natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Domstolen har ved konstruktionen af dette system udvist stor energi og en høj grad af dristighed, og det således konstruerede system udviser en slående kontinuitet i dets udvikling og en ligeså slående indre konsekvens.
In the construction of this system the Court has shown great energy and a high degree of boldness, and the system so constructed displays a striking continuity in its development and an equally striking internal consistency.
Ydermere er dette bemærkelsesværdige resultat nået i løbet af et meget kort tidsrum og under temmelig vanskelige omstændigheder.
And moreover this remarkable result has been achieved in a very short space of time and in circumstances of considerable difficulty.
Den retssammenlignende jurists naturlige reaktion er at råbe hurra; og mange andre vil deltage i hans bifaldstilkendegivelse, jeg formoder bl.a. Lord Denning, at dømme efter den opfattelse han udtrykte i Bulmer Ltd mod Bollinger S.A. (1974) Ch. 401, 415.
The natural reaction of the comparative lawyer is to shout hurray; and in this signification of approval he will be joined by many, including I would suppose Lord Denning, to judge from the opinion he expressed in Bulmer Ltd ν Bollinger S.A. (1974) Ch. 401, 415.
De metoder, Domstolen har anvendt under sit arbejde, er ypperligt blevet analyseret for os i dommer Kutschers og hr. Dumons vigtige bidrag, og det ville ikke tjene noget formål, hvis jeg forsøgte at gentage, hvad disse meget mere fyldestgørende har udtrykt.
The methods which the Court has used in its work have been admirably analysed for us in the important contributions of Judge Kutscher and Mr Dumon; and no purpose can be served by any attempted rehearsal by myself of what has been much more adequately stated by them.
Domstolen, der betragter sig selv som beskikket af artikel 164 til at være vogteren af EØF-traktatens ret, har påtaget sig pligten til at sikre, at de principper, EØF-traktaten fastsætter, overholdes, og dens målsætninger opfyldes.
The Court regarding itself as having been appointed by Article 164 to be the custodian of the law of the Treaty has assumed the duty to secure that the principles defined by the Treaty are observed and its objectives attained.
Jeg mener, det er rigtigt at sige, at Domstolens formål er, så vidt som det er muligt ved udøvelsen af alle de beføjelser, den er tillagt, at virke for, at Fælles skabet, som forudset af grundlæggerne, og som skildret ved de i EØF-trak-
I think it fair to say that the Court's purpose is that, so far as that may be possible by the exercise of any powers vested in itself, the Community as envisaged by the founders and as delineated by the terms and the objectives formulated in the Treaty be effectively realized as an existing and functioning entity.
taten formulerede udtryk og målsætninger, effektivt virkeliggøres som en eksisterende og fungerende helhed. Jeg tror, at dens formåls standhaftighed bedst kommer til udtryk i de sager, hvor en person ikke har opfyldt en pligt, der er pålagt ham i henhold til EØF-traktaten.
It is submitted that the nature of the Court's operation is well or even best, exemplified by its action in situations of default, and I propose to examine two cases in that area — both of them well known — in order to discover the actual mode of the Court's operation and to try to assess its advantages and disadvantages.
Domstolen forekommer mig at udvise betydelig nidkærhed, når den forsøger at behandle den heraf følgende situation, som om forsømmelsen ikke var forekommet, og søger at oprette den krænkelse af EØF-traktaten, der er sket, hvis dette overhovedet er muligt, hellere end simpelthen at kræve opfyldelse af den person, der har udvist forsømmelse.
The first is Van Gend en Loos ν Nederlandse adminis­tratie der belastingen, 26/62 of 5 February 1963 [1963] ECR 1. which may be regarded as the first in the series; the second is Defrenne ν Sabena S.A. 43/75 in which judgment was given on 8 April 1976 which is for the time being the culmination of the series.
Det hævdes, at arten af Domstolens virksomhed eksemplificeres godt eller endda bedst gennem dens afgørelse i situationer vedrørende forsømmelighed, og jeg agter at gennemgå to sager på dette område — de er begge velkendte — for at afdække Domstolens virkelige arbejdsområde og for at prøve at vurdere dens fordele og ulemper.
As is well known in Van Gend en Loos a statute in the Netherlands brought into force modifications of the Benelux tariff resulting from the acceptance by the Benelux countries of the Brussels customs nomenclature. The required reclassification resulted in increased custom duties payable on certain aminoplastic products imported into the Netherlands from Germany by Van Gend en Loos.
