natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Dette stiller øgede krav til selvfinansieringsevnen, som bør fremmes af skattepolitikken, hvilket allerede er tilfældet i visse medlemsstater.
There follows a higher requirement for own capital formation, which should be promoted by fiscal policy, which is already the case in certain Member States.
Sikring af et højt uddannelsesniveau
Ensuring a high level of educational attainment
Et højt uddannelsesniveau udgør fundamentet i den høje standard i arbejdsstyrken, som højtudviklede
A good balance between the needs of the various parties concerned will play an important constructive role in such pro cesses.
En fleksibel, innoverende og videnintensiv industri kræver en stærk social kohæsion.
Adjustments can also be carried out easier in those circumstances, where an adequate level of social protecion provides a safety net which diminishes the risks of change and so promotes mobility.
Information og høring af arbejdstagerne samt medbestemmelse for medarbejderne letter strukturtilpasningen ved at skabe tillid til ledelsens beslutninger og derved bane vejen for hurtigt at indføre nye arbejdsmetoder og omrokere de menneskelige ressourcer inden for virksomheden.
A high level of educational attainment represents the foundation for the necessary level of human capital which advanced economies require. Increasingly the ability to generate and assimilate new technologies, organizational methods and cultural diversity, rather than the level of knowledge itself, is becoming a prerequisite for effective structural adjustment.
En passende information og høring af medarbejderne på alle niveauer i virksomheden frem-
Some serious imbalances have also arisen with regard to the supply and demand of trained people.
repræsenterer en værdi i sig selv. Derfor må det udnyttes med måde.
environmental standards, it is imperative that Euro pean standards can surpass or at least equal them so that European firms are not hindered in trading freely.
En god balance mellem de for skellige parters behov spiller en afgørende konstruktiv rolle i denne forbindelse.
Having been set at a high level, environmental standards need to be predictable and stable so that industry can produce with sufficient scale to amortize the investments required.
Når der er akut fare for miljøets sundhedstilstand, er deciderede forbud uundgåelige.
zation of production equipment in accordance with changing market conditions and at the same time contribute to an improvement of working conditions, in particular with a view to the health of the worker and to his possibilities of better organizing his time both within and outside work.
Ud fra bevaringshensyn betragtes miljøet i stigende grad som en værdi fuld ressource, for hvis udnyttelse de offentlige myndigheder må fastsætte rammer for at forhindre over forbrug.
Although such cohesion cannot be without costs for enterprises, these costs must be viewed in the light of the benefits that they are able to draw from it and as a necessary con dition for the normal conduct of their activities.
Denne markedsorienterede approach harmonerer med princippet om, at forureneren betaler.
It is crucial for higher social costs to be obtained through higher productivity.
Flekstid kan antage forskellige former, også af nyskabende karakter, og er et spørgsmål, der skal afgøres ved forhandling og/eller i overenskomster afhængigt af, hvilket niveau der er tale om.
Building on their advantage, many enterprises are anticipating actively developments in the field of environmental standards by adopting appropriate environmental strategies.
Den bør ikke blot tilskynde til, at der skabes nye arbejdspladser, men også medvirke til at opnå en bedre udnyttelse af produktionsmidlerne i overensstemmelse med de skiftende markedsvilkår og samtidig forbedre arbejdsvilkårene, ikke mindst af hensyn til sundheden på arbejdspladsen og medarbejdernes muligheder for at tilrettelægge deres tid bedre både i og uden for arbejdstiden.
Through the development of internal environmental audits, many firms can integrate conception, design, production and market ing of products with appropriate clean production processes and technologies.
Selv om opnåelsen af denne kohæsion ikke er gratis for virksomhederne, skal udgifterne her til vurderes i forhold til de fordele, de kan drage heraf, og som en nødvendig forudsætning for en normal udøvelse af deres aktiviteter.
This allows substantial savings of energy previously wasted in the production process, for heating and in the transport of goods, and in materials and labour usage.
Det er af altafgørende betydning, at der tilvejebringes midler til højere sociale udgifter gennem højere produktivitet.
This approach has led to investments which do not merely add 'filters' to existing plant to capture the waste products but concentrate on the prevention of waste generation.
