natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Selv følgelig bør det sikres, at de grupper, som er pålagt selvstyre, ikke misbruger den li virker og træffer også erhvervsuddannelsespolitiske beslutninger som deltagere i andre, lignende systemer, først og frem mest forhandlinger i henhold til den fri overenskomstret, medbestemmelsen på arbejdspladserne og i virksomhedernes ledelse samt arbejdsforvaltningen.
This high degree of involve ment would no doubt be impossible in the absence of trade unions and employers' associations that are centralized, have a factual monopoly of representation and are financially strong. The resources that associations invest in industrial training range from the often elaborate industrial training departments to tens of thousands of voluntary representatives in the examination or vocational training committees of chambers and guilds.
Ud over medlemskabet i Forbundsinstituttet for Erhvervsuddannelse (BIBB) eller de pågældende brancheforeningsudvalg er også fagforbundenes rolle som overenskomstpartnere, deres relationer til be driftsrådene og repræsentationen i ar bejdsdirektoratets organer instrumenter til opnåelse af målsætninger omkring er hvervsuddannelsen.
The commitments of associations are to some extent supplemented by the state, such as through the expert staff of the Federal In stitute for Vocational Training and numerous university institutes, which in principle are at the disposal of the organizations of the social partners as ad ditional resources; by legislation making membership in chambers compulsory which allows them to maintain a fulltime staff for the implementation of in dustrial training; or by subsidies to associations for establishing external training centres.
Noget lignende gælder for arbejdsgiversiden.
This organizational capacity is what creates and guarantees the autonomy of the social partners.
Fordelen ved at arbejdstagernes og arbejdsgivernes or-
It originates not in the area of industrial training but rather in the sphere of in dustrial relations which is organized on
ude på arbejdspladserne, bidrager det med andre ord til at opretholde en institutionel konfiguration og en organisatorisk infrastruktur, som dette samarbejde i vidt omfang selv er afhængigt af.
trade unions will hve an interest in standardizing the increasingly important further training certificates.
Den konkrete form under hvilken arbejdsmarkedets parter er involveret i erhvervsuddannelsen er meget forskellig, for så vidt angår de grundlæggende erhvervsuddannelser og videreuddannelsen, de forskellige styringsniveauer, styringsfunktioner og er hvervssektorer. • Organisationerne spiller en mindre rolle inden for videreuddannelsen end i de grundlæggende erhvervsuddannelser, og det er navnlig fagbevægelsen, der be klager dette. • Organisationernes involvering i styringen af erhvervsuddannelsen er ligeledes forskellig i omfang alt efter styringsniveau. niveau.
The associations of employers, if not necessarily their individual members, are interested in a functioning external labour market. Serving as a control instrument vis-à-vis special individual interests on the part of their members, collective agreements have for a long time demonstrated their effectiveness not least as an organiza tional device for employers' associations.
ganisationer er nærværende i alle fire be slægtede systemer på samme tid er helt klart, at man derved er i stand til at erkende de indbyrdes forhold på et tidligt tidspunkt og udnytte dette kendskab politisk.
decisions of employers and employees on further training, in the provision of further training programmes, etc.
nisationernes indsats suppleres selvfølgelig i mange henseender af staten, blandt andet gennem staben af eksperter hos BIBB, der jo i princippet står til rådighed for arbejdsmarkedets organisationer som en yderligere hjælpekilde, eller via det af staten påbudte obligatoriske medlem skab i kamrene, som derved har mulighed for at opretholde det nødvendige apparat af faste medarbejdere til gennemførelse af erhvervsuddannelsen, eller ved byggetilskud til organisationernes uddannelsescentre.
At the same time it is generally recognized that market processes in an area as sensitive as industrial training are in need of public control and regulation.
Men kendetegnende for det tyske system er, at i hvert fald de store or ganisationer råder over tilstrækkelig egen ekspertise og de fornødne finansielle midler til om nødvendigt også uden stats lig støtte at nå til enighed med modparten.
In many cases the major problem for the participants at the current level of regulation is no longer the functioning of the industrial training system itself but rather the control of in terdependenties with other policy areas, such as the labour market, collective bargaining, technology, and regional policies.
