natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Uheldigvis er der som tidligere nævnt stor mangel på oplysninger om foreningssektoren i medlemsstaterne, og endnu værre ser det ud på europæisk plan.
Unfortunately, as has already been made clear, there is a serious lack of information about the voluntary sector in Member States, and still more at the European level.
Denne mangel på vigtige data afspejler ikke blot forskeres og politikeres manglende interesse -der indtil for nylig har været dominerende - men også manglen på enhver form for hensigtsmæssig undersøgelsesramme.
This lack of essential facts reflects not simply what has, until fairly recently, been a lack of interest amongst scholars and policy makers, but also the absence of any sort of convenient sampling frame.
sen, der dog især fokuserer på den kraftige stigning i antallet af foreninger, der har fundet sted i løbet af de sidste ca. 20 år.
non, highlighting in particular the very marked increase in the number of voluntary organizations in the last 20 or so years.
De sidste ti års vækst inden for sektoren kan med rette betegnes som eksplosiv.
The growth of the sector in the last decade might justly be called explosive.
Af de foreninger, der svarede på spørgeskemaet, blev ca. 75°/o oprettet efter 1961, ca. 65% efter 1971 og ca. 45% efter 1981.
Of the voluntary organizations which responded to the questionnaire, some 75% were founded after 1961, about 65% after 1971 and about 45% after 1981.
Der er ingen grund til at tro, at stikprøven var specielt »ung«, ligesom væksten heller ikke forekommer at være aftagende.
There is no reason to believe that the sample was abnormally 'young' nor does growth appear to be slackening.
Der er mindre forskelle mellem sektorerne i de forskellige medlemsstater - f.eks. synes den, af indlysende grunde, at være yngre i Spanien og Portugal end andre steder i Europa (84% af de spanske og 85% af de portugisiske organisationer i stikprøven er blevet oprettet efter 1971 og henholdsvis 63 og 62% efter 1981) -men det samme grundlæggende fænomen kan ses overalt i Europa).
There are minor differences between the sector in different Member States - for example, for reasons which will be obvious, the sector appears to be on average younger in Spain and Portugal than elsewhere in Europe (84% of the Spanish and 85% of the Portuguese sample were founded after 1971 and 63% and 62% respectively after 1981) - but the same basic phenomenon can be observed everywhere in Europe.
Der er uden tvivl mange årsager til denne markante stigning, men nedenstående faktorer har næsten helt sikkert bidraget hertil:
There are no doubt many reasons for this very marked growth but the following factors have almost certainly been influential:
• øget velstand efter den anden verdenskrig og i nyere tid mere fritid (kortere arbejdstid, længere ferier og todages weekender)
• increases in prosperity following the second world war and latterly increased leisure time (shorter working week, longer holidays and two-day week ends);
• ændringen i de fleste europæiske økonomier i løbet af 80'erne henimod levering af tjenesteydelser ser
• the shift evident in most European economies during the 1980s towards the provision of services; vices;
I et forsøg på at kaste noget lys over emnet besluttede Kommissionen sig derfor til at gennemføre en spørgeskemaundersøgelse af foreninger i alle med lemsstater.
In an attempt to throw some light on the scene, the Commission therefore decided to carry out a questionnaire study of voluntary organizations in all the Member States.
Den anvendte metode bestod i at sende spørgeskemaer ud til foreninger over hele Europa via deres repræsentantorganisationer i Bruxelles og på nationalt plan.
The method used was to distribute questionnaires to voluntary organizations throughout Europe via their representative organizations in Brussels and at national level.
Undersøgelsen blev gennem ført i perioden juni - oktober 1993, og der blev afgivet 2 300 svar. Dette var en overraskende stor respons, og Kommissionen takker alle de involvere de parter herfor.
The survey was carried out between June and October 1993 and altogether some 2 300 replies were received.
Responsen kan i sig selv tages som et udtryk for den levende interesse, som foreninger i de forskellige medlemslande udviser over for udviklingen på europæisk plan.
The response may itself be taken as an indication of the lively interest that voluntary organizations in the different Member States have in developments at a European level.
• en øget uddelegering af tjenesteydelser til foreninger (især sociale tjenesteydelser), der tidligere blev leveret af offentlige myndigheder (»social privatisering«) vatisering«)
• the increasing delegation to voluntary organizations of services (particularly social services) previously delivered by public authorities ('social privatization'); vatization');
På grundlag af den givne metode, der var den ene ste, Kommissionen kunne anvende, skal under søgelsen udelukkende betragtes som orienterende, og resultaterne, der ikke på nogen måde kan betragtes om videnskabelige, bør behandles med forsigtighed. De er imidlertid interessante og gen nemgås i det følgende.