Denne fordel, som de har tilkæmpet sig gennem høje miljøstandarder, må ikke slippe dem af hænde.
Continued economic growth can only be sustained by a high level of protection for the environment.
Efterhånden som den europæiske industris internationale konkurrenter i stigende grad også opfylder højere miljøstandarder, er det aldeles afgørende, at de europæiske standarder overgår dem eller i det mindste svarer til dem, så de europæiske virksomheder ikke hindres i at handle frit.
As it is no longer possible to treat environmental resources without due regard to their intrinsic value, it is necessary to ensure that the utilization of natural resources is both prudent and rational.
Inden for det indre marked vil det ligeledes være nødvendigt at opfylde disse høje standarder, ikke blot for at overholde lovkrav, men også for lettere at opnå forbrugeraccept og for at undgå en markedsopsplitning som et resultat af forskellige nationale for anstaltninger. Når der én gang er fastsat høje miljø standarder, skal de være forudsigelige og stabile, så at industrien kan producere i tilstrækkelig store skalaer til at kunne afskrive de fornødne investeringer.
It is also necessary for the utilization cost of these resources to be internalized in the market price of products.
Opnåelse af et højt niveau i miljøbeskyttelsen
Environment has a value in itself. Therefore it must be used sparingly. ingly.
Vedvarende økonomisk vækst kan kun opretholdes med en høj miljøbeskyttelse.
The current market is estimated by OECD at between ECU 65 and 90 billion, of which ECU 40 billion in the European Community.
Da det ikke længere er muligt at udnytte miljøressourcer uden at tage hensyn til den værdi, de repræsenterer, er det nødvendigt, at naturressourcerne udnyttes skånsomt og med omtanke.
The fact that several European countries still have some way to go before they attain similar levels of equipment for certain types of protection to that of the USA and Japan today means that the rate of growth of the European environmental protection industry should be particularly rapid.
Desuden skal omkostningerne i forbindelse med at udnytte disse ressourcer afspejles i produkt markedsprisen.
In addition, new market opportunities for business will arise in ensuring environmental standards and legislation have been complied with.
På grundlag af denne fordel søger mange virksomhe der aktivt at foregribe udviklingen inden for miljø standarder ved at lægge en miljøstrategi.
In the case of acute dangers to health of the environment, outright prohibition is unavoidable.
Derved opnås betydelige besparelser på energi, som tidligere gik til spilde i produktionsprocessen, til opvarmning og til varetransport samt materiale- og arbejdskraftbesparelser.
In the interests of conservation, the environment is being seen as a valuable resource on whose use public authorities must impose a framework to guard against overuse.
Til at begynde med gav den øgede bekymring for miljøet sig udslag i en øget informationsstrøm og et kompleks af lovgivning, der sigtede mod at beskytte den menneskelige sundhed og det naturlige miljø.
Since it is now certain that the necessity to pay due regard to the environment is imperative throughout the world for all segments of business, a leading position occupied by Community firms in the field of environmental protection can represent a major com petitive advantage.
I stigende omfang afspejles miljøbevidstheden på markedet i en stigende efterspørgsel efter varer og tjenesteydelser, der opfattes som miljøvenlige.
Such an advantage, achieved by a high level of environmental standards, must not be allowed to erode.
Den høje andel af de samlede investeringer, der går til miljøbeskyttelse inden for visse sektorer, giver de industrigrene, der leverer de nødvendige produkter og den nødvendige knowhow, et betydeligt marked.
A high level of environmental protection is increasingly being met by economic and fiscal instruments and voluntary agencies rather than through legislation.
Dette marked anslås af OECD til på nuværende tids punkt at ligge i størrelsesordenen 65-90 mia. ECU, hvoraf EF-markedet tegner sig for 40 mia. ECU. Det
In order to prevent distortions of competition, there must, in addition, be policies towards develop ing harmonized standards and regulations, particularly in the fields of energy, waste management and disposal, recycling, incinerators, vehicle emissions, CFCs and agro-chemicals (fertilizers). Instead of con sidering that the requirements of environmental pro-
hjemmemarkedets betydning formindskes, selv om konkurrencen i stigende grad har form af en global konkurrence på de større verdensmarkeder. Alle konkurrenter har behov for en hjemmebase, som senere kan danne grundlag for udenlandske aktiviteter.
tection represent a constraint on growth, they should be considered increasingly as an opportunity in favour of competitiveness.