Denne store organisationsformåen, som er basis og garanti for parternes handlingsautonomi, har sin oprindelse ikke fra erhvervsuddannelsesområdet, men fra arbejdspladserne der er organiserede efter den fri overenskomstrets principper, hvis funktionsdygtighed for en stor dels vedkommende er sikret ved lov og statslig støtte.
There are few indications that the solution of such difficult problems would be facilitated by altering the relative influence of the state, employers' associations and trade unions on the organization of industrial training.
Da samarbejdet mellem arbejdsmarkedets parter til frembringelse af faglige kvalifikationer tillige forbedrer og stabiliserer samstemmighedsniveauet
One may therefore expect that the current system of participation of the social part ners in industrial training policy will re main, by and large, stable and that modifications as in the 1970s and 1980s will be negotiated in specific areas, but will not affect the basic structure of the system as a whole.
• I Forbundsrepublikken Tysklands er hvervsuddannelsessystem er arbejdsmar kedets parter involveret i alle vigtige styringsfunktioner — fastlæggelse af uddan nelses- og eksamensordninger, mobilisering af finansielle midler, gennemførelse og administration samt tilsynsfunktioner
construction industry, for example, have demonstrated that the instrument of a collective agreement offers extensive op portunities for autonomously regulating industrial training at the sectoral level — even for establishing an autonomous financial system.
Konflikter om målsætningen og modstridende opfattelser mellem de politiske lejre, der påvirker erhvervsuddannelsen, vil imidlertid ikke kunne udelukkes helt.
It is quite conceivable that such models may be adopted in other industries as well.
Dette skyldes til dels, at overenskomstpolitiske eller arbejdsmarkedspolitiske be slutningers mangfoldige følgevirkninger for erhvervsuddannelsen ikke kan over skues på forhånd, og at politiske materier udvikler en egen dynamik, der stritter imod en funktionalisering.
The advantage of regulating industrial training issues by collective agreement lies not only in the opportunity for the social partners to become independent of the contingencies and changes of political climate and parliamentary majorities. Rather, collective agreements also permit regulation to be more responsive than general legislation to specific sectoral conditions.
Netop inden for erhvervsuddannelsespolitikken som sådan findes der i Forbundsrepublikken Tyskland helt givet en »policy community«, der omfatter erhvervspædagoger og instruktører, de tilsvarende specialister på organisationsniveau, de pågældende bureaukrater i ministerierne og andre.
Also, as has been shown in the case of the con struction industry, industrial training policy by collective agreement may serve to improve the position of a sector competing with other sectors for skilled labour by providing employees with greater career opportunities — a goal that in the future may become increasingly important particularly in respect of further training. Here, it cannot simply be assumed that in the long term only the
Arbejdsmarkedsorganisationernes vidt gående involvering i erhvervsuddannelsen i Forbundsrepublikken Tyskland stiller store krav til de organisatoriske res sourcer, og en medvirken i dette omfang ville utvivlsomt ikke være mulig uden centraliserede og med et faktisk repræsentationsmonopol og store finansielle midler udstyrede arbejdstager- og ar bejdsgiverorganisationer.
The general stability of the status quo with respect to the participation of associations in the regulation of in dustrial training does not mean that in the Federal Republic there are no fundamental political controversies over the governance of industrial training.
De ressourcer, som organisationerne investerer i er hvervsuddannelsespolitikken, omfatter alt lige fra de delvis endog meget store erhvervsuddannelsesafdelinger hos central- og industriorganisationerne til de titusinder af ulønnede repræsentanter i kamrenes og lavenes prøvekommissioner eller erhvervsuddannelsesudvalg. Orga
In one way or another they all revolve around the question of what role state and associations — i.e. the neo-corporatist complex as a whole — should leave or assign to the market. It is not questioned in principle that market elements will continue to have an essential function — in the creation of training posts, in the oc cupational choice of young people, in
— om end ikke i samme omfang og med samme inflydelse overalt. • Endelig er organisationernes involvering meget forskellig alt efter hvilken branche det drejer sig om, og her er de på gældende fagforbunds magtposition utvivlsomt en vigtig faktor.
