natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Voksne kvinder, der efter en tid i familien igen vil vende tilbage til erhvervet, har behov for rådgivning og under støttelse i endnu højere grad end pigerne.
The training personnel assume a variety of roles and duties.
De er dårligere informeret om situationen på arbejdsmarkedet, de indlader
They serve as instructors and trainers, driving forces within the group, project personnel, etc.
- 19 sig for hurtigt på korttidsuddannelser eller forældede ud dannelser til dårligt kvalificerede jobs (1).
This was possible because the women received training to a standard which made them eligible for the training as family helpers offered in the technical colleges.
Disse kvinder er tydelige tabere i forbindelse med tendensen i mange europæiske lande til at finde finansmidlerne til øgede initiativer til bekæmpelse af ungdomsarbejdsløshed ved, at der sker en overflytning fra den erhvervsmæssige uddannelse for mænd og kvinder til fordel for de unge ved hjælp af restriktioner hhv. præferencer med hensyn til fremme (2).
In Italy, too, there is evidence of a strong trend towards the establishment of women's cooperatives.
CEDEFOP er i sin evaluering af foranstaltninger til bekæmpelse af ungdomsarbejdsløsheden i EF ved erhvervs uddannelse kommet til det resultat, at fremme af unge og voksne arbejdsløse ikke må være et alternativ.
Undoubtedly of positive effect here is the fact that the measures taken to train for and launch such an initiative to establish a cooperative are also intended for particularly disadvantaged target groups: older women and women who wish to return to working life after a lengthy break.
I stedet for at indrette mange i deres målsætning problematiske eller perspektivløse foranstaltninger for unge kunne mere innova toriske foranstaltninger for voksne ofte samtidig have en arbejdspladsskabende virkning med længeresigtet virkning også til fordel for de unge (3).
In all Member States, one segment of the so-called "grey" market (in particular in the social and welfare sectors) is being professionalized by the introduction of such cooperatives, and at the same time courageous new projects to break into entirely new fields of activity such as computer services 29) are also being launched.
20 - snævert sammen med de i mellemtiden indrettede ligestillingsorganer på nationalt og regionalt plan.
In the longer term the measures were to make a contribution towards ensuring a more equal distribution of labour within the family, at the work place, and in society in general.
Hjælpegrupperne går i deres arbejde ofte væsentligt ud over de enkelte projekter, får forskellige projekter til at hænge sammen og fungere som Pressure groups i den lokale politik, men også på nationalt plan.
The vocational training measures were to meet these criteria by preparing the women for access to occupations in which men predominate or by facilitating access to a more highly skilled occupa tion or their return to the labour market after a period 30) spent at home.
I Det forenede Kongerige, i Danmark, Nederlandene og Forbundsrepublikken eksisterer net works for kvindelige håndværkere, der til dels også er begyndt at organisere en uddannelse i mandeerhverv, der tager mere hensyn til kvinderne.
In the conclusions they present, the individual country reports differ considerably in the manner in which they approach the above yardsticks. The British report admits with the benefit of hindsight that none of the courses now
De har navnlig fundet yderligere arbejdspladser i servicesektoren, i mellemtiden næsten lige så mange som mændene.
Similarly self-critical is the report on the situation in the Netherlands, which by way of compensation is able to report more extensively on positive new developments in 32 ) favour of women.
Det drejer sig imidlertid overvejende om dårligt betalte lavt kvalificerede positioner.
The Belgian report states that one third of the courses failed to fulfil the criteria and two 33) further courses were only partially in line with them.
Hurtigere end kvindernes erhvervsaktivitet er dog tallet på kvindelige deltidsarbejdspladser steget, hvilket der må tages hensyn til i lande som Danmark og England ved bedømmelsen af den store kvindelige erhvervsandel (2)
The French rapporteurs introduced a new criterion which sheds new light on several otherwise problematic courses: the personal benefit accruing to the women by virtue of their new orientation, their increased self-confidence, and the new contacts acquired from participation in the course.
1) For så vidt intet særligt er bemærket, følger fremstillingen af arbejdsmarkedsudviklingen den af EF-Kommissionen forelagte undersøgelse: Women's Unemployment in the Community, Bruxelles, 16.11.83, KOM (83) 653 endel.
This objective could be achieved in most, but not all cases. In view of the tight situation on the labour market, however, access to employ ment which was not in line with the training received or was in "largely female-dominated areas of activity" was likewise regarded as a positive outcome.
