natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
I Danmark er det største problem mht. de unges forberedelse til erhvervslivet mange len på oplæringspladser i de private virk somheder. Pr.
In Denmark, the biggest problem with regard to the preparation of young people for working life is the lack of training posts with private firms. As at 31. 12.
31. december 1984 var der registreret ca. 12 000 unge, som forgæves har søgt og fortsat søger en oplæringsplads (praktikplads)1) som led i en 3 —4-årig grundlæggende erhvervsuddannelse2). For disse unge betyder det, at de må afbryde deres påbegyndte erhvervsforberedelse.
1984, about 12 000 youths were recorded as having tried in vain to find, and to still be seeking, a practical (on-job) training post1 as part of a 3-4-year course of basic vocational training.2For these young people, this means that they have to interrupt the vocational preparation which they have begun.
I løbet af 1984 har ca. 32 500 lærlinge/ EFG-elever opnået en oplæringsplads3), så køen af afviste unge udgør mere end V3af det årligt oprettede antal pladser. Et stort
In the course of 1984 about 32 500
ANDERS MATHIESEN Docent i sociologi ved Roskilde universitetscenter
Associate Professor of Sociology, Roskilde University
Øgede offentlige økonomiske tilskud til de private virksomheder, der opretter praktikplads.
Increasing public financial support is granted to those private firms establishing on-job training posts.
V3af pladserne ved de anførte eksamensuddannelser ved handelsskolerne forudsæt
According to this, grants can actually be paid for virtually all of the training posts
Antal lære- og praktikpladser sammenholdt med antal pladser i private virksomheder med tilskud:
Greater contribution from vocational schools which private firms establish.
Antal pladser med tilskud
However, the effect of these grants has been limited — as Since the mid-1970s, the contribution towards vocational preparation made by will be seen from Table 1 - except for any financial gain which the firms may have achieved.
Antal oprettede pladser i alt
Table 1
11984 opnåede 12 000 af de unge, der afsluttede en basisuddannelse, en praktikplads.
Higher commerce diploma examination EDB-assistant 2-year 1-year Higher technical exam.
De resterende ca. 26 500 af dem, der påbegyndte EFG-basis august 1983, fordeler sig på:
Technical assistant Technical draughtsman Chemical engineering courses
Men antallet af pladser med tilskud steg samtidigt med godt 9 000.
* Approximation.
Af det samlede antal pladser (32 496) i 1984 er nemlig 56 000 oprettet i den offentlige sektor (stat, amter og kommuner).
Sources: Danmarks Statistik and Directorate for voca tional training.
Oversigt over den aktuelle kapacitet og udbygningstakt for udvalgte grundlæggende eksamensuddannelser ved erhvervsskolerne: lerne:
The figures are provisional and comparable only with reservations; but they indicate the approximate scope and the current rate of expansion for the most important examination courses of the voca tional schools.
Når stort set alle pladser i private virksomheder får tilskud, er grundlaget for ordningen — at motivere virksomhederne til at oprette ekstraordinære pladser - bortfaldet.
As will be seen from Table 1, there has been a very large increase in the number of grants made, whereas the annual number of apprenticeships and on-job training posts has remained constant, on the whole.
1984-ordningen indebærer da også, at tilskudsordningen gradvis afvikles frem til 1987 (se note 5 § 2 stk. 2).
However, there was an increase of about 1 800 posts from 1981 to 1982 - which can perhaps be regarded as an effect of the doubling of the grant-amount, to DKR 30 000, by the law of 1982.
Højere handelseksamen EDB-assistent 2-årig 1-årig
But the number of grantaided posts rose by a good 9 000 at the same time.
Men kapacitetsudvidelsen de seneste 2 år er til forskel fra tidligere alene opnået ved at øge holdstørrelsen og afkorte kursuslængden10). Knap 60% af EIFU-kursisterne er kun 18 år eller yngre11).
about 8 500 who applied for other training, including the basic examination courses of the vocational schools; about 13 500 who were destined to apply for unskilled work or for youth unemployment.
Højere teknisk eksamen Teknisk assistent Teknisk tegner Kemotekniske uddannelser
The examination courses of the Vocational schools have greatly expanded since the mid-1970s and the aim has been to increase this expansion in the last few years - in relation to technological development, for example.
Langsigtede udviklingstendenser og aktuelle kvalitative ændringer
Of the total number of posts (32 496) in 1984, 56 000 are established in the public sector (central government, county and local authorities).
