natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Der er langt snarere tale om ét sammenhængende, stærkt selektivt system. 6
Trade-specific questions, on the other hand, are regarded as the respective unions' own affair, unless they themselves request LO to intervene.
Stadig flere EFG-2.delsaftaler indgås således med unge, der har bestået HHX.
159 workers' Union, was formed by 7 of the skilled workers' unions.
Til de mere attraktive lærefag er en HHX nærmest en nødvendig adgangsbetingelse, mens et EFG-basisår kun rækker til andre fag.
The seven have since become 12, and on suitable occasions it has been emphasized that EFG- and apprentice-legislation give the FU's special powers which concern only the individual trade unions, and not LO.
HHX kan således i nogle tilfælde betragtes som en del af en vekseluddannelse, hvor der blot er tale om en meget stor del forudgående erhvervsskoleoplæring.
LO's first move, on the other hand, has been closely bound up with the work of amending legislation.
I andre tilfælde er HHX direkte adgangsgivende til jobs - eller anvendes til videregående uddannelse.
In relation to the structure of training, the organizational situation is more complicated on the employers' side.
Generelt gælder det iøvrigt for HK-området at yderst få har mere end 8 ugers skoleophold under de gennemsnitligt 2 års EFG-2.delsuddanenlse.
These points will be discussed in more detail for both building and construction and for engineering and other metalusing industry in the following sections.
Hovedparten af den skolemæssige oplæring ligger således forud for kontraktindgåelse.
The full weight of the two main occupational sectors within craft and manufacturing trades is indicated merely by the fact that they together account for 68% of apprentices + the EFG-Part 2-intake.
Snarere end en vekseluddannelse kan man derfor tale om 'klassisk' lærlingeuddannelse, men med støt stigende - fagmæssigt differentieret - forudsætningskrav for at indtræde i et læreforhold.
It is arguable ' whether this is an acceptable criterion; but it cannot be argued that - with the situation as it is - they speak with a weight equivalent to 68% of the total apprenticeintake within craft and manufacturing industry.
Skoledelen forud for den egentlige overgang til 'lærlingeuddannelsen', EFG-basisuddannelsen og HHX, har derfor kunnet udbygges i takt med uddannelsespolitikkens orientering mod de unges ud dannelsesønsker, ubundet af praktikpladsmuligheder.
Besides the non-organized, however, there are a good number of employees with various master craftsmen's organizations whose members are primarily small firms - in many instances of a craft nature -outside the larger towns, which are responsible for a large part of apprentice training.
Med samme kilde som note 4 var overgangen fra HK-EFG-basisud-dannelsen 1984 til EFG-2.del 43,3%, til mesterlæren 2,4% og til grundlæggende eksamensuddannelser (HHX og EDB-assistent) 29,1%.
The total number of apprentices for DA-firms in 1984 was 15 947, whereas the total number for craft and manufacturing trades according to DS was 50 758 as at 1 October 19 8 5 ; i.e. in all, just under 34% of craft and manufacturing apprentices were employed in DA-firms.
Overgangen til mesterlære er altså et lille problem, mens gruppen af 'uoplyste' hér udgør 25,2%.
But in the buildingconstruction sector, in particular, the situation is complex for DA, since account has to be taken of out side organizations and nonorganized firms.
Da 'konkurrencen' i forhold til mesterlæren spiller så lille en rolle på HK-området er det markant, at det er manglen på praktikpladser i forhold til de unges efterspørgsel, der er proble met, og som også er en af faktorerne bag HHX's stærke vækst.
Of the 29 EFG-Part 2-branches, 20 coincide with apprenticed trades, so that there are in all 54 trade basic training schemes in the engineering and other metalusing sector. However, most of them are very thinly occupied, and 4 trades account for more than 60% of the intake.
Politisk er 'kravet' om HHX eller studentereksamen for at få en læreplads blevet søgt modarbejdet; 'dobbeltuddannelsen' med HHX for at få en EFG-2.del er uønsket, også af statsfinansielle grunde.
