natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
En kreds af videnskabsfolk og forskere fandt sammen.
In other words, as an apparatus, the Ministry had problems with such an objective.
De var alle "overbeviste om, at gængse videnskabelige opfattelser og akademiske aktiviteter førte ind i en blindgyde. "
Especially in Great Britain, competences in the educational system are held in an unusual manner byprofessional associations, universities and local educational authorities.
(5) Praktisk erfaring, erhvervsuddannelse og akademisk uddannelse har i samfun det udviklet en så stærk egenlogik, at handlingskompetence alt for ofte hæmmes i organiserede strukturer.
Remarkably, he drew on practical expe rience to come to exactly the same con clusions which were also at the forefront of the societal effect' approach developed by Maurice et al.
Handlingskompetence forekommer i Storbritannien meget mere end andre steder at være et individuelt begrundet, ikke certificeret eller prøvet resultat af en uddannelses proces, som i sin helhed ikke kan reguleres.
(1982): social action in a differentiated sub-section of society is always linked through chains of interdependency with social action in all other subsections.
En speciel uddannelsesinstitutions status overvurderes i forhold til praktisk faglige aspekter.
Through these chains of interdependency. action always remains specific with regard to a particular society, and indeed even through periods of social change.
Den snævrere kreds gav Michael Fores engang betegnelsen 'barbershop' på grund af dens relative stabilitet, interesse sammenfald og tematiske harmoni.
Accordingly, sweeping changes can only take place if a concerted effort is made which extends beyond sub sections.
En 'barbershop' er i England en lille, flerstemmig sanggruppe.
At the time I was unaware of these links between Fores and Maurice.
Udtrykket stammer fra skikken i mange frisørsaloner, hvor fri sørerne sang under arbejdet til morskab for sig selv og kunderne.
In retrospect, however, the connection be tween the two becomes all the more obvious and reveals a complementarity of a basic scientific orientation and application to practice.
Ledemotiver for udvik lingen af erhvervs uddannelsen
"For tbe 'purpose' of effecting lasting social change, following German models." we did "not bare a replica of German conditions in mind. "
Denne barbershop havde efter et år sunget sig ind på et relativ klart ledemotiv, som stod fast indtil slutningen af 1976.
Next a Commission was set up true to the British tradition of having a Royal Com mission made up of independent members (high-ranking functional elite and dignitaries) work out important reform issues.
(6) Billedet af ingeniøren og teknikeren i samfundet er alt for opsplittet i enkelt områder med hver sine aktiviteter, erhvervssammenslutninger og social status.
At this point in time I lost direct sight of their work because I finished my project at Oxford and returned to Germany.
Det rækker lige fra den lavt ansete 'håndværker' til 'teknologen', som søger at kompensere for mindreværdskomplekset over for videnskabsfolk ved ansete universiteter gennem en udpræget videnskabelighed og dermed risikerer at blive teoretisk.
I remained in very close contact with the barbershop. however, especially through Michael Fores' stays at the Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin (where 1 then worked).
(1) Britiske industrivirksomheders produktivitet hæmmes af teknikkens og de tekniske erhvervs lave anseelse i samfundsordenen, i uddannelsessystemet og virksomheders organisation.
Learning from international comparisons had a considerable impact to the extent that conditions in the Federal Republic of Germany were held up as a shining example for the British. 1 found this stylization alarming.
(2) Teknik og tekniske erhverv tiltrækker i Storbritannien klart mindre velkvalifice
Precisely at this time (1978). just when our preparatory work was beginning to bear important fruit, a strange and paradoxical development occurred. While the
(7) På samme måde er virksomheders or ganisation opsplittet i undergrupper, som er defineret på grundlag af erhverv, funktion eller status. Dette forhindrer en fælles orientering.
Tbe Ministry "(...) re sponded with relative eagerness to proposals to do something to improve tbe status and training of engineers. "
afdelinger, blev dér taget op, bearbejdet og stillet i forgrunden i mere synlige møder.
He was, however, being forced to assume an instrumental disposition.
Ministeriets parlamentariske viceminister engagerede sig, og i december 1976 blev der arrangeret et møde under den siddende viceministers ledelse (Peter Carey) og med deltagelse af Michael Edwardes (dengang chairman' i British Leyland).
Subjectively faced with the choice between the use fulness of his own work in the eyes of the hierarchy and truthfulness, he chose the path of honesty. This full-blooded engineer became a private scholar so as not to become a technocrat.
