natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
I samme ånd ville det være ønskværdigt med aftaler om intelligent udnyttelse af mulige arbejdstidsnedsættelser med henblik pá at kombinere den hermed forbundne øgede fleksibilitet med muligheden for at udvikle sine kompetencer og sin lærelyst.
In the same vein, agreements signed on the in telligent use of the reduction in working hours, with or without restructuring, and the "time chosen" to combine the new resulting flexibilities with the opportunities to develop one's own competencies and personal thirst for knowledge are also viewed in a positive light.
I et sådant perspektiv er det klart nødvendigt at føre en sammenhængende økonomisk, social og monetær politik pá alle niveauer.
From this perspective, it is necessary at all levels to jointly and consistently con struct an economic, social and monetarypolicy.
Ganske særligt for så vidt angår Den Europæiske Unions internationale forbindelser.
This is particularly imperative in international relations in conjunction with European integration.
Det er en udpræget politisk opgave, selv om udfordringen først og fremmest er af økonomisk og social karakter, eftersom det drejer sig om betingelserne for frembringelse og fordeling af de samfundsskabte værdier.
This is an eminently political task even if the stakes are eminently economic and social since they involve the conditions of the creation and distribution of wealth. Reflection at this level seems inescapable.
Det er en in diskutabel forpligtelse at foretage en dybdegående analyse af hele denne problematik, der hænger sammen med et grund læggende spørgsmål for samfundsvidenskaberne: hvordan "forene den moderne individualismes former med en fastholdelse af de kollektive og sociale fænomeners kompleksitet og autonomi"23.
It is a matter of a fundamental question for the social sciences: How "can the forms of modern individualism be espoused while at the same time preserving the complexity and autonomy of collective and social phenomena?"2\
Opbygning af omfattende sociale netværk
Constructing expansive forms of so cial networking
Det er ikke svært at få oje på det interessante i hvidbogens ideer om anvendel
Surpassing the flexibility/adaptability paradigm by an adaptability/solidarity paradigm
På den måde vil der kunne udvikles solidariske tiltag i form af en omfordeling i nærmiljøet (arbejdsmæssigt eller territorialt), som vil kunne forankres i udvekslingslogikker, der kan erstatte den rene vareform, ved siden af de mere traditionelle arrangementer.
One can perfectly understand the interest of the White Paper's proposals on the us age of INTCs in the field of education and training, in particular in terms of their in teractive developments. These new tech nologies could be a means of renewing educational programmes for young peo ple and especially adults by tapping newresources such as the "electronic campus"
Her ligger der et stort indsatsområde for en forenings-
One nevertheless clearly feels that such actions, useful as they may be, would not
sektor, som med offentlig støtte vil kunne gore en stor indsats inden for rammerne af en "solidarisk økonomi".
The actions proposed, "(...) useful as they may be, would not suffice to counteract the devastating effects of the economic and organisational upheavals presented as facing the Eu ropean Union (...)".
Udskiftning af fleksibilitets-/ tilpasningsparadigmet med et tilpasnings -/solidaritetsparadigme
perspectives of competitiveness, personal perspectives of self-development and collective perspectives of social cohesion by means of "lifelong learning" - can have a chance of success - the players with a predominant role in the "deconstruction/ reconstruction" phenomena must accept to play a game of complementarity.
Hvis det bebudede projekt om via livs lang uddannelse at forene økonomiske konkurrencemål, personlig udfoldelse og social samhørighed, skal have den ringe ste chance for at lykkes, er det nødvendigt, at de aktører, der spiller en hovedrolle i dekonstruktions-/rekonstruktions-fænomenerne, accepterer at deltage i et komplementaritetsspil, hvilket langt fra er tilfældet i dag, hvis man skal dømme ud fra situationen i en række store franske virksomheder, som har brudt den stiltiende "sociale pagt" med deres ansatte og afskaffet de "udglattende foranstaltninger", der i løbet af de ansattes erhvervs aktive liv regulerede forholdet mellem indsats og belønning, til fordel for en langt mere strikt relatering i form af præstationsaflønning efter et amerikaniseret mønster.
This is far from the case if one considers the example of large French companies which, by breaking the tacit "social pact" with their wage earners, have unsettled the conditions of the French labour market by abandoning the forms of compensation between contributions and wages throughout occupational life, to the ad vantage of a much narrower association of the two terms of the exchange along more American lines.