Given the method used, which was the only one open to the Commission, the study must be regarded as strictly exploratory and its results, which are not in any sense scientific, should be treated with caution.
• ændringen i offentlighedens præferencer væk fra de ensartede og relativt upersonlige tjenesteydelser af den slags, der typisk leveres af offentlige myndigheder, henimod den mere individuelle, klientorienterede metode, der anvendes af foreninger ninger
• changes in public preferences away from uniform and relatively impersonal services of the kind typically provided by public authorities towards the more individual client-oriented approach favoured by voluntary organizations;
Sektorens vækst
Growth of the sector
Alle vidnesbyrd tyder på, at foreningssektoren er vokset kolossalt siden afslutningen af sidste ver denskrig. Dette fænomen afspejles i undersøgel-
All the evidence suggests that the associative sector has grown enormously since the end of the last war and the survey clearly reflects this phenome-
• identificeringen af en hel række nye behov og stigningen i nye samfundsrelevante sager (f.eks. kønnenes ligestilling, miljø, beskyttelse af biosfæren,
• the identification of a whole range of new needs and the growth of new social preoccupations (e.g. sexual equality, the environment and preser-
ulandshjælp som en konsekvens af tidligere koloniers uafhængighed opnået i 60'erne, fred osv.)
vation of the biosphere, foreign aid to developing countries following the granting of independence to former colonies in the 1960s, peace, etc.);
Det gennemsnitlige antal indirekte repræsenterede medlemmer udgjorde mere end 1 300 000.
The average number of members indirectly represented was over 1 300 000.
• historiske årsager for visse medlemsstaters ved kommende, såsom frigørelsen af det indestængte foreningsbehov, der efterfulgte de politiske ændringer i Spanien og Portugal, eller bevægelsen i retning af etablering af strukturer uden for statens rammer, der efterfulgte de samfundsmæssige og politiske omvæltninger i 1968
• historical reasons peculiar to particular Member States such as the release of pent-up associative demand following political changes in Spain and Portugal, or the movement to create structures outside the purview of the State following the social and political upheavals of 1968;
Det fremgår, at foreningers og fondes størrelse svinger afhængig af en række forskellige faktorer. Større organisationer er tilbøjelige til at være af ældre dato.
The size of voluntary organizations and federations appears to vary according to a number of factors.
Det samme gælder for organisationer, der arbejder på områder af indlysende og varig interesse, såsom sociale tjenesteydelser og uddannelse.
Larger bodies tend to be older, as do organizations working in fields of obvious and enduring interest, such as social services and education.
Som det allerede er nævnt, er geografisk bredt orienterede foreninger tilbøjelige til at være større end lokalt orienterede.
As has already been remarked, voluntary organizations with wide geographical scope tend to be larger than those with a relatively parochial focus.
Medlemstallets størrelse afspejler ligeledes i nogen grad medlemsstatens størrelse, dens relative velstand samt sektorens forholdsmæssige udvikling.
The size of the membership also reflected to some degree the size and relative wealth of the Member State and the relative maturity of the sector.
• demografiske ændringer i Europa, såsom det stigende antal pensionister/arbejdsløse, der har ført til, at medlemsstater har lagt offentlige tjenesteydelser over på den private sektor og foreningssektoren som et middel til at beskære de offentlige udgifter
• demographic changes taking place in Europe such as the increasing number of retired/unemployed people leading Member States to off-load services from the State to the private and associa tive sectors as a way of cutting public expenditure.
Antallet af beskæftigede i foreninger svinger kraftigt - fra slet ingen til mange tusinde.
The numbers of staff employed by voluntary or ganizations varies very widely — from none at all to many thousands.
Langt hovedparten af foreningerne er i realiteten mindre virksomheder, og de fleste har, som hos modparten i den traditionelle økonomi, ikke mere end en håndfuld ansatte.
The great majority of voluntary organizations are, in effect, small enterprises and, like their counterparts in the conventional economy, most employ no more than a handful of staff.
Imidlertid er nogle få efter enhver målestok store organisationer med et stort antal fuldtids- og deltidsansatte.
A few, however, are large organizations by any standards, employing large numbers of full and part-time salaried staff.
