natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
A. Menneskelige ressourcer, undervisning og uddannelse
A — Human resources, education and train­ing
Når en sådan mængde information nedkoges til nogle få sider, kan der naturligvis ikke ydes de enkelte regeringers tiltag fuld retfærdighed.
Concentrating such masses of information into a few pages can, of course, not do justice to the approaches of individual governments.
Del ses imidlertid tydeligt, at regeringerne i EU er opmærksomme på nødvendigheden af at give deres politikker for innovation og teknologisk forandring et nyt avanceret indhold og at gøre politikkerne mere sammenhængende. Tysklands Bundesbericht Forschung 1996, Det Forenede Kongeriges While Papers og de treårige regeringsforslag i Sverige er gode eksempler herpå.
How­ever, it is easily observed that EU governments are attentive to giving new advanced content and increased coherence to their policies for innovation and technological change.
C. FTU og erhvervslivet
C — R & TD and industry
A. Menneskelige ressourcer, undervisning og uddannelse systemet indstiftet en »Prix à l'Innovation«.
A. Human resources, education and training tions. The agency also runs the Award for Innovation.
I Danmark arbejder undervisningsministeriet ud fra den antagelse, at innovation og selvstændighedskultur kan fremmes igennem hele under visningsforløbet.
In addition, the prix à l'innovation, has been developed by the Luxembourgish Federation of Industries and in connection with the educa­tional system.
Desuden vil THOR-initiativet (Technology by Highly Oriented Research), som er planlagt til 1997, og som vil bestå i et begrænset antal store forskningslegater til særligt dygtige videnskabsfolk, bidrage til at gøre det teknologiske og videnskabelige område mere attraktivt for unge.
Also, the THOR (technology by highly oriented research) initiative, which is scheduled for 1997 and will consist of a limited number of large research grants awarded to excellent scientists, will also contribute to mak­ing the area of technology and science more attractive for young people to enter.
I Det Forenede Kongerige er Prince of Wales Award for nylig blevet udvidet med priser også for de kommer cielt mest succesrige innovationer.
In the United Kingdom the Prince of Wales Award has recently been extended with prizes for the most commercially successful innovations.
Uddannelse, herunder erhvervsfaglig uddannelse og videreuddannelse, og opmærksomhed omkring hele arbejdsstyrkens faglige niveau er vigtige elementer i innovationspolitikkerne.
Education, vocational training, further training, and concern for the skills level of the entire workforce are strong elements in the innovation policies.
Uddannelsesbudgetterne i medlemsstaterne er imidlertid mere decentraliserede end budget terne for de fleste andre aktioner med innovationspolitisk relevans.
However, educational budgets in Member States are more decentralized than budget lines of most other innovation policy relevant actions.
I de fleste af medlemsstaternes regeringer gør man sig tanker om det problem, at naturvidenskabelige fag er mindre populære blandt skolebørn og unge.
The observation that science subjects trail in popularity among school chil­dren and young people has become a concern to most Member State governments.
F.eks. fremhæver rådet for videnskabs- og teknologi politik i Finland i sin udviklingsstrategi Towards an innovative society, at »... kvaliteten i undervisningen vil blive forbedret og indholdet i undervisningen vil blive fornyet på alle uddannelsesniveauer«.
For exam­ple, the Science and Technology Policy Coun­cil of Finland states in its development strategy 'Towards an innovative society', that '... the quality of teaching will be improved and edu­cational content will be renewed for all levels of education'.
Innovationsrådet i Østrig støtter innovative projekter i skolen og studerendes innovative problemløsninger ved at give støtte til projektomkostninger, udlove priser til vindere og gøre det muligt for dem at deltage i internationale konkurrencer. Rådet har også indstiftet en innovationspris.
The Innovation Agency in Aus­tria promotes innovative projects in schools, nurtures innovative problem solutions devel­oped by students by funding project costs, giving prizes to winning teams and enabling them to participate in international competi
1 Italiens treårige plan for forskning og innovation 1994-1996, hedder det, at »universitetseksamineme og forskningsdoktoratet, som er blevet indført langt senere end i andre industrialiserede lande, i højere grad skal bringes i overensstemmelse med de krav. som landets produktionssystem stiller«.
The three-year plan for research and innovation 1994-96, in Italy, states that 'the instruments of university diploma and the research doctorate, which have been introduced far later than in other industrialized countries, must be made more responsive to the requirements of the country's production system'.