Of the total intake to craft and manufacturing trades in 1984, iron and steel and engineering trades accounted for 41%. The share of all EFG-Part 2-students was 47%, whereas it was 37% for apprentices.
Men tendensen har ikke ladet sig ændre.
The level lay at just under 8 000; but during 1980/81 the intake was down to about 6 000.
Kravene til at opnå en lære- og praktikplads - og altså en egentlig erhvervs uddannelse - fastsættes af markedskræfterne.
In 1977/78, the EFG-share was 15.6%, but it rose to just under one-half of the intake - 45.9% - in 1983/84, after which the proportion of EFG fell back slightly to 42.3% in 1986.
Den samlede ungdomsuddannelseskapacitet
S emi sk i 11 ed worker training
EFG-systemet har indebåret at man har kunnet sigte mod fri ad gang til den rent skolebaserede del, basisuddannelsen.
At the same time, engineering and other metalusing industry's share of the total number of course-participants increased from approx.
Denne tendens er slået igennem siden 1980 og må ses som en del af politikken til bekæmpelse af ungdomsarbejdsløsheden.
Of the total number of employed unskilled workers in the sector, the number of course-beginners in 1980 represents 25%, and this rises to 38.6% in 1982 and 45.4% in 1984.
Størrelsesordenen af 'restgruppen' er omdiskuteret, sammenhæng ende med forskelle i opgørelsesmetoder. Det ville være klart 51
Of employed skilled workers, it represented 55%, and of the number of members of the Danish Metalworkers' Union, 17%.
Tabel 3.2 Tilgang til ungdomsuddannelserne I.
Table 4.1 Employment in iron- and metalworking industries
1984 tilgang til: Gymnasiet, HF mv 28.700 Eksamensuddannelser ved Handelsskoler og Tekniske Skoler 14.900
Percentaqe EFG of: Accumulated Recruitment accumulated recruitment population the last yea r population the laet year
Lærlingeuddannelser EFG-2.dels uddannelserne I alt
Salaried Skilled employees workers
Som nævnt i afsnit 2 blev specialarbejderuddannelsesloven af 1960, som sigtede på de ikkefaglærte, hurtigt fulgt op med tilsvarende arbejdsmarkedsuddannelser for de faglærte grupper gennem etableringen pr cirkulære af 'Efteruddannelsen for Fag lærte' i 1965, og af en særlig ordning for omskolingsforanstaltninger mv.
Source: Register-based employment statistics (RAS) ultimo novembir 1984, supplemented by ATA-project-appendix 2 data. For apprentices and EFG-Part 2-practicants, the source is Danmarks Statistik, Statistiske Efterretninger, which includea all apprentices and EFG-practicants in the metal trades, i.e. included those learning in firms outside the metal working sector.
Arbejdsmarkedsuddannelsernes kurser står principielt åbne for alle i arbejdsstyrken, dvs beskæftigede såvel som arbejdsløse, som har eller søger arbejde i en branche eller i et fag - og som opfylder optagelseskrav, gående på forudgående uddannelse, kurser eller færdigheder opnået gennem arbejdserfaring.
Between 1970 and 1976, employment falls sharply to 148 219. This decrease in employment is allocated such that there is a large decrease in the proportion of skilled workers; but the relative significance of the other two categories increases, even though the numbers of both the unskilled and the salaried employees-categories fall also.
I specialarbejderuddannelserne findes i hver branche generelle kurser for 'begyndere'.
The intake begins to increase again, however, and the proportion of EFG-Part2-students rises sharply, from 14.1% in 1976 to 24.1% in 1980.
Efter fuldførelsen af disse er der så adgang til en eller flere rækker af videregående moduler, der kvalificerer til mere specialiserede og avancerede arbejdsopgaver i branchen.