Gennem et "net af personligbeder" trængte budskabet ind i ministeriets mere operative afdelinger."
Finniston Commission was serving its function, the principal organizer and catalyst in the matter, Michael Fores, was be coming more and more demotivated in his work.
Desuden fremsatte vi en heftig kritik af universalistisk-normative managementteorier. Her var bl.a. Hartmann retningsgivende.
The civil engineer was in other words unable to stick to a technocratic or instrumentalized perspective.
Han havde allerede i 1959 gjort opmærksom på managementdoktrinernes kulturelle og samfundsmæssige relativitet.
Reform would have to be ground by the very wheels which had been responsible for the established faults in the first place.
Indtil slutningen af 70'erne blev den tyske managementpraksis imidlertid anset for at være forældet, navnlig sammenlignet med den amerikanske.
There was realistic insight that "(...) partial solutions which built on existing institutions were absurd.
Hartmann fremsatte vel som den første en eftertryk kelig kritik af denne synsmåde.
Reform would have to be ground by the very wheels which had been responsible for the established faults in the first place."
Man kunne slet ikke skælde nok ud på de såkaldte 'professions', generalistisk management, forsømmelse af teknik og overholdelse af tidsplanen og andre ting.
Michael Fores increasingly came to the pessimistic, although realistic conclusion, that it was impossible to make headway in the matter under the prevailing conditions.
Som udlænding blev jeg i reglen bange under sådanne diskussioner.
The difficulties appeared quite clearly to be political and social in nature.
For det første ville jeg som gæstearbejder i et land ikke tillade mig nogen tirader.
This does not mean, however, that the conflicts had mainly to do with the party politics of the time.
For det andet viser en sådan form for kritik i første række usikkerhed med hen syn til realistiske handlemuligheder og risikerer i den følelsesmæssige udmattelse efter tiradernes aftagen jo kun at gøre det bestående permanent.
After the Thatcher government came to power, there were drastic changes in economic policy measures with more incentives to increase profits.
Flere gange lod man mig desuden forstå, at det jo var for ståeligt og dejligt, at jeg var anglofil, men at jeg for en gangs skyld burde udtrykke mig i kraftige vendinger, som det hører sig til for en tysker.
The promotion of technology and engineering and their importance for business managers seemed by comparison to be of secondary importance. tance.
I den forbindelse søgte vi fortløbende krydsreferencer mellem uddannelsessystem, forholdet mellem arbejdsmarkedets par ter, virksomhedsorganisation, social historie, social lagdeling, teknikkens status og driftsøkonomi.
This was impeding the important lines of communication between the shopfloor and the factory on the one hand, and development, planning and management on the other.
"Kritik af britiske forbold blev pd daværende tids punkt ogsd godtaget velvilligt aflæserne.
They went on to say that this minimal difference helped to raise the weight and standing of production in an enterprise.
Man kunne slet ikke skælde nok ud på de såkaldte 'professions', generalistisk management, forsømmelse af teknik og overholdelse af tidsplanen og andre ting. "
In passing, it should be noted that the head of the project, Stan Hutton. was a professor of mechanical engineer ing who had had practical experience in Great Britain and Germany.
Selv om vort budskab omfattede en vidt gående kultur- og institutionskritik, tvang presset til at præcisere operationelle handlingsområder os til mere målrettet at fremhæve delkonklusioner.
The barbershop had set its sights on is sues which, one might say, did not fit on any political agenda.
Disse handlingsområder så man i meget høj grad på området uddannelsessystemets udformning, navnlig det tekniske uddannelses område, og systemet i forbindelse med ingeniørers erhvervssammenslutninger. Dette var naturligvis i strid med vor orientering mod 'samfundsanalyse'.
The Conservative government did not have it high on its priority list once the Labour government had likewise placed its priorities else where. They had also stressed economic policies, although from a Keynesian and subsidization angle.
Det var ikke netop fordi vi i barbershopen især var en kreds af sociologer, at denne in teresse var udpræget.
"In a nutshell" (...) we bad "(—) tbe right concept, but they were trying to imple ment it in the wrong society. "
Netop den i kredsen, der lagde mest vægt på den politiske diskussions rolle, var vor erfarne bro konstruktør Michael Fores, som gang på gang gjorde opmærksom på, at det var
Given this situation, it is understandable that Michael Fores gave notice at the Ministry just when his principal concern was clearly starting to bear fruit.
