natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Fortsatte i skolen Fortsatte direkte med videreuddannelse (heltidsuddannelse) Påbegyndte en lærlingeuddannelse Begyndte direkte i en virksomhed (med evt. deltidsuddannelse)
Stayed at school Went straight on to further education (full-time tuition) Took up an apprenticeship Started work directly (possibly with part-time further education)
Videreuddannelsessystemet
The continuing education and training system
I det følgende omfatter begrebet videreuddannelse den af enkelte LEA (Local Education Authorities = lokal uddannel sesmyndighed) gennemførte uddannelse efter skolen, universiteterne undtaget.
In this section, further education is defined as the education provided by the local education authorities (LEAs) and it excludes that provided by the universities.
Denne definition er taget fra skoleloven af 1944, i hvilken der tillægges LEA legal fuldmagt til at opretholde videreuddannelsesinstitutioner.
This definition is derived from the Education Act of 1944, which gives the LEAs the legal right to maintain institutions for further education.
I henhold til den ne definition er videreuddannelse bredt udviklet og mangfoldig.
Further education by this definition is well devel­oped and versatile.
Den omfatter tillige en betydelig del af den primære erhvervsuddannelse.
A large proportion of further education provision is vocationally orientated.
For en stor dels vedkommende er vide reuddannelsen erhvervsorienteret, men den udelukker ikke tilbud om supplerende almendannelse med kulturelt og fritidsbetonet indhold.
However, it also includes opportunities for people to complete general edu­cation with cultural and leisure-orientated curricula.
Næsten 2 000 000 personer deltager i videreuddannelsesarrangementer, heri er ikke medregnet aftenskolernes kulturelle og fritidsmæssige aktiviteter.
Nearly 2000000 people take part in further education courses apart from the cultural and leisure activities in evening classes.
Kurserne spænder fra universitetsniveau i så at sige hvert eneste akademiske og tekniske fag over specialkurser for kommende lærere, virksomhedsledere, teknikere og hånd værkere inden for alle industrigrene til tekniske og merkantile kurser på lavere niveau samt almendannende kurser på ethvert niveau. Studierne kan enten gennemføres på heltidsbasis eller som modulkurser med periodiske heltidssko-le-studier (f.eks.
The courses range from university level in nearly every academic and technical subject, to specialized courses for those intending to be teachers, managers, technicians and craftsmen for all areas of industry; technical and commer­cial courses at the lower level, as well as general educa­tional courses at every level.
Dette meget fleksible videreuddannelsessystem gør det muligt for enhver at bestå en prøve, der svarer til den pågældendes evner og den tid, han/hun har til rådighed.
This highly flexible system of further education allows all those who have the talent and time to achieve appropriate tuition and qualifications.
Der findes ingen øvre aldersgrænse.
There is no upper age limit.
De enkelte kvalifikationer kan erhverves enkelstående eller som et led i videregående kurser.
Qualifications can be gained either as their own reward, or can lead to further educational courses.
Men kursustilbuddene frembyder problemer med hensyn til administration og gør det vanskeligt for potentiel le deltagere at overskue hele systemet.
The availability of the variety of courses brings problems of college adminis­tration as well as difficulties for potential applicants in being able to understand the system.
De fleste kurser er tænkt som forberedelse til eksamen ved en national eksamenskommission. Der findes i hundredevis af dem, men kun en eller to inden for hvert erhvervsområde.
Most courses are a preparation for an examination by one of the national examination boards, of which there are many, although there are only one or two for each trade or profession.
De mange vide reuddannelsesinstitutioner omfatter også de såkaldte polytecnics og andre læreanstalter med de mest forskelligartede navne — colleges of further education (videreuddannelsesskoler), colleges of technology (teknikerskoler), technical colleges (fagskoler inklusive erhvervsfagskoler), colleges of commerce (handelsskoler), colleges of art (kunstfagskoler), agricultural colleges (landbrugsskoler) — aftenskoler samt de øvrige fagskoler og læreanstalter.
The wide range of institutions for further education includes the polytechnics and other colleges with a variety of titles — colleges of further education, colleges of technology, tech­nical colleges, commercial colleges, colleges of art and design, agricultural colleges, adult education and so forth.
Læreuddannelsens integration med den øvrige videreuddannelse er resultatet af sammenlægningen af colleges of education med further education colleges til nye institutioner.
3 months duration, or 'Day release' — courses on one day or two half-days per week throughout the year.
Eksaminer inden for videreuddannelsessystemet.
There are no contracts of training such as are common in Germany.
