natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Dette valg er konkretiseret på flere måder: Dels gen nem regler for virksomhedernes ansatte, idet der overvejende skal være unge, mens der i ejerkredsen kan være et mindretal af voksne part- eller andelshavere eller juridiske personer.
This kind of assessment work is very similar to, and almost coincides with, the work of venture capital companies: assessments are intended to find out about the overall feasibility of the proposed business and are therefore of a discretionary nature.
Et andet særtræk er, at hele tiltaget for valtes gennem ét instrument, idet det ud valg, som forvalter loven, samtidig varetager følgende funktioner: information, promotion, udvælgelse, støtte i startfasen, specialuddannelse, tildeling af støtte og kontrol. Denne enhedsforvaltning er for bundet med meget store fordele, og erfaringerne fra lov 44-udvalget svarer på dette punkt til erfaringerne fra den angelsaksiske traditions udvalg til udvikling af produktionsaktivitet.
These courses, structured as five full-time modules each lasting one week, take place over five months, are delegated by the Committee to the most proficient train ing schools in Italy (ISVOR-FIAT, ELEA OLIVETTI, SDA BOCCONI, IAFE-ENI) and tackle genuine business management simulations which grow in complexity, providing the young entrepreneurs not just with the basic skills that they need, but also with a higher degree of selfawareness of their roles.
"... idet det udvalg, som forvalter loven, samtidig varetager følgende funk tioner: information, promotion, udvælgelse, støtte i startfasen, specialuddannelse, tildeling af støtte og kontrol "
"... the monitoring to which we are referring is not, as often seems to be the case in modern jargon, a vague review of the so cial and economic impact ofaction..." b.
Efter disse indledende overvejelser er det lettere at forstå den mekanisme, som er blevet indført med loven.
Monitoring, which has replaced the old-style checks, represents an advance in the administrative supervision of incentive mechanisms.
Ligeledes skal der i personkredsen være et ungt menneske, som bliver iværksætter ved at lede den virksomhed, projektet b) Ud fra et effektivitetssynspunkt viser de disponible data, at loven kan define-
The positive effects of mentoring can be seen not only from the point of view of fledgling enterprises, but also from the point of view of the system of relations
I hvert fald kan det konstateres, at blandt de virksomheder, som for nogen tid siden har foretaget investeringer, har om kring 80% overlevet, og den gennemsnitlige omsætning er i konstant og betydelig vækst.
we reformulate old questions having to do with the definition of the concept of occupational integration and establishing a balance between training and employ­ment?
Så hvis det er korrekt, at virkningen af en lov om iværksættelse kan be dømmes på de virksomheder, der overlever, må vurderingen af lov 44 blive ganske positiv.
What are the more recent ques­tions which have emerged in the wake of European integration and transformation of the forms of exclusion?
Når der skal gøres status, kan der også anlægges en bredere vurdering.
In the course of the last few years the approach to occupational integration has developed consider­ably, opening the door to new research.
Således er det særdeles interessant at påpege, at lov 44 har virket som et kraftigt lokomotiv for den økonomiske kultur i Syditalien, og den har vakt stor interesse blandt unge syditalienere, som i mange tilfælde har efterlignet den adfærd, den ansporer til, hvilket som bekendt er afgørende for udvikling på lokalt plan.
Thus, the problem must be exam­ined in greater depth through improved specifi­cation of the organised forms of occupational transition and the people which structure it and by theoretical foundations which link this concept with those of mobility, socialisation and remu­neration.
c) Status ud fra et kvantitativt synspunkt er interessant ud fra flere synsvinkler.
In the course of the last few years several European research scientists have stud­ied the arrangements for the occupational integration of young people.
For det første modtages der fortsat en kon stant strøm af virksomhedsplaner, selv om kun ca. 27% af projekterne godkendes.
The Barce­lona colloquium1, organized in 1993 by CEDEFOP, and the meetings of the Euro­pean Network on research into the social and occupational integration of young people2 were an opportunity to compare the main approaches and results in this area.
Hvad angår den geografiske fordeling af projektforslagene - og således også de godkendte projekter - er de jævnt fordelt over Syditalien.
Two types of concerns emerged. The first have to do with the analysis of the process of integration.