Organisatoren af vor barbershop og udvidede arbejdsmøder, Michael Fores, etablerede nu et net af personligheder, som var modtagelige for budskabet.
The impulse was taken up in the follow ing manner: In 1976-77, courses were in troduced in various institutes of higher education with the aim of turning out highly-qualified and respected heads of manufacturing.
Budskabet trængte ind i ministeriets mere operative
The courses were much more general in technical terms than their German models.
Ministeriet som apparat havde således vanskeligheder med en sådan målsætning.
* * cal training in enterprises with studies in sandwich courses.
Dog tog det relativt velvilligt imod impulsen til at gøre noget for ingeniørernes status og uddannelse. Dette var ikke let, fordi man dermed berørte helt andre ministeriers og meget autonome forvaltningsorganers handlingsområder.
The universities which offered these courses of study were the more selective and elite institutions (Cambridge, UMIST, Imperial College, Brunei/ Henley Management College, etc.).
Netop i Storbritannien ligger kompetencer på uddannelsesområdet på usædvanlig måde hos erhvervs sammenslutninger, universiteter og lokale uddannelsesmyndigheder.
However, neither his status as a member of the royal family nor the weak standing of the CEI allowed scope for behaviour that was anything other than ceremonial or cautious.
"Social handling på et differentieret delområde af samfundet er via interdependenskæder altid forbundet til dette pd alle andre delområder."
"The impulse was taken up In the following man ner: In 1976-77, courses were introduced in various institutes of higher education with the aim of turning out highly-quali fied and respected heads of manufacturing. "
På bemærkelsesværdig vis kom han på grundlag af praktisk indsigt frem til nøjagtigt de samme konklusioner, som også stod i forgrunden inden for rammerne af den 'samfundsmæssige effekt' efter Maurice et al.
This was a reasonable step towards raising the status of manufacturing engineers.
(1982): Social handling på et differentieret delområde af samfundet er via interdependenskæder altid forbundet til dette på alle andre delområder.
It ended up, however, in the creation of an elite, new type of education for manufacturing managers.
Via disse interdependenskæder forbliver handling altid samfundsimmanent, og dette gælder også i den sociale forandring.
It failed to establish a category with any substantial influence in numbers to bridge the gap between academic engineers and workers and lower-level engineering staff.
I overensstemmelse hermed kan gennem gribende ændringer kun opstå, ved at man koncentreret tager fat på dem ud over delområder.
Unlike the German institutetrained engineer, this new type of qualification was not de signed to the same extent to meet the needs of small and mediumsized enter prises.
Disse forbindelser mellem Fores og Maurice stod endnu ikke klart for mig på daværende tidspunkt.
In addition, given the status of the institutions involved, the course was not suitable for skilled workers or engineers.
I et til bageblik træder de dog så meget desto stærkere frem og viser en komplementaritet af videnskabelig grundorientering og forbindelse til praksis.
Thus, the new institution did nothing more than follow in the wake of current courses. No drastic changes oc curred.
Som det næste fulgte nedsættelsen af en kommission, helt i overensstemmelse med britisk praksis, med henblik på at lade udarbejde vigtige reformanliggender i en 'royal commission' af uafhængige med lemmer (funktionseliter på højt plan og honoratiores).
The appointment by royal decree was now to prove the undoing of the successor to the CEI, the Engineering Council. It was thus placed outside the normal le gal and regulatory avenues.
Denne kommission blev konstitueret med Monty Finniston som formand, den mangeårige tidligere chairman i British Steel.
According to Lee and Smith, this ceremonial trait ensured that its competences remained limited.
På dette tidspunkt kom dens arbejde ud af mit umiddelbare synsfelt, da jeg afsluttede mit projekt i Oxford og vendte tilbage til Tyskland. Kontakten til barbershopen fortsatte imidlertid med at være meget intens og blev navnlig styrket via Michael Fores' gæsteophold ved Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin (mit nye arbejdssted).
Nevertheless, the Council was able to push through a skeleton outline for classifying engineering degrees according to level. The graded categories of Chartered Engineer (C.Eng.).
Det, man kunne lære af en international sammenligning, fik et særligt islæt, for så vidt som forbold i Forbundsrepublikken Tyskland blev beskrevet som forbilledlige til britiske formål"
"This was a reasonable step towards raising tbe status of manufacturing engineers " but "No drastic changes occurred."
