natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Foruden at mindske rutinefunktionerne muliggør automatiseringen den »nye måde at arbejde på«, som indtil for nylig kun var et slogan.
■ work that consists purely of supervising signals from the machines (automated type of work organized along traditional, Taylo­ristic lines;
Reducering af antallet af fag på fabrikken
■ work that includes quality control tasks and taking simple remedial action;
For det andet muliggør automatiseringen en reducering af værks- og kontorfag.
The machine operator's functions are mere­ly to supervise a machine.
»neutralt« og i stadig højere grad underkastet begrænsninger.
■ work which, in addition to the above, includes maintenance jobs when the ma­chine indicates that they are needed and when they can be performed by direct access, using standard tools.
Også informationssystemet ændres, og fra at være enkelt bliver det kompleks!
What is striking ­ based on what is hap­pening in companies that are the technolog­ical pacemakers ­ is the fairly clearcut prospect of seven or eight jobskill arche­types emerging over the next few years.
Det logistiske system udvikler sig desuden både strukturelt og styringsteknisk.
In each manufacturing sector, as is obvious, these seven or eight archetypal skills will break down into a variable and fairly large number of individual jobs.
Virkningen af de variable teknikker på de organisatoriske systemer medfører en udvikling af arbejderens opgave.
This is clearly outlined in the research report when it depicts the medium­term future of produc­tion cycles and gives some indication as to the role of operators in the phases and sub­phases of those cycles.
Opgaver med fysisk forarbejdning af produkterne bliver til kontrolopgaver med forskellige grader af an svar.
It highlights the fact that manual work will not disappear but will continue to be part of the produc­tion process over the next 10 years.
intelligens, aftegner der sig mere fordelagtige organisatoriske løsninger (udtrykt i større produktivitet, fleksibilitet, udnyttelse af anlæggene, en bedre udnyttelse af de ansatte) samt andre løsninger, der er mindre fordelagtige.
At the first level, all responsibility for maintenance is in other people's hands. At the second level, the operator is required to be able to carry out maintenance on indivi­dual components of the plant, although there is a central pool of people who take remedial action of a more general nature.
I denne betydning bør man fortolke det før nævnte, nemlig at undersøgelsen tilkendegiver muligheder for virksomhedslederen og direktøren, fordi de største muligheder synes at ses i en nyorganisering af arbejdspladsen og ikke længere i Taylor-systemet, med opdeling i små enheder, og dette
In attempting to understand the future and deciding on the appropriate training routes, it is those archetypes that need to be iden­tified rather than individual crafts.
Med ondre ord, også det organisatoriske valg, der fortrinsvis er genstand for virk somhedslederens skøn, er stadig mindre
The semi­skilled craftsman's tasks are sim­ilar to those of the machine operator, but he also sets up and adjusts the machinery he operates.
Undersøgelsen forsøger at beskrive antallet af opgaver og de operationer, som arbejdstageren udfører, hans specialiseringsniveau (skole- og erhvervsuddannelse/erfaring),
His training includes instruction in manual skills and general familiarization with the technology and operating princi­ples of the machinery he uses. He is to be found in medium­sized concerns organized along traditional lines.
kræves en vedligeholdelsesledelse for de enkelte dele af anlægget og en central pool til større reparationer.
The skilled craftsman's tasks are supervision and detailed non-routine action, but only on the type of machinery to which he is assigned.
hans ledelsesniveau (graden af beslutnings­frihed i de forskellige tilfælde af driftsfor­styrrelser).
The ability to use one's own judgment should be acquired in formal education (the school) and in the work place.
Det, der tæller med henblik på forståelsen af f remtiden og især udarbejdelsen af hen­sigtsmæssige uddannelsesplaner, er ikke så meget beskrivelsen af de enkelte fag som netop af prototyperne.
The maintenance technician is responsible for ensuring that various types of machine function properly and without a break, but he works on only the mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic or electrical side.
Behovene for uddannelse afhænger helt klart af de forskellige valg af anlæg, tilret­telæggelse, informatik og styring af arbejdsgangen.
One question remains: how do the findings of this research relate to the many current studies on the changes in organization and occupations being brought about by the 'wave of new technology'?
I forbindelse med disse prototyper må der skelnes mellem det direkte personale (ma­
The 'shop-floor technician' is the newest type of operator.