Uddannelsessystemets erhvervsforberedende indsats og herunder specielt indsatsen ved de tekniske skoler og handelsskolerne er siden midten af 1970'erne styrket væsentligt
Included in Table 2 are the two-year basic examination courses which must be considered relevant to technological development and which function as alternative vocational preparatory courses to the 3-4-year apprenticeship and BVT-courses.
De omtalte aktuelle problemer med at sikre de unge en tidssvarende erhvervsforberedel-
The capacity of the EIFU-courses has been expanded year by year as follows:
Rapporter med stadig flere stadig mere specialiserede uddannelser, og dermed forstærkes polari­seringen af de unges erhvervsforberedelse.
The non-Socialist government's desire to promote more liberal principles — also within educational policy14— also forms part of the background to the present changes in content and structure.
se skal ses på baggrund af de seneste årtiers mere langsigtede udviklingstendenser, men det politiske skifte fra socialdemokratisk ledede regeringer til en borgerlig regering i 1982 har givet uddannelsernes ideologiske aspekter en mere central placering.
The current problems of ensuring up-to-date vocational preparation for young people must be considered against the background of the longer-term trends of development during the last few decades; but the political shift away from Social Democratic governments to a non-Socialist government in 1982 has brought the ideological aspects of the training courses more to the fore.
Resultatet er blevet en kraftigere betoning af det holdningsdannende arbejde i under­visningen og en større vægt på kulturar­ven15).
The new line taken in policy has been expressed in changes in syllabuses.
Herefter blev nedsat et læseplans­udvalg for faget samtidsorientering med det formål at styrke de biologiske og geografi­ske emner ­ på bekostning af de mere samfundsfaglige og kritiske emner ­ inden for dette nye skolefag, der blev oprettet ved folkeskoleloven 1975.
In November 1982 a syllabus-committee was formed for the subjects Danish and history in the primary school and, as a result, there is now more emphasis upon attitude formation in the instruction given and more importance is attached to the cultural heritage.15A syllabus-committee has since been appointed for the subject contemporary studies, with a view to strengthening studies in biology and geography - at the expense of the more sociological and critical topics - within this new school subject, which was established by the 1975 law concerning the primary school.
I takt med en kraftig industriel udvikling begyndende omkring 1960 er den danske folkeskole ændret fra at være et 7­årigt todelt skolesystem (teoretisk og almen) til en 9­10­årig tilvalgsskole fælles for alle børn.
Starting about 1960, the Danish primary school has changed, in step with intensive industrial development, from a 7-year twopart (theoretical and general) school system, into a 9-10-year optimal academic system which is common to all children.
De studieforberedende ungdomsud­dannelser er udbygget kraftigt og deres struktur er differentieret stadig mere (nye grene i gymnasiet, HF oprettet i 196712), enkeltfagsprøver fra 1970 mm.).
Notes school established in 1967,12single-subject examinations from 1970, etc.).
Se Lov nr. 248,1984 om Arbejdsgivernes Elevfusion,
See Law No 248 of 1984, concerning the provision of on-job training posts by employers (Arbejdsgivernes Elevfusion), § Ila.
Spørgsmålet om holdningsdannelsen har også været det centrale i diskussionen om gymnasiets fagkreds og pædagogik.
The question of character formation has also been to the fore in the debate concerning the curriculum and teaching of the upper secondary school.
I 1984 er der udarbejdet 2 reformforslag for gym­nasiet.
Two proposals for reform of the upper secondary school were drawn up in 1984.
En af undearvisningsministeren håndplukket arbejdsgruppe har foreslået en tilbagevenden til et gymnasium med 2 ret­ninger, en matematisk og en sproglig.
A study group which was hand-picked by the Minister for Education proposed a return to the upper secondary school with two main lines of study, one mathematical and one linguistic.
Dette forslag tager sigte på at hæve det faglige niveau i hhv. matematik eller engelsk samt de kulturbærende fag fælles for de to retninger16). En embedsmandsgruppe fra Direktoratet for gymnasieskolerne og HF har foreslået, at gymnasiet ændres til et tilvalgsgymnasium, der åbner mulighed for tilvalg på højt niveau (studieforberedende) eller kombinationer, der mere har karakter af almen uddannelse og som bl.a. kan suppleres med en erhvervsuddannelse17).
The aim of this proposal is to raise the standard in mathematics and English, respectively, and also the cultural subjects which are common to both lines.16 A group of officials from the directorate for upper and lower secondary schools has proposed that the upper secondary school as at present should be changed into a school with the 'setting'-system, offering a choice of optional subjects, enabling choices to be made at a high level (preparation for higher education), or combinations which are of the nature more of general education and which can be supplemented with, for example, a vocational training course.17 However, changes have been implemented also, which lie more within extension of the
6) Direktoratet for erhvervsuddannelserne udarbejder årligt opgørelser over basiselevernes situation.
