natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
I nedenstående diagram nr. 1 har vi sammenfattet denne systematik og skal i det følgende komme nærmere ind på modellen.
For the establishment of a training place for a disabled young person a subsidy of FF 15,000 can be obtained, and 80% of the cost of necessary modifications is borne by the state.
Den medicinsk-funktionelle revalidering har ikke været direkte genstand for undersøgelsen, men i forbindelse med de forskellige interviewer er der også gjort opmærksom på mangler på dette område, idet der fremfor alt savnes tilstrækkelig emotionel støtte til ofre for ulykker.
The employee concerned also counts towards the quota. Theoretical training is undertaken in a government-approved centre for the training of apprentices (CFA, Centre de Formation d'Apprentis).
Det der tænkes på er, at der bør sikres psykologisk bistand - det være sig gennem familiemedlemmer eller tilsvarende skolet personale - når varige men efter ulykker og den traumatiske oplevelse skal forarbejdes og en ny identitet eventuelt omfattende nye erhvervsmæssige perspektiver skal opbygges (jf. bl.a.
Special arrangements for disabled people were introduced in 1978 and 1981, making it possible, for example, to extend training by one year. Specialized centres for apprenticeship training can also be set up: CFAS.
Werner og Gadomski 1987).
At present, there are five of these in France, all intended for mentally handicapped young people.
Noget lignende gælder for handicappedes skoleuddannelse.
The YTS also provides for vocational preparation courses in which the aptitude of disabled people can be determined.
Jo ringere de kulturtekniske kundskaber som at læse eller skrive er, jo ringere er også chancerne for at komme i erhverv (jf. 7. kapitel).
Two training projects in the computer sector, which we have included in this study, one in the North of England, an area where unemployment is extremely high, were based on the Employment Training scheme.
Special-/støtte-undervi sning
It is felt it would "ruin the price" if they knew.
Erhvervsmæssig integrering
It is not least due to this system of vocational training that Germany has fewer unemployed young people than other European countries.
Det er helt bevidst, at den erhvervsrettede (ny)orientering optager meget plads i ovenstående diagram, idet der nemlig også på dette ømtålelige område er kommet store mangler for dagen.
In fact, the vast majority of vocational rehabilitation schemes for the disabled take place in off-the-job facilities.
I UK var en del af de interviewede handicappede blevet orienteret enten meget sent eller kun utilstrækkeligt om de erhvervsrettede revalideringsmuligheder.
In 1987, for example, firms accounted for only a fifth of all training measures for disabled people, special institutions for 81%.
De havde været arbejdsløse i lang tid og gik for ikke at kunne placeres på nogen arbejdsplads.
The figures for initial training are somewhat different: 57.4% on-the-job and 42.6% off-the-job in 1987 (see Federal Institute of Labour 1988b).
Informationsbrochuren fra en stor organisation for fysisk handicappede har da også følgende overskrift: "If only I'd known that a year ago ...".
The advantages of on-the-job rehabilitation are obvious: besides being related more closely to the real world and teaching skills that meet actual requirements, it gives the employer and the disabled person an opportunity to get to know each other and overcome prejudices, which, in the final analysis, greatly improves prospects of a permanent employment relationship after training (see Hofbauer 1977).
Det, der forstås ved denne revalidering, er en systematisk gennemgang af de erhvervsmæssige perspektiver under hensyn til individuelle evner og handicapbetingede begrænsninger.
Fifteen of the disabled people interviewed in Germany, for example, had participated in on-the-job rehabilitation measures, and all had subsequently been given permanent jobs, not neces-
Formålet med denne proces er på samme tid revalidendens orientering og erhvervsrelaterede forberedelse (jf. Brouwer 1989).
40 sarily in the firm in which they had received their training, but through the rehabilitation institution's cooperation with one firm contacts were established with other firms in the same sector, thus giving rise to additional placement prospects.
I mange tilfælde bestemmes erhvervsmuligheden fortsat ene og alene på basis af medicinsk og psykologisk diagnose og tilsvarende metoder, der er alt for fikserede på aktuelle mangler, i stedet for at sætte fokus på de evner, der fortsat måtte findes.
Six of those interviewed in Germany had undergone off-the-job rehabilitation, and all of them had subsequently been unemployed for between one and two years.
