natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Denne situation, som "anden generation" befinder sig i, er i virkeligheden meget forskellig fra, og i mere end én henseende meget alvorligere end den, første generation befandt sig i. og i stor udstrækning stadig befinder sig i, og for hvem den erhvervsmæssige integration ikke manglede og som beholdt forbindelse til og mulighed - om end symbolsk - for genindslusning i oprindelseslandet i tilfælde af, at udvandringsprojektet mislykkedes. Det er et vakuum, en mangel på mulighed for definitiv social integration, som den lange socialiseringsproces udmunder i, der normalt skulle føre til proletarisering af de unge indvandrere.
In other words, the ONEM does not play an important part in any attempts to compensate for the difficulties of young immigrants whose primary education is lacking.
Det, der adskiller de unge indvandrere af anden generation fundamentalt fra resten af samfundet, er den problematiske karakter af deres positive sociale integration på alle niveauer - På kulturelt niveau er de stadig væk "udi ændinge" med uklar i denti tet, - på socialt niveau betaler de stadig væk prisen for marginalisering forbundet med at være indvandrer, - på erhvervsmæssigt niveau har de tendens til at bryde med den arbejdsetos, som var deres forældres , og alligevel mere end nogen anden til at blive udsat for den økonomiske krises negative virkninger.
As in other host countries the problem of the vocational training of immigrants in Belgium has been outstanding from the moment the country decided to make systematic use of foreign labour.
Under hensyntagen til denne tendens til at blive fuldstændigt udelukket samfundsmæssigt set, hvorledes skulle de da forholde sig for at opnå et minimum af social anerkendelse, som er uundværligt for at leve?
For several years, despite recommendations and regulations issued at Community level and the simple realization of the fact that there could be no cultural or civic integration of the migrants if they remained on the fringe as regards jobs, there has been a general laissez-faire attitude and a tendency to behave as though "natural" adjustments of the market were all that was necessary.
I øjeblikket fremsætter visse ansvarlige sociale og politiske instanser et svar i form af en virkelig erhvervsuddannelse som element til fremme af de unge indvandreres sociale integration.
The question of vocational training for immigrants has today moved to the top of the list of priorities as one of the major components of the problem posed by the "second generation", which throws a completely new light on a situation which it had been considered possible to leave in abeyance.
Udviklingen af programmer til at råde bod på de strukturelt set utilstrækkelige eksisterende uddannelsessystemer ville bringe en samlet løsning på en situation, der
The lack of equal opportunities in the school system, which has so often been decried in connection with the situation of Belgian workingclass children, has for the foreigners become a source of real oppression ("école massacre").
En nødvendig, om ikke tilstrækkelig betingelse - udarbejdelse og eventuel vellykket gennemførelse af sådanne programmer ville kræve et minimum af overensstemmelse vedrørende disses mål og indhold. Men det ser ud til, at der ikke hersker (orig. s. 10) en sådan overensstemmelse i dag i forbindelse med de reformer, der er i gang (som den om vekseluddannelse inden for rammerne af udvidet skolegang indtil 18 år).
1 1 to starting vocational training proper, either in one of the schools which provide vocational education, where the young immigrants continue to encounter difficulties that are fundamentally no different from those they previously experienced in compulsory primary schooling, or in one of the non-school vocational training schemes (articles of indenture, social advancement courses or the ONEM programme) which cover only a minute proportion of the "second generation" and do not provide a comprehensive solution to the problem.
Enkelte grundlæggende forslag bør efter vor mening figurere som indledning med henblik på at få omsat dette spørgsmål fra et niveau med fromme ønsker til et med frugtbar praktisk gennemførelse :
It is a known fact that without vocational qualifications these young people are more at risk of becoming unemployed than any other worker.
Med andre ord burde en motivationspolitik erstatte den udvælge!sespolitik, der sædvanligvis anvendes, med henblik på ikke kun at tage de unge arbejdstageres behov i betragtning, som virksomhederne bedst kan genoptage, men tværtimod dem, der kun er i besiddelse af et lavt forberedelsesniveau til enhver form for erhvervsuddannelse.
For these young people the only explanation for this situation is that they have been rejected by society, and this triggers an aggression which is more destructive than any prejudice against foreigners or racist behaviour on the part of the Belgians.
Ud fra den betragtning skal der etableres en fundamental forbindelse mellem teoretisk undervisning og praktisk arbejde på arbejdspladsen og i fabrikken.
The "first generation" had no difficulty in becoming integrated into the labour market and retained as a reference point - even if this was symbolic - the possibility of reintegration in their countries of origin if the emigration project should fail.
