natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Målet for ordningerne er dog ikke at støtte disse organisationer, men at tilvejebringe beskæftigelse og uddannelsesmuligheder for bestemte
The fact that this sector provides an increasing share of jobs in many countries, and that employ ment in this sector has continued to increase whereas employment has decreased in other sectors, has led to a growing or renewed interest both by policymakers and researchers.
Da der er en stigende andel af job i denne sektor i mange lande, og da beskæftigelsen inden for sektoren fortsat stiger, mens den falder I andre sektorer, har det ledt til en stigende eller fornyet interesse for sektoren hos både politikere og forskere.
Some of these obstacles are similar to those named by SMEs, which have already, within the last five years, participated in any kind of regional, national, or European programme. A com parison between Community, national and regional programmes shows that the relative importance of bottlenecks faced by participating enterprises is similar for both types of pro
myndigheders årligt baserede økonomiske støt te, bureaukrati og usammenhængende regler, forsinkelser i betaling fra offentlige midler, stigende konkurrence i at tiltrække private donationer og vanskelig adgang til banklån.
The characteristics of these relationships range from the Scandinavian concept of the welfare society (the third sector is seen as com plementary to the public sector) to the subsidiarity principle applied in Belgium and Germany (where, on the contrary, the public sector's supply of services complements the non-profit sector).
Frivilligt arbejde
The share of the population involved in voluntary work differs a lot, ranging from 1 out of 10 in Austria to almost 1 out of 2 in the United Kingdom.
I nogle lande forsøger man at frem me og opfordre til frivilligt arbejde.
In some countries, efforts are made to promote and encourage voluntary work.
Frivilligt arbejde kan støttes ved at give betalte fridage til ansatte (som i Frankrig) eller ved at give en skattefritagelse på refusionsberettigede udgifter, som frivillige har i forbindelse med deres hverv (som i Tyskland, kun i sportssektoren, og i Nederlandene).
Voluntary work can be assisted by the granting of paid days off to employees (as in France) or by giving a tax exemption for reimbursed expenses to volunteers to carry out their mission (as in Germany, in the sport sector only, and in the Netherlands).
Der er bestemmelser, der giver arbejdsløse lov til at udføre frivilligt arbejde, hvis det ikke forhindrer dem i at søge arbejde (for eksempel i Frankrig og Tyskland).
Provisions have been made that allow the unemployed to do voluntary work providing that it does not prevent them from looking for a job (e.g. in France and Germany).
Der mangler dog stadig en klar lovgivning om frivilligt arbejde i de fleste lande.
However, a clear statute for volunteers is still lacking in most countries.
Den seneste politikudvikling og best practice på SMV-specifikke områder fordelt på lande
Only France, the United Kingdom and Italy have appointed a specific authority in charge of coordinating, at least part of, the national policy concerning this sector.
Tabel 4 giver et overblik over faktiske eller plan lagte nyudviklinger på det nationale/statslige SMV-politikområde fordelt på lande i perioden maj 1997 til slutningen af 1999.
Public finance is the major source of revenue for these organisations, although there are consider able disparities both between countries and sectors of activity, as well as between size-classes.
I kapitel 8 i rapporten analyseres nye tiltag og programmer, herunder de følgende områder: erhvervspolitiske rammebetingelser, økonomiske forhold, internationalisering og informationsydelser, innovation og F & U, arbejdskraft, uddannelse og fremme af ¡værksætteri og iværksætterkulturen.
The main national policy instruments encouraging associations and foundations are related to: special legal forms and regulations, a favourable tax system taking into account the non-profit character of these organisations, financial support in the form of grants and subsidies and incentives in favour of fundraising, support to stimulate voluntary work and support to stimulate job gener ation.
Næsten alle landene har indført nye tiltag, ændret de eksisterende tiltag eller har planer om at udvikle tiltag på disse områder.
Also, authorities often provide indirect support to associations and foundations by putting public infrastructure such as premises or sports infrastructures at their disposal.
Ud over de almindelige måder at opnå økonomisk støtte på til foreninger og frivillige organisationer (det vil sige løn for ydelser, favorable momssatser eller andre skattefritagelser og støt tetildeling), bruger nationale eller lokale myndigheder specifikke instrumenter til at generere og/eller sikre indtægter for foreninger og fonde.
