natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
De øgede muligheder for international markedsgennemtrængning, som liberaliseringen af handelen har medført, kan meget vel bringes alvorligt i fare ved den konkurrencebegrænsende kommercielle adfærd, som virksomhederne måske vil ty til i et forsøg på at beskytte deres traditionelle — ofte nationale — markeder mod udenlandske konkurrenter. renter.
The enhanced opportunities which trade liberalisation has provided for the interpénétration of markets around the world could very well be seriously undermined by restrictive commercial be haviour. Such practices may be resorted to by com panies seeking to protect their traditional, often national, markets from foreign competitors.
Den stadig voksende verdensøkonomiske integration er ved at skabe en indbyrdes afhængighed mellem landene, som man ikke tidligere har set.
The ever-increasing integration of the world economy is creating an unprecedented inter-dependence between countries.
I det sidste tiår er der med den tilfredsstillende afslutning af Uruguay-runden sket en acceleration i den gradvise afskaffelse af handelshindringer.
Over the past decade, with the successful conclusion of the Uruguay Round, we have seen an acceleration in the progressive dismantling of trade barriers.
Virksomhederne drager fordel af denne åbenhed, og handelen er vokset kraftigt.
Business is taking advantage of this openness, and there has been a huge growth in the volume of trade.
Inden for mange sektorer konkurrerer virksomhederne på verdensomspændende markeder og er således
In many industries, companies are competing in worldwide markets, and are becoming larger and multinational as a result.
Behov for samarbejde i vidt omfang gavne udviklingslandene. 1998 har været præget af uro og usikkerhed for mange af verdens nye økonomier, især i Asien.
Since 1958, the Community's competition rules have served as an indispensable tool in carrying out the task of creating a single European market, and in helping to ensure that it becomes and remains a reality.
Det er den almindelige opfattelse, at en af hovedårsagerne til disse økonomiers problemer er mangelen på egentligt åbne markeder, idet konkurrencen mellem virksomhederne meget ofte blev tilsidesat gennem ugennemsigtige arrangementer (vennetjeneste), der ikke havde meget med markeds kræfterne at gøre.
In the absence of such control over restrictive and abusive behaviour by com panies, or without merger control, national mar kets would remain much more difficult for new comers from both inside and outside the Com munity to penetrate.
Afskaffelse af de hindringer for markedsintegrationen, som en konkurrencebegrænsende kommer ciel praksis medfører, er ikke noget nyt for EU.
a year of turmoil and uncertainty for many of the world's 'emerging' economies, particularly in Asia.
Siden 1958 har Fællesskabets konkurrenceregler været et nødvendigt redskab i bestræbelserne på at skabe et indre marked i Europa og sikre, at det er, og fortsat vil være, en realitet.
It is generally accepted that one of the main causes of the problems experienced by these economies is the lack of genuine market open ness.
Hvis ikke der blev foretaget en sådan kontrol med virksomhedernes konkurrencebegrænsende adfærd og misbrug af dominerende markedsstillinger eller kontrol med fusioner, ville de nationale markeder være langt vanskeligere at komme ind på for nye virksomhe der fra såvel EU-lande som tredjelande.
Socalled 'crony capitalism' meant that competition between firms was very often fore gone in favour of opaque arrangements which have little to do with market forces.
Disse problemer blev i 1994 behandlet af en gruppe bestående af blandt andet tre uafhængige eksperter, som jeg havde anmodet om at frem sætte en række henstillinger til EU's konkurrencepolitiske mål i perioden efter Uruguay-runden.
These issues were considered in 1994 by a group including three independent experts who, at my request, made a number of recommendations regarding the European Union's competition policy objectives in the post-Uruguay Round era.
De udarbejdede en rapport, der anbefalede, at man i fremtiden satte ind på følgende to områder: for det første en yderligere udvidelse af Kom missionens bilaterale samarbejde med tredje lande og for det andet udarbejdelse af multilaterale regler, der kunne sikre, at alle involverede lande overholdt en række grundlæggende konkurrenceregler. kurrenceregler.
They compiled a report which recommended that efforts should in the future be made on two par allel fronts: firstly, to further extend the Com mission's bilateral cooperation with third countries; and, secondly, to develop a multilateral framework ensuring compliance with certain basic competition rules by all countries involved.