1 Det Forenede Kongerige fremmer man med Teaching Company Scheme studerendes og kandidaters mobilitet i retning af erhvervslivet.
In Wallonia, the FIRST programme enables researchers to be recruited by universities and companies (SMEs) with a view to developing partnerships, and in Flanders a similar scheme is linked to the sponsoring of enterprise clusters.
En aftale mellem forskningsrådene.
In the United Kingdom, the teaching company scheme encourages the mobility of students and graduates towards industry.
Royal Society og British Academy, har desuden medført en lettelse af karriereproblemerne for kontraktansat forsk ningspersonale på universiteterne. I Nederlandene vil der blive anvendt yderligere midler til projektet Kennisdragers in het Midden- en Kleinbedrijf (KIM) (som minder om Teaching Company Scheme i Del Forenede Kongerige).
Also, career problems of contract research staff at "Universities have been eased through an agreement involving the research councils, the Royal Society and the British Academy.
I Sverige anbefales det i en rapport fra Industri ministeriet, at PhD-programmer tilpasses erhvervslivets behov, og at der indføres en ny type lærerstillinger, som ikke indebærer fast ansættelse, og som gør det muligt at ansætte personer med erfaring fra erhvervslivet.
In Sweden a report from the Ministry of Industry recommends that PhD programmes should be adapted to industry needs and that a new type of industrial associate professor should be introduced to allow the hiring of persons with experience from industry.
Under visnings- og Forskningsministeriet i Spanien har igangsat et sektorprogram for uddannelse af akademisk personale på universitetsniveau og fremme al' forskningspersonale med del formal at sætte gang i udvekslingen al' forskere mellem erhvervslivet og offentlige forskningsinstitutioner og i udviklingen al" virksomhedernes F & U-al'delinger.
The Ministry of Education and Science in Spain has initiated a sectoral programme for the training of university academic staff and improvement of research personnel with the aim of promoting the exchange of research personnel between industries and public research centres and the development of enterprises' R & D units.
I Grækenland igangsatte man i 1995 program met for støtte til målrettet forskning (YPER) med det formål at oprette en pulje af højtuddannede, der beskæftiger sig med industrirelaterede problemer.
In Greece the programme of targeted research fellowships (YPER) started in 1995 with the aim of creating a pool of highly educated persons dealing with industry-related problems.
I Spanien har man med det nationale program for uddannelse af forskere fokuseret på de prioriterede områder i de 19 nationale programmer, som udgør den tredje nationale F & U-plan (1996-1999).
In Spain the national programme for the training of research personnel has been focused towards the priority areas of the 19 national programmes making up the third national R & D plan (1996-99).
I Irland vil PhD-støtten i 1997 stige fra de nuværende 1 250 ECU pr. støttemodtager til 2 500 ECU. og denne støtter ligger ud over, hvad der ydes til de PhD-studerende, som får støtte på anden måde over videnskabs- og teknologibudgettet.
In Ireland PhD support grants will increase in 1997 from ECU 1 250 per individual at present to ECU 2 500 which is in addition to the number of PhD students sup ported by other lines in the S & T budget.
I Danmark prioriterer regeringen fortsat uddannelse af forskere højt, f.eks. ved at forlænge programmet for gæsteforskere fra udlandet og ved at yde støtte til danske forskningsstuderende, der ønsker at studere i udlandet.
In Denmark the government continues to give high priority to the training of researchers, for example by continuing the programme for visiting researchers from abroad and by providing grants for Danish research students to go abroad.
Formå let er i det mindste at fastholde det nuværende antal PhD-studerende.
The aim is to at least maintain the present level of enrolment at PhD courses.
Forbindelsen mellem uddannelse på universitetsniveau og erhvervslivet
In this field most policies and measures aimed at supporting the mobility of university graduates into their first jobs and promoting the exchange of research staff. In Belgium the
I Tyskland fortsættes og udvides en lang række programmer under BMBF og BMWi med det formål at integrere F & U-personale i F & U-projekter i SMV'er i de nye delstater. I 1995 oprettede man i Bonn Centre of Advanced European Studies (CAESAR) som en yderligere foranstaltning for at øge fleksibiliteten, idet man bl.a. ikke fastansætter forskere. I stedet ansættes videnskabsfolkene til al arbejde i kun fem år med grundforskning og anvendt forsk ning inden for f.eks. nanoteknologi eller bio elektronik, som tegner lovende for det næste århundrede.
