natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Dansk Metalarbejderforbund har 138.500 medlemmer som i princip pet alle er faglærte.
Just as there has been a general growth in employment, increasing employment of women has taken place - in both numbers and in their proportion of total employment.
Siden 1953 har der eksisteret en aftale om at personer, der har arbejdsfunktioner, der falder indenfor DSMF/Dansk Metals område lønnes efter DM's overenskomst og kan overføres til forbundet.
The women's share has been growing steadily, and in 1975 women numbered more than one-half (50.8%) of the DBL-membership. In 1983, women accounted for 53.9%.
I CO-Metal var der ialt i april 1984 12 deltagende forbund tilmeldt med ialt 222.606 arbejdere, heraf Dansk Metalarbejderforbund med 113.000 (af de 138.500), SiD med 63.445, KAD med 25.000 og HK med 10.774.
Although there is equal distribution between the sexes in both trainee-recruitment and further training, including the 2-year further training course in banking, women within the sector (or a portion of them) appear to be distinctly less career-orientated than the men.
Blandt de øvrige angives byggefagenes andel nedenfor.
Except for part-time work, the women are promoted-staff to a lesser extent than men.
^Tallet angives i Kjellberg (1983) som samtidig er en glimrende indføring i dansk fagbevægelses struktur i en komparativ sam menhæng, omfattende 10 vesteuropæiske lande samt USA og Australien .
The Committee has an advisory function in relation to the Vocational Training Council for the Commerce and Clerical Sector, which in principle has a right of recommendation to the Ministry or Minister of Education. As for other sectors, the Vocational Training Council is the Ministry's/Minister's 'supreme' reviewing and advisory body.
De faglærte i byggefagene - uddannelsesmæssigt - udgør tilsammen ca 108.000, nemlig: heraf i CO-Metal (apr. 84)
However, certain special circumstances affect the formal structure. The sector has never been covered by the contractual obligation under the Law concerning apprentices ('lærlingeloven').
Snedker-Tømrerforbundet El-forbundet Malerforbundet Murerforbundet Blik & Rørarbejderforbundet 1. 500
However, the organizations within the sector were interested in the teaching being spread over the whole course of training in the trainee's second year, with 1 day of instruction per week.
Dette overstiger tilsvarende antallet på ca 72.000 faglærte beskæftiget r > å bygge-anlægsområdet.
The sector wanted to have a system established whereby all bank trainees could have the same theoretical instruction, i.e. the trainees could join the same class, regardless of prior training and regardless of whatever training agree ment they might have made with the bank.
Som vist i tabellen er ca 7.240 af 'bygge'forbundenes medlemmer tilmeldt CO-Metal og der med sikkert beskæftiget i jernindustrielle virksomheder.
Besides the pedagogic implications and content/occupational implications that this might have, there would also be the question of a departure from the general EFG-rules on this point.
Den beskæftigelsesmæssige indplacering iøvrigt er derimod uklar, ligesom lærepladsernes indplacering i forhold til erhvervsstatistiske afgrænsninger er det.
During the years in which negotiations were in progress, the banks' recruitment of new trainees (cf. subsection 4.7.1.) decreased and completed HK-EFG basic training did not become the replacement for the commerce diploma examination or the commercial clerk-examination.
Men det er den organisatoriske indplacering ikke; en malerlærling eller en malersvend er medlemmer af malerforbundet (såfremt de overhovedet er organiserede) - uanset om vedkommende er ansat på et skibsværft, i et malermesterfirma eller i statsbanernes centralværksted.
247 basic training of great importance as a channel of recruit ment. A constantly-increasing proportion of new trainees came with the HHX-examination, and the proportion of trainees with HF and the upper secondary schoolleaving certificate became steady at 35-40%.
I de faglige udvalg for lærlingeuddannelserne og for efteruddannelserne kan de faglærte forbund således entydigt repræsentere lønmodtagersiden.
Thus, the negotiations resulted in the establishment for the banking sector of a 1-year experimental scheme under EFG-Part 2-rules, with effect from 1 August 1983.
De organisatoriske problemer med repræsentationen på fagbevægelsesside begynder på de mere aggregerede niveauer, EUU'erne og EUR for grunduddannelsernes vedkommende, Uddannelsesudvalgene og Arbejdsmarkedsuddannelsearådet (AMU-rådet) for AMU-uddannelsernes vedkommende, hvor der skal ske en afvejning af de faglærtes og de ikkefaglærtes forbund repræsentation og hvor LO selv kommer ind i billedet.
