natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Den faldende tendens blev midlertidigt afbrudt i 1995 under indvirkning af foranstaltninger, der blev truffet til at vende forværringen i landets finanser.
This declining trend was temporarily interrupted in 1995 under the impact of measures taken to reverse the deterioration in the country's finances.
Inflationen begyndte imidlertid igen at falde i 1996.
The fall in inflation resumed, however, in 1996.
I begyndelsen af 1997 var den tolvmåneders inflation faldet til under 20 %.
By the beginning of 1997, 12 month inflation had fallen below 20%.
Denne faldende tendens forventes at fortsætte fremover og kan eventuelt resultere i encifrede tal i de kommende år.
This declining trend is expected to continue in the future and could lead to single figures in the coming years.
Det synes imidlertid vanskeligt at opnå et hurtigere fald i inflationen.
A more rapid reduction of inflation appears difficult, however.
En mere restriktiv pen gepolitik og den deraf følgende stigning i rentesatserne kunne bremse det økonomiske opsving og føre til en modvirkende spekulativ kapitaltilstrømning; en mere aktiv anvendelse af valutakurspolitik til dæmpning af inflationen kunne skade de ungarske virksomheders konkurrenceevne.
More restrictive monetary policy and the ensuing increase in interest rates could slow down the economic recovery and lead to counter-acting speculative capital inflows; more active use of exchange rate policy to slow inflation could harm the competitiveness of Hungarian enterprises.
Udviklingen i de økonomiske nøgletal
Main economic trends
Vækst i realt BNP
Real GDP growth rate per cent
Offentlig budgetbalance
9.2 per cent ILO definition
Gæld/eksport
Debt/export ratio per cent
Tilstrømning af udenlandske direkte investeringer
Foreign direct investment per cent of GDP
Ungarn gik ind i overgangsfasen med en stor gældsbyrde over for udlandet, og dette er fortsat tilfældet.
The growth in Hungary's trade with the EU has been one of the more remarkable developments of recent years.
Til trods herfor øg i modsætning til en række tindre lande i området har landet altid været i stand til fuldt ud at opfylde sine gældsbetalingsforpligtelser.
The dollar value of trade with the EU has approximately tripled since 1989.
Der skete en alvorlig forværring af betalingsbalancens løbende poster i begyndelsen af 1995. hvortil kom store underskud, som allerede var blevet registreret i 1993 og 1994.
Combined with a decline in trade with former CMEA countries, this resulted in over 60% of Hungary's for eign trade taking place with the EU in 1996.
En målbevidst indsats fra myndighedernes side har i høj grad rådet bod på situationen.
Over onethird of non-interest expenditure goes to finance a relatively generous system of social security.
For at berolige de internationale långivere opretholder centralbanken et stort lager af udenlandske reserver.
Low statutory retirement ages, disability pensions, and early retirement schemes result in an effective average retirement age of under 55 for both men and women.
I slutningen al' 1996 beløb disse sig til næsten 7 mia. ECU. svarende til mere end syv maneders import.
As a result, and notwithstanding some reduction in contribution rates from 1997, social security charges are very high in relation to gross earnings.
Selv om der er sket et mindre fald i den samlede erhvervsaktive befolkning siden 1979. er denne udvikling taget betydeligt til siden 1990.
But high rates of taxation, and burdensome procedures, increase the rewards to evasion at the same time as the tax administration has to try to keep track of the rapid expansion of private enterprise.
Beskæftigelsen er faldet med omkring 1.3 millioner.
This combination of circumstances entails two major consequences for Hungary's public finances.
Land brugs- og industrisektorerne blev især ramt.
One is the emergence of a sizeable informal economy.
Beskæftigelsen i det offentlige faldt, og der er sket en omfattende omstrukturering i kul- og stålindustrien.
A second consequence is that within the formal economy, social security contribution arrears have become a significant problem.
Disse reduktioner er kun delvis opvejet af stigningen i beskæftigelsen i det private erhvervsliv.
The net result of high levels of government expenditure and difficulties in tax collection has been the emergence of large budget deficits in recent years, averaging around 7% of GDP from 1992 to 1995.
Den faldende efterspørgsel efter arbejdskraft er i stort omfang neutraliseret af et fald i den erhvervs aktive befolkning, som er fremskyndet gennem generøse ordninger for fortidspension og invalidepension. pension.
