natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
70 projekter er udvalgt og koordineres nu i et net til udveksling af oplysninger og erfaringer.
Seventy projects had been selected, and they had now been for med into a network so that information and experience could be exchanged.
Det er ligeledes meningen, at der skal udveksles studerende, der får tilbud om praktikophold i virksomheder i andre med lemsstater.
Provision was also made for an exchange of students, enabling them to undergo practical training in enterprises in other Member States.
Fondet udgiver fælles publikationer og tilbyder endvidere traditionel efteruddannelse i form af konferencer og workshops.
They concerned not only information and communications technologies but also new developments in chemistry, biology and mathematics.
Andre ansøgninger om støtte vedrørte kort fristede programmer som seminarer og konferencer, og ikke kun om informationsog kommunikationsteknologi, men også nye udviklinger inden for kemi, biologi og matematik.
The Foundation's aim was the joint de velopment or commissioning of computerassisted initial and continuing training programmes for the banking sector (course ware). It also served as a forum for the exchange of experience, the recognition of trends and information on hardware and software already on the market.
Der foreligger i dag 600 ansøgninger til COMETT-programmets anden runde.
Six hundred applications had already been received for the second phase of the Comett programme.
Europæiske banker griber til selvhjælp
European banks resort to self-help
Selvfølgelig sælger Digital Equipment også sine interaktive indlæringsprogrammer til en voksende international kundekreds.
Of course, Digital Equipment also sold its interactive educational programmes to a growing international clientele.
Firmaet har ikke noget at klage over, for så vidt angår manglende efterspørgsel.
The company could not complain about a lack of demand.
Tværtimod er det netop den stigende efter spørgsel, der volder virksomheden problemer.
In fact, the growth of demand was causing the company problems.
Der findes ikke fagfolk nok til at fremstille gode programmer.
There were not enough experts able to write good pro grammes.
Til udarbejdelse af sådanne programmer kræves et højt kvalificeret, velfungerende team, hvor kreative programdesignere samarbejder med programmerere, der omsætter designernes idéer til software, samt med uddannelsesspecialister, som derefter integrerer coursewaren i en mediepakke.
This called for a highly qualified, smoothly running team, in which creative programme designers cooperated with programmers, who converted their ideas into software, and with training specialists, who then integrated the courseware into a media package. The cost of developing a computerassisted instruction programme that met the most stringent quality require ments was, needless to say, extremely high.
Det er indlysende, at udviklingsomkostningerne for den computerstøttede undervisning, som lever op til kravet om kvalitet, er ekstremt store.
The investment paid off, however, if enough people could be persuaded to use the various programmes (break-even point per programme: 200 users). The cost was
Roger Melmer, som i denne institution har lært at sætte pris på fordelene ved den grænseoverskridende erfaringsudveksling, understregede betydningen af Kommissionens initiativ.
Roger Melmer, who has learnt to ap preciate the advantages of transfrontier ex changes of experience in this institution, stressed the importance of the Commission's initiative.
Han betragter Kommissionens bestræbelser som en pendant .til fondets bestræbelser.
He regarded its approach as a counterpart to the Foundation's.
Fondet ser sig selv som repræsentant for brugerne auf audiovisuel le medier og vil gøre en indsats for deres in teresser.
It saw itself as the champion of the users of audio visual media and intended to stand up for their interests.
Producenterne har alt for længe været dominerende på markedet.
The suppliers had ruled the roost far too long.
Fondet har hjemsted i bankcentret Luxembourg og er etableret efter flere bankers stærke ønske om at dække det i bank- og finanssektoren i forbindelse med det massive opbud af high tech opståede uddannelses- og videreuddannelsesbehov ved en fælles indsats.
The Foundation had its registered office in the banking centre Luxembourg and had been established in response to an urgent appeal from various banks for joint efforts to meet the need for initial and continuing training caused by the large-scale introduction of high-tech equipment into banking and finance.
Initiativet er udgået fra banker i Benelux-landene, hvor der findes færre storbanker end for eksempel i FR Tyskland eller Frankrig.
The initiative had been taken by banks in the Benelux countries, where there were fewer large banks than in, say, the Federal Republic and France.
De mindre bank- og kreditinstitutter i Luxembourg, Belgien og Nederlandene har visse vanskeligheder med at finansiere deres ud dannelsesafdelinger og tilbyde kurser, der dækker det nyeste nye inden for teknikken.
