natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Det er vigtigt at understrege, at hjemmearbejde i de sidste tyve år har ændret image,
What has to be stressed, I think, is that in the course of the past twenty years, work ing at home has taken on a new image,
I USA er den sociale beskyttelse af arbejds tagerne overladt til de kollektive forhandlinger på virksomhedsplan, og alle de beskæftigede i servicesektoren er udeluk ket herfra, dvs. de ansatte i den sektor, hvor beskæftigelsen er steget mest i løbet af de seneste år.
In the United States, the social protection system depends on collective negotiation in enterprises and it excludes the large number of workers employed in the services sector, the very sector which has been responsible for the increase in
ERHVERVSUDDANNELSE 3/94 der. der er kendetegnende for det sociale velfærdssystem i EU.
VOCATIONAL TRAINING 2/94 employment figures in the course of the last few years.
forhold kan nævnes den teknologiske udvikling, ændret arbejdstilrettelæggelse og specialiserede arbejdsopgaver, men også de nye generationers ønsker og præferencer.
What is now atypical employment reflects technological evolution, changes in labour organization, specialization trends, but also the effect of expectations manifested by younger generations.
"...selv om der i Europa findes nationale, offentlige socialforsorgs sy stemer, stiger antallet af arbejds tagere, der ikke længere opfylder de traditionelle betingelser f or at nyde gavn af disse ordninger. "
Let us come back to the issue of collective negotiation and the position of the trade unions vis-à-vis employment mar ket changes.
Jeg vender nu tilbage til spørgsmålet om kollektive forhandlinger og fagforeninger nes strategi i forbindelse med udviklingen på arbejdsmarkedet.
"I... believe that within the next few years the distiction between typical and atypical employment will disappear, especially when atypical employment starts to involve the majority of employment forms. "
De sociale beskyttelsesordninger, der er yderst forskellige fra virksomhed til virk somhed, er stort set blevet afskaffet i løbet af de sidste 10-15 år, og derfor er den amerikanske administration i dag ved at revidere sin opfattelse af "socialstaten".
This support system for the social needs of workers and their families, differing widely from company to company, practically collapsed in the course of the last ten to fifteen years.
På en måde tror jeg, at EU-staterne fore griber overvejelserne over dette spørgs mål i Europa, for selv om der i Europa findes nationale, offentlige socialforsorgssystemer, stiger antallet af arbejdstagere, der ikke længere opfylder de traditionelle betingelser for at nyde gavn af disse ord ninger.
For this reason. the US administration is currently re examining the issue of the "welfare state" under totally new terms.
Det grundlæggende problem er således at sikre lige rettigheder for et stort antal arbejdstagere, der arbejder under atypiske og usikre ansættelsesforhold, og som vil være nødsaget til at skifte beskæftigelse adskillige gange i løbet af deres erhvervsaktive liv.
And I think the US is in a way anticipating the line of thought we should be following here in Europe, because, even though Europe has government systems of social protection on a national level, there is also a growing mass of workers who no longer fulfil the traditional conditions of access to these systems.
"feg tror i øvrigt, at sondringen mellem typisk og atypisk arbejde vil forsvinde i de kommende år, for så vidt som atypiske ansættelsesforhold vil blive normen. "
The problem therefore involves guaranteeing the same rights to a large group of workers who have totally atypical employment relationships and about whom it can already be predicted that they will have to change jobs several times in the course of their working lives.
Fagforeningerne risikerer rent faktisk at miste terræn i et samfund, der er under radikal forandring, ikke alene hvad angår arbejdsstyrkens sociale sammensætning, men også denne arbejdsstyrkes forskellig artede prioriteter.
The trade unions are indeed running the risk of losing control in a society that is currently undergoing fundamental changes, not only from the point of view of the social composition of the working world but also in terms of the priorities and needs expressed by this highly di versified world.
Men vi kan ikke acceptere, at der i alle spørgsmål tages udgangs punkt i den enkelte arbejdstager.
But we cannot accept that focus should shift completely to the worker viewed as an individual.
Jeg tror f.eks. ikke på ideen om en livslang ud dannelse, der alene tager udgangspunkt i den enkelte arbejdstager.
I do not believe, for instance, in a system of on going training borne exclusively by indi viduals.
En kollektiv di mension er nødvendig, især hvis man går ud fra, at der vil blive tale om stor mobili tet og dermed om nye krav til grund uddannelserne, og at der vil være behov for opkvalificerings- og omskolingskurser med stadig kortere intervaller.