Imports of consumer goods now represent a smaller share of total imports from the EU than was the case in the initial years of transition; as much of this fall was concentrated in 1995, it may be due to the impact of the import surcharge and related measures taken in spring 1995, but the effect of an overall quota on consumer goods imports enforced by Hungary should also be taken into account.
De offentlige finanser
Labour market
Da Ungarn kom ud af recessionen i 1993. opstod der samtidig et betydeligt underskud pá handelsbalancen og pá de lobende poster, og sidstnævnte oversteg 9 9r af BNP i 1994.
However, notable progress is being made in reforming the public finances.
I 1995 blev der truffet en række korrigerende foranstaltninger, hvorved det lykkedes at reducere dette underskud, og i 1996 var underskuddet pá de løbende poster faldet til under 4 7c af BNP.
A centralized treasury has been in operation since the beginning of 1996, and the operations of the extra-budgetary funds are gradually being incorporated into the central budget.
Ved hjælp af store tilstrømninger af udenlandske investeringer i tilknytning til en hurtigere privatisering i slutningen al' 1995 er det lykkedes Ungarn at reducere sin udestående udlandsgæld fra over 24.6 mia. ECU i midten af 1995 til ca. 20.7 mia. ECU i slutningen af 1996.
As part of a general reappraisal of the functions of State institutions in a market economy, a comprehensive reform of the public finances is underway.
Søm følge heraf' har Ungarn været i stand til at optage lån på det internationale kapitalmarked til gradvis mere gunstige rentesatser.
Within this reform, improve ments in the operation of the social security system are a key area.
En nedskæring af underskuddet på de løbende poster til et niveau, hvor det kan finansieres gennem tilstrømmende udenlandske direkte investeringer, således at udlandsgælden fortsat kan kontrolleres, prioriteres imidlertid stadig meget højt i Ungarn.
Plans for the reform of the pension system are now at an advanced stage; in parallel with this, the statutory retirement age is to be raised in stages for both men and women.
Ungarn har et indviklet system al' offentlige finanser, som gør det vanskeligt at fastslå størrelsen af de offentlige udgifter nøjagtigt.
Although there has been a slight decline in the total active population since 1979, this trend has increased significantly since 1990. Employment has fallen by some 1.3 million.
Det anslås, at statens konsoliderede udgifter (søm ikke omfatter alle udgifter afholdt af de lokale myndigheder) udgjorde mere end 55 < 7r af BNP i 1995.
The agricultural and industrial sectors were particularly affected. Public employment dropped, and there has been largescale restructuring in the coal and steel industry.
Væksten i Ungarns handel med EU har været særdeles bemærkelsesværdig i de seneste år.
As a result, the budget deficit has already shown a considerable improvement, falling to an estimated 3.3% of GDP in 1996.
Dollarværdien al' handelen med EU er næsten tredoblet siden 1989.
This overall improvement, however, concealed a further expansion of the deficit in the social security system.
Sammen med et fald i handelen med de tidligere Comecon-lande medførte dette, at mere end 60 7c af Ungarns udenrigshandel foregik med EU i 1996.
The implementation of the planned reforms in the health and pension systems therefore remains a necessary condition for the long-term sustainability of Hungary's public finances.
Eksport af maskiner, reservedele og halvfabrikata har fået en større
Enterprise sector: privatization and enterprise restructuring
Mere end en tredjedel al' udgifterne eksklusive ren ter går til finansiering af et forholdsvis generøst socialsikringsystem.
Hungary has a complex system of public finances which makes it difficult to determine precisely the level of general Government spending.
En lav pensionsalder, invalidepensioner øg førtidspensionsordninger har med ført, at den reelle gennemsnitlige pensionsalder lig ger på under 55 år for både mænd og kvinder.
It is estimated that the expenditure of the 'consolidated Go vernment' (which does not include all local authority spending) was above 55% of GDP in 1995.
Høje skattesatser og indviklede procedurer tilskynder imidlertid til unddragelse, samtidig med at skattemyndighederne forsøger at holde trit med den hurtige udvikling inden for private virksomheder. Denne kombination af omstændigheder har to hovedkonsekvenser for Ungarns offentlige finanser. Den ene er. at
Privatization and restructuring have gone further in Hungary than in most other transition economies; indeed, in sectors such as telecommunications and energy supply, the scale of private involvement is
der er opstået en betydelig uformel økonomi.
greater than that in many EU Member States.
En anden konsekvens er det forhold, at der inden for den formelle økonomi er opstået et alvorligt problem med restancer med sociale bidrag.