In addition to the common means of financial support to associations and voluntary organisations (i.e. remuneration of services, favourable VAT rates or other tax exemptions and the distribution of grants), national or local authorities use specific instruments to generate and/or secure revenues for associations and foundations.
Lande i Nordeuropa fremmer private bidrag gen nem offentlige lotterier, hvorimod landene i syd foretrækker en blanding af specielle fonde og fremmer private donationer gennem skattefritagelse.
Countries in the north of Europe encourage private giving through public lotteries, whereas countries of the south prefer a mix of specific funds and encouragement of private donations through tax exemptions.
Det Forenede Kongerige er på et mellem stadium med hensyn til udviklingen af alle mulige typer instrumenter, mens Grækenland næsten ingen har på dette område.
The United Kingdom is in an intermediary situation with the development of all possible instruments, where as Greece has almost no tools in this field.
Budgetnedskæringer i de fleste lande, nye bevillingsregler for offentlige midler, som f.eks. systemer til medfinansiering og i nogle tilfælde også viljen til at beholde deres selvstyre, tvinger for eninger og fonde til at øge deres private finansieringskilder.
The reduction of the public budget in most countries and new rules of allocation of public funds, such as systems of co-financing and in some cases also the will to preserve their autonomy, push associations and foundations to search for an increase of their private sources of finance.
Nye redskaber bliver udviklet, såsom »produits partage«, etisk finansiering og langsigtede forhold til private donorer.
New tools are developed such as 'produits partage', ethical financing and long-term relationships with private donors.
Administrativ modernisering er i de fleste lande et vigtigt element i at støtte SMV-udviklingen. Der tages initiativ til at skære ned på administrative, indirekte omkostninger på skatteområdet og det sociale område. Der arbejdes med at reducere statistiske rapporteringskrav samt med at forenkle de administrative regler for etablering og udvidelse af virksomheder.
Some European countries (Finland, France, Belgium, Germany and Ireland), that have a high unemployment rate and/or where policy makers pay great attention to the job generation potential of the social economy as well as to their role in the field of social integration, have developed specific employment supports that apply only to non-profit organisations.
Denne proces består også af tiltag, der decentraliserer og rationaliserer det administrative apparat og udvikler »one-stop shops«, der leverer service ydelser til virksomhederne.
Smaller associations and foundations face more problems with collecting the financial means for their activities than the larger ones: lack of information, the public authorities annually based financial support, bureaucracy and incoherence
Det Europæiske Observationscenter for SMV
Sixth Report, Executive Summary
Tabel 4 Implementerede og planlagte nationale tiltag fordelt på områder og lande fra maj 1997 til slutningen af 1999
Table 4 Implemented and planned national actions by fields and countries, May 1997-end 1999
Fremme af iværksætteri
Fostering entrepre­neurship
Arbejdskraft, træning & /'»/¡orario// Uddanelse af F & U arbejdskraft Innovation Økonomiske forhold For sen Finansie-betaling ring
Financial environment Late payment finance
Kun generel økonomisk politik; ingen direkte støttetiltag for SMV' er
Only general economic policies; no direct support measures for SMEs
Kilde: ENSR, 1999.
Source: ENSR Enterprise Survey 1999.
sideløbende med lovmæssige ændringer ved­rørende brugen af og omkostningerne ved arbejdskraft.
of rules, delay of payments of public funds, increasing competition in attracting private donations and poor access to bank loans.
De vanskeligheder, som SMV'erne har med adgang til finansiering, fører til indførelsen af en politik til fremme af start af nye virksomheder og at øge de eksisterende virksomheders kapital gennem økonomiske instrumenter (venture kapital, udviklingskapital, osv.) og skattebegun­stigelser.
Crossborder cooperation report new measures and programmes are analysed taking into account the following fields: business environment, financial environ­ment, internationalisation and information serv­ices, innovation and R & D, labour, training and fostering entrepreneurship and encouraging enterprise culture.
For at fremme konkurrencedygtigheden i små virksomheder og for at nedbringe arbejdsløshe­den ved at favorisere selvbeskæftigede har mange lande søgt at fremme viden om virksomheder og virksomhedskultur i skolesystemet ved at indføre specielle kurser samt ved at støtte nye virksomhe­der på områder, der er specielt svage (unge, kvinder og arbejdsløse).
