natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Men det ville være forkert at opfatte dette alene som et udtryk for konkurrence mellem forbundene, som grænseproblemer.
Actual proof is not possible; but alternance training schemes in general — concentrated in the small firms as places of training — presumably also help to in crease ability and desire for mobility, characteristic of the Danish labour market.
Udviklingen af »det faglige selvstyres« traditioner må ses som en væsentlig del af den konsensus, som i dag hersker om vigtigheden af at prioritere erhvervsuddannelserne og om at tilstræbe, at så mange unge som muligt får adgang til en er hvervsuddannelse.
Without the assurance of nationwide authority for apprentice training schemes (including initial training ['EFG']), and for AMU-training schemes, with reasonably open access to these for a sufficiently large portion of the labour force, serious problems with bottlenecks could arise.
Overordnede orienteringsrammer for samarbejdet om erhvervsuddannelserne
This would be considered very problematical by both trade unions and employers.
Accepten af anvendelsen af de nødvendige skattemidler hertil er utvivlsomt også støttet af »det faglige selvstyres« store rolle i alle faser af erhvervsuddannelsespolitikken, som indebærer, at store grupper fra arbejdsgiverside og fra fagbevægelsesside aktivt er parter i erhvervsud dannelserne.
Similarly, the combination of consideration of the increase in productivity, etc., from a well-trained work-force, and con sideration of ensuring the maintenance or achievement of employment through open access to a labourmarket training scheme forms the point at which the social partners' interests can be combined around semi-skilled worker training and continued training in AMU-policy.
Selv om 1937-loven var parlamentarisk omstridt ved vedtagelsen, så blev det i løbet af en kort årrække således, at hovedreglen blev at erhvervsuddannelsesspørgsmål først blev afklaret mellem arbejdsmarkedets parter — og det, de nåede til enighed om, blev ophøjet til lov.
Disagreement can exist on the weighting as between the two considerations; but the fundamental feature of the compromise — that both considerations must be included — must be respected by both social partners.
Direkte indblanding fra regering og folketing blev undtagelsen og kom primært på tale ved mere overordnede stridsspørgsmål eller på nye felter in den for erhvervsuddannelser.
This fundamental unity must also be regarded as an essential background to the level of 7 to 9% participation in AMU-courses, which is achieved annually by the target group.
For dansk fagbevægelse har det betydet, at uddannelse er blevet opfattet som et centralt led i at sikre beskæftigelsen, kvalitativt og kvantitativt.
With her numerous small and mediumsized enterprises, Denmark is highly dependent upon flexibility, adaptability and mobility within the labour force.
Formidlingen mellem ar bejdsmarkedsstruktur, ud dannelsesstruktur og fagbevægelsesstruktur
In the two evaluations that are in progress, of semi-skilled worker training and con tinued training, respectively, it has been shown that the AMU-system assists
Den stærke interesse for at løse denne op gave må ses som et led i den generelle strategi i dansk fagbevægelse: Man tilslutter sig målsætningerne om øget produktivitet, produktfornyelse, innovation mv., fordi det er midlet til beskæftigelsesfremme.
With the Danish labour market and oc cupational structure as they appear to be, the basic principles of 'trade self-management' are far better, therefore, for determining and meeting future qualification requirements.
Det er først når man kommer til de økonomiske fordelingsspørgsmål, at man opfatter arbejdsgiverne som modpart. Det indebærer, at erhvervsuddannelsespolitik klart opfattes som et samarbejdsprojekt mellem arbejdsmarkedets parter — som generelt søges understøttet af staten.
The key role played by the social partners in vocational and labourmarket training in Denmark implies the adoption of a viewpoint by the organiza tions and their active intervention in relation to the trend of the market.
Det er også baggrunden for, at mere kontroversielle økonomisk-politiske spørgsmål ikke behandles af »det faglige selvstyre« i egentlig forstand, men af hovedorganisationerne og Folketinget for de politiske spørgsmåls vedkommende.
Because of this, vocational training policy is being related to both youth-training policy and industry and technology policy.
Inden for lærlingeuddannelserne spiller kontraktpligten en central rolle for for midlingen mellem delarbejdsmarkeder i produktionen og uddannelserne.
