natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
5.2. - De erhvervsfaglige og teknologiske uddannelser danner et forholdsvis differentieret system, men der er brug for nær mere at præcisere rammerne om systemets forskellige uddannelsesmodeller.
What this really means is that the apprentice here completes his period of work experience in two different firms, each with its own profile.
Punkt 1.1., 1.2. og 1.3. ertil dels et uddrag af en tekst udgivet af Instituttet for Humanisme og Udvikling med titlen "Udviklingen af oplysnings- og vejledningsstrukturerne i Portugal", som forfatteren har været med til at udarbejde.
This requires a thorough knowledge of the firms, which skilled workers often have from their cooperation with the firms and the training committees.
5.3. - De enkelte uddannelsesretninger bør navnlig fremtræde som klart afgrænsede uddannelsestilbud med specifikke karakteristika, der gør dem attraktive for de uddannelsessøgende; dog er der også brug
It is characteristic that there has always been good cooperation in the Danish vocational training system. This does not mean to say that the parties involved are in agreement, but there has been a willing ness to find a solution.
* Citat fra forslag om ændring af undervisnings planerne for primær- og sekundærtrinnet - J. Fraústo da Silva, M. Tavares Emídio og E. Marçal Grilo -Lissabon, juli 1988
This is significant in many ways. Contact between the firm and the technical school is ensured, as they share the same apprentice, with different tasks which are, how ever, very significant for the quality of training.
Den konkrete tilrettelæggelse af aktiviteterne er skolen selv ansvarlig for.
A School in Touch with its Environment
sentlig del af beslutningskompetencen ud til erhvervsskolerne.
Geographical situation school to give lectures to students or for their own activities.
Det skal bemærkes, at erhvervsskolernes bestyrelser overtager hele ansvaret for styring og drift af den enkelte skole.
Before explaining the work or experience gathered by the "Instituto de Formación Professional de la Garrotxa" (Garrotxa Institute for Vocational Training) with re gards to relations with its environment, I think I should first put the school in its geographical context.
Indledningsvis en orientering om vekseluddannelsesprincippet.
teachers in running an organisation which, although it has undergone various changes, has always encouraged the faculty of teach ers to take responsibility for the manage ment of the Centre as a whole.
Herefter orientering om de faglige udvalg, de lokale uddannelsesudvalg samt uddan­nelsesudvalgene og deres individuelle funktioner.
At present there are 89 trainers giving instruction in seven main subjects (administration, electrical engineering, mechanical engineer ing, draftsmanship, health services, fashion and the clothing industry and agriculture) with courses lasting a total of five years (two years for VT-1 and three years for VT-2).
De faglige udvalg
A total of 1,200 students are registered at the Centre.
Det er nu ca. 1,5 år siden, de nye love er trådt i kraft, og det er vel rimeligt at vur­dere på, hvordan det er gået.
Equally, importance was attached from the beginning to the dissemination of in formation; at first this meant giving information about vocational training since there was no previous tradition in the district arid later on it involved playing an active part in the social fabric of the town.
Herefter orientering om samarbejde virksomheder og tekniske skoler imel­lem.
The Institute is located in Olot (Catalonia), a town of approximately 25,000 inhabitants and with a strong tradition in small and medium-size industry; it is the administrative centre of a district with a population of 45,000 inhabitants, which has al ways suffered from serious communication problems entailing a certain degree of isolation.
De faglige udvalg, som er en central funk­tion, får på det overordnede plan stærkt øget indflydelse.
The nearest vocational training centres are at a distance of 30 to 35 kms.
Afslutningsvis orientering om prak­tikpladser samt praktikpladskompen­serende undervisning
A school in touch with its environment with the aim of facilitating transition and entry into working life
Lokale uddannelsesudvalg
Evolution of the centre
En nyskabelse, som er særdeles væsentlig i relation til samarbejdet med erhvervsli­vet, er de lokale uddannelsesudvalg.
Moreover, the curricula of each of the different courses include visits to firms, centres or institutions considered to be suitable for widening the knowledge of trainees.
Når man skal fortælle om erhvervsuddan­nelse i Danmark, skal man tage udgangs­punkt i en helt central ting som veksel­uddannelsesprincippet, hvilket indebærer, at den væsentlige del af uddannelsen fore­går i virksomheden.