In Germany, with the particular aim of integrating R & D manpower into R & D projects of SMEs in the new Länder, several programmes under BMBF and BMWi continue and are increasing in volume.
En anden nyskabelse er, al CAESAR skal finansieres som et privai institui, der skal finansieres gennem renlerne af den oprindelige bevilling på 360 mio. ECU fra forbundsregeringen og 34 mio. ECU fra delstaten Nord-rhein-Westfalcn.
Another novelty will be that Caesar is to be financed as a private institute benefiting from the interest of the initial endowment of ECU 360 million from the federal government and ECU 34 million from North Rhine-Westphalia.
I Danmark fortsætter det erhvervsrelaterede PhD-program med omkring 45 nye kandidater pr. år, som samtidig arbejder i en virksomhed og er indskrevet på cl universitetsinstitut som PhD-studerende.
In Den mark the industrial PhD fellowships continue at the level of 45 new graduates per year, which are simultaneously employed by a company and enrolled at a university institute as PhD students.
virksomheder, således at dette personale får mulighed for at arbejde i oversøiske virksomheders F & U-afdelinger, uddannelse af iværksættere med kandidateksamen med henblik på at gøre det lettere for dem at erhverve den viden, der skal til for al drive egen virksomhed, og støtte til SMV'er til ansættelse af kandidater med teknisk uddannelse i en 1-års periode.
In Ireland schemes for graduate training and mobility include financial support for companies' R & D personnel in order to work in overseas companies' R & D departments; training to graduate entrepreneurs to assist them in developing skills required to run their own business; and assistance to SMEs to recruit technical graduates for one-year periods.
Erhvervsfaglig uddannelse og videreuddannelse
Vocational training and further training
Medlemsstaternes regeringer beskæftiger sig hovedsagelig med erhvervsfaglig uddannelse og videreuddannelse ud fra den målsætning, at en større andel af de unge skal bibringes de nødvendige færdigheder, og at det fortsat skal være muligt at finde arbejdspladser for unge.
Member States' governments address the requirements for vocational training and further training primarily with the objective of giving an increased proportion of young people adequate skills and maintaining the employability of young people.
for små virksomheder med en stølte på i alt 6 mio. ECU til de bedste uddannelsesprojekter, der har li eller flere små virksomheder som deltagere: at udarbejde et høringsdokument om det individuelle ansvar for livslang erhvervs faglig uddannelse.
the industry training organizations to benchmark training in companies; to run a small firms' training challenge offering a total of ECU 6 million for the best training projects involving 10 or more small companies; and to publish a consultation document on individual responsibility for lifelong vocational learning.
Rådet for videnskabs- og teknologipolitik i Finland anførte i 1993 (Towards an innovative society), at der i stigende grad vil blive lagt vægt på grundlæggende færdigheder i den erhvervsfaglige basis uddannelse med henblik på el udvidet pensum, og at der vil blive foretaget en evaluering al" voksenuddannelsessektoren som følge af den nes stigende betydning.
The Science and Technology Policy Council of Finland states in 1993 ('Towards an innovative society') that a growing emphasis will be placed on basic skills in initial vocational education aiming at more comprehensive curricula; and an evaluation of the educational sector of adults' training will take place due to its growing importance.
1 Nederlandene frem hævedes i hvidbogen »Knowledge in action« (1995) behovet for at øge effektiviteten af den nuværende støtte til erhvervsuddannelse og virksomhedsorienteret uddannelse.
In the Netherlands the White Paper 'Knowledge in action' (1995) stated the need to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of current funding to vocational training and enterprise-oriented training; to finance annually with ECU 7 million an innovation fund for technology and vocational training; and to stimulate fiscally apprentice ship and trainees in enterprises.
Desuden skulle der årligt ydes 7 mio. ECU til en innovationsfond for teknologiorienteret og erhvervsfaglig uddannelse samt anvendes skat temæssige begunstigelser for at fremme virksomhedernes ansættelse af lærlinge og praktikanter. I Østrig omfatter foranstaltningerne inden for teknologirelevant erhvervsfaglig uddannelse indførelse og anvendelse af nye teknologier, metoder og organisationsformer samt kvalitetsfremme.
