natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Sammenhangen stat og organisationer henholdsvis offentlige og meIlem private organisationer er yderst kompl-eks, hvilket f,remgän tydeligt af en institution som BIBB, der alt eftet ajnene der ser et redskab kan fremstä som statslig arbejdsmarkedetsparter, forvaltningsinstans, stedet for politiske for treparts- forhandlinger og opnäelse af samstemmighed samt videnskabeligt rädgivende institut.
Regarding the further course of vocational training, many good ambitions are expressed in the reform committee's memorandum; there is a receptiveness towards new sub-division of the main occupational sector (which could include what have hitherto been unskilled sectors in the basic vocational training schemes), towards reduction of the volume of specialization, towards more investment in general and political education objectives which could turn the vocational training schemes into actual youth trainingschemes.
For sä vidt angär sidstnevnte frembyder isar de former for inddragelse, der gär ud over den egentlige interesserepre- sentation, betragtelige muligheder for at sikre, udvide og videreudvikle organisationerne ved at funktionsomfanget styrkes samt en institutionel forankring.
It is suggested that the responsibility for this should be placed with initiative and coordination committees, replacing the existing EUU; but compared with trade committees (FU) these seem to be, if anything, less capable of performing coordinating and aggregating functions.
Desuden äbner overtagelsen af offentlige opgaver i de cerede gruppers eget regi mulighed for at beskytte sig mod de typisk negative bivirkninger ved direkte statslig styring som foJ.ge af den uundgäelige distance og bureaukratiske for- malisme.
The objectives as stated by the memorandum for Part 2 training courses demand greater coordination and harmonization of vocational training schemes. They will only really get under way if and when there is competition over the supply of young persons and if it becomes important for the individual skilled worker to be able to change his or her job function, and not merely be replaceable - as in the situation of general unemployment -by another, highly specialized worker.
Interessen er i sä henseende mere udpreget hos arbejdsgiverorganisationerne end hos som fagbevegelsen, der fald principielt oftest er den svageste part og i hvert betragter staten som en mulig forbundsfelle.
A more radical break with the trend hitherto within youth vocational training is not, therefore, appearing directly as a consequence of the reform programme.
Men alligevel foretrekker ogsä fagforbundene, speciett pä sektorialt niveau, hyppiqt at forhandLe bilateralt med arbejdsgivernes organisationer om erhvervsuddannelsespolitiske beslutninger hovedet pä sig.
Criticism of this comes from two sides: partly from a market mechanism-orientated, liberal standpoint which also thrives within parts of the central administration, and partly from the unskilled trade unions and some of the politically radical skilled unions. In general, however,
For statens vedkommende er der store fordele forbundet med til inter- en overdragelse af offentlige styringsbefojelser for de implicerede parter, idet man da esseorganisationer er fri for den vanskelige opqave at skul-Ie vurdere behov, finde f,rem tit kompromiser, etab.Lere samstemmighed og imode- qä skuffeLsesreaktioner.
'trade self-management' - which could also be called 'the organization-dominated, corporative system' - enjoys wide recognition, and its advantages, particularly stability in the reproduction of a flexible, mobile labour force with (graded) qualification in trade skills, are considered to be greater than the disadvantages.
0verdragelsen af statslige opgaver tiI organisationer kan endvidere forbedre autoritative beslutningers kvalitet, da det er nemmere at udnytte den vigtige viden som de implicerede
The agreement to aim at the dual objective underlies the achievement of annual participation in AMU-courses by about 7-9% of the relevant objective-group.
Selvfalge- har om tingene. som er pälagt lig bor det sikres af de grupper selvstyre har fäet tiI- grupper.
The new AMU-law of 1985 was passed unanimously in Parliament at that time.
Der ramme, hvis ikke misbruger den ligesom offentlige magt de lagt pä bekostning af andre, ikke implicerede forudsettes en passende retlig og institutionel definition og opretholdelse er hovedärsagen til statslig indgriben i et selvstyre af denne art.
On the firm-adapted ('virksomheds-utilpassede', VTP-) courses, however, there has proved to be fundamental disunity.