Man fornemmer imidlertid klart, at så danne tiltag, uanset hvor nyttige de er, ikke i sig selv er tilstrækkelige til at imødegå de ødelæggende effekter af de økonomiske og organisatoriske ændringer, der i hvidbogen præsenteres som en nødvendighed, en slags naturlov, nemlig fremskridtets lov.
suffice to counteract the devastating effects of the economic and organisational upheavals presented as facing the Euro pean Union, according to a kind of law of nature: progress.
Man fornemmer, at hvidbogens forfattere selv føler modsætningsforholdet mellem produktionstilrettelæggelsen pa mikroplan og de makrosociale retningslinjer, der foreslås i hvidbogen.
It would seem that the authors of the White Paper themselves clearly perceive the contradictions be tween micro-industrial forms of productive management developed by compa nies and the macrosocial orientations they propose.
Det ma være grunden til, at de understreger nødvendigheden af at til nærme den skattemæssige øg regnskabsmæssige behandling af immaterielle in vesteringer til behandlingen af fysiske investeringer for således, som økonomerne så elegant udtrykker det, at "reinternalisere" de "eksternaliserede" omkostninger.
This is why they also refer to the need for firms to change their accounting practices and in particular their conditions of arbitration between invest ment in tangible and intangible capital in order to "re-internalise" the "externalised" costs, as economists so elegantly put it.
De kommer imidlertid ikke ind pa nødvendigheden af en mindst lige så gennemgribende ændring af de former for forvaltning af de menneskelige res sourcer, der i øjeblikket er under massiv udvikling, hvilket ikke er mindre vigtigt set i forhold til deres egne målsætninger.
However, they make no reference to the need to introduce equally substantial changes to the massively developing practices of human resources management, although this is no less essential with re spect to their own objectives.
Endvidere betyder den stigende tendens til systematisk at ansætte nye medarbejdere i tidsbegrænsede stillinger, at muligheden for at akkumulere de nødvendige kompetencer forringes, og det samme gælder for den enkelte arbejdstagers mulighed for at ved ligeholde sin erhvervskompetence, så meget mere som ansættelsesperioderne bliver kortere og kortere, og hver gang er afbrudt af arbejdsløshedsperioder.
It is not even clear that the authors really believe this themselves. In fact, when one considers the sections devoted to the two types of response to the "three upheavals", the arguments on the broad knowledge base are much weaker than those relating to the "development of everyone's employability and capacity for economic life"2".
Saledes kan hele den passage, der er viet almenviden, kun fremkalde undren på baggrund af virksomhedernes reelle praksis.
Similarly, this is far from the case as far as the managerial method of downsizing is concerned.
Når det er velkendt, at virksomhederne ikke belønner almenviden, nar den rent faktisk foreligger, hvordan kan man sa forestille sig. at de vil finansiere tilvejebringelsen af den?
Although the risks of this process for the firms themselves are nowbeing denounced, the macrosocial dam ages in the labour market triggered by the extent of the personnel shed in large firms has not yet been fully assessed2".
Det er da også langt fra sikkert, at forfatterne selv tror pa det.
Similarly, the multiplication of fixed-term con tracts, systematically used as a recruitment measure, is in the long run weakening the conditions of accumulation of the competences needed by the firms them selves.
Af de to typer svar pa de "tre drivkraftsfaktorer", der er opstillet, er afsnittet om almen dannelse meget kortere end afsnittene om "udvikling af evnen til beskæftigelse og aktivitet"2 .
Moreover, the more rapid the successions of lay-ons and lay-offs and consequential periods of absence from the workplace become, the more people's "employability" is reduced.
Endvidere ma man sporge, hvordan man pä baggrund af den nuværende situation med hensyn til fremmedsprogsindlæring kan forestille sig. at alle skal beherske to fremmedsprog, når en acceptabel beherskelse af et enkelt sprog endnu langt fra
Similarly, in view of the present conditions of access to foreign languages, how can proficiency in two languages other than one's mother tongue be envisaged when proper command of one language is far from acquired, even among graduates of higher education?
Pa denne baggrund er det ikke så under ligt, at ud af de omkring 2,9 mio ar bejdsløse, der ifølge ILO-definitionen fandtes i Frankrig i marts 1995. var de 45% langtidsledige, medens 2 mio. i 1994 var ansat i offentligt finansierede beskæftigelsesprojekter2''.