Denne interesse er siden dengang (1975-77) snarere steget mærkbart.
My interpretation is based on the account of Lee and Smith (1992: 193-195).
Selv om jeg er medansvarlig for det, har jeg det ikke altid godt med det.
An assessment of the Finniston Commission from the barbershop's per spective can be found in a publication byGlover and Kelly (1991).
Der opstod med tiden en tendens til en plat, propagandistisk stilisering af den 'tyske model', som var præget af manglende kendskab til de samfundsmæssige omgivelser og enkelthederne, og som for øjeblikket sandsynligvis slår om til en lige så plat kritik.
In accordance with the proposals made by the Commission, an Engineering Council was set up as an umbrella organization above lhe various splintered engineering associations.
"Med benblik pd en vedvarende samfundsmæssig ændring efter tysk møn ster tænkte Fores imidlertid netop ikke pd en kopi af tyske forbold"
It replaced the former Council of Engineering Institutions (CEI) which had an extremely weak position and was not laken seriously.
Der skete imidlertid netop på det tids punkt (1978), hvor det forberedende ar bejde begyndte at bære afgørende frugter, en mærkværdig paradoksal udvikling.
Furthermore, the Council made a real effort to advertise courses in engineering professions and to tap talent reserves -especially women - for the profession.
Mens Finniston Commission arbejdede, mistede den afgørende organisator af og impulsgiver til anliggendet, dvs. Michael Fores, mere og mere motivationen for sit arbejde.
Despite this, the percentage of new applicants for corresponding courses of study in establishments of higher education fell from 13% to 8% between 1982 and 1990.
En afgørende årsag var meningsforskelle mellem ham og hans nye direkte overordnede.
What's more, a great many of the students studying these subjects at British universities were (and are) foreign ers.
Denne spurgte hele tiden efter yderligere instrumentelle handlingsmæssige konklusioner, mens Fores så det presserende arbejde i gennem et vedvarende intellektuelt incitament at fremme en social bevægelse med den beskrevne orientering.
Lee and Smith (1992: 194) remark that technical education tended to become even less popular during this period.
Den uddannede bygningsingeniør var således ikke i stand til at holde fast ved en teknokratisk eller instrumentalistisk synsmåde.
This could be attributed firstly, to a trend to wards deindustrialization during this decade and secondly, to the fact that other courses of study were more successful and more credible in conveying the impression that they were better structured and would open up more lucrative and highlyregarded career prospects.
Han havde den absolut realistiske indsigt, at delløsninger, som havde relation til de eksisterende institu-
Furthermore, implementing specialized practiceoriented aspects into the curricula, in accordance with the German model, had a detrimental effect: courses - which were still very short (three to four years) com pared to the length of such studies in Germany - became overloaded, which detracted from their popularity. As a con-
Med henblik på en vedvarende samfundsmæssig ændring efter tysk mønster tænkte Fores imidlertid netop ikke på en kopi af tyske forhold.
Chairman of the Council of Engineering Institutions at the time was the Duke of Edinburgh who. as a naval officer and war veteran, had anything but a royally distant relationship to engineering.
For ham drejede det sig om et 'Society for Manufacturing', som en slags social bevægelse blandt differentierede funktionseliter.
At Michael Fores I was able to take a look ai lhe correspondence between himself and Prince Philip. The Prince's comments were concise and well-informed.
Denne skulle have til opgave at fremme de tekniske erhvervs
As a cultural hybrid with a sound knowledge of Germany. he was in a better position than most Britons to understand the com
Ministeriet "(...) tog (...) relativ velvilligt imod impulsen til at gøre noget for ingeniørernes status og uddannelse."
"(...) implementing special ized practiceoriented aspects into the curricula, in accordance with the German model, had a detrimental effect (—)" sequence, thought is once again being given to making technical university education more generalistic and to leaving application-related specialization to post graduate courses and professional practi tioners.
Et pessimistisk, men realistisk synspunkt blev forstærket hos ham, nemlig at anliggendet ikke var gennemførligt under de fremherskende omstændigheder.
differed according to sector and occupations, and what the connections were.
Det vil dog ikke sige, at mod sætningerne frem for alt havde noget at gøre med partipolitikken på det tidspunkt.
