natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
- kan en arbejdsgiver begrunde en anvendelse af kriteriet faglig uddannelse ved at bevise, at en sådan uddannelse er af betydning for udførelsen af de konkrete arbejdsopgaver, den pågældende lønmodtager har;
Moreover, Article 220 of the Treaty provided for the conclusion, so far as was necessary, of agreements between the Member States with a view to securing inter alia the retention of legal personality in the event of transfer of the registered office of companies from one country to another.
»1. a) Når samme arbejde eller arbejde af samme værdi af kønsbestemte grunde aflønnes forskelligt (direkte forskelsbehandling), har lønmodtageren bevisbyrden for, at der er tale om samme arbejde eller arbejde af samme værdi, og for, at en kvindelig og en mandlig lønmodtager i samme bedrift eller virksomhed aflønnes forskelligt. Arbejdsgiveren kan undgå, at der statueres kønsdiskriminering, ved at bevise, at den forskellige aflønning skyldes neutrale, ikke kønsbestemte kriterier.
In its second question, the national court asked whether the provisions of Council Directive 73/148 of 21 May 1973 on the abolition of restrictions on movement and residence within the Community for nationals of Member States with regard to establishment and the provision of services gave a company a right to transfer its central management and control to another Member State.
Når en forskellig behandling skyldes neutrale kriterier, der typisk rammer medlemmerne af det ene køn, som derved stilles uforholdsmæssigt dårligt
The Court merely pointed out in that regard the title and provisions of that directive referred solely to the movement and residence of natural persons and
Arbejdsgiveren kan undgå, at der statueres forskelsbehandling ved at bevise, at differentieringen skyldes objektive, økonomisk begrundede hensyn, som ikke er kønsbestemte.
that the provisions of the directive could not, by their nature, be applied by analogy to legal persons.
Heraf følger dog ikke, at gennemsnitslønningerne for kvinder og mænd altid skal være de samme, idet en forskel kan skyldes kriterier, der ikke er kønsbestemte.
He proposed that the Court should rule that :
a) Ligelønsprincippet er også bindende for overenskomstparterne. De kan heller ikke ved aftale fravige nævnte princip.
(ii) Under Community law a Member State may not require a company wishing to establish itself in another Member State, by transferring its central management there, to obtain prior authorization for such transfer;
Den endelige vurdering afhænger imidlertid af, hvor ledes overenskomsten konkret er udformet«.
(iv) Council Directive 72/148/EEC is applicable only to natural persons.'
Dom 186/87 af 2. februar 1989, Ian William Cowan mod den franske stat »Turister som modtagere af tjenesteydelser — krav på godtgørelse ved over fald« — Domstolens plenum —
The Raad van State [State Council] of the Netherlands referred to the Court two questions concerning the interpretation of Articles 216(1) and 218 of the Act concerning the Conditions of Accession of the Kingdom of Spain and the Portuguese Republic to the European Communities (hereinafter referred to as ' the Act of Accession').
Kommissionen for Godtgørelse til Ofre for en Voldsforbrydelse (Commission d'indemnisation des victimes d'infraction) ved tribunal de grande instance de Paris havde forelagt et præjudicielt spørgsmål vedrørende fortolkningen af forbuddet mod forskelsbehandling i EØF-Traktatens artikel 7, for at kunne afgøre, om en bestemmelse i Frankrigs Code de procédure pénale (lov om strafferetspleje) er forenelig med fællesskabsretten.
Mário Lopes da Veiga, a Portuguese national, had been employed since 1974 as a seaman on Dutch-registered vessels in the service of a shipping company whose registered office was in the Netherlands.
Spørgsmålet var blevet rejst under en tvist mellem den franske stat og en britisk statsborger, Ian William Cowan, som havde fået afslag på en begæring om godtgørelse af det tab, han havde lidt på grund af et overfald, som han under et kort ophold i Paris havde været udsat for ved udgangen af en metrostation.
He had been recruited in the Netherlands, was insured there under the Dutch social security system and was subject to Netherlands income tax.
Afslaget var begrundet i, at han ikke opfyldte betingelserne for at få udbetalt godtgørelsen efter artikel 706-15 i Code de procédure pénale.
The vessel on which Mr Lopes da Veiga was employed called regularly at ports in the Netherlands, where he spent his periods of leave.