Bilateralt samarbejde med USA og Canada
Bilateral cooperation with the United States and Canada
De nationale eller regionale konkurrencemyndigheder er kun i ringe grad i stand til at løse de pro blemer, som en kommerciel adfærd skaber uden for deres grænser.
National or regional competition authorities are ill-equipped to grapple with the problems posed by commercial behaviour occurring beyond their borders.
Det kan være vanskeligt at ind hente oplysninger, og eventuelle beslutninger kan være umulige at håndhæve.
Information may be difficult to obtain, and decisions, once taken, may be impossible to enforce.
Selv om mange lande i de senere år har indført ny konkurrence lovgivning, kan det forholde sig således, at en bestemt adfærd ikke er ulovlig i det land, hvor den finder sted, eller at myndighederne i det pågældende land ikke er indstillet på at bekæmpe den.
Although new competition legislation has been introduced in many countries in recent years, some behaviour might not be unlawful in the country where it is being car ried out, or the authorities there may be unwilling to condemn it.
De forskellige konkurrencemyndigheder kan også drage forskellige eller endog direkte modstridende konklusioner i en sag, hvor de begge hævder at have jurisdiktion.
Alternatively, incoherent or even directly contradictory conclusions might be reached by different enforcement authorities, both of which may claim jurisdiction over the same subject matter.
Dette inde bærer ikke blot risiko for, at der opstår strid mellem lande eller handelsblokke, som vi så sidste år i forbindelse med uenigheden mellem USA og EU om den planlagte fusion mellem Boeing og MDD, men skaber også betydelig usikkerhed og store omkostninger for virksomheder, der opererer på internationalt plan.
Such divergent treatment not only entails the risk of precipitating a dispute between countries or trading blocks, as was illustrated by the initial disagreement between the US and the EU over the proposed Boe-ing/MDD merger last year, but is also a source of considerable uncertainty and cost for companies engaging in global transactions.
I de senere år har EU aktivt udbygget sit bilaterale konkurrencesamarbejde med sine vigtigste handelspartnere.
It is clear, therefore, that cooperation is necessary in order to deal effectively with competition problems which have transnational characteristics.
Det bedste eksempel herpå er aftalerne med USA, hvoraf den første blev ind gået i 1991 og trådte i kraft i 1995.
There is already a degree of bilateral cooperation between authorities and there is reason for optimism that this will continue apace.
Da denne første aftale blev indgået, stod EU og USA over for en kraftig vækst i de transatlantiske kommer cielle transaktioner, samtidig med at de indså, hvilke farer der er forbundet med grænseoverskridende konkurrencebegrænsende praksis. Par terne erkendte derfor, at det var vigtigt at undgå modstridende beslutninger og at samordne hånd hævelsen af reglerne i et sådant omfang, at det ville være til gensidig fordel.
In order for such cooperation to be effective, how ever, I am convinced that it is necessary not only to put in place arrangements regarding the logistics for cooperation, but also that there should be some common agreement at the international level regarding the content of a basic set of substantive principles of competition law.
Det er derfor indlysende, at et samarbejde er nødvendigt for en effektiv løsning af de konkurrencepolitiske problemer, der gør sig gældende på tværs af landegrænserne.
The European Union has in recent years been actively advancing bilateral cooperation in the field of competition with its main trading part ners.
Der eksisterer i forvejen et vist bilateralt samarbejde mellem myndighederne, og der er grund til at se optimistisk på den fremtidige udvikling.
The best example of such cooperation is provided by the agreements concluded with the USA, the first of which was concluded in 1991 and entered into force in 1995.
Jeg er dog overbevist om, at det ud over at fastlægge de organisatoriske rammer for samarbejdet er nødvendigt også at indgå en fælles international aftale om de grund læggende konkurrenceretlige principper, hvis samarbejdet skal være effektivt.
When this first agreement was conceived, the EU and the USA were witnessing a rapid growth in the number and importance of transatlantic commercial transactions and, at the same time, coming to recognise the dangers posed by the emergence of cross-border anticompetitive practices.
Efter min opfattelse vil et sådant samarbejde ikke kun komme industrilandene til gode; det vil også
In substance, the agreement was designed to facilitate logistical cooperation between the Commission, on the one hand, and the US Department of
Aftalen gik i korte træk ud på at lette samarbejdet mellem Kommissionen på den ene side og USA's konkurrencemyndigheder på den anden.