2) 1982 DK 44,9: UK 39,1
One example in
I nogle lande henstiller arbejdsgiverne ofte på subtil måde i den senere tid i forbindelse med rationaliserings- og spareforanstaltninger til kvinder på heldagsarbejdspladser at skifte til halvdagsarbejde (1).
They had been motivated and mobilized by means of the training undergone, and even if they failed to find access to their new, maledominated occupation, the programme has never­ theless assisted them in finding their way back to working τ*35 > life. It was not only in the unsuccessful courses but also in those which could ultimately be termed as successful that there was repeated evidence of errors which could have been avoided and from which much can be learned.
Typisk kvindelige er hverv tilbydes i øget omfang kun som deltidsarbejde eller i andre mere fleksible former (2), der snarere er i overensstemmelse med firmaernes konjunkturmæssigt svingende behov end kvindernes behov for økonomisk uafhængighed og sikkerhed.
From the wealth of self-criticism which was forthcoming in all reports, attention was repeatedly drawn to shortcomings having parallels in other measures or considerable signi­ficance with respect to subsequent negative developments.
Familiære forpligtelser, hvis overtagelse også endnu i dag for det meste forventes af kvinderne, viser sig som stort handicap ved søgning af uddannelsesplads og arbejde, mens samme forhold snarere bedømmes positivt hos mændene.
The crisis on the labour market has effected a drastic curtailment of women's employment prospects in all Member States.
Selv når der er tale om eneopdragende mødre, der har børn, der skal plejes, og hvis antal i EF til stadighed er vokset, giver dette stereotype forhold det udslag, at de i særlig høj grad rammes af arbejdsløshed. Samtidig er ganske vist - som konsekvens af deres usikre sociale og økonomiske situation - også deres erhvervsaktivitet steget meget.
This development has affected not only the women who were trained for the "classical" female jobs but also those who had opted for training in a typically maledominated occupation.
Arbejdsanvisningskontorerne reflekterer i deres formidlingspraksis ofte mange arbejdsgiveres tendens til at foretrække mandlig arbejdskraft, navnlig i godt betalte sektorer og
As is emphasized in several country reports, training for a maledominated occupation has meanwhile become a risk factor of which the trainees and the training institutions
- 22 mere ansvarsfulde positioner.
38) cal women's occupations.
Deres afgørelser om at give kvinder en erhvervsmæssig uddannelsesmulighed gennem særligt fremme præges stærkt af den øjeblikkelige efterspørgselssituation på arbejdsmarkedet og er sjældnere orienteret efter ønskværdige udviklinger, hvormed de ulige muligheder for kvinderne på arbejdsmarkedet kunne afvikles.
Unskilled jobs in manufacturing industries have long since been open to women even without any specially sponsored training courses. An investigation cited in the Dutch report on women who had sought employment in male-dominated occupations in this sector at their owm initiative showed that the majority were young and unmarried, had a low educational standard, and usually were not offered any 39L opportunity to undergo training.
Finansielle tilskyndelser til yderligere uddannelser og beskæftigelse af kvinder har hidtil karakteristisk nok ført til en endnu mere øget virksomhed i typisk kvindelige sektorer som f.eks. handel, administration, socialt arbejde.
The work concerned con sisted of straightforward, monotonous actions which are easy to automate. Training for jobs of this type was available in both Italy and the United Kingdom.
Uafklaret er det dog indtil nu, hvorfor det i denne for bindelse kun førte til deltidsjobs og ikke mere langsigtet beskæftigelse, mens kvinder var underrepræsenteret på om råder, hvor skabelsen af varige arbejdspladser målbevidst fremmedes.
Just how low the level of skill required actually was became clear from the UK project, where, after a brief period, the length of instruction was reduced from 48 weeks to 17
Det mere og mere faldende tilbud på frie arbejdspladser rammer navnlig kvinderne, der som unge for første gang eller som ældre efter lang pause vil ud på arbejdsmarkedet.
In the Italian training programme run by ECAP CGIL in Modena, young unemployed women were to be trained over a two-year period for work in the production of electronic components.
Kvinder, der vender tilbage til erhvervslivet, er stærkt ramt af langtidsarbejdsløshed.
The course concerned was a regular training programme which had previously typically been intended for male 41) trainees.
