natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Man ønskede kommunalt drevne lærlingeværksteder, eventuelt udlicitering mod betaling til særligt egnede værksteder og mestre af opgaven at sikre forsvarlig og grundig oplæring af lærlingene.
They wanted apprentice workshops run by the local authority and, where applicable, inviting of particularly suitable workshops and master craftsmen to tender for the job of providing acceptable, thorough training of apprentices, against payment.
Socialdemokratiets position var således orienteret mod sikring af uddannelsesformålet. sesformålet.
The position of the Social Democratic Party was thus directed towards protecting the purpose of training.
Dette indeholdt 1889-loven ingen garantier for; den er primært en forskrift for det juridiske indhold af lærekontrakterne, som for at være gyldige skulle registreres hos politiet.
The Law of 1889 did not include any guarantees for this; it is primarily a prescription for the legal content of the apprentice's indentures which, in order to be valid, had to be registered with the police.
Den gav dermed også beføjelser til at offentlig tvangsmyndighed kunne bruges til at sikre kontraktens overholdelse - i praksis at mestrene kunne sikre sig mod, at lærlingene brød læreforholdet.
The Law thereby also conferred powers enabling a public law-enforcement authority to be used to ensure performance of the contract - which in practice meant that master craftsmen could insure themselves against breach of the training agreement by apprentices.
I samme periode - endda noget før lærlingeloven - var der be gyndt at blive givet statstilskud til undervisningen på tekniske skoler og i løbet af 1890'erne til handelsskolerne.
In the same period - before the Law concerning apprentices, as a matter of fact - Government grants were beginning to be made for instruction at technical schools and, during the 1890's, to the business schools.
Erhvervslivets egen varetagelse af erhvervsuddannelsen ved lærlingeoplæringen i virksomhederne blev altså suppleret med en fælles, organisationsbåret drift af erhvervsskolerne som fik tilskud af det offentlige.
Commerce and industry's own conduct of vocational training through the training of apprentices in firms was thus supplemented by joint, organization-borne operation - i.e. by the employers' organizations - of the vocational schools, which received grants from public funds.
Grunden til det 'organisationsbårne' system er således udviklet allerede ved århundredeskiftet - men alene med arbejdsgiversi-
The basis of the 'organization-borne' system has thus already expanded at the turn of the century - but in this period only with the employers' side as the 'bearer' and with the Government providing financial support conditional only upon the observance of formal rules for the instruction given.
den som bærer og med staten som finansiel støtte alene betinget af overholdelse af formelle regler for undervisningen.
34 progress made by the Social Democratic Party in the municipalities resulted in the views of the Labour movement penetrating into the governing boards of the vocational schools.
En lov om statligt tilsyn med de tekniske skolers undervisning blev vedtaget i 1916 og en tilsvarende for handelsskolernes under visning i 1920.
In 1920 there wasa non-socialist majority in Parliament again and the Liberals ('Venstre') formed a government.
Arbejderbevægelsens krav om indflydelse på lærlingeuddannelsen: Kommunerne som mulig indflydelseskanal?
35 tures in that trade (cf. below in subsection 3.3.4. concerning the contractual obligation).
Den første breche heri kommer med kommunernes stigende involvering i den økonomiske sikring af erhvervsskolerne.
During the remainder of the '20s and at the beginning of the '30s, the Social Democratic Party continued trying to to improve apprentice training, through Parliament - with the aim primarily of achieving inspection of the content of the firms' training.
Allerede tidligt havde mange kommuner bidraget med startkapital til tekniske skoler og handelsskoler.
It did not succeed then; nor did it succeed when the Social Democratic Party formed a coalition government with the Social Liberal Party ('Det radikale Venstre') from 1929 onwards.
Fra 1916 blev kommunale bidrag lovbestemt.
For the Labour movement as a whole, this was a problem.
Socialdemokratiets fremvækst i bykommunerne indebar derfor omkring 1. verdenskrig at arbejderbevægelsens synspunkter trængte ind i erhvervskolernes bestyrelser.
In the trade union movement, attempts had been made for many years to combat the misuse of apprentices for jobs purely as 'work-boys', and to ensure proper training.
I den periode af radikalisering af arbejderbevægelserne i Europa, der fulgte på 1. verdenskrigs afslutning, fremsatte det danske Socialdemokrati flere gange forslag til en ny lærlinge lov, hvor man sigtede på at få kontrol med at virksomhedsoplæringen opfyldte lærlingeuddannelsens uddannelsesmål.