From its inception there was a strong de sire that the school should be integrated into its local and regional context at every possible level with the aim of providing a service for the community and of taking on the role of a new catalyst.
Hver skole nedsætter et eller flere lokale uddannelsesudvalg, som tilsammen skal dække de uddannelser, skolen udbyder. Flertallet i hvert lokalt uddannelsesudvalg skal udgøres af repræsentanter for de or­ganisationer, som harsæde i vedkommende faglige udvalg.
We have also tried to maintain the closest possible ties with other educational establishments and especially with town halls, regional authorities and with the local business and professional world.
Dette er medvirkende til, at lærere og uddannelsesudvalg bliver gode sparringspartnere.
Prior to its creation there had been no vocational train ing facilities in the district.
I kraft af at uddannelsesudvalgene har en nær tilknytning til de faglige udvalg, er der muligheder for at få foretaget justeringer i uddannelserne på en god måde.
It would be mistaken to believe that contact with the environment can be limited to an effective policy of public relations; in fact this way of working should produce a direct effect on the daily work of students and for this reason there should be a concerted approach by the Centre as a whole.
Udvalgenes hovedopgave er at bistå sko­lerne i arbejdet med at planlægge under­visningens konkrete indhold.
From the beginning work at the Centre was based on the collective effort of all
Søren Pedersen
An open school
De uoverensstemmelser, som ofte findes mellem arbejdsgivere og arbejdstagere, eksisterer praktisk talt ikke, hvilket gør, at man effektivt arbejder på at gøre de unges uddannelse så god som muligt.
Director of the "Institut de Formación Professional de la Garrotxa ", Professor of Vocational Training in Administration.
Mål­ og rammestyring afløser den hidti­dige detaljerede regelstyring.
Over the years it became increasingly clear that links with industry not only had to be strengthened but that young people should complete their training at the actual workplace.
For både det økonomiske og det undervisningsmæssige område gælder, at Ministeriet i samar­bejde med Erhvervsuddannelsesrådet og
In 1984 we therefore initiated the practice of in-firm training, in particular for students in their final period of training; practical work was limited to four hours a day over three month periods.
En anden væsentlig funktion, som uddannelsesudvalgene har, er at fokusere på erhvervsudviklingen og på denne bag­grund sikre, at uddannelserne lever op til tidens krav.
Of the various different methods in use, we chose total "immersion" of the student. This experience was very positively as-
Samarbejde virksomheder -teknisk skole denne organisering er også, at vi ikke ødelægger samarbejdet mellem virksomheder og skole.
Vocational training courses for the unemployed the final period of university degree courses); in groups of two they simulate the creation of a business in all its aspects (market studies, profitability, investment, financing, procurement of permits, production etc.).
Dette ville nemt kunne ske, idet virksomhederne i så fald ville blive opsøgt af lærere fra flere skoler, og dette må naturligvis ikke ske.
A large part of the work has to be done outside the Centre, as much of the information has to be gathered in firms, town halls, inland revenue offices etc.; The student, therefore, has to cultivate independent relations with the commercial and institutional structures of his environment. ronment.
deles anbefalelsesværdig, da den opbygger forståelse og tillid virksomhed og skole imellem.
sessed by trainers, industry and the students themselves and gave rise to the establishment of a compulsory period of practical work lasting a minimum of three to six months during the VT-2 phase.
Det skal også nævnes, at det eren uvurderlig fordel i relation til efteruddannelse af faglærte, som også finder sted på skolen.
It also prompted the setting up of a commit tee within the centre for relations with industry, consisting of a trainer from each branch of the Centre, which took on the task of assessing and evaluating on-the-job practical experience undergone by trainees on the basis of notes taken during this period; the committee also kept in touch with companies, reached agreements etc. as well as acting as a body for appraising and reflecting on the value of in-firm training as a whole.
Denne opgave er hidtil blevet løst af arbejdsformidlingen.
Carrying out real tasks in class groups
Det skal bemærkes, at samarbejdet på den led har mulighed for at fungere bedre i provinsen, da det naturlige geografiske område er mindre.
The Centre reaches about 300 agreements a year with industry for on-the-job practical training (of three months duration).
I løbet af det sidste år er manglen på praktikpladser steget, hvilket har medført, at man i Undervisningsministeriet i samarbejde med arbejdsmarkedets parter har besluttet at oprette såkaldte værkstedsskoler.