· partners in vocational training in France he position of the social part ners in French vocational training as defined by current
Forholdene som de er i dag, hvor fagbevægelsen og arbejdsgiverorganisationerne er med i samarbejdet omkring styringen af erhvervsuddannelsen i For bundsrepublikken Tyskland, sættes der ikke spørgsmålstegn ved, selv om de socialpolitiske forhold også i dette land er blevet mere konfliktbetonede.
T has general responsibility, and the local communities specific responsibilities. The social partners are involved in decisions at state level only via two categories of tripartite, consultative bodies.
På den an den side skal man ikke med det første regne med en yderligere udvidelse af arbejdsmarkedsorganisationernes institutionaliserede rolle i erhvervsuddannelsessystemet, idet staten klart har demonstreret en vigende interesse i trepartsstyringen af arbejdsmarkeder og arbejdsrelationer.
plementation of vocational training, which are seen as a kind of 'system', the conditions for the implementation of vocational training are derived from situations which vary greatly from sector to sector.
består ikke alene i, at parterne får mulig hed for at gøre sig uafhængige af tilfældigheder og omskiftelser i forbindelse med de politiske konjunkturer og parlamentariske flertalsforhold, men overenskomster giver mulighed for ordninger som i modsætning til almen lovgivning bedre kan være indrettet på de branche specifikke forhold.
training rules and regulations is dependent, even today, on the readiness of the government to grant wide powers to the social partners without going so far as to challenge a number of principles which form the foundations of the French system.
Blandt andet kan en overenskomstmæssig erhvervsuddannelsespolitik, som tilfældet i byggeindustrien har vist, også bruges til at forbedre branchens position i konkurrencen om faglært arbejdskraft i forhold til andre brancher ved at arbejdstagernes erhvervschancer udvides — et forhold som netop med henblik på videreuddannelsen kan få voksende betydning i frem tiden.
• In the case of continuing training policy financed from public funds, the state and the regions share responsibility: the regions having general responsibility, the state specific responsibilities. The social partners are involved in decisions at both state and regional levels via tripartite, consultative bodies.
I den forbindelse er det i øvrigt ikke afgjort på forhånd, at det på længere sigt kun vil være fagbevægelsen, der vil være interesseret i en generel standardisering af efter- og videreuddannelseskvalifikationerne som bliver vigtigere og vigtigere.
The main principle, here, stipulates that no infringement may be made on the full decision-making powers of public authorities or heads of enterprises. Within these limits, training rules and regulations do, all the same, give the social partners considerable and precise means for influencing decisions.
Også arbejdsgiverorganisationerne, tikken.
In initial training where the public authorities are the sole 'actor', the state
På den ene eller anden måde gælder det alt sammen spørgsmålet om, hvilken rolle staten og organisationerne — henholdsvis det »neokorporative kom pleks« som helhed — skal overlade til el ler tildele markedet.
• In the case of continuing training policy funded by enterprises, decisions are taken at interprofessional, professional and entrepreneurial levels. The social partners help to draw up standards through their participation in collective negotiations.
Markedselementer vil fortsat have en vigtig funktion — når der skal skabes uddannelsespladser, ved unges erhvervsvalg, ved arbejdsgiveres og arbejdstageres beslutninger om videreuddannelse, når der skal fremskaffes vi dereuddannelsestilbud etc. — det er i princippet ubestridt, ligesom princippet om, at markedsprocesser inden for et så sensibelt område som erhvervsuddannelsen kræver offentlig styring og regulering.
These diverse situations are the result of the structures which have been given preference by each sector, and of the way in which the 'actors' operate within these structures. They either do not occupy the same position in their respective institu tions with regard to the same objective or they do not behave in the same way because of their own, internal heterogeneity.
I mange tilfælde er hovedproblemet, som de pågældende skal tage sig af på det relevante styringsniveau, slet ikke mere erhvervsuddannelsessystemets funktion som sådan, men styringen og kontrollen af interdependensen med blandt andet arbejdsmarkeds-, overenskomst-, teknologi- og regionalpolitikken.
They are dependent less on the differences in behaviour of one or another professional organization which plays a dominant role in one or another sector, than on the structural influence which may be wielded, inter alia, by the more or less highly developed traditions of social dialogue, and even of 'partnership'. nership'.
omend ikke nødvendigvis de enkelte medlemmer, har en interesse i et funktionsdygtigt arbejdsmarked, og overenskomsterne har i så henseende allerede for længe siden stået deres prøve som ar bejdsgiverorganisationernes styringsinstrument over for medlemmernes økonomiske særinteresser og egoistiske hold ninger.
is the director of the inter disciplinary research programme on technologies, work/employment and life-styles (Pirttem) with the Directorate-General of CNRS in Paris.
