natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Det blev ikke nogen større succes, men konsultationer af denne art foregår den dag i dag i forskellige paritetiske ud­valg, som dog kun er kompetente for be­grænsede områder.
Nor does Article 118b of the EEC Treaty provide a legal basis for this.
I den forbindelse skal først og fremmest nævnes Det Stående Udvalg for Beskæftigelse, som mødes re­gelmæssigt to gange om året for at drøfte problemer især omkring arbejdsløsheden og dens følger. Endvidere kan nævnes lig­nende udvalg på et lavere plan for havfi­skeri, jordbrug, samt jernbane­ og vej­transport.
The national member associations of the ETUC and Unice would have to give them this authority, which is unlikely to happen in the near future since the social sector, embracing labour law, legislation on employee participation and, in particular, the relationship between the social partners, still differs quite con siderably from one country to another.
Hvem er da parterne?
Who are the social partners?
I første række dre­jer det sig om arbejdsgiversammenslut­ningen UNICE, som ligeledes repræsen­terer de europæiske industriorganisatio­ner, inklusive de skandinaviske, endvide­re Den Europæiske Faglige Samorgani­sation EFS, hvor også skandinaviske landsorganisationer er repræsenterede, og endelig Det Europæiske Center for Of­fentlige Virksomheder, CEEP.
First, there is the employers' association, Unice, which also represents the industrial associations of Europe, including Scan
Eftersom Fællesskabet har besluttet at skabe det fælles indre marked inden 1992 med frie konkurrencemuligheder for de økonomiske kræfter i et Fællesskab uden indre grænser, er det naturligvis både lo­gisk og magtpåliggende, at også de sociale aspekter træder mere i forgrunden i EF­institutionernes overvejelser. Det er med sikkerhed ikke tilstræbt — og kan heller ikke forsvares politisk — at de svage bli­ver ofre for den forventede hårde konkur­rence, hvilket erfaringsmæssigt ville føre til, at de regioner, som er dårligt stillede i dag, ville blive endnu svagere.
Now that the Community has decided to complete the common internal market by 1992, it was, of course, logical and necessary, given the plan for free competition among the economic forces in the Community without internal frontiers, that all the Community institutions should place greater emphasis on the social aspects in their deliberations.
Allerede nu er der tydelige tegn på, at forskellen mellem rige og fattige regioner i EF til trods for en national og fælles regionalpo­litik ikke bliver mindre, men tværtimod større.
All past experience indicates that this would result in already disadvantaged regions becoming even weaker.
Arbejdsmarkedets parter på EF­niveau er derfor kaldet til at yde deres bidrag. I
There are already signs that, despite national and Community regional policies, the disparities between rich and poor
Generalsekretær for CEEP
General Secretary ofCEEP
reglen, idet behov og forhold på stedet derved tilgodeses på bedre måde.
Decentralized law, at regional and national level, should be the rule because better account is then taken of local needs and circumstances.
I det hele taget bør EF-institutionerne ikke bruges til at gøre arbejdet lettere for de nationale regeringer i deres respektive lande i forbindelse med løsningen af nationalt begrænsede problemer.
The Community institutions should not in any case be used to make life easier for national governments in their own countries when purely national problems have to be solved.
virkninger vil sørge for, at de af arbejdsmarkedets parter, der rammes hårdest, vil gøre en indsats for at få gennemført ændringer i deres medlemsstater.
The growing pressure of competition in the common internal market and other factors will ensure that the social partners most affected press for changes in their Member States.
En så dan fremgangsmåde er pragmatisk og overlader det til de pågældende at omsætte de i Bruxelles aftalte principper og regler på bedste måde i deres eget land.
This ap proach is pragmatic and leaves it to those concerned to decide how best to put the principles and rules agreed in Brussels in to effect in their own countries.
Den variable geometri, dvs. en i omfang og hurtighed divergerende tilpasning i de forskellige lande med forskellige udgangspositioner kan accepteres, fordi det alene på denne måde er muligt at garantere en langsom, men vedvarende har monisering af forholdene inden for EF.
A variable geometry, i.e. differences in the scale and speed of adjustment in the various countries, each starting from a different position, is tolerated because it alone will ensure gradual, but lasting, harmonization of the situation in the Community.