Eksaminerne er en koordinerende bestanddel af det vidtfor­grenede videreuddannelsessystem.
Examinations in the continuing education system.
Disse eksaminer er ikke bundet til uddannelsesstedet.
Examinations act as a coordinating factor in the diverse system of further education, as these are not bound to the places of training or instruction.
Derigennem får de erhvervs- orienterede eksamenskommissioner afgørende indflydelse på undervisningsplanerne på de enkelte colleges og bestemmer indholdet af de kurser, der fører frem til de af kommissionerne afholdte eksaminer.
The vocationally orientated examination boards therefore have a decisive influence over the colleges' curricula and the content of the courses which lead to their examinations.
The Royal Society of Arts (RSA) blev oprettet i 1755 og var i en årrække fra 1856 den førende eksamenskommission i Storbritannien.
The Royal Society of Arts (RSA) was established in 1755 and since 1856 has been a leading examining body in the UK.
Nu behandler selskabet hovedsagelig ek saminer inden for privat og offentlig administration samt handel.
It is now primarily concerned with secretarial and commercial subjects, and public administration.
på grundlag af et kongeligt privilegium, der krævede, at de af CNAA efter afslutningen af anerkendte kurser udstedte diplomer og andre kvalifikationer skulle svare til universitetseksaminerne.
Council for National Academic Awards (CNAA). The CNAA was founded in 1964 by a Royal Decree, which laid down that completion of courses which it approved and the degrees and other qualifications it awarded should be equivalent to those of the universities.
Læreanstalterne kan under forbehold af, at rådet godkender niveauet, frit udarbejde deres egne undervisningsplaner, lade de studerende eksaminere af eksterne af rådet godkendte eksaminatorer samt under hensyntagen til visse minimumskrav selv fastsætte deres egne adgangsbetingelser.
As long as they have the Council's agreement regarding standards, polytechnics and colleges are free to arrange their own curricula and teaching programme to examine the students, using exter­nal, council-approved, examiners and to establish their own conditions of entry subject to certain minimum require­ments.
Undervisningsplanerne skal forelægges for rådets kompetente fagudvalg til godkendelse.
Plans for the courses are then submitted to the Subject Boards of the Council for approval.
Disse fagudvalg besøger som regel læreanstalterne for at bedømme lærerstabens og undervisningens niveau.
Generally mem­bers of the Subject Boards visit the colleges to ensure that a suitable level of the instruction and the teaching staff is maintained.
Ved første forelæggelse blev mange kurser afvist, hvilket gav anledning til en del ændringer.
Many courses were refused at the first sub­mission, until certain improvements had been imple­mented.
CNAA overtog i 1976 ansvaret for udstedelse af management studies diplomet (DMS), der for England, Wales og Nordirlands vedkommende tidligere blev udstedt af komiteen for managemant studies.
In 1976 the CNAA took over the responsibility for the award of the Diploma in Management Studies (DMS).
I Skotland var ansvaret pålagt den forenede skotske komité for management studies.
This had previously been the responsibility of an independent com­mittee for the Diploma of Management Studies in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, and of a Scottish Committee for the Diploma in Management Studies.
Art og design diplomet (kunst og formning — Dip AD) blev ændret i 1974 til en CNAA-eksamen. Ca.
The Diploma for Art and Design (DipAD) became a CNAA award in 1974.
De ca. 70 fagudvalgs rundt regnet 1 400 medlemmer kom mer fra læreanstalter, universiteter og industrien.
The members (about 1400) of the 70 or so Subject Boards, are drawn from universities, polytechnics, colleges and industry.
Technician Education Council (TEC — Rådet for tekniker uddannelse — i Skotland SCOTEC) blev oprettet i marts 1973 af undervisningsministeren som en uafhængig institution til udvikling af retningslinier for den tekniske uddan nelse af personer på alle tekniske erhvervsniveauer.
The Technician Education Council (TEC), and in Scotland (SCOTEC). The TEC was established in March 1973 by the Minister for Education and Science as an independent body for the development of guidelines for technician-level courses in a wide variety of technical (as opposed to commercial) subjects.
De første kurser med de nye BEC-eksaminer startede i september 1978; den sidste eksamen 'på de gamle kurser gennemførtes i juni 1980.
Each college has to submit its plans for technical courses to a programme committee for approval. The courses are built up on the modular principal, i.e. in units.
Undervisningsministeren udnævner BEC-rådsmedlemmerne blandt et bredt spektrum af interesserede erhvervsgrupper.