En almindeligt kendt forening i Fællesskabet har over 13 millioner medlemmer.
One well-known voluntary organization in the Community has over 13 million members.
De fleste foreninger er dog små, idet de ofte ikke har mere end en håndfuld aktive medlemmer.
Most voluntary organizations, however, are small, often having no more than a handful of active adherents.
På grund af den af Kommissionen anvendte metode indeholder stikprøven et uforholdsmæssigt stort antal »mellemledsorganisationer« (30 %) i den under afsnit 4 beskrevne betydning samt af nationale organisationer.
Because of the methods used by the Commission, the sample contains a disproportionate number (30%) of 'intermediary organizations' in the sense explained in paragraph 4 and of national organizations.
Resultatet bliver derfor en overvurderet gen nemsnitlig størrelse af foreninger i Fællesskabet.
The results will therefore have considerably overestimated the average size of voluntary organizations in the Community.
(De fleste »mellemledsorganisationer«, der svarede på undersøgelsen, var forbund - dvs. paraplyorganisationer, der leverer forskellige former for tjene ster (såsom oplysninger og kombineret lobbyvirksomhed) til et antal separate foreninger eller afdelinger (sædvanligvis med deres egen juridiske identitet), der arbejder inden for samme område.
(Most intermediary organizations responding to the survey were federations - that is, umbrella bodies providing some centralized services (such as information and combined lobbying) for a number of separate voluntary organizations or branches (usually with their own legal identity) working in the same field.
Til trods herfor er tallene interessante.
Nonetheless the figures are of interest.
Gennemsnitsforeningen i stikprøven har 40 fultids- og 10 deltidsansatte.
The average voluntary organization in our sample employed 40 full and 10 part-time staff.
Det tilsvarende gen nemsnitlige tal for »mellemledsorganisationer« er lidt højere.
The equivalent average figure for intermediary organizations was a little higher.
Disse gennemsnitstal dækker dog over store forskelle.
These averages do, however, conceal wide variations.
Således er der slet ingen lønnede ansatte blandt 14% af de adspurgte, 17% beskæftiger over 50 ansatte (på fuldtid og deltid), 6% mellem 101 og 500 og 4% over 501. Det oftest forekommende antal ansatte ligger på mellem 1 og 5.
Thus some 14% of our sample employed no paid staff at all, 17% employed over 50 people (full and part-time), 6% between 101 and 500, and 4% over 501.
Fuldtidsansatte arbejder i gennemsnit 36 timer om ugen og deltidsansatte 20 timer.
Full-time staff appear to work on average for 36 hours a week and part-timers for 20 hours.
Disse tal svinger mindre fra land til land, end de gør efter det område, på hvilket foreningen er aktiv. Foreninger, der er aktive inden for sundhedssystemet eller sociale tjenesteydelser, er tilbøjelige til at have mange flere lønnede ansatte end de, der er aktive inden for f.eks. borgerlige rettigheder.
These figures varied less from country to country than they did according to the area in which the voluntary organization was active: for example, as might be expected, voluntary organizations active in the health or social services field tended to employ many more salaried staff than those active in, say, civil rights.
I stikprøven har ca. 40 % af foreningerne færre end 100 medlemmer, og mere end halvdelen har færre end 200.
In the sample, about 40% of voluntary organizations had fewer than 100 members and more than half had fewer than 200.
Spektret er imidlertid meget bredt.
The range was, however, very wide.
Således har 13% af stikprøven mellem 1 000 og 5 000 medlemmer, 15% har over 5 000. Som det kunne forventes, er der en tendens til, at nationale organisationer har flere medlemmer end de regionalt orienterede.
Thus, 13% of the sample had between 1000 and 5 000 members, and 15% had over 5 000.
Af de forbund, der besvarede spørgeskemaet, repræsenterer tæt ved halvdelen mere end 50 organisationer - hvor 9% repræsenterede over
Of the federations responding to the survey very nearly half represented more than 50 organizations, with 9% representing over 500. Such bodies
En yderligere vigtig arbejdskilde i foreninger udgøres af frivillige.
Another very important source of support for voluntary organizations is, of course, volunteers.
81 % af de adspurgte oplyser, at de beskæftiger frivillige.
Of our sample 81% said that they employed volunteers.
Foreninger i nogle lande gør betydeligt mere brug af frivillige end andre,
Voluntary organizations in some countries appeared to make rather greater use of volunteers
Foreninger i medlemsstater, hvor der stadig er levninger af fordums love om skat på ejendomme, der normalt ikke er genstand for omsætning, eller hvor arvelovene stadig er relativt skrappe, har mærkbart færre aktiver i form af ejendomme. domme.