In my view, the advantages of such cooperation will not accrue to the industrialised countries of the world alone.
Der forventes også oprettet konkurrencemyndigheder.
Justice or Federal Trade Commission, on the oth er.
Af samme årsager som inden for Fællesskabet anses konkurrencereglerne for at være nødvendige for, at afskaffelsen af handelshindringerne mellem landene ikke omgås af en konkurrencebegrænsende kommerciel adfærd og statsforanstaltninger med samme virkninger.
It provides for: the reciprocal notification of cases under investigation by either authority, where those cases may affect the important inter ests of the other party; the exchange of non-confidential information between the authorities; the possibility of coordination by the two authorities of their enforcement activities, and of rendering assistance to each other; and, finally, the possibility for one authority to request the other to take en forcement action (positive comity), and for one authority to take into account the important inter ests of the other party in the course of its enforce ment activities (traditional comity).
EU og USA har således forpligtet sig til at sam arbejde om håndhævelsen af konkurrencereglerne og ikke at handle ensidigt og eksterritorialt, medmindre mulighederne i henhold til comityproceduren er udtømt.
This amounts to a commitment by the EU and the USA to cooperate with respect to antitrust enforcement, and not to act unilaterally and extraterritorially unless the avenues provided by comity have been exhausted.
Denne forpligtelse er blevet styrket ved den positive comity-aftale, der blev indgået med USA i 1998, og som yderligere styrkede bestemmelserne i aftalen af 1991.
This commitment has been strengthened by the positive comity agreement concluded with the US in 1998, which further reinforced the provisions contained in the 1991 accord.
Den nye aftale går ud på, at parternes respektive konkurrencemyndigheder normalt vil udsætte eller indstille deres behandling af konkurrencebegrænsende praksis, der hovedsagelig foregår på eller er rettet mod den anden parts område, hvis den anden part ønsker at behandle sagen.
The new agreement provides that each party's respective authority will normally defer or suspend its enforcement activities in respect of anticompetitive practices which occur principally in, and are directed principally towards, the other party's territory, where that other party is prepared to deal with the matter.
Udviklingen med hensyn til vedtagelse af kartel og monopolregler og oprettelse af konkurrence myndigheder er efter min opfattelse lovende.
The EU has entered into bilateral arrangements regarding competition of a somewhat different kind with the countries of central and eastern Europe.
Der venter dog stadig et stort arbejde med indførelsen af tilstrækkelige regler for kontrol med stats støtte.
The demise of the eastern bloc has provided us with an unprecedented opportunity to heal the wounds of our continent and to assist in the transition from command to market economies, an essential aspect of which process involves the introduction of a functional compe tition policy.
Der er også indgået udførlige samarbejdsaftaler mellem Kommissionen og de forskellige konkurrencemyndigheder.
The same applies to Cyprus and Malta, can didates for membership with which the Community has concluded association agreements.
Der er nu indledt for melle optagelsesforhandlinger med Polen, Ungarn, Tjekkiet, Estland, Slovenien og Cypern.
The harmonisation of competition rules — including those governing State aid — is an important feature of these agreements, and hence of the Com munity's pre-accession strategy with respect to these countries.
Bilateralt samarbejde med andre lande
Enforcement bodies are also expected to be put in place.
Kommissionens erfaringer med aftalen med USA siden 1991 har vist, at et sådant samarbejde kan være særdeles effektivt, idet det i væsentligt omfang reducerer risikoen for forskellige eller modstridende afgørelser.
The Commission's experience in operating the agreement with the US since 1991 has demonstrated that such cooperation can be highly effective, substantially reducing the risk of divergent or incoherent rulings.
Det hidtidige samarbejde har bidraget til at styrke tilliden mellem Kommissionen og USA's konkurrencemyndigheder og har gjort det lettere at samordne mar kedsanalyserne og indgrebene.
Cooperation to date has helped to build confidence between the Commission and the US competition authorities, and has facilitated an increasingly convergent approach towards the analysis of markets and regarding appropriate remedies.
I 1998 blev dette transatlantiske samarbejde styrket, jf. f.eks. de nært samordnede parallelle undersøgelser af fusionerne WorldCom/MCI og Dresser/Haliburton.
The year 1998 saw an intensification of this transatlantic cooperation including, for example, the closely coordinated parallel investigations of the WorldCom/MCI and Dresser/Haliburton mergers.
