, son Franco-styrets fald banede veJ for, nen sanarbeJdet . erdog stodt pä store forhlndrlnger.
presence in Planning, following and control, we must centre this in a General
Ikke desto nindre har parterne taget neget poaltlve skrldt tl1 af forbedre forstAelsen.
Council in the National Employment Institute, as well as an Executive Commission and Provincial Commissions.
Dlsse lnltlatlver er fsrst og frenneet konnet fra toppen af de fagllge organlsatlonerr oB do er blevet udnsntet I onfattende aftaler ned regerlngent der er lndgAet fra 1978 tll1984.
The commissions are undergoing a reactivation, but their faculties refer basically to the possibility of suggesting end being informée,
Det ontalte obllgatorleke bldrag fra arbeJdsglverne og lsnnodtagerne tl1 erhvervguddannelse blev ganket betydellgt, og t stedet blev der fastlagt et nldlertldlgt bldragr der forvaltee af aLle tre parter I fallesskab.
In reality, these organisations possess competences, at least in a moral sense, but the Labour Administration does not. always accpet them as such.
Da nan säledes var ved at tage de fsrste skrldt pä dette aftaleomrAde, vedtog regerlngen et erhvervsuddannelsesprogran (nPlan de Fornacl6'n e Ineercldn Profeslonalil), gon fkke ysr blevet drsftet tllstrokkellgt ned arbeJdenarlredete parter (jf. vedtagelse pä regerlngsnodet den 30. apriL sa6ne är).
The source of participation on which most hopes are based at this time, is the "General Council for Vocational Trining", a tripartite organisation created under the
Arbejdsnarkedetsparterdeltagerdog 1adnlnl-strationenafprogrammet,som ogsäonfatteroverforselaffinansiellemidlertlfprlvateerhvervsuddannelsescentre.
It is a consultive body, but has important competences such as "Draw up and propose to the Government, for its approval, the national.! Programme for Vocational Training", and "To evaluate and control the execution of the national Programme and propose its updating".
Denne frengangsmäde fra statens side har tkke gavnet samarbeJdet pä erhvervsuddannelsesomrädet.
It may also draw up proposals and has other, more general competences covering prior information and evaluation.
Islgselvhardetontalteerhvervsuddannelsesprogramansporetarbejdsmarke-detspartertt1atv@re aktlve pä uddannelsesonrädetr nen deres initiattver har varet ensidige, taget enten af en enkelt arbejdsglverorganlsatlon eller et enkelt fagforbund.
Still in the field of 'occupational training", there are other areas in which the legal norms are completed that surround the activities of the social agents and administrative behaviour in these respects.
Fagforbundene nodtager1/20afprovenuetafuddannelsesbi-dragetrmens de enkelte arbeJdsglvere og de lokale arbejdsglverorganlsatloner modtager nastenhalvdelenafdetreste- rende belob.
Some Autonomous Communities are very active in catalysing social cooperation.
Efterog vldereuddannelsen er genstand for en neget begranset opnarksonhedr oB vllkärene for dens gennemforelse veksler neget alt efter virksonhedens stsrrelse og nedar- beJderstabens dynamik.
At the same time, almost all the Autonomous Communities possess bodies or sources to give effectiveness to participation in public institutions and programmes, or to support private Training acti- vi ties.
De synes ogsä at acceptere, ät et sädant program sluger starstedelen af
In many cases the financial resources for their activi ties come from the transfers from the Central or Autonomous Adminis tration (to a lesser extent from the European Social Fund).
mldlerne fra ESF.
In the case of Town Hails.
Detdeundertldenkrltlserer,erden konkrete udfornnlng, son progrannet har fäet, og at statens bldrag hldrsrer fra gn forn for afgtft, der päIagges 8F- beJdaglveren og lsnmodtageren. l.ten frenforaltkrltieeresselveanvendeleen afdlssenldler,son efterarbejdsmarkedetsperteroopfattelselndebarerenonlednlngaf, de nldler, derefter henelgten skulle vme tll rädlghed for uddannelsen af lonmodtagerner €Il rettlShed, der er fasteat ved Iov.
In many cases, participation by the social agents in public activities implies, at the same time, a certain degree of cooperation.