The smaller banks in Luxembourg, Belgium and the Netherlands were finding it more difficult to finance their training departments and to offer courses that reflected the state of the art.
Fondet er grundlagt i 1984 på Beneluxplan, og i løbet af de efterfølgende år er der kommet stadig flere lande til.
Since it had been established at Benelux level in 1984, more and more countries had joined the scheme.
Det har ofte været vanskeligt for initiativtagerne at finde frem til de rette kontakter i de andre stater, fordi banksektoren er organiseret for skelligt fra land til land.
In many cases, it had not been easy for the initiators to find the right people to approach in other countries because the organization of the banking
I nogle tilfælde er
Vocational training 1/1988
Men repræsentanten for Digital Equipment påviste, at omkostningerne er lønsomme, såfremt der findes brugere nok til de for skellige programmer (den laveste økonomiske grænse pr. program er 200 deltagere).
m ­JW'fì also reduced by the money previously spent on organizing initial and continuing training.
Omkostningerne relativeres også ved, at andre udgifter til uddannelse og videre uddannelse, som tidligere skulle betales, er blevet mindre.
Travel expenses were lower, and the company was able to provide initial and continuing training for more employees at the same time.
Der er færre rejseudgifter, virksomheden kan uddanne og efteruddanne flere medarbejdere på samme tid, og der er tre muligheder at vælge imellem: indlæringscentre i virksomheden med etablere de »indlæringsstationer«, decentrale, men sammenkoblede »indlæringsstationer« og endelig den såkaldte stand-alone-version, som kan etableres i hjemmet eller på arbejdspladsen. bejdspladsen.
The employees had three op­tions: the in­firm learning centres with their 'learning stations', decentralized, but net­worked, 'learning stations' and the stand­alone version, which could be set up at home or at the workplace.
Det er Digital Equipments strategi at vinde stadig fiere brugere til stadig flere projekter.
Digital Equipment's strategy was to attract more and more users to more and more projects.
Kun således kan de interaktive systemers finansiering sikres, kun således kan kvalitetsstandarderne overholdes.
This was the only way to ensure that the interactive systems could be fi­nanced and quality standards maintained.
Et europæisk samarbejde er uundværligt i så hen seende.
European cooperation was essential in this respect.
Også lønmodtagerne har erkendt, hvad det gælder.
Quality standards must also remain so high because users would not otherwise stick at it.
Deres behov for og krav om efter uddannelse vokser stadig, og med mindre virksomhederne vil være i stand til at sænke omkostningerne for uddannelse og efteruddannelse ved hjælp af ny teknologi, vil de i fremtiden ikke kunne tilfredsstille dette behov. hov.
('After all, they find sitting in the sun in the park with a book preferable to learning in front of a computer in a dar­kened room.')
tion (DEFS), krævede et europæisk samarbejde, om end af helt andre grunde.
Em­ployees had also come to realize this.
Overalt i EF ser han et betydeligt efterslæb inden for erhvervsuddannelserne.
Their demand for further training was increasing all the time.
Det fremgår blandt andet helt klart af arbejdet i de faglige branchekomitéer for sådanne fag, der er særlig udsatte ved indførelsen af ny teknologi (kunstnere/forfattere, typografer, post og telekommunikation).
Only if companies could reduce the cost of initial and continuing training with the help of new technologies would they be able to meet this demand in the fu­ture.
En praktisk foranstaltning er i den forbindelse, at der etableres såkaldte firmapools, hvor flere virksomheder får den nødvendige dyre courseware fremstillet til fælles brug.
aí αϊ S _) _ι O > A practical approach in this respect was the formation of 'company pools', in which firms jointly financed the expensive course­ware they needed.
Alene anvendelsen af NC-maskiner er et bevis for, at 80 % af virksomhederne har de samme kvalifikationsbehov, mens kun 20 % har specielle behov.
The use of NC machines, for example, had already shown that 80 % of training needs were common to all firms. Only 20 % differed from one firm to an­other.
De 80 % kan med andre ord i fællesskab udvikle et computerstøttet undervisningssystem, som alle har råd til at betale.
A pool thus enabled a joint com­puter­assisted learning system that each firm could afford to be developed for the 80%.
Og der er intet til hinder for at organisere noget sådant i et grænseoverskridende arrangement.
There was nothing to stop such co­operation crossing national frontiers.
Afslutningsvis advarede industriens repræsentant imod at tro, at computerstøttede indlæringssystemer er løsningen på alle videreuddannelsesproblemer inden for ny teknologi.
