natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Selv om erhvervsuddannelsessystemet har bevæget sig i den rigtige retning, er udviklingen hen imod mere demokrati og opfyldelse af EU-uddannelsesstandarder dog foregået på en temmelig ureguleret måde.
The Postal Act of 1946, defines written com munications and (temporarily) parcels and money orders as universal service obligations.
Der er stadig behov for at udarbejde en mere strategisk indfaldsvinkel, der derefter skal udmøntes i en række lovmæssige reformer.
New services, like international courier services, are now provided by international private operators in the Czech Republic.
Udgifterne til FTU svarede til 1,14% af BNP i 1995 og 1,21% i 1996 (mod 2,12% i 1991).
The objectives of EC telecommunications policy are the elimination of obstacles to the effective operation of the Single Market in telecom munications equipment, services and networks, the opening of foreign markets to EU companies and the achievement of universally available modern services for EU residents and businesses.
Universiteternes andel i udgifterne over stats budgettet er steget betydeligt, fra 26% i 1993 til 35% i 1996.
These are achieved through harmonisation of the standards and conditions for service offerings the liberalisation of the markets for terminals, services and networks and the adoption of necessary regulatory instruments.
Del er nu på højde med Det Tjekkiske Videnskabelige Akademis udgifter.
The Directives and policies needed to achieve this have now been established, but the liberal isation of public voice telephony and operation of related infrastructure will be deferred for a year or two after 1998 in certain Member States.
Del skønnes at 0,75% af BNP anvendes på private virksomheders FTU.
Current and Prospective Assessment
Regeringens generelle prioriteter på dette områ de er: intensivering af forskningen på universiteterne, internationalt samarbejde og forbedring
The Europe Agreement provides for co-operation aimed at enhancing standards and practices towards EC levels in telecommunication and postal policies, standardisation, regulatory approaches and the modernisation of infrastruc ture.
Den Tjekkiske Republiks videregående uddannelser og dets erhvervsuddannelsessystem for ventes på mellemlang sigt at kunne leve op til EU-normerne.
According to the commitments at the WTO negotiations in 1997, the Government will liberalise the market for the fixed network and voice telephony by 1 January 2000.
Den Tjekkiske Republiks deltagelse i Fællesskabets programmer vil lå positive virkninger for og være en god forberedelse til integrationen i EU.
The White Paper focuses on the approximation of regulation, networks and services, followed by further steps ensuring gradual sector liberal isation.
De prioriterede emner er: overførsel af produktionsteknologi til små og mellemstore virksomheder, miljøbeskyttelse, kernekraft og transportinfrastruktur.
It consists of a) the partial privatisation of the stateowned operating com pany (SPT) which holds a monopoly for long distance and international traffic, with a strategic partner, b) licensing of two mobile telephone networks using the panEuropean digital standard (GSM) and c) the licensing of new local operators in sixteen localities.
Der gøres for øjeblikket en særlig indsats for at forbedre infrastrukturen (7,5 % af det samlede statsbudget er afsat til udgifter til infrastrukturstøtte).
The second GSM licence was awarded so as to reinforce the exist ing competition resulting from the long standing division of the sector into separate cable and radio operators.
Målene nås gennem harmonisering af standarder og vilkår for udbud af tjenester, liberalisering af markederne for terminaludstyr, tjenesteydelser og net samt vedtagelse af de nødvendige forskrifter.
Between 1991 and early 1997, the fixed network grew from 16,6 to 29,0 lines per 100 inhabitants com pared to an average of 43,9 lines per 100 inhabitants for Greece, Portugal and Ireland.
De direktiver og politikker, der skal til, er på plads, men liberaliseringen af offentlig taletelefoni og den tilhørende infrastruktur udsættes et år eller to ud over 1998 i visse medlemsstater.
The Government target is to reach 45 lines per 100 inhabitants by the end of 2000. The Government decided early on that all new equipment added would be digital.
Regelmæssigt samarbejde med Det Europæiske Fællesskab indledtes i 1992 med det tredje rammeprogram for forskning og teknologisk udvikling.
The network is about 38% digitised as of January 1997 and the plan is to reach 60 % by 2000 (compared to an average of 62,4 % for Greece, Portugal and Ireland) and 100% by 2003.
Hidtil har samarbejdet navnlig været koncentreret i COPERNICUS (Specific Programme for Cooperation with CECs and NIS - særprogram for samarbejde med de central- og østeuropæiske lande og de nye uafhængige stater) og deltagelsen i det fjerde rammeprogram er for holdsvis lav.
