natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Voksen­undervisningsinstitutionerne har nu ind­gået en aftale med indvandrerorgani­sationen, hvori opgaver og pligter i for­bindelse med overgangen fra hjemme­undervisning til holdundervisning er fast­lagt.
It is for this very reason that they are worthy of description. Their importance possibly even overshadows the flood of recommendations, guidelines. programmes and pilot projects which can be found at this level of the EL'.
Der er udarbejdet et særligt registre­ringssystem for målgruppen, og institu­tionerne kan henvende sig til organisa­tionen, hvis der er fare for, at nytilkomne elever vil holde op med at deltage i un­dervisningen.
In the final analysis they namely concern the vocational training policies of the Mem­ber States, policies which in accordance with the subsidiarity principle will surely retain their importance.
"En særlig introduktions­aktion skal inddrage udenlandske kvinder og mødre i grundlæggende voksenundervisning. "
I have therefore taken the liberty to analyse and report on my own experience. This experience mainly touches upon the following ques­tions:
Man håber, at disse kvin­der efter en række lektioner i hjemmene vil få mulighed for at fortsætte i grund­læggende undervisning på et hold.
The project was structured according to the societal ef­fect' approach in work, organization and industrial relations, which was developed through research conducted by the Laboratoire d'économie et de sociologie du travail in Aix­en­Provence (Maurice et al. 1982).
4) Beretning fra ELAINE's arbejds­gruppemøde den 26.­28. maj 1994 om kommunale foranstaltninger for ældre medlemmer af etniske mindretal.
Ü Which leitmotifs are significant for the development of vocational training in Europe?
1 denne proces gøres deres brug af deltagernes viden og erfa­ring, og undervisningsaspektet er lige så vigtigt som den menneskelige kontakt. Det er interessant at konstatere, at der er stor interesse for studiekredse for etniske mindretals gamle, idet der findes ikke mindre end tretten studiekredse, hver med
Although our approach had an interdisci­plinary academic character, the initiative for the comparative study came from a
Fra 1. januar 1993 har en projektmedarbejder opsøgt isolerede udenlandske kvinder og mødre for at tilrettelægge møder om gen­nemførelse af holdundervisning i samar­bejde med skoler, der giver grundlæg­gende voksenundervisning.
The point of departure was my work on lhe British segment "(...) of a comparison of organiza­tion, vocational training and industrial relation­ships, which was to be added to an already running comparative study of France and
Det er en van­skelig opgave, da det rent faktisk er me­get svært at komme i kontakt med disse kvinder.
Q How and what can we learn by com­paring différent vocational training sys­tems?
* * organisationer og det stedlige erhvervsliv (som i væsentlig grad bidrager til uddan nelsens gennemførelse).
EUROPEAN JOURNAL studied at Cambridge - was not so sur prising as his down-to-earth practical disposition might have suggested.
ti til femten deltagere, og det ser ud til, at der yderligere vil blive dannet femten hold.
He was interested in issues concerning engineer ing professions and engineering from a historical, philosophical and economic perspective.
Alle holdlederne kommer fra mål gruppen selv.
This had led to his appointment as 'internal consultant' in the Ministry. try.
"For ældre af udenlandsk oprindelse oprettede Den Haag i 1993 studiekredse, (...)"
"A wide spectrum of people came to these meetings: industrialists, ministerial civil servants, scientists, journalists, political and labour relations representatives. '
ELAINE's workshop i Mannheim (D) om erhvervsuddannelse
(2) Peter Lawrence had studied history before moving on to sociology.
Kommunernes rolle og deltagelse i er hvervsuddannelserne er voksende. Det viser eksemplerne på de igangværende aktiviteter i ELAINE's medlemsbyer og de foranstaltninger, der blev berettet om på ELAINE's workshop om erhvervsuddan nelse for etniske mindretal i Mannheim i december 1992.
French governmental body which wanted to know why hierarchical differences in salary were much greater in France than in Germany.
Deltagerne besigtigede nogle lokale projekter, herunder en skole med særklasser for etniske mindretal og et rådgivningskontor, der bistår vanskeligt stillede med at klare overgangen fra skole til erhvervsarbejde.
Given this situation, I too was motivated to bear in mind guidelines for future applications and was called upon to meet the abovementioned research ers visiting Münster.
Kombinationen af undervisning i et klasseværelse og prak tisk arbejdserfaring er en fast bestanddel af det tyske duale erhvervsuddannelsessystem. system.
