natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Gælds stiftelse - tidligere tiders forbandelse - er nu almindelig inden for landbruget. Landbrugsaktivitetens integration i en større økonomisk helhed og den nødvendige Langfristede programmering samt beslutningstagning er 'altsammen nye felter, der omfattes af landmandsuddanne L sen,.
The traditional form of on-the-job train ing under the supervision of the father or father-in-law (the purpose of which was as much one of social control as one of occupational promotion) is no longer considered to be a sufficient preparation for coping with a sector in constant evolution.
Imidlertid har kredsløbet "gældsstiftelse - investering" meget hurtigt vist sin begrænsning.
The agricultural policy of the Community has been oriented towards extreme regional specialization.
Ved siden af mere og mere illusoriske indtægter, næres der nye forventninger i landbrugets verden.
Consequently, the traditional type of holding based on multicropping combined with animal production has tended to disappear, taking with it the local dimension of the market.
Bedrifternes størrelse skal gøre det muligt at trække vejret, at slappe af som alLe andre.
At the same time, increasing mechanization has reduced both the number of hands and the time required for production.
Livskvaliteten, kan. kompensere for den ringere indtjening, og landmandens autonomi, som der gøres større og større indhug i i både op- og nedadstigende retning, kan igen blive et af fagets fortrin.
These changes have tended to accentuate the irregular nature of agricultural work, with periods of high and low activity providing the basis for a further dimension in pluriactivity.
Man kommer her ind på et mere og mere udbredt be ho v i samfundet, som er Lige så ubestemt i sit indhold som begre bet ve L færd.
Technical training has more or less accompanied all these changes in the agricultural sector.
Men det gælder ikke om at male et for idyllisk bilLede af landbrugaktiviteten; i en række europæiske Lande er det overlevelsesbehovet, der står i første række.
The farmer of today has to be able to understand his machinery, and he cannot afford not
I forbindelse hermed dannes der et uformelt erhvervsfagligt net, inden for hvilket man behandler udefra kommende informationer og udveksler interne erfaringer og nyskabelser.
The farmer of today, just like any other person running a business enterprise, has access to credit.
Det er den t radi t i oneLLe form for oplæring af landmændene.
Indebtedness, the curse of former times, is now current practice in farm management.
Behovet for hjemme hos sig selv at se, prøve og sammenligne produktioner, ledelsesformer eller ny teknik er en konstant tvingende nødvendighed for Landmændene som følge af de særlige lokale produktionsforhold, som egnens landmænd og disses erhvervsfaglige miljø kan fortolke.
The integration of the farm unit into its broader economic context, long-term planning, and decision-making represent further fields of train ing for farmers.
Produkt ionsmidLet (marken, gården, besætningen eller frugtplantagen) er ikke bLot et Levebrød, men en opgave hvori det enkelte menneske er personligt engageret.
Nonetheless, the credit-investment cycle has also been quick to demonstrate its limitations.
Det er derfor et spørgsmål om succes eller fiasko for et menneskeliv og ikke for et erhverv.
With respect to the increasing ly precarious farm income, expectations which differ from the modest attitudes of former times are becoming widespread.
Landbrugerne kan ikke udskifte deres produktionsmiddel, idet de indenti fi ce rer sig med det.
The size of the holding should be such as to allow for some moments of respite, of relaxation, just as is usual in other occupations.
Grænsen mellem vedLigeholdeLse og arbejde er udflydende inden for landbrugsproduktionen, idet det altid drejer sig om aktiviteter, der hænger sammen med enten en plantes eller et dyrs trivsel.
This refers us to a need which is being increasingly experienced throughout society, a need which is as vague in its substance as the notion of well-being.
Hvert enkelt produkt kræver en særlig følelses- eller forståelsesmæssig form for indsats.
But there can be no justification for portraying agricultural work in idyllic terms: in some regions of Europe mere survival remains the primary need.
Med hensyn til rentabiliteten har Landmanden, sin egen opfat telse af den, men udenforstående objektive eksperter har også deres mening derom.
In the occupations concerned with working the land, the routine tasks have to be supplemented with a continual assessment of factors both within and outside the farm.
En omfattende arbejdsindsats (og dermed en forringelse af værdien deraf) er i en vanskelig situation berettiget i landmandens øjne, idet det er bedriftens fortsatte beståen, der i sidste ende står på spiL.