Arbejdsmarkedets parter UNICE, EFS og CEEP har allerede vedtaget flere fælles udtalelser vedrørende den økonomi ske politik inden for EF specielt med hen blik på en vækstpolitik til skabelse af ar bejdspladser, samt indførelse af ny tekno logi på arbejdspladsen og i den for bindelse spørgsmål om arbejdstagernes medindflydelse på arbejdsgivernes be slutningsproces samt erhvervs- og efter uddannelse.
Unice, the ETUC and CEEP have already adopted a number of joint positions. They concern economic policy in the Community, especially in conjunction with a growth policy designed to create jobs; the introduction of new technologies at the workplace and aspects of employee participation in corporate decision-making in this context; and initial and continuing vocational training.
Den sociale dialog foregår i to arbejdsgrupper, nemlig »Makroøkonomi« og »Ny teknologi og social dialog« under ledelse af de respektive ansvarlige medlemmer af EF-Kommissionen.
The social dialogue takes place in two working parties, the Macroeconomics Working Group and the Working Party on 'social dialogue and the new technologies', each chaired by the appropriate Member of the Commission. mission.
Det vil kræve langt mere tid, og det må man indstille sig på.
A much longer period must be allowed.
Men hvis man vil slå ind på denne vej, og det vil man være nødt til, må arbejdsmarkedets parter i Bruxelles begynde nu og tålmodigt tage hul på det nødvendige forarbejde.
But if this course is to be taken, and it must be, the social partners must make a start in Brussels now and prepare the ground with patience.
Medlemsorganisationerne i med lemsstaterne vil da sørge for, at forholdene udvikler sig i den rigtige retning.
Their member associations in the Community countries will steadfastly ensure that the situation develops in this direction.
Også bestræbelserne på at skabe et ensartet fundament af sociale grundrettigheder i hele EF kunne give resultater ad denne vej.
The goal of establishing a uniform set of fundamental social rights throughout the Community could also be achieved in this way.
Hvis man vil skabe fællesskabsret på området, bør man nok holde sig for øje, at den af de europæiske institutioner etablerede fællesskabsret sikkert ikke anvendes ens i hele Fællesskabet.
If Community legislation were to be created for this purpose, it should be remembered that Community law enacted by the European institutions is certainly not enforced uniformly throughout the Community.
Den lider samme skæbne som national ret, der, alt efter hvilket land det drejer sig om, iagttages strengt eller ufuldstændigt.
It exeriences the same fate as national law, which is observed strictly in one country, perfunctorily in another.
Noget lig nende gælder for den retsbeskyttelse, som nationale domstole skaber, gennem fører og garanterer.
Much the same applies to the protection of legal rights that is created, enforced and guaranteed by national courts.
Allerede af den grund bør EF-ret kun etableres, når centrale ordninger ifølge sagens natur alene forekommer rimelige.
For this reason alone Community legislation should be established only if the circumstances re quire centralized arrangements.
Det øgede konkurrence pres i det fælles indre marked og andre på
The opinions emerging from this dialogue have no legal standing, but they
Arbejdsmarkedets parter har opnået in stitutionel betydning ved at være nævnt i EF-Traktaten.
Now that they are mentioned in the EEC Treaty, the social partners have achieved institutional significance.
Foruden EF-Kommissionen har også Det Økonomiske og Sociale Udvalg udtalt sig for, at parterne inddrages mere i beslutningsprocessen i EF, f.eks. vedrørende strukturfondene.
Like the Commission, the Economic and Social Committee has advocated that they be more closely involved in decisions taken in the Community on, say, the structural Funds.
Ved store investeringsprojekter regner EF-Kommissionen ligeledes med at ind hente udtalelser fra arbejdsmarkedets parter.
The Commission makes provision for the social partners to deliver opinions on major capital projects.
Når Fællesskabets offentlige in teresse, som vil få voksende betydning, skal defineres, vil CEEP kunne yde et væsentligt bidrag, idet medlemmerne, der i lang tid har arbejdet inden for den offentlige erhvervssektor i EF, i deres daglige arbejde på kommunalt, regionalt og nationalt plan altid har været vant til at tage højde for de pågældende offentlige organers interesser.
In the definition of the Community's public in terest, which is growing in importance, CEEP is able to play a major role because its members, who have long been active in the Community's public sector, have always been used to taking careful ac count of the interests of the central, regional and local authorities in their daily work.
Det er hævet over enhver tvivl, at den sociale dialog kan intensiveres.
There is no doubt that the social dialogue can be intensified.