The party included Michael Fores from the Department of Industry, Peter Lawrence of the Department of Mechanical Engineering of the University of Southampton who at the time had just launched a project on German engineers on behalf of the Ministry of Industry, and Liam Hudson, Professor of Psychology in Edinburgh.
Opbygning af et interaktivt net i Europa er ikke blot et omfattende forehavende, men også en langsigtet proces.
(3) Ian Glover was a sociologist working on a doctorate on theories and research findings on management behaviour.
Ikke desto mindre står ELAINE's mål om at garantere tilbundsgående, gensidig udveksling af kommunalfolks praktiske erfaringer stadig i midtpunktet af ELAINE's aktiviteter.
The sometimes violent tone of our arguments, which was highly favoured within the group, is best reflected in his publications (see e.g. Glover, 1992).
Adskillige interessante uddannelser5for etniske mindretal var allerede i gang på tidspunktet for Mannheim-mødet, og un der drøftelserne bemærkedes det, at ud viklingen går i retning af mere decentraliserede metoder inden for erhvervsuddannelserne (som følge af de snævrere bånd mellem de lokale og regionale arbejdsmarkeder), hvilket giver de kom munale myndigheder mulighed for at tage initiativ og udvikle forskellige former for samarbejde på dette felt.
We made "(...) comparisons at an international level on topics under the general heading: "Engineers and executives in industry - patterns of socialization, functions, work organization, or ganizational structures and industrial relations".'
"Adskillige interessante uddannelser for etniske mindretal var allerede i gang på tidspunktet for Mannheim-mødet, og under drøftelserne bemærkedes det, at udviklingen går i retning af mere decentraliserede metoder indenfor er hvervsuddannelserne (...)'
On the one hand, precisely those aspects which had been relatively important to my work in Münster were seen here from another point of view. On the other hand, I was able to build upon the interests which I had developed while flying and in the armed forces.
ELAINE's bestræbelser på at lette adgangen til information, etableringen af kontakt mellem mennesker og kendskabet til europæiske programmer for etniske min dretal har allerede ført til bilateralt samarbejde mellem ELAINE's medlemskommuner (også om andet end etniske mindretalsproblemer).
The most important exchange of information occurred during a series of meetings at the Ministry of In dustry. Here we dealt in regular succession with and made comparisons at an international level on topics under the general heading: "Engineers and executives in industry - patterns of socialization, functions, work organization, organizational structures and industrial relations".
Ekstrafordelen ved byer og kommuners samarbejde på eget initiativ ud over netværket er en integre rende del af ELAINE-nettet og af bestræbelserne på at skabe samarbejde mellem medlemsstaterne.
A wide spectrum of people came to these meetings: industrialists, ministerial civil servants, scientists, journalists, political and work relations representatives.
De hollandske deltagere, der også er vant til et mindre institutionaliseret system, fandt på afgørende punkter en række ligheder med det duale tyske system, som f.eks. frem skaffelse af mere velegnede kursuslokaler, koordineret projektsamarbejde med lokale uddannelsesinstitutioner, sociale forsorgsorganisationer, etniske mindretals-
More important was the slowly growing con viction that we were working together on an exciting project and we had much to share with each other. Although the core of the group consisted of scientists and researchers, we all emphatically agreed that current scientific conceptions and academic activity were leading to a dead
Nærmere oplysninger fås ved henvendelse til Maria José Freitas ECWS ELAINE Coordination Unit Postbus 3073 6202 NB Maastricht Nederlandene
(1) Michael Fores, the organizer, was a civil engineer by profession with many years' experience, particularly in bridge construction in different countries (Greece, Turkey, Australia to name just a few).
Siden 1992 professor i organisationssociologi ved socialviden skabeligt fakultet, Humboldt Universität Berlin.
EUROPEAN JOURNAL end. Michael Fores was the most vocal advocate of this position.
Reformen af teknisk uddannelse i Storbritannien
tige which engineering and engineering occupations enjoy in the social hierarchy, the education system and the organization of enterprises.
Oprettelse og sammensætning et reformværksted
Correlli Barnett; and later on, the organization and manage ment scholar. John Child.
De konklusioner, som for fatteren drager med hensyn til anvendelsen af resultater fra sammenlignende international forskning i forbindelse med reformen af et nationalt teknisk uddannel sessystem, som han selv har medvirket ved, viser grænserne for og nødvendigheden af mekanismer og metoder for udveksling mellem videnskab, politisk be slutningstagning og politisk implementering. Alligevel kommer han til det resultat, at en sammenlignende metode og en udveksling som beskrevet er vigtig for at forstå, hvad Europa betyder.
