natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
De Europæiske Fællesskaber i den Internationale Retsorden, Jean GROUX og Philippe MANIN 161 s. * 4,34 ECU * ISBN 92-825-5180-6 « CB-40-84-206-DA-C
The 'cost of non-Europe' in the foodstuffs industry Part A: 424 pp. * ISBN 92­825­8642­1 * CB­P1­88­M14­EN­C Part B: 328 pp. * ISBN 92­825­8643­X « CB­P2­88­M14­EN­C Part A + Part Β : ECU 120 · ISBN 92­825­8644­8
Oprettelse af et Finansielt Integreret Europa - Liberalisering af kapitalbevægelser og finansiel integration i Fællesskabet 311 s. * 16 ECU * ISBN 92-825-8187-X * CB-PP-88-B03-DA-C
Volume 14 ­ 'The cost of non-Europe' in the textile-clothing industry 256 pp. * ECU 21.75 * ISBN 92­825­8641­3 * CB­PP­88­014­EN­C
EF-Socialt Set (særnummer) - Den Sociale Dimension af det Indre Marked 115 s. * 4,20 ECU * ISBN 92-825-8389-9 * CB-PP-88-005-DA-C
Volume 15 ­ 'The cost of non-Europe' in the pharmaceutical industry 182 pp. * ECU 13.50 * ISBN 92­825­8632­4 « CB­PP­88­P14­EN­C
Energi i Europa (særnummer) - Det Indre Energimarked 61 s. * 12,70 ECU * ISBN 92-825-8504-2 * CB-PP-88-OlO-DA-C
Volume 16 ­ The internal markets of North America - Fragmentation and integration in the US and Canada 176 pp. * ECU 13.50 * ISBN 92­825­8630­8 « CB­PP­88­Q14­EN­C
ErhversmuUghederne i Europa — En håndbog for små og mellemstore virksomheder, 1991­udgaven
Operations of the European Community concerning small and mediumsized enterprises - Practical handbook -1991 edition
Pris ¡ Luxembourg (moms ikke medregnet): ECU 28
Price (excluding VAT) in Luxembourg: ECU 28 c 1r2-flr2b-3I10-c
KONTORET FOR DE EUROPÆISKE * IS * FÆLLESSKABERS OFFICIELLE PUBLIKATIONER
OFFICE FOR OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS * 31 ; OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES
SMV og konkurrencereglerne
Small business and competition
VIRKSOMHEDS POLITIK
ENTERPRISE POLICY c
SMV og Konkurrencereglerne
Small business and competition
En praktisk vejledning 10. udgave
A practical guide
Nyttige aftaler Forbudte aftaler
Desirable agreements, prohibited agreements Desirable agreements Prohibited agreements
Forbud mod aftaler og mod misbrug af markedsdominans: Principper og retningslinjer
The rules on restrictive agreements and abuse of a dominant position: principles and provisions
Faste regler En væsentlig mekanisme: Anmeldelsen Deres henvendelse Risiko for, at aftalerne er forbudt Aftaler tilladt ved fritagelse Aftaler, der ikke er omfattet af forbuddet Misbrug af en markedsdominans Konkurrencefordrejende statsstøtte
Strict rules A basic first step: notification The procedure to be followed Agreements liable to be prohibited Agreements authorized by means of exemption Agreements falling outside the scope of the prohibition Abuse of a dominant position State aid that distorts competition
Enhver virksomhedsleders mal, især når det drejer sig om små og mellemstore virksomheder (SMV), er at forbedre konkurrenceevnen ogisamarbejde med andre virksomheder at forøge markedsandelene, udvide distributionsnettet, få del i innovationen, nedbringe omkostningerne, forbedre \ irksomhedens image...
The aim of any company or business, particularly a small or medium-sized enterprise (SME), is to become more competitive and to link up with other firms in order to increase its market share, expand its distribution network, share in innovation, cut costs and improve its brand image.
Når en SM Vfungerer tilfredsstillende, vil den indgå aftaler bade i hjemlandet og i udlandet.
It is in the interests ofSMEs to enter into agreements with other firms both at home and abroad.