Voluntary organizations in Member States where there are still remnants of the old mortmain laws, or where the laws govern ing inheritance are still relatively rigid, have discernibly fewer assets in the form of property.
Udgifter men i ingen af landene ligger den forholdsmæssige andel af foreninger med frivillig arbejdskraft under 60 %.
Expenses than others, but in no country did the proportion of voluntary organizations which have volunteers working for them fall below 60%.
Igen svinger antallet af frivillige kraftigt, ¡det 30% af foreningerne (herunder forbund og andre »mellemledsorganisationer«) oplyser, at mellem 1 og 5 frivillige er aktive i deres organisa tion, ca. 18 % oplyser, at de har mellem 6 og 10 frivillige, 60 % har over 51 frivillige, 10 % mellem 101 og 500 frivillige og 7 % over 500.
Again, the numbers of volunteers employed varied widely: 30% of voluntary organizations (including federations and other intermediary organizations) told us that between 1 and 5 volunteers were active in their organization; about 18% reported that they were supported by between 6 and 10 volunteers; 60% had over 51 volunteers; 10% had between 101 and 500; and 7% had over 500.
Nogle få foreninger (3 %) har over 2 000 frivillige.
A few voluntary organizations (3%) were supported by over 2 000 volunteers.
I gennemsnit bruger hver frivillig ca. ni timer om ugen til at arbejde for den organisation, de støtter.
On average each volunteer spent about nine hours a week working for the organization they supported.
Data for organisationers årlige udgifter er delt op i lønninger, administrative omkostninger og øvrige omkostninger.
Data on organizations' annual expenditure was broken down into salaries and wages, administrative costs, and other costs.
De gennemsnitlige omkostninger for de adspurgte beløber sig til: lønninger: i tusinde ECU 27 743
On average the costs incurred by our sample organizations amounted to the following:
• administrative omkostninger: i tusinde ECU 465 øvrige omkostninger: tusinde ECU 1 044 omkostninger i alt: i tusinde ECU 29 252
• administrative costs:
Selvom der ikke synes at være stor forskel på antal let af organisationer i de forskellige medlemsstater, der bruger frivillige, svinger den forholdsmæssige andel af lønnet personale i forhold til den frivillige arbejdskraft meget fra land til land: fra ca. 1:1 til ca. 1:8.
Although there did not appear to be major differ ences between the number of organizations in different Member States using volunteers, the ratios of salaried staff to volunteers varied widely from country to country - from about 1:1 to about 1:8.
Sådanne forskelle synes ikke at have noget at gøre med størrelsen af medlemsstatens velstand eller nogen anden specifik faktor.
Such differences did not appear to be related to the size or wealth of Member States or any other particular factor.
Det kan skyldes, at de ganske enkelt afspejler forskellige traditioner, eller i hvor høj grad rekrutteringen af frivillige er organiseret eller ej.
It may be that they simply reflect varying traditions, or the extent to which volunteering is, or is not, organized.
Generelt bruger foreninger fra mere velstående lande gen nemsnitligt flere penge til lønninger.
There were minor differences between countries: broadly voluntary organizations from better-off Member States spent more than average on wages and salaries.
Og ikke over raskende bruger større organisationer forholdsvis mere på administration, hvilket er tilfældet med forbund. Det skyldes, at de generelt er dyrere at drive end individuelle foreninger.
Not surprisingly larger organizations spent rather more on administration than did federations, which were generally more expensive to run than simple voluntary organizations.
Antallet af frivillige svinger ligeledes markant efter foreningens hovedaktivitetsområde.
The numbers of volunteers employed also varied markedly according to the voluntary organization's main field of activity.
Foreninger, der primært arbejder inden for f.eks. kultur, fritid eller menneskerettigheder, er betydeligt mere afhængige af frivillig arbejdskraft end foreninger, der arbejder inden for sundhed, uddannelse eller sociale tjenesteydelser.
For example, voluntary or ganizations working mainly in the field of culture and recreation, or in human rights, clearly depend ed to a much greater extent on volunteer workers than did voluntary organizations working in health, education, or social services.
Skønt foreninger imidlertid har en tendens til at være baseret på enten lønnet arbejdskraft eller frivillige, forholder det sig ikke sådan, at foreninger med få lønnede har få frivillige, eller omvendt - sammensætningen svinger en hel del.