The colleges may develop their own units or use standard TEC units, or use a combination of both.
BEC forestår de merkantile kurser og kurser for offentligt ansatte.
They must consult local industry before formulating their plans.
Der afholdes BEC-eksaminer på tre forskellige niveauer.
Examinations and the organization of the courses are supervised by moderators.
BEC's forskellige udvalg udarbejder kursernes under visningsplaner.
The Business Education Council (BEC), in Scotland (SCOT BEC).
Når det gælder eksaminer på et højere niveau, deltager skolernes lærere i udarbejdelsen og opbyg-
The BEC was established by the Minister for Edu­cation in 1974 as an independent body for the development of training courses below graduate level for people in clerical, commercial and administrative occupations.
ningen af de pågældende kurser.
September 1978; the last examination for the former courses was held in June 1980.
På ethvert niveau kan man gå op til eksamen og modtage bevis eller diplom ved enten at følge heltids­, deltids­ eller korrespondancekurser. Hvert niveau indeholder et begrænset obligatorisk pensum, som alle studerende skal gennemgå.
The members of the BEC council are appointed by the Ministry of Education and Science with due regard to a wide range of interest groups concerned with business and commercial enterprises.
Hertil kan de selv føje deres valgfag.
There are BEC awards at three different levels.
Ved lærlingeuddannelsen forstår man i Storbritannien i dag primæruddannelse i virksomheden.
The curricula and the teaching programmes for the courses are worked out by the BEC committees.
Denne uddannelse varer fra fire til fem år.
The teaching staff of the colleges are however consulted about the structure of the courses for the higher level.
Alt efter det enkelte erhvervs behov og kvalifikationsniveau aftales læretidens varighed mellem fag­ forbundene og arbejdsgiverorganisationerne. Traditionelt forstås ved læringeuddannelsen oplæringen til et hånd­
Awards with certificates or diplomas can be achieved at all levels.
Traditionelt har arbejdsgiveren været anset for eneansvarlig for uddannelsen af de hos ham ansatte.
Traditionally, employers are considered to be responsible for training their own employees.
Med hjemmel i Industrial Training Act (lov om industriuddannelse) opret­tede staten/arbejdsministeriet et antal Industrial Training Boards (ITB­industriuddannelsesudvalg), som stimulerede til uddannelse dels gennem sin konsulenttjeneste, dels ved afgifts/tilskudssystemer.
There has been little attempt to control apprenticeships by legisltion. The Indus­trial Training Act 1964 enabled the Department of Employ­ ment to create a number of Industrial Training Boards (ITBs) which encouraged training through advisory services and their levy/grant systems.
Der er ikke ved lov pålagt virksom­hederne nogen forpligtelse til at uddanne lærlinge eller til at give dem fri til at følge uddannelse på fagskole.
There is, however, no legal obliga­tion to train apprentices or to release them for further education.
Loven blev ændret i 1973 til Employment and Training Act (lov om beskæftigelse og uddannelse).
This Act was amended by the 1973 Employment and Training Act.
Flere af industriud­ dannelsesudvalgene er nedlagt.
Currently many of the ITBs are being disbanded.
De få, der fortsætter, dæk­ ker tilsammen virksomheder med ca. en fjerdedel af den beskæftigede arbejdsstryke, især en stor andel af virksom­ heder med lærlinge inden for jern­ og metalindustrien ogbygge­ og anlægsvirksomhed.
The few which will remain will cover firms employing about a quarter of the working population, and a large proportion of the firms which take on apprentices in engineering and construction.
Lærlingeuddannelsen varer for de fleste erhvervs vedkom­mende fire år.
Most apprenticeships take four years.
I en lærekontrakt fastlægges uddannelsen i virksomheden inklusive en ugentlig dag med supplerende erhvervsundervisning (som foregår i et LEA­videreuddannel­sesinstitut, på et ITB­kursus eller et af firmaet selv arrange­ret kursus).
The in­company train­ing and the associated vocational education (in one of the LEA further education colleges, at an ITB training centre or on a course run by the firm) is laid down in the training agreement.
Som regel tilbringer lærlingen det første år af lærlingeuddannelsen uden for virksomheden i et uddannel­sesinstitut.
Under this, the first year is usually away from the place of work in a college or training centre.
I de følgende år foregår uddannelsen skiftevis på arbejdspladsen eller ved undervisning 1 dag om ugen eller som blokundervisning.
In the following years the training in­company alternates with day or block­release courses.
