natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Denne vej er fuld af hindringer: der tages i stillingsopslag ofte forbehold over for kvinder med småbørn; uafhængige, barnløse kvinder får mange muligheder for at gøre karriere, mens gifte kvinder med børn ikke indstilles til videreuddannelse og forfremmelse; ved tilrettelæggelsen af ud-
It is a course of action beset with pitfalls: employers are often reluctant to take on women who have young children; unattached women without children are lavished with encouragement whereas mothers are ingnored when it comes to refresher courses or promotion; continuing training is organized with no regard for outside demands on people with dependants. Taking on part-time work, the
Man genfinder også pigerne i de korte uddannelser, der kun giver et snævert udvalg af kvalifikationer.
Families, schools and the media continue lo convey traditional concepts as to the sexual division of labour.
Undtagelsen bekræfter reglen.
The exception confirms the rule.
en analyse af 150 erhvervsuddannelsesaktioner af eksemplarisk og nyskabende karakter inden og uden for virksomheder for at udlede generelle retningslinjer for erhvervsuddannelse af kvinder.
A total of 150 had also been of indirect benefit to trainees, for example by instilling self-confidence and an ability to seek out information.
Pågrund af den forværrede beskæftigelsessituation har disse nyskabende uddannelser ikke ført til markant flere ansættelser i utraditionelle kvindejob.
The impact of these innovatory schemes was blunted by the worsening employment situation, and they did not lead to a significant rise in the number of women recruited to jobs in traditional male spheres.
Evalueringen af disse programmer viser, at der stadig er mangler i erhvervsvejledningen af piger.
The evaluation studies on the programmes show that there is an all too consistent tendency to neglect vocational guidance for girls.
Men så snart problemet tages op, f.eks. gennem ligestillingsrådet, bliver pigernes valg af uddannelse mere velovervejet og dristigt.
As soon as appropriate steps are taken, however, especially through an 'equality council', girls start to make a bolder and more judicious choice of training.
I virksomheder, hvor der ved tilrettelæggelse af uddannelsen tages hensyn til personer med familiemæssige forpligtelser, er der opnået tilfredsstillende resultater for både virksomheder og kvinder.
In companies where the training department gives thought to the specific problem of people with dependants, the outcome is satisfactory for employers and their women workers alike.
På et tids punkt, hvor automatisering af produktionen truede deres beskæftigelse som ufaglærte, har kvindelige arbejdere, selv om de var uvant med en læresituation og havde en familie at tage vare på, i således tilrettelagte uddannelseskurser klaret kravene særdeles godt.
At a time when their unskilled work is under threat from automation of the production process, women workers retrained in this way are very much in sympathy with the aims of the pacemaking, innovatory vocational train ing schemes both inside and outside companies have been analysed to help clarify guidelines that might be generally applicable to the vocational training of women.
Uddannelsen med bevarelse af fuld
In 1984, work started on evaluating these vocational training measures.
I 1984 blev der foretaget en evaluering af disse uddannelsesforanstaltninger: I hvilket omfang var målsætningen om nyskabelse blevet opfyldt7)?
If we hope to introduce genuine changes at all these levels, we need more than innovatory pilot schemes directed at only small numbers of beneficiaries, more even than legislation: we need (and we need it from governments and both sides of industry) a determined resolve to establish true equality in practice.
Til vurdering af, om målet var nået, blev der opstillet særlige ling for så vidt angår løn, erhvervsuddan nelse og forfremmelse gennemføres gradvis i de nationale lovgivninger, men påkrævede ledsageforanstaltninger, som positiv særbehandling af kvinder, for så vidt angår uddannelse, ansættelse og forfremmelse i et begrænset tidsrum, indtil den reelle ligestilling er gennemført, er yderst kontroversielle spørgsmål.
This resolve is not always to be found in Europe. The two EEC directives1·2on equal treatment as regards pay, training and promotion are gradually being introduced into national legislation, but their corollary - positive action giving preference to women in training, recruitment and promotion for a limited period of time, in other words until equality is achieved in practice - has aroused heated controversy.
Netop nu, hvor de nye informations- og kommunikationsteknologier ind føres og statistikkerne uafladeligt påviser stigende ledighed blandt kvinder3), er de politiske partier i stigende grad opmærk somme på alle aspekter af problemerne vedrørende kvinder og uddannelse til frem tidsorienterede fag, på forenelighed af familie og erhverv. Men det vil tage lang tid at få disse retningslinjer virkeliggjort.
