natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Man må imidlertid affinde sig med, at bortset fra den forenklede "overensstemmelsesmodel" findes der kun komplicerede forhold (2).
Learning from practice: adjustment of local, regional and national systems of continuous training
Hvis metoderne til udarbejdelse af prognoser derimod må konstrueres i forhold til virksomhederne og disses miljø, hvis midlerne til at nå målene er forskelligartede, hvis de interne uddannelseslogikker er forskellige, og hvis det er nødvendigt fortløbende at foretage tidsmæssige justeringer, åbnes der op for omfattende informations-, debat- og forhandlingsfelter.
With these questions on one's lips, it comes as no surprise that Germany's "dual system", technical schools in the industrial districts of Regio-Emilia or in the cooperative and school complexes of Catalonia have attracted international interest.
Disse fænomener kan ikke betragtes som tilnærmede værdier til et lineært skema, der fortsat skulle være det faste referencegrundlag og ledende princip for den forvaltende instans.
During the course of the 1970s and 1980s faith in Keynes and then Ford declined, and fresh questions are now being asked about the function which is to be fulfilled by the system of continuing training.
De er tværtimod centrale for en vellykket gennemførelse af operationerne. Den forvaltende instans' tid er ikke den rationelle observatørs tid.
Un certain markets are forcing the firms to be flexible instead of simply producing more and more of the same.
Tidspres, magtspil (og mægling mellem deltagerne) og den altid ufuldstændige karakter af den enkelte arbejdstagers in formationer bevirker, at sekvenserne indlejres i uforudsete ordener, og at forløbet hyppigt må korrigeres.
This flexibility is directly linked to the workforce, which must be capable both of producing efficiently and of re-adjusting quickly to new products.
Nye informationer om fremtiden dukker frem under vejs og skal integreres i allerede påbegyndte uddannelsesaktioner.
New computer-based production technology has been introduced at the same time.
Selve det for hold, at det er nødvendigt at gennemføre uddannelsesaktiviteterne uden at standse anlæggene, medfører ofte, at uddannelsen placeres for tidligt eller for sent.
This requires the workers to be capable of combining their practical un derstanding with a more theoretical under standing of production and converting this into programming.
Og arbejdstilrettelæggelse som konkret aktionssystem (i Croziers betydning (1)) kan i realiteten kun defineres i en konkret produktionssituation, det vil pr. definition sige for sent til at forberede sig herpå.
In short, the individual workplace now works best by integrating the many functions in the work which the tay lori zation of mass production had sought
Et større antal aktører må involveres i arbejdet med at tilvejebringe informationer, hvis analyserne af de fremtidige udviklingstendenser skal blive mere formålstjenlige.
Or does it have to be done by continuous training by being allowed to find a method of personally finding a place in a constantly changing work context by "trial and error"?
Mangt et arbejde vedrørende lang sigtet planlægning er blevet afvist eller gået i glemmebogen af denne grund, idet
National and local differences are now being discovered which reveal that the modernization of the post-war period has
"Lokal systembygning og politik på statsligt og europæisk plan"
Do we not find in Germany the "Handwerker", albeit in a modernized form, busily occupied with the new computer-based machines in the most advanced factories?
Fra et overordnet, nogle ville kalde det et teoretisk, synspunkt får erhvervsuddan nelserne en ny placering i den økonomiske udviklingsproces i disse år.
The ambivalence and wastage of resources which many Danish analysts noted when they saw from the point of view of national resources that the technical schools of the skilled workers, the semiskilled worker schools of the "unskilled" and the examination-based training of the technicians often duplicated and competed with each other, are now shown to have played an important role.
Hvor de før antoges at skulle understøtte arbejdskraftens omstilling fra én til en anden specialiseret rutineopgave gennem en kort oplæring, er deres nye opgave at sikre arbejds kraften et så tilpas højt niveau af færdigheder, at den fleksibelt kan tilpasse sig nye udfordringer i en løbende efteruddannelsesproces, bl.a. mens arbejdet udføres. Set med statslige øjne er der derfor behov foren uoverskuelig forandring af erhvervs uddannelsessystemet.