Desuden vil der opstå nye markedsmuligheder for erhvervslivet i forbindelse med at sikre, at miljøstandarder og miljølovgivning bliver overholdt.
opportunities without sacrificing essentially local specific advantages.
Disse markedsmuligheder kan også bidrage til at for midle viden om, hvilke omkostningsbesparelser der evt. kan opnås ved at gå over til rene teknologier.
In this sense the interlocking and competitive nature of the European home market is the very opposite of a homogeneous and undifferentiated mass market for standardized products.
Der opnås i stigende grad et højere miljøbeskyttelsesniveau gennem økonomiske og skattemæssige instrumenter og frivillige organer end gennem lovgivning.
Such markets no longer offer great advantages in the face of increasingly sophisticated, quality conscious and individualistic consumers.
Tilvejebringelse af katalysatorerne for tilpasning
Providing the catalysts for adjustment
Fordelene ved at opnå stordriftsfordele med henblik på investeringer på hjemmemarkedet har ikke kun relevans for masseproduktion, men også for udviklingen af specialiserede produkter.
Although the internal market programme represents a whole which must be implemented fully for the benefits for business to flow, some areas of the pro gramme have special benefits to those that the single market will bring in terms of the economies of scale and opportunities for greater specialization.
Lige så betydningsfuld som hjemmemarkedets størrelse er dets kvalitet.
Certain policies play a particularly important role in industrial policy by acting as catalysts for change.
Derved forstås sammensætningen af den indenlandske efterspørgsel, f.eks. efter specialiserede produkter, og de specifikke elementer i det kulturelle miljø, som giver særlige fordele med henblik på at konkurrere inden for bestemte erhvervssektorer. Den italienske succes inden for design er et eksempel herpå.
Those policies which favour firms' initiative and guide them in the direction of a longterm perspective founded on the Community's interests are to be preferred.
Sådanne markeder frembyder ikke længere store fordele stillet over for stadig mere kræsne, kvalitetsbevidste og individualistiske forbrugere.
Over the past five years, European standardization has been transformed from a marginal activity to one which is attracting priority attention.
Forskellig smag og forskellige kulturelle kendetegn vil også i fremtiden garantere, at markedet er alsidigt.
The importance that voluntary standards have assumed in the Com munity's technical legislation has been the driving force behind this change.
Afskaffelsen af de indre grænser kan føre til en ny konkurrencesituation, som frembringer endnu bedre og mere avancerede varer.
The development of a European standards system is, however, an ongoing process which will take several years to complete.
Selv om programmet for virkeliggørelse af det indre marked er et hele, som skal gennemføres fuldt ud for, at erhvervsfordelene kommer til deres fulde ret, vil visse dele af programmet indebære særlige fordele i forhold til de fordele, som det indre marked vil med føre i form af stordriftsfordele og muligheder for større specialisering.
Through providing a home market of the requisite size and quality, the programme to complete the internal market can be considered as industrial policy par excellence. It is not at all the case that at a time when competition increasingly takes the form of global competition on the major markets of the world, the importance of the home market diminishes.
Visse tiltag spiller en særlig vigtig rolle i industripolitikken ved at virke som katalysatorer for forandring. Tiltag, som virker befordrende på virksomhedernes initiativ og leder dem i retning af langsigtede perspektiver, der falder sammen med Fællesskabets inte resser, bør foretrækkes.
Under the new approach to technical harmonization and standardization, legislation is confined to laying down the essential requirements to which products must comply in order to ensure the protection of public health or safety, or the protection of the en vironment or the consumer.
At skabe et stimulerende økonomisk klima kræver derfor en klar politisk konsensus om den økonomiske politik, der skal føres, og om de nødvendige følgebeslutninger.
European standards pro vide manufacturers with a set of technical specifications recognized in each directive as giving a pres umption of conformity to the essential requirements.