Kommissionen har færdigbehandlet en aftale med den canadiske regering, der stort set svarer til aftalen mellem EU og USA af 1991.
Progress in relation to the adoption of antitrust rules and the establishment of appropriate com petition enforcement authorities is, in my view, promising.
Det for ventes, at denne aftale vil blive indgået i løbet af 1999.
There still remains considerable work to be done, however, in relation to the introduction of adequate frameworks for the control of State aid.
Det skal bemærkes, at der også findes til svarende samarbejdsarrangementer mellem en række andre lande, f.eks. mellem USA og Canada og mellem Australien og New Zealand.
Detailed arrangements have also been put in place for cooperation between the Com mission and the various enforcement authorities. Formal accession negotiations have now begun with Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Slovenia and Cyprus.
Bilateralt samarbejde med henblik på udvidelsen
Bilateral cooperation with other countries
Toldunionsaftalen med Tyrkiet i 1995 er et af de bedste eksempler i de senere år på en bilateral aftale, der indeholder udførlige bestemmelser om konkurrence og statsstøtte.
The Commission has finalised a bilateral agree ment with the Canadian Government which is closely analogous to the 1991 EU-US agree ment.
Disse aftaler, der ganske vist er min dre ambitiøse end Europaaftalerne, indeholder dog en forpligtelse for disse lande til gradvis at tilnærme deres konkurrence- og statsstøttelovgivning til Fællesskabets.
It is also worth noting that similar cooperative arrangements also exist between some other countries, for example between the USA and Canada, and between Australia and New Zealand.
EU har indgået bilaterale konkurrenceaftaler af en noget anden art med de central- og østeuropæiske lande.
The 1995 Customs Union Agreement with Turkey is one of the best examples in recent years of a bilateral agreement containing detailed provisions dealing with competition and State aid.
Kommissionen og de japanske konkurrencemyndigheder, idet der bl.a. holdes et årligt bilateralt møde på højt niveau, og parterne underretter hinanden om sager, der påvirker hinandens vigtige interesser.
Notwithstanding this, regular contacts — including an annual high-level bilateral meeting and the reciprocal notification of cases affecting each other's important interests — take place between the Commission and the Japanese Fair Trade Commission.
Multilateralt samarbejde — behov for nye verdensomspændende regler meddelelse til Rådet i 1996, hvor det blev foreslået, at WTO skulle nedsætte en arbejdsgruppe til at undersøge, om dette var ønskeligt.
The idea of creating a supranational structure of this kind was the subject of a Commission communication to the Council in 1996, which proposed that the WTO should set up a working group with a remit to explore the desirability of going down that path.
Dette for slag, som Rådet godkendte, var grundlaget for den ministerielle beslutning, der blev truffet i Singapore i december 1996 om at nedsætte en arbejdsgruppe under WTO til at undersøge sam spillet mellem handel og konkurrencepolitik.
This proposal, which was endorsed by the Council, provided the principal inspiration for the ministerial decision, taken in Singapore in December 1996, to es tablish a WTO working group to study the interaction between trade and competition policy.
Denne gruppe har allerede holdt en række møder og vil fortsætte sine drøftelser i 1999.
This group has already met on a number of occasions and will continue its deliberations in 1999.
Selv om den interesse, som både industri- og udviklingslande (herunder en række lande, der ikke selv har nogen konkurrencelovgivning) har vist, er meget opmuntrende, er det for tidligt at udtale sig om, hvorvidt drøftelserne i sidste instans vil føre til, at der indledes formelle forhandlinger mellem WTO's medlemmer.
Al though the degree of interest shown by both the in dustrialised and the developing countries (including some countries which have no domestic com petition rules) in the discussions is very encouraging, it is too early to say whether they will ultimately lead to the launching of formal negotiations between the members of the WTO.
Det er dog i høj grad mit håb, at dette vil ske som led i den næste multilaterale forhandlingsrunde.
It is very much my hope that they will, as part of the next round of multilateral negotiations.
På trods af de betydelige bilaterale fremskridt må det dog understreges, at aftaler om internationalt konkurrencepolitisk samarbejde, der kun er bilaterale, medfører store ulemper.
In spite of the considerable progress that has been made at the bilateral level, however, the fact must be faced that arrangements for international cooperation in competition policy based solely on a bilateral approach entail major shortcomings.