The repesentative of the industry concluded by warning against regarding computer­as­sisted learning systems as the solution to all problems connected with continuing training in the new technologies.
De er kun et af elementerne i et pædagogisk mønster, som udgør en helhed af uddannelse og videreuddannelse.
They were just one element of a pedagogical structure that could be integrated into an overall concept of initial and continuing training.
Der er to andre emner, som europæisk fag bevægelse har taget op: databeskyttelse og copyright.
Two other aspects were of concern to the European trade unions: data protection and the protection of authors' rights.
Man frygter, at der ved brugen af ny teknologi — ikke mindst, når virksomhederne samtidig anvender personale informationssystemer — sker en kontinuerlig overvågning af lønmodtagerne.
It was feared that the introduction of the new technologies would result in the employee's every move being monitored, especially if firms also installed personnel information systems.
Deres præstationer på arbejdspladsen, deres adfærd inden for virksomheden kan uden videre sammenkobles med de sociale data.
The employee's on-the-job per­formance and conduct in the firm could easily be combined with social data.
Det samme gælder ifølge Rath naturligvis også for præstationer og adfærd under ud dannelse og efteruddannelse ved hjælp af audiovisuelle medier.
The same applied, of course, to performance and conduct during initial and continuing training in which audiovisual media were used.
DEFS hilser lønmodtagernes selvkontrol under indlæringen vel kommen, hvilket disse apparater muliggør, men kræver et klart forbud mod oprettelsen af databaser, som giver adgang til at evaluere fremskridt og overvåge lønmodtagerne.
The ETUC welcomed the opportunity for employees to monitor their own progress while learning, which these devices made possible, but called for a strict ban on the establishment of data banks to permit the evaluation of the employee's progress while he was learning.
Fagbevægelsen har andre problemer
Trade unions have different worries
Uddannelsesbehovet er meget vanskeligt at imødekomme, fordi kvalifikationskravene på de mere og mere teknologiserede arbejdspladser stiger, mens der samtidig findes en kæmpegruppe af arbejdsløse, der ingen el ler næsten ingen uddannelse har.
These needs were all the more difficult to meet as, on the one hand, training require­ments were growing in jobs where techno­logy was being introduced on an increasing scale while, on the other hand, there was an enormous group of unemployed people who had had little or no training.
Netop de unge arbejdsløse, som i årevis ingen beskæftigelse har haft, har større vanskeligheder med at klare sig på disse nye arbejdspladser.
Young people who had been out of work for years were likely to have greater difficulty coping with this new type of job.
DEFS kræver derfor erhvervsuddannelse for alle unge, samt overalt i Fællesskabet betalt frihed til uddannelse for alle, således at videreuddannelse ligeledes institutionaliseres.
The ETUC there­fore called for initial vocational training for all young people and for paid educational leave for everyone throughout the Com­munity so that continuing training might also become institutionalized.
I øvrigt er fagbevægelsen mindre interesseret i den audiovisuelle teknologi som undervisningsredskab, men ser mere på de virkninger, anvendelsen heraf medfører i produktionen. I den for
The trade unions were less concerned about the audio­visual technologies as a learning me­dium than about the effects of their ap­plication in production.
Forfatternes rettigheder spiller en stadig større rolle i forbindelse med software til
Their complaint in this connection was that hardware was in­stalled before trainers/teachers, let alone employees/pupils, had been prepared for it with appropriate initial and continuing training.
Også Fritz Rath, repræsentanten for Den Europæiske Faglige Samarbejdsorganisa
Fritz Rath, representing the European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC), simi­larly called for cooperation at European level, though for quite different reasons.
Centeret bør i fremtiden også råde over et tilsvarende ud­styr, for at erhvervsuddannelsernes prakti­kere kan indhente fyldestgørende informa­tioner om den undervisningssoftware, som anvendes andetsteds.
The teachers' and trainers' rights had not been protected in any way, whereas the media companies were marketing their educational programmes at a profit.
Endvidere krævede repræsentanten for DEFS en europæisk harmonisering af ar­bejdsmiljøreglerne med hensyn til arbejds­pladser, hvor ny teknologi bringes i anven­delse.
The ETUC representative also called for harmonization at European level of in­dustrial safety regulations relating to jobs in which new technologies were used.
Normering og standardisering af hardware er ikke nok.
Stan­dardization of hardware was not enough.