In Austria technology relevant vocational training measures include the introduction and use of new technologies, methods, organizational forms, and promotion of quality; the development of educational models combining at-work and external qualifications; models that consider the connection between technological and communicative and social competencies; and develop ment of cross-company qualification cooperation. tion.
I Det Forenede Kongerige støtter regeringen med hvidbogen Competitiveness, Forging Altead (1995) de nye nationale målsætninger for uddannelse, som Advisory Council for Education and Training (NACETT) har fremsat. Der opstilles også konkrete målsætninger, her under målsætninger for uddannelsesinstitutioner inden for erhvervslivet og andre uddannelsesinstitutioner: en sammenligning mellem de grundlæggende kvalifikationer for at få beskæftigelse set i forhold til de vigtigste konkurrerende lande og samarbejde med erhvervslivets uddannelsesinstitutioner med henblik på at foretage en sammenlignende evaluering af uddannelsesforanstaltningerne i virksomhederne: at arrangere en uddannelseskonkurrence
In the United Kingdom, the government, through the White Paper 'Competitiveness, forging ahead' (1995), endorses the new national targets for education and training put forward by the National Advisory Council for Education and Training (Nacett) and sets out its concrete objectives including the support of a sector target challenge for industry training organizations and others; the comparison of basic qualifications for employment with those of leading competing countries and work with
B. Rammebetingelser for iværksættervirksomhed og innovationsfinansiering
B. Framework conditions for entrepreneurship and innovation finance
Administrative forenklinger
Administrative simplifications many governments' published plans.
Følgende eksempler er rubriceret under en række hovedkategorier, der har tilknytning til iværksættervirksomhed og innovationsfinansiering. ring.
In Belgium each one of the regions is planning the establishment of onestop shops as part of their efforts to simplify administrative procedures.
Administrative forenklinger, deregulering og liberalisering samt oprettelse al" »one-stop shops» for virksomheder er alle emner, der indgår i mange regeringers planer. I Belgien planlægger hver region »one-stop shops« som
In Denmark, as part of a larger action plan, the Ministry of Business and Industry includes several elements in its project to reduce administrative burdens like the removal or simplification of existing administrative rules; the simplification of fees and taxes; and the establish ment of a simplified reporting system so that companies can satisfy all authorities through reporting to a single point.
Andre initiativer, der skal medføre en bedre udnyttelse af patentinformation, tages f.eks. i Østrig med etableringen af et begreb kaidel »Patentverwertung«.
Intellectual property right problems are under scrutiny in many countries.
I Spanien støtter Industri ministeriet sådanne bestræbelser, og i Belgien sker det via Kontoret for Industriel Ejendomsret.
New norms have come into force in Italy concerning procédures and sanctions concerning patents, trade marks, royalties etc., while, in Germany, the Schlichterkommission's recommendations are now in the form of government proposals to be approved by the Bundesrat.
I Tyskland vil der fra 1997 blive givel støtte til SMV'er med henblik på patentansøgninger, og der vil blive oprettet 100 nye undervisningsstillinger inden for patentinformation på videnskabelige fakulteter og ingeniørfakulteter som led i et nyt program »Innovationsstimulierung der deutschen Wirtschaft durch wissenschaftlich-technische Information (INSTI)«.
The BMBF is supported in this work as well as in diminishing non-legal barriers to research and innovation by the so-called Clearingstelle für Innovation und Recht. In Sweden the particular problems of IPR when industry uses university research capabilities have been studied by the Ministry of Industry.
et led i deres bestræbelser på at forenkle de administrative procedurer.
administrative formalities.
Tysklands BMBF er ved at gen nemgå den eksisterende lovgivning ud fra, hvilken virkning den har på forskning og innovation.
The German BMBF likewise reviews the existing legislation from the point of view of its effect on research and innovation.
I Frankrig vil der blive iværksat et pilotprojekt i fire regioner for at koordinere forskellige statslige departementers tekniske og juridiske tiltag.
In France a pilot project will be launched in four regions in order to coordinate technical legal interventions of various State departments.
I Det Forenede Kongerige er der blevet udviklet en prototype på »one-stop shops«, og denne vil blive demonstreret i udvalgte Business Links over hele landet.
In the United Kingdom a prototype onestop regulation-shop has been developed and will be demonstrated at selected business links throughout the country.