Eller rettere, de skævheder, der findes, skyldes ikke forskelle mellem udviklingsstade i forskellige om råder i syd, men kan tilskrives konjunkturbestemte situationer, hvoraf den vigtigste består i, at der i nogle regioner på for hånd fandtes en lovgivning, som favoriserede samarbejde mellem unge.
The unique position of young people on the labour market is well known: difficulty in gain­ing access to employment, precarious nature of employment, lower remunera­tion, competition with other generations.
En så dan virkning kan især konstateres på Sicilien og Sardinien, hvor den regionale lovgivning bakkes op af anselige bevillinger til tiltag i den enkelte virksomhed, som modtager finansielle tilskud.
We also know that young people do not make up a homogeneous group given the discriminatory influence of gender, social background, nationality and training.
Ud fra dette synspunkt kan status alle rede nu betragtes som definitivt opgjort.
We now have to interpret these observations.
Hvis lovgiverne ville lave et forsøg, som viste Syditaliens unge, at det kan lykkes at skabe en virksomhed som et alternativ til at lede efter en stilling, er der ingen tvivl om, at det har givet resultater.
Examination of the documentation from the colloquium in Barcelona prompted us to combine three aspects: the links be­tween the various stages of transition (em­ployment, training, mobility but also fami­ly situation and lifestyle); the determin­ing factors of integration (new forms of organization of production and compa­nies, specificities of educational systems, the different labour markets, socio­politi­cal and cultural context); and the agents who structure the process of transition be they companies, institutions or individu­als.
Også den sektorvise fordeling af de ind sendte - og ligeledes de godkendte - projekter er interessant, idet 50% ligger i forarbejdningsindustrien, 29% i landbruget og 21% i servicesektoren.
At the above­mentioned colloquium sev­eral speakers confirmed the lack of thought given to integration.
Den ud bredte frygt for, at de finansierede projekter ville blive koncentreret i service sektoren, er således blevet ryddet af vejen.
It is, how­ever, difficult to collate data and inter­pret it without drawing on hypotheses.
Endvidere skal det påpeges, at den kooperative løsning er valgt i omkring 25% af de selskaber, som har forelagt et projekt, og at den mest udbredte selskabsform er anpartsselskabet (53%).
We do indeed see how the slightest theo­retical progress is immediately translated into new investigation methods which produce results which, in turn, generate a new interpretational framework.
Tiltagets anselige spændvidde har givet mulighed for en grundig afprøvning af nogle mekanismer, som uden tvivl kan overføres til andre tiltag.
They also stress the need to examine the relevance of the concept of a labour market for young people and the view of integra­tion as a social process and a special form of mobility.
a) Den første mekanisme er gennemgang og vurdering af projekterne.
held in Barcelona on 20 and 21 September 1993 and was organized by the European research Network on the Social and Work Integration of Youth with the support of the Research Group on Education and Labour in the Educational Science Institute of the Autonomous University of Barcelona and CEDEFOP.
For at lov ens målsætning skulle stå til troende, var det nødvendigt, at de borgere, som ind sendte virksomhedsprojekter, blev vurderet på, om deres ide var gangbar, og ikke på, om de havde sikkerhed i ejendom, hvilket betød, at det traditionelle forhold mellem investor og pengeinstitut blev ændret radikalt.
The work of the colloquy allowed comparison between researchers specialized in integration, policy makers in the economic and social determinants of integration.
Ud fra dette synspunkt er der ingen tvivl om, at lov 44 kan give gode resultater.
All these questions deserve comment but this article will focus on two. How do
Der findes ikke noget teoretisk kriterium for, hvordan data kan bedømmes som mere eller mindre tilfredsstillende.
From this angle it seems that the prob­lems of the organization of occupational transition are still of interest.
I teorien opstilles normalt nogle overlevelsesprognoser, og ved en overlevelsesgrad på omkring 50% bedømmes resultatet som positivt.
This pro­posal is innovative since it places not only individual behaviour but also social or­ganization at the centre of analysis and since it enables us to better understand the links between training and employ­ment.
Denne overlevelsesgrad kan
It must however draw on various elements.
består i at give ansvaret for udvikling af en virksomhed til en anden virksomhed, har vist sig at være effektiv.
Other theoretical issues would have to be examined in greater depth.