Virksomhedslederen frygter dog samtidig, at virksomhedens udvikling vil blive bremset af store, grænseoverskridende koncerner med en økonomisk styrke, der giver dem mulighed for at påtvinge SMV deres produkter, priser, normer og distributionsnet, kortsagt at kontrollere markedet, fra produktion til afsætning, gennem et tæt og indviklet af talenet.
Conversely, SMEs do not wish to find themselves in a situation where their growth is hampered by the existence of large, multinational groups whose economic power enables them to impose their products, prices, standards andnetworks, i.e. to control the market, from production to distribution, through a tightly knit and complex network of agreements.
Udviklingen indenfor teknologi og innovationforudsætter imidlertid en sund konkurrence mellem virksomhederne.
If technology and innovation are to moveforward, there must be healthy competition between firms.
Etableringen af det indre marked med 342 millioner forbrugere forventes at medføre større produktivitet, mere konkurrencedygtige priser og øget beskæftigelse, men dette forudsætter, at derfastlægges regler, som sikrerfri konkurrence, og at disse regler over holdes.
The benefits which the creation of a single market of 342 million consumers is expected to bring about, namely greater productivity, competitive prices and increased employment, depend on the establishment and enforcement of rules that guarantee free competition. petition.
Kommissionen har derfor udarbejdet regler, som giverforbrugerne mulighed for at vælge mellem produkter og/eller tjenesteydelser af samme art, og som forhindrer, at koncentration af den økonomiske magt hæmmer SMV's dynamik og udvikling.
The Commission has accordingly drawn up rules to ensure that consumers always have a choice between equivalent products andhr services and to prevent the concentration of economic power from impeding the dynamic growth and development of SMEs.
I mange tilfælde finder forbuddet i EØE-Traktatens artikel 85 og 86 derfor ikke anvendelse pá SMV, idet aftaler, som disse virksomheder indgår, kun vil kunne på i irke samhandelen mellem medlemsstater ogkonkurrencex i/kårene i ubetydeliggrad.
In many cases, therefore, the prohibitions laid down in Articles 85 and 86 of the Treaty establishing the EEC do not apply to SMEs. Because of the size of SMEs, any agreements they enter into have a negligible effect on trade between Member States and on competition.
I den såkaldte »bagatelmeddelelse» har Kommissionen fastslået, at aftaler mellem SMV ikke falder ind underforbuddet i Traktatens artikel 85 og 86, hvis bestemte betingelser er opfyldt.
The Commission has published a 'Notice on agreements of minor importance' establishing the de minimis rule, under which agreements concluded between SMEs are, subject to certain conditions, exempt f rom the prohibitions laid down in Articles 85 and 86.
Traktatens bestemmelser stiller dog ikke udelukkende kra \ > til SM V men må også betragtes som et middel til at beskytte deres interesser. Denne kortfattede og praktiske vejledning i konkurrencereglerne har til formål at give SMV indblik i de konkurrencepolitiske principper og mekanismer.
This practical guide, which summarizes the essentials of competition law, will enable SMEs to grasp its principles and to understand what it involves and how it works.
Konkrete eksempler og labeller vil gøre det nemmere for Dem at tage stilling til:
Practical examples and tables will help you to identify and understand:
Om en aftale, som De ønsker at indgå med en anden virksomhed, er lovlig.
• the lawfulness or unlawfulness of any agreement which you wish to enter into with another firm,
Hvordan De skal forholde Dem til en aftale, som andre har indgået, og som hæm mer Deres udvikling. Hvilke foranstaltninger der skal træffes: information, rådgivning, anmeldelse, kla ge osv.
• • an agreement entered into by others which impedes your development, the measures to be taken : information, advice, notification, complaint, appeal, etc.
NYTTIGE AFTALER FORBUDTE AFTALER
DESIRABLE AGREEMENTS, PROHIBITED AGREEMENTS
NYTTIGE AFTALER
DESIRABLE AGREEMENTS
Enhver virksomhedsleders mål, især når det drejer sig om små og mellemstore virksomheder (SMV), er at forbedre konkurrenceevnen og, i samarbejde med andre virksomheder, at forøge markedsandelene, udvide distributionsnettet, få del i innovationen, nedbringe omkostningerne, forbedre virksomhedens image...