Skematisk beskrevet er der tre muligheder for det faglige niveau:
He has a range of responsibilities in a number of fields but only one function, that of maintenance, unlike the shopfloor technician who per forms a multi-functional role.
På grundlag af hvad der sker i virksomheder skinarbejderen, den faglærte arbejder, spe­med en omfattende ny teknologi, er det cialisten, operatøren) og det indirekte per­indlysende, at der med relativ klarhed Vf7 sonale (teknikeren, den manuelle reparatør, opstå 7­8 prototyper af fag i de kommende den tværfaglige reparatør).
What is new about the shopfloor technician's work is the fact that he does not observe what is going on directly but takes a more global view; to do this he must have the ability to interpret the symbolic language of information technology in the light of information provided by the computer.
■ De egentlige arbejdere, som kun udfører opgaver i form af ren overvågning af maski­nernes signaler (automatiseret system med tilrettelæggelse af det traditionelle arbejde efter Taylor­systemet)
One point of great interest arises in connection with the papers given to the summer 1986 conference on 'new production systems' organized by CEDEFOP and the City of Turin (which, as councillor Franca Prest reminded us, has the highest concentration of research laboratories and industrial automation producers in Italy and is more generally one of the strongest industrial areas in Europe, having finally three years ago emerged from the bitter period of wholesale restructuring).
■ de arbejdere, der også udfører opgaver i form af kvalitetskontrol med enkle repara­tioner
If these are the archetypal craftsmen of the future, then, fresh thought should obvious ly be given to training so that it can be more closely related to the new situation.
Maskinarbejderen udfører enkle overvåg­ningsarbejder af anlægget.
The shopfloor technician carries out main tenance work himself, although he may call on outside help for major or highly special ized maintenance jobs.
For ham er en kort uddannelse tilstrækkelig; den faglige dygtighed afhænger af antallet af de opga­ver, han er betroet. Vi finder ham i virk­somheder med traditionel organisation (Taylor­systemet).
He is a person who needs thorough job training.
■ de arbejdere, der foruden det oven­nævnte også udfører vedligeholdelsesarbej­de, signaleret af maskinerne, og som gen­nemføres med standardværktøj.
At the CEDEFOP conference, there were essentially two schools of thought and prediction as to future changes. One school consisted of the researchers who had pro duced a 'profile' of a fairly substantial sample of companies located in their respective countries of origin.
På det første niveau er vedligeholdelsen helt uddelegeret, mens der på det andet niveau
If work is to be decentralized, for instance, a different type of training will be needed.
Den faglærte arbejder har opgaver i lighed med maskinarbejderen samt nogle andre i forbindelse med produktionsklargøring og korrektion.
The production technician has a different vocational profile because he must have a specific knowledge of a certain area of production.
Ud over oplæring forudsætter uddannelsen et generelt kendskab til det år.
He is an expert in one segment of production and/or a particular type of machine.
I hver industrisektor opløses disse 7­8 prototyper af industrifag naturligvis i et varierende antal og også i et temmelig stort antal enkeltfag.
The required training is obviously that he should be thoroughly familiar with the machines and equipment for which he is responsible. He is to be found in medium-sized and large companies organ
I beskrivelsen af arbejds­gangene på mellemlang sigt og i fremstil­lingen af en vejledende placering af de ansatte i faser og underfaser af de nævnte arbejdsgange fremhæves det klart i under­søgelsen, at de manuelle aktiviteter ikke forsvinder, men at de, selv om de efter alt at dømme er ved at blive begrænset, endnu vil forekomme i produktionsprocessen i det kommende tiår.
With apologies for what may rightly be regarded as a gross over-simplification, the first group displayed a great deal of caution: since the situations encountered at grassroots were so varied, it is difficult to tell whether technology is polarizing skills, with the 'button-pusher' operative at one extreme and the super-technician at the other, or whether it is likely to push skills constantly upwards to the medium-to-high
mellemstore virksomheder med både traditionel og ny organisation.
and production is typical of employers whose prime aim is growth.
anvendte maskineris teknologi og funktion. Den faglærte arbejder er typisk for mellem store virksomheder med traditionel organisation. sation.
situation, and guidelines as to 'what employers will have to do' if they are to take full advantage of the opportunities offered by technology.