For sä vidt an9är erhvervsuddanneLsen sikres sel-vstyrets hensyntagen tiI
They can be a potential threat to nation-wide recognition of the
almenvellet delvis ved, at to ansvarlige organer med tildels modsatte interesser, nemlig fagbevegelsen og arbejdsgiver- organisationerne, bliver udsat for pres af staten som opnä kompromiser og enighed
AMU-courses and to the openness of the system, also for the unemployed - or, to sum up: administration of the VTP-law by the Government shifts - in the opinion of the trade unions - the emphasis in 'the dual objective' too far over into the firm-orientated, vocational policy-side of the balance.
"corJntervailing powersrrtil at ved en hensigtsmassig opdeling og fordeling af ansvars- omräder.
It had also been - unlike the AMU-law - an object of dispute between Government and Opposition from the beginning.
Pä denne og andre mäder forsoger man i forbindelse med erhvervsuddannelsens organisation at pä gruppeniveau subsidiaritetsprincippet institutionaliseres om statsligt tillagt selvstyre inden for almenvellets rammer og i henhold
The main point is that applications for aid for further training-measures go directly from the individual firm or training institution to the Ministry of Education - and that this 'decentralization' thus potentially cuts out the organizations' opinions and recommendations.
Udover medlemskabet i Bundesinstitut für (BIBB) eller de pägaldende brancheforenings- udvalg er ogsä som overenskomstpartnere, fagforbundenes roLle til bedriftsrädene deres relationer og representationen i organerne under
The overall assessment of the situation in Denmark is thus still that the central role of the social partners in vocational and labourmarket training involves adoption of a position by the organizations and active intervention in relation to market trends.
inden for et omräde som regel betinger henholds- forudsetter, pä andre vis muliggor.
THE ROLE OF THE SOCIAL PARTNERS IN VOCATIONAL TRAINING AND FURTHER TRAINING IN THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY
tilsvarende tiltag omräder.
Synthesis report
Det af
January 1987
Dette skyldes til dets, at overenskomstpolitiske eller arbejds- markedspolitiske beslutningers mangfoldige falge- og bivirkninger kan overskues pä forhänd for erhvervsuddannelsen ikke politiske materier udvikler og at en egen dynamik, der stritter eksterne formä1.
Industrial Training as a Subject of State—Facilitated Societal Self— Governance: Problems, Challenges, and Trends
Netop inden som sädan findes der i
This is not to say that industrial training is seen as a responsibility of the state.
"policy tarer, erhvervspedagoger og instruk- pä organisationsniveau, de tilsvarende specialister de pägeldende bureaukrater i ministerierne og andre, og som har en tungtvejende egeninteresse i at bevare aktionsredska- bernes integritet og konsistens.
The associations of employers and employees participate in public debates on issues of industrial training, attempt to mobilize public opinion, and exert influence on legislative processes relevant to industrial training.
Iigesom andre former for virkninger f,ra politiske underkastet de eksterne og andre beslutningsfaktorer, hvorpä den ingen indflydelse har: for det politiske flertal, vanskeligheder eksempel endringer i med hensyn til den uddannelsespolitiske koördinering mellem og
They thereby substitute for direct commitment of the state, for example, in the form of occupational schools.
Men fremfor alt andet er uforudsete vekselvirkninger et uundgäeIigt fenomen i forbindelse med den refative selv-
This contributes to main taining the "administrability" of and the chances for horizontal mobility in the industrial training system.
Denne selvbestem- bestemmelse inden for et politikkens succes melse elimineres.
between different proposals from the same camp or even to decide in favor of one side, both of which may be politically risky.
Erhvervs- er imidlertid ligesä vigtig for säkaldte rrkoordineringsmangler" som at skal vere afstemt uddannelsespotitik og overenskomstpolitik efter hinanden, i dag mere end nogensinde, men det skal for= ogsä forhindres at disse to omräder blandes sammen i ("erhvervsuddannelsesoverenskomst") og at handlingsforlobet o v e r e n s k o m s t p o I i t i k k e n s f o r d e 1 i n g s o r i e n t e r e d e k o n f I i k t p o t e n t i e Iunderminererdetproduktionsorienteredesamarbejdeindenfor uddannelsen.
The highest form of delegating political risks to the internal relations of large associations is attained in those cases where the state requires agreement between both sides before using its legislative or regulative authority to resolve industrial training problems. An example is the decreeing of training regulations according to the "consensus principle".
Afhengighed og uafhengighed ' pluralisme bar
This category contains very diverse and, at the same time, characteristic forms of associatìonal participation.