Dette udgør i virkeligheden et perspektiv, der er meget forskelligt fra det, der har været hidtil i Belgien, hvor erhvervsuddannelsen stadig væk i høj grad domineres af skolemodellen.
In fact, the long process of socializ ation, which would normally result in the condemnation of young second generation immigrants to the working class, ends in a vacuum, an absence of the opportunity to achieve definitive social integration.
Arbejdsmarkedet kræver i virkeligheden mere og mere en arbejdskraft, der samtidig med at være kvalificeret til en stilling også er i stand til at tilpasse sig
What fundamentally distinguishes the second generation immigrants from the rest of society is the problematic nature of their positive social integration at all levels:
2 - sig forandringer og således er i besiddelse af den grundlæggende uddannelse, der giver mulighed for denne tilpasning.
12 - at the cultural level they remain "foreigners", burdened with a confusion over identity, at the social level they continue to pay the price of the banishment of the migrant population to the fringes of society and at the work level they tend to abandon the work ethos of their parents and in all respects to suffer most from the negative effects of the economic crisis.
Alle disse forslag må nødvendigvis placeres i en ramme af "positiv diskriminering" til fordel for de unge indvandrere, som ville give mulighed for at indhente, hvad der endnu kan indhentes.
Taking into account this tendency towards overall social segregation, what can they do to obtain the minimum of social recognition without which they cannot continue to exist?
Det er endvidere nødvendigt at passe på, at uddannelsen ikke kun tilpasses arbejdsmarkedets aktuelle krav, men tværtimod at stræbe efter, at den giver mulighed for at træde ind i arbejdsverdenen med en bred erhvervskvalifikation, der indeholder en solid almen uddannelse og en tilstrækkelig (orig. s. 11) social og kulturel ballast. Det er i dag ikke muligt at vide, hvilke behov virksomhederne vil have om nogle år.
At present one solution proposed by some of the social and political bodies responsible is to provide proper vocational training as one means of improving young immigrants' opportunities to become socially integrated.
Den hurtige tekniske udvikling, den tiltagende forldelse af viden, produktionsapparaternes nye struktur lader for meget angående arbejdsmarkedets fremtidige strukturer være ukendt, til at man illusorisk kan lade morgendagens fakta sammenfalde med de øjensynlige behov af i dag.
The development of programmes to fill in the gaps in the structures of the existing training systems would provide comprehensive answers to a situation which, moreover, already gives cause for grave concern.
Endelig ville opstillingen af sådanne uddannelsesprogrammer kræve, at samtlige forbindelser og alt samarbejde mellem de retningsgivende strukturer (P.M.S., udvælgelsesstruktur etc.) for egentlig uddannelse og social placering eller genindslusning tages op til ny vurdering.
Nevertheless, since they are an indispensible condition of improvement, even if they will not suffice, programmes of this kind can only be set up and become successful if there is a minimum of concensus regarding their purpose and contents.
Else Koefoed (Statens Erhvervspædagogiske Læreruddannelse København)
This synthesis report was drawn up by Else Koefoed on behalf of CEDEFOP - European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training, Berlin 1985
UJ / \ for CEDEFOP ­ Det europæiske center for udvikling af Erhvervsuddannelse, Berlin 1985
This study was undertaken jointly by the National Vocational Teacher Training Institution (Statens Erhvervspædagogiske Læreruddannelse - København) Project coordinator : Duccio Guerra
Undersøgelsen, der går ud fra indvandrernes og navnlig de unge indvandreres situation som helhed, analyserer problemer som overgang fra skole til erhvervsliv, manglende første­ gangsuddanneIse i forbindelse med erhvervsuddannelse, arbejde og arbejdsløshed.
This study which looks at the overall situation of the immigrant population, and young immigrants in particular, analyses such problem areas as the transition from school to working life and the inadequacies of initial training with relation to the vocational training, employment and unemployment situation.
Det europæiske center for udvikling af Erhvervsuddannelse, Bundesallee 22, D­1000 Berlin 15, tlf. (030) 884 12­0
European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training, Bundesallee 22, D-1000 Berlin 15, tel. : (030)884 120
De fremførte meninger er ikke nødvendigvis identiske med CEDEFOP * s opfattelse.
Reproduction in whole or in part of the contents of this publication is authorized, provided the source is acknowledged
ALMENT OM INDVANDRERE I DANMARK
GENERAL REMARKS ON IMMIGRANTS IN DENMARK
Danmark har kun begrænsede erfaringer som indvandrerland.