The scheme involved approval of the form of instruction, joint study and - a little later - also an examination; but the latter took place outside the experimental scheme and was administered, held and financed by the banks.
LO har helt generelt langt færre beføjelser i forhold til medlemsorganisationerne end DA modsvarende har - den gamle forkortelse DsF, De samvirkende Fagforbund, er reelt kendetegnende for si tuationen.
Naturally enough, the sector's own representatives had supported the scheme in the various councils and committees.
LO kan primært spille en koordinerende og igang sættende rolle og har været meget aktiv omkring de 'store' spørgsmål i ungdomsuddannelsespolitik, omkring EFG og mester lære, EFG-basisårsløn, praktikpladsfremme, reduktion af restgruppen, forsøg på oprettelse af industri, social- og sundheds-
On the basis of the doubts that had been expressed generally regarding the experimental scheme, by both the Vocational Training-Council and -Committee and the Ministry, when the scheme was implemented hopes were expressed that the banks would accept more trainees and that most of them would be EFG's.
På trods heraf blev der omkring 1980 dannet et særligt fælles uddannelsespolitisk sekretariat, placeret hos Dansk Metal, af 7 af de faglærte forbund.
Moreover, there were departures from the pedagogic principles for teaching and for the organization and management of the training.
Det skete formentlig under indtryk af det tiltagende omfang af forhandlinger på hovedorganisationsnivau mellem DA og LO omkring EFG-mesterlære-problemerne omkring 1977-loven og dens opfølgning og tilspidsningen af praktikpladsproblemerne.
The situation regarding approval of the experimental scheme was, firstly, that the trainee-intake was falling - from 1 580 in 1979 to 474 in 1982 - combined with a decreasing proportion of EFG's and, secondly, that the time coincided with the drive to obtain more onjob training places for EFG-Part 2-training.
Overfor mulige indgreb dette kunne tænkes at udløse ville 'de syv søstre' stå sammen om at sikre niveau og kvalitet i de fag lige uddannelser.
With the introduction of the experimental scheme in 1983, there was a sharp rise in the trainee-intake, from 474 in 1982 to 1 230 in 1984.
De syv er siden blev til 12 og man har ved passende lejligheder understreget, at EFG- og lærlingelovgivningen hjemler særlige kompetencer til FU'erne, som alene er anliggender for de enkelte forbund, ikke for LO.
In the summer of 1984 the Minister of Education approved an extension of the experimental scheme, with effect up to 1987 - but not without contionuing reservations.
På de ikkefaglærtes side har især SiD markeret sig udadvendt, og SiD har se nest i september 1986 udgivet en pjece, hvor det uddannelsespolitiske program omfatter hele spektret af erhvervsuddannelser, sammenkædet med strukturændring af LO.
In particular, there was dissatisfaction with the low proportion of trainees from the EFG-basis-year. The Vocational Training-Council and -Committee subsequently took formal note of this approval, but continued to have the earlier doubts.
LO's udspil har derimod været snævert knyttet til lovrevisionsarbejdet.
In 1985 and 1986 the number of newly-recruited trainees
DA-siden: Mange uddannelsesvirksomheder står udenfor
The proportion of EFG-trainees increased from 8.4% in 1985 to 12.1% in 1986
I forhold til uddannelsesstrukturen er organisationsforholdene mere komplicerede på arbejdsgiverside.
In January 1987 the scheme was again extended by 3 years, and there is stille dissatisfaction with the low EFG-percentage - shared, incidentally, by DBL.
I det foregående er alle rede påbegyndt en indkredsning af forholdene indenfor jern- og metalområdet.
Management, planning and administration of in-bank training
Her skal det blot følges op med at alle arbejdsgiverpladser i Metalindustriens Lærlingeudvalg og i EUU - for metalområdet på nær én til Dansk Smedemesterforening (med ca 32% af lærlingene) besættes af Jernets Arbejdsgiverforening (med ca 44% af lærling ene, men til gengæld repræsenterende en beskæftigelse på ca 160.000 mod DS's ialt ca 20.000 = 8 gange så mange).
It is typical of the banking sector that agreements on general matters and questions of principle in the field of training should also be concluded between DBL and DBF through collective agreements. Planning, administration and management of training courses take place on this basis within the sector.
På jern- og metalområdet er der derfor ikke så megen tvivl om, hvem der er afgørende i forhold til 'det faglige selvstyre' -det er JA, med visse nødvendige hensyn til DS.
Besides basic training, the Banking School's Part 2courses and the 2-year further training course in banking are covered by agreements.
