natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
De ufaglærte fik nu også adgang til en erhvervsmæssig grunduddannelse, jvf afsnit 2.10, s. 33.
All cases are first dealt with in ML -as engineering industry's 'own' - and then in EUU, with almost the same membership, but with status in accordance with the EFG-law and the 1982-joint notice ( faellesbekendtgørelse').
Adgangsmuligheden var også socialt reel, fordi uddannelsen var (og er) gratis og fordi uddannelsesgodtgørelsen for kursisterne ikke lå væsentligt under det normale lønniveau.
'Internally', however, cooperation between JA and Dansk Metal seems to be very close.
Reglerne for AMU-systemet som helhed - undtagen EIFU-EIFL cg LAMU-området -svarer også i dag stort set hertil: arbejdsløse kursister får de normale arbejdsløshedsdagpenge, beskæftigede kursister får et beløb svarende til deres hidtidige løn, dog højst 125% af den maximale dagpengetakst. Den ringere dækningsgrad af dag pengene i forhold til gennemsnitlige lønninger, har dog mindsket kursusgodtgørelsens mulighed for at give noget der ligner erstatning for tabt arbejdsfortjeneste for en del af de be skæftigede.
The principle of equal representation applies everywhere, and when, in practice, it is not fulfilled everywhere, this is due to the fact that DM does not always have sufficient staff, or considers equal representation in study groups to be unimportant where technical understanding is the more important consideration.
Styringssystemet i ungdomserhvervsuddannelserne og i ar bejdsmarkedsuddannelserne
Regular replacement of members is aimed at, and JA-representatives in principle express a desire not
1937-loven gav grundlaget for de paritetiske faglige udvalgs kompetence til at indstille uddannelsesregler og for godkendelse af virksomheder til oplæring af lærlinge.
1 ) Land transport 2) Heating water and sanitation (1 from the Danish Master Smiths' Association, DS) 3) Low-current engineering 4) High-current engineering 5) Smithing and welding technology (2 from DS) 6) Shipyard training 7) On- and off-shore engineering 8) Machine and tool technology 9) Glassfibre-reinforced polyester 10) Aeronautical engineering.
Uddannelsesreglerne skulle besluttes af Lærlingerådet, der i denne henseende var overordnet de faglige udvalg og fællesfag lige udvalg (FU og FFU).
Apart from the above-mentioned DS-representatives, the remainder of the employers' side should be JA-members.
Men også Lærlingerådet var paritetisk sammensat, og det var bevidst tilsigtet fra parlamentarisk-poli-tisk hold, at det skulle have selvstændige beføjelser og være afskærmet mod politisk indflydelse fra regeringen.
The secretariat for the reference groups is from both ML, MB and ME.
Arbejdsmarkedets parter fik altså et omfattende mandat i for hold til at fastlægge indholdet i lærlingeuddannelserne.
The 'reference groups' are a joint system for compiling new qualificationrequirements; thus, views as to whether an attempt should be made to cover them via' basic training or continued training for skilled workers -or through semiskilled workertraining via the branch committee, on which KAD and SiD are workers' representatives - can be co-ordinated by 'Training House'.
1956-lærlingeloven indebar, at også skoleundervisningen blev aktivt inddraget i FU-FFU's interesseområde, men her nødvendig-
In subsection 3.4.1. a more detailed account is given of how 'trade selfmanagement' within the engineering sector sees its own role in the formulation of new training rules
vis uden beslutningsret, der lå hos staten som finansierende og godkendende instans overfor tilskudsberettigelsen af undervis ningen ved de Tekniske Skoler og Handelsskolerne.
181 which are not confined to stating qualification-requirements and aims for new training courses, but also try to include TP-work, i.e. the more detailed content and arrangement of training.
Sammensætningen og strukturen af de paritetiske faglige udvalg blev ikke ændret.
They are described as competent; but only the final result, and not interim results, is submitted.
Tværgående var et udvalg, der skulle forestå den undervisning i fællesfag, som skulle indgå i alle EFG-basisuddannelserne.
Thus, rooted opposition seems to exist to any interference by politicians or officials, in what is regarded as the preserves of 'trade self-management'.
De blev involveret i udformningen af basisårsstruktur og ind hold i henhold til hvilke hovederhvervsområder de kunne henføres til.
The attitude towards 'trade selfmanagement' in the 1930's was determined tactically; but the tactical solution proved to be so good that it was upgraded to strategy.
Uanset om det enkelte FU var repræsenteret i Forsøgsrådet eller ej, så var deres ønsker til fagligt indhold i basis uddannelsen en væsentlig faktor i udformningen, da det fik konsekvenser for om den faglige uddannelse, som et Fagligt Ud valg styrede, kunne indpasses som 2.del's EFG-uddannelse.