It was perhaps appropriate that semiskilled worker training was ad ministered by the Ministry of Labour, whilst the technical schools and examination-based training were administered by the Ministry of Education, and the inter play at three different levels between au thorities, employer and employee organizations perhaps helped in regularly adapt ing the vocational training courses to a reality which was quite different from the primary models to which it was thought the systems were adapted.
om industri og stat samt samspillet mellem økonomi og politik.
act as operator, set up, adjust and maintain machines.
Inden for denne forestillingsramme spillede erhvervs uddannelsessystemet en begrænset, men meget afklaret rolle.
It is possible to build onto this level a further two years of training, after which the trainee becomes either a clothing, hosiery or dye technician, i.e. training which enables him or her to undertake management functions.
Hovedfunktionen var at oplære arbejdskraften hurtigt og effektivt til de afgrænsede rutineopgaver, som den minutiøst specialiserede arbejds organisation var opbygget af og begrænsede kompleksiteten af.
A final concluding fourth level, also lasting for two years, makes the trainee an industrial designer and thus completes the whole period of training.
En anden funktion var at fodre de nye linie- og stabsfunktionermed specialiserede teknikere, der kunne deltage i den bureaukratiske koordinering og tilrettelæggelse af det opsplittede og tayloriserede arbejde.
Since 1985 a new line has been built up above dye training, which can now gradually lead the trainee to training as a technological engineer (teknikumingeniør) in chemistry.
I Danmark forestillede politiske reformatorer sig, at det præcist var disse uddannelsesopgaver, man løste ved i 1960'ernes begyndelse at etablere specialarbejderuddannelserne og mange af de nye teknikeruddannelser.
During the 1980s Herning succeeded in obtaining a department of the Institute of Clothing Technology for the region, and it is now able, in close collaboration with the school, to try out new materials and new technology and develop the new knowledge so that it can integrated into the courses and activities and training which takes place at the school.
I sådanne lokale systemer kræver de nye udfordringer og krav til øget fleksibilitet nok omstilling, men det er af en langt mindre drastisk art, end man ville vente fra et overordnet eller teoretisk synspunkt.
As already indicated, this ambivalence and this apparent wastage of resources precisely explain why there has been scope for competition for space on the labour market by forcing the level of training up the whole time.
Det betyder ikke, at alle problemer forsvinder, når blot systemerne analyseres på et lokalt i stedet for fra et statsligt niveau.
This is without doubt the main reason why the Danish labour market, although divided into trades and professions, has not experienced the same type of inflexibility as the British labour market.
Et tænkt eksempel illustrerer, at erhvervsuddannelserne lokalt kan have været forvaltet således, at de mindskede snarere end støttede lokalsamfunds evne til at omstille sig i takt med de internationale udfordringer.
But the ambivalence and the lack of national coordination has at the same time allowed local forces to fulfil the role of system builder and create totally unique local systems, where the schools can join together to meet a particular regional re quirement.
Men måske er denne omstilling af erhvervsuddannelsessytemet mindre set fra et praktisk synspunkt.
A good example is the Herning Textiles School, which today is a specialized school within the national system of basic vocational training (EFG).
I mange lande har erhvervsuddannelsessystemet været forvaltet af og oversat til et lokalt eller regionalt niveau.
The school trains around 100 trainees a year within a whole range of differentiated types of training.
I en række regioner i Vesteuropa har en høj-vækst dynamik bl.a. været betinget af sådanne lokale erhvervsuddan nelsessystemer.
The shortest training courses on top of the EFG basic year last two years, and the trainee becomes either a hosiery, clothing, textile or dye operator, who can
Konkluderende argumenteres for, at gene relle nationale eller europæiske reformer, der sigter på at løse det teoretisk formulerede omstillingsbehov kan få uoverskuelige, uintenderede eller kontraproduktive effekter i de enkelte regioner, alt efter hvordan de vil påvirke den praksis, der allerede er etableret, men som skjuler sig for øjne, der er blindede af teoretiske forudopfattelser.
Herning Textiles School was not built over night. Its history can be traced back to the Second World War, where local employer organizations and a local department of the textile workers' trade union agreed to utilize a scheme which was aimed at train ing unskilled workers.
Der er ganske enkelt in tet alternativ til i højere grad at vide, hvor dan de lokale "oversættelser" af de nationale systemer fungerer, således at der kan føres en politik, der svækker deres uhensigtsmæssige og styrker deres stærke sider.