"Derforetages en vurdering af den foreslåede forretnings gennemførligbed, og denne vurdering beror på et skøn. "
This challenges the apposition between an internal and external market (Are not the external markets equally structured?
Et sådant vurderingssystem, baseret på fire kriterier (ansøgernes troværdighed, markedspotentiale, teknisk-organisatori-ske aspekter og lønsomhed) er blevet af prøvet på over 6000 projektbehandlinger.
"...comparison of the forms of access by young people to employment with those of other groups would enable us to better understand the processes of categorisation and se lection within the employ ment system."
I dag er lov 44-udvalgets tekniske sekretariat således i stand til at yde et "produkt" af absolut høj teknisk-operativ standard.
As far as the forms of the organization of occupational transition are concerned three points should be stressed which could lead to new fieldwork.
Tilbage står dog et endnu uløst teoretisk spørgsmål, som stadig går igen i debat ten om støtte til produktionsaktiviteter, nemlig hvorvidt støtten skal ydes automatisk eller skønsmæssigt.
"The major current chal lenge is, without doubt, the differentiated manage ment of mobility which in volves a complex move ment of acceptance - rejec tion of certain groups, dualisation and exclu sion. "
Det er klart, at lov 44-udvalget baserer afgørelsen på en mekanisme med et væsentligt indslag af skøn, hvilket selvsagt ikke er ensbetydende med vilkårlighed.
1 This network aims to assist in developing a theoretical analysis of
c) Det skal også nævnes, at udvalget or ganiserer lederuddannelseskurser med det formål at give alle de virksomheder, der har fået finansiel støtte, et fælles grund lag med hensyn til ledelsesproblematikker, stort set uafhængigt af, hvilket produkt eller hvilken tjenesteydelse, der produceres.
The people responsible for transition should also be examined more closely, be they the schools in their training and guidance role, companies in respect of their recruitment, promotion and training practices or individuals who sometimes set up real strategies.
Kort sagt udføres der et vurderingsarbejde, som svarer ganske nøje til det, der ud føres i et investeringsselskab.
Close examination of the links between these agents would reveal the many different roles in transi tion.
Der anlægges en vurdering af den foreslåede forretnings gennemførlighed, og denne vurdering beror på et skøn.
But transition also has to do with a change in the conditions for acquiring know-how and skills and thus with vocational train ing and occupational socialisation.
Under lov 44 er der i praksis tale om specialistbistand i en vanskelig fase, nem lig startfasen, med andre ord ved igangsætning af initiativet.
Considerations aiming to give a theoretical foundation to the concept of transi
Tutorordningen, som d) Monitorordningen, som har erstattet den gamle godkendelse, betyder et frem skridt for den administrative kontrol af støttemekanismerne.
Another central concern is that of qualification and socialization. Some papers stress the varied nature of the links be tween training and employment.
Det skal for en or dens skyld præciseres, at den her omtalte monitorordning ikke blot er en overfladisk undersøgelse af tiltagets socioøkonomiske effekt - det er en almindeligt udbredt misforståelse.
If it is the case that initial continuing education continues to play a major role in the form ing of occupational paths, in the recruit ment policies of companies and in the partitioning (even competition of groups), this influence is neither unique (there are other factors such as social background) nor the only determining factor (the link between levels and specialities of train ing and employment is often very blurred).
Det drejer sig derimod om en præcis, detaljeret administrativ kontrol med alle afholdte udgifter, hvortil er knyttet en kvalitativ vurdering af virksomhedens potentiale.
An examination of the current conditions of access to employment for young people could help us to take up, on a different basis, the debate on qualification, and on the links between train ing and employment.
Det betyder, at forvaltningen, når den skal træffe af gørelse om støtte, er i besiddelse af et indgående kendskab til virksomheden.
It also enables us to examine transition in connection with a closely related concept, that of occupational socialization, and to examine its relevance for groups which are forced into very specific segments in the labour system (characterized by the precarious nature of employment and the low level of qualification), a situation characterized
Nye aspekter i forbindelse med den erhvervs mæssige indslusning jr, 1 II. økonom. V^^V Median afforsk-WÊ^ ningsgruppen l^fl "Undervisning og beskæftigelse" (GREE-CNRS, Université Nancy II)
Moreover, the current low level of mobility and the absence of a real European market of qualifications impose con straints on the importance of harmonization of this kind.