Det ovenfor tegnede billede af den mere og mere alvorlige situation for kvinderne på arbejdsmarkedet hviler på de enkelte landes officielle statistiske oplysninger.
In the case of the polyvalent training in electronics (620 hours) organized for unemployed women in the Province of Modena, the programme was specially adapted to suit the family and personal commitments of the participants.
Den ikke registrerede kvindearbejdsløshed, der af nogle eksperter skønnes at være næsten dobbelt så stor, fortjener større opmærksomhed i fremtiden. Spareforanstaltninger i de offentlige budgetter i næsten alle EF-lande har på det samlede sociale sikkerhesområde ramt kvinderne kraftigere end
Whereas all women participating in the first course were subsequently able to find employment, such a satisfying outcome could not be achieved on the local labour market 4 2 ) when the course was repeated. '
Disse foranstaltninger er så meget desto mere betænkelige, som de for det meste også medfører, at kvinderne mister et krav på fremme af erhvervsuddannelse og efteruddannelse.
It was only in rare cases in the measures selected that guarantees were forthcoming concerning employment in the period after training. Such guarantees were usually only secured - as in the case of the German pilot projects "Girls in Technico-Industrial
Sjældent er dog hidtil det store statslige støtteapparat for småvirksomheder sat ind til fordel for sådanne kvindekooperativer.
Their fixed-term employment contracts implied that the women could not be retained beyond the term specified.
I Forbundsrepublikken Tyskland f.eks. er de fleste lån til firmagrundlæggelser afpasset efter produktionsområdet.
In order to be able to remain, they would have had to fulfil the customary requirements concerning nationally recognized qualifications.
Virksomhedsgrundlæggelserne ved kvinder finder for det meste sted inden for serviceområdet
The certificate awarded them by ONEM, however, was not officially recog- nized. • j 47)
God kendelsen og den yderligere fremme af deltagerne baseres på målsætningen for omskolingen, men ikke på den selektive vurdering af hvert enkelt trin.
It would appear, however, that over the longer term anyone who is not willing or able to participate in the training will have to fear for her job.
På alment plan benyttes klassiske uddannelsesmetoder til formidling af erhvervsmæssige kundskaber og færdigheder.
Also included in this sector are many low-status administrative and "caring" occupations.
Desuden anvendes der imidlertid også særlige projektpædagogiske metoder, der tilsigter at indøve bestemte holdningsmåder, tænkemåder og omsætningsskridt (kreativitets-, ud tryks-, analyse-, evalueringsteknik samt handlingsmodeller).
Even training for occu pations where demand is great, such as the courses in the Netherlands to train teachers for education welfare work or to prepare returnees to working life for care of the elderly, cannot be reliably reported as leading to access 48) to employment.
Desuden tilbydes der i forbindelse med foranstaltningerne sideløbende
At the same time, the demand for care services for children and the elderly has certainly not declined despite the cuts in the public services.
- støttende uddannelsesprogrammer for almenuddannelse, - uddannelsesprogrammer til forøgelse af kvalifikatio nerne og - uddannelsesprogrammer, der udvikler evnen til at koncipere og at omsætte planerne til virkelighed.
In Northern Ireland, women were also offered training in traditional occupations such as wholesale and retail trading and were initially able to be placed in suitable employment. The original success, however, could no longer be repeated when the unemployment rate in the region jumped dramatically.
Uddannerne overtager forskellige roller og opgaver.
51 ) the courses.
De er lærere og uddannere, motor inden for gruppens projektmedarbejdere. arbejdere.
In Sardinia, women were given an opportunity to undergo basic training for work in the rural tourism industry.
I Bruxelles er der netop afsluttet et sådant forsøg inden for de medicinske hjælpeerhverv.
The training improved not only the material situation of the women concerned but also the quality of the tourism services offered - a factor of considerable importance to 52) the development of the region.
Det har medført, at en gruppe på ca. 20 kvinder, der hidtil havde arbejdet som rengørings- og køkkenpersonale og kun kunne fremvise få kvalifikationer fra skolen, kunne ansættes som familiemedhjælpere i et socialt servicecenter ("Centrale de Soins"), som er grundlagt af deltagerne i foranstaltningen.
Despite the comprehensive recommendations filed by the Commission on Europe and the New Technologies and the concomitant appeals for a reorientation of vocational training, despite the substantial resources made available in the Member States for action in this direction, the women themselves hitherto appear to have benefitted in but scant measure from these "new opportunities".