Many associations and foundations participate in European partnerships and networks that are very active in lobbying, in exchanging and sup­plying information, in developing joint research projects, and exchanges of best practices. Nevertheless, there are still many barriers to the development of crossborder cooperation, espe­cially because of the lack of harmonisation of regulations and the differences in national policy for associations and foundations.
SMV'emes internationalisering er blevet fulgt op af tiltag relateret til indhentning af information og gennemførelse af markedsanalyser.
Administrative modernisation in most countries is one of the key elements for promoting SME development.
Samtidig er der ydet tilskud og støtte — ofte med assis­tance fra specialister — til udvikling af produkter og virksomheder samt identifikation af uden­landske partnere og udenlandske investeringer.
Measures have been taken to reduce administrative overheads for fiscal, social security, and statistical requirements and to sim­plify the bureaucratic structure for creating and expanding businesses.
Efteruddannelse og SMV'er
New developments in SME policy
Det nye konkurrenceprægede scenarie, der viser sig i globaliseringen, har påvirket støtten til F & U og udbredelsen af innovation blandt SMV'erne, selvom denne type programmer ofte ikke er spe­cielt rettet mod små virksomheder.
Recent policy development and best practices in SME specific fields by country
Der findes redskaber til at fremme dannelsen af innovative SMV'er (økonomiske instrumenter og »ruge­kasser«) samt direkte incitamenter (tilskud) og indirekte incitamenter (programmer, der frem­mer samarbejde og teknologioverførsel, som derved giver fornyet kraft til de nationale inno­vationssystemer) og erhvervelse af innovativ teknologi.
The difficulty SMEs have in access to finance entails the adoption of policies for promoting the start-up of new businesses and increasing the capital of existing ones through recourse to financial engineering tools (venture capital, seed capital, etc.) and tax incentives.
Der gøres også en stor indsats for at forbedre kvaliteten af den menneskelige kapital
Table 4 provides an overview of actual or planned new developments in the national/fed­eral SME policy by country, for the period May 1997 to the end of 1999. In Chapter 8 of this
Livslang læring får mere og mere opmærksom­hed fra politikere, arbejdsgivere og ansatte.
The internationalisation of SMEs has been accompanied by specific measures to provide
Sjette rapport, sammendrag ret overordnet virksomhedsstrategi eller en kon­sekvent uddannelsespolitik.
The European Observatory for SMEs
Som det beskrives i kapitel 9 i rapporten, kan efteruddannelse ses som en af de vigtigste meto­der til at klare udfordringerne med succes.
Provision of CVT is directly influenced by enterprise size. The share of enterprises offering training to their employees is higher the larger the enterprise: it ranges from 19 % for enterprises without employees up to 79 % for mediumsized enterprises.
Efteruddannelse omfatter enhver type af efter­ og videreuddannelse — livslang læring — hos perso­ner, der er i arbejde, enten på eget initiativ eller på virksomhedens initiativ.
A significant share of the European SMEs effectively active in CVT have written training plans, in comparison with the share of enterprises where training is done either at the request of the personnel or the management, respectively, with no formal training plan (see Figure 6).
Uddannelsesaktiviteterne i SMV'erne er ofte uformelle i den forstand, at de er interne træ­ningsaktiviteter, der leveres af personalet i virk­somheden.
Notwithstanding this enterprise size effect, training efforts measured as a percentage of total wage costs seem to be similar in all enterprise sizes.
SMV'erne går kun ud på det ekster­ne uddannelsesmarked, når de har brug for kon­krete færdigheder og evner, der ikke er til rådig­hed internt i virksomheden.
However, the efficiency of any investment in CVT activities is not only subject to the amount of devoted resources, but also to other issues such as a well defined and implemented general enterprise strategy or a coherent training policy.
De er også meget mere interesseret i skræddersyede kurser, der er målrettet mod virksomhedens behov, end i generelle kurser.
CVT activities in SMEs are very often of an infor in the school system by introducing specific mal nature, in the sense that they are in-house courses as well as fostering new business in areas training activities provided by personnel of the of society that are particularly subject to exclu enterprise itself.
Målsætningerne med uddan­nelsesindsatsen er ofte meget forskellige for arbejdsgiverne (virksomhedens interesser) og for de ansatte (faglig mobilitet, højere løn).
SMEs resort to the training mar sion (young people, women, and the jobless). ket when they need to obtain concrete skills and abilities that are not available in-house.