(3) Practical qualifications, detailed knowledge, expertise and stability in an occupational position are undermined by both the environment and formal struc tures (personnel policies, labour market).
Forfatteren foreslår, at der gøres yderligere over vejelser om, hvorledes en sådan udveksling kan bidrage til samfundspraksis.
More highly re garded positions and educational paths stress change of discipline, de-specialization and frequent change of jobs.
Det europæiske tidsskrift bevæger sig i spændingsfeltet mellem videnskab og praksis.
(4) Enterprises pursue strategies which excessively accentuate financial, account ancy, commercial and political criteria.
Noget af det vigtigste i mit arbejdsliv har været at arbejde i dette spændingsfelt og iagttage, hvordan viden skabelige resultater som led i en interna tional sammenligning indgår i videre udviklingen af et nationalt teknisk uddan nelsessystem. Det er min hypotese, at denne form for institutionelle erfaringer på tidsskriftets område er yderst vigtige, og at disse erfaringer sandsynligvis høstes oftere, end det er dokumenteret.
At tempts to de-technicalize' and de-specialize management have led to the neglect of engineering innovation, effectiveness and efficiency.
Disse erfaringsfaser kan indeholde internationale elementer, men bevæge sig uden for de formelle internationale programmer for erhvervsmæssig uddannelse i Europa.
On the whole the larger group lived mainly from the fact that it pushed discussions far beyond the limits of available and verified articles and discourse.
Netop derfor er det på sin plads at redegøre for dem.
In the process, a wealth of hypotheses was formulated almost in passing and each of us could draw on these in our daily work.
Muligvis er de end og vigtigere end den strøm af henstillinger, direktiver, programmer og pilotprojekter, der findes på EU-plan.
'Hie relative stability, complementary in terests and thematic harmony of the hard core < > l the group prompted Michael Fores to call it the barbershop'. In England, a barbershop quartet is a small group which sings in chromatic harmony. The term originates from the days when barbershop employees used to sing al work to amuse themselves and their customers. (5) Practical experience, vocational train ing and academic education have developed such a prevailing logic of their own in society that they all too often impede competence within organized structures.
De vedrører nem lig i sidste instans medlemslandenes erhvervsuddannelsespolitik, som efter nærhedsprincippet sikkert vil bevare sin betydning. Derfor tillader jeg mig her at systematisere mine egne erfaringer.
In the United Kingdom, more than any where else, competence appears to be an individually based, uncertified and un tested result of an educational process which, as a whole, cannot be controlled.
I denne for bindelse drejede det sig snarere om 'grundforskning'.
Leitmotifs for the develop ment of vocational training
Selv om det her drejede som om et tvær fagligt akademisk tiltag, var impulsen til det sammenlignende forskningsarbejde blevet givet af en fransk regeringsmyndighed, der ønskede at få at vide, hvorfor de hierarkiske lønforskelle var
Alter a year, the barbershop was singing in harmony' to some relatively welldefined leitmotifs which had become wellestablished by the end of 1976, They can be summarized as follows:
J Hvilke ledemotiver er af betydning for udviklingen af erhvervsuddannelsen i Europa?
( 1 ) The efficiency of British industrial enterprises is impaired by the limited pres
J Hvordan og hvad kan man lære af en sammenligning mellem forskellige erhvervsuddannelsessystemer?
(6) Society's image of engineers and technicians is far too fragmented into individual areas, each with its own activities, professional associations and social status.
* * denne måde fik han også den nævnte stilling som 'internal consultant' i ministeriet.
*** the risk of becoming too far removed from practice.
(2) Peter Lawrence havde studeret historie og var så kommet til sociologien.
and institutional practices.
Han forlod en tidsubegrænset docentstilling i organisation ved Strathclyde universitet (Glasgow) for at arbejde på det tidsmæssigt begrænsede projekt vedrørende tyske ingeniører. Kendskab til Tyskland havde han fra sin militærtjeneste, som han også havde anvendt til at tilegne sig sproget og studere landet.
In the process, we continuously sought the interdependencies among educational systems, industrial relations, enterprise organization, social history, social stratification, views on engineering, and business economics. nomics.
klart større i Frankrig end i Tyskland.