I etedeü breneee tllpasnlngen tl} de nye kravr son den teknologlake udvlkling og gtrukturforandrlngen stiller, hvllket haralvorllgefolgerforproduktlvltetenogdernedfordenspanske okononl.Skontdeforellggendeunderaogelserogln-dlkatorererutl1strakkellge,ekonner nan dogr at arbeJdsglvernes lnvesterlng t uddannelse af de ansatte narner sig tl1 erhvervsuddannelse. Det vlt den sanlede lsnnagge.
The great, tradition of social dynamics, not entirely erased during the period of the dictatorship, at these local and regional levels, must not. be forgotten; thus we see the revi tal i zati on of dialogues and cooper a.t i on at these levels, which it is highly probable will be reflected positively at the summits of the organisations.
detdobbelteafbldragetalge,atden overstlger
Regarding training as such, they often develop extraordinary dynamism and, frequently, good quality.
Nu skaL detdog slgee,atarbejdsmyndighederneerbegyndt attl1loggeden soclaledlalogatorrevsrdl.Ved andrlngenaferhvervsuddannelsesprogrannett1988 vlI der bllve taget hoJde for flnanslerlngen af proJekterr der adnlnlstreres 1 fallesskab af arbeJdsnarltedsorganlsatlonerner 08 dlsse vlI endog bllve prlorlteret hoJest.
There are bilateral agreements between the Ministry of Labour and almost all the Autonomous Communities.
Men forattagebestlkafderesinvolvertngiplanlagning,opfolgningog kontrol, vlse pä et Räd under ArbeJdsnarkedsstyrelsen (Instituto de EmpLeo - INEM) en eksekutivkomlte og arbeidsmarkedsudvalgene pä provlnsplan.
But as we said earlier, this is in general unilateral, rather than in terms of cooperation.
For tiden pustes der ny tll vI disse udvalg, nen deres befajelser er forst og frennest af rädglvende art, udover at de har ret tll at bllve lnforneret.
The dynamics of dialogue have varied with time.
I reallteten har dlsse organer ogsä en konpetence, der ttan fortolkes son besluttende, idet nindste I moralsk forstand, nen nyndighederne er lkke altld rede tll at acceptere dette.
For a long period the impulse came from the "summit" requests. At times, the Adminis tration also took part in the negotiations and agreements.
Rädet for Erhvervsuddannelse (ttConseJoGeneral de la ci6n Profeslonaln) tll tre-
This situation accelerated beginning with the FIP Plan and the AES.
Den kanalforindflydelse,som der sattes storst Ild for ojeblikket, er rrRädetfor Erhvervsuddannelserr, et sldlgt organ, son blevoprettetvedentrepartsaftale
Fallowing this deceleration at the "summit level", progress in cooperation has moved to certain sectors and, above all, to many compani es.
Reguleringen af erhvervsuddannelsen pä reglonalt
There appears to be a lack of t ec h n i c a 1 g ua 111 y an d, on the ot h er h an d , ab as i c lack of ι η suf f i ­ ciency that would provoke motivation.
Fordenerhvervsrettedeuddannelsesvedkonnende erderandreadntnlgtratlveorganermed kompetence tll at fastlagge rannerne for de forskelltge lnteressegruppers aktlvlteter pA uddanneLsesonrädet.
The same training, and the qualification that is its objective, receive very superficial consideration by many companies.
Nogle autonone regloner le dialog. Vleae regloner dette omräde, aäledes et der nu kan lndgäe overenskonster, eon kun dekker den pägeldende autonone reglonr oB derned er der eü etprre sptllerun for forgkelllge aftaleforner.
The past protectionism of the
Llgeledes har nogten alle de autonone regloner organert son kanallaerer lnteressegruppernes deltagelse I offentllge uddannelsegcentre og dlsses kursusplanerr oB som stotterdeprlvateuddannelsescentre .
In general, the lack of competition has influencée the lack of attention to labour productivity and its causes.
Detsamnegal.derforvlseeprovlnsers,dlstrlktersogkon-nuneravedkomnende. Imange ttlfoldeerdetsädanratdeflnanslellemldlertl1denne aktlvltet gtanner fra overforsler fra centraladnlnlstratlonen eller fra de reglonale nyndlgheder og r I et nlndre onfang, fra Den Europolske So- clalfond.
Thi s causes t hi e determination of many g uestions estions to be pushed inside individual companies, facilitation decisions b y t h e m a η a geme η t.