However, while there was some tendency for voluntary organizations to rely on either salaried staff or volunteers, it was not necessarily the case that voluntary organizations with few salaried staff had few volunteers, or vice versa - the mix varied a great deal.
De adspurgte foreninger og forbund havde:
The voluntary organizations and federations in our sample had:
• finansielle aktiver svarende til 2 208 000 ECU
• financial assets amounting to ECU 2 208 000
Et meget stort antal foreninger er til en vis grad afhængige af eksterne subsidier af den ene eller anden art, typisk fra offentlige myndigheder, men også fra privatpersoner eller andre private givere. Mange andre er i det store hele selvfinansierende, idet de får deres indkomst fra medlemskontingenter eller fra salg af tjenesteydelser eller andre produkter.
Very many voluntary organizations depend to some degree on external subsidies of one kind or another, typically from public authorities, but often from individuals or other private donors.
For at få et indtryk af, hvordan foreninger ne finansierer deres udgifter, bad vi de adspurgte om at oplyse, hvor stor en del af deres indkomst, der stammer fra egne ressourcer, og hvor stor en del, der stammer fra såkaldte eksterne kilder, såsom gaver og subsidier.
To get an idea of how they financed their expenditures, we asked voluntary organizations in our sample to state what pro portion of their income was from their own resources and what proportion came from socalled external sources, such as gifts and subsidies.
• udstyr svarende til 1 102 000 ECU
• equipment amounting to ECU 1 102 000
• andre aktiver svarende til 835 000 ECU
• other assets amounting to ECU 835 000
Af hensyn til undersøgelsen medregnes både ind komst fra salg af tjenesteydelser (til medlemmer eller andre) eller produkter (f.eks. publikationer), medlemskontingent, indkomst fra investeringer og indkomst fra kontrakter under »egne ressourcer«. »Eksterne ressourcer« omfatter subsidier fra stats lige organer og andre offentlige myndigheder samt støtte fra privatpersoner, internationale organer, fonde og virksomheder.
For the purposes of the study, income from the sale of services (whether to members or nonmembers) or products (e.g. publications), member ship fees, investment income and income from contracts, were all counted as 'own resources'. Under 'External resources' were included subsidies
Af alle interne såvel som eksterne indkomstkilder er subsidier langt de vigtigste, derefter kommer medlemskontingent.
Of all the sources of internal and external income, subsidies were clearly the most important, followed by membership fees.
I nedenstående diagram sam­menlignes alle interne såvel som eksterne indkom­stkilder, og den gennemsnitlige procentdel angives af det samlede tal.
The following diagram com­pares all the sources of internal and external income and gives their mean percentages of the total.
Gennemsnitligt bidrager medlemskontingent (30%) og salg af tjenesteydelser (30%, af hvilke 20% er til medlemmer og 10% til ikke­medlem­mer) mest til foreningernes »egne ressourcer«. Derefter kommer kontrakter (17%), salg af pro­dukter (15 %) og indkomst fra investeringer (8 %).
On average membership fees (30%) and the sale of services (30% of which 20% were to members and 10% to non­members) made the largest contribu­tion to voluntary organizations' 'own resources', followed by contracts (17%), sales of products (15%), and investment income (8%).
Med andre ord stammer i gennemsnit ca. 62 % af en typisk europæisk forenings »egne ressourcer« fra økonomiske aktiviteter af den ene eller anden art, dvs. fra salg af tjenesteydelser direkte eller i henhold til en kontrakt eller fra salg af produkter såsom publikationer.
To put the matter in another way, on average a typical European voluntary organization derives some 62% of its 'own resources' from economic activity of one form or another ­ i.e. from selling services directly or under contract, or from selling products such as publications.
Disse gennemsnitstal dækker igen over store forskelle i de beløb, som forenin­gerne erhverver sig fra forskellige kilder og med hensyn til deres relative betydning.
Again these averages did, however, conceal wide variations in the amounts that voluntary organizations gained from various sources and in their relative importance.
I to medlems­stater består den vigtigste indkomstkilde under »egne ressourcer« f.eks. i salg til ikke­medlemmer. I et andet bidrager medlemskontingentet tilsynela­dende kun lidt i forhold til kontrakter med offent­lige myndigheder.
For exam­ple, in two Member States the most important source of income in the 'own resources' category was sales to non­members; and in another mem­bership fees apparently contributed little in com­parison with contracts with public authorities.