Des uden har Ministeriet for Videnskab og Tekno logi planer om en dereguleringspakke, der skal hjælpe små virksomheder, ved at de kun skal indsende skatteoplysninger til en enkelt myndighed, og ved at indføre nationale forsikringsordninger for nye virksomheder. Herudover sættes der ind på følgende områder: nye rettigheder for virksomhederne med hensyn til ind drivelse af fordringer; strømlinet udviklingskontrol; et lovforslag om høring i handelsretter; et informationsteknologisk prototypesystem, der skal give virksomhederne adgang til formularer og bestemmelser.
Further more, the Minister for Science and Technology has announced a package of deregulation measures to help small firms in the areas of single notification for tax and national insurance for new businesses; new rights for businesses in enforcement actions; streamlined development controls; a draft bill for consultation in industrial tribunals; and a prototype IT system to provide them with forms and regulations.
Industriel og intellektuel ejendomsret samt patenter
IPR and patents
Der findes ikke overalt egnede infrastrukturer til at få gavn af de seneste års fremskridt inden for anvendelsen af højkvalitetsnormer og -standarder.
The excessive costs of patent protection in Europe compared with patent costs in the United States, and the increasing number of new problems related to IPR are addressed in most Member States.
Dette gælder ikke mindst tjenesteydelser og anvendelsen af totalkvalitelsstandarder eller -design som et konkurrenceparameter. Blandt de nyeste udviklingstendenser kan nævnes følgende:
The variety of measures demonstrates the difficulty of combining the benefits of protection (allowing a payback to the inventor/innovator) with the benefits of wider exploitation of new products, processes (in particular in biotechnology), or services.
De meget store omkostninger ved patentbeskyttelse i Europa sammenlignet med patentomkostninger i USA og det voksende antal nye problemer i forbindelse med industriel og intellektuel ejendomsret er emner, der drøftes i de fleste medlemsstater.
The European Patent Convention has been joined by Finland and it is under consideration in Ireland. Patent protection in Greece has been extended from 15 to 20 years to make it compatible with EU guidelines.
Det brede spektrum af foranstaltninger viser, hvor vanskeligt det er at kombinere fordelene ved beskyttelse (som giver opfinderen en økonomisk gevinst) med fordelene ved en bredere udnyttelse af de nye produkter, processer (især inden for bioteknologi) og tjenesteydelser.
In the United Kingdom studies are under way on the role of the UK Patent Office vis-à-vis the European Patent Convention and on the role of European directives applied to biotechnological inventions. tions.
I Spanien er der blevet indført bestemmelser om kvalitet og industriel sikkerhed samt for miljørevision med henblik på at fremme eksporten, og der er blevet oprettet cl nationalt certificeringsorgan (ENAC), som fungerer som privat organisation. I Sverige vil systemet for afprøvning og kontrol blive yderligere tilpasset
In Spain regulations for the quality and industrial security and for environmental audits have come into function with a view to helping exports, and a National Certification Agency (ENAC) has been created as a private association.
Finland har tiltrådt Den Europæiske Patent konvention, og Irland overvejer at gøre det samme. Patentbeskyttelsen i Grækenland er
Other initiatives to make better use of patent information are being taken in Austria with the establishment of a platform called 'Patentverwertung'; in Spain with aid from the Ministry of Industry; and in Belgium via the Office for Industrial Property Rights.
sådanne investeringsselskaber er blevet god kendt siden 1994 og dækkes af en generel statsgaranti på 132 mio. ECU. I Finland fortsætter man med egenkapitalbaserede udviklingslån for F & U i SMV'er og venture kapital til virksomhedsopstart, sidstnævnte gennem den nyetablerede finske industrifond.
will also be extended: the Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau innovation loan programme is to be improved with at least ECU 525 million per year (pending approval by the European Com mission); and the experimental Beteiligungskapital für junge Technologieunternehmen (BJTU,) started in 1989, and will be continued by Beteiligungskapital für kleine Technologieunternehmen (BTU) with the release of another ECU 471 million.
EU-bestemmelserne. I Det Forenede Kongerige blev det nye nationale akkrediteringsorgan for konformttetsvurdering (United Kingdom Accreditation Service (UKAS)), oprettet i august 1995, og hermed er privatiseringen af de tidligere National Measurement Accreditation Services (ÑAMAS) afsluttet.
ported, in particular with a view to the needs of SMEs, in all Member States with schemes for seed and venture capital, soft loans and guarantees, or incentives to private savings, business angels and moves to allow pension funds and building societies to make funds available for knowledge-based enterprises.