Man kunne ligeledes tænke sig, at arbejdsmarkedets parter gennemførte en stor del af deres fælles aktiviteter uden EF-institutioner-nes tilstedeværelse og indflydelse.
It would also be possible, for example, for the social partners to undertake a large proportion of their joint activities in the absence and without the involvement of Community institutions.
En så dan emancipation var måske positiv for alle implicerede og kunne afstedkomme mere selvstyre for arbejdsmarkedets parter.
Emancipation would perhaps be good for both sides and give the social partners greater autonomy.
reslåede foranstaltninger vil kunne få in den for virksomheden og på arbejdspladsen. pladsen.
The social partners might define and adopt social standards for the whole of the Community in such areas as: • initial and continuing training, especially in companies, • the equal treatment of men and women at work, • safety at work, • the role of the trade unions and staff, representatives in companies, etc., • employee participation in companies.
Foruden Kommissionens tjenestegrene skulle også CEDEFOP og Det Europæiske Institut til Forbedring af Leve- og Arbejdsvilkårene yde deres bidrag.
It has also been pointed out that the social partners in some Member States have yet to reach the high levels of mutual understanding which the European social partners have attained.
• Erhvervsuddannelse og efteruddannelse, specielt i virksomheden.
In the long term ideas and proposals on equality of opportunity in the competition among undertakings might also be developed, examples here being: • the same welfare contributions by all undertakings, • a reduction in the wide variation of energy costs paid by undertakings.
• Faglige organisationers og personale repræsentanters rolle i virksomheden o.l.
The social dialogue is conducted by representatives of the employers' associations affiliated to Unice and of the ETUC and senior staff members of public enter pragmatic method of finding a consensus should be properly tested.
• Arbejdstagernes medindflydelse og medbestemmelse i virksomheden.
It may be that not only a coordinated social policy can be developed in the long run without government representatives being in volved, as is usual in the Council of Ministers, but also, in the short term, a European industrial policy that has the approval of the workers.
Drøftelser om sådanne emner forudsætter et tillidsfuldt arbejdsklima, som længe har eksisteret i Bruxelles og stået sin prøve.
Those who do not want to rely on the Council taking majority decisions in their favour should actively support the social dialogue and try it out in many areas, except where a prises (CEEP).
En af grundene er vel nok, at der føres en åben debat uden protokoller eller pres semeddelelser.
Account is taken of the associations' and of national interests! centralized legal arrangement is needed at Community level.
Der findes ingen formelle afstemningsprincipper.
Company experts can assess the impact proposed measures have in companies
På lang sigt kunne der måske også udvikles idéer og forslag til lige muligheder i konkurrencen virksomhederne imellem, som f.eks.:
Each social partner should put forward such proposals so that a list of priorities might be compiled and then considered in working groups.
• Samme belastning af virksomhederne i forbindelse med sociale afgifter.
Besides the Commission's services, Cedefop and the European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions should make contributions.
Den sociale dialog føres af repræsentanter for arbejdsgiverforeningerne i UNICE, den faglige samorganisation EFS og ledende medarbejdere i offentlige virk somheder (CEEP). Både organisationer nes interesser og nationale interesser kommer til orde.
The discussion of such subjects requires a working atmosphere of mutual trust, which has long existed and proved its worth in Brussels.
Eksperter fra virksom heder kan vurdere, hvilken virkning fo
One reason for this is and at the workplace.
Den er i sin vorden, og den har en fremtid, for di den kan medvirke til at rodfæste Det Europæiske Fællesskab i arbejdsgiver- og arbejdstagerkredse.
It is still evolving and has a future There are no formal voting principles. because, through it, the European ComThere is a frank dialogue, in which the munity can become more deeply rooted participants can undertake to act at Com in the business community and the munity and/or national level. This labour force.
Arbejdsmarkedets parters rolle i erhvervsuddannelsen i Belgien undersøgelsen over arbejdsmarke­dets parters rolle i erhvervsuddannel­sen forstår vi ved erhvervsuddannel­
The role of the social partners in vocational training in Belgium n the study of the role played by employers and unions we define vocational training as: (1) courses
Der findes »regionale« politiske organer: • sprogsamfundsrådene, hvorunder kul­turpolitikken henhører samt personelle forhold (altså bl.a. erhvervsuddannelse);
I implementation, monitoring), as may the level at which they play their part (national, sectoral, local).