In the '30s, when one of the various attempts from the Labour movement's side to achieve control of the quality of apprentice training was a demand for compulsory jour neymen's tests, SAM decided on 13.12.1934 3 that jour-
Som sådan skulle den nemlig forsynes med uddannelsesregler for praktikoplæring og det krævede det Faglige Udvalgs positive beslutning ifølge lærlingeloven.
182 neymen's representatives should be brought in as 'inspecting masters', "because, with the present Government (the Social-Democratic/Social-Liberal majority), a worse arrangement for master craftsmen is conceivable".
Det hænger igen sammen med kontraktpligten, jvf senere i dette afsnit.
The 1937-law was accordingly the enforced creed which the Social Democrats professed, a belief in 'trade selfmanagement' - which, however, they found difficult to put through Parliament.
Med den endelige EFG-lov af 1977 skete der for så vidt ingen store ændringer i denne situation.
When the parliamentary bill for a definitive change-over to EFG was tabled in 1977, disputes over demarcation began to develop between Parliament, 'trade selfmanagement' and the individual masters expressing their interests.
1956-lærlingelovens fortsatte parallelle eksistens indebar, at der ikke skete nogen ændring af de Faglige Udvalgs centrale po sition.
It was with great hesitation, therefore, that DA accepted the agreement with LO for a change-over over 5 years -and, among other things, the agreement was amended to the effect that the individual FU's, and not one EUU for a whole sector, would be able to decide on the change-over.
De blev nu også formelt basisenheden i forhold til de rådgivende organer omkring erhvervsuddannelserne.
Parliament's rejection of the 'change-over clause' did not produce any strong protests from the employers' side.
De 8 erhvervsuddannelsesudvalg (EUU), svarende til de 8 EFG-basisuddannelses-hovedområder, fik ikke status af at være over ordnede i forhold til de FU/FFU, der var tilknyttet dem.
The background to this is probably that DA most likely considered it a loss, not to be able to carry through the financial saving and improved quality of instruction at vocational schools which would have resulted from the change-over to a single-line system.
EUU skulle være koordinerende, samordnede og høres om forslag fra FU som led i DfE's sagsbehandling.
But the political and organizational losses from quarrelling with masters in DA's own band of members and with the main organization of the Master Builders' Association and also nonorganized master craftsmen, were probably considered excessive.
Erhvervsuddannelsesudvalgene var tiltænkt en koordinerende og initiativtagende funktion i forhold til nyudvikling og samordning af uddannelserne indenfor et hovedområde.
JA could still make its own decision, of course, and in the iron and steel industry it would not be the individual trades in random sequence that would change over to EFG.
Skønt også EUU er paritetisk sammensatte synes deres betydning at være lille i forhold til samspillet mellem FU/FFU og Direktoratet for Erhvervsuddannelserne (DfE).
A plan could be formulated to include new content of training within a standard system, co-ordinated in ML. On 16 April 1980 an agreement on this was concluded between JA, DS and DM.
Disse 8 erhvervsuddannelsesudvalg indstiller så videre til Er hvervsuddannelsesrådet (EUR).
A good proportion of them belong to the Danish Master Smiths' Association.
Dette fik status som overordnet planlæggende og rådgivende organ og hertil er knyttet den 3. hovedgruppe (med mesterlærens og EFG-uddannelsens som de to første) af paritetiske udvalg, nemlig dem vedrørende de såkaldte teknikeruddannelser. (jvf bilag III, organisationsdiagram).
It had about 3 000 members, employed about 20 000 and had between 6 and 7 000 apprentices in 1982. Most of the firms were quite small, with 23
'Tekniker '-betegnelsen skulle iøvrigt signalere en større orientering mod planlægnings-, arbejdstilrettelæggelses-, kontrol- og lig nende stabsfunktioner fremfor det direkte udførende arbejde.
But it was considered unfair that 'the big ones' should come and snap up the apprentices - 70% of whom come from the small firms, according to DS's estimate - without the large firms helping to pay for the training.
Mens de tre første grupper af paritetisk sammensatte udvalg omhandler ungdomserhvervsuddannelser og er knyttet til Under visningsministeriet, så er de to sidste knyttet til Arbejdsministeriet.
In the matter of changing over to a unified system, however, DS could certainly reach agreement with JA and Dansk Metal - as was apparent in the agreement in April 1980 and in the bargaining which followed - concerning a longer training-period, among other topics.
De er nu, siden 1985-loven, udvalg under et over ordnet arbejdsmarkedsuddannelsesråd (AMU-rådet).