The principle of alternance training is crucial for this linking process and is warmly supported both by the social partners and by the Ministry of Education.
Den centrale baggrund for denne kompromis- og forhandlingsmodel for styringen er en erhvervsuddannelsespolitik, der sikrer kvalifikationer med bred arbejdsmarkedsanvendelighed og høj arbejdskraftmobilitet.
It is within this overall framework that the con troversy over youth and adult vocational training takes place — a point which should be remembered by foreign observers of the sometimes farreaching and heated Danish debate on vocational training.
Det var et kompromis af denne type, der lå bag den oprindeligt omstridte 1937-lærlingelov, som etablerede rammerne for »det faglige selvstyre«.
'Trade selfmanagement' therefore insists upon the necessity of general authority, nation-wide, for vocational training and is very sceptical about ideas of 'decentralization' or, more correctly, regionalization.
Denne udskillelse af økonomiskpolitisk kontroversielle spørgsmål har også inde båret at »det faglige selvstyres« system har en høj grad af evne til at løse konflikter om egentlige lærlinge- og erhvervsuddannelsesproblemer.
Vocational training of sufficiently good quality is so expensive that it requires large-scale aid from public funds.
Derigennem er problemet med »falske« uddannelser — hvor man ikke kan finde arbejdsmarkedsanvendelse for sine lærte kvalifikationer — blevet begrænset.
This in turn means that the qualifications will be far more diverse and possibly firmspecific — and mobility and the existence of organized individual
»Det faglige selvstyre« som formidlende mellem uddan nelses, industri- og teknologi politik arbejdsmarked.
The role of the social partners in vocational training and further training in the Federal Republic of Germany ndustrial training in the Federal Republic of Germany is regarded as a subject of public interest and as a
Uden sikring af en landsdækkende kompetence for lærlingeuddannelserne (inklusive EFG) og for AMU-uddannelserne med en rimeligt åben adgang til disse for en tilstrækkelig stor del af arbejdsstyrken, så ville der for alvor kunne opstå flaskehalsproblemer.
I legislation on the basic structure of the in dustrial training system. Examples are the Vocational Training Act or the debate on the financial reform of voca tional training in the early 1970s.
Såvel af fagbevægelsen som af arbejdsgiverne ville dette blive opfattet som meget problematisk.
Moreover, it frees the state from having to negotiate a compromise between different proposals from the same camp or even to decide in favour of one side, both of which may be politically risky.
sikring af opretholdelsen eller opnåelsen af beskæftigelse gennem åben adgang til en arbejdsmarkedsuddannelse udgør på tilsvarende vis det punkt, hvor arbejdsmarkedets parters interesser kan forenes omkring specialarbejder- og efteruddannelserne i AMU-politikken.
Participation of associations as suppliers in the market for training services.
Vægtningen mellem de to hensyn kan der være uenighed om, men det grundlæggende i kom promisset, at begge hensyn må indgå, må respekteres af begge arbejdsmarkedets parter.
Trade unions Participation of associations in the exercise of public societal resource whose provision should not be left to the economic interests of in dividual firms.
Denne grundlæggende enighed må også ses som en væsentlig baggrund for at et niveau på 7-9% af målgruppen årligt deltager i AMU- kurser.
Participation in public policy-making in the area of industrial training occurs in a great variety of ways which may be classified into four major categories:
Som det danske arbejdsmarked og den danske erhvervsstruktur ser ud er »det faglige selvstyres« grundprincipper der for langt bedre til at opfange og imødekomme fremtidige kvalifikationsbehov.
Participation of associations as lobbies and interest representatives according to the classic model of pluralist interest politics.
Arbejdsmarkedets parters centrale rolle i erhvervs- og arbejdsmarkedsuddannelserne i Danmark indebærer en organisationsstillingtagen og en aktiv indgriben i forhold til markedsudviklingen.
The associations and employers' associations in the Federal Republic operate as suppliers of training services on an impressive scale, in the area of both vocational training and further training.
Det in debærer, at erhvervsuddannelsespolitikken bliver sat i relation såvel til ungdomsuddannelsespolitik som til industri- og teknologipolitik.