Denmark has only limited experience as an immigration country.
Først i 1967 begyndte man mere generelt at benytte udenlandsk arbejdskraft.
Foreign labour did not begin to be used more generally until 1967.
De indvandringsbølger der tidligere havde fundet sted omfattede stort set følgende: - Polske landarbejdere i årene 1893-1929 til beskæftigelse i sukkerroedyrkningen på Lolland, og hvoraf ca. 5ooo blev boende. - Jøder fra Rusland og de baltiske randstater i begyndelsen af det 2o. århundrede (ca. 3ooo). - Naziforfulgte jøder fra Tyskland og Østrig i 193o-erne. - Ungarske flygtninge efter opstanden i Ungarn i 1956 (ca. 14oo).
- Polish agricultural workers during the years 189 3-19 29 for employment in sugar-beet growing on Lolland, of whom about 5 000 became permanent residents. - Jews from Russia and the Baltic States at the beginning of the 20th century (approx. 3 000). - Jews escaping from Nazi persecution in Germany and Austria in the 19 30s.
I den senere årrække, og hovedsagelig efter 1967, har indvandringen til Danmark omfattet tre kategorier: - Udlændinge som kom hertil for at søge arbejde, i størst ud strækning fra landene Jugoslavien, Tyrkiet og Pakistan - og senere disse udlændinges familier. - Politiske flygtninge, specielt fra Vietnam og Sydamerika. - Udenlandske børn adopteret af danske ægtepar, i årene efter anden verdenskrig mulatbørn fra Vesttyskland, senere børn fra Korea, Thailand, Shri Lanka og Indien.
In recent years, and principally after 1967, immigration into Denmark has comprised three categories, as follows: - Foreigners who came here in search of work, mostly from the countries Yugoslavia, Turkey and Pakistan - and subsequently the families of these foreigners. - Political refugees, especially from Vietnam and Latin America. - Foreign children adopted by Danish married couples -mulatto-children during the years following World War II and, later on, children from Korea, Thailand, Sri Lanka and India.
Rent talmæssigt har Danmark stadig ikke noget stort indvandrer problem i forhold til en række andre europæiske lande.
From the purely statistical standpoint, Denmark still does not have any great problem with immigrants, compared with a number of other European countries.
I alt er der godt loo.ooo udenlandske statsborgere i Danmark ud af godt 5 mio. indbyggere eller omkring 2%.
Altogether, there are a good 100 000 foreign nationals in Denmark, out of a good 5 million inhabitants - i.e. around 2%.
Heraf er lidt mindre end en fjerdedel udlændinge fra øvrige nordiske lande, og om kring samme andel er fra EF-lande. Således er kun godt 1% af befolkningen statsborgere i fjernere lande.
Of this number, slightly less than onequarter are foreigners from other Scandinavian countries, and about the same proportion are from EC Member States; thus, only a good 1% of the population are nationals in more distant countries.
De kvantitativt vigtigste indvandrergrupper fra tredjelande er;
The most important groups of immigrants from third countries, quantitatively, are:
Tyrkere ca. 17.800 (ca. 18% af de udenlandske statsborgere)
17 800 (approx. 18% of the foreign nationals)
Pakistanere ca. 7.000 (ca. 7% af de udenlandske statsborgere)
7 000 (approx. 7% of the foreign nationals)
Jugoslaver ca. 7.000 (ca. 7% af de udenlandske statsborgere)
7 000 (approx. 7% of the foreign nationals)
Antallet af udenlandske statsborgere fra Nordiske lande og EF er i de senere år ret stabilt, medens antallet af statsborgere fra tredjelande har været stigende, specielt hvad angår Jugoslaver, Tyrkere og Pakistanere, til trods for at der siden begyndelsen af 197o-erne har været stop for indvandrere generelt set, idet der stadig er mulighed for familiesammenføringer.
The numbers of foreign nationals from the member states of the Nordic Economic Union and the EC have been very stable in more recent years, whereas the numbers of nationals from third countries have been rising -particularly those from Yugoslavia, Turkey and Pakistan - despite the fact that since the beginning of the 19 70s immigration in general has been stopped, although it is
Aldersfordelingen blandt indvandrere er forskellig fra den der findes for befolkningen generelt, og denne forskel gælder ikke mindst de tre store indvandrernationer, således som det er illustreret i figur 1.
The age distribution among immigrants differs from that of the population in general, and this difference applies not least to the three major immigrant-nations as illustrated in Figure 1.
