natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
For forskningsbudgettets vedkommende har denne tendens dels affødt en debat om even­tuelle nedskæringer, dels øget bestræbelserne på at udnytte innovationen mere effektivt.
According to some estimates, only 20 to 30% of technologies developed internally are incorporated in products commercialized by firms.
Debatten er langt fra afsluttet, men hvis tenden­sen fortsætter, kan det resultere i strategiske ændringer inden for teknologisk innovation.
There must therefore be a stock of under-used or unused scientific and technological know-how.
c) Skattereglerne er ikke innovationsvenlige
(b) Standards, certification and quality systems
Denne tendens, som har været hæmmende for både beskæftigelsen og konkurrenceevnen, må vendes, som det er anført i hvidbogen om vækst, konkurrenceevne og beskæftigelse.
All innovative products or processes are developed and realized under framework conditions created by regulations, standards, certification and quality systems.
Det anbefales heri, at de ikke­lønmæssige omkost­ninger reduceres med 1­2% af BNI.
Depending on what is involved, these general conditions may either inhibit innovation or promote it.
Skattereglerne i Europa er som helhed betragtet ikke særlig innovationsvenlige.
It gives its owner the right to forbid the exploitation of an invention as defined in the patent's 'claims '.
Dette ses både af virksomhedsbeskatningen, personbeskatnin­gen, beskatningen af opsparingen samt beskat­ningen af forbruget.
The holder of a patent thus has a territorial and temporal exploitation monopoly (duration: 20 years in general) which he or she may assign, or lease in the case of a licence agreement.
Disse spørgsmål henhører naturligvis først og fremmest under medlems­staternes kompetence.
Utility models and certificates are a little different from patents and give only limited protection for a shorter period, albeit at reduced cost.
Det vil dog være hen­sigtsmæssigt at undersøge, om der i USA og Japan er mere fordelagtige ordninger, man kunne skele til.
Copyrights concern original works of art, and are gaining in importance in industry and commerce because they can be used to protect software, databases and masks used in manufacturing microchips, for example. Topographies of semi-conductor
Skattelovgivningerne tilgodeser i almindelighed ikke privates investeringer i virksomheder, som ikke er børsnoterede (beskatning af reinveste­rede kapitalgevinster, ubetydelige eller ikke eksisterende skattefradrag mv.).
In 1994 European industry had to pay about ECU 1.8 billion in patent application and maintenance fees in Europe, with a similar amount going on legal or out-of-court proceedings for the defence of patent rights.
Privatperso­ners udgifter til uddannelse er sjældent fra­dragsberettiget i indkomstskatten.
This is one reason why the Commission has published a Green Paper on utility models, a form of protection for technical inventions which is particularly wellsuited to SMEs.
D Skattesystemerne i Europa har tendens til at begunstige finansiering med lånte midler frem for med egne midler. For at tilskynde virksom hederne til selvfinansiering har Kommissionen vedtaget specifikke henstillinger (Kommissionens henstilling af 25. maj 1994 om beskatningen af små og mellemstore virksom heder) ')·
The very design of a new product will be influenced by the existence or otherwise of standards, whether these are descriptive stand­ards limiting the possible options or perfor­mance standards imposing objectives to be met but leaving the means to the discretion of the innovator.
D de lande, som har valgt en lav beskatning ud fra det princip, al innovationen vil kunne udfolde sig under gunstige betingelser. Som eksempel kan her nævnes Det Forenede Kongerige rige
standards compulsory, but gives any manufac­turer the legal option of marketing an innova­tive product which has no standardization status.
D Den skattemæssige og regnskabsmæssige behandling af immaterielle investeringer er generelt mindre gunstig end for materielle investeringer. steringer.
The manufacturer has a choice of the procedures for assessing conformity, the scope of which is fixed by the Council and which depends on the voluntary use of quality instru­ments.
D Der findes en lang række forskellige beskatningsordninger for risikovillig kapital i Europa, hvilket indebærer komplicerede og kostbare juridiske procedurer, som bremser udviklingen i investeringerne på tværs af grænserne ').
However, the new approach owes its liberal character to a large measure of self-regulation, which implicitly requires all organizations and persons taking advantage of it to know the principles, stakes, opportunities and constraints involved.