Det er endvidere be­klageligt, at de sociale aspekter og proble­mer omkring den nye teknologi ikke spiller nogen rolle praktisk talt hverken inden for uddannelse eller videreuddannelse.
He also complained that virtually no im­portance had been attached to the problem of the social compatibility of the new tech­nologies in initial and continuing training.
Euro­pæiske initiativer kunne for eksempel gå i retning af en aftale i lighed med den, fag­bevægelsen i Østrig har indgået med det na­tionale skolevæsen.
European initiatives might, for example, be directed at the conclusion of an agreement like the one the trade unions had reached with the national school authority in Austria.
Derved sikres, at 5 % af undervisningen om ny teknologi skal vedrøre netop teknologiens sociale konse­kvenser.
This would ensure that 5 % of in­struction on new technologies was devoted to their social consequences.
Et pragmatisk forslag, som fremsattes i den forbindelse, var at etablere et uafhængigt institut efter amerikansk mønster, hvor ud­dannelsessoftware samles, afprøves og vur­deres efter visse kvalitetskriterier.
respect. In future it should be so equipped that the practitioners in vocational training can obtain all the information they need on educational software in use elsewhere.
Den faglige repræsentant henviste i den forbin­delse til faren for, at det offentlige ansvar for mediernes og erhvervsuddannelsens håndtering kunne blive offer for en kom­mercialisering.
Stony path union representative therefore believed there was a danger that public responsibility for the control of the media and vocational training would fall victim to commercializa­tion.
Han krævede derfor et EF­direktiv, som sikrer forbrugernes og bru­gernes beskyttelse på dette område (be­grænsning af sendetider for reklamer i fjernsynet, kvalitetsstandarder for produk­ter, der sælges i hele Europa).
This led him to call for a Community directive to guarantee the protection of consumers and users in this area (restriction of televison advertising time, quality stan­dards for products marketed throughout the Community).
■ Gennemførelsen af sådanne ønskelige forehavender hindres endvidere i særlig grad af, at mange firmaer udelukkende udarbejder programmer til eget behov og ikke er villige til at lade nogen kigge dem i kortene, dvs. fremvise deres programmer.
The panel and audience agreed that there is a need for closer European cooperation. However, considerable obstacles will first have to be overcome in the various areas discussed.
I panelet og blandt konferencedeltagerne var der enighed om nødvendigheden af et intensiveret europæisk samarbejde. Men det kræver, at diverse væsentlige hindringer ryddes af vejen.
■ A further, serious obstacle to the imple­mentation of such projects is the fact that many firms write programmes solely for their own needs and keep their cards very close to their chests, i.e. they are not pre­pared to reveal their programmes.
Dertil kommer et andet problem i forbin­delse med salget af telekommunikations­produkter i hele EF.
The Community­wide marketing of tele­communication products faced another problem.
Der findes lovregler i de enkelte stater vedrørende post­ og tele­væsenets arbejdsopgaver. Hvordan skal for eksempel det franske Minitel­system mar­kedsføres i Vesttyskland, når det vesttyske postvæsen har kabelmonopolet?
The various Member States had their legislation on the responsibilities of the post office and telecommunications sector.
■ Når det europæiske fælles marked skal åbnes for »fjernsyn uden grænser« og alle de forskellige tekniske produkter, bliver spørgsmålet om kvalitetsstandarden aktu­elt.
■ If the internal European market is to be opened up to 'television without frontiers' and all the various technical products, the question of quality standards arises.
Hvilke pålæg bør EF give, for at den overhovedet kan sikres?
What requirements should be imposed by the EC to make this possible?
Både inden for me­dieområdet og erhvervsuddannelsen har medlemsstaterne statueret et offentligt an­svar (erhvervsuddannelseslove, ungdoms­beskyttelse, reklameregler m.v.).
The authorities in the Member States have a responsibility for both the media and vocational training (vocational training acts, protection of young people, regulations on advertising, etc.).
Hvordan kan det sikres, at denne indflydelse fra sam­
How can it be ensured that society re­tains this influence when the market is opened up?
■ Den grænseoverskridende udveksling af uddannelse og videreuddannelse med og om ny teknologi er langtfra intensiv nok.
■ Transfrontier exchanges of initial and continuing training with and through new technologies are nowhere near intensive enough.
For virkelig at kunne videreudvikle eksisterende initiativer er det ikke tilstrækkeligt at vide, hvad der sker andre steder.