High interest rates, and wide spreads between de posit and lending rates also result from the policy of the independent central bank, the National Bank of Hungary (NBH).
Netto resultatet af høje offentlige udgifter og vanskeligheder med skatteopkrævningen har været, at der er opstået store budgetunderskud i de seneste år på gennemsnitlig ca. 7 % af BNP fra 1992 til 1995.
The transfer, from early 1997, of this debt to the State budget should improve the central bank's financial situation and make possible the reduction of the charges it imposes on commercial banks.
gælden er steget til endnu højere niveauer.
FDI benefits Hungary in a number of ways.
De tilvejebringer den nødvendige kapital til finansiering af investeringer i modernisering af økonomiens industristruktur. De tilskynder de lokale industrier til at investere i kvalitetsforbedringer, enten for at konkurrere med de »nye« eller som leverandører af input.
It has enabled the country to finance large current account de ficits, without foreign debt rising to even higher levels.
Endelig kan de udenlandske direkte investeringer også skabe en betydelig beskæftigelse, både direkte og indirekte.
Finally, FDI can also generate substantial employment, both directly and indirectly.
I sammenligning med en »typisk« markedsøkonomi er det sandsynligt, at den ungarske virksomhedssektor i de kommende år vil blive præget af en forholdsvis stor andel af meget små virksomheder.
In comparison with a typical market economy, it is likely that the Hungarian enterprise sector will be characterized by a relatively large proportion of very small enterprises in the years to come.
Der sker imidlertid store fremskridt med hensyn til reform af de offentlige finanser.
A weakness in the Hungarian financial system is the relatively low level of long-term finance available for enterprise lending.
En centraliseret finansförvaltning har fungeret siden begyndelsen af 1996, og de ikke-budgetterede midler er gradvis ved at blive inkorporeret i det centrale budget.
In 1995, short-term loans (less than one year) accounted for three-fifths of all loans to the business sector.
Som led i en generel omvurdering af de statslige institutioners funktioner i en markedsøkonomi er der ved at ske en omfattende reform af de offentlige finanser. Et af de centrale områder inden for denne reform er forbedringer i socialsikringssystemets funktion.
This inevitably tends to reduce the time horizon over which enter prises can plan investment projects, although the relative shortage of long-term credits has been par tially offset by enterprise borrowing from abroad and increased self-financing.
Planerne for reformen af pensionssystemet befinder sig nu på et fremskredent stadium; parallelt hermed vil den lovfæstede pensionsalder blive hævet trinvis for såvel mænd som kvinder.
Some of the factors which reduce the amount of long-term lending by domestic banks — uncertainty related to high inflation and interest rates, for example — are gradual ly being removed as economic stabilization strengthens.
Som følge heraf er der allerede sket en betydelig forbedring af budgetunderskuddet, som anslås at være faldet til 3,3 % af BNP i 1996.
However, the availability of long-term loans depends to some extent on the amount of long-term saving which is undertaken.
Denne samle de forbedring skjulte imidlertid en yderligere udvidelse af underskuddet i socialsikringssystemet.
The planned reform of the pension system, which is expected to include a shift towards funded pensions should contribute to filling this gap in Hungary's financial system.
De oprindelige reformer af banksektoren i 1987 og 1991 kunne ikke tackle de problemer, der skyldes det forhold, at staten ejer virksomheder og banker.
Initial reforms of the banking sector in 1987 and 1991 did not tackle the problems caused by the common State ownership of enterprises and banks.
Den statsejede banksektor støttede tabsgivende statsejede virksomheder og akkumulerede uerholdelige fordringer i en sådan grad, at det hindrede udviklingen i produktionssektoren.
The State-owned banking sector supported lossmaking State-owned companies and accumulated bad loans to a point where they impeded the development of the productive sector.
Bankerne har delvis fået rekonstrueret kapitalen med offentlige midler, og politikken tager nu sigte på en kapital rekonstruktion gennem privatisering.
The banks have been partly recapitalized with public funds, and policy now aims at recapitalization through privatization.
Det første vellykkede resultat på dette område blev opnået i 1995.
The first success in this area was recorded in 1995.
Som følge af fortsat privatisering og udbredelse af delvis udenlandsk ejede (joint venture) banker er banksektoren nu hovedsagelig på private hænder.
As a consequence of continued privatization and the spread of partly foreign-owned (joint venture) banks, the banking sector is now mainly in private ownership.
Faldet i banksektorens rentabilitet standsede i slutningen af 1993.