Ligeledes bør kortlægningen af erhvervsmulighederne ikke alene overlades til eksperter, der ser den pågældende person som et passivt objekt for deres beføjelser og kriterier og træffer afgørelser hen over hovedet på vedkommende om, hvilke erhvervsmæssige perspektiver der rimeligvis måtte foreligge.
In addition, it was found that five of the six disabled people whose attempts at vocational integration had failed and who were investigated further in this context had participated in off-the-job rehabilitation schemes, only one in an on-the-job scheme.
Derimod burde der i større omfang anvendes anamnestiske metoder og pædagogiske, indlæringsprocesorienterede modeller, der frembyder tilstrækkelige muligheder for, at de pågældende personer kan indsamle egne erfaringer vedrørende forskellige erhverv og uddannelsesmuligheder og selv finde frem til målsætninger, der er vigtige for dem (jf. Fischer 1987).
Sheltered employment is another link in the vocational rehabilitation chain, even though it does not always perform this specific function, since the number of disabled people leaving sheltered facilities for the general labour market is for the most part negligible.
Det fremgik endvidere af interviewerne, at udviklingen af et (nyt) erhvervsmæssigt perspektiv falder sammen med processen til en ny definition af den personlige identitet, hvor vedkommende ofte er afhængig af psykologisk assistance.
All too often sheltered employment is a dead end rather than a springboard to the general labour market.
Naturligvis kan udviklingen af fremtidsperspektiver ikke alene være en refleksionsproces, men skal være ledsaget af en praktisk afprøvning inden for forskellige arbejdsområder.
This is also revealed by the findings of our survey: four of six disabled people interviewed in Germany whose vocational integration in the general labour market had failed had come from sheltered workshops; two had returned to the workshop, two were unemployed.
I denne forbindelse kan en klarlæggelse af mulige tekniske tilpasninger af arbejdspladsen siden hen allerede nu være omfattet af den erhvervsrettede orientering.
A study of the Hamburg sheltered workshop produced a similar picture: of 43 employees who had switched to the general labour market between 1980 and 1983, only nine still had their jobs at the time of the survey in 1984.
Mens institutionerne til erhvervsrettet orientering i B er ret uspecialiserede og dårligt udstyrede, er der på revalideringsinstitutionerne Muiderpoort og Heliomare i NL for nylig sket en udvidelse og systematisk intensivering af de eksisterende modeller til kortlægning af erhvervsmuligheder, og
All the others had lost their jobs (Anders & Krützfeld 1989, p. 103). It must be added, however, that in the last example most of the disabled people concerned had initiated the change themselves and had re ceived little assistance from the workshop's guidance services (ibid.). Following this and similar experience action has meanwhile been taken in many places to improve after-care services for disabled people who want to leave a sheltered workshop or a rehabilitation institution for the general labour market (see Chapter 5). Thought is also being given to ways of giving more encouragement to the transition to open employment relationships through greater differentiation at the organizational level Page 55
41 begge institutionerne har deltaget i undersøgelsen.
41 of sheltered workshops.
Der kan bl.a. foretages praktiske arbejds­ og belastningsprøver, og gennem nære kontakter til erhvervsuddannelsesinstitutioner kan erhvervsvalg og revalidering ske i en direkte sammenhæng.
A possibility being discussed is the introduc tion of special work or transition groups in which people who have set their sights on employment outside the workshop can be given wide-ranging assistance and, where possible, prepared for the specific requirements of firms (see Cramer 1990).
I D råder de fleste af de 13 institutioner til medicinsk­erhvervsrettet revalidering over tilsvarende støtteordninger.
It is quite possible to leave sheltered workshops, as various programmes we have considered during this study show.
To af institutionerne gør en stor indsats for at samarbejde med lokale virksomheder ved gennemførelsen af erhvervsrettede orienteringsforanstaltninger, og de råder hver over 50 eksterne afprøvningspladser i regulære · virksomheder.
The British Sheltered Placement Scheme (SPS) is a programme for the pro tected employment of disabled people in normal firms in the general labour market (see Chapter 3).
I F har der fra 1975 været lovhjemmel for etablering af centre til erhvervsrettet orientering og introduktion (centres de préorientation), men i praksis er de først blevet realiseret i 1987.
At the end of 1990 6,500 people were em ployed under the scheme (Department of Employment 1990).
De er delvis ­ om end uafhængige ­ tilsluttet erhvervsskolerne (CRP, jf. afsnit 4.4.).