However, the expansion has taken place primarily within the 1-year BVT-course and in the short labour-market courses of about 3 months' duration, which have been attended more and more by youths with no other vocational training.
Selv om der ikke er tale om egentlige forløbsundersøgel­ser, kan nogle hovedtal vise noget om problemernes omfang og karakter.
The upper secondary school of the future (Fremtidens gymnasium) (September 1984) - if necessary, see 'Uddannelse' 1984: 9.
De anførte oplysninger i det flg. er baseret på Notat om tilgangen til EFGs basisud­dannelse (. . .)af 7. november 1984 samt suppleren­de oplysninger af 19. februar 1985.
The higher preparatory examination (Højere Forberedelseseksamen) is a 2-year preparatory examination course to higher education, structured on the optional or 'setting'-principle.
1β) Fremtidens gymnasium (sept. 84), se evt. Uddannel­se 1984: 9.
See Uddannelse 1984; also 1983,9, which gives abrief account of experiments with EDP-instruction during the last five years or so.
") Forslag til en gymnasiemodel (nov. 1984), se evt. Uddannelse 1984: 10. 1!)
Notat om tilgangen til EFGs basis-uddannelse (Memorandum on numbers attending the basic BVT-courses) of 7. 11.
Se Uddannelse 1984: 9; ¡øvrigt 1983: 9, der kort redegør for de seneste ca. 5 års forsøg med edb­un­
1984 and also supplementary information of 19. 2. 1985.
Men der er også iværksat ændringer, der mere ligger i forlængelse af den ovenfor omtalte udviklingstendens.
Labour-market training courses.
Datalære er med virkning fra august 1984 indført som tilvalgsfag i skolens ældste klasser, og det er blevet et selvstændigt fag på HF.
1983 statistics on the training of semi-skilled workers, Table 10.
Undervis­ningsministeren har så sent som i december 1984 givet Folketingets uddannelsesudvalg en samlet oversigt over hvilke edb­uddan­nelser, der findes, deres indhold mm.22).
A brief account of the background to the content and development of these courses since they started in the 1970s is to be found in the Ministry of Education journal Uddannelse (Udd.) 1983, 6, pp. 422-434.
") Se f.eks.
" See, for example, 'Uddannelse'
De aktuelle ændringer og nyskabelser, spe­cielt inden for erhvervsskolernes uddannel­ser, synes at fortsætte udviklingstendensen
A more detailed survey of this trend is to be found in ANDERS MATHIESEN: 'Uddannelsespolitikken, uddannelsesfordelingen og arbejdsmarkedet' (Training policy, distribution of training and the labour market), Secretariat of the Commission on low incomes (Lavindkomstkommissionens sekretariat) 1979, pp. 136-199.
Beatrice Poret, Philippe Mehault
Directorate for labour-market training courses (Direktoratet for
Det følger af sig selv, at man i en så kort redegørelse ikke kan forklare de vigtigste ændringer, der er sket, udtømmende.
See Uddannelse 1984, 9 and Relstedudvalgets Betaenkning (Report of the Relsted Committee) No 1011, 1984.
Ser man på ændringerne i de unges adgang til beskæftigelse, i deres forhold til hele uddannelsessystemet og navnlig til det almene uddannelsessystem, må man gøre sig følgende klart:
" See special issue of the Ministry of Education journal 1982: 10a on Besparelser og uddannelse (Economies and training) by the Minister of Education, Bertel Haarder.
BÉATRICE PORET, PHILIPPE MEHAULT
Letter of the Ministry of Education dated 7 December 1984 in reply to Question A6.
har varet en halv snes år.
Béatrice Poret and Philippe Mehault
I 1971 -1972 havde SES 40 933 elever, i 1981-1982 108 142 elever, hvilket er en fremgang på 164 %2).
In France school is compulsory up to the age competence) or apprenticeship.
Blandt de elever, som ikke følger det normale forløb af 8. skoleår, er der færre, som søger ind i det korte undervisningsforløb med tekniske fag (CAP, som er uden beskæftigelse og som ikke er under uddannelse, en anerkendt erhvervsuddannelse, der giver dem et eksamensbevis.
Lycées we can merely describe how certain trends in of 16, and it may be assumed that 100 °7o of d'Enseignement Général (LEG — general policies and in the general education young people in this age group are at school.