They thereby substitute for direct commitment of the state, for example, in the form of occupational schools. In many cases, the state provides them with funding and support.
Vekseluddannelses princippet er centralt for denne sammen kædning og støttes varmt såvel af ar bejdsmarkedets parter som af Undervisningsministeriet.
Their activity as suppliers of training services, with often large investments and high operating costs, implies for the associations of both sides that their in terest in the expansion of industrial train ing and its subsidization by the state takes on an additional and indeed very con crete meaning.
Det er inden f or denne overordnede ramme, at stridighederne om ungdoms- og voksenerhvervsuddannelserne foregår — og dette bør erindres af udenlandske iagttagere af den til tider omfattende og hidsige danske debat om erhvervsuddannelserne.
of employers and employees participate in public debates on issues of industrial training, attempt to mobilize public opinion, and exert influence on legislative processes relevant to industrial training. Pluralist interest representation is particularly important in situations where governments or parties undertake to pass
Derfor holder »det faglige selvstyre« fast i nødvendigheden af en fælles, landsdækkende kompetence for erhvervsuddannelserne og er meget skeptiske overfor tanker om »decentralisering« eller rettere regionalisering.
Dr Josef Hilbert is 'Diplom-Soziologe' and is a member of the research team work ing on the project 'New technologies and social security' of the Universities of Cologne and Paderborn.
Erhvervsuddannelse af tilstrækkelig kvalitet er så bekostelig, at den forudsætter omfattende offentlig støtte.
Second, it in cludes the participation of trade unions in the vocational training committees of chambers and guilds which are con stituted as bodies under public law and which outside the area of vocational training are exclusively or largely interest organizations of firms.
Skal denne kanaliseres udenom arbejdsmarkedsorganisationerne, så vil det i praksis sige mere direkte fra staten — eller regionale offentlige instanser — til virksomhederne.
The incorporation of the social partners into such organs performs the important function for public policy of making it impossible for the social partners to avoid addressing problematic issues and declaring their position.
Derved er det også gi vet, at kvalifikationerne vil blive langt mere uensartede og eventuelt virksomhedsbundne — og i hvert fald trues mobiliteten og eksistensen af organiserede del arbejdsmarkeder.
Most im portantly, associations at different levels and in various functional areas are charged with direct responsibility for the organization of industrial training.
Med de mange små og mellemstore virk somheder er Danmark stærkt afhængig af fleksibilitet, omstillingsevne og mobilitetsevne inden for arbejdsstyrken.
both within and between the respective associational systems.
I to på gående evalueringer af henholdsvis specialarbejderuddannelserne og efteruddannelsen er det påvist, at AMU-syste-met understøtter mobilitetsevnen. Egentlig bevisførelse er umulig, men det må formodes, at vekseluddannelserne ge nerelt — med tyngdepunktet i de små virksomheder som oplæringssteder også — er med til at øge den mobilitetsevne og -vilje, som er karakteristisk for det danske
Since peak associations of employers and trade unions at the national level are consulted by the responsible state agencies on initiatives of individual economic sectors, they have an opportunity to urge their affiliated associations to coordinate the interests of different economic sectors and observe a certain degree of uniformity.
Arbejdsmarkedets parters rolle i erhvervsuddannelsen i Forbundsrepublikken Tyskland rhvervsuddannelsen betragtes i Forbundsrepublikken Tyskland som værende af offentlig interesse
even trade unions — particularly at the sectoral level — often prefer negotiating industrial training policies bilaterally with employers' associations over having them dictated by the state.
E gangsmuligheder. Endvidere slipper staten for at skulle forhandle sig frem til et kompromis mellem eventuelle afvigende forslag fra samme lejr eller måske oven i købet træffe en afgørelse til fordel for den ene part, hvilket i begge tilfælde kan være forbundet med en politisk risiko.
The incorporation of associations into public training policy and into the public responsibility of controlling the industrial training system fulfils a variety of functions both for the state and for the associations.
Organisationerne medvirker i udøvelsen af offentlig magt ved
In particular, those
Organisationerne optræder som tilbudsgivere på uddannelsesmarkedet.