) arbejdsstyrke. selvbestemmelse, koordinering og styring og derfor findes side om side i mellem de politiske forholdet den (altid omräder, og det ser ud til at vanskelige) sammen- kobling af forskellige omräder via demokratiske stororgani- rette mäde at gore sationers interne er den strukturer pä en gang.
First, it includes the legally based representation of trade unions and employers' associations in various state and para —state organizations, such as the Bundesinstitut fir Berufsbildung (BIBB, Federal Institute for Vocational Training) and the Bundesanstalt Sj Arbeit (Federal Labor Office).
Arbejdsmarkedsorganisationernes vidtgäende erhvervsuddannelsen i Forbundsrepublikken store krav tiI de orqanisatoriske ressourcerr o9 en med- virken i dette omfang ville utvivlsomt ikke vere mulig uden centraliserede, omfattende og med et faktisk representations- monopol og store finansielle midler udstyrede arbejdstager- og
Second, it includes the participation of trade unions in the vocational training committees of Chambers and gilds which are constituted as bodies under public law and which outside the area of vocational training are exclusively or largely interest organizations of firms. The incorporation of the social partners into such organs performs the important function for public policy to make it impossible for the social partners to avoid addressing problematic issues and declaring their position.
De ressourcer som organisationerne arbejdsgiverorganisationer.
How complex the interconnections are between state and associations, or public and private organizations, becomes evident in an institution such as the BB3B.
1i9e investerer i erhvervsuddannelsespotitikken fra de delvis endog meget store erhvervsuddannelsesafde- og industriorganisationerne til de linger hos central-
In particular, those forms of participation that go beyond mere interest representation provide associations with considerable opportunities for securing, expanding, and developing their organizations.
kamrenes og l-avenes titusinderafurannederepresentanteripr0vekommi ss i onere I Lererhvervsuddanne
unions as the frequently weaker partners at least in principle view the state as a potential ally.
0rganisationernes indsats suppl"eres selvfolgelig i mange henseender af blandt andet gennem staben af eksper- staten, der jo ter hos
Unloading the state through associations facilitates access to the crucial expertise of the affected parties and may improve the quality of authoritative decisions.
BIBB, i prineippet stär til rädighed for arbejdsmarkedets organisationer yderligere hjalpe- kiIde, som en päbudte eller via det af staten obligatoriske med- remskab i kamrene, som derved har murighed for at opretholde det medarbejdere til gennemfa- nadvendige apparat af faste af erhvervsuddannelsen, relse el-l_er ved byggetilskud tiI organisationernes uddannersescentre.
Of course it must be insured that self—governing groups do not use their quasi—public powers to the detriment of other, not directly involved groups. This requires an adequate legal and institutional framework, the definition and maintenance of which becomes the main task for state intervention in self—governing public policy areas.
Men kendetegnrde for det tyske at i hvert fald de store organisationer systemer r tilstrekkelig räder over egen ekspertise og de fornodne finansieffe midler tiL om nodvendigt ogsä uden statslig enighed med modparten.
In the case of industrial training, the state attempts to insure the compatibility of self— governance with the public good by setting up as "countervailing powers" two regulatory agents with partly opposing interests, namely trade unions and employers' associations, and compelling them to seek compromise and agreement.
Denne store orga- for parternes som er basis og garanti handlingsautonomi, har sin oprindelse ikke fra erhvervs- uddannel-sesomrädet, er organi- men fra arbejdspladserne der overenskomstrets principper, fri hvis serede efter den funktionsdygtighed for en stor ders vedkommende er sikret ved lov og stotte.
Industrial training policy, sectoral collective bargaining, manpower policy at the workplace and government labor market policy are highly inter dependent given the density and specificity of regulation established in all these areas, with programs in one area usually presupposing, effecting, or creating the conditions for programs in others.
Da samarbejdet mellem arbejds- statslig parter markedets til frembringelse af faglige kvaLifikatio- ner og stabiliserer samstemmighedsniveauet tillige forbedrer pä arbejdspladserne, ude bidraqer det med andre ord tiI at opretholde en institutionel konfiguration og en organisato- risk infrastruktur, som dette samarbejde i vidt omfang selv er afhenqigt af.