In recent years vocational training courses have been held at the Centre (geriatrics, data-processing, foreign trade, electrical engineering) for the unemployed, in par ticular for women, who represent the most affected group in this district.
Der er sat ekstraordinære bestræbelser ind for at skaffe flere praktikpladser.
Thus last year, with the cooperation of the "Conselleria de Treball de la Generalität", an advanced level course in industrial ro-
Dette har betydning på mange måder. Kontakten mellem virksomhed og teknisk skole sikres, da man har lærlingen fælles, om end med forskellige opgaver, men begge meget betydningsfulde for uddannelsens kvalitet.
In certain subjects, and as part of their training, students have undertaken real tasks under the guidance of professionals or official bodies, thereby gaining valuable experience; for example, students of draftsmanship have drawn up plans for the conversion of a farmhouse into a local social centre as well as carrying out studies for the renovation of a dispensary in one of the villages of the district.
I den sidste del af hvert skoleforløb inviteres virksomheden til skolen for at se, hvad lærlingen har lært.
Students of administration have produced studies on local commercial activities as well as field
Lovændringen betyder, at skolerne kan involvere sig mere direkte med at skaffe praktikpladser. Dette i sig selv giver natur ligvis ikke flere praktikpladser, men med det samarbejde der foregår mellem virksomhed og skole, anser vi mulighederne for at være større.
Within the framework of what we might call "initiative training", students officer tain subjects carry out during their final course of studies a PROJECT (named for its similarity to the projects undertaken in
Denne måde at møde hinanden på er sær
Vocational training 2/1992
Έη skole med tætte forbindelser til det omgivende miljø
■ To examine new specialities needed in the district and to make the necessary changes or additions to existing curricula.
Den geografiske ramme ner, foreninger, osv., "inviteres inden for" enten for at holde foredrag for eleverne eller anvende centret til egne aktiviteter.
■ To improve the vocational training of workers in the district.
Som baggrund for en redegørelse for det arbejde, Erhvervsuddannelsesinstituttet Garrotxa har udført i tæt tilknytning til det omgivende miljø, er det nødvendigt først at placere det i sin sammenhæng.
■ To organise courses, discussion groups and lectures considered necessary for a steady improvement of workers' skills.
kollegiums medansvar for den globale for valtning af centret.
■ To combine the efforts of the various public and private administrative bodies prepared to assist with the improvement in skills and vocational training of inhabit­ants of the district.
I dag er der 89 lærere ansat ved centret, og der undervises i syv specialer (administration, elektricitet, me kanik, teknisk tegning, sanitet, konfektion og landbrug), der hver har en samlet varig hed af fem år (2 år til første trin (FP-1) og 3 til andet trin (FP-2); der er ca. 1 200 elever indskrevet ved centret.
■ To work for the establishment in Olot of laboratories, workshops and centres for research, studies, services etc. available for use by all interested sectors such as students, teachers, firms, industrial and agricultural enterprises, professional groups etc.; and to take care of the admin­istration and management of these centres.
Instituttet ligger i Olot (Cataluña), en by på omkring 25 000 indbyggere med en lang industri tradition baseret på små og mel lemstore virksomheder.
bot technology was held for young people up to 25 years old; it was very successful both with regards to access to employment and professional aptitude, with the result that this year it will be expanded to include a course of CAD/CAM CNC.
Olot er den vigtigste by i et distrikt med ca. 45 000 ind byggere, hvor der altid har været alvorlige kommunikationsproblemer, og som følge heraf har området været temmelig isoleret.
This body, which has been in operation for five years, is on the one hand reality in that it has established a multi­purpose labora­tory for the district as well as a committee for grants and in­firm practical training; it has also given its support to the holding of advanced technology courses at the Insti­tute.
De nærmeste erhvervsuddannelsescentre ligger 35-55 km borte.
On the other hand it is still a project in that there remains much ground to be covered before it achieves its objectives.
En skole der har etableret tæt forbindelse til det om givende miljø med henblik på at lette overgangen til arbejdslivet og indpasningen gen
ent sectors, both public and private, inter­ested in vocational training for the district and which would help to consolidate the relations between the Centre and its envi­ronment.