The aim of any company or business, particularly a small or medium-sized enterprise (SME), is to become more competitive and to link up with other firms in order to increase its market share, expand its distribution network, share in innovation, cut costs and improve its brand image.
Når en SMV fungerer tilfredsstillende, vil den indgå aftaler både i hjemlandet og i udlan­det.
It is in the interests of SMEs to enter into agreements with other firms both at home and abroad.
Kommissionen ansporer SMV til at indgå samarbejdsaftaler med hinanden.
The Commission encourages SMEs to conclude cooperation agreements with one another.
Den har derfor opstillet et princip, der er særlig gunstigt for SMV, fordi det indebærer, at SMV ofte ikke er omfattet af konkurrencereglerne (jf. den såkaldte »bagatelmeddelel­se«, der er omtalt på s. 12 nedenfor).
For this purpose, it has established what is commonly known as the de minimis rule, which is particularly favourable to SMEs in that it largely excludes them from the application of the competition rules (see p. 12).
Kommissionen søger desuden at fremme virksomhedernes samarbejde gennem:
The Commission has also developed a number of instruments to encourage cooperation between firms:
0 Kontoret for Virksomhedssamarbejde med dets forskellige muligheder, navnlig BC-Net, der består af virksomhedsrådgivere, som dækker hele Fællesskabet, og som kan skabe kontakt mellem virksomhederne med henblik på et tværnationalt samarbejde.
0 The Business Cooperation Centre and the Business Cooperation Network (BC-Net), which is a computerized network of business advisers covering the entire Community and allowing potential partners to be matched up for the purposes of transnational cooperation.
0 Europa-Partnerskab, der skal fremme samarbejdet mellem SMV i tilbagestående regio­ner eller i regioner med industriel tilbagegang og virksomheder i andre af Fællesska­bets regioner.
0 Europartenariat, designed to stimulate cooperation between SMEs in less developed regions or regions of industrial decline and firms in other regions of the Community.
0 Foranstaltninger, der skal fremme aftaler om underleverancer på tværs af grænserne.
0 Measures to encourage transnational subcontracting.
0 Den Europæiske Økonomiske Firmagruppe (EØFG), der er et juridisk instrument vedrørende samarbejdsprojekter mellem virksomheder i forskellige medlemsstater.
0 The European Economic Interest Grouping (EEIG), which provides a legal basis for cooperation projects involving firms in different Member States.
Der bør tilstræbes aftaler mellem virksomhederne ..., men ikke for enhver pris.
Agreements between firms are to be pursued ... but the conditions under which they are concluded are important.
FORBUDTE AFTALER
PROHIBITED AGREEMENTS
Virksomhedslederen frygter dog samtidig, at virksomhedens udvikling vil blive bremset af store, grænseoverskridende koncerner med en økonomisk styrke, der giver dem mulighed for at påtvinge SMV deres produkter, priser, normer og distributionsnet, kort sagt at kontrollere markedet, fra produktion til afsætning, gennem et tæt og indviklet aftalenet.
Conversely, SMEs do not wish to find themselves in a situation where their growth is hampered by the existence of large, multinational groups whose economic power enables them to impose their products as well as their prices and networks and thus to control the market, from production to distribution, through a tightly knit and complex network of agreements.
Kommissionen søger navnlig at hindre, at der opstår nogen form for begrænsning af den frie konkurrence.
The Commission is particularly concerned to ensure that competition is not impeded by restrictions of any kind.