The new scheme was called the Work Technology School (Arbejdsteknisk Skole), for the establish ment of which the national Federation of Unskilled Labourers and the employer organizations had been able to obtain po litical support.
Erhvervsuddannelsessystemet kunne med så veldefinerede funktioner også løse de specifikke omstillingsproblemer, som nationer stod overfor.
At that time local trade unions and employer organizations in Herning had wanted to form a folk high school for clothing workers.
I Danmark skulle f.eks. den arbejdskraft, der afvandrede fra land bruget, hurtigt trænes op til at kunne ud føre den moderne industris rutineopgaver.
The official purpose of the Work Technology School was to give unskilled workers technical training which would enable them to com pete with skilled workers.
En anden opgave var bestandigt at om skole arbejdskraft fra een til en ny rutineopgave, f.eks. ved at optræne i betjeningen af nye maskiner, efterhånden som stor-skala-fordele udbredte mekaniseringen eller automatiseringen ændrede kravene til arbejderne.
This scheme was utilized in Herning slightly contrary to its official purpose, in that an evening school was developed which was to run over two winter periods with courses for workers who had great experience within the clothing industry.
Erhversuddannelsessystemet var den institution, der skulle øge arbejdskraftens bevægelighed, således at efterspørgsel og udbud på arbejdskraft blev stort set ens inden for de forskellige del arbejdsmarkeder.
The courses aimed to give people with basic-level experience in the industry technical knowledge and an introduction to new technologies.
Fra fortid til nutid: Erhvervsuddannelsernes overordnede, eller teoretiske, omstillingsproblem
The two basic years were followed by other two-year training courses, in which it was possible to specialize in
Lektor på Institut for Organisation og Arbejdssociologi (¡OA), formand for institutrådetfor IOA, Handelshøjskolen i København
Guided by foreign examples, researchers are perceiving new features in national systems of continuing training.
Mest klar var den svenske arbejds markedspolitik.
Finally the skilled workers have been able to make many "technician functions" into continuing training modules on their own basic training.
I Sverige sås stærkt stigende lønninger som det pres, der bestandigt skulle udøves over for arbejdsgiverne, som derigennem blev tvunget til at mekanisere og automatisere inden for den en kelte virksomhed eller branche.
In this new picture, the dynamics in Denmark since the start of the 1960s is transformed into a labour market where technical white-collar workers, skilled workers and semi skilled workers have competed vigorously with each other for the right to hold the new jobs.
ErhvervsuddanneSse 1/1992
Vocational training 1/1992
CEDEFOP de, der underviser lærlinge og svende en sådan evne? Og hvem skal undervise, de der underviser lærlinge og efteruddanner svendene?
CEDEFOP tioned was implemented, Skive Technical School has developed new training, and the present chairman of the Joinery Em ployers' Organization is in the process of gradually developing plans to introduce technical engineer training in wood technology. nology.
Kender de, der stiller spørgsmålene, selv svarene?
In short, the basic design was in place to create a school for the industry on a local basis.
Må staten netop ikke vende sig til virk somhederne for at bede dem påtage sig denne løbende efteruddannelsesopgave, som kun praksis kan skabe og hvis effekt skjuler sig i den tavse viden, der kendetegner den erfarne multikunstner?
In 1968 Herning employers moved very quickly when the National Clothing School in Copenhagen needed to be modernized and have new buildings.
Statslige reformer er utvivlsomt påkrævede; men hvad skal de gå ud på?
By offering a very attractive building - a former shirt factory - they made it possible for the school to be re
At lære fra praksis: Justeringen af lokale, regionale og nationale erhvervs uddannelsessystemer
Another example of the local use of cen allocated to Herning at a time when Herning trally-run training institutions in Skive il had not yet become the absolute centre of the clothing industry.
Med disse spørgsmål på læben er det ikke underligt, at Tysklands "duale system", tekniske skoler i Regio-Emilia's industri distrikter eller i Kataloniens kooperative og skole-komplekser har påkaldt sig inter national interesse.
The training system at local level was given a completely new institutional framework at the same time as a result of this manoeuvre.