Sideløbende hermed arbejdedes der på at udbrede kendskabet til centret, i første omgang for at udbrede kendskabet til er hvervsuddannelse som sådan, eftersom der ikke på forhånd var en tradition herfor i provinsen, og senere hen for at få en aktiv placering i byens sociale liv; til dette for mål anvendtes bl.a. de lokale kommunikationsmidler (lokalaviser, radio osv.) til offentliggørelse af artikler og interviews om erhvervsuddannelse, indplacering på arbejdsmarkedet, vejledning osv., der udsendtes et ugentligt landbrugsinformationsprogram i radioen, og centret op stillede informationsstande på det lokale marked osv.
This body, dependent on the "Conseil Comarcal de La Garrotxa" (Dis­trict Council of La Garrotxa), assumed the legal status of a public foundation and, in accordance with its statutes, its objectives are as follows:
Centrets udvikling
Our evaluation of in­firm training
Desuden er der inden for de enkelte specialer afsat plads til besøg på virksomheder, centre og institutioner, der betragtes som egnede til at udvide elevernes kundskaber. skaber.
In the field of agriculture, courses de­signed to place young people in farming enterprises, such as dairy farming, cheese­producing and organic horticulture and aimed at farmers and stockbreeders in the area, open up the possibility of a training which they were previously denied.
Erhvervsuddannelsesinstituttet La Garrotxa oprettedes i 1974 og indgår som led i nettet af offentlige centre under "Conselleria d'Ensenyament de la Generalität de Catalunya".
When in­firm training was included in the students' curriculum, the Centre defined the part it should play in the educational process of the student.
Før instituttets oprettelse havde der aldrig været etableret nogen form for erhvervsuddannelse i området.
In outline the objec­tives of in­firm training are as follows:
Der er tillige sørget for at opretholde tæt test mulige forbindelser med de øvrige uddannelsescentre og ganske særligt med byråd og andre lokale myndigheder såvel som med det lokale erhvervsliv.
■ To encourage in young people and society as a whole the need to acquire the highest possible level of professional skill so as to successfully confront the techno­logical reorganisation which we are at present undergoing.
Praktikophold i virksomheder eller vekseluddannelse. nelse.
■ To help the student to carry out real tasks which are relevant to the speciality in which he is being trained.
Direktørfor Erhvervsuddannelsesinstituttet la Garrotxa, Erhvervsskolelærer i administration
■ To work closely with the "Instituto de Formación Professional de la Garrotxa" in order to bring curricula up­to­date and to adapt them to requirements.
Det er hele tiden blevet tilstræbt at gøre skolen til et åbent center, og at stille alle dets faciliteter til lokalsamfundets disposition (sportsudstyr, gymnastiksal, trykkeog kopimaskiner, audiovisuelt udstyr, værksteder, osv.), ligesom der satses på, at de forskellige sektorer i området, erhverv, virksomhedsledere, fagforbund, institutio
The initiation of in­firm training for the students of VT2 greatly improved ties between the Centre and the commercial, business and institutional world of the district; the need to give these ties a sys­tematic framework and to overcome the limitations imposed by official regulations led us to propose and promote the creation of an entity which would unite the differ­
I årenes løb blev det mere og mere klart, at det var nødvendigt, ikke blot at udbygge forbindelsen med virksomhederne, men også at de unge supplerede deres uddannelse med ophold på virksomhederne.
■ To give the student the opportunity to make contact with the world of commerce
Så ledes indledtes i 1984 forsøget med praktikophold i virksomhederne forelever, der var i gang med sidste del af uddannelses-
■ To ensure that the initial employment of young people matches their skills.
CEDEFOP forsøgsmark og deltaget i produktionsundersøgelser og forsøg med at forbedre de majssorter, der dyrkes i området.
CEDEFOP and labour, and to introduce him to types of human relationships which are not pos­sible within the context of school training.
Uddannelseskurser for arbejdsledige grupper på to skal simulere etablering af en virksomhed (markedsundersøgelser, rentabilitet, investeringer, finansiering, indhentning af godkendelse og tilladelser, produktion osv.); dette betyder, at en stor del af arbejdet nødvendigvis finder sted uden for centret, idet eleverne skal ind hente de fornødne oplysninger i erhvervs livet, hos de lokale myndigheder, skattevæsenet osv. og i det hele taget sørge for at opretholde kontakt med nærmiljøets er hvervsliv og institutioner.
■ To facilitate the transition of students to working life, a process which is an important part of their positive and active integration into society as a whole.