Den forbyder derfor bestemte typer aftaler, der betragtes som særlig skadelige for kon­kurrencen og for SMV. Dette gælder aftaler, som består i:
Accordingly, it has over the years prohibited certain types of agreement which it considers particularly harmful to competition and damaging to SMEs, namely agreements which:
2. at produktion, afsætning, teknisk udvikling eller investeringer begrænses eller kon­trolleres
1. directly or indirectly fix purchase or selling prices or any other trading conditions; 2. limit or control production, markets, technical development, or investments; 3. share markets or sources of supply;
4. at der anvendes ulige vilkår for ydelser af samme værdi over for handelspartnere, som derved stilles ringere i konkurrencen
4. apply dissimilar conditions to equivalent transactions with other trading parties, thereby placing them at a competitive disadvantage;
5. at indgåelse af en aftale gøres betinget af, at medkontrahenten godkender tillægsydel­ser, som efter deres natur eller ifølge handelssædvane ikke har forbindelse med afta­lens genstand.
5. make the conclusion of contracts subject to acceptance by the other parties of sup plementary obligations which, by their nature or according to commercial usage, have no connection with the subject of such contracts.
De kan have begået en fejl ved at indgå forbudte aftaler.
You may be at fault, you may have entered into prohibited agreements.
De kan have lidt skade, fordi andre virksomheder har indgået forbudte aftaler.
You may be the victim of prohibited agreements entered into by other companies.
Undersøgelse af Deres situation, Ioidi konkurrenternes situation har skærpet Deres
A look at your own situation or at that of your competitors may have set you thinking
FORBUD MOD AFTALER OG MOD MISBRUG AF MARKEDSDOMINANS PRINCIPPER OG RETNINGSLINJER
THE RULES ON RESTRICTIVE AGREEMENTS AND ABUSE OF A DOMINANT POSITION PRINCIPLES AND PROVISIONS
Kommissionen søger at forhindre enhver aftale eller praksis, der kan fordreje den frie konkurrence.
The Commission seeks to prevent any agreement or practice that may distort competition.
Dette betyder, at alle former for konkurrencebegrænsende praksis og virksomhedsaftaler, der påvirker eller kan påvirke samhandelen mellem Ils medlemsstater, er forbudt.
Accordingly, any restrictive practice that affects or is liable to affect trade between Community countries is prohibited, and any agreement be tween firms having such characteristics is null and void.
For SMV gælder der dog en særlig gunstig ordning, som tager sigte på at lette og fremme deres samarbejde og udvikling ( > > bagatel«-princippet).
The rules are relaxed in the case of SMEs (under the de minimis rule) so as to facilitate and encourage the development of SMEs and cooperation between them.
Traktaten om Oprettelse af Det Europæiske Økonomiske Fællesskab indeholder to artik­ler, der specielt har til formål at opretholde fri konkurrence i EF, nemlig artikel 85 og 86.
Two articles in the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community deal particularly with maintaining free competition within the EEC, namely Articles 85 and 86.
Artikel 85 vedrører virksomhedsaftaler og samordnet praksis.
Article 85 covers agreements between undertakings and concerted practices. 2.
Artikel 86 vedrører en eller flere virksomheders misbrug af en dominerende stilling på fællesmarkedet.
Article 86 relates to abuse of a dominant position by one or more undertakings.
Hvad angår artikel 85, giver Traktaten mulighed for fritagelse for det generelle forbud, hvis en række betingelser er opfyldt, hvilket Kommissionen har enekompetence til at vurdere.
In the case of Article 85, the Treaty provides for possible exemption from the general ban on agreements if a number of conditions are met, with the Commission having sole responsibility for assessing whether they are met.
Til gengæld kan der ikke fritages for forbuddet i artikel 86.
By contrast, no exemption is possible from the ban on abuse of a dominant position laid down in Article 86.
Ifølge en meddelelse fra Kommissionen er SMV generelt fritaget for forbuddet, som bl.a. har til formål at beskytte dem og fremme deres udvikling i konkurrencen med de store virksomheder.
As the Commission made clear in a notice which it published, SMEs are broadly ex cluded from the basic prohibition arrangements, which are, amongst other things, in tended to protect SMEs and to allow them to develop alongside larger companies and groups.
Det er derfor vedtaget, at forbuddet ikke gælder for aftaler af ringe betyd­ning, de såkaldte bagatelaftaler. (EFT C 231 af 12.9.1986, s. 2).
Under the so-called de minimis rule, the basic ban on agreements does not apply to 'agreements of minor importance'.