Together with the demand for 'apprentice commissions' to approve apprenticeships and monitor the training - which had been the most controversial topic in Parliament -these topics formed a fairly large set of trade uniondemands for apprenticeship training, which had been on the agenda continuously since the end of the First World War.
Kontrollen skulle udøves af kommunalt nedsatte kommissioner (og hvor købstadskommunerne da for en stor part havde socialdemokratisk flertal).
The draft 1937-law became a breach in the Labour movement's parliamentary strategy hitherto, of trying to put through official inspection of apprentice training, with the public sector - the local authorities - as the instrument for this.
Den lærlingelov, der blev gennem ført under denne i 1921, berørte kun få af problemerne med selve virksomhedsoplæringen.
Attention was directed, instead, towards the forms of regulation of apprentice training that had been developed on the labour market.
Den stillede dog krav om at der skulle være en person med den relevante faglige uddannelse, mester eller en ansat, i en oplæringsvirksomhed, og den indførte kontraktpligten, at unge under 18 år ikke måtte beskæftiges med arbejde, der var del af et fag, hvis de ikke havde en lære kontrakt i faget (jvf senere i afsnit 3.3.4. om kontraktpligten ).
Collective self-discipline - without formal sanctions -has probably always been in operation among the ranks of the master craftsmen; it can be effective, of course, paticularly in the closer social relationships. As early as in 1909 the moulders' trade in the iron and steel industry had set up a trade committee with equal representation, which tried to formulate training-rules and inspected apprentice workshops.
I resten af 20'erne og i starten af 30'erne forsøgte Socialdemokratiet fortsat ad parlamentarisk vej at forbedre lærlingeuddannelserne, først og fremmest med sigte på at opnå en kontrol med uddannelsesindholdet i virksomhedsoplæringen.
During the '20s the lack of uniformity and incompleteness in what various skilled metalworkers were actually capable of appears to have become a problem for the iron and steel and engineering and other metalusing industry, since many became 'skilled' or 'trained' merely by working on what were ordinary day-to-day jobs in the workshop.
Også i dette parti var der en stærk repræsentation af hånd værkeres og mindre handlendes interesser - og modviljen mod at det offentlige - kommunen - skulle lave 'posekiggeri' ved at kontrollere mestres oplæringsaktiviteter var stærk.
As from 1930 it actually took over from the police - without any real legal authority - powers to approve apprentice workplaces in the trade. The police had already made it a routine to question the committee before a contract was approved.
For den samlede arbejderbevægelse var dette et problem.
The further course of events has points of similarity,
I fag bevægelsen havde man i mange år søgt at bekæmpe misbrug af lærlinge til rene arbejdsdrengefunktioner og sikre en reel oplæring.
3 Since 1980 called the Iron and Steel Industry Employers' Association ('Jernets Arbejdsgiverforening', JA)
Kontraktpligten var kun et lille skridt fremad, sålænge overholdelsen af oplæringsforpligtelserne ikke blev kontrolle ret, men alene var et spørgsmål om tillid til mestrene.
40 organizationally, with the dynamics of social forces set in operation at the end of the last century when the trade unions were formed and the system of collective agreements was established.
Denne tillid kunne man have til de fag, hvor mestrene lod lærlinge deltage i de svendeprøver, som foranstaltedes af 'Fællesrepræsentationen for dansk industri og håndværk' (nu: HR, Håndværksrådet, oprindelig primært mester- og håndværkerforeninger).
The 1929-agreement concerning the Metalworking Industry's Apprentices Committee can be regarded as a kind of agree ment on a guaranteed minimum standard for the training of apprentices, which set limits to the degree to which they could be used as 'work-boys'.
En anden bestræbelse fra fagbevægelsens side gik således ud på at indføre tvungne svendeprøver og at få brudt mestrenes eneret på at organisere og bedømme svendeprøverne.
This can be illustrated by what took place in the '30s in a largish Danish provincial town which is divided by a fiord into two, Ålborg and Nørresundby.
En tredje bestræbelse gik ud på at få gjort teoretisk og teknisk undervisning til obligatorisk supplement af lærlingeuddannelsen - og organiseret som dagskole - eller i det mindste som forkortet aftenskoletid og med reduktion af lærlingenes arbejdsuge nedad mod normalsarbejdsugen.