One can therefore understand why of the some 2.9 million unemployed in France in March 1995. according to the ILO definition, -ñ% were long-term unemployed while 2 million people were in assisted employment in 19942". One can also measure the length of the structural path ahead if lifelong learning as so generously de signed by the European Commission is to be fully credible.
Heraf fremgår det med al onskelig tydelighed, hvor lang en vej der skal tilbagelægges, hvis muligheden for at virkeliggøre den af Kommissionen generöst udtænkte livslange uddannelse skal være troværdig for Frankrigs, og formodentlig også for de ovrige EU-lan-des vedkommende.
1 ) 'There will be a very wide-ranging debate in volving all those with a key interest in education and training: the relevant competent national au thorities, teachers, enterprises, the social partners, and so on. This interaction which the Commission believes will be very fruitful will be followed bymore detailed proposals.
19) Hvidbog op.cit.. s. 7­9.
14) White Paper, op. cit., pp. 22 and 23.
2) Vækst, konkurrenceevne, beskæftigelse.
2) "Growth, competitiveness, employment.
Udfor­dringer og veje ind i det 21. århundrede.
The challenges and ways forward into the 21st century".
Bulletin for De Europæiske Fællesskaber.
Bulletin of the European Communities. Supplement 6/93.
2. udgave 1993·
2nd edition, 1993.
4) Hvidbog, op.cit. s. 22 og 23.
4) White Paper, op. cit., pp. 22 and 23.
Hektograferet, Lest/CNRS. Aix­en­Provence, 9 s. ­ Iribarne (A d'): "Communication of scientific Knowledge and Democracy". Indlæg pä den 5. in­ternationale konference: "The future of science has begun. The communication of science to the pub­lic: sciences and media", Milano, 15.­16. februar
Colleccio lornades 51. 1996.
14) Hvidbog op.cit., s. 22 og 23.
New series no.7-8, April-September, pp. 5-113.
16) Hvidbog op.cit.. s. 22 og 23.
27) The White Paper devotes a little under four and a half pages to a broad knowledge base and twelve and a half pages to the development of employability (pp. 31-43).
17) En god analyse af fleksibilitetsfremmende stra­tegier i forskellige europæiske lande findes i: Boyer, Robert (ansv.): "La flexibilité du travail en Europe". Editions La Découverte, Paris, 1986, 330 s.
- Iribarne (A. d.'): "Communication of scientific knowledge and democracy ".
8) Hvidbog, op.cit. s. 24.
224 pages.
Hvem modtager uddannelse?
Who participates in education and training?
- en oversigt på europæisk plan
- an overview at European level
Der indsamles en lang række data om husstandenes voksne med lemmers personlige forhold, deres status i forhold til arbejdsstyrken i referenceugen før undersøgelsen og, hvis de er beskæftiget, deres beskæftigelsesmæssige for hold.
The survey collects a wide range of data on the personal character istics of the adult members of the house hold, their status as regards the labour force in the reference week before the survey and, if employed, the characteristics of their employment.
Endvidere bruges arbejdsmarkedsoversigten til indsamling af data om en hver form for uddannelse, som er modtaget de sidste fire uger før undersøgelsestidspunktet. tidspunktet.
In addition, the LFS is also used to collects data on any education or training received in the four weeks prior to the survey.
Denne artikel er hovedsagelig baseret pa arbejdsmarkedsoversigtens resultater.
This article is based largely on the results of the LFS.
Den fokuserer på forskelle i uddannelses muligheder mellem førskellige befolknings- og arbejdsstyrkegrupper.
Its focus is on the variations in training opportunities between differ ent groups within the population and la bour force.
Arbejdsmarkedsoversigt ens styrke og svagheder
Value and limitations of the LFS
Det er nu alment accepteret, at en veluddannet arbejdsstyrke er af afgørende betydning, hvis Den Europæiske Union og dens medlemsstater skal kunne klare de udfordringer, de står over for - hurtige teknologiske og organisatoriske ændringer pa arbejdspladsen, skærpet konkurrence fra eksisterende og nye industrilande samt behov for storre samhørighed i samfundet.
It is now accepted that a skilled workforce is essential if the European Union and the Member States are to respond successfully to the challenges they face - the pace of technological and organisational change in the work place, increasing competition from existing and emerging industrial countries and the need for greater cohesion within society.
Disse udfordringer kræver, at arbejds tagere på alle niveauer i hele Unionen har de nødvendige kvalifikationer, og at disse kvalifikationer fortløbende opdateres.