Aftaler anses for at være af ringe betydning og dermed uden mærkbar indvirkning pá kon­kurrencen:
Agreements are deemed to be of minor importance and hence to have no significant effect on competition where:
0 når de varer, aftalen omfatter, og varer, der anses for at være af samme art, ikke udgør mere end 5% af det samlede marked for disse varer, og
0 the products covered by the agreements and other products regarded as being similar ac count for no more than 5% of the market for all such products, and
0 når de deltagende virksomheders samlede omsætning i et regnskabsår ikke overstiger 200 mio. ECU
0 the aggregate annual turnover of the participating firms does not exceed ECU 200 million;
0 når ovennævnte markedsandel eller omsætning ikke overskrides med mere end en tiende­del i to på hinanden følgende regnskabsår.
0 the market share of turnover threshold is exceeded by not more than one tenth during two successive financial years.
EN VÆSENTLIG MEKANISME: ANMELDELSEN
A BASIC FIRST STEP: NOTIFICATION
Grænserne mellem det lovlige og det ulovlige er undertiden flydende.
The borderline between legality and illegality is sometimes blurred.
Desuden er der mulighed for fritagelse for bestemte produkter eller i særlige situationer.
More over, exceptions have been allowed for particular products or situations.
For at hjælpe Dem har Kommissionen derfor besluttet, at aftaler skal anmeldes. meldes.
A basic first step, if you are in doubt, is to notify your agreement to the Commission. mission.
Hvis De er i tvivl om markedsandel, omsætning eller andre forhold, eller de oplysninger. De er i besiddelse af, er upræcise, er der kun én ting at gøre, nemlig at anmelde Deres aftale.
If you are in doubt about the market share, turnover or any other aspect, or if the information which you have is not sufficiently precise, you should notify your agreement to the Commission of the European Communities.
Til dette formål findes der en særlig formular (jf. bilaget), som skal udfyldes med en be­skrivelse af den type aftale, der er indgået.
There is a special form for this purpose (see annex) which you should fill in and in which you must describe the type of agreement which has been concluded.
Formularen, der betegnes A/B, indsendes til Kommissionen for De Europæiske Fællesskaber GD IV, rue de la Loi 200, 1049 Bruxel­les, Belgien.
The form, known as Form A/B, should be sent to the Commission of the European Communities — DG IV — 200, rue de la Loi — 1049 Brussels — Belgium.
Med denne formular kan De anmode Kommissionen om negativattest, fordi Deres aftale ikke er i strid med EØF-Traktatens artikel 85, subsidiært fritagelse i henhold til EØFTrak-tatens artikel 85, stk. 3, fordi De mener, at Deres aftale opfylder betingelserne for en så­dan fritagelse.
The form enables you to ask the Commission to grant you either negative clearance because your agreement does not run counter to Article 85 of the EEC Treaty or, failing that, exemption under Article 85(3) of the EEC Treaty, because it meets the relevant ex emption conditions.
Kommissionen kan udtale sig enten ved en formel beslutning eller ved en administrativ skrivelse (»comfort letter«).
The Commission may decide on the notification either by taking a formal decision or by sending a less formal letter known as a 'comfort letter'.
Det er vigtigt at forstå lovgivningen ...
Understanding the legislative provisions ...
En aftale mellem mindst to virksomheder kan: < } være forbudt 0 være tilladt ved en individuel fritagelse 0 være omfattet af en gruppefritagelse 0 falde uden for artikel 85. Hvis De er i tvivl om, hvilken kategori Deres aftale tilhører, så anmeld Deres aftale til Kommis­sionen.
The agreements entered into by two or more firms may be: 0 prohibited, 0 authorized under an individual exemption, 0 covered by a block exemption, 0 not fall within the scope of Article 85 at all.
Kommissionen vil meddele Dem, om Deres aftale: φ er forbudt, fordi den påvirker den frie konkurrence 0 er tilladt, fordi den opfylder betingelserne for individuel fritagelse 0 er tilladt, fordi den er omfattet af en gruppefritagelse 0 ikke er omfattet af forbuddet.