The employers in Nørresundby complained that their DSMF-sections had been very active in summoning the Metalworking Industry's Apprentices Committee which, when inspection of the work shop was finished, decided whether approval as an appren tice workplace could be granted, for which trade and for what number of posts.
Sammen med kravet om 'lærlingekommissioner' til at godkende lærepladser og føre indseende med oplæringen, som havde været det parlamentarisk mest omstridte emne, udgjorde disse emner et større komplex af fagbevægelseskrav til lærlingeuddannelserne, der havde været på dagsordenen uafbrudt siden 1. verdenskrigs afslutning.
41 the Âlborg-side - and like with the original organizationgenesis there is a kind of domino effect, once a certain spread of organized control and inspection is reached.
Oplægget til 1937-loven blev et brud på arbejderbevægelsens hidtidige parlamentsorienterede strategi med at prøve at gennemføre kontrol med lærlingeoplæringen med den offentlige sektor, kom munerne, som instrument.
The employers' own representatives 'cleaned up' on the masters' side - and on the side of the trade union movement the DSMF also had to distinguish between justified and unjustified complaints from the sections of the Federation concerning conditions for apprentices.
Udviklingen af en fællesinteresse mellem parterne indenfor Jern- og Metalindustrien i uddannelsesregler og kontrol med virksomhedsoplæringen
The two-thirds-rule for the equalrepresentation committees thus means that a certain degree of coincidence of interest between the employers' and the trade union movement's representatives is necessary for operation in practice.
I stedet blev opmærksomheden rettet mod de former for regulering af lærlingeuddannelsen, der var blevet udviklet på ar be jdsmarkdet.
In Art.20 the rules are laid down for the composition and work of the Apprentices Council ('laerlingeradet', LR).
Kollektiv selvjustits - uden formelle sanktioner - har formentlig altid fungeret indenfor læremestrenes rækker; specielt i mere nære sociale sammenhænge kan det givetvis være effektivt.
The tradition was thereby founded for 'trade self-management' to deal with areas in which common interests existed - concerning the content of training, for example - and to try to prevent disputes and breaches of agreements in matters concerning apprentices.
Allerede i 1909 havde formerfaget indenfor jernindustrien op rettet et paritetisk fagligt udvalg, der prøvede at udforme uddannelsesregler og inspicerede læreværksteder.
This tradition also involves attempting to keep actual controversial areas of training policy - questions more of a parliamentary, political nature - outside the domain of 'trade self-management'.
I løbet af 20'erne synes uensartetheden og ufuldkommenheden i hvad forskellige faglærte metalarbejdere faktisk kunne at være blevet et problem for jern- og metalindustrien.
It virtually assigns the whole power to workers and employers who, in many areas - indeed, in all of the most important ones - are allowed to make the decision themselves.
For mange blev 'udlært' ved alene at arbejde med det, der var værkstedets al mindelige daglige opgaver.
The areas in which these councils have not been allowed to make the decision are those in which conflicts of interests can arise.
Var de snævert specialiserede eller fjernt fra de klassiske smede- og maskinfabrikkers produktionsopgaver, som fx i de dengang fremblomstrende automobilvürksteder - ja så var det et problem for de mange og noget større virksomheder fx smede- og maskinværksteder der udgjorde kærnen i arbejdsgiverorganisationen og som beskæftigede hovedparten af de faglærte metalarbejdere.
In order to keep the Joint Committees neutral, the very things which could create conflicts of interests and thereby make the firm or business less neutral are transferred elsewhere for decision." (col. 2430) (our underscoring).
Men det var også et problem for fagforbundet, det daværende Dansk Smede- og Maskinarbejderforbund, DSMF.
The Social Democratic Party's partner in government, the Social-Liberal Party, found the arrangement reasonable for manufacturing industry, but open to criticism for craft industry and commerce.
Det ønskede at sikre sine medlemmer - og også lærlingene som kommende medlem mer - en erhvervskvalificering, der både var indholdsmæssigt moderne, og bred, sådan at man var kvalificeret til jobs i det meste af jern- og metalindustrien.
Moreover, it was feared that 'trade selfmanagement' could result in regression to the conditions of the guild-era.
En mere kortsigtet økonomisk interesse for forbundet var at undgå at medlemmer var så dårligt eller specielt kvalificerende, at de nemt blev en belastning for forbundets arbejdsløshedskasse.