Den første er Van Gend og Loos mod Den nederlandske Finansförvaltning, 26/62 af 5. februar 1963, Samling af Domstolens Afgørelser 1954—64, s. 375, der kan betragtes som den første i en serie; den anden er Defrenne mod Sabena S.A. 43/75, i hvilken der afsagdes dom den 8. april 1976. denne er i øjeblikket kulminationen på serien.
There are of course numerous statements in the Treaty that the basis and a fundamental objective of the Treaty is a customs union involving the prohibition of customs duties between Member States. The importer in the Netherlands objected to payment of the higher duty demanded by the Netherland customs on the grounds that the Treaty pre­cluded any increase thereof.
Spørgsmålene var ikke træffende udformet, thi de synes at dreje sig om virkningen af forpligtelse ifølge EØF-traktaten på den nederlandske retsorden, medens Domstolens dom er begrænset til fortolkningen af EØF-traktaten.
It raised some difficult questions — for example the effect of the competition inter se within the Dutch legal system of obligations arising from the Benelux Treaty and those arising from the EEC Treaty, whereas the interpretation of the EEC Treaty was in the circumstances selfevident — if the customs duties had been increased the Netherlands govern­ment was in default.
To af medlemsstaterne, der gav møde, som de er be rettiget til, for at bestride importørens påstand og forelæggelsen i henhold til artikel 177, baserede sig da netop også på det anbringende, at Domstolen blev anmodet ikke så meget om at fortolke EØF-traktaten som om at tage
In the case of default by a Member State in fulfilling its obligations under the Treaty, Articles 169 and 170 make express provision for the process to be followed to secure the remedying of that default — as to which it is sufficient here to say that considerable regard is paid to national susceptibilities and the opinion of the Commission must be sought before
Spørgsmålet om anvendelse lå inden for den nationale domstols enekompetence.
the matter is brought before the Court.
Denne fremgangsmåde står, for at sige det mildt, i stærk mod sætning til den direkte og øjeblikkelige konfrontation, der ville opstå mellem den enkelte og hans regering, hvis medlemsstatens forsømmelighed kunne indbringes for Domstolen i henhold til artikel 177.
That process is, to say the least, in strong contrast with the direct and immediate confrontation between the individual and his own government which would arise if the default of the Member State was justiciable under Article 177.
Yderligere protesterede den belgiske regering mod Domstolens kompetence i henhold til artikel 177 med den begrundelse, at det spørgsmål, toldkommissionen havde forelagt, ikke havde tilknytning til toldkommissionens afgørelse af det tvistemål, der var indbragt for den.
Additionally, the Belgian government objected to the Court's jurisdiction under Article 177 on the ground that the question asked by the Tariefcommissie was not relevant to the determination by the Tariefcommissie of the issue before it.
Den måde, på hvilken Domstolen behandlede disse foreløbige indsigelser, er højst belærende, især i en sag som denne, der opstod tidligt i dens retslige historie.
The manner in which the Court dealt with these preliminary objections is hightly instructive, particularly in a case such as this which arose early in its judicial history.
Lige fra begyndelsen viste Domstolen stor villighed til at udrede de mulige flertydigheder i spørgsmål, der forelagdes den: den gjorde sig umage for at åbenbare, hvad den måtte anse for den egentlige mening, hvad der lå inden for dens kompetence, og hvad den forelæggende dommer kunne have haft til hensigt at forelægge for at opnå Domstolens vurdering. Selv om spørgsmålet, som det var affattet, måtte omfatte forhold, der lå uden for Domstolens kompetence, ville den — ut res magis valeat quam pereat — udelade det irrelevante materiale og rette sit svar mod, hvad den havde defineret som relevant.
First the Court showed great willingness to disentangle the possible ambiguities of the questions submitted to it: it was at pains to discover what it could regard as the basic point, being a matter within its com petence, which the referring judge could be taken as having submitted for its opinion.
I vort tilfælde behandlede den altså toldkommissionens forelæggelse, som om den kun rejste et spørgsmål om fortolkningen af EØF-traktaten og ikke om traktatens anvendelse i overensstemmelse med princip perne i nederlandsk national ret; og den besvarede kun det af den selv formulerede eller omformede spørgsmål.
So in our case it treats the Tariefcommissie's reference as raising a question only of the interpretation of the Treaty and not of the application of the Treaty according to the principles of Dutch internal law; and it proceeded to answer only the point so formulated, or reformulated, by itself.