These "current affairs" within the occupation form the focal point of an informal occupational milieu where in formation from outside is filtered and experiences and innovations exchanged.
Det er brugeren der sætter grænsen for rentabiliteten - om fornødent under det normale ni veau .
This is the traditional form of training for farmers.
Landmændenes økonomiske uddannelse er en, uddannelse af enkeltpersoner, der er engageret i gennemførelsen (og om fornødent redningen) af en personlig forretning.
The need to observe and compare innovative production and management methods and techniques is a constant feature of the occupation: the local farmers are alone in a position to interpret the local production conditions.
Fra skoletiden vi L førstnævnte utvivl somt have mindelser om ikke at være egnet tiL boglige præsta tioner, og at han netop blev Landmand, fordi skoleuddannel sen var uden betydning for dette fag.
The instrument of work ( broadly understood here to include a vineyard, a farm, a herd, or an orchard), is not merely a means of earning an income but instead represents a task to which the individual commits his entire self.
Erhvervsuddannelsen, har indskrænket sig til at Lære, hvordan man, gør, et vist håndelag og sans for at vælge den, rette fremgangsmåde i kraft af den daglige kontakt med det praktiske liv.
Success or failure in this respect is the success or failure of a livelihood, not merely of an occupation.
Skoleuddannelsen Ligger allerede langt tilbage i Landmandens fortid.
The farmer's means of earning his living is irreplaceable because it is with this that he identifies his very self.
De forhold, hvorunder han lever, danner den bedste grobund for denne moderne form for analfabetisme, der kende tegnes af maQ2lende_e yne_t i.l_a t_forto lke_gçj_t i.l_at ^ommu-
The dividing line between care and work is clouded in agricultural production because every activity relates in some way to the growth and develop ment of a plant or an animal.
Den hyppige Ligestilling af landegn, og landbrug for­ anlediger tiL at tro, at Landbefolkningen næsten ude­ lukkende udgøres af Landmænd og nogle få andre erhverv, der står i direkte tilknytning til landbruget i o ρ ­ eller nedadstigende retning.
In view of the special nature of the tools of the trade concerned, continuing training for the farmer has to be the discovery of both the professional and the affective com ponents of the occupation.
Blandt de erhvervsaktive på landet er kun 30 pet.
Where the concept of profitability is concerned, the farmer has his own opinion which differs from the objective view of any external expert.
Land­ brugere (i overvejende landbrugsområder små 50 pet.); ca. 35 pet. er beskæftiget inden for forarbejdnings­ sektoren og endelig
For an external assessor, labour should be regarded as one of the production costs and allocated a monetary value.
35 pet. inden for tjenesteydelses­ sektoren.
Any period of excess work (representing a reduction in its value) can be justified by the farmer undergoing a difficult period because it is ultimately the survival of the holding which is at stake.
Det er en af de få med tal dokumenterede oplysninger, som vi har fundet i det behandlede materiale, og den stammer fra et fransk skøn.
It is the farmer himself who determines the threshold of profitability, if necessary below the generally accepted level.
(Sasbach kommune, 1979); det viser, at der bLandt de seksten­ til syvogtyveårige kun. var 3 pet., der arbejdede inden for landbruget, men en, fjerdel i servicefagene.
With regard to education, it has been found that the rural population generally has a lower standard of education than the urban population.
Allerede i 1970 udgjorde landbrugsbefolkningen så lidt som fra
A typical person in a rural area has acquired from school experience the view that book-learning is of little value and that he had to become a farmer because school qualifications are of no importance in this occupation.
Et tværsnit af den, aktive befolkning i en hvilken som helst Landegn i Europa vil vise et betydeligt antal i k ke­land brugsmæss i ge aktiviteter og fag: automobil­ værksteder, mekaniske værksteder, benzinstationer, værtshuse og mindre spisesteder, detailhandel ­ ikke mindst med elektriske husholdningsartikler ­ samt mindre
His vocational training is confined to learning a number of skills, sleights of hand and perceptive acuity with regard to his daily contact with reality.
Lokale murervirksomheder, hvortil kommer forskelLige erhverv, hvis udøvere nødvendigvis må bo på stedet,
His school knowledge has long been shelved; the milieu in which he lives tends to foster this modern form of illiteracy typified by an inability to interpret facts and to communicate.