Passing on the message
(3) Ian Glover var sociolog og arbejdede på en promotion om teorier og forsknings resultater vedrørende ledelsesadfærd.
(7) In a similar manner, the organization of enterprises is fragmented into sub groups defined by profession, function and status.
Han havde en udpræget evne til at komprimere utroligt meget materiale i utroligt omfattende bundter og alligevel få udarbejdet en klar central tese.
This hinders efforts to find a collective common ground for a course of action.
I dag afspejles kredsens til dels kontante argumentationsmåde, som dengang hørte til god tone blandt os, bedst i hans offentliggørelser [se f.eks. Glover (1992)].
Engineering, in particular, does not appear to be a potential link to transgress these group boundaries.
Udgangspunkt er forfatterens arbejde på den britiske del af "(...) en sammenligning mellem organisation, erhvervsuddannelse og forholdet mellem arbejdsmarkedets parter, der skulle indgå i en allerede foretaget sammenligning mellem Frankrig og Tyskland "
"We did not reflect on partial solutions to narrowly defined problems -such as efficiency, com petitiveness, vocational training or management practice; instead we (...) continuously sought the interdependencies among educational systems, industrial relations, enterprise organization, social history, social stratification, views on engineering, and business economics. "
(4) Selv bidrog jeg med mit projekt i diskussionskredsen og følte mig gennem diskussionerne om teknik, teknikere og virksomhedsledelse berørt på to forskel lige måder.
(8) The world of British culture and institutions does not have a separate place for engineering between 'arts' and 'science'.
For det første blev netop de ting, som under arbejdet i Münster alle rede var relativ vigtige, anskuet ud fra et andet synspunkt.
Engineering is one-sidedly viewed as being part of 'science'.
For det andet fik mine personlige interesser inden for flyvning og militærtjeneste en chance.
In contrast, Northern and Continental European per spectives tend to allocate engineering just as highly regarded and more precise a place alongside the arts and science.
Efter tiltrædelse af min stilling i Oxford videreførte jeg disse kontakter i England.
The organizer of our barbershop and the larger think-tank, Michael Fores, now formed a network of personalities susceptible to the message.
I disse møder deltog personer med meget forskellig baggrund: industrifolk, embedsmænd fra ministerier, videnskabsfolk, journalister, repræsentanter for politik og arbejdsmarkedets par ter.
The contents of our work also made their way to the more operative departments of the Ministry where they were taken up, reappraised and made public in more prominent con ferences.
Diskussionsstilen var usædvanlig åben og afslappet og på ingen måde begrænset af formalia.
In 1976, a conference was or ganized under the direction of the per manent secretary of the Ministry (Peter Carey) which was attended by Michael Edwardes (Chairman of British Leyland at the time).
Der herskede en værkstedsatmosfære.
The conference reports were published by the HMSO (Fores and Glover 1978).
Michael Fores som organisator virkede som provokerende impuls giver og sørgede med meget personligt prægede indbydelser og forberedelsesmateriale på en humoristisk måde for at skabe stemning og engagement.
In addition, a working paper had been drawn up in the Ministry summarizing the main findings and indicating courses of action, and this was 'verified' at the conference.
De vigtigste kontakter var i form af en række møder i industriministeriet.
In addition, we sharply criticized universalistic and normative management theories.
"1 disse møder deltog personer med meget forskellig baggrund: industrifolk, embedsmænd fra ministerier, videnskabsfolk, journalister, repræsentanter f or politik og arbejds markedets parter. "
Our mentor in this field was Hartmann who had drawn attention to the cultural and societal relativity of manage ment doctrines as early as 1959· Up until the end of the 1970s, however, German management practices were deemed an tiquated, especially when compared with those in the United States.
Denne mindre kreds mødtes også jævnligt i skiftende sammensætninger privat, og arbejdsmøderne i industriministeriet endte i reglen på en nærliggende pub.
At the time, the general public was also very favourably disposed to criticism of con ditions in Great Britain.
Både Ian Glover og Peter Lawrence havde forskningsopgaver for ministeriet; det havde jeg ikke selv.
One could not complain enough about the professions, generalist management, the neglect of engineering and deadlines and other things.
Men samhørigheden på grundlag af forskningsopgave og finansiering udgjorde alligevel kun en lille del af fællesskabet.
As a foreigner, I was downright afraid of such debates.