If current initiatives are to be de­veloped to the full, it is not enough to know what is happening elsewhere.
Et eksakt og ud­tømmende kendskab til konceptionerne, de anvendte medier og programmer er nødven­digt (overskriftsfortegnelser er alt for lidt).
A precise and comprehensive knowledge of the concepts and of the media and programmes used is needed. (Brief summaries are not enough.)
Det er her, at CEDEFOP kommer ind i bil­
CEDEFOP should act as a platform in this
■ Kommissionen har den opfattelse, at EF­borgernes frie valg af arbejds­ og ud­dannelsesplads for tiden er indskrænket, fordi kvalitetsstandarderne netop inden for den teknologiske uddannelse er vidt for­skellige.
■ The Commission feels that at present the Community citizen's freedom to choose a job or training place is restricted by the con­siderable disparities between quality stan­dards, particularly in technological training.
Kommissionen går ind for en ak­tion, der skal overvinde denne situation.
It is doing all it can to overcome this situation.
Hvis en udvikling af erhvervsuddannelsen skal forbedre erhvervslivets økonomiske udsigter, må standarden være den samme overalt i Fællesskabet og adgangen være fri for alle overalt.
If promotion of vocational training is to improve the economy's pros­pects, it must satisfy the same standards throughout the Community and be equally accessible to everyone everywhere.
Men der er endnu lang vej frem, før dette mål er nået.
There is a long way to go before this is achieved.
Undervisning, valg af undervisnings midler og forholdet mellem forskellige systemers pris og effektivitet
Teaching, media choice and costeffectiveness of alternative delivery systems
Valg af undervisningsmidler
MEDIA CHOICE
Udviklingen inden for erhvervs uddannelse og audiovisuelle un dervisningsmidler
Developments in vocational training and audiovisual media
3) Hovedkriterier for valget : — lettilgængelighed eller distribution
European broadcasting organizations (although the Open College in the United Kingdom is a recent reversal of this trend).
Erhvervsuddannelserne er inde i en periode, der præges af radikale ændringer.
Vocational training is undergoing radical change.
I de sidste halvtreds år har de tre vigtigste uddannelsesmetoder været: Oplæring under arbejdets udførelse (hovedsagelig langs ad ve jen); statsorganiseret uddannelse på skolebænken (om dagen j forbindelse med arbejdsfritagelse eller på aftenhold) og ende lig uddannelse ved virksomhedernes foran staltning i form af undervisning eller kursus på selve virksomheden.
For the last 50 years, there have been three main methods of vocational training: on-the-job 'apprenticeship' (essentially learning as you go); State-organized classroom teaching (either as dayrelease or evening classes); and companyorganized, in-house training (seminars/ courses).
Disse tre metoder bygger alle i første række på personlig kontakt mellem underviseren og deltageren og er derfor afhængige af tid og sted.
These three methods are all primarily based on personal contact between teacher and taught, and are hence time and place dependent.
De er også alle bekostelige at gennemføre.
They are all also costly.
Ud over udgiften til uddannelsen må der regnes med produktivitetstab, medens deltageren er væk fra arbejdet, og i forbindelse med uddannelse på virksomheden forekommer der hyppigt også store rejse- og opholdsudgifter. Disse metoder er heller ikke fleksible, de er ikke lette at tilpasse hurtige ændringer med hensyn til indhold eller me toder.
As well as the cost of the teaching, there is the loss of productivity while the learner is away from the job, and in the case of incompany training, there are also often high travel and accommodation costs.
I løbet af de sidste femten år har vi imidlertid oplevet omfattende indførelse af friere uddannelsesformer og fjernundervisning, til at begynde med på højere uddannelsesniveau, men nu også i hastigt stigende om fang inden for erhvervsuddannelserne.
In the last 15 years, though, we have seen the large-scale and effective introduction of open learning and distance teaching methods, initially at the higher education level, but now rapidly spreading to vocational training.
Det er der flere årsager til.
There are several reasons for this.
Først og fremmest ændringerne i arbejdets art. Som følge af den hurtigt forløbende tekniske udvikling,
First is the changing nature of work.
Dr. A. W. Bates bliver tanken om som ung f.eks. ved lærlingeuddannelse at lade sig uddanne til et arbejde, man skal udføre resten af livet, mindre og mindre forsvarlig.
Because of rapid developments in technology, the idea of being trained as a youth for the same job for life — as, for ex ample, through the apprenticeship system — is becoming less and less tenable.