Tilmed er der store forskelle i, hvor ansvaret for den pågældende uddannelse er placeret afhængig af målgruppe (time­lønnede, månedslønnede, højere funktio­nærer) og adgangskriterier (fra adgang for alle arbejdstagere til kun adgang for en bestemt kategori af arbejdstagere i en enkelt virksomhed).
(Flanders, Wallonia and Brussels) with corresponding political organs: • Community Councils, which have powers in relation to cultural and human affairs (including education); • Regional Councils, which have powers in territorial matters.
se: 1) uddannelser bestemt for arbejdsdueli­ge personer, der har afsluttet den pligtige heltidsundervisning (til det 16. år); 2) uddannelser bestemt for et særligt er­hverv, job eller branche.
aimed at young people who have completed fulltime compulsory education (to the age of 16); and (2) courses geared to a specific occupation, function or job.
Vi undersøger de forskellige former for deltidsundervis­ning og ­arbejde; undervisningssystemets tiltag; den livslange uddannelse for næ­ringsdrivende og erhvervsuddannelserne under statens arbejdsdirektorat (Rijks­dienst voor Arbeidsvoorziening — RVA).
We consider the various forms of parttime learning and working, initiatives within the education system, continuing train ing for those in small and medium businesses, and the training programmes of the National Manpower Service (Rijksdienst voor Arbeidsvoorziening, RVA).
Det er klart, at der findes mange andre undervisningsformer for fagud­dannelser. Indtil nu har de stået helt uden for det område, hvor arbejdsmarkedets parter spiller en rolle, og vi behandler dem derfor ikke her.
There are many other forms of vocational training than these, of course, but they fall outside the domain in which employers and unions play a part, and consequently also outside the scope of this study.
/ Belgien er systemet for erhvervsuddan­nelser komplekst, fordi de forskellige for­mer påvirkes af tre, ikke altid helt forene­lige parametre: 1) statsstrukturen 2) den oprettende instans 3) forholdet imellem arbejdsgiver og arbejdstager.
Belgian vocational education is complicated by interactions between three not entirely consistent parameters, namely the structure of the state, the diversity of agencies providing training and the industrial relations system.
Statsstrukturen er en af de vigtigste årsa­ger til de mulige erhvervsuddannelsers komplekse karakter. Ved siden af den bel­giske stats organer har organer i sprog­samfund og regioner siden 1980 kunnet tage spørgsmål op i forbindelse med er­hvervsuddannelse og samrådet herom med arbejdsmarkedets parter.
The structure of the state is one of the fundamental causes of the complexity of vocational education: since 1980 national institutions have been joined by community and regional institutions in the operation of vocational training and in consultations on the subject with the two sides of industry.
Belgien har tre sprogsamfund (det flamske, det franske og det tysktalende) og tre regio­ner (Flandern, Vallonien og Bruxelles).
Belgium is made up of three linguistic communities (for Dutch-, French- and German-speakers) and three regions
planlægning og decentralisering til en re­alitet i Belgien; navnlig de Regionale Økonomiske Råd, der beskæftiger sig med samrådet mellem arbejdsmarkedets parter indbyrdes og med kulturelle og un­dervisningsmæssige anliggender (bl.a. er­hvervsuddannelsen).
In addition there are bodies whose function is to implement economic planning and decentralization. These include, notably, the Regional Economic Councils, which have a role in consultations between the two sides of industry and in cultural and educational matters (in cluding vocational training).
Doktor i ι irksomheds­psykologi Associe­ret docent ved Gent Universitet
Doctor of In dustrial Psychology Associate professor at the State University of Ghent
Forskellene i erhvervsuddannelsen af­hænger også af arten og antallet af in­stanser, som er involveret i erhvervsud­dannelsen (myndigheder, RVA, parite­tiske fonde...).
The diversity of vocational training is also a function of the type and number of agencies involved (the state, the National Manpower Service, joint funds, etc.).
Afhængig af den opretten­de instans er der store forskelle på arbejdsmarkedets parters aktive medvir­ken (planlægning, finansiering, gennem­førelse, kontrol) og på det niveau, hvor de
Depending on the providing agency the functional role of employers and unions may vary widely (planning, resourcing,
Former for deltidsundervisning og ­arbejde oprettet af under­visningssystemet og anerkendte uddannelsescentre
The RVA is a prototype for cooperation in the voca tional-training field between employers and unions, and over the last 10 years its role in this area has come to be vital to Belgian industry.