D de lande, som har den hårdeste beskatning i Unionen, men som til gengæld yder en lang række specifikke skattefordele. Belgien er et eksempel herpå ' ).
How­ever, many firms and institutions are either ignorant of it or wrongly interpret its implica­tions. !
Lang sommelige administrative fonnaliteter er en hindring for oprettelsen af virksomheder.
It is a sector in which know-how is largely borne of trial and error and where a respect for tradition still constitutes an important element enhancing the value of European production.
De eksisterende retlige former letter ikke ligefrem samarbejdet og udviklingen af virksomhederne på europæisk plan.
For that reason, the European quality policy of agro food prod­ucts has been embodied by Council deci­sions in favour of traditional production.
Ikke alle innovationer egner sig til at patentere.
Process innovation is not regulated to the same extent as product innovation.
Anvendelsen af patenter varierer naturligvis efter de enkelte industrier.
The most important regulations here are those for protect­ing employees and the environment.
De er særlig relevante inden for den kemiske eller farmaceutiske industri (hvor Unionen indtager en stærk position).
Commun­ity directives exist, but most regulations are national.
Således kræver udviklingen af nye molekyler et betydeligt forsknings- og udviklingsarbejde, men når først de er produceret, er det let at efterligne dem.
There is thus no homogeneous, har­monized concept equivalent to the new approach, and there are still localized obstacles to innovation.
Derimod er patenter meget mindre anvendt inden for sektorer, hvor produkterne fornys meget hurtigt især i en tid, hvor fornyelsen sker med ubønhørlia hastighed. 4) a) Utilstrækkelig udnyttelse af beskyttelsesreglerne
Where there are problems in exporting industrial machinery, for example, innovators in one Member State often have difficulty in negotiating the necessary ad hoc compromises with the authorities of another Member State.
') Jf. hvidbogen fra Den Europæiske Sammenslutning om Risikovillig Kapital (EVCA) 1995.
It permits the avoidance, on a voluntary basis, of unfair competition with products stemming from European traditions.
) Den første europæiske rapport om V & T-indikatorer viser f.eks.. at antallet af patenter i forhold til
The rectangular layout of the keyboard in the
Inden for automobilindustrien og luft- og rumfart er dette forhold imidlertid henholdsvis 3 og 15 gange mindre end den gennemsnitlige patenteringstilbøjelig- hed. Disse data bekræfter, at den varierende patente- ringstilbøjelighed i mindre grad er et udtryk for produktiviteten inden for F & U end innovatørernes mening, hvad angår patenternes effektivitet med hen
Only 20i < of SMEs can correctly name the European directives applicable to their producís, and fewer than 30% can correctly quote the corresponding European standards. They know their national standards some what belter, but do not know that these are identical to the European standards and hence that the entire European market is open to them without lhe need for any technical adaptation of their products to other standards (AFNOR 1994: Survey of 842 SMEs). This ignorance can culminate in economic decisions which are totally without foundation, such as relocations (O'Connor. 1995). The 'new approach" to product regulations — which was adopted in 1984 and supplemented in 1989 by an overall approach to assessing conformity — introduced a liberal system favourable to innovation.
I øvrigt kan non-profit-forskningsinstitutter, SMV'er og selvstændige opfindere i USA opnå patenter til lavere takster, hvilket på nuværende tidspunkt ikke er tilfældet i Europa.
existing product is replaced by a new one complying with voluntary standards and with the same level of performance, the new product were to be regarded as complying with these standards.
Endvidere kan nævnes, at virksomhederne af forskellige grunde ikke altid drager fuld nytte af den teknologi, de har udviklet. Skønsmæssigt anslået integreres kun 20-30% af den internt udviklede teknologi i de produkter, de afsætter.
There is a need to differentiate between product or service standardization or certification and quality systems standardization or certification (EN ISO 9 000) which covers management quality in an enterprise and not lhe product or service itself.
Derfor findes der et potentiale af uudnyttet eller utilstrækkeligt udnyttet viden skabelig og teknisk viden.