The advantage of trade unions and employers' associations being simultaneously present in all four related systems consists in the fact that it enables them to recognize interdependencies at an early stage and to use them for strategic purposes. This makes it at least in principle possible to coordinate different areas of regulation within the associations of the social partners in an uncomplicated and informal fashion.
Den konkrete arbejdsmarkedets parter er form under hvirken erhvervsuddannelsen invoLveret i er meget forskelliq for sä
For example, further training may be controlled through rationalization protection agreements or, conversely, rationalization may be made possible through further training regulations; collec-
vidt angär de grundlaggende erhvervsuddannelser og videre- uddannelsen, de forskellige styringsniveauer, styrings- meget kompleks funktioner oq erhvervssektorer.
tive agreements may be adapted to new occupational profiles; institutions offering further training programs may be informed of new workplace requirements and requests be submitted to the Federal Labor Office to arrange financing; an existing system of social funds may be used to institute a levy scheme for the funding of industrial training, etc.
BilIedet er og krever en mere dybtgäende analyse end nervarende rapport tillader.
Especially trade unions, which more than employers are interested in standardized regulations and reduced local autonomy, are making efforts to increase their capacity for internal control in this area.
0rganisationerne spiller en mindre rol1e inden for videreuddannelsen end i de grundleggende erhvervsuddannelsert og det er navnlig fagbevegelsen der beklager dette.
The project for improving the training of union representatives in the Chambers' vocational training committees and other bodies that was funded by the Federal Govern ment in the 1970s is to be seen in this context.
Arsagen er at videreuddanne.l-sessystemet er forholdsvis noget mindre formaliseret', hvilket hanger sammen med, at staten er mere tilbageholdende i forbindelse med videreuddannelsens ret- lige regulering.
However, even if such efforts turn out to be more successful in the future, conflicts over goals and inconsistencies between the different policy arenas affecting industrial training cannot be entirely eliminated, and unanticipated external effects cannot always be avoided.
5om folge heraf er markedets betydning inden for videreuddannelsen vesentliqt stsrre i forhold til treenigheden stat, fagbevegeJ-se og sig arbejdsgiverorganisatio- de ansker at blande ner, hvorfor organisationerne, när i videreuddannelsen, i haj grad er henvist tiI at benytte som den fri overenskomstret, arbejdsmarkeds- sig af systemer politikken inden for
In addition, industrial training policy like any other policy area is subject to effects of political decisions made outside its domain that it cannot influence: changing political majorities, problems in coordinating training policies of federal and Land levels as well as between the lander; adaptation problems of the public training school system; autonomous decisions of firms; or changes in employees' attitudes and behavior in respect to industrial training.
Iov, svarer nogenlunde tiI
The following points, however, may be emphasized:
Pä grund af den mindre udpragede formal-isering og regule- ring er videreuddannelsen i
The reason is the comparatively lower degree of formalization of the further training system which in turn can be explained by the state's greater reluctance in respect to its legal regulation.
Forbundsrepublikken mere integreret i ligesom andre steder meget virksomhedernes
As a result, the importance of the market vis—a—vis the state, trade unions, and employers' associations is clearly greater in the area of further training.
For- arbejdsgang end de grundleggende videre- erhvervsuddanneLser. sagtige grunde for at modentliq findes der rimeliger erhvervs- uddannelsen ikke nar sä meget som de grundlaggende
In their efforts to intervene in further training, the associations are thus highly dependent on working through the adjacent
uddannelser er differentieret ud i et selvstandigt institu- tionssystem, omend graden for den anskelige integrering henholdsvis differentiering altid viL vere omstridt.
systems of collective bargaining, labor market policy with the Federal Labor Office, as well as workplace co —determination.
En differentiering af videreuddannefsen er mindst naturlig, hvor interne arbejdsmarkeder spiller en vigtig rolIe, for eksempel i bankerne, men det samme g@tsig geldende i sti- gende omfang inden for storproduktionen, blandt andet bil- industrien.
This affects particularly the trade unions which in the Chambers — the probably most important para —state regulatory agencies in the area of further training — are not represented equally but only, as it were, as junior partners.
Udviklingen tyder pä at de interne arbejds- markeders betydning inden for storindustrien vil vokse og at en stigende del- af videreuddannelsestiltagene
As a result of its low formalization and regulation, further training in the Federal Republic as elsewhere, is much more embedded in the economic process at firm level than is initial training.