Hvordan har erhvervs uddannelse fungeret i de geografiske om råder, som har udvist størst økonomisk vitalitet? Hvorfor kan arbejdskraften bedre støtte virksomhedernes fleksibilitet i det "tredie Italien" end i USA's store centraliserede virksomheder?
Since then every single educational reform, every single new programme aimed at developing knowledge of new technologies etc. has been utilized to expand and develop the school so that it is capable of servicing the needs of local people and firms for con tinuing training in the industry as well as possible.
teoretisk forståelse for produktion og om sætte denne til programmering. Kort sagt den enkelte arbejdsplads fungerer nu bedst ved at integrere de mange funktioner i arbejdet, som masseproduktionens taylorisering havde søgt minutiøst at adskille.
Some of the same mechanisms appear to have been utilized in Sailing in connection with the Technical School, which has been reallocated to Skive.
I disse år foregår en ihærdig diskussion af denne nye faglærte eller multi-faglærte arbejder, som er vanskelig at definere, fordi det tilsyneladende kræves af den nye arbejder, at denne integrerer kvalifikationer, som før lå spredt både horisontalt og vertikalt i arbejdsorganisationen.
Among a quite narrow field of specialized training courses there is both a training course for traditional joiners and one for machine joiners and a whole host of continuing training courses for workers in the woodworking industry which are closely linked to the basic training allocated to the school.
Endvidere skal disse multi-faglærte arbejdere kunne kommunikere direkte med hinanden, således at arbejdsorganisationen mel lem dem indbyrdes direkte og ved selvorganisation tilpasses ved de hyppige om stillinger af produktionen.
The school recently succeeded in adding an other level of training at a more advanced level at Skive Technical School.
heder og brancher, som ikke kunne følge med i denne fornyelse, måtte lukke for at give plads til de virksomheder og brancher, som havde tilstrækkelig teknologisk dynamik til at betale for velfærdsstatens høje lønninger og den service, der skulle understøtte dens arbejdere.
A new training course makes it possible for those with a background as skilled workers in lustrates even more clearly the ability to change the central institutions over to a locally oriented system in a locality.
Til gengæld påtog staten sig ansvaret for at arbejds kraften kunne flyttes - fra én funktion til en anden i virksomheden, eller fra én virk somhed til en ny, eller fra én branche til en anden.
Al though technical schools and labour-market training (AMU) centres, which are particularly concerned with the training of semiskilled workers, are sharply divided in the national government administration, it has been possible in Skive to integrate the two systems of training.
Det var et krav om mobilitet, der indebar, at arbejderne flyttede sig: mellem regioner, mellem virksomheder, mellem brancher og mellem jobfunktioner inden for den enkelte virksomhed.
The background to this is that there has been colossal demand for the products of the furniture industry in the Sailing area.
Ligesom den svenske stat gav støtte til at flytte arbejderen fysisk, skulle staten stille undervisning til rådighed, således, at arbejderen kunne oplæres i de simple nye rutiner, som et nyt job krævede.
This has meant that the demand for skilled woodworking industry workers has not been met by the usual supply of apprentices who had completed their apprentice ships.
Nu opdages nationale og lokale forskelle, der afslører, at efterkrigstidens modernisering har haft mindre gennemslag på det praktiske plan, end vi forventede.
The two schools have therefore cooperated to establish a highly advanced system of continuing training.
Finder vi ikke i Tyskland "den Handwerker", ganske vist i en moderniseret udgave, travlt beskæftiget ved de nye computerbaserede maskiner i de mest avancerede fabrikker?
By simply offering unskilled workers the opportunity to start with a four-week course at the AMU centre and then continue with an other four-week course at the Technical School, training has been developed which makes it possible to supply industry with people who have sufficient basic training.
Med ét ser vi, at kontinuiteten har været meget stærk i visse samfund, således at svenden er blevet ved med at oplære lærlingen i et bredt felt af kunnen, som gør det muligt at integrere planlægning med ud førelse og det endda inden for et bredt sæt af arbejdsområder.
The system has already been further developed by adding two options on top of these two four-week courses.
Fra et teoretisk synspunkt rejser de nye krav til færdigheder uoverkommelige pro blemer for den statslige uddannelsespolitik.
The political coalitions which are concerned with the construction of this "system" in Herning have for several years been aware that the challenge they face is even greater.