Andelen af børn, specielt de helt små, er markant større hos indvandrere, og samtidig er der endnu meget få ældre indvandrere.
The proportion of children, particularly the very small, is markedly larger among immigrants; at the same time, there are still only very few elderly immigrants.
Kønsfordelingen blandt indvandrere var i starten af 197o-erne højst ulige: det var næsten udelukkende mænd.
The distribution of the sexes among immigrants was extremely uneven at the beginning of the 19 70s, almost all of the immigrants being males.
Senere er kønsfordelingen blevet mere lige, fordi indvandringen af fremmedarbejdere generelt blev stoppet, og forøgelsen af antallet af ind vandrere herefter har bestået i familiesammenføring og fødsel af indvandrerfamiliernes børn her i landet. Pr.
Since then the distribution has become more even, for the reason that the immigration of foreign workers in general was stopped and the subsequent increase in the number of immigrants has consisted of the reuniting of families and the birth of children to immigrant families in this country.
(Fra temahæfte Nytland, Uddannelse 1983, nr. 2, p. 2ol).
(From special-subject booklet Nytland, Uddannelse 1983,No.2,p. 201)
JUGOSLAVIEN, TYRKIET OG PAKISTAN
YUGOSLAVIA,.TURKEY AND PAKISTAN
Antal udenlandske statsborgere 1. januar 1982 fordelt på køn og nationalitet.
Number of foreign nationals as at 1 January 19 82, by sex and nationality.
(Fra Statistik om Indvandrere, 1983J.
(From Statistik om Invandrere, 1983) τ
Kilde: Materiale i indenrigsministeriet. ttote; 1) Inkl. pakistanere med britisk pas og fedested Pakistan.
Source: Material at the Ministry for Foreign Affairs.
Fordelingen mellem mænd og kvinder blandt udlændingene er mest ligelig blandt jugoslaver, medens der er markant flere kvinder blandt udlændinge fra de nordiske lande og markant flere mænd hvad angår øvrige landes udlændinge, såvel EF og Nordamerika som Pakistan og Tyrkiet.
The distribution as between males and females among foreign nationals is most even among Yugoslavs, whereas there are markedly more women among foreigners from the Scandinavian countries and markedly more men among foreigners from other countries ­ both the EC and North America, and Pakistan and Turkey.
Ret få af udlændingene fra tredjelande bliver danske statsborgere, selv efter mange års ophold i Danmark.
Very few of the foreigners from third countries become naturalized, even after many years' residence in Denmark.
Årsagen hertil er ikke blevet nærmere udforsket i Danmark, men en væsentlig faktor er formentlig det bestandige håb blandt indvandrerne om en til bagevenden til hjemlandet.
The reason for this has not been investigated in detail in Denmark; but one important factor is presumably immigrants continuing to cherish the hope of returning to their homeland.
Indvandrerne er langt fra ligeligt fordelt over Danmark.
The immigrants are far from evenly distributed over Denmark.
Største parten er koncentreret i et begrænset antal kommuner i hovedstadsområdet og i få større provinsbyer.
The majority are concentrated in a limited number of municipalities within the metropolitan area and in a few of the larger provincial towns.
Således er 7o% af indvandrer ne fra tredjelande bosat i tyve af landets 275 kommuner.
Thus, 70% of the immigrants from third countries reside in twenty of the 275 municipalities in Denmark.
Inden for den enkelte kommune er indvandrerne typisk koncentreret i specielle kvarterer.
Within the individual municipality, immigrants are typically concentrated in particular districts.
Udover de indvandrere der er kommet hertil som "gæstearbejdere" og de familiesammenføringer der er sket i tilknytning hertil, kommer der også politiske flygtninge til landet. Mange er kommet fra Vietnam, en del fra Østeuropa og Latinamerika samt på det seneste fra Iran.
In addition to the immigrants who have come here as 'guest workers' and to the reuniting of families that has taken place in connection with this immigration, political refugees come to Denmark also - many of them from Vietnam, some from Eastern Europe and Latin America, and some, most recently, from Iran.
Til og med 1982 var det hovedsagelig flygtninge der kom til Danmark som led i internationale aftaler.
Up to the year 19 82 inclusive, refugees came to Denmark mainly under international agreements..
I 1983 har en ny ud lændingelov åbnet mulighed for andre flygtninge, og antallet er i 1984 stærkt stigende.
In 19 83 a new law concerning aliens made it possible for other refugees to come, and in 19 84 the number is rising sharply.
5 - har fået en fastere tilknytning til Danmark.