For det andet fastslog den yderst korrekt, at spørgsmålet om, hvordan EØF-traktaten, som fortolket af den selv, skulle anvendes på de spørgsmål, der verserede ved de nederlandske domstole, i overensstemmelse med principperne i national nederlandsk ret, var et emne, der var omfattet af denne enekompetence.
Secondly it stated with great punctiliousness that the question how the Treaty, as interpreted by itself, was to be applied to the issue before the Dutch courts according to the principles of Dutch internal law was a matter falling within the exclusive jurisdiction of that court.
Denne anerkendelse af adskillelsen af funktionerne er blevet en rituel formular for Domstolen; og forestillingen om sameksistens mellem Fællesskabets retsregler og de nationale retsordener ligger til grund for Domstolens juridiske filosofi, lige meget hvor indviklet
Not only did it not do so but it showed an unusual degree of vigour and energy in striking down such objections and manifested a very firm determination to use the process of reference established by Article 177 in order to vindicate and enforce the provisions of the Treaty to the utmost of its powers.
deres indbyrdes forbindelse eller gensidige påvirkning er.
Article 12 in terms creates immediate obligation upon Member States — it is they who are directed to refrain from increasing customs duties.
For det tredje var det på grund af denne adskillelse af opgaver ikke Domstolens sag at under søge, hvorfor den nationale domstol havde rejst et spørgsmål vedrørende fortolkningen af EØF-traktaten, og heller ikke, om dette spørgsmål var relevant eller ej for den sag, der verserede for nævnte domstol; det var til strækkeligt, at et sådant spørgmål, så vidt De europæiske Fællesskabers Dom stol var underrettet, var opstået for den nationale domstol og virkelig endnu ikke var blevet besvaret.
The German government jointed the Belgian and the Netherlands governments in urging it upon the Court that Article 12 created only this obligation incumbent upon Member States, with the corollary that the only method of implementing the Treaty, and of enforcing the law which Article 164 enjoined the Court to observe, was to require the Netherlands government to conform its action to the Treaty's provisions if indeed it had departed from them.
For det fjerde behandlede Domstolen en forelæggelse for den i henhold til artikel 177 og enhver mulig fremgangsmåde efter artiklerne 169 og 170 som fuldstændig forskellige fra hinanden.
This contention of the three governments was moreover adopted by the Court's own Advocate-General, Roemer, in his opinion.
Jeg mener, at en tøvende eller forsagt domstol retmæssigt kunne have afslået at besidde kompetence begrundet med enhver af de foreløbige indsigelser, der var rejst for den.
It has not I think been sufficiently noted that the Court's decision was upon the 'conclusions contraires' of its advocategeneral, that is to say of the person to whom it turns for impartial and con sidered advice upon the law which it is its duty to apply.
Den undlod ikke blot dette, men den udviste en usædvanlig grad af styrke og energi ved at afvise sådanne indsigelser og tilkendegav en meget fast beslutsomhed med hensyn til at benytte den henvisningsmetode, der er skabt gennem artikel 177 for at forsvare og håndhæve bestemmelserne i EØF-traktaten, til det yderste af dens beføjelser.
The force of the contention which faced the Court was considerable: three of the six signatory governments were agreed upon what they had done and intended in the Treaty (and I have no doubt that one at least of the other governments also would have concurred if it had at that time been taking an interest in what was happening in the Community's institutions) and this view appeared to the advocate general to be the reasonable and appropriate view, though it was opposed by the EEC Commission which also appeared.
Domstolens afgørelse med hensyn til henvisningens indhold var ikke mindre betydningsfuld.
Again what is striking is not merely the fact that the Court rejected this contention but the energy with which it rejected it and the far-reaching reasons upon which it founded its rejection.
Artikel 12 skaber utvetydigt umiddelbar pligt for medlems staterne, det er dem, der pålægges at afstå fra at forhøje toldsatser.
The relative importance of these reasons is no doubt a matter of subjective appraisal: what seems to me basic is the Court's sense that if it did not recognize and directly enforce rights arising in an individual Community law it would risk becoming idle and ineffective.
Den tyske regering sluttede sig til de belgiske og nederlandske regeringer ved at henstille til Domstolen, at artikel 12 kun skabte denne forpligtelse for medlemsstaterne med den naturlige konsekvens, at den eneste måde til gennemførelse af EØF-traktaten og håndhævelse af den ret, som artikel 164 pålægger Domstolen at iagttage, var at forlange, at den nederlandske regering skulle afpasse sin adfærd efter EØF-traktatens bestemmelser, hvis den virkelig havde af reget fra dem.