Naturligvis må grunduddannelser gøres bedre, således at evnen til at lære nyt øges.
Much has been learnt from experience in the 1970s, when the local area saw a large proportion of its most promising young people migrate to the cities to obtain a university education.
Bedre kvalifikationer i læsning og regning, kendskab til matematik og fysik etc. kan let opfyldes ved at indbygge mere generel uddannelse i erhvervsuddannel serne.
In contrast to earlier times, when local young people often went to folk high schools in other parts of the country and then returned with fresh inspiration and projects which could enrich the local community, it was found that the university-educated young people never returned.
Men hvordan øges evnen til bestandigt at tilegne sig en ny arbejdsfunktion, der består af et integreret sæt af momenter? Kan det læres på skoler?
A supply of training which can compete with that offered in the cities therefore has to be created to ensure that the most promising young people stay in the region.
Eller må det ske ved kontinuerlig træning ved at få lov til gennem "trial and error" at finde sig en metode til personligt at sætte sig ind i en bestandigt skiftende arbejdskontekst? Har
But at the same time there is a desire to create an active environment for continuous advanced training, An attempt is made to ensure that this is done by coordinating the efforts of the many different schools.
I løbet af 1970'erne og 1980'erne dæmpedes tiltroen til Keynes, derefter til Ford og nu stilles nye spørgsmål til den funktion, som skal løftes af erhvervs uddannelsessystemet.
The managers of the schools quite simply meet once per month in the Chamber of Commerce to take joint initiatives for new training projects together with its director and representatives of industry and the labour market and coordinate each other's projects, so that they do not counteract each other's efforts to obtain State grants in support.
Usikre markeder tvinger virksomhederne til at være fleksible i stedet for blot at producere stadigt mere af det samme. Denne fleksibilitet er knyttet direkte sammen med arbejdskraften, som både skal være i stand til at producere effektivt og hurtigt kunne om stille sig til nye produkter.
The system of vocational train ing and other education thus becomes a powerful tool which the district, its firms and the population use to pull themselves up by the hair.
Samtidig er en ny computerbaseret produktionsteknologi blevet indført.
There is only a limited need for the system of vocational training to be restructured in these localities.
Den kræver at arbejderne kan kombinere deres pratiske med en mere
The need is primarily to ensure that the process continues without seizing up through "wasted interests" and local corporatism.
Belært af udenlandske eksempler, får for skere øje på nye træk ved nationale
The plan men apprentice training, which has been developed in cooperation with local employers.
Kort sagt, den arbejder, som de nye tider kræver, er allerede i støbeskeen.
In many cases the most advanced versions of the traditional Scandinavian "welfare society" have existed in localities which have been run in this way.
erhvervsuddannelsessystemer.
However, there is nothing to guarantee that this is so.
I Danmark, opdager vi, er den stærke tradition for at udlære faglærte ikke svækket.
A very large firm, such as a shipyard, which experiences widely fluctuating de mand, is located in a region with a limited labour market.
"Smeden" er ganske vist blevet til et kompliceret sæt af højtkvalificerede specialer, men bliver fortsat dannet ved en blanding af lærlinge træning og skoleuddannelse, som tilfældet har været siden 1870'erne.
In order to protect its labour market from the competing demand of other firms for labour, the large firm is cautious about not having sub-contractors in the area, and it zealously ensures through its local coa bour force to be trained for a future in lowtechnology industries such as textiles and furniture?
De ufaglærte, opdager vi, kan ikke kun bruge kurser til en kort optræning til nye rutiner, men kan koble kurser sammen i en sammenhængende kæde, der kan medføre et kvalifikationsniveau på højde med de faglærtes.
lition partners and representatives of its dynamism in a situation of this kind which interests that life is made difficult for firms requires readjustment at all levels, from established in the area. In short, an attempt the deepest values of the local population is made to minimize the horizontal and to its practical skills. vertical mobility of the workforce.
Endelig har de faglærte været i stand til at gøre mange "teknikerfunktioner" til efteruddannelsesmoduler på deres egen grunduddannelse.
And it is without doubt easy for the State to see the need for national correction, which ought to have been applied in the last example in order to avoid the catastrophe that occurred.