The new law of 19 83 concerning aliens limits the possibility of expelling foreigners who have acquired a more permanent connection with Denmark by virtue of a substantial period of residence in the country.
Med de store indvandrernationer Tyrkiet, Jugoslavien og Pakistan er der indgået bilaterale socialkonventioner, og generelt er mulighederne for pension til udlændinge fra tredjelande blevet forbedret gennem en ny social pensionslov i 1984.
Bilateral social-welfare agreements have been concluded with the major immigrant-nations Turkey, Yugoslavia and Pakistan and, in general, the facilities for foreigners from third countries to receive pensions have been improved through a new law on social pensions in 19 84.
For at opnå dansk indfødsret kræves normalt et ophold i Danmark på mindst syv år samt et godt kendskab til det danske sprog.
In order to acquire the rights of a Danish national, the immigrant must normally have resided in Denmark for at least seven years and have a good knowledge of the Danish language.
INDVANDRERNES SKOLEFORHOLD
IMMIGRANTS' EDUCATION
Først i de seneste år er antallet af indvandrerbørn i folkeskolen blevet af et sådant omfang at myndighederne virkelig er begyndt at rette opmærksomheden mod dem. Der er således ikke endnu gennemført større analyser af de problemer der opstår i forbindelse med fremmedsprogede skoleelever.
Only in the last few years has the number of immigrantchildren in primary school (folkeskolen) attained a level such that the authorities have now really begun to give them attention; consequently, no major studies have yet been made of the problems that arise in connection with school pupils who speak a foreign language.
Stigningen af antallet af elever fra de tre største indvandrer nationer har været således:
Thus, the increase in the number of pupils from the three biggest immigrant-nations has been as follows:
Som tidligere nævnt er indvandrerne meget ulige fordelt over landets kommuner, og dette gælder således også antallet af fremmedsprogede elever i folkeskolen: næsten to tredjedele (7o,7%) af dem findes inden for 17 af landets 275 kommuner.
As mentioned earlier, the immigrants are distributed very unevenly over the municipalities of the country, and this therefore applies also to the number of foreign languagespeaking pupils in the primary school: almost two-thirds (70.7%) of them are in 17 of the country's 2 75 municipalities.
Hvordan udviklingen i folkeskolen vil blive på lidt længere sigt er vanskeligt af forudse: man ved ikke hvor stor en del af de i landet værende o-6 årige indvandrerbørn der er fremmedsprogede
What the trend in the primary school will be in the rather longer term is difficult to foresee, since it is not known what proportion of the 06 years-old immigrantchildren in the country speak a foreign language and therefore will possibly need additional instruction in school.
Endvidere har det vist sig at der er en høj flyttefrekvens blandt indvandrere, så ledes at en mere langsigtet planlægning af skoleindsats på kom munalt plan også af den grund vanskeliggøres. Endelig kan ankomst og placering af politiske flygtninge ikke forudsiges.
The Danish regulations on the education of foreign languagespeaking pupils were drawn up in accordance with the resolutions of the Council of Europe first in the 19 70s.
De danske vedtægter for undervisning af fremmedsprogede elever er blevet tilrettelagt i overensstemmelse med Europarådsresolutionerne først i 197o-erne og med de forhandlinger der gik forud for EF-direktivet om dette emne i 1976.
10 and in accordance with the discussions which preceded the EC-directive on this subject in 1976.
I praksis opfylder det danske uddannelsessystem i vidt omfang de internationale krav og henstillinger..
The Danish educational system largely meets in practice the international requirements and recommendations.
Det retslige grundlag er fastlagt i lov nr. 313 af 26. juni 1975 om folkeskolen og herudfra uddybende bekendtgørelse nr. 179 af 8. marts 1976.
The legal basis was laid down in Law No.313 of 26 June 19 75 concerning the primary school,and the more detailed promulgation No.179 of 8 March 19 76 based upon this law.
Det grundlæggende princip i disse bestemmelser er at det gælder om at gøre de fremmedsprogede elever i stand til at følge undervisningen på lige fod med de øvrige elever.
The fundamental principle in these provisions is that it is important to give foreign languagespeaking school children the ability to follow the instruction, on an equal footing with the other pupils.
Hovedindsatsen lægges på sprogundervisning i dansk.
The main effort is applied to teaching of the Danish language.
I starten af 197o-erne oprettedes, med engelsk forbillede, "modtagelsesklasser" i København, hvor også dengang koncentrationen af indvandrere var størst.
At the beginning of the 1970's 'reception classes' on the British model were organized in Copenhagen, where the largest concentration of immigrants existed also at that time.