At a time when new information and communication technology is being introduced and when statistics show a steadily rising rate of unemployment among women3, political parties are paying more and more attention to every aspect of women's concerns, from training for the careers of the future to ways of reconciling family and working life.
Både på lokalt, regionalt, og nationalt plan slutter flere og flere kvinder sig sammen i foreninger og pressionsgrupper for at sikre, at deres kønsfæller får den bedst mulige information om beskæftigelsesmuligheder og erhvervsuddannelse.
At local, regional and national level, women themselves are banding together in associations and pressure groups to disseminate information on the working world and job training as widely as posssible to like-minded people.
De opretter grupper, hvor kvinder yder hinanden gensidig støtte og undertiden endog tager uddannelse af og jobskabelse for kvinder i egen hånd.
They are setting up networks for the provision of mutual support and in some cases they are even taking over their own training and job creation.
På alle fronter kæmper kvinderne for større indflydelse i beslutningsprocesser og for handlinger.
At every level, women are also fighting for more representation on decision-making and negotiating bodies.
Der findes efterhånden utallige kvindekommissioner, nævn, ligestillingsråd og komiteer for emancipation og kvindens status.
There are now innumerable women's commissions and councils, countless committees for equal opportunities, emancipation and women's status.
De findes i alle lande, i internationale organisationer samt i fagforeninger og arbejdsgiverforeninger3).
They exist in every country and within international organizations, as they do in both employers' federations and trade unions3.
Det er uden tvivl disse forhold, der giver anledning til størst håb om ændring.
It is undoubtedly these developments that offer the best prospects of future change.
... en kendt sag, at utallige madre har måttet opgive en efteruddannelse. .
Since its formation, Cedefop has conduct ed several studies under its 'equal many mothers have to give up a retraining course
ikke vil affinde sig med at blive låst fast på et bestemt niveau, er der mange, der springer ud i det og bliver selvstændige.
find they are denied access to jobs at a higher level, many refuse to come to a standstill at that point in their career and take the plunge by setting up on their own.
De har brug for at lære alt det, man skal vide for at oprette og styre en virksomhed: Hvordan er de arbejdsretlige og skattemæssige bestemmelser?
They need to learn all the essentials of creating and running a business. What is the law on employment and taxation?
Hvordan opnår man et lån, leder et personale, inddeler sin tid og undgår stress?
How does one set about obtaining a loan, managing staff, allocating one's time and coping with stress?
Forsøg i USA har vist, hvor stort udbytte kvindelige igangsættere har af kurser om de særlige problemer, som personer uden forudgående erfaring i selvstændig er hvervsvirksomhed stilles overfor.
Experiments conducted in the United States have shown how much profit women entrepreneurs have derived from courses that tackle the specific problems faced by people whose education has ill prepared them for the exercise of their own initiative.
sig selv nok til at fremkalde en ændring?
official bodies responsible for development planning and business creation.
Må der ikke iværksættes en stribe foranstaltninger som f.eks. fastsættelse af kvalitative uddannelsesmål, der skal nås inden for bestemte frister, omskolingsprogrammer for kvinder, hvis job overflødiggøres af de nye teknologier?
When cooperatives are being set up, trainers should teach women how to tackle a very varied range of jobs and how to take on responsibility for the work. In both cases, modular courses imparting the requisite knowledge and abilities step by step, supplemented by periods of practical work, are very useful.
Disse job kan godt være monotone, kun kræve få kvalifikationer og undertiden være usunde, men de pågældende kvinder vil kun opleve det som en humanisering af deres arbejde, hvis følgen ikke er ledighed, men en uddannelse og et nyt job.
It has been noted that older women benefit from courses that build on the 'qualifications' acquired through their work in the home and family. The success of service firms which put such skills to good use shows that they do not need to be formally recognized to be 'capitalizable' and 'negotiable' on the labour market.
Uddannelse til job af en ny type løn er foregået i arbejdstiden, der var sørget for transport til uddannelsescentret, evt. med minibus.
Even after these schemes are crowned with success, advice and training are still needed.
Man må være opmærksom på disse forhold, for det er jo en kendt sag, at utallige mødre har måttet opgive en efteruddannelse, fordi den foregik uden for arbejdstiden, om aftenen eller i weekenderne, ofte uoverkommeligt langt fra bopælen.
Indeed, programmes should be drawn up that support women entrepreneurs at every stage in the development of their projects.