Domstolen fremhævede, at Traktatens artikel 7 indeholder et krav om, at personer, der befinder sig i en situation, som reguleres af fællesskabsretten, ligestilles fuldstændigt med den pågældende medlemsstats egne statsborgere.
In that connection the Court pointed out first of all that the reason for the transitional arrangements laid down in Article 216(1) of the Act of Accession suspending until 1 January 1993 the application of the provisions of Title 1 of Regulation No 1612/68 on eligibility for employment was to prevent the disturbances on the employment market in the States which were already members of the Communities that would result if there was a mass influx of Portuguese workers seeking work.
Heraf sluttede Domstolen, at det er i strid med forbuddet mod forskelsbehandling, at en medlemsstat lader tilkendelsen af en rettighed til en person, som befinder sig i en situation, der reguleres af fællesskabsretten, være afhængig af, om vedkommende har et opholdsbevis eller er statsborger i et land, som har indgået en konvention om gensidighed med den pågældende medlemsstat.
The Court then emphasized that it had already held Articles 48 to 51 of the EEC Treaty to be applicable to the area of sea transport, thus recognizing by implication that a national of a Member State employed on board a vessel of another Member State was to be regarded as a worker within the meaning of the Treaty, and that persons pursuing occupations partially or temporarily outside Community territory were deemed to be workers employed in the territory of another Member State since the legal employment relationship could be located within the territory of the Community or retain a sufficiently close link with that territory.
Anvendelsesområdet for forbuddet mod forskelsbehandling
According to the Court, that criterion of a close link had also to be applied in the case of a worker who was a national of one Member State and permanently employed on a vessel flying the flag of another Member State.
Domstolen bemærkede først, at det følger af selve artikel 7, at forbuddet mod forskelsbehandling bl.a. finder anvendelse på området for fri udveksling af tjenesteydelser.
It was for the national court to examine whether the employment relationship of the applicant in the main proceedings provided a sufficiently close link with the territory of the Netherlands.
Den franske regering gjorde gældende, at en modtager af tjenesteydelser ikke på fællesskabsrettens nuværende udviklingstrin kan støtte nogen ret på forbuddet mod forskelsbehandling, såfremt den nationale lovgivning ikke skaber hindringer for den pågældendes ret til at bevæge sig frit, hvilket den i sagen omhandlede retsforskrift ikke gør. Desuden beroede retsforskriften på princippet om national solidaritet.
Since the court referring the question had stated therein that the applicant in the main proceedings had not obtained a residence document entitling him to work as an employed person in the Netherlands, the Court pointed out that it had consistently held that a worker had an entitlement to residence pursuant to the provisions of Community law irrespective of whether he has been issued by the competent authority of a Member State with a residence document, which was of a purely declaratory nature.
Betingelsen for at erhverve den rettighed, som stiftedes ved retsforskriften, var, at vedkommende havde en snævrere forbindelse til staten end blot at være modtager af tjenesteydelser. Rettigheden kunne derfor forbeholdes inden landske statsborgere eller udenlandske statsborgere, som er bosat på nationalt område.
In its second question the Raad van State asked whether, in the event that its first question was answered in the affirmative, Article 218 of the Act of Accession was to be interpreted as meaning that Article 4 of Directive 68/360 was also applicable to the Portuguese citizen referred to in the first question.
Tilnærmelse af lovgivningerne se dom C-380/87 under Miljø
Such a national may rely on the provisions of Article 4 of Directive 68/360/EEC of 15 October 1968 on the abolition of restrictions on movement and residence within the Community for workers of Member States and their families. '
Annullationssøgsmål
Freedom to provide services
Europa-Parlamentet havde under henvisning til EØF-Traktatens artikel 173, stk. 1, anlagt sag med påstand om annullation af Rådets afgørelse 87/373/EØF om fastsættelse af de nærmere vilkår for udøvelsen af de gennemførelsesbeføjelser, der tillægges Kommissionen.
The Gerechtshof [Regional Court of Appeal], The Hague, referred to the Court for a preliminary ruling nine questions on the interpretation of the provisions of the EEC Treaty relating to the freedom to supply services and the scope of certain general principles of Community law in order to assess the compatibility with Community law of a Dutch regulation designed to prohibit the distribution by cable of radio and television programmes broadcast from other Member States which contained advertisements aimed especially at the public in the Netherlands or which contained subtitles in Dutch.