New GSM services com menced operations during 1996 and the number of cellular mobile users grew over 200 % during the year to reach 183000, i.e. 1,78 per 100 inhabitants.
Den Tjekkiske Republik er med lem af COST (Det europæisk samarbejde om videnskabelig og teknisk forskning) og EUREKA (European Research Coordination Agency - agentur for koordinering af europæisk forskning). ning).
There is competition in both data services and satellite services. There were also 15,7 cable TV subscriptions and 7,4 PCs per 100 households in 1995.
Siden 1995 er statistikkerne på dette område for enelise med normerne i OECD.
The Telecommunications Act of 1964 was amended in 1992 (by the former Federal Government) so as to distinguish regulatory functions from operational ones.
Hvidbogen fokuserer på tilnærmelse af lovgivning, net og tjenester, efterfulgt af yderligere til tag til en gradvis liberalisering af sektoren.
The regulatory authority is operational and administrative structures are sufficient to complete transposition of EC legislation.
Vurdering af den nuværende og fremtidige situation
Tariff rebalancing is well in hand although pricing policy is complicated by the division of powers between two Ministries.
Dækningsgraden for telefoni i Den Tjekkiske Republik var ved udgangen af 1995 steget til over 25 tilslutninger pr. 100 indbyggere.
At the beginning of 1997, there were 8,6 employees per 1 000 lines compared to an average of 6,2 for Greece, Portugal and Ireland.
Regeringens mål er at nå op på 45 tilslutninger pr. 100 indbyggere inden år 2000.
Even at today's high rate of network expansion, it will take a few more years before basic telephone services can be made universally available.
Som et af de første industrilande i Europa har Den Tjekkiske Republik en lang tradition for forskning og teknologisk udvikling, navnlig inden for maskinteknik.
Revenue per line (about 260 ECU in 1996), although among the highest in the region, will have to be sustained if the network is to be fur ther expanded and the new operator to remain profitable.
Den har gjort en stor indsats for at omstrukturere sine videnskabelige og teknologiske institutioner og udgifter. Nu vil Den Tjekkiske Republik skulle konsolidere denne sektor, så den kan bidrage til industriel innovation.
Provided that tariff rebalancing is continued, the telecommunications services sec tor should be able to face full liberalisation.
Problemet med det massive frafald ved universiteterne (kun 15% af de tilmeldte studerende forlader universitetet med afsluttende eksamen) vil skulle behandles, så vel som moderniseringen af laboratorieudstyret.
The Dutch and Swiss operating companies paid 1,24 billion ECU jointly for 27% of SPT, the main Czech operator. The first mobile operator is 51 % owned by SPT and 49 % by a US consortium.
Øget deltagelse i Fællesskabets programmer skulle kunne bidrage til at konsolidere denne sektor og tjene bedre til den industrielle innovation. vation.
The second operator is 51 % owned by Ceske Radiokomunikace and 49 % jointly by STET and a Germany company.
Privatiseringen blev tilrettelagt således, at indtægterne udelukkende gik til at udvide aktiekapitalen i SPT.
The privatisation of SPT was designed in such a way that the foreign capital was used entirely to increase the stock of the company.
systematiske gennemførelse af EU-direktiverne inden år 2000.
Current and Prospective Assessment term provided that current efforts in transposition of laws and their implementation are con tinued.
Myndighedsorganet er trådt i funktion, og den administrative kapacitet er til strækkelig til at fuldende gennemførelsen af EF-lovgivningen.
Tariffs must be further rebalanced in order to enable the public operator to take up competition.
Ifølge loven om posttjenester af 1946 er skriftlig kommunikation og (midlertidigt) pakker og postanvisninger omfattet af forsyningspligt.
The audiovisual sector in the Czech Republic is attempting to reestablish itself after major upheavals in recent years, and is characterised by rapid growth and constant change.
Nye tjenester såsom internationale kurertjenester udbydes af internationale private selskaber i Den Tjekkiske Republik.
Its abili ty properly to adhere to the acquis presupposes an upgrading of the capacity of the programmemaking industry to meet the important challenges of an adapted regulatory framework.
Der skal en mere effektiv adskillelse mellem del regulerende/politiske organ og driftsfunktionerne til for at sætte regeringen i stand til at fore en effektiv konkurrencefremmende politik. Takstudligningen er godi i gang. omend prisfastsættelsespolitikken kompliceres til" opdelingen af beføjelserne mellem to ministerier.