Dette var muligt, fordi kvinderne i forbindelse med denne foranstaltning kunne kvalificeres i en sådan grad, at deres kundskaber stod på højde med uddannelsen for familiemedhjælpere, der finder sted i fagskoler.
In instances where the training is for jobs generated by new technological developments, the training, if not sufficiently broad-based, can rapidly be devalued by the speed of technological advance.
Sådanne små grupper til skabelse af arbejdspladser (cellule d'emploi) råder takket være støtte fra et vejledningshold, der består af politikere, repræsentanter for arbejdsmarkedets parter og for institutionerne i deres region, over en god forhandlingsposition og om nødvendigt også over pressionsmidler (1).
The introduction of frozen food was followed by a rapid industrialization process within the sector which was linked with a marked process of concentration at commercial outlet level. Once the products had become firmly established and development stagnated, the team of travelling refrigeration specialists were found to be not suitably qualified for the initially envisaged comprehensive programme of shopkeeper counselling.
26 ning af grundlæggelse af kvindekooperativer.
Of the new training measures designed specif ical l'y for women, only few are intended to qualify the trainees for the production or application of the new technologies.
Det er sikkert positivt, at de foranstaltninger, der fører til kvalificering og gennemførelse af en sådan grundlæggelse, også henvender sig til en særlig overset målgruppe: de ældre kvinder og de kvinder, der efter lang afbrydelse vil vende tilbage til er hvervslivet.
One of the rare training opportunities of this type is the course now being planned in France to train women as technicians in the production of integrated circuits.
For det første gøres i alle lande en del af "det grå arbejdsmarked" professionelt gennem kooperativerne (navnlig på social- og serviceområdet), men for det andet tages der modigt fat på fuldstændig nye virksomhedsområder som edb-service (1).
3' Plans of this nature are also being drawn up in Belgium: a new training track is to introduce an intermediate function between the programmers and the users of EDP equip ment, a function which will offer job prospects for women
De innovatoriske erhvervsuddannelsesforanstaltninger for kvinder, som CEDEFOP fik udpeget i 1978, svarede allerede i deres udvælgelse ikke alle og ikke på alle punkter til de fastsatte kriterier.
An important factor in improving women's prospects on the labour market is a deliberate policy of positive discrimination. One example of such an approach was found in Belgium, where a bank had introduced a one-third quota for women in its university-graduate recruitment programme.
Egentlig skulle kvinder ved deltagelse i disse kurser have bedre chancer på arbejdsmarkedet, og deres erhvervsmæssige karriere skulle fremmes.
In France the air arm of the armed forced introduced a regulation in 1975 fixing a quota of 15% women among its officers.
På længere sigt skulle der dermed ydes et bidrag til mere ligeberettiget opgavedeling mellem mand og kvinde i familie, arbejde og samfund.
With respect to the non-commissioned officers, for whom no proper quota system was introduced, a special plan provided for a certain number of workplaces to be reserved for women. The percentage actually attained is
Dette formål skulle erhvervsmæssige uddannelsesforanstaltninger have, der forberedte til indslusning i de overvejende af mænd udøvede erhverv, der erhvervsmæssigt gav højere kvalifikationer og overhovedet efter opholdet i familien lettede en erhvervsmæssig genindslusning (1).
- 31 - currently 10%. These reserved contingents and the granting of equal rights and equal promotion prospects have enabled women to assume specialist posts in mechanical engineering, repair engineering, and air surveillance; formerly, they were confined to traditional fields such as administration and health care.
Rapporterne fra de enkelte lande omgås meget forskelligt med denne målestok ved den afsluttende bedømmelse.
Firms in which internal promotion of women is a policy deliberately supported by means of career planning and training schemes were found to achieve particularly positive results.
Den engelske rapport indrømmer, at egentlig opfylder ingen af de gennem førte kurser de i 1978 fastsatte kriterier (2).
The United Kingdom report contains some encouraging examples to illustrate this point in connection with a number of industries.
Lignende selvkritisk er den hollandske undersøgelse, der i væsentlig større omfang kan berette om positive nye udviklinger til
Although none of the women penetrated as far as the top management level, there was a marked increase in their representation at middle-manage-57) ment level. '
28 fordel for kvinder (1).
- 32 all Member States for ten years now.