Mulighed for efteruddannelse er direkte afhængig af virksomhedens størrelse.
Moreover, they are much more interested in custom-made courses that are exactly tailored to the enterprises' needs than in open courses.
Andelen af virksomheder, der tilbyder deres medarbejdere efteruddannelse, er højere, jo større virksomhe­den er: Det varierer fra 19 % for virksomheder uden ansatte op til 79 % for mellemstore virk­somheder.
The objectives pursued in the training are very often different for employers (the enterprise's interest) and employees (professional mobility, and/or a higher wage).
En forholdsvis stor andel af SMV'erne, der gør brug af efteruddannelse, gør dette med udgangs­punkt i skriftlige uddannelsesplaner for medarbej­derne (se figur 6).
The new competitive scenario derived from a globalised economy, the dawning of the information society and the relentless march of science and technology are resulting in a higher dependence of the European economy's success on improving the quality of its labour force.
Når man ser bort fra virksomhedsstørrelsen, synes uddannelsesaktiviteter målt som en pro­centdel af de samlede lønomkostninger at ligge på omtrent samme niveau for alle virksomheds­størrelser.
These internal barriers include the high burdens caused by the absence of employees, 'mental barriers' from the SME managers, lack of professionalism and difficulties in identifying the concrete training needs.
Effektiviteten af at investere i uddan­nelsesaktiviteter er ikke kun afhængig af mæng­den af de afsatte ressourcer, men også af andre forhold såsom en klart defineret og implemente­
These barriers include high (direct and indirect) costs of training, the related administrative procedures and the lack of transparency for most of the existing European training markets.
SMV'erne, specielt de mindste, lider under spe­cifikke interne barrierer, der hindrer udviklingen af uddannelsesaktiviteter.
As described in Chapter 9 of the report, continuing vocational training (CVT) can be seen as one of the key means to cope successfully with these challenges.
Disse interne barrierer omfatter dels de problemer, der er knyttet til medarbejderes fravær, dels de »mentale barrie­rer« hos SMV­ledere, samt mangel på professio­nalisme og vanskeligheder med at identificere de konkrete uddannelsesbehov.
CVT includes any type of post-initial training and lifelong learning received by people currently working, either on their own personal initiative or on the enterprise's initiative.
Der er også eks­terne barrierer, der hindrer medarbejdernes uddannelse, nemlig de høje (direkte og indirek­te) uddannelsesomkostninger, de dertil knyttede administrative procedurer og mangel på gen­nemsigtighed på de fleste europæiske uddan­nelsesmarkeder.
SME managers and owners participate in training only when they face really serious problems,
Figur 6 Uddannelse af personale i 1998, fordelt på virksomhedsstørrelse (procentdel af virksomheder)
Figure 6 Type of training given to personnel during 1998, by enterprise size (percentage of enterprises)
Uddannelse påbegyndt af virksomhed/skriftlig plan
Training initiated by enterprise/written plan
Ingen uddannelse ■ Uddannelse påbegyndt uden en skriftlg plan
No training ■ Training initiated without a written plan
I Uddannelse, men kun støtte til eksterne kurser
I Training but only support of external courses
Tabel 5 Nye serviceudviklinger i Europa
Table 5 New service developments in Europe
Faktorer, der underbygger nye serviceydelser
Factors underpinning new sen'ices
Udvikling af informations- og kommunika tionsteknologi (IKT)
Development of information and communication technology
E-handel, internetudbydere, databehandling og avanceret telekommunikationsservice, udvikling af vidensintensive serviceydelser
E-commerce, Internet providers, computerisation and advanced telecommunication services, development of knowledge-intensive services
Innovative virksomhedsrelaterede service ydelser, teknologiske serviceydelser
Innovative business-related services, technological services
Globalisering, udbredelse af selvbeskæftigelse, vidensintensiv økonomi, outsourcing, fleksible arbejdsprocedurer
Globalisation, spread of self-employment, knowledge-intensive economies, outsourcing processes, flexible working practices
Pleje af ældre og børn, miljørelaterede ydelser, nye underholdnings- og turistydelser, husholdningsydelser
Development of double-income families, multi-cultural societies, growing elderly society, increasing individualisation and importance of leisure time
Privatisering af offentlige servicefag, udvikling af tertiær økonomi
Private provision of previously public services, development of the third economy
Lederuddannelse tion, de høje omkostninger ved IKT, vanskelighederne i at skelne mellem mængden af udbydere, den hurtige teknologiske udvikling og endelig manglen på færdigheder til at kunne udnytte teknologien effektivt.
ation and business dynamics, during the past decade have been the non-market service sector, the business-related services and the ICT-related sector.