Czech audiovisual legislation is not compatible with EC requirements; there are deficiencies remain in the areas of freedom of reception, the promotion of European and recent works, independent producers and isolated advertising spots.
Vurdering af den nuværende og fremtidige situation
In recent years the Czech Republic has made no progress in moving toward compliance with EC requirements in the audiovisual sector.
Ifølge de forpligtelser, Den Tjekkiske Republik indgik ved WTO-forhandlingerne i 1997, vil regeringen liberalisere driften af det faste net og udbud af taletelefoni senest pr. 1. januar 2000. Regeringen offentliggjorde sin samlede konkurrencefremmende strategi for telesektoren i august 1994.
The audiovisual acquis aims, in the context of the internal market, for the provision and free movement of audiovisual services within the EU as well as the promotion of the European programme industry.
Strategien omfatter a) delvis privatisering af det eksisterende (statsejede) driftsselskab (SPT), der har monopol på langdistance- og udlandstrafik, med inddragelse af en strategisk partner, b) godkendelse af to digitale mobilnet baseret på den fælleseuropæiske standard, GSM, og c) godkendelse af nye lokale operatører inden for 16 lokaliteter.
The main points are: to ensure the free movement of television broadcasts through out Member States; to promote the production and distribution of European audiovisual works (by laying down a minimum proportion of broadcasting time for European works and those by independent producers); to set basic standards in the field of television advertising; to provide for the protection of minors and to allow for the right of reply.
De første to elementer i strategien er gennemført med held.
A major and concerted effort to adapt both the regulatory framework and industry structures will be needed if the Czech Republic is to meet EC requirements in the audiovisual sector in the medium term.
Den anden GSM-tilladelse blev tildelt for at styrke den konkurrence, der var resultatet af den tidligere omstrukturering af sektoren, i særskilte kabel- og radiooperatører/hvor kabel- og radiooperatørvirksomhed blev adskilt.
The Europe Agreement provides for co-operation in the promotion and modernisation of the audiovisual industry, and the harmonisation of regulatory aspects of audiovisual policy.
Tilnærmelse til
Economic and Fiscal Affairs
EF-lovgivningen
Economic and Monetary Union
Privatiseringen af SPT blev tilrettelagt således, at indtægterne udelukkende gik til at udvide selskabels aktiekapital.
The Television Without Frontiers Directives is a Stage I measure in the White Paper.
Selskabet er nu i gang med at omlægge sin ledelsesstruktur og -praksis.
The legal framework for the audiovisual sector is determined by Act No 468/1991, which provides for a dual system of broadcasting based on democratic principles.
Der er iværksat et omfattende investeringsprogram, der bl.a. omfatter et nyt nationalt, overordnet digitalnet.
The two main terrestrial television broadcasters are the national public service broadcaster Czech Television, and the commercial national broadcaster TV Nova.
Når nettet er på plads, vil det lette indførelsen af avancerede tjenester, især i byer.
By the time of the Czech Republic's accession, the third stage of EMU will have commenced.
Regeringens mål er at nå op på 45 tilslutninger pr. 100 indbyggere inden udgangen af år 2000.
This will mark important changes for all Member States, including those that do not participate in the euro area.
Regeringen besluttede på et tidligt tidspunkt, at alt nyt udstyr skulle være digitalt.
All Member States, including the new ones, will participate fully in the Economic and Monetary Union.
I januar 1997 var ca. 38 % af nettet digitaliseret, og det er planen al nå op på 60% inden år 2000 (sammenlignet med 62,4% i gennem snit for Grækenland, Portugal og Irland) og 100 % inden år 2003.
Their economic policies will be a matter of common concern and they will be involved in the coordination of economic policies (national convergence programmes, broad economic guidelines, multilateral surveillance, excessive deficit procedure).
Der blev sat nye GSM-ljene-ster i drift i løbet af 1996, og antallet af abonnenter på celleopbygget mobiltelefoni steg i årets løb med over 200% og nåede op på 183000, svarende til 1,78 pr. 100 indbyggere. Der er konkurrence både på data- og satellittjenesteområdet.
They will be required to respect the stability and growth pact, to renounce any direct central bank financing of the public sector deficit and privileged access of public authorities to financial institutions, and to have completed the liberalisation of capital movements.
Den nye lov ophævede samtidig de lovfæstede monopoler, tillod privatisering og pålagde krav om godkendelse af eksisterende operatører.
The Czech film industry was privatised in the early 1990s and all direct state subsidies to the film production industry were cut.