These challenges re quire that workers at all levels through out the Union both have the skill needed and that those skills are continually up dated.
Men trods bevidstheden herom er information om uddannelse, specielt om livs lang læring, stadig en af de mindst ud viklede økonomiske nøgleindikatorer pa EU-plan.
Despite this awareness, however, information on training, particularly that relating to lifelong learning remains one of the least developed of the key eco nomic indicators at Community level.
Data fra de enkelte lande afspejler nødvendigvis det enkelte lands uddan nelsessystem og politiske behov, og op gørelser er baseret pa nationale begreber, definitioner og klassifikationer, søm ikke umiddelbart giver mulighed for sammen ligninger mellem medlemsstaterne.
Ex isting data at national level necessarily re flect national institutional arrangements and policy needs for which national con cepts, definitions and classifications are used and which, therefore, are not com parable between Member States.
Denne artikel anvender data fra arbejdsmarkedsoversigten til påvisning af, hvordan deltagelse i uddan nelse varierer i forskellige grupper i befolkning og ar bejdsstyrke i Den Europæiske Union.
This article uses data from the Labour Force Survey to show how participation in education and training varies within the European Union between different groups in the population and the labour force.
Den forsøger at forklare nogle af de konstaterede forskelle og under streger, at der skal udvises forsigtighed ved fortolkningen af data.
It seeks to explain the reasons for some of the observed differences and also high lights the caution needed in interpreting the data.
De fremlagte data viser klart, hvordan uddannelsesmulighederne forringes med alderen, og at de er dårligere for grupper uden eller næsten uden ud dannelse samt for de ar bejdsløse, som i forvejen er dårligt stillet på arbejds markedet.
The data reveal clearly the way in which training opportunities decline with age and are lower for those such the low skilled or unskilled and the unemployed who are already at a disadvantage in the labour market.
Specielt behandles de højere uddannelsesfrekvenser i servicesektoren, sammenlignet med industriens, og hvor dan de påvirker situationen for kvinder og deltidsansatte, som fortrinsvis er beskæftiget i servicesektoren.
Special attention is given to the higher rates of training pro vided in the service sector compared to those in industry and how these influence the situation for women and part-time workers whose employment is concentrated in the service sector.
Undersøgelsen gennemfortes i 1994 i samarbejde med De Europæiske Fællesskabers Statistiske Kontor (EUROSTAT), og resultaterne vil foreligge senere pa aret.
First, being a household survey, its focus is that of the individual's perception of their activities and their ability to describe them selves in terms of the survey's require ments.
EUROSTAT og DG XXII har under LEONARDO-programmet og med støtte fra CEDEFOP et ambitiøst femårsprogram for udvikling og indsamlig af sta tistisk materiale om savel grunduddannelse som efter- og videreuddannelse.
This point is particularly relevant to questions on training because it is known from other surveys carried out at national level that data obtained from in dividuals may not agree with data collected from employers.
Arbejdsmarkedsoversigten er en omfattende kilde til data. som gør det muligt at analysere deltagelse i uddannelses aktiviteter ud fra en lang række person lige og beskæftigelsesmæssige faktorer.
This information gap at Community level was addressed in the FORCE Programme which called for comparable data to be collected on continuing vocational train ing and. in particular, required a community-wide survey to be carried out with the cooperation of the Statistical Office of the European Community (EUROSTAT) on the continuing training provided by enterprises.
At to grunde giver den dog ikke et fuldstændigt billede.
The results of this survey, carried out in 1994, will be known later this year.
Dette punkt er specielt relevant for uddannelse, fordi det er kendt fra underesogelser i forskel lige lande, at de data. som opnas fra respondenterne, ikke altid er i overens stemmelse med oplysninger fra arbejds giverne.
EUROSTAT and DG XXII. with the support of CEDEFOP. also have an ambitious five year pro gramme for the development and collection of statistics on training - both initial and continuing.
Den enkelte lønmodtager og arbejdsgiveren kan have forskel lige opfattelser af. hvad der regnes som uddannelse.