'A restriction of the guarantees against an infringement of Article 12 by Member States to the procedures under Article 169 and 170 would remove all direct legal protection of the individual rights of their nationals... The vigilance of individuals concerned to protect their rights amounts to an effective supervision in addition to the supervision entrusted by Articles 169 and 170 to the diligence of the Commission and of the Member States'.
Denne påstand fra regeringerne blev desuden fremført af Domstolens generaladvokat, Roemer, i hans forslag til afgørelse.
In the view of the Court 'the objective of the EEC Treaty .... implies that this Treaty is more than an agreement which merely creates mutual obligations between the contracting States.'
Jeg mener ikke, at det er blevet tilstrækkeligt bemærket, at Domstolens afgørelse bygger på de »conclusions contraires«, som blev fremført af dens generaladvokat, dvs. af den person, den henvender sig til for at opnå en upartisk og velovervejet rådgivning om de retsregler, den er forpligtet til at anvende.
This implication is held to be confirmed by various considerations rehearsed by the Court and not least by the very existence of Article 177 which indicates that the States have obligations capable of being invoked by their nationals before the national courts.
Hvad der igen er slående er ikke kun det faktum, at Domstolen forkastede nævnte påstand, men den styrke, med hvilken den forkastede den, og de
This legal order can and does confer rights upon individuals not only when an explicit grant is made by the Treaty but when obligations are imposed, in a clearly defined manner upon ii-y
langtrækkende grunde, på hvilke den baserede sin afvisning.
others. In particular Article 12 is 'ideally adapted to produce direct effects in the legal relationship between Member States and their subjects.'
Domstolen erklærer: »Målet for EØF-traktaten ... inde bærer, at denne traktat udgør mere end en aftale, som blot skaber gensidige forpligtelser mellem de kontraherende stater«.
This is not the place to analyse the manner in which the Court has in sub­sequent cases developed the principles set out in the Van Gend en Loos judg­ment, though I may be permitted to say that this development shows a high degree of consistency and logical coherence.
Denne slutning anses for be kræftet ved forskellige overvejelser, Domstolen opregner, og ikke mindst ved selve eksistensen af artikel 177, der tilkendegiver, at staterne har forpligtelser, der kan påberåbes af deres statsborgere ved nationale domstole.
With an ever-increasing emphasis the Court establishes Community law as an autonomous and distinct supra­national legal system organically linked with the national legal systems and respecting their independence but nevertheless exercising a jurisdiction which is paramount to theirs.
Domstolen konkluderer derfor, »at Fællesskabet udgør et nyt folkeretligt system ... hvis retssubjekter ikke blot er medlemsstaterne, men også disses statsborgere«.
No comparative lawyer can fail to admire the ability and devotion shown by the Court in creating this legal system and, not less, the solidity of the system they have created.
Dette retssystem har både mulighed for at tillægge, og tillægger også stats borgere rettigheder, ikke kun når EØF-traktaten udtrykkeligt indrømmer dem, men også når forpligtelser på en klart afgrænset måde pålægges andre.
This admirable construction is in large part immediately founded upon Van Gend en Loos.
Særlig artikel 12 er »særdeles velegnet til at skabe umiddelbare virkninger i de retlige relationer mellem medlemsstaterne og deres retsundergivne«.
Nevertheless I propose to criticize this decision — at least the manner in which the Court reached its conclusion and formulated its reasons.
Den fastsætter et klart og betingelsesløst forbud, hvilket ikke er en handle- men undladelsespligt. »Den omstændighed, at det i henhold til denne artikel er medlemsstaterne, der er pligtsubjekter for nævnte undladelsesforpligtclse, medfører ikke, at deres statsborgere ikke kan drage fordel af den«.
A mere commentator is well advised to show prudence in criticizing a judgment which forms the basis of the Court's case-law; and I am not willing to suggest that the Court was fundamentally in error in its actual decision ; it might well have stultified itself had it decided the contrary of what it did decide.
I over ensstemmelse hermed gav Domstolen sin afgørelse følgende ordlyd: »Artikel 12 i traktaten om oprettelse af Det europæiske økonomiske Fællesskab har umiddelbar virkning og medfører individuelle rettigheder for de retsundergivne, som de nationale domsmyndigheder skal beskytte«.
But with Van Gend en Loos the Court embarked upon a course which has had, and will continue to have, consequences which are as confusing as they are dangerous.