Lærernes og arbejdsgivernes foreninger er imidlertid enige om, at det lange tenkiske undervisningsforløb skål bevares, da det er den eneste chance for en del af befolkningen for at få en studentereksamen.
education lycées) provide education in the apparatus seem to reflect at least one of 'long second cycle' - classes 2 and 1 and the these three concerns. terminale or final year — and cater for pupils aged to 17. Lycées d'Enseignement Professionnel (LEP - vocational
I begyndelsen af 80'erne indtræder der en vilje til at øge kampen mod nederlag i skolen, til at højne niveauet inden for den almene og den faglige uddannelse samt til at bringe uddannelse og beskæftigelse nærme re hinanden. Dette vedrører først og frem mest undervisningsforløbede inden for er hvervsuddannelsen.
Shifting patterns in the school population: the main trends education lycées) consist of classes taking the 'short second cycle' leading to the CAP, BEP (Brevet d'Etudes Professionnelles — certificate of vocational studies), CPPN and CPA classes, the SES (Section d'Education Spécialisée — special education section) and a class working for the Certificat d'Education professionnelle (CEP — certificate of vocational education).
Disse ændringer tager sigte på en forøgelse af kvalifikationerne ved at omdanne CAP til BEP.
Finally, Lycées Techniques offer courses in the 'long technical cycle' leading to a Baccalauréat de Technicien (technical baccalaureate) and the 'short technical cycle' leading to a CAP or BEP.
Den placering, staten siden 1975 har givet vekseluddannelsen, er kommet til udtryk i indførelsen af uddannelser uden for skolen (kontrakter om beskæftigelse - ud dannelse) og i skolen i form af undervisningsforløb i LEP (1979). De indgår i forberedelsen til CAP eller BEP.
In investigating changes in young people's access to employment and their relationships with the education and training system as a whole and general education in particular, we must look at:
Det er imidlertid ikke alle unge, der forbliver i undervisningssystemet.
■ the structure and interrelations of general and vocational education streams within the overall system;
opsamlingsklasser undtagen SES), og fiere, der enten går om eller går ud af skolen.
■ changes in the intake into general education streams and the subjects studied there as a result of the aim, if any, of placing greater stress on the vocational;
Det har siden 1982 været tanken at øge antallet af overgangsklasser mellem disse to cykler.
Secondary education breaks down into cycles given in a system of colleges and lycées that provide general and vocational education.
I oktober 1984 foreslog staten organiserede forbindelser skole - virksomhed for at lette udbygningen af skoleelevernes ophold på virksomhederne og af forbindelserne skole — virksomhed. Det nye var, at disse organiserede forbindelser blev udvidet til også at omfatte institutioner med almen undervisning. ning.
Collèges, for example, consist essentially of classes in the premier cycle (the first cycle of secondary education normally catering for an age range of 11 to 14 in classes 6, 5, 4 and 3), classes pré-professionnelles de niveau (CPPN -pre-vocational remedial courses) and classes préparatoires à l'apprentissage (CPA - courses preparatory to apprenticeship).
Ved afslutningen af 9. skoleår er der en klar nedgang i antallet af elever, der går ind i anden cyklus, og det har der været siden 1979- 1980 (fra lige ved 55 % i 1979- 1980 til 51,5 % i 1981-1982).
From here come most of the young people emerging from the school system without qualifications.
Denne nedgang skyldes antallet af oversidninger; i de offentlige skoler går flere ind i det forløb, der slutter med BEP; i de private skoler er der flere elever, der går ud af skolen.
It is at this level, then, that the pre-vocational stream takes shape and it is here that a number of young people have to face up to the problems of entering the working world immediately on reaching the minimum school-leaving age because they do not go on to another option, i.e. a course leading to the Certificat d'Aptitude Professionnel (CAP - certificate of vocational
De er udformet som vekseluddannelse og for handles hovedsagelig lokalt med virksomhederne. Der er tale om en ny form, der forener specialisering til et arbejde og over gangen fra uddannelse til arbejde.
■ what is being done about the problems of young people from these long cycles when they are directly confronted by problems on the jobs market and have no special vocational education.
Ved afslutningen af det 12. skoleår er antallet af oversidninger steget stærkt i den sidste halve snes år (fra 13,5% i 1973-1974/1974-1975 til 21 % i 1983-1984/1984-1985)3).
Since the late 1970s there has been a tendency for young people to prolong their studies in general.
De væsentlige ændringer i uddannelsens indhold
Unemployment has meant that many of them stay on in the educational system.
Det er imidlertid ikke alle unge, der forbliver i undervisningssystemet.
The pattern became apparent as far back as in 1973, when 29 % of young people left school at the minimum school-leaving age.