Formally, they are employed by one of the 120 or so sponsor agencies and authorities, which hire them out to "host firms", thus relieving the latter the financial burden of having to employ someone who is less than fully productive.
Ved udgangen af denne periode modtager COTOREP en rapport med detaljerede forslag vedrørende den fortsatte erhvervsrettede orientering af vedkommende person.
The effectiveness of the SPS as a springboard to open employment is also indicated by the findings of our surveys: three of the 16 disabled people interviewed in Britain had found their jobs through the SPS.
De aktuelle krav til indholdet af den erhvervsrettede revalidering som sådan er allerede beskrevet i begyndelsen af dette kapitel. I dette afsnit skal de institutionelle aspekter behandles.
Although the arrangements under Collective Agreement No. 26 in Belgium (see Chapter 3) are not really intended for disabled people in sheltered facilities, they should be considered in this context since the subsidization of jobs in the general labour market is often likely to be an alternative to sheltered employment.
I Β findes 32 erhvervsuddannelsescentre (CFP, centres de formation professionnelle), der som regel er specialiserede i uddannelse af bestemte handicapgrupper eller inden for bestemte brancher.
Since this agreement entered into force, 4,145 employees have taken part, 3,434 (82.8%) of them bluecollar workers, 711 (17.2%) white-collar.
Alt efter fag og eksamensniveau varer uddannelsen fra 12 til 36 måneder.
On 31 December 1988 the FNRSH was subsidizing the labour costs of 2,171 employees, which means that 1,974 disabled people have left the scheme.
I begyndelsen af 1988 var der ca. 900 revalidender på sådanne skoler.
Here again, we have no accurate data on what subsequently happened to these people, but the
I F findes i dag ca. 90 erhvervsrettede optræningscentre (CRP, centres de réadaptation professionelle), hvor handicappede får en som regel kompetencegivende erhvervsuddannelse.
In Germany the Länder of Hamburg and Hesse have initiated special pro grammes in recent years for the placement of disabled people in permanent jobs in the public service.
Sideløbende med uddannelsen tilbydes medicinsk behandling og social omsorg.
While Hesse's programme is primarily in tended for unemployed physically disabled people, Hamburg's target group largely consists of people with learning difficulties and the mentally handicapped in sheltered facilities.
Endvidere forberedes revalidenderne målrettet til en beskæftigelse i en virksomhed og hjælpes også i forbindelse med placeringen.
Two participants in these pro grammes were interviewed about their experience (see Chapter 7).
Handicappede kan endvidere optages i de regulære uddannelsescentre, der hører under statens organisation for erhvervsrettet voksenuddannelse (AFPA, Association pour la Formation Professionelle des Adultes), men her findes ingen specielle støttemuligheder af ovennævnte art. En undtagelse er AFPA-centret i Dijon, der som et led i EF's District Programme er indrettet som model efter handicappedes behov.
As it was realized that sheltered workshops were unsuitable for some of their employees, ten normal posts were created in Hamburg's public service (1985).
I F afprøves desuden pilotprojekter i seks regioner vedrørende fjernundervisning af 60 fysisk svært handicappede personer med efterfølgende etablering af tilsvarende arbejdspladser (jf. tilsvarende projekter i UK, afsnit 4.5.).
In view of the success of this scheme - all the posts provided were filled - another programme for ten people was established in 1987, to be followed in 11988 and 1989 by two more programmes, each for five disabled people (see Employment, Youth and Social Affairs Authority 1987).
Arbejdsministeriet fører tilsyn med CRP'erne, for så vidt angår den pædagogiske og tekniske side er det AFPA, der udøver denne funktion.
Under Hesse's programme 52 disabled people were employed, mostly with the legal authorities, and, after a period of training, given openended employment contracts.
Bureaukratiet ligefrem forhindrer en afpasning af uddannelsesvilkårene efter målgruppens og arbejdsmarkedets behov: "Der er fare for, at erhvervsuddannelsessystemet for handicappede forbener."
As an extension of the programme another 40 jobs of this kind were created in Hesse's public service.
Kun to af ERCs råder over egne boliger, i 1986/87 var i alt 1 223 unge på ophold i disse centre. Der gøres meget i UK for at etablere lokale uddannelsestilbud for handicappede.