The Liberal Party had in general been against it, applying liberalistic arguments, whereas the Conservatives were no strangers to the influence of the organizations -corporative cooperation - as a modern solution to the
Lige så kortsigtet var interessen i at undgå at lærlingearbejdskraft kunne bruges til hvad som helst og i kraft af den lave løn derigennem blive en trussel mod de voksne faglærtes beskæftigelse.
45 problems. They demanded that the Minister's powers should be taken away in the first bill and be transferred to the Apprentices Council.
Mere langsigtet kan den sidste interesse også tolkes mere positivt: ved at sikre at lærlingene uddannes forsvarligt sikrer man, at der er en fortsat nytilgang af personer, der kan varetage komplext arbej-
In addition, the Conservatives wanted the business sector to be treated separately, under a special law, and they supported the demand of banks and insurance companies to be exempt from the law.
de på en selvstændig måde - hvilket berettiger til en højere løn.
However, the Danish Employers' Association and especially the Council for Industry were hesitant and the campaign against the law therefore soon subsided.
Altså sikring af fagets status og fortsatte eksistens.
During the years 1938-39 a considerable drop in the number of apprentices took place; but this can hardly be described as the result of any actual boycotting movement.
Der kan altså anes et interessesammenfald mellem kernen i Sam g menslutningen af Arbejdsgivere i Metalindustrien (SAM) 3 0DSMF:
The overall solution in the 1937 law concerning apprentices thus meant also that there were certain points which embarrassed SAM (now JA), which otherwise was favourably disposed, on the whole, towards the establishment of 'trade committees' and to cooperation with the trade union movement on matters concerning apprentices.
- 'misbrug' af lærlinge skulle hindres både fordi det truede den samlede tilgang af 'ægte' faglærte, og fordi det indebar risiko for 'illoyal' konkurrence mellem virksomheder, hvis nogle virksomheder kunne basere deres prisberegninger på om fattende anvendelse af billig lærlingearbejdskraft.
It can be taken, rather, to be an expression of the fact that the parliamentary way was so confused that it appeared to the labour movement to be an advantage if legal authority could be obtained - or perhaps delegated governmental powers, rather - for apprentice training to be regulated, trade by trade, in forms of the nature of agreements.
Dette interessesammenfald indebærer altså at nogle (hovedparten) af arbejdsgiverne i en branche har interesse i at holde justits med arbejdsgiveres eventuelle misbrug af den alminde lige markedsmekanisme på lærepladsmarkedet.
This was the path taken by the Association of Employers in the Metalworking Industry (SAM) itself in cooperation with the trade union movement, in order to ensure that the many small employers who train the majority of apprentices complied with training-rules which could enable them to be used also in the big, modern firms on completion of their apprenticeship.
I 1929 blev Metalindustriens Lærlingeudvalg etableret som paritetisk udvalg mellem SAM og DSMF med det formål at udforme ud dannelsesregler og føre kontrol med lærestederne.
The way now became open generally for making apprentice training a project of cooperation between the social partners, with the 1937-law - also for trades and industries whose structure and possibilities for alliance be tween various interests were different.
Fra 1930 overtog det reelt - uden en egentlig lovhjemmel herfor - beføjelser til at anerkende lærepladser i faget fra politiet.
However, this * depoliticisation' through delegation to the trade committees did not embrace all of the subjects of dispute within apprentice training.
Det videre forløb har strukturelle lighedspunkter med proces serne i slutningen af forrige århundrede ved dannelsen af fag foreninger og etableringen af systemet med kollektive overenskomster .
Among the things which, in Ludvig Christensen's words, could create conflicts of interests and were therefore transferred elsewhere for decision, were the pay, working hours and schooling of apprentices.
1929-aftalen om Metalindustriens Lærlingeudvalg kan betragtes som en slags overenskomst om en garanteret minimumsstandard for lærlingenes uddannelse - som satte grænser for hvor meget de kunne udnyttes som arbejdsdrenge.
Right up until 1936 there had been examples of employers prohibiting apprentices - in the actual indentures - to organize themselves, in conjunction with the ideological principle that the apprentice's relationship with his master was of the special nature of upbringing, and not like that of a worker with his employer.
Når en sådan 'overenskomst' er indført, så bliver de 'lovlydige' også interesseret i at andres 'overenskomstbrud' forhindres.
Apprentices were now recognized de facto as belonging to the working-class, with the right of organization, but not the right to strike.