Vigtigere var den ef terhånden opståede overbevisning om, at vi var i gang med et samarbejde om et spændende anliggende og havde meget at sige hinanden.
On the one hand, I wanted to avoid haranguing in the country in which I was a guest.
Selv om kredsens kerne bestod af videnskabsfolk eller forskere, var vi alle overbeviste om, at gængse vi denskabelige opfattelser og akademiske aktiviteter førte ind i en blindgyde.
On the other hand, this manner of criticism divulges uncertainty with regard to realistic courses of action more than anything else and runs the risk, in the emotional exhaustion following such a diatribe, of doing nothing more than consolidating existing conditions.
Han beskæfti gede sig med spørgsmål om ingeniører hvervene og teknikken ud fra et historisk, filosofisk og økonomisk synspunkt. På
Although our message included wideranging cultural and institutional criticism.
Derudover kom der i kredsen også den gang 'etablerede' personer, såsom Liam
"At the time, the general public was also very favourably disposed to criticism of conditions in Great Britain.
* * * rede dimittender, og de fører i virksomheder snarere ind i blindgyder i forbindelse med karriereudviklingen (Bayer & Lawrence 1977). Erhvervsmæssigt avancement er snarere forbundet med en generalistisk managementorientering. Behandlet blev "emner indenfor området 'ingen iører og ledende medarbejdere i industrien -socialisationsmønstre, funktioner, arbejds organisation, organisationsstrukturer, forholdet mellem arbejdsmarkedets parter' i en international sammenligning. "
Al though I was partly responsible for this development, it still leaves me feeling somewhat uneasy. With time, a trend developed towards an uninspired, propagandistic stylization of the 'German model' which totally ignored the social environment and other relevant aspects; and nowadays this is probably turning into equally uninspired criticism of the system.
(3) Praktiske kvalifikationer, detailviden, faglighed og stabilitet i erhvervspositionen nedvurderes såvel af omverdenen som af formelle strukturer (personalepolitik, ar bejdsmarked).
The pressure to specify operational fields of activity included wideranging cultural and Institutional criticism "(...) in the area of the struc tures of tbe educational system, in particular technical education, and the order of professional associations ofengineers(...)" we were under pressure to specify operational fields of activity and to draw more explicit conclusions concerning segments of our work.
For så vidt er nedvurderingen af teknikken en del af et generelt kulturelt og institutionelt syndrom.
These fields of activity fell to a very large extent into the area of the structures of the educational system, in particular technical education, and the order of the professional associations of engineers.
Mere ansete positioner og uddannelser lægger vægt på fagskift, despecialisering og hyppige stillingskift.
This of course was con trary to our orientation towards 'social analysis'.
Hudson, som beskæftigede sig med perceptionsstrukturer blandt teknikere og videnskabsfolk, den mangeårige psykolog ved Tavistock-instituttet Alistair Mant, der netop var ved at affatte en provokerende bog om britiske erhvervsledere, militærhistorikeren Correlli Barnett og senefe også organisations- og manage mentforskeren John Child.
Our interest in these issues was not overly developed for the reason that our barbershop was on the whole dominated by sociologists.
Et afgørende forberedende arbejde var leveret fra Tysk land af Brigitte May for ministeriet med en udmærket oversigt over management forskning (maj 1974).
Actually the man who most often played the role of the social analyst in the group was the expe rienced bridge builder, Michael Fores, who time and again drew our attention to the need for a parallel and coordinated development in differentiated segments of society.
Yderligere bidrag kom fra Peter Lawrences ingeniørprojekt (Hutton et al.
"(...) social action in a differentiated sub-section of society is always linked through chains of inter de pendency with social action in all other sub sections. "
Den stadig mindre teknisering og faglighed i ledelsesfunktionen lader således teknisk innovation og en forbedring af effektiviteten komme til kort.
"Learning from international comparisons bad a considerable impaci to tbe extent that conditions in the Federal Republic of Germany were held up as a shining example for the British. "
Alt i alt førte den større kreds frem for alt diskussioner, der gik langt ud over rammerne for disponible og under byggede rapporter eller afhandlinger.
This society would be dedicated equally to the promotion of the status, attractiveness and coherence of en gineering professions in the educational system, administration and trade and in dustry.
I den forbindelse blev der altid næsten i forbigående opstillet en lang række hypoteser, som de enkelte så kunne være opmærksomme på i deres hverdagsarbejde.
The impetus for such a social movement extends far beyond the boundaries of a single ministry, however.