A comparison of costs made for the Hamburg model - based on various options, which cannot be discussed further here - concluded that providing additional jobs for disabled people in public enterprises is generally cheaper than funding places in sheltered workshops (ibid., pp. 24 ff.).
I 1989/90 gav ERC- og ASSET-centrene orientering og vejledning til 25 000 handicappede. Ca. halvt så mange havde mulighed for erhvervsrettet revalidering (Department of Employment, 1990).
Both programmes show not only how promising government action at the interface between reha bilitation, or sheltered facilities, and employment in the general labour market can be, but also, in principle at least, that there are certainly openings for disabled people in the general labour market, which might
I Berufsbildungswerke (BBW) får først og fremmest unge handicappede en erhvervsfaglig grunduddannelse, på 39 institutioner findes ca. 10 000 pladser med uddannelsesmuligheder inden for ca. 150 forskellige fag. BBW's klientel er hovedsagelig den i de senere år stadig voksende gruppe af såkaldt udviklingshæmmede, 19 BBW'er er specielt indrettede med henblik på denne gruppe.
Given the economic and technical developments occurring in Western Europe, vocational rehabilitation now has to contend with growing demands on the aims of training on the one hand and the generally lower level at which rehabilitated disabled people enter the labour market, since the poor primary skills of many disabled people make it increasingly difficult to bridge this gap or at least require increasingly long periods of training (see Seyd 1985).
I Berufsförderungswerke (BFW) tilbydes efter- og videreuddannelse samt omskoling for handicappede voksne, der af helbredsmæssige grunde ikke længere kan udøve deres hidtidige erhverv.
At the same time, there is a growing need for vocational training to teach more than just the instrumental skills re quired for an occupation (see also section 4.1).
21 BFW'er råder for tiden over ca. 12 500 pladser inden for ca. 70 forskellige fag. De fleste revalidender er fysisk handicappede, funktionsnedsættelser i støtte- og bevægelsesapparatet samt medicinske sygdomme er de hyppigst forekommende handicap.
When integration into working life fails, it is due less to the absence of these specific skills than to the absence of such general attitudes as initiative, flexibility and the ability to cooperate, which form part of the modern identity of an employee, and also to difficulties with such traditional secondary virtues as reliability, continuity and commitment.
Antallet af unge revalidender har været næsten konstant i mange år, mens antallet af voksne i de sidste tre år har været stigende (jf. Bundesanstalt für Arbeit 1988 a, s. 6).
As we have seen, the combination of on-the-job and off-the-job training is one of the most important strategies for coping with these problems.
Bl.a. takket være denne kombination af uddannelse og arbejdsliv ligger revalideringsinstitutionernes anvisningstal trods den vanskelige situation på arbejdsmarkedet på et acceptabelt niveau.
Before this stage is reached, it must be remembered that many disabled people have in no way learnt to "sell themselves", with the result that vocational integration is in danger of failing even at the time of the application for a job.
De tyske Berufsbildungswerke har i 1988 for første gang gennemført et fælles rundspørge blandt tidligere revalidender. På tidspunktet for undersøgelsen, der lå ca. et år efter at de adspurgte
As preparation for entry into working life, off-the-job training in particular must therefore include such tasks as writing curricula vitae and applications, practising interview techniques and also establishing a differentiated integration plan.
De to adspurgte nederlandske uddannelsescentre arbejder lige så effektivt og kan ligeledes fremvise imponerende store tal for velintegrerede revalidender i erhverv: indtil 90% af dimittenderne får et job.
The experience of the institutions we interviewed indicates, however, that the most important requirement for vocational and social integration is that the individual's ability to cope and come to terms, i.e. to live, with his disability psychologically.
Også her finder en del af uddannelsen sted på virksomheder i regionen.
The prospect of vocational integra tion depends less on the severity of the disability than on this ability to cope with it psychologically.
Begge institutterne tilbyder hjælp med at søge arbejde.
Social guidance services should there fore form a basic part of the vocational rehabilitation of disabled people.
Uddannelsen tager ikke udelukkende sigte på det efterfølgende erhverv, men også på hvordan man finder arbejde i sit fag (jf. afsnit 4.7.).
Nor does this process automatically end when the training is completed: entry into working life may be another difficult step, be cause it makes fresh demands on the individual to cope with his disability and to define his own identity.
Ligesom i UK forsøger man også i NL i stigende grad at etablere lokale uddannelses- og revalideringsmuligheder for handicappede.