The DS's 67 000 apprentices were a powerful argument here.
Knyttet til uddannelsesudvalget for specialarbejderuddannelser ne er 23 brancheudvalg.
In 1984 it had reached 37.9% of the total number of apprentices in onjob training (cf. subsection 4.3).
Brancherne har delvis overlapning til opdelingen i (fælles) faglige udvalg og erhvervsuddannelsesudvalg i lærlinge- og EFG-systemet, men er primært orienteret mod delarbejdsmarkedsbrancher.
Practical support for the organizations' policy from memberfirms has yet to come.
Men der er også brancheudvalg, der udbyder kursus på en række arbejdsmarkedsområder, hvor der ikke findes modsvarende lærlingeuddannelser.
In a way, the organizations can be said to be taking a longer view, which causes them to be ahead of their base and this might be an accompanying cost of remaining so much within general objectives of social policy, that policy-makers' wants 'trade selfmanagement' to be main tained.
Specialarbejderuddannelserne fungerer i praksis såvel som ungdomserhvervsuddannelse som voksenerhvervsuddannelse.
On the other hand, the organizations are also using 'trade selfmanagement' to serve the interests of the majority of onjob training-firms, which favour apprenticeship.
Dog er den nedre aldersgrænse for optagelse 18 år.
From about 1972-73, therefore, extensive updating of
Organisationerne i brancheudvalgene forestår selv udgifterne ved driften af sekretariaterne.
186 apprenticeship was started, with expansion of workshop classes for apprentices at Technical School - so that it could be stated in 1977 that the content of fitter/ mechanic-studies was the same in EFG and apprenticeship.
Men udgifterne til administration, udvikling og afvikling af specialarbejderkurserne under brancheudvalgets område afholdes fuldt ud af Direktoratet for Arbejdsmarkedsuddannelserne (AMU-direktoratet).
What remained then as differences was, on the whole, only the duration of infirm training and the actual basisyear.
Før 1983 af holdt arbejdsmarkedsparterne 10% af kursusudgifterne, kursistens bopælskommune 5%, mens de sidste 85% tildeltes som et bestemt beløb over finansloven.
The change-over to EFG alone in different subjects in the '70s and '80s was therefore also accompanied by lengthening of the training-peiod (about 6 months, but with wide variations).
I 1983 indførtes Arbejdsmarkedets Uddannelsesfond (AUD), hvor til der af alle lønmodtagere og arbejdsgivere skulle indbetales et bestemt beløb pr arbejdstime, som - med årlige efterreguleringer - fastsattes så det modsvarede det samlede AMU-systems udgifter.
The Iron and Steel Industry Employers' Association ('Jernet') thus also has ready for the current reform-situation a new model, easy to revise, for the Part-2 system. It will utilize experiences gained in the 'Nineties engineering worker'-experiment (cf. p.191) for the formulation of broader modules.
Da det samlede AMU-systems udgifter imidlertid fast lægges politisk i sammenhæng med finanslovsbehandlingen, så indebærer AUD-fonds-konstruktionen ikke nogen udvidelse - men heller ikke en forringelse, snarere en formforandring - af den store indflydelse arbejdsmarkedsparterne har såvel på omfanget af de samlede AMU-udgifter som på deres fordeling på de enkelte programmer.
There must be a higher degree of co ordination of school attendances, whereas specialization in trades can take place in the infirm part of training and through the final school attendance and schoolleaving examinations. In general, greater importance must be attached to the infirm part, for which a draft-scheme for regular guidance has already been negotiated.
Arbejdsmarkedsorganisationernes bidrag til den di-
For most branches of study, Part 2 will be of about 3 years' duration, and 4 years for 'the more technological' branches.
rekte uddannelsesudgift er fjernet, men til gengæld blev der reelt indført en ny lønskat.
187 for themselves on the labour market, and then taking part in the second half - the occupation-preparing part - of the basis-year, which can be compared with the preliminary schooling-part of apprenticeship, depending upon one's attitude.4
I fordelingen af midler mellem de forskellige AMU-programmer og indenfor specialarbejdersystemet mellem de enkelte brancheudvalg er der derfor ikke megen mening i at anvende den særlige betegnelse 'fagligt selvstyre' for arbejdsmarkedsorganisationernes rolle.
The EFG-apprenticeship-debate has thus been handled extremely unideologically in 'Jernet', and the influence of the politicians has been avoided as far as possible, so that the matters could be decided within 'trade selfmanagement' .
Hvor der er et særligt krav på undervisningsressourcerne fra det offentlige, når kontrakter er indgået på EFG-og lærlingeområdet, så er det her en mere 'normal' relation mellem interesseorganisationer og statsapparat.