Det er indlysende, at det bilaterale samarbejde kun tager hensyn til de involverede landes interesser, og at tredjelandes interesser sandsynligvis derfor vil blive tilsidesat.
In particular, it is evident that bilateral cooperation will inevitably only take into account the interests of the countries involved and, as a result, the interests of third countries are likely to be neglected.
Desuden har mange lande stadig ingen konkurrencelovgivning.
Moreover, many countries still have no competition legislation at all.
Til trods for en stærkt øget interesse for indførelsen af konkurrenceregler i de sidste ti år, er det stadig kun ca. halvdelen af Verdenshandelsorganisationens (WTO) med lemslande, der har en konkurrencelovgivning.
Despite a marked increase in enthusiasm for introducing competition rules over the past decade, still only about half the World Trade Organisation's member countries have competition laws.
Der er også betydelig forskel på konkurrencereglernes indhold og den effektivitet, hvormed de håndhæves i de forskellige lande.
The substance of these rules, and the zeal with which they are enforced in the various countries, also show considerable divergence.
Disse forhandlinger kunne fokusere på følgende fire forslag til en eventuel aftale: For det første kan medlemmerne vedtage, at de hver især vil indføre nationale konkurrenceregler og oprette konkurrencemyndigheder.
Such negotiations could focus on the following four proposals for possible agreement: firstly, the members could agree to each adopt domestic competition rules, and to the establishment of appropriate enforcement bodies.
Dette vil betyde fast læggelse af grundlæggende regler for behandling af konkurrencebegrænsende praksis, misbrug af markedsstyrke og fusionskontrol, indførelse af tilstrækkelige håndhævelsesbestemmelser samt virksomhedernes ret til at få adgang til konkurrencemyndighederne og domstolene.
This would mean the adoption of basic rules for dealing with restrictive business practices, abuse of market power and mergers, together with adequate enforcement provisions, and a right of access for companies to the enforcement authorities and courts.
For det andet kan medlemmerne samtidig vedtage en række fælles grundprincipper for bekæmpelse af konkurrencebegrænsende praksis af international dimension.
Secondly, the members could at the same time agree on a com mon set of core principles for addressing anticompetitive practices with an international dimension.
For det tredje kunne der udarbejdes et multilateralt samarbejdsinstrument.
Initially, it would seem reasonable to concentrate
Dette skal tage sigte på at lette samarbejdet mellem konkurrencemyndighederne og kunne omfatte regler for konsultation, forhindring af konflikter, udveksling af oplysninger, der ikke er fortrolige, gensidig underretning og comity. Endelig ville det også være logisk at indføre en ordning for bilæggelse af uoverensstemmelser under nærmere angivne omstændigheder. Dette kunne indebære en tilpasning af WTO's nuværende forligsordning ved f.eks. at sikre, at
The OECD's 1995 recommendation concerning competition cooperation, and the recommendation on 'hardcore' cartels which it adopted earlier this year, represent important guidelines for the shape which bilateral cooperation should take, particularly when several member countries are grappling with the threat posed by an international cartel.
FORORD VED KAREL VAN MIERT der indføres regler for håndhævelse af konkur- ring af en ny multilateral aftale med det formål at styrke verdenshandelssystemet, således at liberalisering og adgang til markedet ikke omgås af konkurrencebegrænsende kommerciel praksis, Med dennemålsætning for øje mener jeg, at for renceregler, der påvirker handelen mellem med- lemsstaterne.
FOREWORD BY MR KAREL VAN MIERT failure to enforce competition law affecting trade between member countries are dealt with.
Det ville dog ikke være hensigts- mæssigt at udvide en sådan forligsordning til at omfatte individuelle tilfælde.
To ex tend such a mechanism to settlement in individual cases, however, would not be appropriate.
slagene er beskedne, men rimelige og logiske, og at de vil kunne vise sig effektive i forbindelse med en af de største udfordringer, som ver-
Agreement on oth er practices, such as abuse of market power and vertical restraints may prove more difficult, but could be envisaged in the longer term.
Disse forslag skal ikke opfattes som en opfor-dring til at etablere en ny international organisa- tion med egne undersøgelses- og håndhævelses- beføjelser.
These proposals should not be interpreted as a call for the establishment of a new international organisation, with its own powers of investigation and enforcement.