We need the collective dimension, especially if we accept that we are head ing towards increasing mobility, therefore new needs in terms of basic training, and requalification processes performed at an ever increasing pace.
Som følge heraf er det nødvendigt at re videre socialstatens finansieringskriterier, for hvis én og samme ordning skal om fatte såvel halvtidsansatte og sæsonarbejdere, der er beskæftiget i 6 ud af årets 12 måneder, som arbejdstagere, der an sættes under en række forskellige tids begrænsede arbejdskontrakter, er det ind lysende, at ordningen med arbejdsgiverbidrag til sociale ydelser ikke længere kan fungere.
This forces us to completely reexamine the criteria for financing the welfare state: if a part-time worker has to be protected in the same manner as a seasonal worker who is employed six months of the year or a worker with a series of fixed-term contracts to provide services, the social contribution system can clearly not function. tion.
"... selv i en situation med omsiggribende deregulering spiller uddannelse en afgørende rolle."
"... even in a context of de regulation, the weight of training is decisive."
Den store udfordring for socialstaten be står i at opprioritere uddannelsen i det moderne samfund.
The major issue facing even the welfare state is redefinition of training in all its aspects as a top priority in modern societies.
Også i USA, hvor der er tale om et generelt lønfald, fremgår det af statistikkerne, at de, der har fuldført en uddannelse på sekundærtrinnet, har mindre lønnedgang end personer uden en sådan uddannelse, at universitetsuddannede har en meget ringe lønnedgang, og at det generelt gælder, at de, der har en faglig uddannelse, har lønfremgang.
In fact, even in the United States, when we talk about a drop in wages, statistics show that those who went to secondary school lose less than those who did not, that those who have been to university lose very little and that those who have completed their training tend to gain.
Hvilket viser, at selv i en situation med omsiggribende deregulering spiller uddannelse en afgørende rolle.
This proves that even in a context of deregulation, the weight of training is decisive.
FOR - Hvordan forestiller De Dem, at uddannelsessystemet kan understøtte en aktiv arbejdsmarkedspolitik?
FOR - What kind of training would you consider suitable to support an active employment market policy?
B.T. - Først og fremmest må alle arbejds tagere, og især de unge, have en faglig grunduddannelse, der kan fremme deres indslusning på arbejdsmarkedet, uanset hvilken aktivitet de senere måtte komme til at udøve.
Policy-makers in the United States are looking for a solution and analyzing, among other proposals, the idea of creating an entitlement card giving anyone working under any form whatsoever access to the benefits of the welfare state, be it in terms of pension fund or health insurance.
Dette forudsætter radikale reformer af det almene og det erhvervs orienterede uddannelsessystem.
This universal system would be financed through taxation rather than through social contributions, as is currently the case in all of Europe with the exception of England.
Jeg er overbevist om. at et lignende problem vil melde sig i Europa, når ikke alene efterspørgslen, men også udbuddet af ar bejde i stigende grad bliver af atypisk karakter.
In my opinion, an identical problem will crop up in Europe as soon as not only the demand for employment but also the supply of jobs available evolves towards a domination of atypical employment.
ERHVERSUDDRNNELSE 2/94
VOCATIONAL TRAINING 2/94
*** hederne i højere grad føle sig fristet til at udskifte de ansatte i stedet for at satse på efter- og videreuddannelse, netop fordi de ikke selv har investeret i den menne skelige kapital.
If training is an investment only for the state or for society, companies will tend to favour a policy of workforce substitution rather than a policy of re-qualification, for the very reason of not having invested in their human resources.
"... vi finder også, at virksombederne skal bidrage til finansieringen, således at de betragter arbejdstagerne som en investering, der skal afskrives i tidens løb. "
"We would also have to consider the possibility of designing diplomas that can be acquired in the course of working life, that would be more valuable in terms of access to training and the employment market than such diplomas are at present. "
Den italienske model er et eksempel på samfinansiering, som eventuelt bør revideres; ifølge denne ordning har de ansatte ret til i et vist antal arbejdstimer at deltage i betalt uddannelse, på betingelse af at ar bejdstageren kan dokumentere, at han deltager i uddannelsesaktiviteter i mindst dobbelt så mange timer, som antallet af timer, der betales af virksomheden.