At the same time, there is a modest increase in the numbers of apprentices and EFG-Part 2-students, and the EFG's share rises sharply to 28.4% in 1982. There is also a slight increase in intake, with an EFG-share of 39%.
I efteruddannelsen for faglærte er startniveauet en faglært ud dannelse indenfor faget eller kvalifikationer, der svarer her til, erhvervet på anden måde.
From 1982 to 1984, there is a small increase in employment, with the distribution of employment remaining unaffected. Thus, in iron and steel and engineering industry in 1984 there were 37% skilled workers, 32% unskilled and 31% salaried employees.
I praksis indebærer det at omskoling også er mulig, fra en fagretning indenfor et hovederhvervsområde til en anden fagretning.
An indication of the importance of the latter is given in Annex I, tables 6 and 7.
Men hovedsigtet er i princippet ajourføring af en faglært uddannelse til den i dag gældende standard og videreuddannelse af faglærte til varetagelse af ny opståede eller specialiserede arbejdsfunktioner.
Comparison of the number of apprentices with the overall growth in employment within iron and steel and engineering must therefore be made with great care - but the combined figure for the population of
Disse bliver hyppigt først optaget som ny elementer i grunduddannelserne (i lærlingeuddannelserne) efter at de er blevet 'uddannelsesdækket' af efteruddannelsessystemet.
In the same period, the proportion of EFG-Part 2-students in the total population of youths with an onjob training contract or apprentice indentures grows from 7% to 38%.
Disse to hovedprogrammer indenfor arbejdsmarkedsuddannelsessystemet (AMU-systernet) er begge indrettet på at give direkte anvendelige arbejdsfærdigheder og deres fuldførelse dokumenteres med erhvervskompetencegivende certifikater.
Table 4.2 Skilled to unskilled workers-ratio in iron and steel and engineering industry
Hvor meget den sidst tilkomne gruppe vil komme til at
Skilled:unskilled workers
betyde er endnu svært at bedømme.
Source: Register-based manpower statistics 1984 and ATA-project.
En anden nyskabelse i den nye AMU-lov er muligheden for at etablere virksomhedstilgassede (VTP) kurser med nedsat statstilskud.
With the skilled to unskilled workers-ratio considered in isolation, it is typical that the relative importance of the skilled worker-category should decline through the period 1965-1980.
Sigtet med denne ordning er: "... at give enkelte virksomheder mulighed for at få gen nemført kurser, der er tilpasset de enkelte virksomheders særlige uddannelsesbehov".
From there being nearly twice as many skilled as unskilled workers in 1965, in 1980 the number of unskilled workers exceeded the skilled, after which skilled workers were again in the majority and there is an increasing tendency, although only slight.
Specialarbejderuddannelsen er den mest omfattende arbejdsmarkedsuddannelse.
Danish iron and steel and engineering industry is characterized by numerous small and medium-sized firms, with only a limited number of very large firms.
Fra 1974/75 er den vokset fra 41.000 til 92.086 påbegyndte kursister i 1985, svarende til ca 58.300 personer.
As will be seen from the table below, more than one-half of the firms have between 10 and 50 employees, and in 1984 only 41 firms had more than 500 employees.
Den potentielle målgruppe kunne illustreres med antallet af be skæftigelse ufaglærte, som i følge RAS, den registerbaserede ar bejdsstyrkestatistik, udgjorde ca 571.400 i 1984, suppleret med et forsigtigt skøn over omfanget af relevante arbejdsløse ikkefaglærte, nemlig ved alene at tillægge arbejdsløse medlemmer af SID's A-kasse (59.704) og i KAD's A-kasse (20.535), hvorefter målgruppen skulle være ca 651.600.
The very small firms -which are extremely important for apprentice and onjob training capacity - are not included in the statistics, which cover only firms with more than 5 employees.
Målt på antal personer skulle 8,6% af målgruppen således have fået adgang til specialarbejderuddannelser i 1984, målt på an tal påbegyndte kursister 13,9%.