This quality management also uses other tools apart from standards.
b) Standarder, certificering og kvalitetssystemer
The introduction of quality policies encourages innovation, as can be seen in the USA and Japan.
Alle innovationer udvikles og udnyttes efter rammebetingelser, som udspringer af bestemmelser, standarder, certificering og kvalitetssystemer.
Lastly, the dialogue needed between firms, particularly SMEs, technologists and legislators (who determine the essential requirements and binding technical regulations) is still underdeveloped in Europe.
Afhængig af situationen kan disse rammebetingelser fremme eller hæmme innovationen. I visse henseender er disse rammebetingelser mere befordrende for innovationen i USA og Japan.
Such dialogue is vital if we are to prevent legislators, lacking the right information at the right time, from imposing conditions which are technically unmanageable by European firms ' and so putting them at a disadvantage vis-à-vis their better-equipped competitors.
Patentet er det mest udbredte middel til beskyttelse af opfindelser.
'qwertyuiop' sequence ('azertyuiop' in French-speaking countries, 'qwertzuiop ' in German-speaking countries) is the same as that of the first typewriters dating from the middle of the last century.
Det giver inde haveren eneret til at udnytte en opfindelse i henhold til patentets »krav«.
Any ergonotnist will confirm that, from the functional point of view, this layout is one of the worst imaginable.
Indehaveren af et patent råder således over et område bestemt og tidsmæssigt monopol (varighed: almindeligvis 20 år), som kan over drages (overdragelse af patentet) eller udlejes som led i en licensaftale.
Why was it chosen? Its original purpose was to prevent the type bars supporting the characters from colliding and becoming entangled — hence the layout in which adjacent letters on a key board are arranged in inverse relation to their frequency in words, thus slowing down the typing process, too fast for the original mechanical transmission technol ogy.
Brugsmønstre og -certifikater har mange ligheder med patenter, men giver kun en begrænset beskyttelse og løber i kortere tid, selv om omkostningerne er lavere. Registrering af industrielt design beskytter et produkts design.
Dozens of prototype keyboards bettersuited to morphology (separation of the hands to avoid muscle fatigue caused by the curled position close to the body, fewer keys, optimized layout based on letter frequency in the language, a 50 to 70% faster learning process and doubled productivity) have been suggested over more than 50 years.
Mønsterbeskyttelse (afhænger af de enkelte landes lovgivning) beskytter et produkts ydre, dvs. dets synlige karakteristika eller dets ornamenter.
Hundreds of millions of people have learnt this system, and the interests of 'compatibility', meaning that anyone can use any typewriter, computer or keyboard-driven machinery, win out over the most obvious need for optimization.
Vare mærkeregistrering kan være nødvendigt til at beskytte produkter, som afsættes i store mængder, men også nyskabende produkter eller processer, således at de kan identificeres udfra kriterier som kvalitet og avanceret teknologi.
Innovation is not impossible, but it is forced to short-circuit the problem by eliminating the keyboard altogether without introducing a new element which has to be learnt (handwriting directly recognized by computer, voice recognition).
Halvledertopografi beskyttes ved hjælp af særrettigheder, som gælder i ti år. I almindelighed kan ikkeoffentliggjort knowhow beskyttes som erhvervshemmelighed eller på basis af aftaler om hemmeligholdelse.
There are two major categories of voluntary agreement: the first aims to define desirable improvements to technological per formance and the means of achieving them, as part of a consultation procedure between the public authorities and the industrial sector; the second concerns measures taken by the public authorities to encourage firms to agree on voluntary joint action.
Selve udviklingen af et nyt produkt påvirkes af, om der findes standarder: præcise deskriptive standarder, der begrænser valgmulighederne eller præstationsstandarder i henhold til hvilke, der fastsættes en række mål, men det overlades den enkelte at vælge midlerne til at nå dem.
Voluntary agreements have the advantage of preventing regulations from becoming excessive. All that remains to be done is to provide a means of monitoring their application.
Omkostningerne ved at opnå og vedligeholde patenterne i Europa forklarer til dels den faldende interesse1)·
Some standards are the result of voluntary standardization and are adopted without regulatory pressure from the public authorities.