In the meantime, the principal source of comparable data on training at Commu- nitv level is that collected in the EC La- hour Force Survey (LFS) carried out an- nually in all Member States based on ques- tionnaires, concepts and definitions laid down by EUROSTAT. The LFS is a house-
Indtil videre er høvedkilden til sammen lignelige data om uddannelse pa fælles skabsplan EF's arbejdsmarkedsøversigt, der opstilles hvert ar i alle medlemsstater pa grundlag af spørgeskemaer, begreber og definitioner, søm er udarbejdet af
The second note of caution is that because the LFS collects data on the training received in a reference period of only four weeks, it cannot provide estimates of the total number receiving education and training during in a year. This will mean that for continuing training among
ERHVERVSUDDANNELSE NA. 8/9
VOCATIONAL TRAINING NR. 8/9
"(...) arbejsmarkedsoversigten (er) først og frem mest værdifuld som en ene stående kilde til data, som viser den relative uddannelsesmæssige situation for forskellige grupper i befolkningen og i arbejdsstyrken." ken."
"(...) the main value of the LFS is that it is a unique source of data which shows the relative situa­tion, as regards the educa­tion and training received, of different groups within the population as a whole and in the labour force. " opportuni­increasing
Det andet førhold skyldes, at arbejdsmarkedsoversigtens uddannelsesdata ind samles for en referenceperiode på kun fire uger.
For practical reasons also, but particularly relevant in the context of life­long learn­ing in its broadest sense of this article, participation in education and training have been combined in this article.
Der kan derfor ikke foretages skon over, hvor mange personer der har mod taget uddannelse i lobet af et ar.
Many universities, for example, are now­providing continuing training programmes at an advanced level for mature students from industry.
Når det gælder efter- og videreuddannelse i de højere aldersgrupper, hvor der typisk er tale om korte kurser, vil det antal personer, som modtager uddannelse i lobet af en fire ugers periode, være langt lavere end det antal personer, som modtager ud dannelse i løbet af et år.
It cannot be certain, there­fore, that respondents to the LFS from dif­ferent countries respond in the same way to the questions from which the distinc­tion between education and training is made in the analysis of the results.
"(...) uddannelsesmulighederne forringes med al deren. "
training opportunities decline with in­creasing age.
Hvad der måske er mere overraskende er, at fordelingen er markant ens artet for kvinder og mænd. bade samlet og i de enkelte aldersgrupper.
What is perhaps more sur­prising is how. in total and for the differ­ent age groups, the distribution is remark­ably similar for both males and females.
Man ville maske ikke have forventet dette resultat, eftersom der er stor forskel pa de to køns stilling pa arbejdsmarkedet og deres beskæftigelse, og eftersom uddannelses mulighederne også varierer for forskellige grupper på arbejdsmarkedet.
This latter finding is perhaps not expected given that the composition of their labour market and employment characteristics are quite different for the two sexes and that leaning opportunities also vary be­tween groups within the labour market.
For eksempel udgor kvinder to tredjedele af personerne uden beskæftigelse og 85% af de deltidsansatte.
Females, for example, account for two­thirds of the economically inactive popu­lation and for 85 per cent of all part­time employees.
Modsat er to tredjedele af de fuldtidsansatte og tre fjerdedele af de selvstændige mænd.
In contrast, two­thirds of all full­time workers and three­quarters of the self­employed are men.
Vi vil senere komme ind pa forskelle i uddannelsesfrekvens mellem disse grupper og andre befolkningsgrupper og også belyse grundene til ligheden mellem de tø køn med hensyn til den samlede uddannelsesfrekvens.
Differences in the education and training rates between these and other groups within the popu­lation will be examined later. This will shed some light on the reasons for the similarity in the overall education and training participation rates between the two sexes.
I alle lande, der foreligger data fra, har der været tendens til en mindskelse af for skellen mellem mænds og kvinders uddannelsesfrekvens.
However, in all countries for which data exist, there has been a ten­dency for the gap between males and fe­male rates of participation in training to narrow.
Af praktiske grunde er almen og erhvervs rettet uddannelse kombineret i denne ar tikel, og dette er specielt relevant i for bindelse med livslang uddannelse i bred forstand. I nogle lande er det vanskeligt at sondre mellem almen uddannelse øg erhvervsrettet uddannelse, idet universiteter også udbyder efter- og videreuddannelsesprogrammer pa højt niveau for voksne ansat i erhvervslivet.
Also, for initial education and training, national practices vary quite sharply be­tween those countries, such as France, in which much early training is provided by the educational system with most young people staying on at school until they are 18 and those countries, such as Germany, in which a dual system involving em­ployer based training operates.
Også når det gælder grunduddannelse er der store variationer fra land til land.
"(■■■) in total and for the different age groups, the distribution is remarkably similar for both males and females. "