Den ret så stabile status quo med hensyn til organisationernes inddragelse i erhvervsuddannelsens styring er ikke ensbetydende med, at der i Forbundsrepublikken Tyskland ikke også forekommer styringspolitiske diskussioner i for bindelse med erhvervsuddannelsespoli-
He is also conducting research at the Laboratoire d'économie et de sociologie du travail (Institute of research into the economics and sociology of work) at Aix-en-Pro-vence (LEST)
I øvrigt får man mange gange indtryk af, fagbevægelsen og arbejdsgiverorganisationerne ikke altid til fulde udnytter de styringsinstrumenter, som de allerede i dag råder over.
In the same way, it is no coincidence if the sectors do not accord the same weight to initial vocational training, to apprenticeship and to continuing training.
For eksempel har parter ne i byggeindustrien bevist, at overenskomsten som instrument frembyder vidt rækkende muligheder for at styre er hvervsuddannelsesområdet uafhængigt på brancheniveau — inklusive etableringen af et selvstændigt finansieringssystem.
Thus, the metalworking sector, like the building industry, although in a quite dif ferent way, has continued to give preference to apprenticeship over the other forms of training for young people, whereas the banking sector feels, and always has felt, that the training of young people is its prerogative, national education being responsible for education and general training only.
Det kan meget vel tænkes, at den slags modeller i fremtiden kunne danne skole i andre industrier.
In apprenticeships the public authorities are the key figure. The regions bear general responsibility, the state and the département have specific respon sibilities.
Fordelen ved en overenskomstmæssig regulering af erhvervsuddannelsespolitiske spørgsmål
Finally, in order to arrange the sectors in relation to each other, the differences in the structures of their enterprises and in stitutions, in particular their size and work-force structures, should not be neglected.
A plads i Frankrigs erhvervsuddannelser afhænger i hen de lokale myndigheder står for opgave fordelingen.
In more general terms, it could be said that there are sectoral sub-systems of vocational training, which use in dif ferent ways the 'tools' for the implementation of vocational training.
Arbejdsmarkedets parter inddrages kun i statens beslutningstagning gennem to slags rådgivende instanser af tresidig karakter.
For this reason, they articulate differently the links between the sector and the enterprises, and the links between inter-sectoral and regional levels which, in turn, determine the relative importance of bodies both in functional and strategic terms.
Inden for efter- og videreuddannelsen træffes afgørelserne på forskellige planer.
A first series of criticisms concerns the capacity of the system's components to define the main, general orientations ac cording to the medium-term prospects of changes in the economic and social characteristics of a country.
Ud over arbejdsmarkedets parters generelle muligheder for at gribe ind i udarbejdelsen og gennemførelsen af erhvervsuddannelsen betragtet som en slags »system« svarer betingelserne for erhvervsuddannelser nes gennemførelse til vidt forskellig artede situationer inden for de for skellige sektorer.
In both perspectives, vocational training must ensure equal opportunities, must give everyone the same opportunities for access to training according to his/her capabilities and wishes and not according to the existence or lack of opportunities offered by his/her position in the economic and social system.
For så vidt angår efter- og videreuddannelsen, der finansieres af offentlige midler, deler staten og regionerne kompeten cen.
Thus, in order to evaluate the position held by the social partners in vocational training, it is unimportant, from a formal point of view, whether there are or are not numerous parity-based bodies.
Regionerne har den generelle kom petence, og staten står for fordelingen.
Here, it is important to grasp the nature and the operational structure of the bodies which play a key role in steering structures in volved in the management of human resources.
Arbejdsmarkedets parter deltager i både statens og regionernes beslutningstagning gennem tresidede rådgivende in stanser.
This explains the investigative side to this research which, going beyond the analysis of statutory rules and regulations, focused its attention on the conditions for implementing the latter in three very different sectors: banking, building and production goods.
hold til de nuværende uddannelses ordninger af regeringens vilje til at overdrage omfattende beføjelser til arbejdsmarkedets parter dog uden derfor at drage de principper i tvivl, der udgør det franske system.