Assurance of high quality and of the necessary grants for the technical schools appears to be the aim which results in 'trade selfmanagement' eventually revising the training courses in line with the trends of parliamentary training policy, enabling goodwill to be maintained.
Den er institutionaliseret i AMU-rådet og i uddannelsesudvalgene. Indflydelsen her afhænger af om man kan producere politisk gangbare ar gumenter for nytten af AMU-indsatser på det egne brancheområde, mest kontant øget beskæftigelse i eksporterhverv som resultat af en styrket AMU-indsats.
Whereas Parliament's rejection of the labourmarket main organisations' recommendation of 1977 concerning the change-over to EFG over a 5-year period (cf. subsection 2.13.) was thus not much of a problem for 'trade selfmanagement', the reactions were particularly sharp when Parliament passed on 19 February 1982 a resolution on equal status for apprenticeship and EFG. On this, Bertel
I fordelingen af midler indenfor brancheudvalgets eget område og bevilling, har brancheudvalgene imidlertid en stor frihedsgrad, både i fordeling på kursustyper og geografisk.
4 Metal EUU's response of 2 December 1986 on the official inquiry, submitted to the law-preparation committee (the Nordskov-Nielsen committee).
Man har et dobbelt system af behovsmeldinger - dels fra undergrupper in denfor brancheorganisationerne - dels fra specialarbejderskolerne, som har udviklet et samarbejdsmønster med det lokale/ regionale erhvervsliv og de lokale arbejdsmarkedsmyndigheder.
Haarder, the present Minister of Education, stated in the daily press: "It is certainly the biggest victory that I have experienced during the years that I have been in Parliament". 5
Med de restriktioner de givne ressourcer indebærer kan man så ledes i det 'faglige selvstyre' i brancheudvalgene påvirke om man nærmer sig det erhvervspolitiske eller det beskæftigelsespolitiske sigte med sine AMU-politiske prioriteringer.
The chairman of the Craft Industry Council stated that what Bertal Haarder had said would cause "dismay and great uproar", and that "the Craft Industry Council has nothing against equal status for apprenticeship and EFG-training; but we must emphasize as strongly as possible that it would be disastrous, if Parliament were to deprive the trade committees of the opportunity to approve unified training, incorporating the best from apprenticeship and EFG", (our underscoring).
Det udbud af godkendte AMU-moduler - plankurser - som branche udvalget kan vælge mellem i sin prioritering, har brancheudvalget også været centralt placeret i udformningen af.
That Parliament should preserve freedom of action for the trade committees is emphasized here as the most important requirement.
Såvel revisionen af eksisterende kurser - som ifølge AMU-direktora-tets eget regelsæt skal ske mindst hver 5. år - som udformningen af helt nye uddannelser er brancheudvalgets kompetence, som udøves i samarbejde med AMU-direktoratets konsulenter eller ved særlige udviklingsbevillinger til brancheudvalget.
The tone was even sharper from the Iron and Steel Industry Employers' Association, from which deputy director Ove Schandorff made the following official comments to the daily press: "The resolution is hostile to firms and to master craftsmen, and is an attack upon trade self-management" .
Også om uddannelsesindholdet kan man således tale om et fagligt selvstyre.
5 This and the following quotations are given from Morten Lassen: 'Småborgerskab og mesterlære' (The lower middle classes and apprenticeship), p.59 ff, 'Gløder' No.2, AUC 1982.
Stort set det samme gælder den sidste c'ruppe af paritetiske styrende organer, der skal nævnes.
'Interference' - also from a majority outside (against) the Social Democratic Party in parliament - was thus clearly rejected.
Knyttet til udvalget for efteruddannelse af faglærte er 11 ef teruddannelsesudvalg , hvis områdeafgrænsning nærmest kan betegnes som en mellemting mellem de (fælles) faglige udvalg og brancheudvalgene, nærmest til de første.
The preseration of trade self-management is a firmly-rooted strategy; vocational training thrives best without interference by Parliament and government officials.
Til de 11 efteruddannelsesudvalg skal føjes, at indenfor 13 fag varetages efteruddannelsen af de faglige (fælles)udvalg - og at der i øvrigt er stort personsammenfald mellem organisationsrepræsentanterne i de faglige fællesudvalg (lærlingeuddannelsen incl EFG) og i ef teruddannelsesudvalgene.
In JA and DM they talk bitterly, therefore, about promises given by the Minister of Education in 1980 about 'Jernet' having af free hand to for mulate an examination system - which DfE was then said to have tride to evade.
I to tilfælde, kødbranchen og gartnerfaget, varetages efteruddannelsen af brancheudvalget.