Den erhvervsaktive Landbefolkning, der kan tælles inden for et givet område,er altså yderst forskelligartet.
The fact that the notion of rural area is frequently equated with that of agriculture gives the impression that the rural population is composed almost exclusively of farmers assisted by a few others engaged in occupations located immediately upstream or downstream of agriculture. This is indeed a false impression.
Man møder imidlertid to store kategorier: de erhvervsaktive, der udøver deres arbejde på stedet, og dem, der blot bor på Landet.
Of 1 000 working persons in rural areas, only 30% are farmers (the figure only just reaches 5o% even in very remote rural communities); some 35% are engaged in the secondary sector and the remaining 35% work in the tertiary sector.
For førstnævntes vedkommende tager den sektorielle uddannelse, der gives via de forskellige håndværksfag, undertiden hensyn tiL fagets udøvelse på landet gennem f.eks. personalisering af tjenesteydelserne eller tilgodeseel.se af egnens o ver Le ve Ises best ræ be Lser .
These figures are taken from one of the rare statistical documents available; they represent an estimate and relate to France.
Med hensyn tiL dem, der bLot bor på Landet, er de hverken bundet af miljø eLLer fag; der er kun tale om,at byernes forstæder strækker sig længere og længere ud på landet.
A further example relating to a small rural com­munity in Germany (Sasbach Gemeinde, 1979) reveals that of all young adults between 16 and 27 years of age, only 3% are engaged in agriculture and almost one quarter work in the tertiary sector.
Det er sandsynligt, at den individuelle konkurrencebetonede erhvervsuddannelse vil have større udbredelse i sådanne kredse.
In 1970, the agricultural population already represented no more than between 2o% and 35% of the total population of small villages in the Federal Republic of Germany.
Det samme gæLder for meget af det arbejde, kvinderne yder i landbosamfundet, idet det ikke betragtes som lønnet arbejde.
The working population in any surveyable rural area thus has an extremely heterogeneous composition.
På familiebrugene varetager kvinden tre funktioner på én gang: hun er mor, husmor og bondekone.
Two major categories of person can be distinguished: these who live and work locally and those who merely live locally but work elsewhere.
Det er for det første herde, der skaL give et nap med, hver gang det kn,iber, og på visse tidspunkter er hun stærkt overbebyrdet med arbejde.
For the first category, the sectoral training offered by various occupational associations may give consideration to the special features deriving from the fact that the occupation is pursued in a rural area, for example the personalization of services, or the importance of region al survival.
Mange gange står hun helt alene for bestemte opgaver: hun er kontordamen, der skal huske og varetage aLLe administrative pLigter på gården.
For the second category, the rural milieu places no constraints on their occupational pursuits; they create the outer suburbs which are penetrating ever deeper into the countryside.
Alt det, der netop er sagt om landmandens kone, kan udstrækkes tiL også at gælde for håndværkeres og andre næringsdrivendes koner i landegnene.
It is probable that the competitive and individual type of vocational training is more common within this category.
Hun varetager på frivilligt grundlag eller undertiden mod et symbolsk vederlag en række opgaver, der er hende mere eller mindre påtvunget af omgivelserne: børnepasning, pasning af sognets gamle, vedLigehoLdeLs e af offentlige bygninger.
The major part of the documentation dealing with women in rural areas examines their living conditions, not their vocational training situation.
For de kvinders vedkommende, der i landegne udøver et
This can be explained mainly by the fact that female work on agricultural holdings or in family businesses does not seem like a real occupation; in the same way, numerous services run by women in rural areas are not carried out in return for payment.
Lønnet erhverv, viser erfaringerne i henhoLd tiL fransk materiale, at der altid af omgivelserne kræves ekstrakompetence af dem.
On a family farm, the functions discharged by the wife of the farmer are threefold: mother, housekeeper, and farmworker.
Kvindernes uddannelse på landet skaL tage hensyn til fire aspekter af kvindens forhold:
The place of work is at the same time the place of residence: there is therefore no dividing line between her farming activities and household activities.
- sammenblandingen af arbejde og pligt inden for de mange roLler, som Landmandens eLLer håndværkerens kone skaL varetage;
Her working hours are elastic, and the care and maintenance of the farm rest in her hands.
Landbokvindens retlige og samfundsmæssige underlegenhed.