Og den stigende arbejdsløshed gør situationen mere kritisk, mere vanskelig for dem, som går ud af skolen uden nogen form for erhvervsuddannelse og uden eksamensbeviser.
By 1979, only 22% of school-leavers were in this position and there was a growing tendency to leave school at the age of 18.]
Den anden ændring er knyttet til strømmen fra den almene undervisning til det lange undervisningsforløb med tekniske fag.
There has been an increase in the proportion of pupils repeating a year at the level of class 5 (from about 7% in 1971-72 and 1972-73 to 14.5 °7o in 1983 - 84) and class 3 (from about 5% in 1971-72 and 1972-73 to 11.5% in 1980-81 and 1981-82).
Der er virkelig en tendens til en forøgelse af elevtallet i det lange tekniske undervisnings forløb, men den skyldes måske forøgelsen af de første tilpasningsforsøg.
More and more pupils attended CPPN classes until 1977-78 (10%, compared with about 3.5% in 1972-73), but in the following year the proportion dropped to about 6%.
Spørgsmålet er i øvrigt, om man øger det lange tekniske undervisningsforløbs andel ved fortsat at adskille det lange tekniske undervisnings forløb og det lange almene undervisnings
On the other hand, the number of pupils in the special education section, SES - which also serves as a remedial stream - has been rising over the past decade or so: from 40 933 pupils in 1971-72 to 108 142 in 1981-82, a 164%
De ændringer, der er sket i uddannelsens indhold, er hovedsagelig knyttet til udviklingen af det, der kaldes den tekniske kultur.
In such a short article we can naturally not claim to be exhaustive nor to explain the main changes that have been taking place;
Rapporter indførelsen af en teknologisk undervisning inden for alle strukturer i undervisningssy­stemet.
Dossier rapprochement methods of achieving this are open to debate.
industrigren og en økonomigren; vælges den industrielle teknologigren, er formålet at bibringe eleven studie­ og arbejdsteknik og ­metoder gennem fabrikation, monte­ring og demontering; vælges den økonomi­ske teknologigren, er formålet at give eleven indblik i økonomi og samfundsforhold og dermed lette valget af uddannelse i det udbud, der vedrører den tertiære sektor2).
increase overall.2 Among the pupils who do not go into class 4, fewer are going to the short cycle streams (CAP and remedial streams, not including the SES), reducing the number of pupils who have to repeat a year or who drop out altogether.
på den anden side stille det spørgsmål, hvad man vil gøre for at gennemføre ændringen af undervisernes speciale inden for rammer­ne af den erhvervsorienterede undervisning.
already on training courses. This scheme was seen explicitly as transitional: it was designed as an experiment that would help bring about changes in teaching within the general education system with a view to bringing down the number of unqualified school-leavers.
Ændringen af BEP og CAP vil f.eks. indebære en betydelig reduktion af lin­jerne mekanik og kontoruddannelse med maskinskrivning og stenografi. Der er der­for brug for ledsageforanstaltninger med henblik på at sikre omskoling af de lærere, der underviser på disse linjer.
The teachers' unions and employers' federations are none the less in agreement as to the need to preserve the identity of the long technical education cycle, since this is the only way of ensuring that some of the population reaches baccalaureate standard.
»L'Education Manuelle et Technique« (EMT = undervisning i manuelle og tekni­ske fag) indførtes i »les colleges«, da lex HABY trådte i kraft med det formål at opskrive det manuelle arbejde og samtidig på et tidligt tidspunkt lede eleverne ind i klasser, der giver et minimum af jobforbe­redende oplæring og hurtig indslusning på arbejdsmarkedet, idet dog de bedste elever ledes ind på højere niveauer5).
The most striking finding amoung pupils leaving class 3 at the end of the first cycle is that fewer have been moving on to class 2 since 1979-80 (the percentage fell back from nearly 55 % in 1979-80 to 51.5 % in 1981-82), one result being a lower proportion of pupils having to repeat a year.
Den blev i 1984 afløst af indførelsen af en polyteknisk undervisning af almen art (med henblik på at vække elevernes interesse) snarere end af erhvervsorienteret art i 200 »colleges«.
In public education, it has also swollen the intake in the first year of the BEP course; in private education, it has increased the number of dropouts.
EDB, elektronik og administration er de væsentlige punkter i denne undervisning.
In the early 1980s there seemed to be a firmer resolve to combat scholastic failure, raise the standard of general and vocational education and narrow the gap between training and employment.
Et af problemerne i forbindelse med ud­bygningen af disse grene er udstyret.
The Government decision to combat failure at school and promote vocational integration for young people is part of the process of rapprochement between schools and employers.