En sådan industri politik er alt andet end en »laissez faire«-politik.
The European standards concerned remain voluntary. tary.
Det indre marked som en katalysator for forandring
As important as the size of the home market is its quality.
Ved at stille et hjemmemarked af den fornødne størrelse og kvalitet til disposition udgør programmet for virkeliggørelse af det indre marked frem for noget et stykke industripolitik.
This is based around the composition of domestic demand, for example for specialized products, and the specific elements of the cultural environment which provide special advantages for competing in particular indus tries.
Det er absolut ikke sådan, at
Italian success in design is an example.
Gennem de seneste fem år har europæisk standardisering ændret sig fra at være en marginal aktivitet til en aktivitet, der tiltrækker sig prioriteret opmærksom hed. Betydningen af frivillige standarder i Fællesskabets tekniske lovgivning har været drivkraften bag denne ændring.
European standards are not only required for the purpose of removing technical barriers to trade, but increasingly they are also becoming a key item for the promotion of industrial competitiveness.
standarderne. Det forhold, at man har valgt at gøre gennemførelsen frivillig — bortset fra lovkrav inden for typegodkendelse — betyder, at det skulle være muligt at nå til enighed om standarder på et højt teknisk niveau.
Standards promote competitiveness by: lowering costs for producers; shaping customer preferences for products by their familiarity; advantage.
Det betyder også, at det private initiativ hos virksomheder skal spille en afgørende rolle i standardiseringsprocessen og i finansieringen af de her med forbundne udgifter.
Increasingly, industry is using quality systems as a source of competitive advantage and to diminish costs associated with lack of quality. Thirdparty certification adds credibility to these efforts both internally within the firm and externally for clients.
I henhold til den nye metode inden for teknisk har monisering og standardisering begrænser lovgivningen sig til at fastsætte de væsentlige krav, som produkterne skal opfylde for at beskytte den offentlige sundhed eller sikkerhed samt miljøet eller forbrugerne.
Public procurement enabling the emergence of new markets, particularly for developing technologies, where they are becoming a precondition for industrial production or marketing.
De europæiske standarder er fortsat frivillige.
The great importance of public procurement for industrial competitiveness is threefold:
Troværdige certificerings-, tilsynsog afprøvningsprocedurer spiller en central rolle i for bindelse med at skabe betingelserne for, at der kan opbygges tillid, og at den gensidige anerkendelse af de enkelte medlemsstaternes procedurer kan blive effektiv.
Of this vast market, available information for the larger Member States shows that less than 4% is taken by imports — and in some cases less than 1%. Com pared with markets in general, for which import penetration is around 20 % for these countries, public procurement is still very closed.
Siden den nye metode blev vedtaget, er antallet af nye europæiske standarder steget kraftigt fra 19 i 1985 til 150 i 1989.
In those areas for which markets are becoming global, it is crucial that European standards be set at the requisite level and be compatible with inter national standards.
Dette tal er dog stadig lavt i for hold til antallet af ikke-harmoniserede nationale standarder og i forhold til det antal, der er nødvendigt for at gennemføre programmet for virkeliggørelse af det indre marked.
There will still need to be European standards, however, because international standards are not binding but have the status of recommendations.
Der er ikke blot behov for europæiske standarder til at fjerne tekniske handelshindringer, men de bliver i stigende grad et nøgleelement i forbedringen af industriens konkurrenceevne.
In the absence of internationally agreed standards, it will also be necessary to set standards at the European level initially thereby paving the way to the creation of international standards.
Standarder forbedrer konkurrenceevnen ved at:
Standards for new technologies must be delivered more quickly than ever before if they are to meet the needs of the market.
• forme forbrugernes præference for produkter ved deres bekendthed
In order to increase this effect, invitations to tender should preferably be formulated in an open manner and not fix the 'state of technology'.
Procedurerne for anvendelse af standarder giver en tillægsgevinst i henseende til konkurrencedygtighed, hvis de går videre end certificering og også omfatter overensstemmelsesvurdering, herunder afprøvning, kvalitetssystemer og godkendelse.
If standards are to play an important role in improving industrial competitiveness they must command credibility in the market and become the norm by which competitors are judged.