Table 4.3 Number of firms in iron and steel and engineering industry, by size of workforce. 1984.
Men kun 60% af kursisterne var ufaglærte.
Numbor of firms
Efteruddannelse af faglærte er knap så omfattende, men er vokset stærkt de senere år: fra 17.000 kursister i 1974/75 til ca 62.500 i 1985.
Manufacture of professional, scientific, meausuring and controlling instruments
Antal personer udgjorde ialt 33.260 i 1984, men heraf udgjorde HK, som alene optræder under Efteruddannelsen, og som iøvrigt udgør et specielt problem, som ikke undersøges nærmere i denne analyse, de 10.451.
Sourcei Industrial statistics 1984.
I forhold til en målgruppebetragtning til svarende den under specialarbejderuddannelsen, indgår således ialt 22.809 personer i 1984.
The big firms are in the mechanical engineering industry, electrical industry and transports manufacturing industry (shipyards); but for all sectors the smaller firms predominate.
Tallet for beskæftigede i 1984 er ifølge RAS 299.879 faglærte, hvortil lægges antallet af ar bejdsløse fra følgende A-kasser: Metal, Maler, Murer, Snedker/ Tømrer, Blikkenslager og El-faget.
If we examine the distribution of employees by firm-size, we find as a characteristic feature that about threequarters are employed in firms with 50 or more employees.
Derefter skulle et minimum overslag give en målgruppe på ca 324.000 personer, og ca 6,9% af personerne have fået adgang til efteruddannelsen 1984 (over-
Table 4.4 Number of employees, by firm-size. 1984
for 8,6% på specialarbejderuddannelserne).
Transport Equipment industries (incl steel ship-yards)
Andelen af ikke-faglærte, der deltager i kurserne, er ca 10%.
Manufacture of professional, scientific, meausuring and controlling instruments
Det op fattes som en kvalitet ved det danske system i forhold til systemer, hvor erhvervsmæssig efteruddannelse primært varetages af virksomhederne eller er forbeholdt de beskæftigede.
In addition, the study shows that the EFG-proportion is highest in the big firms.
I forhold til et virksomhedsbaseret system er den vigtigste forskel: a) at arbejdsgivere kan finde arbejdskraft med de rette kvalifikationer eller sikre at nogle bliver uddannet (eventuelt via aktivitet i forhold til arbejdsgiverforening og fag forening) gennem det offentlige AMU-system.
By far the most important employers' organization is the Iron and Steel Industry Employers' Organization (JA until the formation, in 1980, of the Association of Engineering and other metalusing firms in Denmark, SAM), with about 160 000 employees, of whom just under 10 000 are appren tices + Part 2-EFG-students.
Her ville det virksomhedsbaserede system (uanset om der eventuelt var offentlige tilskud) indebære at arbejdsgiveren selv skulle foranstalte eller købe et kursus b) at lønmodtagerne, der er i beskæftigelse, kan skaffe sig kvalifikationer, der enten kan forbedre deres position i den virksomhed, hvor de er beskæftiget, men sådan at den erhvervede kvalifikation også er salgbar andetsteds, eller de kan deltage i kurser, der gør det muligt at skifte ar bejdsplads i branchen, til en beslægtet branche eller finde et nyt job indenfor et helt andet felt. 56
JA is composed of a large number of industry-organizations - the Motor Industry Employers' Association, for example, which trains large numbers of motor mechanics, which is a trade with training in engineering, but where the firms in many instances count as retail trade for the purposes of occupational statistics. stics.
Og for de, der er arbejdsløse, er det åbne system en be tingelse for at vedligeholde og forny kvalifikationer, der øger chancerne for påny at komme i beskæftigelse.
SAM was the organization which, during the collective bargaining in 1928, agreed to DSMF's proposal of an equalrepresentation apprentices committee to formulate training rules and inspection of apprentice training-places - which was implemented in the setting up of the Engineering Industry Apprentices Committee in the following year.