Man vil indvende, at en sådan smidig tilrettelæggelse af uddannelsen er dyr, og at den kræver investering i nyt udstyr.
retraining programme, even though they are unaccustomed to learning and have to look after their families.
I spørgsmålet om omkostninger/nytte og hensigtsmæssig tilrettelæggelse af den fortsatte uddannelse viser det sig at være af afgørende betydning, at der ikke tilbydes kortvarige programmer med henblik på en bestemt arbejdsplads, men at uddannelser ne spænder over et bredere felt; kun det vil på lang sigt være nyttigt.
Training takes place during working hours without loss of wages and help is given with travel to the training centre, for example by providing a minibus.
Man vil i øvrigt ikke få større gavn af investeringer i udstyr og nye undervisningsmidler, hvis man for sømmer uddannelsen af uddannerne.
Schemes such as this set a good example, especially in view of the fact that so many mothers have to give up a retraining course they have begun because it is held outside working hours in the evening or at weekends and is often at a considerable distance from their homes.
De nye teknologier er ikke den eneste store udfordring til erhvervsuddannelsessystemerne.
It will be objected that this kind of 'flexible' arrangement is expensive and that there must also be investment in new equipment.
De skal derudover tilpasses, så de kan opfylde et nyt krav: Jobskabelse.
In the light of this cost/profitability evaluation and attempts to organize adequate continuing training, it is vital that women are offered not short-term courses designed to train them for one specific job but multi-skill training programmes, the only form of training that is profitable over the long-term.
Da der stadig er alt for få unge kvinder, der melder sig til fagskolernes naturvidenskabelige kurser, og da der praktisk taget ingen kvinder findes i erhverv, der forudsætter en uddannelse som håndværker eller tekniker, melder spørgsmålet sig igen: Er overtalelse i
Nor should the training of trainers be neglected; if it is, there will be a far lower return on investment in new equipment and teaching materials.
Utallige kvinder i Europa deltager i bevægelsen for aktivitetsskabelse.
Vocational training is being confronted with more and more tasks whenever there is a need to make the jobs market more flexible.
Nogle af dem har gode forudsætninger for dette, især faglige kvalifikationer og erfaring.
A growing number of working arrangements depart from the traditional
Andre, oftest ledighedsramte kvinder opretter med fortvivlelsens mod virksomheder for at skaffe sig de arbejdspladser, de har så hårdt brug for.
Other women, usually unemployed, set up businesses with all the energy of despair in order to obtain the work they so badly need.
Langtidsledighed og en højst nødtørftig eller slet ingen er hvervsfaglig uddannelse er ofte kende tegnende for disse kvinder.
They too tend to have few skills or none, partly because of their long-term employment.
Uddannelses behovene er derfor større her.
Their training needs are more complex.
Da jobskabelsesinitiativer ofte kommer fra lokale kvindehuse, aktionsgrupper, kvindesammenslutninger, må der tilvejebringes et samarbejde mellem projektgrupperne, de ansvarlige for erhvervsfaglig uddannelse og de officielle planlægnings- og udviklingsmyndigheder.
Since job creation schemes are often generated by neighbourhood centres, local action committees and women's associations, it is essential that there should be cooperation between the groups which are the motivating force of a scheme, those providing the vocational training and the
Ved oprettelse af kooperativer må den erhvervsfaglige uddannelse forberede kvinderne på at varetage de mest forskelligartede funktioner og overtage ansvaret.
Far too few girls enrol for the science courses offered by vocational training establishments, which means that there are virtually no women in jobs calling for craft or technical training.
I disse tilfælde er det særdeles hensigtsmæssigt at opbygge uddannelsen af moduler omfattende nødvendig viden og påkrævede færdigheder, afbrudt af praktikperioder.
The question arises here again: is the effort to persuade enough on its own to bring about changes?
Man har konstateret, at ældre kvinder har stort udbytte af uddannelser, hvor der tages hensyn til færdigheder erhvervet under arbejdet i hus og hjem.
Should there not be recourse to a wide variety of positive measures such as setting quantitative goals to be achieved by specified deadlines and providing retraining programmes offering a fresh start to women whose jobs are being done away with by new technology?
Et bevis på, at disse færdigheder, selv uden formel anerkendelse, kan udnyttes på ar bejdsmarkedet, er, at servicevirksomheder, hvis ydelser har tilknytning til arbejdet i hus og hjem, klarer sig godt.