3siden 1980 Jernets Arbejdsgiverforening, JA.
This did not go through, and evening classes additional to a normal working week remained the rule for apprentices.
Udviklingen i 30'erne i en større dansk provinsby, som af en fjord deles i to, Ålborg og Nørresundby, k.m illustrere dette.
In this way consideration of the need to strengthen the role of the vocational schools, promoting technical and general skills, also came to support - and became part of - the Labour movement's demand for a change-over to daytime classes in apprentice training.
Arbejdsgiverne i Nørresundby beklagede sig over, at deres DSMF-afdelinger havde været meget aktive med at få tilkaldt Metalindustriens Lærlingeudvalg, som efter endt besigtigelse af værkstedet besluttede om godkendelse som lærested kunne gives, til hvilke fag og med hvilket antal pladser.
The opposition came from smaller employers and master craftsmen in general. They thought that apprentices were indispensable during the hours of day-to-day working and that their presence throughout the working week was neccessary also to enable the apprentices to learn the complete production process.
Nørresundby-mestrenes klage var så at de herigennem var blevet pålagt en række re striktioner - mens mestrene i Aalborg syd for fjorden i stort tal kunne bruge lærlinge til almindelige produktionsopgaver, fordi fagforeningerne der ikke udviste nogen særlig interesse for lærlingespørgsmål.
The opposition came particularly from the smaller trades, however, for which specific trade-instruction could be set up only at one or a few vocational schools, which would have to become boarding schools providing a number of stays, of several weeks' duration, for the apprentices.
I løbet af ret få års virke vandt Metalindustriens Lærlingeudvalg almindelig anerkendelse og udbredelse.
52 the number of apprentices within their respective trades.
Arbejdsgivernes egne repræsentanter 'ryddede op' på mesterside - og på fagbevægelsens side har DSMF også måttet sortere mellem berettigede og uberettigede klager fra forbundsafdelingerne over lærlinge forhold.
The reason given was still consideration of training; but some liberal parties regarded this as a restriction of admission - a conspiracy between masters and journeymen which would protect the trade against competition resulting from 'excessive' intake.
Den paritetiske udvalgsordning kan give mange associationer til det generelle overenskomst- og arbejdsretlige system, som blev etableret mellem 1899 og 1910.
About 180 business schools and about 350 technical schools were reduced, within about ten years after 1956, to about 60 and 55 schools, respectively. tively.
Socialdemokratiet forlader tanken om at bruge offentlige myndigheder til at kontrollere virksomhedsoplæringen
However, owing to practical circumstances the day schoolprinciple took a long time to become established. The 1956-law specified a period of 8 years for the trades to change over to day school.
I stedet for, som der næsten hvert eneste år siden 1918 havde været fremsat lovforslag om, ad parlamentarisk vej at prøve at få kommunalt udpegede kontrolorganer etableret, skiftede Social demokratiet i 1937 over til en model med at prøve at få paritetiske udvalg af arbejdsgivere og fagforbund til at varetage styringen af lærlingeuddannelserne.
The formulation of a model in which 'trade self-management' reaches agreement as to what reasonable require ments are regarding content, scope and organization of apprentices' instruction at the vocational schools - and obtains public finance for most of the expenditure on this - assumed considerable fundamental importance.
Ved præsentationen af lovforslaget sagde socialminister Ludvig Christensen, Socialdemokratiet, 4 efter først at have bekla-
Within the metalworking field, on the initiative of the Danish Metal Workers Union (DSMF) some 2-year apprentice training courses were also set up - compared with the normal training period of about 4 years up to that time.
get alle de tidligere fejlslagne socialdemokratiske lovforslag om kontrol med virksomhedsoplæringen: "...
56 demarcations and to the covering of labour market segments by agreements.
Da imidlertid praktisk talt alle ansvarlige inden for erhvervene er enige om at tilsyn er en nødvendighed, og da man altså ikke har kunnet til træde forslaget om lokale tilsyn, har jeg valgt at gøre tilsynet fagligt betonet og i det hele taget at give fagene en meget betydelig medbestemmelsesret med hensyn til lærlingevæsenet", (vore understregninger)
It was presumably a threat of this kind which DMSF had tried to avoid with the new 2-year appren tice training courses. However, these courses had hardly any intake and when DSMF complained to the iron and steel employers about this, the answer given was that memberfirms could not be compelled to set up training posts, of course.