Her ville et virksomhedsbaseret system være utilgængeligt for den arbejdsløse og for den beskæftigede indebære risiko for at kvalifikationer var for virksomhedsspecifikke, ikke anvendelige i forhold til at søge jobs i. andre brancher, og ikke kunne dokumenteres med anerjcendte kursusbeviser.
In 1956 expansion to 32 trades took place with, among other features, stage-divisions and specialisms incorporated - including, for example, the 2-year training courses which are also discussed in subsection 2.4.
Punkt a) og b) sammenholdt udgør den formel, der angiver fag foreningers og arbejdsgiverorganisationers fælles interesser.
From DSMF's side, interest in increasing the intake to the trade (the union) played a big role, of course; under the influence of the keener competition for jobs with the unskilled workers in the iron and steel industry, an agreement had been concluded in 1953 for acceptance of unskilled workers in the iron and steel industry, in so far as they did jobs which were considered to belong to
Hvis ressourcerne er knappe i forhold til arbejdstagernes kursusefterspørgsel og hvis ressourcerne bruges på et indhold, der er tæt indrettet på behov, der anmeldes af virksomhederne for deres ansatte, så ville det være rimeligt at betegne AMU-poli-tikken som virksomheds- eller erhvervspolitisk orienteret.
DSMF's occupational area. The subdivision of the appren ticed trades was intended to make it easier for the more specialized firms, or firms divided into sub-industries, to establish apprenticeships.
Hvis ressourcerne var så omfattende, at der praktisk taget ingen kødannelse var for optagelse på en AMU-uddannelse og hvis kursusindholdet i høj grad var indrettet på at give kvalifikationer til forventede beskæftigelsesvækstfag, også udover kort sigtede beskæftigelsesprognosers udsigter, så ville det være rimeligt at betegne AMU-politikken som beskæftigelses- eller arbejdsløshedsbekæmpelses-politisk orienteret.
The common policy within the Engineering Industry Appren tices Committee had hitherto been that a journeyman's certificate from any of the 12 training-'branches' into which engineering and other metalusing industry was sub-divided should give access to employment anywhere within the engineering sector.
Imellem disse to poler af arbejdsmarkedspolitikkens vægtning kunne man vel betegne AMU-politikken som markedsorienteret -nemlig i kraft af at den har kvaliteten at virke mobilitetsfremmende og flaskehalsmodvirkende på arbejdsmarkedet i modsætning til et virksomhedsbaseret efter- og videreuddannelsessystem.
Besides enabling more training posts to be created, it has, of course, created opportunities for specialization by skilled workers, which might be necessary to enable them to compete with upgraded workers and subsequently with semiskilled workers who were only trained - on the job, or otherwise -in very sharply-defined specialisms.
I den lange periode siden vedtagelsen af specialarbejderloven i 1960 er der i Danmark oparbejdet et kompromis om prioriteringen af målgrupperne for AMU-uddannelserne. Der har været enighed om at ved optagelsen til AMU-kurser havde beskæftigede, virksomhedstilmeldte ansøgere 1. prioritet, ansøgere med lovning på
The smaller workplace - and the industry-mobility for skilled workers which this could provide - must have been regarded by SAM and DSMF as a minor problem in a situation with a surplus of labour and competition for jobs, and with the prospect of some very large youth-years from about 1960 onwards as the basis for apprentice-recruitment.
arbejde efter gennemført AMU-kursus 2. prioritet, og jobsøgende/arbejdsløse i almenhed 3. prioritet.
176 eussions upon the structure of the trade union-side; on the contrary, most of the smaller engineering and other trades in CO-Metal have in the course of time been integrated in the present Danish Engineering Workers' Union.
Ressourcerne har til ladt at '3. prioritetsansøgere' over lange perioder har udgjort omkring halvdelen af alle kursister.
In both the individual FU and in FFU, the Engineering Industry Apprentices Committee, it is DM and JA, on the whole, who are the partners representing the two sides.