I Belgien er ved en tredjedel af de gennemførte kurser kriterierne ikke opfyldt, ved yderligere to kun til dels (2).
In the case of IBM France, it was found that although this programme had had positive effects with respect to the appointment of women to highly-skilled specialist posts in the technical field, difficulties still remained in the influential fields of company management and the board of directors.
De franske rapportører indfører et yderligere kriterium, som lader flere - ellers problematiske -kurser fremtræde i ny belysning: den personlige vinding, som kvinderne har fået ved deres nye orientering, deres nye selvbevidsthed, deres nye kontakter fra deltagelsen i kursus. sus.
This is attributable not only to a certain resistance to the appointment of women to positions of command over a group of men but also to the fact that women are less intensely career-minded than men and less concerned with the acquisition of positions of power.
Et vigtigt kriterium for alle foranstaltningernes succes var den uddannelsesadækvate indslusning. Dette mål kunne for det meste, men ikke i alle tilfælde, realiseres.
To make any global statements on occupations with a future is more difficult today than ever before.
I betragtning af den tilspidsede situation på arbejdsmarkedet kan dog indslusningen i ikke-uddannelsesadækvate arbejdspladser og i "snarere kvindelige virksomhedsområder" bedømmes positivt, når der tænkes på mål forestillingerne.
Only by means of intensive liaison and cooperation with the local authorities, employment offices, and employers was it possible for these programmes to achieve their objective, namely, the integration of the trainees in a more advanced training scheme or a semi-skilled type of employment.
Efter en teknisk uddannelse fandt del tagerne tilbage til deres tidligere lærte kvindeerhverv.
One conspicuous feature mentioned in the majority of the reports is the high degree of motivation with respect to further training.
De var blevet motiveret og mobiliseret for foranstaltningen.
Middle-aged and older women were found to be particularly highly motivated.
Også når deres indtræden i det nye mandeerhverv ikke lykkedes, har programmet dog bidraget til igen at hjælpe dem til et arbejde i erhvervslivet (4).
an introduction to the training measure proper) which are designed exclusively for women and provide basic informa tion on machinery, tools and the accompanying terminology are particularly beneficial.
Ikke kun i de ikke heldigt gennemførte, men også i de hel digt gennemførte kurser, er der igen og igen gjort fejl, der kunne undgås, og som andre kan lære af.
In addition, there is a fundamental rejection of the working world in its contemporary form and also a lack of financial backing.
Af mængden af selvkritiske bemærkninger til de enkelte kurser i rapporterne er særlig sådanne udvalgt, der har fundet paralleller i andre foranstaltninger, eller også har været af stor betydning for senere negative udviklinger.
Moreover, many girls still have fixed ideas about traditional women's occupations, an attitude which is reinforced both at school and at home and where much remedial work remains to be done.
Den strukturelt betingede kriseagtige udvikling på arbejdsmarkedet har i alle lande drastisk forringet kvindernes erhvervsmæssige muligheder.
In Belgium, insurance agents were hesitant about seeking promotion to the position of inspector.
Dette er ikke blot de kvinder blevet ramt af, der er uddannet til de "klassiske" kvindelige erhvervsarbejder, men også de, der havde valgt en uddannelse i typiske mande-erhverv.
Although this post represented promotion with slightly higher earning prospects, viewed in the light of the working conditions involved (hours of work, outside work), it hardly appeared 60) attractive.
Som rapporter fra flere lande understreger, er uddannelsen i et mandeerhverv i mellemtiden også blevet til "risiko", som de interesserede kvinder og uddannelsesinstitutionerne eller -virksomhederne bør være klar over (1).
35 - mately modified, partly with a view to offering the parti cipants a greater range of options (11 occupations instead of two). For the women who wanted to train for a nontraditional occupation, neither their home background nor their schooling had afforded them an adequate preparation for such an option.
Dette er navn lig tilfældet, for så vidt angår de lavere kvalifikationer og for specialiserede erhvervsuddannelser som f.eks. telefonhåndværkere, der kun kan ansættes af monopolvirksomheden Deutsche Bundespost. Den franske rapport stiller det kritiske
The granting of a bonus in connection with preparatory test procedures proved in most countries to serve little purpose insofar as no corresponding re medial courses were offered to make good the educational deficits. In Belgium, for example, certain physical cri teria in the selection procedure were modified for women applying for recruitment to the armed forces.