Hvor det gælder at uddanne unge erhvervsaktive, for hvilke der ikke er oprettet en lære­kontrakt, sker uddannelsen for det meste ikke alene på arbejdspladsen, men den suppleres med en for denne grup­pe specielt tilrettelagt undervisning 1 dag om ugen eller som blokundervisning på et videreuddannelsescollege.
Young employees who have not concluded an agreement of training, can also study away from the place of work, by day or block­release courses at colleges of further education.
Efter læretidens afslutning anses lærlingeuddannelsen for at være fuldgyldig gennemgået.
An apprenticeship is considered to be successfully con­cluded after completion of the required period of time.
Der kan aflægges eksamen ved C & GLI, men det er ikke obligatorisk. Statsinstitutioner
Examinations can be taken, e. g. those administered by the CGLl, but these are not compulsory.
ved arbejdsformidling oprettede man i januar 1974 i henhold til Employment and Training Act (lov om beskæftigelse og uddannelse) af 1973 den såkaldte Manpower Services Commission. mission.
Manpower Services Commission was founded in January 1974, following the Employment and Training Act of 1973, with the task of improving training for the work force, and providing employment services.
Det er Manpower Services Commissions vigtigste opgave i sammenhæng med primæruddannelsen at gennemføre en national planlægning af uddannelsen og sørge for koordinering af de enkelte ITB's arbejde i såvel kvantitativ som kvalitativ henseende.
The most important task of the Manpower Services Com­mission in connection with basic training is the general planning of training at national level, and in this regard it coordinates the work of the ITBs.
Kvalitativt bestemmer MSC tildelingen af grants (tilskud) til de firmaer, som selv varetager uddan nelsen.
It influences the amount of the levy which firms have to pay, the grants paid to firms who have their own training facilities.
Med regelmæssige mellemrum sender de enkelte ITB indberetninger til Manpower Services Commission om de forskellige branchespecifikke aktiviteter.
The individual ITBs provide the Manpower Services Commission with reports at regular intervals about the specific activities of each sector.
Manpower Ser vices Commissions indflydelse på ITB beror på, at kommissionen skal godkende ITB-budgetteme.
The budget for each ITB has to be approved by the Man­power Services Commission.
Industrial training boards (ITB — industriuddannelsesudvalgene).
The Industrial Training Boards.
At øge uddannelsesvolumenet, at højne uddannelseskvaliteten, at sørge for en retfærdig fordeling af uddannelsesomkostningerne på hele industrien.
Twenty-three ITBS-were set up following the Industrial Training Act in 1964, with three main tasks: to increase the amount of training, to improve the quality of training, to achieve a fairer distribution of the costs of training throughout the part of industry for which they are responsi­ble.
Det enkelte ITB sammensættes af et lige stort antal repræsentanter for arbejdsgiverne og fagforbundene samt en fagkyndig inden for uddannelsesområdet.
The ITBs are composed of representatives of employers, trade unions and the education service.
En repræsentant for Manpower Services Commission overværer møderne.
A representative of the Manpower Services Commission attends Board meet­ings.
De 23 ITB's dækkede ca. halvdelen af arbejdsstyrken, men mange ITB's er nedlagt.
The 23 ITBs covered industrial sectors employing over half of the workforce, but many ITBs are being disbanded and the seven which remain will cover only about one quarter of the working population.
De 7, som fortsætter, vil kun dække ca. en fjerdedel af arbejdsstyrken.
The intention is that the remaining sectors of industry will be covered by voluntary bodies.
Der er allerede sådanne frivillige uddannelsesudvalg for kommunal administration og handelsflåden.
There are already voluntary training boards for Local Gov­ernment and the Merchant Navy.
Der er også et uddannel sesudvalg for landbruget, og der er uddannelseskomiteer for de nationaliserede industrier (f.eks. elektricitetsforsyningen).
There is also a training board for Agricultural and Training Committees for the nationalized industries (e. g. the Electricity Supply Industry Training Committee).
For at opfylde sine formål benytter ITB sig især af følgende to instrumenter: ITB-konsulenttjenesten.
The ITBs pursue their objectives mostly through their advisory services and the levy/grant and levy exemption systems.
ITB-Levy/Grant/Exemption-programmet (Bidrags/tilskuds/fritagelses-programmet). tagelses-programmet).
The ITBs in recent years have been able to improve greatly the quality of training, with the help of their advisory service to firms.
Takket være konsulentarbejdet, som gennemføres ved firmaerne af 3 000 ITB-funktionærer, har man i de senere år på virkningsfuld måde kunnet forbedre uddannelseskvaliteten.