Industrien benytter sig i stigende grad af kvalitetssystemer for at opnå konkurrencefordele og reducere omkostningerne i forbindelse med dårlig kvalitet.
The voluntary approach adopted for implementation — apart from legal requirements for type approval — means that it should be possible to agree standards of a high technical level.
Udføres certificeringen af tredjemand, giver dette disse bestræbelser øget troværdighed såvel internt i virksomheden som eksternt over for kunder.
It also means that private initiative by business must play an essential role in the standards setting process and in the financing of the attendant costs.
• bane vejen for, at nye markeder ser dagens lys, navnlig inden for teknologier, der er under udvikling, hvor disse er en forudsætning for industriel produk tion eller markedsføring.
(iii) Thirdly, public procurement is heavily concentrated on a relatively small group of sectors, and these industries depend on a competitive market for public procurement to develop the necessary products and skills to be successful internationally.
Offentlige indkøb
Fewer than 20 subsectors of the 60 surveyed for procurement practices account for more than 85% of public procurement.
Offentlige indkøb har stor betydning for industriens konkurrenceevne på tre måder:
As a result, public procurement represents a substantial proportion of total sales for power generation equipment, and computers and office machinery (30%), aerospace equipment (50%), and railway rolling stock and telecommunications equipment (90%).
Hvor der ikke findes internationalt anerkendte standarder, er det desuden nødvendigt i første række at fastsætte standarder på europæisk plan for derved at bane vejen for internationale standarder.
Credible procedures for certification, inspection and testing play a key role in creating the conditions which allow confidence to grow and mutual recognition of each Member State's procedures to become effective.
Tilgængelige oplysninger for de store medlemsstater viser, at på dette enorme marked tegner import sig for mindre end 4 % — og i nogle tilfælde for mindre end 1 %.
The existence of considerable economies of scale in the manufacture of these products has led to high entry barriers and the creation of oligopolistic structures.
I forhold til de øvrige markeder, hvor importandelen ligger på omkring 20 % for disse lande, er offentlige indkøb stadig et meget lukket marked.
The lack of innovative competition has led to a redirection of effort toward meeting existing technical requirements at the expense of product innovation, marketing and achieving value for money.
Hvis standarder skal spille en betydningsfuld rolle i forbindelse med at forbedre industriens konkurrence evne, skal de aftvinge troværdighed på markedet og blive den norm, som konkurrenterne bedømmes efter.
Efficient procedures for applying standards entail an added gain for competitiveness when they go beyond certification to cover also conformity assessment — including testing, quality systems and accreditation in addition to certification.
Det er derfor vigtigt, at de bliver høje. Derved opnår værdien af standarder at blive accepteret af slutbrugerne, og det virker som et incitament for producenterne, at de skal højne kvaliteten for at overholde
It is when control takes place before production (in the course of the development of a prototype or model), or during production (either as surveillance of products or of production processes), that industry gains most
• For defandet kan offentlige indkøb forøge den teknologiske formåen, hvis de tager sigte på at øge efterspørgslen efter afsættelige produkter, der inde holder den seneste teknologi. For at forstærke denne virkning bør udbud fortrinsvis være åbent formuleret og bør ikke fastsætte et fastlåst »teknologistade«.
Governments have often rationalized the need to accept such situations through arguments in favour of 'national champions' in order to guarantee security of supply, to maintain a presence in certain vulnerable areas of high technology or to protect jobs. The
Alle fordelene ved at indføre konkurrence om offentlige indkøb vil dog kun kunne høstes, hvis de hertil fornødne regler gennemføres fuldt ud og effektivt.
The necessary structural adjustment which results from the removal of quantitative restrictions should be taken into account by the Community's structural policies, if necessary by horizontal measures.
I forbindelse med indførelsen af konkurrence om offentlige indkøb på internationalt plan er det ønskeligt, at Fællesskabets konkurrenter opretholder en lige så streng disciplin som den, Fæl lesskabet anvender på sit eget marked.
Defensive protective strategies and subsidies to maintain unprofitable capacity are not an appropriate response to strengthen permanently the industrial competitive ness of European industry.