All that has just been stated with respect to the wife of a farmer could likewise be applied to the wives of those run ning a craft business or other type of small enterprise in a rural area: the wife runs a permanent information service and serves as business spokesman and troubleshooter.
De objektive behov for erhvervsuddannelse frem byder to hovedtræk:
In addition to assisting with the family business, the wife also plays an active part in the life of the local community: health, education, recreation.
- den sektorielle Landbrugsuddannelse;
On a voluntary basis or for a merely nominal remuneration she renders a range of services which are more or less imposed by the nature of the environment: childminding, care of the elderly, cleaning and care of public buildings.
BLandt samtlige uddannelsesbehov på Landet tager land brugsuddannelsen broderparten.
A French document even reports that for a woman pursuing a paid occupation in a rural area there is always an imposed need for overqualification.
De forskellige landbrugsdistrik- ter bLiver mere og mere specialiserede i et enkelt produkt
Training for women in rural areas should give due consideration to four aspects of the female condition:
Livet på landet stilLer særlige krav tiL indbyggernes evne til at leve side om side, og heraf følger der et behov for koLlektiv uddannelse.
- the confusion between work and duties in the multiple roles which the wife of a farmer or artisan has to assume,
Således berører den brug, der gøres af arealerne fra såvel privatpersoner som land mænd og det offentliges side, både de på landet boende og de dér e rh vervsudøvende personer.
- the psychological isolation resulting from the control exerted by rural society,
Fornyelser antager derfor næsten altid en offentlig karakter og kan rejse modstand i befolkningen.
- the constraints of the neighbourhood,
Der foreligger et kollektivt ansvar for bevarelse af denne fædrenearv.
- social and legal inferiority.
UDDANNELSEN AF LANDBRUGERNE
- sectoral needs for training in agriculture
Den menneskelige arbejdskraft og kunnen, inden for Land­ bruget er spredt over et enormt antal Landmænd, hvis pro­ dukter spænder Lige fra oLive ηdyrkning i Syditalien tiL uldproduktion i Skotland.
In the aggregate of all the training needs encountered in rural areas, it is training in agriculture which accounts for the major part.
Landbrugsuddannelsen omfatter altså aspekter fra produktion.
In several countries of Europe, train ing in agriculture is the only specificity of the rural area.
Den land­ brugsmæssige kunnen, der hyppigt præges af de lokale pro­ duktionsforhold, indehaves i Lige måL af de uddannede og af underviserne.
The regions of intense agricultural production (cereals, fruit, animal production) are becoming increasingly specialized in one specific type of produce; however, monoproduction is a precarious exercise and therefore requires a continual and individualized updating and upgrading of technical knowledge and skills.
I intet tilfælde omtaler det gennemgåede materiale om europæisk Landbrugsuddannelse nogen, spontan uddan­ nelse se ft erspørgse l .
Those who work locally and also those who merely live locally but work elsewhere are concerned by the use which individuals, farmers and the authorities make of local land.
Når den fore kommer,er det som en absolut undtagelse.
Similarly, any innovative measure almost always assumes a public dimension and may provoke resistance from the local population.
De statistiske oplysninger om deltagere eLLer interesserede er Lave.
In areas having a population density below a certain threshold, one encounters the withdrawal of services, a decline in activities and the loss of the cultural and intellectual heritage.
Noget kyrisk bemærkes det et sted,"at der aldrig er bLevet taLt så meget om uddannelsesefterspørgsel, som siden udbuddet er blevet skabt".
The local public bears a certain collective responsibility for preserving that heritage.
En i Frankrig gennemført undersøgelse af, hvorfra kursusdeltagerne kommer, viser, at det ikke ser ud til, at Landmænd på noget tidspunkt spontant har slået sig sammen for at få
Habitat, cultural life and the world of work form one entity in rural areas and therefore call for a specific, unifying approach to training.
TiL trods for den i ns t i tu t i oneLLe karakter kan man altså ikke tale om et ensartet uddannelsessystem og heller ikke om en ensartet stab af undervisere.
PART TWO: TRAINING RESPONSE
Disse forskellige kvalifikationer svarer i realiteten til flere på hinanden følgende (uden dermed at ville sige kronoLogisk adskiLte) momenter i en politik for
Composed to 90% of family farms, from the vocational training viewpoint the agricultural sector displays one feature which is common among small and medium enterprises: it is one and the same person who owns the farm (or at least the operating assets), who manages it, who looks after the production, who negotiates the sale of the produce, and who reinvests the profits.