Alle disse spørgsmål berettiger til kom mentarer, men artiklen begrænser sig til at behandle to af dem.
This raises two questions which confirm the interest in international comparisons.
Hvordan kan man omformulere de velkendte spørgsmål om definition af begrebet erhvervsmæssig indslusning og om overensstemmelse mellem uddannelse og beskæftigelse?
Are the education, occupation and integration systems comparable and can we define "models'" in this field and thus envisage "transfers" between countries?
Hvilke nye problemer melder der sig navnlig som følge af den europæiske in tegration og af ændringerne i de forskel lige former for udelukkelse?
How are supra-national standards produced and what real influence do they have on practices in each individual country?
I de senere år er der sket en betydelig udvikling inden for den erhvervsmæssige indslusning, hvilket baner vej for nyt forskningsarbejde.
Finally, occupational transition could be an excellent source of analysis for restructuring in salary structures because it takes in all the components (maintenance, circulation and use).
Emnet bør derfor uddybes dels ved en bedre beskrivelse af de forskellige former for organisation af overgangen til erhvervs arbejde og af de implicerede parter, der strukturerer den, dels ved en teoretisk sammenkobling af dette be greb med mobilitet, socialisering og lønmæssige for hold.
We could, in fact, analyze the organization of this transition as a way of ensuring the incorporation of individuals into work and employment relations which are undergoing drastic change and which are contributing to this change.
Undersøges skal endvidere europæisk integrations indflydelse i analysen og ændringen af ind slusningsvilkårene; udeluk kelsesprocesserne og disses fortolkning; de længerevarende metoders relevans og begrænsninger.
The increasingly important role of companies in training, a decoupling of occupational activity and the resources of individuals, the precarious nature of sta tus and situations, the important weight of intermediary or state regulatory bodies, the instability of time and the interpenetration of activities at work and out side work, the increased dualism all these phenomena observed in occupational transition are perhaps the forerunners of new relations in work and em ployment, which are characteristic of the current emergence of a new workforce.
På konferencen diskuterede forskere med indslusning som speciale og politiske beslutningstagere om de afgørende ekonomiske og sociale faktorer i forbindelse med indslusning.
In the course of the last few years major questions have emerged concerning the real impact of European integration on work and education and on the pertinence of the European space as a forum for understanding training and employment systems.
Men det er vanskeligt at opbygge en dataindsamling og at for tolke den uden hypoteser.
Here it is a matter of knowing whether we can de fine and compare the efficacy of national training and integration systems in order to elaborate proposals for action.
Man ser faktisk tydeligt, hvordan det mindste teoretiske fremskridt omgående giver sig udtryk i nye undersøgelsesmetoder, der fører til resultater, som igen fremkalder en ny fortolkningsramme.
As far as vocational training is concerned, it is customary to distinguish between three models: "competitive vocational", "school educational" and "vocational educational".
Således falder udviklingen af undersøgelser i tiden i tråd med fortolkningen af indslusningen som en lang og uvis proces; indslusningsundersøgelsernes udvidelse til også at omfatte levevis hænger sammen med den over bevisning, at indslusningen ikke udeluk kende er erhvervsmæssig, og at dens be stemmende faktorer ikke udelukkende er økonomiske; ligheden mellem under søgelser blandt unge og langtidsledige følger den tanke, at den erhvervsmæssige indslusning omfatter forskellige befolk ningsgrupper; og kombinationen af un dersøgelser blandt de forskellige implicerede parter går hånd i hånd med den tanke, at adgangen til beskæftigelse er socialt struktureret.
But comparative analysis shows that be yond this diversity the challenges are relatively similar since in all countries it is a matter of finding a better response to economic and social needs, of redefining the links between schools and companies, of developing capacities for innovation and adaptation of systems, of ensuring im proved articulation between the paths and a decentralization of schemes. It also demonstrates that all countries face the same difficulties in respect of evaluation, be it the choice of reference systems (the goals, the situation before or in other countries, the ideal situation), the observation angles (internal or external), the subjects to be studies (implementation, the effects, effective or implicit functions) or the measurement tools.
2) Dette net har til formål at bidrage til udviklingen af et analyseinstrument for indslusning, forbindelsen mellem uddannelse/erhvervsuddannelse og ar bejdsmarkedet.