In Italy we have experimented with a cofinancing model which would still deserve being looked into and used again; it in volves allowing workers a certain number of hours paid by the employer for train ing purposes of any sort, providing that the worker can prove that he is investing at least twice as many hours in this train ing as those paid by the employer.
den obligatoriske skolegang - f.eks. i Ita lien - forudsat at det hermed bliver muligt at opnå uddannelsesbeviser, der er anerkendt på arbejdsmarkedet.
radical reforms in the school system and in the vocational training system. A first measure could be raising the age of compulsory schooling in some countries, such as Italy, providing that this would lead to diplomas that are recognized on the employment market.
Endvidere må man overveje i forbindelse med kurser, der gennemgås i løbet af det erhvervs aktive liv, at udstede beviser, der, i højere grad end det er tilfældet i dag, giver ad gang til videreuddannelse og til forfremmelse på arbejdsmarkedet.
We would also have to consider the possibility of designing diplomas that can be acquired in the course of working life, that would be more valuable in terms of access to training and the employment market than such diplomas are at present.
På sekundærtrinnet bør der indføres et bevis, der i sig selv kan sikre adgang til arbejdsmarkedet og tjene som grundlag for efterfølgende virksomhedsinterne specialiseringskurser, som staten bør fremme ved at af holde en del af udgifterne hertil.
At secondary school level, we would have to have a diploma that would intrinsically guarantee new access conditions to the employment market and serve as a prerequisite for follow-up qualification courses which the state should sponsor in companies by taking over a part of the costs of these courses.
En så dan udvikling vil indebære en radikal ændring af forholdet mellem uddannel sessystem og erhvervsliv og mellem skole og virksomhed.
Such a choice implies a radical change in the relation ship between school and industry, between school and the corporate world.
FOR - Arbejdsløsheden er i dag for en stor dels vedkommende langtidsarbejdsløhed, som navnlig berører de lavt kvalificerede.
FOR - Unemployment nowadays is to a large extent longterm unemploy ment, and it affects persons with low qualification levels more than others.
Selv om uddannelse i sig selv ikke er en tilstrækkelig be tingelsefor at øge beskæftigelsen, vil vi gerne spørge Dem, hvilke uddan nelsesforanstaltninger der efter Deres mening er mest relevante for ovennævnte målgrupper.
"... we believe there must also be a mandatory contribution on the part of the company, so that it considers the worker as a longterm investment.
B.T. - Der skal sandsynligvis satses på lokale strukturer, hvor erhvervslivet, staten og fagforeningerne forpligter sig til om fornødent at etablere en erhvervsmæssig grunduddannelse med henblik på at udrydde de eksisterende former for analfabetisme og formidle elementer af en faglig kultur, der kan sikre, at arbejds tagerne bliver i stand til at påtage sig polyvalente arbejdsopgaver.
B.T - We should probably be thinking in terms of territorial or companybased structures, with the state and the trade unions committing themselves to provide basic training to combat illiteracy when this is in any way necessary and elements of vocational culture likely to guarantee versatility in the future.
Et grundlæggende problem i Italien, både for så vidt angår erhvervsmæssig grund uddannelse og efteruddannelse, er manglen på undervisere, der har praktisk erfaring med de teknologisk-organisatoriske ændringer på arbejdsmarkedet.
One of the basic problems we are currently facing in Italy in terms of both initial and ongoing training is the lack of trainers having first-hand knowledge of the technical and organizational changes in the world of work.
Der må følgelig satses på virksomhedspraktik og mere permanente forbindelser mellem erhvervslivet og universiteterne og mellem erhvervslivet og sekundæruddannelsesinstitutionerne, forbindelser, der baseres på aftaler og åbner mulighed for, at repræsentanter for erhvervslivet kommer ud på skolerne og underviser.
We therefore have to think in terms of a policy that would include incompany stages and more per manent links between companies and universities and between companies and secondary schools, links that would be based on agreements allowing company personnel, for instance, to contribute to training in regular schools.
Det er nødvendigt at overskride en række tabuer og at fastsætte gennemsigtige regler, således at der kan etableres en acceptabel balance mellem de berørte parters indflydelse.
There are taboos that would have to be overcome, and "transparent" rules would have to be established to reach a balance of "influences" that would be acceptable to all parties involved.
Staten vil få en ganske strategisk rolle i denne sammenhæng.
The role of the state in this issue is highly strategic.
Velfærdsstatens krise skyldes for en stor del en ekstremt dårlig forvaltning fra statens side.