Med den såkaldt nye fremgangsmåde inden for bestemmelser vedrørende produktkrav, som blev vedtaget i 1984 og suppleret i 1989 med en global fremgangsmåde vedrørende overensstemmelse indførtes en liberal ordning, som var mere innovationsvenlig.
Standards are an advantage to existing products, but innovators often see them as a tool for sustaining mature technologies and mistrust them.
') Omkostningerne ved opnåelse og vedligeholdelse af et europæisk patent inden for de femten medlemssta ter og for den maksimale periode forløber sig til ca. 35 000 ECU alene hvad angår de officielle afgifter, medens disse omkostninger i USA kun beløber sig til 7 00 USD. ca. 6 gange mindre for en tilsvarende beskyttelse.
Fewer than 21% of SMEs interviewed as part of 'Euromanagement qualité' were taking part in standardization work (a result positively biased by the sampling).
:) Dette er en af grundene til. at Kommissionen i nærmeste fremtid udsender en grønbog om »brugsmodeller«, hvilket er en form for beskyttelse af tekniske opfindelser, som er særlig velegnet for SMV'er.
AFNOR (op. cit.) regards this as worrying, since 'standardization committees cannot cater for the needs of and constraints placed on SMEs, and SMEs then have difficulty in applying the standards'.
En generel anvendelse af præstationsstandarderne er således at foretrække. Innovation vil kunne fremmes, hvis et produkt, som opfylder de frivillige standarder, og som erstatter et eksisterende produkt med samme præstationer betragtes som værende i overensstemmelse med disse standarder.
The continued requirement to complete pointless declarations thus neutralizes many of the benefits of the exemption.
Det liberale element i den nye fremgangsmåde bygger i stort omfang på selvbestaltet kontrol.
The regulatory and administrative environment in which companies find themselves is unnecessarily complex.
Mange virksomheder og institutioner har imidlertid ikke kendskab til eller fortolker fejlagtigt følgevirkningerne heraf).
It costs European firms an estimated extra ECU 180-230 billion, renders them less efficient and hence undermines their innovative capacity.
Landbrugsfødevarebranchen er den vigtig ste erhveivssektor i EU, hvis man går ud fra omsætningen.
All these formalities place a very heavy burden on companies, particularly newly-founded ones.
Den domineres af de mange SMV'er på forarbejdningsstadiet, hvortil kommer lanbrugsbedrifter og håndværksvirksomheder.
The time spent on administration is often lost to innovation in a young SME with a small managerial staff.
Procesinnovation er ikke underkastet så mange regler som produktinnovation.
Excessive administrative zeal may complicate measures which are simple and effective.
De vig tigste bestemmelser her er beskyttelse af arbejdstagerne og miljøet. Der findes fælles skabsdirektiver, men de fleste bestemmelser er nationale.
In France, for example, aid to unemployed persons setting up a firm was instituted in 1979, enabling a person seeking work to create his or her own job.
Et ensartet harmoniseret grundlag svarende lil den nye fremgangsmåde findes ikke. og der er således innovationshindringer.
This scheme was a great success, with tens of thousands of unemployed persons taking advantage of it each year in the mid1980s.
Er der f.eks. problemer med eksport af industrimaskiner har innovative virksomheder i en medlemsstat ofte vanskeligt ved at forhandle med myndighederne i en anden medlemsstat.
In 1987 the system was reformed with the laudable aim of reducing the number of bankruptcies amongst firms set up in this way.
Systemet omfatter en EU-procedure med mulighed for at gøre indsigelse.
Each case had to go before an administrative committee appointed to test its viability.
Derved undgår man, amend på frivillig basis, illoyal konkurrence med produkter, som er resultatet af europæiske traditioner.
This added burden and the ensuing delays caused a steep decline in the number of firms and jobs created under the scheme.
Standarderne er i et vist omfang resultatet af frivillig standardisering og indfores uden at være underkastet de offentlige myndigheders regler. Ved innovation skal de nye produkter kunne anvendes sideløbende med eksisterende produkter eller være kompatible med dem for at bevare forbrugernes tillid.
Moreover, because of a lack of internal coordination, administration often means filling in multiple declarations and producing the same information repeatedly.