(1989) and by Steedman and Wagner (1987; 1989) can be mentioned here as examples.
En fremme af teknik, ingeniørernes forhold og deres betydning for virksomhedsledelsen syntes derimod at komme i anden række.
The commenced trains of research and argumentation were given a substantial boost, both from the economic and the work educational angle.
Der opstod en spænding mellem spørgsmålet "(...) "efter (...) instrumentelle handlingsmæssige konklusioner" og overbevisningen om, at det er nødven digt "(...) gennem et vedvarende intellektuelt incitament at fremme en social bevægelse (...)"
"Thus, the complex of problems was tackled with quite remarkable measures. This did 'not really solve the fundamental problem, however, but reproduced it more or less innovatively at a higher level"
Et af de første resultater af reformerne byggede på henvisninger i undersøgelsen af Lawrence (Hutton et al. 1977).
Thus, the complex of problems was tackled with quite remarkable measures.
Derved blev en vigtig formidlingsfunktion mellem værksted og fabrik på den ene side og udvikling, planlægning og ledelse på den anden side begrænset.
Hardly anything dramatic has changed the un derrating of engineers with regard to so cial prestige, payment, career opportunities, the scholastic calibre of newcomers to the field and the weight they carry in enterprises.
Teknikumingeniører var desuden fremragende produktionsledere, dvs. de arbejdede i en funktion, hvor formidlingen var særlig nødvendig. Deres teknikumstatus lå ikke for langt væk fra en civilingeniørs status.
Top enterprises in Great Britain, especially in the area around Cambridge and the Thames valley northwest of London, have made definite progress, however.
Den ringe forskel bidrog til at hæve produktionens vægt og anseelse i virksomheden.
This reflects the inner conflict of engineering and industrial structures in Great Britain when it comes to traditional industry on the one hand and high-tech on the other.
I pa rentes kan det nævnes, at lederen af projektet, Stan Hutton, var professor i maskinkonstruktion med praktisk erfaring i England og Tyskland.
This difference runs parallel to regional divisions, the gap between the north and the south and the stratification structure.
Det mål, som barbershopen styrede mod, var så at sige anbragt i tomrummet mellem to politiske stole.
Once again wide debate was prompted in Great Britain through these projects.
Den konservative regering engagerede sig ikke særligt pres serende i det, efter at Labour-regeringerne ligeledes havde defineret prioriteringerne anderledes.
The results have now become visible, al though they cannot be described or discussed in detail here (see, however, Bulletin No.l 1994).
De havde også satset på den økonomiske politik, omend ud fra et an det, keynesiansk og subventionistisk synspunkt. Med andre ord havde Fores og barbershopen vel det rigtige koncept, men det forkerte samfund til at kunne gennem føre det.
It is noticeable, never theless, that despite radical institutional changes, the trends that developed un der the Thatcher governments were evident here as well: the corporative responsibility of the social partners in the In dustrial Training Boards was reduced rather than made more effective.
Incitamentet blev i praksis taget op på følgende måde.
Al though authority for training became more regionalized following the German model, a widespread implementation of sufficiently demanding and nationally recognised occupations has not been secured in my opinion.
På forskellige britiske højere læreanstalter blev der i 1976-77 oprettet uddannelsesforløb, som skulle frembringe højt kvalificerede og respekterede produktionsledere.
My forecast is that the new system will lead in practice to a certain formalization and consolidation of company skills, which in the course of the 1980s found their place between craft skills and pure semi-skills.
Uddannelsesforløbene var imidlertid meget mere teknisk-generali-stiske end det tyske forbillede, idet er hvervspraktik og studium var blandet ('sandwich courses').
The backbone of the system is made up of the individually operating enterprises, at least when it comes to qualifications below the level of technician.
De universiteter, som udbød disse uddannelsesforløb, var snarere de selektive og elitære institutioner (Cambridge, UMIST, Imperial College, Brunel/Henley Management College osv.).
A "(...) series of comparative studies on vocational training and productivity in various pairs of business areas in Great Britain and Germany" provided convincing proof of "the extent to which detailed differences were apparent in the respective businesses in the two societies, how they differed according to sector and occupations, and what the connections were. "
"Med andre ord (havde vi) vel det rigtige koncept, men det forkerte samfund til at kunne gennemføre det."
He him self was in the process of launching a series of commissioned research projects dealing with the connection between vocational training and productivity.