På lønmodtagerside er det ligeså klart Dansk Metal sammen med de andre fag lærte forbund i CO-Metal (forsåvidt deres uddannelse henhører under Metal EUU).
Another characteristic feature is that there is only daytime instruction during the traineeperiod, whereas all further training takes place to a considerable extent out of working-hours (evening classes and correspondence courses).
På bygge-anlægsområdet er medlemsvirksomheder af DA relativt mindre dækkende end på metalområdet.
The activities in the sphere of continued training so far have been characterized by the sector being responsible for planning, administration, execution and finance.
I bygge-anlæg beskæftigede DA-medlemmer 3. kvartal 1984 ialt 54.034 arbejdere - imod 108.521 i bygge-anlægs-erhvervsstatistikken for 1984, dvs en DA-dækning på ca 50%.
The further training-activities are aimed at enabling bank clerks who have taken the 2-year further training course in banking to update and keep up their knowledge within specific subject areas within the sector, and also at further continued training from this level. DBL has not under sectoral administration.
Der var i DA-medlemsvirksomheder 5.234 lærlinge + 2.dels-EFG'ere - mod ca 14.248 i bygge-anlægsfågene ialt.
In the Commerce and Clerical-sector, HK and DA alone provided the finance within the sector.
DA-andelen af lærlingene er således ca 37%, mod 50% af alle arbejdere.
The training activities administered by HKU have never had the interest of the banks.
Men her skal fremhæves en anden vinkel, som del af indledningen til præsentationen af brancherne og deres arbejdsmarkedsorganisations synspunkter og holdninger.
The public vocational training system - or, more correctly, the EFG-system - forms the framework for basic training in the banking sector.
Den samlede vægt af de to hovederhvervsområder indenfor håndværks- og industrifagene er allerede angivet ved at de tilsammen udgør 68% af lærlinge + EFG-2.dels-tilgangen.
The structure and system of managemetn of bank clerk-training therefore also come under the same legislation as for other EFG-training.
På LO- siden giver det ikke noget egentligt repræsentativitetsproblem; de faglærte forbund indenfor metal og bygge-anlæg kan med rette henvise til deres lærlinge tal som argument for indflydelse på LO's uddannelsespolitik. Det kan diskuteres om det er et fornuftigt kriterium - men det kan ikke diskuteres, at de - som forholdene er - taler med en vægt, der modsvarer 68% af den samlede lærlingetilgang indenfor håndværks- og industriområdet.
With the experimental scheme, however, an exemption has been achieved which places the social partners even more centrally - if that is possible - within planning, management and administration than in other vocational areas.
For DA-siden ser sagen anderledes ud. DA's organisationsprocent er generelt langt lavere end LO-sidens.
Clerks.
DA's medlemsvirksomheder repræsenterede således kun en samlet arbejderbeskæftigelse på 319.818 i 2. kvartal 1986.
Firstly, relatively few trainees are recruited through the EFG-system, and the public sector's financial contribution is therefore modest in relation to the banks' total training expenses.
Antallet af funktionærer var 166.662, så det samlede antal ansatte i DA-medlemsvirksomheder var 486.430.
Secondly, no public authorities could oppose basic training started by the banks themselves - and in practice this is how it works already.
Det svarer groft til ca 40% af den samlede lønmodtagerbeskæftigelse i den private sektor.
The explanation of this may be that the banks want a basis of recruitment as broad as possible, and that the trainee-intake is too small to form the basis of a completely separate schooling system.
Der er derfor mange virksomheder i den private sektor, der ikke er DA-medlemmer.
Moreover, the DBL sees an interest in maintaining (and increasing) the EFG-trainees' proportion of the intake to bank clerk-training.
Men udover de uorganiserede er der et pænt antal beskæftigede hos forskellige mesterorganisationer hvis medlemmer primært er mindre, hyppigt håndværksprægede, virksomheder udenfor de større byer, som er bærere af en stor del af lærlingeuddannelsen.
Finally, the EFG-reform opened the way to the social partners being able - thorugh their active collaboration - to influence EFG-training in a direction in which the greatest possible attention was given to the sector's interests.
I DA's medlemsvirksomheder var der ialt 17.149 lærlinge og EFG-2.dels elever i håndværks- og industrifagene i 2. kvartal
The bank-example shows that completely autonomous 'trade selfmanagement' is also possible in Denmark - namely, out side the official system and without the Government being involved in designing the training systems.
1986, heraf 9.643 i jernindustri og 5.243 i bygge-anlægsvirksomheden.