I afgørelsen fastlagde Rådet de nærmere vilkår, der skal gælde for Kommissionens udøvelse af den kompetence, som Rådet tillægger den med henblik på gennem førelsen af retsakter udstedt af Rådet, og afgørelsen indeholder bestemmelser om de af repræsentanter for medlemsstaterne bestående udvalg, der i denne forbindelse afgiver udtalelser, for så vidt angår udvalgenes sammensætning, opgaver og funktion.
The questions arose in proceedings between, on the one hand, the Dutch advertisers' association, 14 advertising agencies and a cable network operator, and, on the other, the Netherlands State. The proceedings in question were concerned with the prohibitions on advertising and subtitling incorporated in the Kabelregeling, a Dutch ministerial decree of 26 July 1984, which the applicants considered to be contrary to Article 59 et seq. of the EEC Treaty and to the principle of freedom of expression guaranteed by Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights.
Sagsøgte gjorde til støtte herfor gældende, at Traktatens artikel 173, stk. 1, ikke indeholder udtrykkelig hjemmel for Europa-Parlamentet til at anlægge annullationssøgsmål.
(c) programmes supplied from abroad by cable, over the air or by satellite... provided that:
Den adgang til at intervenere og til at anlægge passivitetssøgsmål, som Europa-Parlamentet har, er uden sammenhæng med spørgsmålet om adgangen til at anlægge annullationssøgsmål.
(i) the programme does not contain advertisements intended especially for the public in the Netherlands;
Sagsøgte anførte nærmere, at det ikke kan udledes af Domstolens hidtidige praksis (sag 294/83, »Les Verts«, og sag 34/86, »Budgettet«), at Domstolen forudsætningsvis skulle have fastslået, at Europa-Parlamentet har adgang til at
(ii) the programme does not contain subtitles in Dutch'.
anlægge annullationssøgsmål.
The prohibitions in question did not apply to the retransmission by a cable network operator of programmes broadcast over the air.
Det fremgår ikke af de nævnte domme, at der skal bestå en parallelitet mellem Europa-Parlamentets henholdsvise passive og aktive muligheder for at spille en rolle i henseende til søgsmål om retsaktens lovlighed. hed.
In the view of the Netherlands Government, the prohibitions set out in the Kabelregeling applied only where a cable network transmitted programmes sent to it by a foreign 'point-to-point' broadcaster via a telecommunication satellite, as in the case of the programmes broadcast by Sky Channel, Super Channel and TV5.
Domstolen undersøgte indledningsvis, hvorvidt Europa-Parlamentet på grundlag af en fortolkning af artikel 173, stk. 1, kan antages at besidde en adgang til at anlægge annullationssøgsmål til prøvelse af retsakter fra Rådet eller Kommissionen. sionen.
According to the statement of reasons in the Kabelregeling the prohibitions on advertising and subtitling were intended to prevent ' the indirect establishment in the Netherlands of commercial teledistribution or television received by subscribers which would unfairly compete with national broadcasting and with Netherlands television by subscription which has not yet been developed '.
Domstolen udtalte herved, at det fremgår af Traktatens artikler 143 og 144, at Europa-Parlamentet har en kompetence til at udøve en politisk kontrol i henseende til Kommissionen, der skal »drage omsorg for gennemførelsen af de i denne Traktat indeholdte bestemmelser og af de bestemmelser, som med hjemmel i denne træffes af institutionerne«, og til i givet fald at vedtage et mistillidsvotum over for Kommissionen, såfremt denne ikke måtte udføre denne opgave som tilsigtet.
Under the Omroepwet [Broadcasting Law] the right to broadcast advertisements on the two national television channels was confined to the Stichting Etherreclame, STER [National Broadcasting Foundation].
Endvidere kan Europa-Parlamentet udøve en indflydelse på indholdet af generelle retsakter udstedt af Rådet, enten i form af udtalelser afgivet som led i høringsproceduren, eller i form af stillingtagen i forbindelse med samarbejdsproceduren.
The applicant advertisers considered that the advertising facilities afforded by the STER were too limited. In particular, advertisements could not be broadcast sufficiently frequently by the STER.
I modsætning til, hvad Europa-Parlamentet gjorde gældende, kunne der imidlertid ikke af sagsøgerens ret til at kræve statueret, at der foreligger en retsstridig passivitet, og til at intervenere i tvister for Domstolen antages at udspringe nogen adgang til at anlægge annullationssøgsmål.