Nye serviceydelser
Demand for new services by SMEs
SMV-ledere og -ejere deltager kun i uddannelse, når de står over for virkelig alvorlige problemer.
Major problems are perceived in the access to finance and administrative burdens.
Det skal derfor være muligt for dem at overføre den information og den viden, de tilegner sig til den daglige arbejdsrutine.
Problems also relate to sales activities, lack of skills, acquisition and, finally, cultural obstacles.
De foretrækker ofte andre metoder end formel uddannelse i tilegnelsen af viden og kompetencer såsom ekstern rådgivning, brug af netværk eller erfaringsudveksling med andre ledere for eksempel i iværksætterforeninger. sætterforeninger.
Administrative burdens and obstacles to sales are seen as the main barriers in the case of personal services, while finan cial difficulties and lack of skills are considered as being particularly relevant for technologically driven new services.
Den europæiske økonomi kan karakteriseres som domineret af serviceydelser.
Government support to new services
11998 repræsenterede servicesektoren 75 % af alle virksomheder, 63 % af den samlede beskæftigelse og 73 % af bruttoværditilvæksten skabt af den samlede euro pæiske økonomi.
In general, there are no specific government support measures to stimulate the development of enterprises in new services, although there are some policies that indirectly address this issue, such as measures focusing on services in general and measures in the field of ICT.
Inden for de sidste ti år er størstedelen af nye virksomheder startet i servicesektoren og har skabt over 80 % af alle nye job i Europa.
One of five SMEs in the countries covered by this report did buy new services over the past few years, whereas as much of 80 % expect consumption to grow in the coming three years.
Kapitel 10 i denne rapport omhandler de såkaldte nye serviceydelser.
This implies that a majority of enterprises expect to start using new services for the first time.
Disse vanskeligheder resulterer i en klar efterspørgsel efter korte og fleksible kurser.
Usage ranges from more than 20 % in manufacturing, wholesale trade and business services to only 11 % in retailing and 7 % in repair.
Uddannelsesomkostninger virker mindre relevante som en barriere for lederuddannelse sammenlignet med andre forhold såsom kursussted, varighed eller kursets indhold.
In most sectors well over 80 % of all SMEs expect consumption to grow, only in manufacturing and other services are figures relatively low, around 70 %.
IKT og uddannelse
Barriers for start-ups
Teknologiske faktorer, økonomiske tendenser, sociokulturelle, sociodemografiske og institutionelle faktorer skaber nye behov og ændrer måden at drive forretning på, og derved drives udviklingen af servicesektoren via fremkomsten af nye serviceydelser (se tabel 5).
Because of the characteristics of these services, new services are often provided by new enterprises.
Det er vanskeligt at analysere disse nye serviceydelser statistisk på grund af de nye udviklinger, der hele tiden finder sted, samt manglen på en præcis definition. tion.
The most dynamic sub-sectors in the service industry, in terms of employment gener-
Informations- og kommunikationsteknologi (IKT) åbner betydelige perspektiver i forhold til en ver den med livslang læring og uddannelse. På trods af disse muligheder antyder de begrænsede empiriske data, at SMV'er i øjeblikket kun gør meget begrænset brug af IKT med uddannelse som for mål.
In addition new opportunities occur for the creation of SMEs in the new services area due to the initiatives carried out through joint efforts of local and regional authorities, and national governments.
Der er to tendenser, der har en stærk påvirkning på den nye servicesektor. Fremkomsten af IKT
The aim of these so-called local initiatives is to provide services in areas where needs are not being met because of the deterioration of social
Sjette rapport, sammendrag tencer betragtes som specielt relevante for teknologidrevne nye serviceydelser.
Sixth Report, Executive Summary major advantage or disadvantage of the single market, many of these are likely to be operating on a local scale only.
Der findes nogle initiativer, der indirekte er målrettet mod området, såsom tiltag med fokus på serviceydelser generelt og tiltag på IKT-området.
This perception is strongly related to the size of the enterprise, smaller enterprises see fewer effects.