(som der jo ogsä bliver flere af) i fremtiden sandsynligvis vil finde sted pä arbejdspladserne og under nye former for arbejds- organisation
There may be good reasons why further training as an independent institutional system is not even nearly as differentiated as initial training, even though the desirable extent of regulation and differentiation will always be controversial.
( kvalitetscirkler, og derfor ogsä bLive re!luleret lokalaftaLer pä delvis selvstyrende grupper ) i overenskomsterne eller ved (Den nye finansieringspolitik virksomheden.
Further training is least differentiated where internal labor markets play an important role, i.e. in the banking sector and increasingly in large —scale manufacturing (e.g. in the automobile industry).
Arbeit i forbindelse med som Bundesanstalt für 'rkvalificeringsoffensiven" farer passer blandt andet godt ind i billedet.)
These are likely to be regulated under collective or workplace agreements.
- internt arbejdsmarked som ikke findes noget byggeindustrien - inden for er der ved hjalp af overens- komster skabt mulighed for at organisere videreuddannelsen i og under medvirken for arbejdspladserne parter.
Where, as in the construction industry, no internal labor markets exist for structural reasons, a way has been found to organize at least some further training programs externally with the participation of the social partners.
Styrinqen af erhvervs- uddannelsen er
(This is why the unions demand parity co — determination in the Chambers.)
IigeLedes forskellig i omfang aIt efter styringsniveau.
At the workplace level employers' associations are not formally represented, though of course the firm as a social system is dominated by their members in their capacity as independent entrepreneurs.
Pä det forbundsstatslige, nationale plan for- er fagbevage.Lsen som falge af samstemmighedsprincippet holdsvis sterk.
As in any multi — layered political system, problems arise in linking different levels with each other as well as in coordinating the actors of any one level.
Noget lignende gelder pä det sektoriale p1an, hvor den er starkest rent organisatorisk og hvor overenskomstsystemet giver fagforbundene yderligere
As far as the vertical information flow and the formation of political decisions on training are concerned, discus sion and decision—making processes within the associational systems of both sides contri-
af erhvervsuddannelses- instrumenter i händen ti1 udformning Pä det regionale plan politikken.
bute very significantly to the integration and "governability" of the industrial training system.
er forholdene anderledes, meLlem arbeids- det domineres af kamrene hvor magtforholdene markedets parter reprasen- uagtet fagforbundenes specifikke (Dette er grunden til' at fagbeva- tation er asymmetriske. krever paritetisk gelsen medbestemmelse i kamrene.)
Here the role played by the vocational training committees of trade unions and employers' associations no doubt is indispensable for public policy. Moreover, the coordination capacity of internal organizational processes on the part of the social partners is in many cases superior to that of the corresponding governmental system.
Pä ikke formelt virksomhedsplan er arbejdsgiverorganisationerne som representerede, men selvfalgelig domineres virksomheden socialt system af medlemmerne i deres egenskab af. uafhen- for gige virksomhedsejere.
In respect to controlling and coordinating the lower levels of decision—making, the peak associations of the social partners play an essential role in containing the centrifugal tendencies of sectoral industrial training systems. The coordination of Chambers as the decisive regional agencies is largely in the hands of their national peak associations, DIHT and DHKT.
Fagforbundene har kun mulighed at pävirke erhvervsuddannelsen pä virksomhedsplan via medbestemmefsessystemet, som jo ogsä skal varetage andre opgaver og i avrigt ikke findes overalt.
Trade unions therefore have an interest to regulate as much as possible through training regulations established on the basis of the consensus principle and in this way bind the Chambers.
Problemer findes som ved aIle flertrinssystemer bindelse med niveauernes indbyrdes kommunikation samt af og samstemmigheden blandt de agerende koordineringen faktorer pä samme niveau.
For controlling the work place level, trade unions depend on the Chambers' counselling service, which is not under their direct authority, as well as on the goodwill of — already overburdened — works councils where they exist.
"regerlighed".Idennesammenhang spillerogarbejdsgiverorganisationernessamtde organisationers erhvervsuddannelsesudvalg uden tvivl en politik.
Where both trade unions and employers' associations have sufficient resources at their disposal, standardization of training regulations, curricula, and examination rules is impossible if one of the two sides is opposed, except in closed and "union-free" internal labor markets.