Part of the crisis of the welfare state is very bad management by the state itself.
Hvad angår uddannelsesområdet, begynder velfærdsstatens finansielle krise i det øjeblik, hvor et stigende antal unge forlader sekundæruddannelsessystemet i utide, eller hvor skolen er isoleret fra den samfundsmæssige udvikling.
In the case of training, the financial crisis of the welfare state starts at the point where a growing number of young peo ple leave secondary school without completing it and school becomes out of tune with the changes society has gone through in the last few years.
Et andet grundlæggende problem er fast læggelsen af betingelserne for etablering af en virkelig livslang uddannelse.
While insisting on some form of partner ship between the state and the various social parties.
Men det forudsætter en radikal nytænkning på området virksomhedsintern uddannelse og finansieringen heraf.
I believe we have to completely re-design our public systems to make training in public schools and universities an instrument of ongoing train ing.
Vi finder det acceptabelt, at arbejdstagerne bidrager til at finansiere deres egen uddannelse, når formålet er en effektiv forbedring af den enkeltes karrieremæssige og personlige udviklingsmuligheder, men vi finder også, at virksomhederne skal bidrage til finansieringen, således at de betragter arbejds tagerne som en investering, der skal afskrives i tidens løb.
For instance, we should be planning for incompany training to have a "feedback" relationship with schools and universities.
Hvis det alene er staten og samfundet, der investerer i arbejdstagernes uddannelse, vil virksom
And at higher training levels, it is quite possible that a tripartite system could finance courses and training stages
Samtidig med at jeg understreger vigtig heden af at etablere partnerskaber mellem staten og arbejdsmarkedsparterne, mener jeg i lige så høj grad, der er behov for en gennemgribende revision af de of fentlige uddannelsessystemer, med hen blik på at gøre dem til et instrument for livslang uddannelse.
"We should probably be thinking in terms of territorial or companybased structures, with the state and the trade unions committing themselves to provide basic training to combat illiteracy when this is in any way necessary and elements of vocational culture likely to guarantee versatility in the future."
F.eks. kan de virksomhedsinterne uddannelser give feed-back til skolerne og universiteterne.
Another basic issue involves defining the conditions for the establishment of a true ongoing training system.
Og for så vidt angår de højere erhvervs uddannelsesniveauer, kan man udmærket
But this would require a totally new concept of incompany training and its financing modalities.
ERHVERVSUDDANNELSE 2/94 partnerskaber mellem fagforeninger og virksomheder på såvel fagforbundsplan som brancheplan.
VOCATIONAL TRUING 2/94
Sådanne partnerskaber bør omfatte etablering af lokale uddan­nelsescentre, der forvaltes af arbejdsmar­kedets parter, og hvis uddannelses­programmer er fastlagt i fællesskab.
* * * the various sectors. Within this partner­ship, territorial centres managed by the social partners could be operated to de­velop training schemes using programmes that would be discussed together.
forestille sig en tresidet finansiering af kurser ved universiteterne, forudsat at disse blandt underviserne tæller kontrakt­ansatte virksomhedsledere, der underviser i en 2­3­årig periode.
at universities, provided universities have among their teaching staff company man­agers under contract to do training work for periods of two or three years parallel to their management functions.
Universiteterne bør i øvrigt gøre systemet mere fleksibelt, bla. ved at indføre eksamensbeviser, der attesterer to års uddannelse.
Universi­ties should also look into increasing the flexibility of their system, for instance by creating diplomas for two­year courses.
"Det offentlige uddannelsessystems funktion md tages op til fornyet overvejelse, ikke med henblik på at privati­sere det, men for at omdefinere reglerne og gøre dem mere gennemsig­tige og ligeledes omdefi­nere forbindelserne til erhvervslivet og virksom­bederne. "
"The first thing to do, ... is to re­design the public system, not with a view to privatizing it, but to re­define transparency and relations with the indus­trial and entrepreneurial world."
Det offentlige uddannelsessystems funk­tion må tages op til fornyet overvejelse, ikke med henblik på at privatisere det, men for at omdefinere reglerne og gøre dem mere gennemsigtige og ligeledes omdefinere forbindelserne til erhvervsli­vet og virksomhederne. Dette ville spare ressourcer, der i dag går til spilde.
The first thing to do, then, is to re­design the public system, not with a view to privatizing it, but to re­define transparency and relations with the industrial and entrepreneurial world.