The jobs that disappear may in fact have been monotonous, unskilled and even insalubrious, but the women concerned will see that loss as a step towards a more humanized existence only if they can go on to do another job, not if the result is unemployment.
Erhvervsuddannelsen står stadig hyppigere over for nye opgaver i alle de tilfælde, hvor der er tale om smidiggørelse af beskæftigelsesmarkedet.
New technology is not the only major challenge to vocational training systems. They also have to adapt in response to a new 8 demand: job creation.
Der kommer flere og flere arbejdskontrakter, der afviger fra den klassiske norm med ansættelse uden tidsbegrænsning og med 8-timers arbedjsdag.
Women in large £ numbers in Europe are involved in the £ movement to create new activities.
Man har konstateret, at ældre kvinder har stort udbytte af uddannelser, hvor der tages hensyn til Hertil hører tidsbegrænsede arbejdskon færdigheder erhvervet under arbejdet i hus og hjem. trakter, vikararbejde - arbejdets varighed
It is s for this reason that some of them have < - > many vocational advantages, especially qualifications and experience. When they It has been noted that older women benefit from courses that build on the 'qualifications' acquired through their work in the home and family.
søgelser viser, at allerede nu udgør kvinder flertallet af disse timelønnede af anden klasse.
Statistics and research show that women now make up a majority of these 'second class wage­earners'.
svinger i takt med virksomhedens behov, kvinder beskæftiges kun, når der bliver behov for det, og får kun løn for faktiske arbejdstimer, ikke for ventetid - midlertidigt arbejde, jobsharing, elektronisk arbej de i hjemmet.
important to include such considerations in vocational training measures designed for women.
I Forbundsrepublikken Tyskland f.eks. var hen ved 25 "¡o af ansættelserne i 1984 tidsbegrænsede.
Unconventional methods of training should also be used to give practice in negotiating with a potential employer, such as role­playing, mock job applications and filming with a video recorder.
betydning, at disse forhold indgår i den erhvervsfaglige uddannelse af kvinder, og at man herunder anvender lidet konventionelle metoder, som rollespil, gennemspilning af ansøgningssituationer under anvendelse af video-optagelser, for at kvinderne kan øve sig i at forhandle med en potentiel arbejdsgiver.
There are contracts of employment for a specific duration, work to order (with the working day or week varying to fit in with the employer's needs, women being called upon only when they are needed and being paid for the number of hours actually worked but not for their idle time) temporary jobs, job­sharing and teleworking in the home.
') Rådets direktiv (75/EØF) af 10. februar 1975 om tilnærmelse af medlemsstaternes lovgivning om anvendelse af princippet om ligeløn til timelønnede mænd og kvinder - EFT L 45 af 19. 2. 1975.
Council Directive (75/117/EEC) of 10 February 1975 on the approximation of the laws of Member States relating to the application of the principle of equal pay for men and women: OJ L 45, 19. 2. 1975.
Men at nøjes med at erklære, at disse nye ansættelsesformer bringer arbejdernes ret tigheder i fare eller ophæver dem, er ikke til synderlig hjælp for de kvinder, der af nød må affinde sig med disse »Arbejdskontrakter af anden klasse«.
Even so, it is of little help to the women who are forced to settle for those 'second class contracts of employment' merely to proclaim that such new forms of employment threaten or abolish workers' acquired rights.
Så snart disse kvinder melder sig til vejledning og erhvervsuddan nelse, skal man ud over det erhvervsfaglige stof også bibringe dem nogen viden om arbejdsretlige regler, social lovgivning, mulighederne for retshjælp og forhandlingsstrategi. lingsstrategi.
All women seeking vocational guidance and training should be given not only the job skills they need but also an introduction to labour law, and be taught about their social rights, the aid and adivsory facilities available and negotiation strategies.
2) Rådets direktiv (76/207/EØF) af 9. februar 1976 om gennemførelse af princippet om ligebehandling af mænd og kvinder, for så vidt angår adgang til beskæftigelse, erhvervsuddannelse, forfremmelse samt arbejdsvilkår - EFT L 39 af 14. 2. 1976.
Council Directive (76/207/EEC) of 9 February 1976 on the implementation of the principle of equal treatment for men and women as regards access to ■ employment, vocational training and promotion, and working conditions: OJ L 39/40, 14. 2. 1976.
') »Kvinderne i Det europæiske Fællesskab«, s. 14. Europæisk dokumentation, nr. 4/1984, Division IX/C/11, Rue de la Loi 200, B-1049 Bruxelles.