Den mobilitetsfremmende funktion er der ikke megen diskussion om bliver varetaget af det danske AMU-system.
The Engineering Industry Apprentices Committee was originally financed only by the employers; but in 1946 SAM felt obliged to ask DSMF to contribute towards the financing of the secretariat.
Selvom det selv følgelig ikke kan tilskrives AMU-systemet alene, så er det be mærkelsesværdigt at der foregår ca 500.000 jobskift om året, set i forhold til et samlet antal lønmodtagere på ca 2.300.000.
DSMF was very willing to do so, but thought that the secretariat had to be installed at a neutral address, since the union had not had any influence upon manning (the secretariat-staff were SAM-employees).
Om en arbejdsmarkedsorienteret AMU-politik og det principielt ønskelige i en åben tilgang til uddannelserne har der således længe været enighed.
One can thus see that, up to this time, DSMF accepted that SAM's active, leading role in cooperation with equal representation was necessary and beneficial for DSMF's own interests in securing proper conditions of training in engineering and other metalusing firms.
Men under indtryk af en relativt strammere ressourcesituation for AMU-systemet kan der anes et begyndende opbrud i forhold til dette kompromis mellem arbejdsgiver- og fagbevægelses in teresser .
177 importance of the training courses for better productivity, competitiveness and employment as the unifying formula. Effective achievement of this aim forms the basis of the situation today.
Regeringens AMU-politik vurderes således af fagbevægelsen til at dreje udviklingen over mod den virksomheds- eller erhvervs politiske orientering - og denne reaktion fra fagbevægelsens side på regeringens politik indebærer så også, at der opstår diskussioner med arbejdsgiverparten om AMU-politikkens hovedretning indenfor 'det dobbelte formål'.
'Uddannelseshuset' (Training House), Nørre Voldgade 14, in Copenhagen, accommodates all of the bodies with equal representation, namely the Engineering Industry Appren tices Committee (ML), the Vocational Training Committee (EUU) for Engineering, the Engineering Industry Continued Training Committee (ME), the Committee for Engineering and other metalusing industry (MB), and also secretariats for other training committees, works officials, etc.
Dette spørgsmål vil blive taget op igen, dels i afsnit 6, aktuelle udviklingstendenser, dels i afsnit 4, hvor den differentierede karakter af AMU-systemets funktion indenfor forskellige brancher og delarbejdsmarkeder vil blive illustreret.
The secretariat is financed partly through the authority to collect a subscription from all employers -not only JA-members - who use the iron and steel industry's journeyman testing-system, which brings in about 78 million kroner, and partly through coverage of the remaining expenses with about 2 million from JA and DM, respectively, while DS makes a smaller contribution.
Et aspekt af den differentierede karakter af AMU-systemets funktioner skal dog tages op her, fordi det hører hjemme under præsentationen af de danske ungdomserhvervsuddannelsers og arbejdsmarkedsuddannelsers grundlæggende træk og problematikker.
The Danish Engineering Workers' Union ('Metal') also tries to be active in all phases of the process, of course; but first and foremost, there is felt to be a community of interest regarding the needs of engineering and other metalusing industry, with the partners rallying round in defence of 'trade self-management'.
Nemlig at AMU-systemet også omfatter en række relativt lang varige grundkurser indenfor nogle af brancherne, blandt andet indenfor bygge- og anlægsområdet og jern- og metalindustrien.
Thus two of the staff in the EUU-secretariat are on the payroll of the Ministry of Education, one being employed by DfE and the other by JA and DM jointly.
Det var kurser af denne karakter, der ved etableringen af specialarbe jderuddannelsen fik de ikkefaglærtes forbund til at mene, at et socialt retfærdighedskrav blev opfyldt.
Thus, it is typical also that ML should be retained internally as the most important body, with the status of a Joint Trade Committee and association with the greater formal autonomy of the 1956-law for trade selfmanagement than the EFG-law.