Specialisten udfører opgaver med kontrol og dybtgående indgreb, men kun på den type maskine, der er ham betroet. Hans uddannelsesbehov består af indgående teknologisk kendskab til særlige grupper af maskiner og varierer i henhold til de funktioner, han er betroet.
levels. In other words, it is hard to say whether we are moving towards a new and more sophisticated type of Fordism or towards work organization methods that call for multi-skilled, multi-functional operators.
Skolen og erhvervsuddannelsescentrene bør mere omhyggeligt tage sig af uddannelserne i elektronik og datalære, garantere et højere niveau af teknisk-faglige kundskaber samt støtte erhvervelse af de nødvendige logiske og teoretiske egenskaber, der f.eks. er nødvendige for styring af datamatstøttede anlæg.
The second group, on the other hand, was clearly inclined to predict that innovatory forms of work organization would prevail, although they also stressed the need to discard Taylorism and move towards the integration of functions so that full advantage could be taken of the potential of new technology.
Specialisten benyttes af virksomheder med en organisation uden for Taylor-systemet og med enkle informationssystemer.
Our research has been along the second of these lines.
Reparatøren sikrer den perfekte funktion og kontinuitet af forskellige maskintypers mekaniske, hydrauliske, pneumatiske eller elektriske del.
Not only is it an exercise in forecasting but it is also an indication of the opportunities.
Det drejer sig altså om en arbejder med grundlæggende kendskab til et enkelt fagområde (alt efter, om det er en mekanisk eller hydraulisk reparatør osv.).
We believe that, if this indication is based on what is actually happen ing among the market leaders it may be of help to firms who find it harder to 'read the changes' and to those people who have to ' plan for vocational training over the next few years.
Han findes i virksomheder med en produktionsopbygning uden for Taylor-systemet med fast arbejdsgang eller i mellemstore virksomheder med asynkron arbejdsgang og med organistation efter Taylor-systemet. met.
In other words, it may be of help in supporting and managing change and in reducing the uncertainties.
Resultaterne af undersøgelsen og den internationale debat
Among the exponents of the first school we could place Rosanvallon, F. Prakke-C.
Den tværfaglige reparatør skal besidde et systematisk kendskab til forskellige tekniske fag.
K. Pasmooij and R. Bilderbeek.
Det typiske eksempel er elektromekanikeren, som gennemfører vedligeholdelsesarbejde ikke blot på den mekaniske del, men også på den elektroniske del af anlæg gene.
Rosanvallon himself, moreover, expressed his personal belief that we are moving towards an 'intellectualization' of work.
Et yderst interessant svar kan vi finde ved at gennemgå indlæggene på mødet i sommeren 1986 om »nye produktionssystemer«, tilrettelagt af CEDEFOP og af Torinos kommune (Torino er den by, hvor der, som fremhævet af rådmand Franca Prest, findes den største koncentration af centrer for forskning og produktion af industriel au tomatik i Italien, og som generelt udgør et af de stærkeste industriområder i Europa, efter at man for 3 år siden overvandt de omfattende problemer i forbindelse med de store strukturomlægninger).
At the Turin conference, however, the most explicit exponents of the second school of thought (whose starting point was the experience of companies in the technological vanguard) were J. Bullinger, J. Warnecke and P. Lente, who stated in their paper that: '. . . it will become necessary to reconsider the traditional kind of distribution of functions with the aim of achieving a reduction of delays. ... the thinking in terms of organization forms with central ized and vertical distribution of functions that has been practised so far will be superseded for these reasons by the integration of all functions which are necessary in performing a task . . .'.
Operatøren udfører selv vedligeholdelsesarbejdet undtagen i særlige tilfælde, hvor der kræves højt specialiseret vedligeholdelse.
It was no coincidence that comparable views were also held by company men like P. Appoggetti of Comau, a leading firm in the field of robotics, and C. Besusso of Fiat.
Teknikeren har en anden faglig dimension, for han besidder et særligt kendskab til et bestemt produktionsområde. Han er i virkeligheden ekspert i et specielt produktionsafsnit og/eller i en særlig maskintype.
'Come cambia la fabbrica', edited by Giorgio Fardin (Managing Director, Telos Management), Massimo Casoli (Telos) and Luigi Cerato (Fiat Auto).
Hans uddannelsesbehov består helt klart af et indgående kendskab til de maskiner og anlæg, der er under hans kontrol.