Women in the European Community, European Documentation 4/1984, p. 140, Division IX/C1/11, 200 Rue de la Loi, 1049 Brussels.
4) Lige muligheder og erhvervsuddannelse, en under søgelse vedrørende erhvervsuddannelsesinitiativer til fordel for kvinderne i EF, CEDEFOP, 1982 (DA, DE, EN, FR, IT, GR, NL).
Equality of opportunity and vocational training: a survey of vocational training initiatives for women in the European Commuinty, Cedefop, 1982 (DA, DE, EN, FR, IT, GR, NL).
Lige muligheder og erhvervsuddannelse. En oversigt over nye uddannelser i EF-landene, CEDEFOP, 1981
Equal opportunities and vocational training: a catalogue of training innovations in the EC Member States, Cedefop, 1982 (DA, DE, EN, FR, IT, NL).
Uddannel CEDEFOP, ser og virksomheder: aktionsforslag,
Incompany training: proposals for action, Cedefop, 1984 (DA, DE, EN, FR, IT, NL).
Modstanderne af disse tendenser til smidig gørelse frygter de negative følger.
Those who oppose such a move towards greater flexibility are afraid of the adverse effects.
Kvinder, der ønsker at arbejde på deltid på grund af deres børn, går gerne med til at dele en arbejdsplads med en anden.
Women who prefer not to work full­time because of their children are very happy to work in this way.
Hvis man vil undgå, at de udsættes for helt uacceptable forhold, er de nærmere bestemmelser i kontrakten af afgørende betydning. De bør under ingen omstændigheder gå med til, at de skal vikariere for hinanden i tilfælde af sygdom, en bestemmelse, der er nævnt som en mulighed, men dog ikke en pligt i visse retlige tekster.
The terms of their contract of employment are vital if they are not to be placed under intolerable pressure: under no circumstances should they agree to stand in for their partner when she is off sick ­ a clause which is suggested, although not prescribed, by certain legislative measures.
Det samme gælder for opsigelse af hele arbejdskontrakten, når den ene af stillingens to indehavere siger op eller afskediges. Det er helt klart af største
Nor should they accept a clause whereby a contract of employment as a whole may be terminated if one of the two job­holders resigns or is dismissed.
Fra fiasko til fiasko
From failure to failure
Uddannelsessituationen for de unge af fremmed oprindelse
The training of young people of foreign origin
De nationale monografier, som er resultatet af de afledte forskningsprojekter, udgør grundlaget for betragtningerne i denne artikel.
For anyone wishing to gain a greater insight into the situation, as far as we are aware this is still the only material available for the Federal Republic as a whole.
Det skal bemærkes, at indholdet og konklusionerne i disse monografier ikke kan sammenlignes eller forbindes, eftersom de begrænser sig til at give et billede af en
The research find­ings encouraged Cedefop to undertake secondary investigations to determine how much was known about the problem in other host countries within the Commu­nity; Belgium, Denmark, France, Luxem­bourg and the United Kingdom.
Så vidt os bekendt er dette projekt det eneste, der kan tjene som udgangspunkt, hvis man ønsker at erhverve sig et nøje kendskab til den behandlede problematik, for så vidt angår det samlede tyske område.
Even though the national monographs are too specific for any comparisons or aggregation, it is surprising to find that they do all point to very similar, if not identical, problem areas.
Unge af fremmed oprindelse, unge af anden generation, unge vandrende arbejdstagere ... den terminologiske forvirring afslører vanskelighederne ved at definere en kom pleks og mangesidet virkelighed. En virke lighed, som ikke kan kortlægges gennem sociale makroanalyser, eftersom den frem for alt eksisterer som et specifikt forhold, der er betinget af særlige situationer, begivenheder, miljøer, kendetegn og momenter.
Young people of foreign origin, second generation youngsters, young immigrants: the diversity of terms that can be used is indicative of the problems of defining such complex and varied realities which are so dependent on social, historical, environment, emotional and conjunctural factors that they cannot be explained by macrosocial analysis.
Følgelig eksisterer de »unge vandrende arbejdstagere« ikke, i det mindste ikke som en gruppe, der kan defineres ud fra homogene karakteristika.
We should first state our conviction that there is no such thing as 'young immigrants', or at least not in the sense of a clearly definable, homogenous grouping, for the discussion in this article is based on that premise.