Vekseluddannelse 4. Industriens lærlingesystem 5.
Alternance training 4.
Projektet undervisningspligtige unge
School-age youngsters project
Undervisningssystemets tiltag
Education system initiatives
Videregående undervisning udenfor universitetet 3.
Higher education outside the universities 3.
Social Promotion­uddannelser
Adult education and training medium business
Arbejdsdirektoratet RVA
National manpower service (RVA)
Uddannelser i virksomhed/skole 3.
Employer and college-based courses 3.
Det nationale center for pædagogisk uddannelse og forskning 4. Anerkendte centre
National Centre for Teacher Train ing and Research 4.
Oprettet af virksomheder i tre eksempelvis nævnte sektorer
Sectoral initiatives (examples)
Bygge og anlæg 3.
Construction 3.
Den konkrete gennemførelse varetages af arbejdsgiver (organisationen) eller af en paritetisk organisation.
Metal-processing involvement, and in fact they are in directly responsible for organization and the provision of advice on planning and programming.
ning, udførelse og inspektion henhører under undervisningssystemet.
In the private banking sector (excluding the savings banks) the role of the employers' and union sides is separate rather than joint.
Den for­melt fastlagte rolle for arbejdsmarkedets parter er begrænset til rådgivning af myn­digheder og undervisningssystem i de in­volverede øverste råd.
The management of the major banks is largely autonomous as regards internal training, with the unions playing only a limited role.
læg, metal; 4) mht. arbejdstagergrupper: timelønne­de, månedslønnede, højere funk­tionærer; 5) mht. virksomhedsstørrelse: små og mellemstore virksomheder har deres eg­ne organisationer.
At sector level there is the Joint Fund for Union and Professional Training in the Banking In dustry (Paritair Fonds voor Syndicate en Professionele Vorming voor het Bankwezen): the employees' associations may make free use of half of the fund's financial resources for union training, while the other half, intended for profes
Mens vi indtil nu hovedsagelig har beskæftiget os med de forskellige former for erhvervsuddannelse, hvilket i reglen er det samme som med de forskellige ini­tiativtagere, vil vi nu beskæftige os med typiske sektorbestemte forskelle i ar­bejdsmarkedets parters rolle i erhvervs­uddannelsen. Vi har valgt tre sektorer som eksempler: banker, bygge og anlæg og den metalforarbejdende industri.
In the case of the various forms oí parttime working and training the involve ment of the state and the education system is much greater than that of employers' and union organizations.
I de næringsdrivendes uddannelser er det kun arbejdsgiverne, der som arbejds­markedsparter er direkte involveret. De står i virkeligheden indirekte for tilrette­læggelsen og afgiver udtalelser om plan­lægning og uddannelsesprogrammer.
state and the education system have the funding agency has the greatest say in the greatest functional role in terms of both programmes. diversity (planning, funding, implementation, monitoring) and extent; the The National Manpower Service (RVA) employers' function is mainly in the areas — the other main provider of vocational of funding and implementation, while training in Belgium, alongside the educa the unions tend to play a monitoring role. tion system and the small and medium business sector — is a public body which The state funds in full the three types of comes under the Ministry of Labour.
Myndighederne yder tilskud og udøver den administrative kontrol. Det er indly­sende, at de som finansierende instans har den største indflydelse på pro­grammerne.
The education system initiatives shown in the fact that its policy structures include vir summary.
Ved de forskellige former for deltidsun­dervisning og ­arbejde er myndigheder­nes og undervisningssystemets rolle langt stærkere end arbejdsmarkedets parters.
The education system itself is tually equal representation of the two fully responsible for course planning, im sides of industry means that employers plementation and inspection, and the for and unions have, if not full control, at mally defined role of employers and least great influence over RVA voca unions is limited to one of advising the tional training.
Myndigheder og undervisningssystem har mht. funktioner den største rolle, bå­de hvad angår omfang (planlægning, fi­nansiering, gennemførelse, kontrol) og hyppighed.
Financial control, short government and the education system in and longterm planning, course organiza
Ledelsen af store banker er meget autonom mht. virksomhedsintern ud­dannelse, fagforeningerne spiller kun en meget begrænset rolle.
Training in the building industry — at least on the structural (as distinct from finishing) side — is dominated by joint in itiatives.