Herved blev det muligt for regeringen at tage fat på en liberalisering af sektoren. Regeringens mål er at fuldende den planlagte
The film distribution sector is mainly made up of US programming. gramming.
Europaaftalen omhandler samarbejde om frem me og modernisering af den audiovisuelle industri og harmonisering af lovgivningsmæssige aspekter af den audiovisuelle politik.
Accession means closer monetary and exchange rate cooperation with the European Union.
Direktiverne om »fjernsyn uden grænser« er en fase I-foranstaltning i hvidbogen.
This will require strengthening structural reforms in the area of monetary and exchange rate policies.
Lovgrundlaget for av-sektoren udgøres af lov nr. 468/1991, hvormed der etableres et dobbelt system for tv-radiospredning, baseret på demokratiske principper.
Member States not participating in the euro area shall be able to conduct an autonomous monetary policy and participate in the European System of Central Banks (ESCB) on a restricted basis.
I starten af 1997 var der 8,6 ansatte pr. 1 000 til slutninger (sammenlignet med gennemsnitligt 6,2 i Grækenland, Portugal og Irland).
Their central banks have to be independent and have price stability as their primary objective.
Selv med det nuværende høje tempo i udvidelsen af net tet, vil det vare endnu et par år, før der overalt er adgang til grundlæggende teletjenester.
Monetary policy has to be conducted with market-based instruments and has to be 'efficient' in transmitting its impulses to the real economy.
Ind tægten pr. tilslutning (260 ECU i 1996) er blandt de højeste i regionen og må fastholdes, hvis net tet skal udvides yderligere, og det nye driftsselskab fortsat skal være rentabelt.
Therefore, reforms need to be pursued to tackle factors that hinder the efficiency of monetary policy, such as the lack of competition in the banking sector, the lack of develop ment of financial markets and the problem of 'bad loans' in the banking sector.
Forudsat at takstudligningen fortsætter, skulle teletjenestesektoren kunne klare en fuldstændig liberalisering.
Finally all Member States shall treat their exchange rate policy as a matter of common interest and be in a position to stabilise their exchange rates in a mechanism yet to be decided.
Det er allerede lykkedes SPT at få lån fra private banker i EU til en rente, der er lavere end den.
Monetary policy in the Czech Republic has certainly been able to slow down inflation substantially.
Den Europæiske Bank for Økonomisk Genopbygning og Udvikling tilbyder.
As the transition process gradually gained credibility from international markets, the tight monetary policy combined with a fixed exchange rate peg caused massive capital inflows in 1994/1995.
De nederlandske og schweiziske driftsselskaber betalte tilsammen 1,24 mia. ECU for en andel på 27% i SPT.
These inflows were only partially sterilised and in 1995 money supply growth was well above the target, with inflation stuck at the previous year's level.
Det ene mobilselskab ejes af SPT (51 %) og et amerikansk konsortium (49%).
The currency crisis of mid-May 1997 has led to a switch of the exchange rate regime from a currency peg to a managed float.
Det andet mobilselskab ejes af Ceske Radiokomunikace (51%) og STET i fællesskab med et tysk sel skab (49%).
There are still unresolved issues hindering the efficiency of monetary policy.
Den tjekkiske filmindustri blev privatiseret i begyndelsen af 1990'erne, og al direkte stats støtte til filmproduktion bortfaldt. Der distribueres hovedsagelig amerikanske produktioner.
As membership of the European Union implies acceptance of the goal of EMU, the convergence criteria will have to fulfilled by the Czech Republic, although not necessarily on accession.
Den Tjekkiske Republik skulle ikke have nævneværdige problemer med at bringe forholdene i overensstemmelse med EU-lovgivningen på lidt længere sigt, forudsat at den igangværende indsats for at vedtage og gennemføre bestemmelserne fortsætter.
While the fulfilment of the convergence criteria is not a precondition for EU membership, they remain key points of reference for stability oriented macroeconomics policies, and must in time be fulfilled by new Member States on a per manent basis.
Taksterne må udlignes yderligere, hvis operatøren af det offentlige net skal kunne klare sig under konkurrencevilkår.
Hence the successful conclusion of systematic transformation and market oriented structural reforms is essential.
Vurdering af den nuværende og fremtidige situation
The Czech Republic's economic situation and progress has already been analysed in preceding chapters of this Opinion.
Av-sektoren i Den Tjekkiske Republik forsøger at genetablere sig efter store omvæltninger i de senere år, og den er præget af hurtig vækst og stadig forandring.
In the first phase of the transition, the exchange rate regime has proven to be successful in providing the system with a nominal anchor and bringing down inflationary expectations.