Landbrugsdrift, der har bredt sig over hele Det euro pæiske Fællesskab.
Human capital in the form of labour and agricultural knowledge is scattered over hundreds of thousands of farmers whose produce ranges from olives in southern Italy to wool in Scotland.
Med henblik herpå fremtræder uddannel sestilbuddet som en udbredelse af kendskabet til driftsmetoder, eLementære kemiske og biologiske processer og mekaniske færdigheder.
If such a demand exists, it would indeed be exceptional.
forståelse af dri ft s begre be t ; det vil sige interesse re landbrugerne i at drive virksomhed på samme måde, som det er tilfældet inden for enhver anden aktivi tetssektor.
The statistical indices of the affected or interested target groups are low; displaying some cynicism, one report states that "people have never spoken so much of training needs as since training opportunities were made available".
I dette tilfælde omfatter uddannelses tilbuddet lede Isesrådgivning.
A survey conducted in France on the recruitment of trainees for training courses reveals that none of the groups of farmers had convened spontaneously to organize a meeting on any particular matter of interest.
Den bruger, der opfatter sin bedrift som en helhed, uddannes tiL at tænke
In one way or another, the
32 i baner som finansiering, gældsstiftelse, forbedrede afsætningsmuligheder, bogført værdi etc.
— 32 — demand for training had been provoked or oven imposed.
integration af bedriften, i Lokale udviklingsfora n- staLtninger, der kan virke beskæft i gels ess ka bende, altså blive eLLer igen blive tiL en drivkraft for det Lokale erhvervsliv.
Λ training course of two hundred hours' duration is required in France as a condition for granting subsidies and loans for setting up a new farming unit.
Med henblik herpå går man ind for forarbejdning på stedet i beskeder målestok af Landbrugets frembringelser, opgravning af
More generally, the usual practice is for training in economics to become quasi-mandatory for access to very-low-interest loans and other financial benefits.
Der anlægges mindre forsøgsvirksomheder, der skal finde frem til nye former for energi, der er af stor interesse for
In addition to direct measures generating a demand for training, there is also the demand induced by internal changes on the farm, modifications in the local production structure, and the need to learn about innovations.
Landbrugsproduktionen.
The only demand which one could genuinely refer to as spon­taneous emanates from persons from a non-agricultural back­ground.
"det Levende museum" opfordres Landmændene tiL at deltage i driften af naturparker, der tidLigere var reservater, der ikke måtte røres ved.
This is a very localized type of demand but its dimensions have been increasing steadily in line with the renewed interest in agricultural activities evident since the mid-1970s.
Med en tilskyndet uddanneLsesefterspørgseL og en udefra kommende instruktørstab kunne man få indtrykket af, at Landbrugerne påtvinges et uddannelsessystem.
As is the case with respect to other occupations, the train­ing provision for the agricultural occupations has been com­pletely institutionalized in all EC Member States.
Man begynder at betvivle fagforeninger og landbrugs organisationers repræsentative egnethed, "idet disse, da de hyppigt er ene om at udtrykke sig i Landbrugs- kredse og gerne vil give udtryk for alles fo rhå bn, i nge r til alles bedste, ikke gør andet end at fremføre deres egne ønsker."
Like­wise common to all countries is the fact that this provision is the result of a compromise between numerous partners who are concerned to implement a national and European agri­cultural policy.
Billedet af uddannelsessystemet som et fremmedlegeme i en, organisme formørkes måske af det forhold, at det mest betydningsfulde materiale om uddannelsen stammer fra dem, der arbejder lidt uden for systemet for at indføre nye ideer og metoder.
An instrument of such a policy, the train­ing system is therefore shared by the local and regional authorities, employers' associations, the trade unions, the insurance institutions, cooperatives, and also the local training associations which may discharge an advisory function.
Landbrugsuddannelsens mål og metoder
Despite this institutionalization, the training provision is by no means uniform, nor is there any homogeneous corps of trainers.
Landbrugsuddannelsens mål og metoder bør man nøje skelne mellem konkret gennemførte foranstaltninger, utopier og uddannelsesindhold, der er i deres vorden.
Those responsible for the various organizations for farmers are normally non-farmers; whether technical advisors, extensionists or instructors, these organizers are all white-collar personnel bearing data and methods obtained or tested elsewhere.