FOR ­ I forhold til den industrielle struktur i Italien, hvad er da de vig­tigsteproblemer i forbindelse med ud­dannelsen af arbejdstagere i små og mellemstore virksomheder?
FOR ­ Taking the industrial structure of Italy into consideration, what are, in your opinion, the main problems involved in training SME workers?
Dette kræver, at der etableres observa­tionsposter vedrørende erhvervsuddan­nelse i alle italienske industriområder samt erhvervsuddannelsescentre, der kan be­tjene et stort antal små og mellemstore virksomheder.
This means there would have to be or­ganizations to monitor vocational train­ing in all industrial areas in Italy, and vocational training centres able to serve a rather large number of small and me­dium­sized enterprises.
Der er allerede gennem­ført forsøg hermed, og globalt set er re­sultaterne langt fra skuffende.
We have experi­mented and I would say that, on the whole, results are not disappointing.
I Italien er man sig i stigende grad bevidst, at det er på dette område, konkurrencen mellem virksomheder og store regionalområder udspiller sig inden for rammerne af økonomiens globalisering.
Ital­ian policy­makers are gradually becom­ing more conscious of the fact that, within the framework of a more global economy, this is where the competitive game among enterprises and large regional territories will be played.
Arbejdet er måske det mindst bevægelige område sammenlignet med teknologi, virksom­hedsegenskaber, investering og kapital.
Work may be the least mobile of assets in terms of technology, industrial investment and capital, espe­cially between countries.
Men det er grundlaget for et lands rig­dom.
But it is this very asset which constitutes the wealth of a country.
Sveriges arbejdsmarkedspolitik Et middel mod arbejds­løshed?
Sweden's labour mar­ket policy: A remedy for unemployment?
adskiller sig fra den politik, mange andre europæiske regeringer fører.
research: Effects of labour market policies, wage and employment determination
Hvorfor var arbejdsløsheden betydeligt lavere i Sverige i 1970'erne og 1980'erne end i de fleste andre europæiske lande?
Why was unemployment in Sweden con­siderably lower than in most other Euro­pean countries during the 1970's and 1980's?
Debatten har fokuseret primært på tre for­klaringer:
The discussion has focused pri­marily on three explanations:
□ Det svenske system med centrale løn­forhandlinger og lønaftaler, som har holdt reallønstigningen på et relativ lavt niveau.
□ The Swedish system of central wage negotiations and agreements, which has kept real wages increase on a relatively low level.
□ Den makroøkonomiske politik og de afbødende virkninger fremkaldt af gen­tagne devalueringer og stærkt stigende be­skæftigelse i den offentlige sektor.
Ü The macroeconomic policy and its ac­commodating effects caused by repeated devaluations and a strong employment increase in the public sector.
1 or den seneste økonomi­ske krise var arbejdsløshe­den betydeligt lavere i Sve­rige end i de fleste andre europæiske lande.
Until the recent economic crisis, the unemployment rate in Sweden has been much lower than in most other European countries.
Det er en vidt udbredt opfattelse, at dette for en stor del kan for­klares ved Sveriges aktive arbejdsmarkedspolitik.
It is a widely held belief that this impressive record to a great extent is explained by Sweden's active labour mar­ket policies.
I denne artikel drøftes de se­neste undersøgelser af de makroøkonomiske virknin­ger, som denne politik har, og der fremsættes argumen­ter for, at de påståede for­dele har været overdrevet.
This article dis­cusses recent research on the macroeconomic effects of these policies and argues that the alleged benefits probably have been exag­gerated.
I de senere år er der udviklet en række teorier med henblik på at analy­sere arbejdsmarkedsprogrammer og deres virkning på de samlede lønninger og den samlede beskæftigelse.
A number of theories has been developed in recent years in order to analyze labour market programmes and their effects on aggregate wages and employment.
Forskningen har peget på, at der muligvis er effektivitets­problemer forbundet med arbejdsmar­kedspolitikken.
The research has brought attention to the pos­sibility of efficiency problems in the la­bour market policy.
Programmerne kan have haft så alvorlige modsatrettede virknin­
We will give an overview of the theories, report the empirical results of a number of Swedish studies in the field and discuss what can be learnt from the Swedish experiences.
Figur 1: Arbejdsløshed og arbejdsmarkedsprogrammer 1970 - 1993 o/0Procent af arbejdsstyrken
Figure 1: Unemployment and Labour market Programmes 1970­93 o/0Percentage of labour