Now, exemption from this rule is only a problem when recruiting persons under 18 years of age.
Herudfra udgør de to områder næsten 90% af lærlinge tallet i DA-regi - og andelen målt som uddannelsesfag er sikkert endnu højere.
The formula for recruiting bank trainees with HHX, the uppper secondary schoolleaving certificate or the HF-certificate - who are normally over 28 and cannot eneter into Part 2-EFG-on-job training contracts - is therefore in practice a free choice for DBF and DBL.
Det samlede lærlingetal for DA-virksomheder var i 1984 15.947, mens det samlede antal for håndværks- og industrifagene ifølge DS var 50.758 pr 1. oktober 19 84; dvs at totalt var knapt 34% af håndværks- og industrilærlinge beskæftiget i DA-virksomheder.
In reality, however, the banks have never had any use for any 'socialization' of their training requirements.
Det kan således være vanskeligt for DA at være talerør for alle arbejdsgiverinteresser i vekseluddannelsen.
In the past, the numbers of personnel leaving their posts when trained have not been such that the sector has not been able to defray the training expenses.
I den interne politikfastlæggelse må metalområdet og bygge-anlægsområdet tale med stor vægt, hvilket får betydning ved udpegelse af repræsentanter til overordnede organer som EUR og i forhold til forhandlinger med staten.
With the relatively well defined labour market, combined with a person nel policy based upon advancement from below as the basic channel of recruitment to higher postes, it has been possible to arrange both basic training and further training within the sector and within the firms.
Men specielt på bygge-anlægsormådet er si tuationen komplex for DA; der må tages hensyn til udenforstående organisationer og uorganiserede.
Owing to the steady growth in the number of employees in the sector as a whole, there have always been real opportunities also for the employees in the prospect of advancement through the hierarchy of posts and pay, if the employee is prepared to make an effort with training.
På trods af uklarhederne som følge af uddannelses-, erhvervs- og organisationskriteriernes forskellighed, så indebærer jern og metal og bygge-anlægsområdernes store omfang i lærlingeuddannelserne og endnu større betydning og indflydelse i organisa tionsstrukturen, at udsagn fra organisationsrepræsentanter i de herved identificerede organisationer samlet kan tegne et billede af erhvervsuddannelsespolitikken udenfor HK-området.
The bank-example is thus certainly not typical for the Danish vocational training system - but this points indirectly to a fundamental requirement for the system otherwise, i.e. widespread interest in ensuring that the qualifications can be used and in ensuring the mobility of the workforce in occupational market sectors, on both the employers' side and the trade unions' side.
Uddannelsesanvendelse i jern- og metalindustrien
The social partners' opinion of the training system
Ungdomserhvervsuddannelserne
Protection of trade union interests
I jern- og metalindustrien anvendes såvel mesterlæren som EFG-uddannelserne.
On the LO-side the 'nation-wide recognized qualifications' are considered to be a very good thing in EFG- and apprentice-training.
Indenfor mesterlæren er der 33 anerkendte lærefag plus de 12 såkaldte 'små' fag, ialt 45.
256 possible on the employee's terms; a skilled workerqualification is generally saleable.
Af de 29 EFG-2.delsretninger er de 20 sammenfaldende med mesterlærefag, således at der ialt findes 54 faglige grunduddannelser på metalområdet.
The LO-side are keen supporters of the alternance training ('sandwich-course')-principle; it also enables infirm training to be monitored,
De fleste af dem er dog meget tyndt besat og 4 fag udgør over 60% af tilgangen.
Infirm training should take place also after a hypothetical change-over to skilled workertraining based purely upon vocational school - which is known in the trade union movement from contacts and study visits in Sweden.
Indenfor mesterlæren udgør maskinarbejder, værktøjsmager, kleinsmed og automekaniker tilsammen
Apprentice training on the alternance trainingprinciple results - through the contractual obligation and the stipulation and monitoring, by the FU's, of compliance with training rules - in the trade unions acquiring influence upon the whole training to skilled worker and being able to ensure high quality of the training.
2.616 i tilgang i 1984 eller 61% af den samlede tilgang til lærlingeuddannelserne på området.
Training objectives of a general and policymaking nature are therefore excluded by 'trade self-management'.
I EFG 2.delsuddannelserne er de samme 4 fag/retninger dominerende og udgør her 62% af den samlede tilgang til EFG-2.del på 2.236 i jern- og metalfagene.
They are a hazard to agreement and cooperation and can cause confrontation, which can cause the system to collapse.