The decline in the profitability of the banking sector came to a halt at the end of 1993.
Bankernes rentabilitet var positiv i 1995, men beskeden efter international målestok·. Forbedringen kan tilskrives bedre kreditvurdering og udlånspraksis.
Bank profitability in 1995 was positive, though modest by international standards.
Alle banker opfylder internationalt anerkendte normer for mindstekrav til kapitalen.
All banks satisfy internationally accepted standards for minimum capital adequacy.
Til trods for at der er ca. 40 banker, der opererer i Ungarn, er banksektoren fortsat forholdsvis stærkt koncentreret.
Notwithstanding that some 40 banks are operating in Hungary, the banking sector remains relatively highly concentrated.
Dette bidrager til store spredninger mellem indlåns- og udlånssatserne og ringe konkurrence inden for sektoren.
This contributes to large spreads be
De udenlandske direkte investeringer kommer Ungarn til gode på flere forskellige måder.
Hungary's population is estimated at about 10.2 million.
Overførslen af denne
The population has been falling slightly for
Slutresultatet kan blive lavere rentesatser og lavere kapitalomkostninger for virksomhedsinvesteringer.
The age structure of the population is also broadly similar to that in the Union, with approximately one-fifth of the population aged under 15, and one-fifth aged 60 or more.
På længere sigt vil udviklingen af" den ungarske økonomi kræve en yderligere forbedring af kvaliteten afsåvel de menneskelige som fysiske reserver, der er til rådighed.
In the longer term, the development of the Hungarian economy will require further improvements in the availability of both human and physical cap ital.
Selv om Ungarn har en lang tradition for et højt uddannelsesniveau, står uddannelsessystemet i øjeblikket over for en periode med budgetstramninger, som sænker reformtempoet.
Although Hungary has a long tradition of high education standards, the education system is currently facing a period of budgetary constraints which slows down the pace of required reforms.
Grundskolen og førskoleniveauet har meget stor søgning, på sekundærniveauet er søgningen til fredsstillende, mens den inden for de højere uddannelser ligger lavere end EU-gennemsnittet.
At primary and pre-primary level, participation rates are very high, at secondary level they are adequate whereas at higher education level they are below the EU average.
Regional fordeling af indkomst og beskæftigelse tigelse
Secondly, in the context of membership of the Union, the functioning market is the internal market.
De regionale data for BNP per capita antyder, at der er store skævheder.
Regional data on GDP per capita suggest consider able disparities.
Indkomstniveauet svinger fra 206 % af det nationale gennemsnit i Budapest ned til 67 7c i det nordøstlige amt Nograd.
Income levels range from 206% of the national average in Budapest down to 67% in the north-eastern county of Nograd.
De fleste af de amter, hvor BNP per capita er over gennemsnit tet, ligger i landets vestlige og centrale dele.
Most of the counties with above average levels of per capita GDP are located in the western and central parts of the country.
En svaghed ved det ungarske finansielle system er de forholdsvis lave langsigtede finanser, der er til rådighed for udlån til virksomheder. I 1995 tegnede de kortsigtede lån (under et år) sig for tre fem tedele af alle lån til erhvervssektoren.
The adoption of the acquis, and in particular the internal market acquis, is therefore essential for a candidate country, which must commit itself per manently to the economic obligations of member ship.
Den planlagte reform af pensionssystemet, som forventes at omfatte et skift over mod bidragsfinansierede pensioner, skulle bidrage til at udfylde dette hul i Ungarns finansielle system.
This irreversible commitment is needed to provide the certainty that every part of the enlarged EU market will continue to operate by common rules.
Servicesektoren tegner sig for 77 % af BNP i Budapest; industriens andel af' BNP topper med 40 % i landets centrale dele, mens landbrugets bidrag topper med 16 % og typisk ligger højest mod øst.
The services sector accounts for 77% of GDP in Budapest; industry's share of GDP peaks at 40% in the central parts of the country, while the contribution of agriculture peaks at 16% and is typically highest in the east.
Der er stor forskel på arbejdsløshedstallet i de for skellige amter.
There are substantial differences in unemployment rates across counties.
Arbejdsløsheden er lavest i de vestlige dele og i Budapest og højest i landets østlige dele.
Unemployment is lowest in the western parts and in Budapest, and highest in the east of the country.
Med blot fem arbejdsløse personer for hvert ledigt job er det endog muligt, at visse sektorer kan få vanskeligt ved at rekruttere kvalificeret personale.