The devolution of public regulatory authority to the interest organizations of directly involved parties also has benefits for the state.
Både faglige orga og som en af samfundets ressourcer, hvis frembringelse ikke bør overlades til privatøkonomiske interesser.
In particular, the state is relieved from the difficult tasks of assess ing future needs, finding compromises and mobilizing consensus.
Der har derimod udviklet sig et højtinstitutionaliseret og yderst komplekst offentligt system, hvis udformning og administration både de der tilbyder, og de der modtager er hvervsfaglig kvalifikation — repræsenteret ved deres organisationer — har indflydelse på.
Unloading the state through associations facilitates ac cess to the crucial expertise of the affected parties and may improve the quality of authoritative decisions.
Denne medvirken i det offentlige system sker på mange forskellige må der og kan opdeles i fire hovedkategorier:
Of course it must be insured that self-governing groups do not use their quasi-public powers to the detriment of other, not directly involved groups.
Organisationerne optræder som pressionsgrupper og interesserepræsentanter efter det klassiske mønster for en pluralistisk interessepolitik.
This requires an adequate legal and institutional framework, the definition and maintenance of which becomes the main task for state intervention in self-governing public policy areas.
at deltage i autoritative beslutningsprocesser og få overdraget retlige styringsbeføjelser. Inden for denne kategori findes særlig mange og for det tyske erhvervsuddannelsessystem karakteristiske former for organisationsinvolvering.
The social partners participate in industrial training not only in the framework of institu tions that specialize in this political decisions on industrial training also as participants in other institutional systems, particularly in collective bargaining, in co-determination at work place level and in the labour administration.
Først og fremmest skal nævnes fag bevægelsens og arbejdsgiverorganisationernes lovligt fastlagte repræsentation i forskellige statslige og parastatslige institutioner, specielt Forbundsinstituttet for Erhvervsuddannelse (Bundesinstitut für Berufsbildung — BIBB) og det tyske ar bejdsdirektorat (Bundesanstalt für Arbeit).
Trade unions pursue their interests in the area of industrial training not only through their membership in the Federal Institute for Vocational Training or in the responsible chamber committees, but also in their role as a party to collective bargaining, through their links to works councils and their presence in the bodies of the Federal Labour Office. Much the same applies to the employers.
nisationer og arbejdsgiverorganisationer fungerer i Forbundsrepublikken Tyskland i et forbavsende stort omfang som tilbudsgivere for de grundlæggende er hvervsuddannelser og for videreuddannelse.
The ad vantage of trade unions and employers' associations being simultaneously present in all four related systems consists in the fact that it enables them to recognize interdependencies at an early stage and to use them for strategic purposes.
De overflødiggør derved et direkte engagement fra statens side, for eksempel ved at etablere erhvervsskoler — i mange tilfælde dog med økonomisk støtte fra staten.
This makes it at least in principle possible to coordinate different areas of regulation within the associations of the social part ners in an uncomplicated and informal fashion.
Disse aktiviteter som tilbudsgivere for uddannelser, der ofte kræver store investeringer og driftsomkostninger, be virker, at parterne der har en interesse i at erhvervsuddannelsen udvides — og selv følgelig også støttes af staten — bestyrkes yderligere og meget håndfast i denne holdning.
For example, further training may be controlled through rationalization protection agreements or, conversely, rationalization may be made possible through further training regulations; collective agreements may be adapted to new occupational profiles; institutions offering further training programmes forms of participation that go beyond mere interest representation provide associations with considerable opportunities for securing, expanding, and developing their organizations.
Arbejdsgiver- og arbejdstagerorganisationerne deltager i den offentlige debat om emner vedrørende erhvervsuddannelsen, de forsøger at vinde den offentlige mening for deres synspunkter og øver indflydelse på erhvervsuddannelsespolitisk relevante lovgivningsprocedurer.
General ly, with a growing number of activities the ability of an organization to offer useful services to its members increases; losses in one area can be compensated by gains in others; and bargaining issues can be creatively and synergetically combined.