In the next chapter we consider institutions which have taken it upon themselves to provide advisory, placement and guidance services during this sometimes difficult period of entry into working life.
En vigtig del af sådanne ordninger kunne ifølge de af os indhentede oplysninger bl.a. være "at befri virksomhederne for uddannelsesrisikoen", dvs. at revalideringsinstitutionerne i større omfang skulle overtage ansvaret for uddannelsen og samtidig stille undervisere til rådighed.
We focus on services which have emerged in recent years, since their establishment can be seen as a further innovative element in support of vocational integration, alongside the trend towards on-the-job rehabilitation analysed in the last chapter.
Uddannelsesstedet kunne være en af erhvervslivets virksomheder.
We examine the various functions of these services and describe the methodological stages of their work.
De adspurgte arbejdsgivere og AF-medarbejdere har dog gentagne gange kritiseret, at uddannelsen i de erhvervsrettede revalideringscentre burde være mere realitetsorienteret, mindre instrumentel og - på baggrund af den hurtige teknologiske udvikling - mere afpasset efter virksomhedernes faktiske behov.
Interviews were conducted with 11 representatives of gov ernment placement services (employment authorities), 24 employees of rehabilitation institutions responsible for placement and after-care activities, 14 employees of local placement organizations run by private bodies and two care workers employed by firms.
I hvert fald forekommer det nødvendigt at forme kontakten mellem uddannelse og arbejdets verden langt mere intensivt.
Of the ten organizations for the care of disabled people (NGOs) interviewed during the study, half undertook placement activities themselves, and of the seven trade union representatives interviewed, three were also directly concerned with the integration of disabled people into firms in their capacity as representatives of the workers' interests.
På baggrund af lignende overvejelser har flere af de undersøgte lande, nemlig B, F og UK, gennemført særlige foranstaltninger for at fremme uddannelsen af handicappede i en virksomhed.
We begin by describing developments in existing institutions, then analyse their respective advantages and disadvantages, before considering in the next section the tasks of these services from methodological angles.
Ved denne on-the-job uddannelse afpasses uddannelsesindholdet både efter de handicappedes individuelle kapacitet og virksomhedens muligheder. I begyndelsen af 1988 var 1 124 handicappede under uddannelse i en virksomhed.
In all the countries studied the placement and counselling of job-seekers is traditionally the task of government agencies, the employment authorities, and at times of full employment this was also perfectly adequate.
Før beskæftigelseskrisen udgjorde CRP i F faktisk den eneste og samtidig tilstrækkelige form for erhvervsuddannelse for handicappede.
In Germany, on the other hand, each branch of the government-run labour office has a special placement ser vice for severely disabled people.
Mesterlæren - en praktisk uddannelse i virksomheden - er imidlertid den ældste form for erhvervsuddannelse for unge voksne.
This is also true of France, although the relevant placement officer undertakes few practical placement activ ities, advising and supporting his colleagues in matters relating to the disabled instead.
Selv om dette system allerede i 1971 blev genindført ved lov, benyttes det fortsat kun lidt til handicappede unge. Under mesterlæren, der varer to år, forpligter arbejdsgiveren sig til at uddanne en ung person i et fag på sin virksomhed.
While the services of the employment authorities so far mentioned are approached both by disabled people and by firms, these two tasks are performed by different services in Britain: 415 Disablement Resettlement Officers (DROs) advise and assist disabled people.
Den unge har status af arbejdstager og får en fast løn.
In 1986/87 84,424 disabled people availed themselves of this placement service.
Etableringen af en uddannelsesplads for en ung handicappet person subventioneres med FF 15 000, endvidere betales 80% af de nødvendige tilpasningsomkostninger. Desuden medregnes den beskæftigede i kvoten.
The Specialist Careers Officers (SCOs), who work at the level of local institutes of education and advise disabled young people on suitable occupations, are an important complement.
Den teoretiske uddannelse foregår i et statsanerkendt center for grunduddannelser (CFA, Centre de Formation d'Apprentis).
Employers, on the other hand, are advised by the Disablement Advisory Service (DAS), which has 71 local offices.
I 1978 og 1981 indførtes særlige ordninger for handicappede, bl.a. kan uddannelsen forlænges med et. år.
It informs them of the financial assistance avail able for any modifications that need to be made and of the various train ing and employment programmes and helps them with their applications (see Chapter 4).