Dette er ikke stedet for en analyse af den måde, hvorpå Domstolen i efter følgende sager udviklede de i Van Gend & Loos-sagen fastslåede principper, selv om jeg vil tillade mig at fremføre, at denne udvikling viser en høj grad af konsekvens og logisk sammenhæng. Med stadig stigende eftertryk skaber Domstolen fællesskabsretten som et autonomt og adskilt juridisk system, der organisk er tilknyttet de nationale retsordener og respekterer disses uafhængig hed men alligevel udøver en kompetence, der er dem overordnet. Ingen rets sammenlignende jurist kan undlade at beundre den dygtighed og hengivenhed, Domstolen udviser ved skabelsen af dette system, og endnu mindre fastheden i det system, den har skabt. Denne beundringsværdige konstruktion er for en stor del umiddelbart baseret på Van Gend & Loos. Ikke desto mindre 11-10
My criticism of the terms and method of the decision is not, I believe, due to hindsight — though in any event that is a prerogative of the academic lawyer, but before embarking upon that criticism and in lieu of any analysis of the numerous and very important cases which developed the principles of Van Gend en Loos, I propose arbitrarily to select a recent case — 43/75 Defrenne ν Sabena in which judgment was rendered on 8 April 1976 — as exemplifying the end result attained in this critical area of Community law.
vil jeg vove at kritisere denne afgørelse — i det mindste den måde hvorpå Domstolen drog sin konklusion og formulerede sine præmisser.
its direct applicability in the Belgian legal system.
Forelæggelsen rejste spørgsmålet om fortolkningen af artikel 119 i EØF-traktaten, og om dennes direkte anvendelig hed inden for det belgiske retssystem.
The text of Article 119, first paragraph is as follows:
»Hver medlemsstat gennemfører i løbet af første etape og opretholder derefter princippet om lige løn til mænd og kvinder for samme arbejde«.
Each Member State shall during the first stage ensure, and subsequently maintain, the application of the principle that men and women should receive equal pay for equal work.
Frk. Defrenne havde været ansat hos det belgiske luftfartsselskab Sabena som stewardesse i henhold til forskellige kontrakter fra 10. december 1950 indtil 15. februar 1968, da hun fyldte fyrre, hvilket er pensionsalderen for det kvindelige flyvende personale.
Mile. Defrenne had been employed under various contracts by the Belgian Airways Company, Sabena, as an air hostess from 10 December 1951 until 15 February 1968 when she attained her fortieth year, the retiring age for female air-borne staff.
Det indrømmedes, at en stewardesses arbejde svarer til det, der udføres af en mandlig steward, men frem til 1. februar 1966, da Sabena indførte et nyt lønsystem, var lønnen for en stewardesse lavere end for en steward med samme anciennitet.
It was admitted that the work of an air hostess is identical to that of a male steward; but up to 1 February 1966, when Sabena introduced a new pay code, the air hostess's pay was inferior to that of a steward of equal standing.
Edter at hendes kontrakt var udløbet, sagsøgte frk. Defrenne den 13. marts 1968 Sabena for Tribunal de Travail i Bruxelles og påstod betaling af forskellen mellem den løn, hun havde modtaget, og den løn, som en mandlig steward ville have modtaget mellem den 15. februar 1963 — den terminus a quo der er fastsat i den belgiske Lov om forældelse — og den 15. februar 1966.
After the termination of her contract, on 13 March 1968, Mile. Defrenne sued Sabena in the Tribunal de Travail of Brussels claiming the difference between the wages she had received and those which a male steward would have received between 15 February 1963 — the terminus a quo fixed by the Belgian Statute of Limitations — and 1 February 1966.
Det omstridte beløb udgjorde 12 716 belgiske francs, ca. 100 £ på samme dato.
The sum involved was 12 716 Belgian francs, that is to say about £ 100 at that date.
Hun påstod også, at hun burde have modtaget et større »ulempetillæg«, og at hendes pension burde have været beregnet efter en højere tarif.
She also claimed that she should have received a larger 'severance payment' and that her pension should have been calculated at a higher rate.
Cour du Travail stadfæstede afgørelsen vedrørende ulempetillægget og pensionstariffen men besluttede at anmode De europæiske Fællesskabers Domstol om en afgørelse vedrørende kravet om lønforskellene, hvorfor den forelagde to spørgsmål i henhold til artikel 177.
The Labour Court of Appeal affirmed the decision as to the severance payment and pension rate, but decided to seek the European Court's ruling on the claim for wage arrears, and under Article 177 raised two questions.