Sektorens mulighed for reelt at overholde fællesskabsretten afhænger af, om programindustriens kapacitet forbedres, således at den kan imødegå de store udfordringer, som en lovgivningsmæssig ramme indebærer.
The move helped to stop the capital inflows. However, the rising current account deficit, while not being an immediate threat for the stability of the exchange rate, has provoked a currency crisis of which the effects on the Czech economy are still unclear.
Den tjekkiske av-lovgivning er ikke forenelig med EF-kravene; der er mangler med hensyn til modtagefrihed, fremme af europæiske og nyere produktioner, uafhængige producenter og placeringen af reklameindslag.
In the new context, the fiscal authorities should take decisive action to sustain the disinflationary process by reducing public spending, and the pace of structural reforms should be increased.
Formålet med den gældende fællesskabsret ved rørende av-sektoren er, som led i det indre marked, at sikre adgangen til og den frie bevægelighed for audiovisuelle tjenester inden for EU samt at fremme den europæiske programindustri.
The Central Bank is largely independent from the government in terms of the conduct of mon etary policy and the appointment procedure of the Governor.
Direktivet om »fjernsyn uden grænser«, som finder anvendelse på alle tv-radiospred-ningsorganer, uanset transmissionsmåden (jordbaseret, satellit, kabel), og uanset om organer ne er private eller offentlige, omfatter den pågældende fællesskabsret og fastslår de grund læggende regler for transnational tv-radiospredning.
The statutory objective of the Czech National Bank is to ensure the stability of the national currency, but this has been always interpreted in terms of price stability. The provisions concerning the possibility of the Central Bank to finance the budget deficit are still not in line with the Treaty requirements of explicit and complete prohibition.
Hovedformålene er: at sikre den frie bevægelighed for tv-programmer i medlemssta-
The Czech authorities are expected to reform the Law of the Central Bank to make it compatible with the
Den Tjekkiske Republik har ikke i de seneste år gjort nogen fremskridt i retning af tilpasning til EF-kravene inden for av-sektoren.
It is premature to judge whether the Czech Republic will be in a position, by the time of its
Konklusion markeder og problemet med »dårlige lån« inden for banksektoren.
and as Stage II measures those which are in addition necessary to implement the full indirect taxation acquis.
Endelig skal samtlige med lemsstater behandle deres valutakurspolitik som et anliggende af fælles interesse og være i stand til at stabilisere deres vekselkurser ved hjælp af en mekanisme, som der endnu ikke er truffet afgørelse om.
accession, to participate in the euro area; that will depend on the success of its structural transformation permitting to attain and to adhere per manently to the convergence criteria, which are not however a condition of accession.
Da medlemskab af Den Europæiske Union inde bærer accept af, at målet er at etablere ØMU'en. skal Den Tjekkiske Republik på længere sigt opfylde konvergenskriterierne, selvom del ikke nødvendigvis vil blive krævet ved tiltrædelsen.
The Czech Republic's participation in the third stage of EMU as a non-participant in the euro area should pose no problems in the medium term.
Selv om opfyldelse af konvergenskriterierne ikke eren forudsætning for EU-medlemskab, vil disse fortsat være vigtige referencepunkter for en stabilitetsorienteret makroøkonomisk politik, og de skal derfor fra et vist tidspunkt permanent være opfyldt af alle nye medlemsstater.
Nonetheless Central Bank legislation should be made compatible with EC rules. Privatisation and competition in the banking sec tor has to be strengthened, as well as supervision in the financial markets.
Del er derfor af afgørende betydning, at der med held gennemføres systemændringer og markedsorienterede strukturreformer.
The two company taxation Directives and the Arbitration Convention provide for a mechanism which applies on the basis of reciprocity.
Den Tjekkiske Republiks økonomiske situation og de hidtil opnåede fremskridt er analyseret i tidligere kapitler af denne udtalelse.
Respective provisions can therefore by definition not be expected to exist before accession.
Vurdering af den nuværende og fremtidige situation
The acquis in the area of direct taxation main ly concerns some aspects of corporation taxes and capital duty.
På det tidspunkt, hvor Den Tjekkiske Republik tiltræder, vil ØMU'en være gået ind i tredje fase.
The overall contribution of VAT and excise duty revenue to the Czech Republic state budget was about 22% and 13% respectively in 1995.
Dette vil medføre betydelige ændringer for samtlige medlemsstater, herunder dem. der ikke indgår i euroområdet.
More recent statistics indicating trends in these figures are not currently available.