The Levy/Grant Exemption Programme allows on one hand an ITB to take a levy from a firm for training purposes, based on the total wage bill and on the other hand it can grant an exemption from the levy or even pay a subsidy for further training carried out within the company.
Under Levy/Grant/Exemption-programmet er en ITB-funktio-nær på den ene side beføjet til ud af et firmas samlede lønsum at opkræve et beløb til uddannelse af de ansatte, på den anden side kan han også bevirke en fritagelse eller endog udbetale et tilskud til virksomhedsintern videreuddannelse.
Some ITBs (e. g. the Engineering ITB) maintain in coopera­tion with the corresponding institute for further training, special workshops for one year 'off the job' training courses for young 16 year-olds.
I samarbejde med de relevante videreuddannel-
Since the ITBs were introduced, the numbers of employees trained in the further education colleges and in the State training centres developed after the war, has risen sharply.
Uddannelsesprogrammer under Manpower Ser­ vices Commission.
Training programmes of the Manpower Services Commission.
Udover sit samarbejde med ITB udviklede Manpower Services Commission forskellige beskæftigelses­ og uddannelsesprogrammer.
In addition to cooperation with ITBs, the Manpower Services Commission has developed a variety of training and occupational programmes.
I forbindelse med erhvervsuddannelse er de vigtigste: φ > TOPS (Training Opportunity Scheme — program vedrørende uddannelsesmuligheder) og
Grants are given to enable people to take courses in the MSC's Skillcentres (vocational training centres), in colleges for further education or in private training institu­tions.
YOP byder på et år på 187 000 muligheder for uddannelse og for indsamling af arbedserfaringer for unge mellem 16 og 18år, der har været arbejdsløse uafbrudt i 6 uger eller mere.
O '.P < 0 W ^ j¿ £ The MSC also introduced a variety of special programmes for unemployed young people (aged 16 to 18) including work experience schemes, short courses in colleges or training centres and training in specially established training work­shops.
I programmet indgår at unge får en skattefri samlet støtte på 20,55 UKL pr. uge gennem Manpower Services Commission.
Some of these schemes help young people to decide on what kinds of jobs to seek, and others provide them with simple occupational skills.
Formålet med programmet er at øge de unges muligheder for at få en varig arbejdsplads. Forberedelseskurser skal hjælpe de unge med at finde ud af, hvilken slags arbejde der svarer bedst til deres interesse og anlæg.
The Department of Education and Science and the MSC together promoted education/training schemes for young unemployed people who would normally receive only a few days training.
Derefter følger uddannelser på forskellige områder og på forskellige niveauer.
Currently there are plans to evolve a new training scheme which wilt bring together the various programmes for young people aged 16 to 17 who are employed or unemployed (see 'Trends' section).
Omfang og standard af de erhvervsmæssige kvalifika- tioner skulle øges.
In­company continuing training.
Det blev forsøgt at tilpasse kursus tilbuddet i statens uddannelsesinstitutioner og i efter- og videreuddannelsesinstitutioneme til arbejdsmarkedets krav.
A number of larger firms possess their own training centres for their employees with whole­day or half­day courses, so that they do not haveto give their employees free time to attend public colleges of further education or State training centres.
Svarer disse firmainstitutter til den af ITB krævede standard, kan de modtage tilskud til uddannelsen.
If their installations come up to the standards required by the ITBs they can be given training subsidies.
Voksenuddannelsen
Adult Education
Traditionelt er alle efter- og videreuddannelseskurser til gængelige for alle personer uanset alder, men tit kræver eksamenskommissionerne visse minimumsforudsætninger.
In accordance with tradition, all courses for further educa­ tion are open to all persons regardless of age, although examination boards often demand certain minimum educa­tional requirements.
Nogle LEA stiller særlige voksenuddannelsesskoler med egne bygninger til rådighed.
Some LEAs provide separate adult educational institutes.
Der findes mere end 7 000 sådanne institutioner, hvoraf de fleste tilbyder et mindre antal eksamenskurser (tit i GCE's, C & GLI's eller RAS's regi (Royal Society of Arts — Det kongelige Selskab for Hånd værk, Produktion og Handel). Der tilbydes organiserede kulturelle eller fritidsaktiviteter i bredeste form; men de fleste LEA begrænser det ikke-eksamensrettede arbejde til kurser på afteninstitutioner, hvor der kun arbejder en eller to 457
There are more than 7000 such institutes of which most offer a small number of examina­tion courses (often GCE, CGLl or the Royal Society of Arts (RSA).)