The research project was directed by Corrado Paracone (Agnelli Foundation) with the support of Corrado Politi (CEDEFOP).
De modstridende situationer, der opstod på området, gør det vanskeligt at forstå, om teknologien polariserer kvalifikationerne i retning af arbejde ren, »der trykker på knapper« og superteknikeren, eller om teknologien tværtimod er bestemt til at aftegne en udbredt vækst i kvalifikationerne i retning af mellemhøje
Hollard comes halfway between the two schools, with his affirmation that the neo-Fordist tendency in situations where there is a high level of automation is typical of employers whose aim is solely to bring down costs, whereas the tendency to adopt more flexible forms of work organization
førende virksomheder inden for robotter, eller fra C. Besusso fra Fiat.
Towards an anthropocentric approach in European manufacturing
der, som udelukkende sigter mod at ned bringe omkostningerne, hvorimod tendenserne til en mere fleksibel tilrettelæggelse af arbejdet og produktionen ville være typisk for virksomheder, som først og fremmest sigter mod udvikling.
Changing markets and global competition requirements and still guarantee short deliv­ery periods is becoming almost more impor­tant as a factor in competition. As the following shows, this has a major influence on internal operating conditions through­out the manufacturing process.
Forskellen mellem de to opfattelser drejer sig derfor om en prognose, som hviler på et skøn ud fra den eksisterende situation og en tilkendegivelse af, »hvad virksomhederne bør gøre« for til bunds at udnytte de chancer, som teknologien frembyder.
from expansion to stagnation, indicate that the nature of competition is also changing. While suppliers were largely able to dictate the terms when markets were growing, cut­throat competition is now giving the consumer the power to insist on products adapted to his needs.
De andre var derimod klart indstillet på ikke blot at forudsige en udbredelse af innovative arbejdsorganisationer, men også at understrege nødvendigheden af at overvinde Taylor-systemet og gå i retning af en integration af funktioner for i fuldt mål at drage fordel af de muligheder, som de nye teknologier frembyder.
The three competing regions of the world differ markedly in their industrial struc­tures. The differences in productivity, pro­duct mix, production processes, available
Til den første retningslinje kan vi i det væsentlige henføre indlæggene fra Rosanvallon, F. Prakke, CK. Pasmooij og R. Bilderbeek.
In the last two decades the world's markets have changed dramatically.
Rosanvallon er desuden af den overbevisning, at man går i retning af en »intellektualisering« af arbejdet.
As the machine tool industry shows, the capital goods industry is particularly prone to stagnation because output in this sector is as a rule growing faster than the functional value of its products.
Vor undersøgelse tilhører denne anden dimension: det er ikke blot en undersøgelse med prognoser, men også en tilkendegivelse af muligheder.
Exports in 1983 in USD thousand millions
Det tydeligste udtryk for den anden tanke gang (den, der hviler på erfaringer fra teknologisk førende virksomheder) på mødet i Torino fik vi imidlertid fra indlægget af J. Bullinger, J. Warnecke, P. Lente »... det vil blive nødvendigt at tage den traditionelle form for funktionsfordeling op til fornyet overvejelse med sigte på at opnå en nedsættelse af forsinkelserne. . . .
This continuing global trend will not be influenced by the considerable potential inherent in the unsatisfied needs of the developing countries since the terms of trade in general and the enormous debts of these countries in particular will impede their efforts to convert needs into purchas­ing power for a long time to come.
Tanker om organisationsformer med centraliseret og vertikal fordeling af funktioner, som har været praktiseret hidtil, vil af disse årsager blive afløst af en integrering af alle de funktioner, der er nødvendige for at udføre en opgave . . .«.
Conse­quently, world markets are and will con­tinue to be confined to the highly industrial­ized and newly industrializing countries of North America, Western Europe and South­East Asia (the Comecon countries' links with these markets being no more than tenuous; see Fig. 1).
Det er ikke tilfældigt, at lignende holdninger kom til udtryk fra industrifolk som P. Appoggetti fra Comau, en af de
The generally low growth rates in these restricted markets, reflecting the change to Eastern Bloc
Hollard placerer sig midt imellem, når han erklærer, at tendensen til et nyt Ford-system i situationer med omfattende automatisering ville være karakteristisk for virksomhe
PETER BRÖDNER, project manager for research and development in the area of flexible manufacturing systems at the Karlsruhe Nuclear Research Centre and consultant on new production concepts to the FAST and Esprit programmes.