Kommunerneer meget aktive pä det onräde, vl her beskoftiger os ned, sksnt deres lnltiativer er af vldt forskelllg art. I reglen indebarer arbeJdsnankedets parters deltagelse I dlsse aktivlteter 1 slg selv et vlst sanarbeJde nellemdem; ofteerandrelnteressegrupperogsäreprssenteret.
There is even a gradual recogni tion of the advantages and value of participation in social dialogue in the company.
Da der säledes er ved at konne gang I den soclale dlalog sanarbeJdet pä det lokale planr €r det hoJst sandsynllgt' at dette vit have en positlv afsmltnlng pä organlsatlonernes top.
The most positive sign is that there i s an ever-increasing number of companies that are accepting in creasingly important roles for union representatives.
Det er vlgtigt at foJe t11' at mange afdeoffentllgenyn-aleneernedtllatstyrke, sotn heromtales, ikke dlgheder, den roller son arbeJdsnarkedets parter splller;ned hensyndeofteoverordent-storvardl.
In general terms, this is usually accompanied by company competitiveness.
til llgt erhvervsuddannelsernesom sädan,erdynamlske og udforer et arbeJde af
This has occured in Banking, a sector that is reconverting itself very rapidly.
Pä landsplan varierer sltuatlonen neget, og der savnes til en vls graden koordlnerlng af de forskelllge aktlonert säveI hvadangär erhvervsuddannelsen I sig selv som parternes deltagelse heri.
Insurance and Construction, these companies traditionally have a very marked hierarchy in their structure, and pay very marginal attention to training.
Der ekslsterer tosldede aftaler nellem Arbejdsninlsterlet og nasten aIle de autonome regLoner.
This has created some qualification needs that, at this time, are being faced by strongly progressing train ing.
Men der findes lngen organerne den bred reprasentatlon for de forskelllge lnteressegrupper.
Social dialogue evolves more slowly.
Dermed fastholdes samfundet I en sltuation praget af underudvlkling og därLig konkurrencedygtighed.
THE POSITION OF THE SOCIAL PARTNERS IN VOCATIONAL TRAINING IN FRANCE
Drt grLdrr lrrr det princip, hvorefter hvcrkcn dÖt offentLtgca tLtrr vlrktonhcdcrnG3 fuLde bcsIutnlngrrct rl Lidc skrdc.
Finally, in order to arrange the sectors in relation to each other, the differences in the structures of their enterprises and institutions, in particular their size and workforce structures should not be neglected.
Indenfor dlrrs grrnter lndrlilnGr uddrnnctreroyltcmct ftktirk .rbGjdcnerkedctr ptfter t kke uvlsGntt,tEc forncl,tge nldtcr tlL rt lvc tndfLydeLee pl bcslutningernc.
The latter element determines their diverse positions on the labour market and influences their choice of vastly contrasting solutions to problems of labour management.
1.1 Indon for dsn grundItggende UddqnneIsqr hvor dct offontLlgo optrldrr rtcne, hrr stttGn dr gcn'rcLtc befljetser, med en r dc LokrIo myndlghederstlr for opgrvtfordcl.lngon.
In more general terms, it could be said that there are sectoral sub-systems of vocational training, which use in different ways the "tools" for the implementation of vocational training.
Arbcidrnrrkcdets p.rtGr inddrrgrr kun I rtatono bertutnlngrtrgnlng genncn to gl'rgr rldglvcnde instNnser af tresidig krnrktrr.
For this reason, they articulate differently the links between the sector and the enterprises, and the links between intersectoral and regional levels which, in turn, determine the relative importance of bodies both in functional and strategic terms.
fes fgf qf ter- oo vid,ereudclanneLse,ntrcf pü forekeIl.igc ptcnGr.
Thus, in order to evaluate the position held by the social partners in vocational training, it is unimportant, from a formal point of view, whether there are or are not numerous parity-based bodies.
* For sl vtdt anglr efter- os videLcg!!_an-n-e.-[sg-n dcr flnrnrlrrrt rf offcntl.tgc nldIcr, dctrr ltrtün o0 rcglontrnG konpGtenclnt tcAfönGrnGhrr dcn gGnGrctIc konprt;nec oe f trttn rtlr for fordoLlngqn.
Here, it is important to grasp the nature and the operational structure of the bodies which play a key role in steering structures involved in the management of human resources.
Forel"igger derikkebrancheenighed,erderptigttitatforhand[eom uddannetsens mä[ og midLer.
The second, the more medium-term, is more closely linked with the mechanisms of the labour market.