Indeed, with a ratio of just five unemployed persons to each notified vacancy, it is possible that some sectors may be experiencing difficulties in recruiting qualified personnel.
I andre distrikter er arbejdsløsheden næsten dobbelt så stor som landsgennemsnittet.
In other districts the unemployment rate is close to twice the national average.
Arbejdsløshedstallet for befolkningen i Roma ligger betyde ligt over landsgennemsnittet.
The unemployment rate for the Roma population is significantly higher than the national average.
Børsen i Budapest blev taget i brug i 1990 med én noteret aktie.
The capacity to take on the acquis has several dimensions.
I begyndelsen af 1996 var 41 virksomheder børsnoteret.
On the one hand, Hungary needs to be capable of taking on the economic obligations of membership, in such a way that the single market functions smoothly and fairly.
Aktiekapitalisering på fondsbørsen tredobledes fra slutningen af 1994, og værdien af den gennemsnitlige månedlige handel med aktier steg med 300% i de første måneder af 1995.
On the other hand, Hungary's capacity to benefit fully from the competitive pressures of the internal market requires that the underlying economic environment be favourable, and that the Hungarian economy have flexibility and a sufficient level of human and physical capital, especially infrastructure.
Værdipapirmarkedet har i stigende grad udgjort en alternativ finansieringsmulighed for virksomhederne i stedet for banklån. Statens obligationsemissioner dominerer obligationsmarkedet, hvorimod virksomhedsobligationsmarkedet ikke er udviklet.
In their absence, competitive pressures are likely to be considered too intense by some sections of society, and there will be a call for protective measures, which, if implemented, would undermine the single market.
Store forskelle i arbejdsløsheden i et forholdsvist lille land tyder på, at der eksisterer hindringer for såvel kapitalens som arbejdskraftens mobilitet.
Wide differences in unemployment rates in a relatively small country suggest obstacles to the mobility of both capital and labour.
I mangel af en hensigtsmæssig politik er der fare for, at de regionale skævheder i den økonomiske udvikling skærpes yderligere, efterhånden som ar bejdstagere med mere uddannelse og højere mobilitet flytter derhen, hvor kapitalen befinder sig.
In the absence of appropriate policies, there is a risk that regional disparities in economic development may be ex
Den gennemsnitlige forventede levealder er lav — 65 år i 1991 — og er endog faldet i de seneste år. Børnedødeligheden er høj sammenlignet med EU.
The capacity and determination of a candidate country to adopt and implement the acquis will be crucial, since the costs and benefits of doing so may be unevenly spread across time, industries and
og Østeuropa skal opfylde for at blive medlemmer af EU.
tory framework in which economic actors can operate.
De økonomiske kriterier er:
social groups.
D en fungerende markedsøkonomi gerne for den frie bevægelighed inden for EU og derved sikre det indre markeds funktion. Disse aspekter behandles i senere kapitler.
The financial system, an essential feature of a modern market economy, contains some weaknesses in Hungary.
For den enkelte virksomhed er virkningen for konkurrenceevnen af at tilslutte sig EU's regelværk afhængig af dens evne til at tilpasse sig de nye økonomiske forhold.
However, these problems point to the importance of strengthening the institutional framework rather than to the absence of a key part of the market economy infrastructure: they reduce the efficiency with which the economy functions, but they do not prevent it functioning.
D evne til at klare konkurrencepresset og markeds kræfterne i Unionen.
These aspects are examined in later chapters.
Et EU-medlemskab, der ikke indebærer integrering i det indre marked, giver ingen økonomisk mening, hverken for Ungarn eller dets handelspartnere.
While inflation and interest rates in Hungary are certainly higher than would be desirable, their development is following a relatively stable, predictable, downwards path.
Denne uigenkaldelige forpligtelse er nødvendig for at give sikkerhed for, at alle dele af det udvidede EU-marked vil fortsætte med at fungere efter fælles regler.
Moreover, the effective implementation of the 'crawling peg' exchange rate has removed a potential source of uncertainty for economic actors.
En markedsøkonomi forudsætter, at ligevægten mellem udbud og efterspørgsel findes ved markedskræfternes frie spil.
The existence of a market economy requires that equilibrium between supply and demand is established by the free interplay of market forces.
Der foreligger en fungerende markedsøkonomi, når retssystemet, herunder reguleringen af ejendomsretten, er på plads og er i stand til at håndhæve retslige afgørelser.
A market economy is functioning when the legal system, including the regulation of property rights, is in place and can be enforced.