Som følge heraf vil hele produktionsprocessen være udsat for væsentlige påvirkninger.
skills and industrial relations can be des cribed as follows.
Mens tilbudsgiverne på markeder i vækst mere eller mindre selv kunne bestemme vilkårene, bevirker fortræng­ningskonkurrencen nu, at det er forbruger­ne, der har magten til at købe produkter, som er tilpasset deres behov.
As this region's industrial rise owed more to the manufacture of capital goods than of consumer goods, production to order and in small batches dominated from the outset (Germany's industrial rise, for example, was based on engineering, including machine tools, and the chemical industry; even today the capital goods sector accounts, at about 25%, for a far larger proportion of total industrial production than the huge car industry, with its 17 % share).
Under disse nye forhold, hvor fortrængningskonkur­rencen gør sig gældende, er pris og kvalitet ikke længere de eneste midler til at overleve.
With markets stopping at national frontiers, the core of European industry thus developed a specific ability to adapt its products to the require ments of their users ('tailor-made machine ry') and accordingly installed flexible man ufacturing processes, whose productivity lay roughly, halfway between that of their US and Japanese counterparts (see Table 1).
Der er tre konkurrerende regioner, hvis industrielle strukturer udviser væsentlige forskelle for så vidt angår produktivitet, produktmix, produktionsprocesser, til rå­dighed værende kvalifikationer og forhol­
Annual growth of manufacturing, produc tivity (annual output per man-hour) in the USA, Japan and the Federal Republic of Germany from 1965 to 1975 USA 2.3 %
Denne vedvarende globale udvikling påvir­kes ikke af de mange udækkede behov i udviklingslandene, fordi bytteforholdet og især landenes umådelige optagelse af gæld i mange år endnu vil lægge sig hindrende i vejen for bestræbelserne for at omdanne behov til købekraft for industriprodukter.
In North America huge and fast expanding domestic markets led to the development of an extremely sophisticated form of mass production, due largely to the rapid process of industrialization in the north-east. This was accompanied by the emergence of a very efficient engineering and machine tool industry producing high-performance cap ital goods.
Verdensmarkederne er og vil med andre ord også fremover være begrænset til de højtin­dustrialiserede og de såkaldte tærskellande i Nordamerika, Vesteuropa og Sydøstasien (Comecon­landene er kun tilknyttet disse markeder i mindre omfang, se fig. 1).
As most of the workers were unskilled or at least unaccustomed to work ing with metal (many were southern blacks and European immigrants), but with minds of their own for all that, a great effort had to be made to gain and retain control over production and to ensure that work was done properly and on time.
I Indbyrdes samhandel
It was thus necessity rather than chance that gave rise to Taylorism and Fordism in the USA.
1 til udviklingslande
In recent years, however, the picture has changed considerably.
De lave vækstrater på disse begrænsede markeder er kendetegnende for overgangen fra ekspansion til stagnation og tyder end­videre på, at konkurrencen er ved at ændre til østbloklande
If the specific strengths and weaknesses of the industrial structures in these economic regions are considered in terms of future market requirements, Japanese industry seems likely to be much more competitive than US industry.
Udviklingslande
It did not play a part in global
PETER BRÖDNER, projektleder for udforskning og udvikling af fleksible produktionsmetoder ved kerne­forskningscenteret i Karlsruhe, konsulent for FAST og ESPRIT vedrørende nye produktionsformer.
Although industrial structures, skill profiles and labour relations vary widely in Western Europe, some generalizations are none the less possible. The evolution of its industrial core (i.e. the United Kingdom, the Federal Republic of Germany, Northern Italy, Sweden and Switzerland) followed a differ
Fig. 1: Hovedstrømme inden for verdenshandelen 1983
In this respect, the European industrial core, or at least those parts which have long
I den nordamerikanske region er udviklingen først og fremmest præget af den hurtige industrialiseringsproces i de nordøstlige områder, de enorme og hastigt voksende hjemmemarkeder samt en yderst raffineret masseproduktion.
Diversified quality production experience of 'flexible specialization' (Piore and Sabel, 1984) and a flexible manufacturing system and skilled workforce to match, might even fare better.