Af den samlede tilgang til industri- og håndværksfagene i 1984 udgjorde jern- og metalfagene 41%.
Among the LO-unions, opinions are divided concerning the growth of EFG.
Andelen af alle EFG-2.dels-elever var 47%, mens den var 37% af lærlingene.
SiD is sharply critical of the lack of ability to go further than to the old skilled trades -which for their part are satisfied that a change-over from master apprenticeship to EFG does not appear to threaten their positions.
Den samlede tilgang med læreplads- eller praktikaftale til om rådet har været nogenlunde konstant i perioden 1977/78 til 1983/84.
The AMU-system is criticized more for not having enough resources and for the fact that admission is no longer so open, but tends to be reserved for the employed.
Niveauet har ligget på knap 8.000 - i 1980/81 var tilgangen dog nede på ca 6.000.
We shall return to this in section 6.
Efter 1983/84 er der sket en vækst til godt 9.000 i 1986.
5.2 Protection of interests on the employers' side
Selvom branchen var førende i etableringen af EFG-systemet er udbredelsen af EFG-uddannelserne foregået langsomt.
On the DA-side - which does not include the banks, of course - the opinion held of the Danish alternance training system is also favourable.
I 1977/78 lå EFG-andelen på 15,6%, men er steget til knap halvdelen af tilgangen - 45,9% - i 1983/84.
The criticism of EUU is certainly shared, to the effect that the decision-making power should preferably remain at the FU-level, because it is closest to the firms, which in relation to FU both give indications of the conditions for having apprentices in the firms, and can report new qualification requirements. The
Herefter er EFG-andelen igen faldet lidt til 42,3% i 1986.
Even though simplicity and coherence in the training will normally be advocated, a diversified, widely-ramified system has its advantages from the standpoint of recruit ment .
Indenfor jern- og metalindustrien er antallet af påbegyndte kursister steget fra knap 12.000 i 1979 til godt 26.000 i 1985.
As mentioned in sub-sections 4.4 and 4.6, the product of apprentice training, the skilled tradesman, is viewed favourably by the employers' side.
Samtidig er metalindustriens andel af det samlede antal kursister vokset fra ca 21% til ca 29% i samme periode.
The qualifications of the skilled worker provide good flexibility in relation to both the introduction of new technology and changes in the organization of work.
Det vil sige at op imod en tredjedel af alle påbegyndte kursister går på specialarbejderkursus indenfor metalindustrien.
The nature of trade demarcationproblems is not - as believed by the ministries' economists, thinking only in terms of supply and demand - such that they would result in serious bottleneck-problems and monopoly prices of skilled labour in situations of shortage .
I forhold til det samlede antal beskæftigede ufaglærte på området udgør antallet af påbegyndte kursister i 1980 25% og dette stiger til 38,6% i 1982 og 45,4% i 1984.
What is more important is an opinion shared by the social partners, namely that both the desire and the ability to reorganize both basic training and continued training in accordance with the new labour market requirements are particularly strong.
Hvad angår beskæftigelsessituationen er den overvejende del af kursisterne enten i beskæftigelse både før og efter kurset el ler arbejdsløse både før og efter. Tilsammen udgjorde de i 1984 og 1985 ca 80%.
If the ability to reorganize and modernize is not very satisfactory in some cases, in the opinion of the social
Samtidig er der sket en reduktion i overvægten af arbejdsløse - 53,4% i 1984 mod 31% for beskæftigede til 43% arbejdsløse i 1985 mod 41% for beskæftigede.
There is strong, general support on both the LO-side and the DA-side for 'trade selfmanagement' as an overriding principle - despite certain reservations from SiD.
aktuelt at være en tendens til stigende anvendelse af specialarbejderkurser for beskæftigede og tilsvarende en faldende andel af arbejdsløse.
Thus, in place of the earlier efforts to achieve equal status between the EFG-system and the apprenticeshipsystem, the Minister of Education has called for proposals for a 'unified system', and sound economic arguments and also political arguments therefore exist that the 'parallel system' will be discontinued within the next few years.
Efteruddannelse af faglærte
The form assumed by a unified system is therefore of more interest than the question as to whether it will come.
Også på efteruddannelsesområdet har jern- og metalindustrien stor aktivitet.
EUU should be replaced by liaison committees, set up and elected by and among the trade committees (FU) involved.
Områdets andel af det samlede antal påbegyndte kursister lå på godt 30% i 1984 og 1985.
At the same time, the infirm part of alternance training is very strongly emphasized.