Consequently, they wished to use the more extensive facilities offered to them by foreign broadcasters of commercial programmes, which they were prevented from using as a result of the Kabelregeling's prohibitions of advertising and subtitling.
Der kunne heller ikke antages at bestå nogen snæver sammenhæng mellem adgangen til at intervenere og adgangen til at anlægge søgsmål.
(a) Was there a provision of a service or services within the meaning of Articles 59 and 60 of the EEC Treaty ?
Europa-Parlamentet gjorde endvidere gældende, at Traktatens artikel 173, stk. 1, opstiller et udtrykkeligt princip om ligestilling mellem institutionerne, i den forstand, at enhver institution kan anlægge sag til prøvelse af retsakter fra andre institutioner, idet modstykket hertil er, at enhver institution dermed ligeledes kan udsættes for, at dens egne retsakter på de andre institutioners foranledning indbringes til prøvelse for Domstolen.
The national court's first question sought essentially to establish whether the distribution, by operators of cable networks established in a Member State, of television programmes supplied by broadcasters established in other Member States and containing advertisements intended especially for the public in the Member State where the programmes were received, constituted a service or several services within the meaning of Articles 59 and 60 of the Treaty.
Domstolen udtalte herom, at når man sammenholder EKSF-Traktatens artikler 38 (jf. dommen i sagen »Les Verts«) og 33, fremgår det, at ordningen i henhold til Traktaterne er den, at selv om der kan ske en prøvelse af lovligheden af afgørelser fra Europa-Parlamentet, indebærer dette imidlertid ikke, at Parlamentet
The transmissions of programmes at issue involved two separate services : the first was the service provided by the cable network operators established in one
dermed kan anlægge direkte søgsmål til prøvelse af retsakter fra andre institutioner. ner.
Member State to the broadcasters established in other Member States, the second was the service provided by broadcasters established in certain Member States to advertisers established in the Member State where the programmes were received, by broadcasting advertisements prepared for the public in the Member State where the programmes were received.
Det af Europa-Parlamentet anførte, hvorefter der måtte antages at bestå et princip om parallelitet i forbindelse med prøvelse af retsakters lovlighed ved Domstolen, for så vidt angår institutionernes status som henholdsvis sagsøgt og sagsøger, kunne herefter ikke lægges til grund.
Both those services were, in the opinion of the Court, transfrontier services within the meaning of Article 59 of the Treaty.
Europa-Parlamentet gjorde herudover gældende, at det forudsætningsvis måtte antages at fremgå af Domstolens dom i »budget-sagen« (Rådet mod Europa-Parlamentet, dom af 3. juli 1986), at Parlamentet har adgang til at anlægge annullationssøgsmål.
The two services in question were also provided for remuneration within the meaning of Article 60 of the Treaty.
Domstolen udtalte herom, at Europa-Parlamentets beføjelser er blevet udvidet ved Den Europæiske Fælles Akt, hvorefter Parlamentet har en medbestemmelsesret, for så vidt angår tiltrædelser af Fællesskabet og associeringsaftaler, og hvorved der er indført en samarbejdsprocedure, som finder anvendelse i en række tilfælde, idet Traktatens artikel 173 imidlertid ikke derved er blevet ændret.
The national court's second, fourth and fifth questions essentially sought to establish whether prohibitions of advertising and subtitling such as those contained in the Kabelregeling entailed restrictions on freedom to supply services contrary to Article 59 of the Treaty, regard being had to the fact that the national law on broadcasting prohibited national broadcasters from broadcasting advertisements and restricted the right to broadcast advertisements to a foundation which was bound by its statutes to transfer the resulting revenue to the State, which used it to subsidize national broadcasters and the press.
Ud over de nævnte beføjelser og Europa-Parlamentets beføjelser i henhold til Traktatens artikel 175 kan der for Domstolen indbringes sager til prøvelse af retsakter fra Rådet, som er udstedt under tilsidesættelse af Parlamentets kompetence.
The Court took the view that a ban on advertising such as the one embodied in the Kabelregeling involved a twofold restriction on freedom to supply services.
Traktatens artikel 173, stk. 1, tillægger enhver medlemsstat adgang til at anlægge annullationssøgsmål til prøvelse af sådanne retsakter, men i henhold til artikel 155 påhviler det specifikt Kommissionen at påse, at reglerne om Parlamentets beføjelser overholdes, hvorved Kommissionen i givet fald kan anlægge annullationssøgsmål.