The Commission will inform you whether your agreement is: 0 prohibited, because it distorts competition, 0 authorized, because it meets the conditions allowing individual exemption, 0 authorized, because it is covered by a block exemption, 0 falls outside the scope of the prohibitions.
DERES HENVENDELSE
THE PROCEDURE TO BE FOLLOWED
EF­Kommissionen står gerne til tjeneste for at kontrollere, om de aftaler, De ønsker at indgå, er lovlige.
The Commission of the European Communities will help you to determine whether or not an agreement which you wish to enter into is lawful.
Den har fastsat en såkaldt anmeldelsesprocedure.
The pro­cedure to be followed for this purpose is the notification procedure.
De indgår en aftale ·
You are entering into an agreement: ·
( Virksomhed A ­♦­
Firm A
Er Deres aftale: forbudt? tilladt? ikke omfattet af forbuddet?
Is your agreement: prohibited? authorized? outside the scope of the prohibition? ··
2. tilfælde Aftaler tilladt ved fritagelse
Case 1 Agreements liable to be prohibited
Anmeldelse af aftalen i tvivlstilfælde
Notify if in doubt
Anmeldelse ikke nødvendig
Notification not necessary
Anmeldelse i tvivlstilfælde
Notify ¡I in doubt
Anmeldelse i tvivlstilfælde
Notify if in doubt
Horbud mod aftalen
Prohibition of the agreement
Tilladelse: ­ ved individuel fritagelse
Authorization by means of individual exemption
Tilladelse ved individuel fritagelse
Authorization: ­ by individual exemption ­ by means of the opposition procedure
1. tilfælde Risiko for, at aftalerne er forbudt
Casei Agreements liable to be prohibited
Forbudte horisontale aftaler ·
Types of prohibited horizontal agreements ·
Problematiske vertikale aftaler · ·
Types of vertical agreements · · posing problems
0 Begrænsning af leverandørernes eller kun­dernes valgmuligheder.
0 Compartmentalization of the market through an exclusive or selective distribution agreement or a franchise agreement (for example, export bans).
0 Ingen muligheder for fri prisfastsættelse.
0 Restrictions in the choice of suppliers or customers.
0 Eksklusiv købsforpligtelse i en ubegrænset periode og for et stort varesortiment.
0 Prices not set freely.
0 Konkurrenters fælles prisfastsættelse.
0 Joint fixing of prices by competitors.
0 Opdeling af markeder.
0 Market sharing.
0 Kvotefordeling af produktionen.
0 Setting of production quotas. 0 Tie-in sales clauses.
0 Diskriminerende salgspraksis. 0 Konkurrenters fælles indkøb.
0 Discriminatory sales practices.
0 Fælles salg.
0 Joint sales.
0 Salgsfremmende foranstaltninger: — begrænsning af adgangen til messer
0 Sales promotion:
0 Diskriminerende udelukkelse af visse typer detailsalgssteder gennem en eneforhandlingsaftale.
0 Exclusive purchasing obligation for an unlimited period and in respect of a broad range of products.
— fælles mærke, når dette fører til en sam­ordning af virksomhedernes forretningspolitik.
— joint label or trade mark, where this leads to an alignment of commercial strategy.
0 Udveksling af oplysninger, hvis det kan føre til en hemmelig aftale.
0 Exchange of information if this may lead to collusion.
RISIKO FOR, AF AFTALERNE ER FORBUDT
AGREEMENTS LIABLE TO BE PROHIBITED
Kommissionen forbyder aftaler, der tilsigter eller medfører konkurrencebegrænsninger.
The Commission prohibits agreements which have the object or effect of restricting competition.
I visse tilfælde kan der fritages for forbuddet, navnlig når aftalen ikke udelukkende har negative virkninger.
In some cases, the prohibition may be declared inapplicable , notably where the agreement does not have only negative effects.
Kommissionen har enekompetence til at afgøre, om der kan gives en sådan individuel fritagelse.
The Commission alone has the power to grant individual exemption.
SMV er dog sjældent omfattet af forbuddene på grund af »bagatel-princippet«.
However, under the de minimis rule, the general ban does not in most cases apply to SMEs.