A second series of criticisms concerns the implementation of training schemes within a previously defined framework. These criticisms are directed primarily at the periods needed to set up corresponding training schemes which are felt to be far too long.
Det gælder især det princip, hvorefter hverken det offentliges eller virksomhedernes fulde beslutningsret må lide skade.
In fact, the inflexibility of the training apparatus is often challenged: its failure to adapt to change.
Inden for disse grænser indrømmer uddannelsessystemet faktisk arbejdsmar kedets parter ikke uvæsentlige formelige midler til at øve indflydelse på beslutningerne. ningerne.
Another but by no means less important criticism concerns the contents of train ing, and more particularly the way in which theoretical knowledge with a dominant technological strain is linked with more practical know-how oriented towards the concrete pursuit of a job.
Arbejdsmarkedets parter medvirker ved normernes udarbejdelse gennem kollektive forhandlinger.
The position of the social partners in vocational training can be evaluated on the basis of their ability to make a real contribution to the dynamics of training.
Alain d'Ir ¡bar ne er leder af det tværfaglige forskningsprogram om tekno logi, arbejde, beskæftigelse og levevis (PIR TTEM) i statens center for videnskabelig forskning (CNRS) i Paris.
In the same way, closer examination of the three kinds of basic contract which make up the training plan for young people reveals that the situation has scarcely been improved by such measures.
Han er ligeledes forsker i centeret for økonomi og arbejdssociologi (LEST) i A ¡x-en-Provence.
Finally, the inequalities in ac cess to vocational training, which are already widespread in initial training, have scarcely been reduced by continuing training measures.
I virksomheden har arbejdsgiveren be slutningsretten med hensyn til efter- og videreuddannelsen.
It can be evaluated according to two perspectives.
Fo religger der ikke brancheenighed, er der pligt til at forhandle om uddannelsens mål og midler.
The second, the more medium-term, is more closely linked with the mechanisms
Det er heller ikke noget tilfælde, at sektorerne ikke tillægger den grundlæggende erhvervsuddannelse, lærlingeuddannelsen og efter- og videreuddannelsen sam me plads.
Finally, it is the very status accorded to vocational training at the job site which is a subject of debate.
Således har metalsektoren i lig hed med byggesektoren om end på en ganske anden måde valgt at give lærlingeuddannelsen forrang i forhold til de øvrige uddannelsesformer for unge, medens banksektoren altid har været af den op fattelse, at de unges uddannelse falder ind under sektorens kompetence, således at det offentlige uddannelsesvæsen kun skal tage sig af almenundervisningen.
Here, the state is the main guarantor for diplomas and for their recognition either by national education or by a 'training validation board'. However, the status given to diplomas in collective agreements and their capacity to secure access to grades or remuneration in line with their 'level' is the subject over which the social part ners are most at loggerheads.
Annick Lemaître er uddannet Jurist og projekt ingeniør ved CNRS (LEST)
It is not enough to be familiar with the composition and tasks designated to a body in order to appreciate the real role which it plays in the system.
Inden for lærlingeuddannelsen har det offentlige den fremherskende rolle; regionerne har den generelle kompetence, staten og departementet (amtskommunen) den fordelende kompetence.
The degree of involvement of the social partners in the different bodies depends on the sound and effective management of the latter and, thus, on the position which they seek to secure or which they are allowed to hold in the management of a body.
Arbejdsmarkedets parter kan gøre deres syn spunkt gældende på alle tre niveauer.
The main criticisms voiced in this respect can be re-grouped in eight main categories:
Hvis man vil placere sektorerne indbyrdes, kan man heller ikke se bort fra for skellen mellem de virksomheder, der ud-
• Circumvention of a body, in particular by government representatives through the creation of sub-committees or working groups, the official body
gør sektorerne, og da især ikke disses størrelse og arbejdskraftstruktur.
CEDEFOP those responsible for continuing training, have a better managerial track record.
Sidstnævnte strukturer medfører, at de indtager forskellige pladser på arbejdsmarkedet, hvilket gør, at de vælger forskellige løsninger på deres arbejdskraftproblemer.
assuming thereby an 'alibi' function vis-à-vis the general public.