'It prevented cable network operators established in a Member State from transmitting television programmes supplied by broadcasters established in other Member States; it impeded those broadcasters from scheduling for advertisers established in particular in the Member State where the programmes were received advertisements intended especially for the public in that State. '
Han foreslog sammenfattende heri, »at der ikke gives Rådet medhold i dets afvisningspåstand, og at det statueres, at Europa-Parlamentet, såfremt der er sket en tilsidesættelse af dets beføjelser, har adgang til at anlægge annullationssøgsmål i medfør af Traktatens artikel 173.
stations advertisements intended especially for the Dutch public whereas the Netherlands broadcasting law permitted the broadcasting of such advertisements on national television stations for the benefit of all officially authorized broad casting organizations.
Kommissionen for De Europæiske Fællesskaber havde anlagt sag med påstand om, at det statueredes, at Forbundsrepublikken Tyskland med hensyn til advokaters frie udveksling af tjenesteydelser ikke havde overholdt de forpligtelser, der påhvilede den i henhold til EØF-Traktaten og i henhold til Rådets direktiv 77/249 om lettelser med henblik på den faktiske gennemførelse af advokaters frie udveksling af tjenesteydelser.
It was sufficient, in the opinion of the Court, to observe that the prohibition on subtitling to which broadcasters established in other Member States were subject simply had the aim of complementing the prohibition of advertising, which fell within the sphere of application of Article 59 of the Treaty.
Kommissionens klagepunkter angik den måde, hvorpå direktiv 77/249 var blevet gennemført i tysk lovgivning med hensyn til den forpligtelse til »forbindelse«, som pålægges advokater etableret i en anden medlemsstat, som udøver virksomhed på tysk område som ydere af tjenesteydelser.
On the basis that national rules of the type at issue were not discriminatory, the national court asked in its sixth question whether they must be justified on grounds relating to the public interest and must be proportional to the objective to be achieved.
Ifølge Kommissionen gav denne bestemmelse en for bred definition af det område, hvor der kræves en forbindelse med en tysk advokat, ikke blot med hensyn til
The national court basically asked whether the principle of proportionality and the right of freedom of expression guaranteed by Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights imposed directly applicable obligations on the Member States, regardless of the applicability of provisions of Community law.
Kommissionen anførte, at Forbundsrepublikken Tyskland i loven af 1980 havde fastsat indholdet af begrebet »forbindelse« på en sådan måde, at det overskred de grænser, der var fastsat i direktivet og i Traktatens artikler 59 og 60. Dens klagepunkter angik navnlig forskrifterne vedrørende beviset for samvirket, den rolle, der var tildelt den tyske advokat, med hvilken der skal være en forbindelse, samt den tjenesteydende advokats kontakt med fængslede.
It is contrary to the Treaty provisions on freedom to supply services for the legislation of a Member State to make the distribution of programmes supplied from abroad as described above, subject to the requirements that they should not contain advertising or subtitles in the language of that State when such conditions are not laid down, or are not laid down with equal effectiveness, with regard to similar domestic programmes.
Domstolen tilføjede, at direktivets artikel 5 med henvisningen til den lokale advokats »ansvar« sigter til et ansvar over for den ret, der behandler sagen, og ikke over for klienten. Spørgsmålet om kendskab til tysk ret er en del af den tjenesteydende advokats ansvar over for sin klient.
Case 186/87: Ian William Cowan ν The Treasury — 2 February 1989 (Tourists as recipients of services ­ Right to compensation following an assault) (Full Court)
For det andet, for så vidt angår den tyske lovs bestemmelser om besøg hos fængslede, måtte det erkendes, at tvingende hensyn, navnlig til den offentlige sikkerhed, som det tilkommer den berørte medlemsstat at vurdere, kan foranledige denne medlemsstat til at fastsætte regler for advokaters kontakt med fængslede.
The Commission d'Indemnisation des Victimes d'Infraction [Compensation Board for Victims of an Offence] attached to the Tribunal de Grande Instance, Paris, referred a question concerning the interpretation of the principle of non­discrimination set out in Article 7 of the EEC Treaty for a preliminary ruling in order to assess whether a provision of the French Code de Procédure Pénale [Code of Criminal Procedure] was compatible with Community law.