The third concern is more general in nature since it involves theoretical under standing of the links between training and employment.
Det sigter mod at op rette forbindelse mellem forskerne i de forskellige lande, hvis arbejde frem bringer eller anvender sammenligne lige data.
Here it is important to un derstand the special nature of each national system for employment - training -integration on the basis of the special characteristics of the labour markets, working relations, school institutions and cultures.
Siden 1993 har nettet mod taget assistance fra "European Science Foundation".
Thus, we can even question the existence of Europe itself as an economic and social space.
Disse problemer foranlediger endvidere til overvejelse af relevansen af begrebet "de unges arbejdsmarked" og af indslusningens konceptualisering som social proces og særlig form for mobilitet.
We have to examine the comparability and the recognition of diplomas and qualifications, to promote mobility and the standardization of con ditions of access to employment, to pro mote a common understanding of the is sues, and to give decision makers comparable information.
I så henseende ser det ud til, at spørgs målet om tilrettelæggelse af overgangen til erhvervsmæssig beskæftigelse bevarer sin betydning.
This approach causes problems given the implicit hypotheses which it involves.
Tanken er ny, fordi den ikke sætter den individuelle adfærd i
Harmonization in fact means reducing the large de gree of diversity in the forms of division of labour, organization of training, dis crimination of young people and consideration of diplomas in recruitment.
+ * * midtpunktet, men derimod de samfunds mæssige organisationsprincipper, og fordi den forbedrer forståelsen af sammenhængen mellem uddannelse og beskæftigelse, men den bor dog tillempes på flere punkter. ter.
"...may be interpreted as the manifestation of the dual nature of the labour market, a kind of process of selection and rejection of a reserve workforce or, on the contrary, as a phenomenon for pushing peo ple on to the fringes.
Følgelig er det på nuværende tids punktformålstjenligt at gennemgå samtlige organisationsformer... " med ændringen af vilkårene for tilegnelse af viden og kunnen og dermed med er hvervsuddannelse og -socialisering.
onstrate the varied nature of consecutive situations and help to identify the main discriminatory variables whether these have to do with experience of employ ment or unemployment or with individual characteristics.
Den rejser også spørgsmålet om aflønningsforholdene (ved at flytte en del af byrden over pá det offentlige) og ændrer hold ningen til arbejdet. Endelig udgør den en reaktion på den samfundsmæssige nødvendighed af at regulere de forskellige arbejdsløse befolkningsgrupper.
However, they do raise methodological problems which are far from being resolved, problems to do with the preparation of data (analysis period, choice of indicators, definition of situations) and the interpretation of results (constructions of paths).
"Det vil også være værdi fuldt at undersøge de forskellige overgangsformer og -rytmer ...for bedre at indkredse selve indslusningsbegrebet. "
"Asfar as young people are concerned, the studies help to identify the paths of individuals, the significant segmentation, the de velopment of individual strategies..."
"... bør de unges forskel lige former for adgang til beskæftigelse sammenlig nes med andre befolkningsgruppers adgangsmuligheder, så man bedre kan forstå beskæftigelses systemets kategoriserings- og sorteringsprocesser. "
The colloquium in Barcelona was also an opportunity to initiate reflection on a sec ond important subject, that of exclusion which to a certain extent is the reverse image of integration.
Med hensyn til de egentlige former for tilrettelæggelse af overgangen til erhvervs arbejde skal der fremhæves tre punkter, der kan medføre nyt arbejde i marken.
Like integration it is a process and not a situation, a complex result of several determining factors which, each in their own way, discriminate groups: dualism of the labour mar ket, selective practices of companies and public bodies, different behaviour of in dividuals depending on their aptitudes and situation ....
For det første skal det understreges, at der ikke kan blive tale om nogen over gang uden forudgående tilrettelæggelse heraf.
Several questions which have to do with reasons for exclusion were thus examined in greater depth: which criteria increase the risk and which situations encourage this phenomenon?
Det vil også være værdifuldt at undersøge de forskellige övergångsformer og -rytmer (som på nuværende tidspunkt spænder lige fra omgående indslusning over kon stant ustabile former til definitiv udeluk kelse) for bedre at indkredse selve indslusningsbegrebet.
What is the impact of the various bodies responsible for receiving and guiding these individuals?