Also tugs-of-war over common subjects, for which 'Jernet' was originally allowed to use only 25% of the total hours of instruction, as against 40% in other subjects.
Modifikationen om stort set samme karakter af det faglige selv styre som i specialarbejderuddannelserne kan primært knyttes til vanskelighederne ved at skulle agere i forhold til såvel Undervisningsministeriet som Arbejdsministeriet.
The attitude of rejection towards 'political interference' across what are recognized as the boundaries of the Government's powers, is associated with close, active co operation between JA and DM in being actively controlling, coordinating and initiative-taking in matters of training within the iron and steel industry, including questions of technology and industrial policy.
Mens specialarbejderskolerne således er AMU-systemets egne, så foregår efteruddannelsen af faglærte for størsteparten på Tekniske Skoler og Handelsskoler under DfE.
DM is in general a 'modernizer', which as a trade union supports the spread of new technology as much as possible and helps to ensure that, to operate the new equipment,
Det indebærer proble mer omkring udstyrsanskaffelse mv, ligesom etablering og administration af kurserne vanskeliggøres og er ret centraliseret.
It is used in the Steffen Møller-committee's report 6 as an argument in favour of great expansion of technician- and engineer-training.
Efteruddannelsesudvalgene ønsker klart at fastholde kurjernes placering, fordi det påvirker grunduddannelserne og lærerkorpset ved Tekniske Skoler og Handelsskoler positivt.
It has been supported by 'Dansk Metal' - which on first consideration seems paradoxical since, according to FAST, DM's band of members should be reduced and members of organizations such as the 'Teknisk Landsforbund' should take over the lion's share of the jobs.
Men også her må det konkluderes, at arbejdsmarkedets parter spiller en betydelig rolle for udformning af indholdet af kurserne og kan øve indflydelse på AMU-politikkens karakter gennem prioriteringen af sammensætningen af typen af kursusudbud, og gennem indflydelsen på bevillingsprioriteringen i AMU-rådet og uddannelsesudvalgene.
The interpretation of FAST is selective, however; the support should, rather, be understood as help with the reallocaiton of public funds for training for the engineering and industrial sector in general.
^1 marts 1987 er et efteruddannelsesudvalg for finanssektoren blevet godkendt, jvf afsnit 4.7., således at der nu er ialt 27.
On the other hand, the DM-representatives state that the FAST-forecast is too indifferent regarding predictions of falling employment of skiled workers - and should there
Muligheden for modstand herimod afhænger af hvor enige arbejdsmarkedsparterne er indbyrdes og om de kan supplere indstilling er i AMU-rådgivningssystemet med påvirkning af ministeren gen nem offentligheden og folketinget. I den forstand udgør ar bejdsmarkedsparternes indflydelse på AMU-politikken et klassisk eksempel på organisationernes sammenfletning med statsapparatet, der i politologien betegnes som neo-korporatismen. 9
The recently-started 5-year computer mechnician-training course and the experimental course "engineering worker of the '90s, which is a 5è-year course founded upon EFG-basic training.
Derimod er arbejdsmarkedets parter traditionelt meget stærkt placeret i lovforberedende arbejde og policy-making på AMU-området. Implementering og administration varetages næsten selv stændigt af arbejdsmarkedsparterne i de paritetiske udvalg, som også står stærkt i kontrol og evaluering af AMU-programmernes realisering.
These new training courses - the '90s'-one, in particular - could indicate a general policy directed towards making engineering apprentice-training courses of long duration, in order to achieve both breadth and depth, flexibility at the work-place, thorough training in handling new technology, etc. - i.e. aiming at the skilled tradesman + technician-combination over a broad front, as the probable qualification-requirement of the future.
I det danske AMU-system står arbejdsmarkedets parter i paritetiske udvalg særdeles stærkt i alle 4 faser, sådan at det er rimeligt at tale om et udbredt 'fagligt selvstyre'.
This view is shared by the rest of the trade union movement, about whose wishes for the formulation of the 'technician's law' there is a popular saying that they can be summed up in a change of the title - namely to the "law concerning the continued training of skilled workers".
Men hvad angår pkt 2, finansiering (og kapacitet) og pkt 1 regeludformning har 'det faglige selvstyre' en endnu videre rækkevidde indenfor lærlingeuddannelserne. Det har en ganske
As part of this, there must also be great activity regarding new tendencies in qualification-development - and such activity is taking place.
^For en oversigt over den nyere debat om korporatisme henvises der til Lehmbruch & Schmitter (1982). 65
However, other unions are also interested, of course, in acquiring a share in the field of expansion, i.e. areas of