Dr. Josef Hilbert er diplomsociolog og videnskabelig medarbejder på det af Köln og Paderborn Universitet gennemførte projekt »Neue Technologien und soziale Sicherung«
The interest in self-governance is more pronounced among employers' associations since trade unions as the frequently weaker partners at least in principle view the state as a potential ally. Nevertheless,
gesom offentlige magt, de har fået tillagt på bekostning af andre, ikke implicerede grupper.
autonomy. The viability of this system, in turn, largely depends on legal provisions and state facilitation.
Der forudsættes en passende retlig og institutionel ramme, hvis definition og opretholdelse er hovedårsagen til statslig indgriben i et selvstyre af denne art.
The cooperation of the social partners in the provision of occupational qualificatins raises and stabilizes the level of consensus also in the area of industrial relations and thus contributes to maintaining the institu tional configuration and organizational infrastructure on which cooperation largely depends.
Organisationernes politiske medvirken i erhvervsuddannelsen og inddragelse i den of fentlige styringsopgave over for erhvervsuddannelsessystemet tilgodeser både for statens og for organisationernes ved kommende et stort antal funktioner. For så vidt angår sidstnævnte,
The concrete forms of participation by the social partners in industrial training differ considerably between vocational training and further training, between the various levels and functions of regulation, as well as between economic sectors.
Involveringen af arbejdsmar kedets parter i erhvervsuddannelsen sker ikke alene inden for de specielt indrettede institutionelle rammer.
The current state of cooperative participation by trade unions and employers' associations in the regulation of in dustrial training in the Federal Republic is not being challenged despite the fact that socio-political conditions have become more conflictual in this country.
Parterne på statslig styring som følge af den uundgåelige distance og bureaukratiske formalisme.
On the other hand, since government policy today is significantly less in terested than in the past in tripartite regulation of labour markets and labour relations, an expansion of the institu tionalized role of the social partners in the industrial training system is not expected in the near future.
Interessen er i så henseende mere ud præget hos arbejdsgiverorganisationerne end hos fagbevægelsen, der som oftest er den svageste part og i hvert fald principielt betragter staten som en mulig for bundsfælle.
This is not just because the numerous effects of collective bargaining and labour market policy on industrial training cannot be anticipated, or because individual policy areas develop a dynamic of their own that is not easily subordinated.
Men alligevel foretrækker også fagforbundene, specielt på sektorialt niveau, hyppigt at forhandle bilateralt med arbejdsgivernes organisationer om erhvervsuddannelsespolitiske beslutninger frem for at lade staten trække dem ned over hovedet på sig.
Particularly in the area of industrial training in the narrow sense there is reason to speak of a 'policy community' in the Federal Republic which includes training experts and instructors, specialists in the associations, the responsible bureaucrats in the ministries and others.
frembyder især de former for inddragelse, der går ud over den egentlige interesse repræsentation, betragtelige muligheder for at sikre, udvide og videreudvikle organisationerne ved at funktionsomfanget styrkes samt en øget institutionel forankring.
• Associations play a more minor role in further training than in initial voca tional training, and this is criticized particularly by trade unions. • The extent of associational participation in the regulation of industrial train ing also differs by levels of regulation.
Principielt kan det siges, at jo flere aktivitetsområder en organisation har, jo større bliver mulighederne for at tilbyde medlemmerne en god service, udligne tab på nogle områder ved landvindinger på andre og sammenkoble hovedpunkter i forhandlingspakker og nyskabende strategier med synergetisk virkning.
• In the industrial training system of the Federal Republic, the social partners participate in all essential regulatory
For statens vedkommende er der store fordele forbundet med en overdragelse af offentlige styringsbeføjelser til interesse organisationer for de implicerede parter, idet man da er fri for den vanskelige opgave at skulle vurdere behov, finde frem til kompromiser, etablere samstemmighed og imødegå skuffelsesreaktioner.
Moreover, in many cases one gets the im pression that trade unions and employers' associations have not yet fully utilized the regulatory instruments at their disposal.
Endvidere spares staten for at blive alt for autoritær.
The social partners in the
Overdragelsen af statslige opgaver til organisationer kan endvidere forbedre autoritative beslutningers kvalitet, da det er nemmere at udnytte den vigtige viden, som de implicerede har om tingene.
The extent of the social partners' participation in industrial training puts great demands on their organizational resources.