Gruppens eller klassens deltagelse i det virkelige arbejdsliv forløbet; disse praktikophold var inddelt i perioder på tre måneder med fire timer dagligt.
■ Furthermore, nearly all students who complete their studies find employment. A significant number are employed by one of the firms in which they have spent a practical training period.
Dette forsøg fik en særdeles positiv evaluering af både lærere, virksomheder og de unge selv, og derfor besluttedes det at gøre det obligatorisk for alle elever at gennemføre en praktikperiode af mindst tre til seks måneders varighed i løbet af FP-2-trinnet (2. del), og der oprettedes på centret et udvalg for forbindelser med virksomhederne, hvori var repræsenteret en lærer fra hvert speciale.
else coordination should either be carried out at a local level, in order to ensure that every possible sector is able to take advan­tage of investment, regardless of the gov­ernment department from which it has originated.
Udvalget havde til opgave at føre kontrol med og evaluere elevernes praktikophold på grundlag af elevernes rapporter; desuden skulle udvalget tage kontakt til virksomhederne, indgå aftaler osv. og samtidig fungere som sted for overvejelser over og evaluering af praktikordningen.
Coordination of this nature is essential in the field of vocational training, since it is obviously a complex subject in which many departments may be involved.
Centret indgår årligt omkring 300 aftaler om praktikophold (af tre måneders varig hed) med virksomhederne.
■ The authorities should support centres which wish to work in this way, but should avoid "uniform" solutions.
I de seneste år har centret afholdt erhvervsuddannelseskurser (geriatri, ad ministrativ databehandling, udenrigshandel og elektricitet) for arbejdsledige, især kvinder, der er den hårdest ramte sektor i denne provins; disse kurser afholdes i samarbejde med INEM eller "Conselleria de Treball de la Generalität", ud fra den betragtning at centret udgør den eneste mulighed for at give de arbejdsledige et ud dannelses- og omskolingstilbud, og at de offentlige midler, der anvendes på en befolkningsgruppe eller et lokalområde, bør "rentabiliseres" til fordel for samme, uafhængigt af hvilken administration de henhører under.
■ Up till now teachers have been trained to give instruction in their special subject and nothing more, when in fact their role within a centre could be far more compre­hensive. It has become necessary to rede­fine the function that teachers should play in the future; it would seem that this aspect is included in courses for teachers on edu­cational reform, an aspect which is essen­tial in creating the right climate and sensi­tivity to the subject of transition and local cooperation.
Ud fra samme betragtning etableredes der sidste år i samarbejde med "Conselleria de Treball" teknologiske kurser på højt niveau til uddannelse som tekniker i industriautomatisering for unge under 25 år; vurderingen af disse kurser har været yderst positiv, både hvad angår uddannelse, indplacering i erhvervslivet og fagligt niveau, og derfor udvides initiativet i indeværende år med et CAD/CAM CNC-kursus.
■ Vocational training centres will only be able to play a significant part in coop­eration and local development, if they are allowed sufficient autonomy to adapt to the reality of their particular district and if the human and material resources of each centre are taken into account. This au­tonomy should be based on a transfer of responsibilities and on confidence in its management.
Inden for rammerne af, hvad man kunne kalde "uddannelse til at tage initiativer" udarbejder eleverne inden for en række specialer i sidste del af studiet et projekt (i lighed med de afsluttende projekter inden for universitetsuddannelserne), hvor de i
■ The subject of transition and local co­operation can only be confronted efficiently once there is a shared approach on the part of the centre, and therefore of the majority of trainers, towards the community in which it is embedded and from which it derives its meaning.
Erhvervsuddannelse 2/1992
Vocational trainin» 2/1992
På landbrugsområdet betyder muligheden for, at unge kan deltage i arbejdet på landbrugsvirksomheder, malkekvægs­bedrifter, ostefremstillingsmejerierog øko­logisk gartneri, der tager sigte på landbru­gere og kvægavlere i lokalområdet, at de kan få en uddannelse, som de ikke før havde adgang til.
Ways of "relocating" systems of educa­tion and training so that they are more in keeping with the new needs of citizens and the requirements of the complex society in which we live are being sought.
■ Lette elevernes overgang til arbejdsli­vet som et vigtigt bidrag til deres positive og aktive integrering i samfundet som så­dant.
This is no easy task and schools cannot satisfy these new requirements by them­selves.