For de eksisterende produkter er standarderne en fordel, men de innovative virksomheder betnister dem ofte
In most European countries, unlike the USA, the process of set ting up a business and recruiting one's first staff is very much like running the gauntlet.
)i Kun HWt af SMV'erne er i stand til at nævne de europæiske direktiver, som vedrører «tetes produkter
It often takes more than a month (other than for sole proprietorships) and costs several thousand ecus.
Man må skelne mellem standardisering og certificering af »produkter og tjenesteydelser« og standardisering og certificering af »kvalitetssystemer« (ISO 9000), som vedrører virk somhedens kvalitetsstyring og ikke produktet eller tjenesteydelsen i sig selv.
True, major efforts are being made to simplify administrative procedures: service vouchers ' are remarkably successful in several countries and are an excellent example of an innovation with wider application potential.
QWERTY-tastaturet sig selv eller virksomhedens forskellige funktioner. tioner.
Germany has set up an independent federal commission to simplify legislative and administrative procedures.
Endelig bør det nævnes, at den nødvendige dialog mellem virksomhederne, især SMV'erne, teknologerne og lovgiverne (som fastsætter de væsentligste krav og obligatoriske tekniske forskrifter) stadig er underudviklet i Europa.
Another rule being adopted in several countries is that authorities set themselves strict reply deadlines, with failure to meet such a deadline implying approval.
Man går i stigende omfang ind for frivillige aftaler. Der sondres mellem to hovedkategorier af frivillige aftaler: den første kategori sigter mod at forbedre den teknologiske viden samt midlerne til at nå disse resultater på basis af samråd mellem de offentlige myndigheder og industrien; den anden kategori omfatter for trinsvis de offentlige myndigheders foranstaltninger for at tilskynde virksomhederne til at blive enige om fælles frivillige foranstaltninger.
These obstacles to company start-up are harmful, particularly to new high-technology firms, which are essential creators and disseminators of new products and services and help renew the economic fabric and industrial structures in growth sectors.
De frivillige aftaler har den fordel, at man undgå overregulering.
There are fewer of them in Europe than in the USA, and they have more difficulty in expanding.
Der skal blot indføres visse mekanismer for at kontrollere, at bestemmelserne overholdes.
In addition to start-up problems, they suffer from the fragmentation of the market which in spite of Community competition policy in fact still persists, chiefly for cultural reasons.
Det påfører de europæiske virk somheder ekstra omkostninger i størrelsesordenen 180-230 mia. ECU.
Gaining access to venture capital and public funds (via the stock market) is harder for such companies in Europe than in other regions.
Dette indvirker på virksomhedernes effektivitet og dermed deres innovationskapacitet.
They therefore tend to remain smaller than their US counterparts and fail to take advantage of their full potential for expansion. sion.
PC-revolutionen er gået sporløst hen over én ting, nemlig tastaturet. Det rektangulære tastatur med tasterne i rækkefølgen qwertyuiop (eller azertyuiop i de fransktalende lande og qwertzuiop i de tysktalende lande) er det samme som på de første skrivemaskiner i midten af forrige århundrede.
The Commission's contribution has been to set up the Committee on the improvement of the business environment and the promotion of the development of enterprises, the purpose of which is concerted action with the Member States in this area.
Enhver ergonom vil sige, at det funktionelt er et af de værst tænkelige tastaturer.
A first symposium on the creation of new companies was held in Paris in June 1995.
Alle disse formaliteter hviler som en tung byrde på virksomhederne, navnlig nystartede virksomheder. I SMV'er, som kun har en beskeden stab af ledere, er det administrative
The purpose of such administrative formalities appears to be control at all costs, so much so that even well-intentioned schemes may prove a burden in themselves.
Indførelsen af kvalitetspolitik fremmer innovationen, hvilket fremgår af udviklingen i Japan og USA.
However, the firms concerned are still obliged to declare social charges, even if they are zero.
Indførelse af kvalitetspolitik i virk somhederne indebærer, at der skal implementeres strategier til fremme af innovation, uanset om det gælder produktet eller tjenesteydelsen i
Very often an employer cannot take on an employee with full exemption from the social charges levied on
') Under 21% af de adspurgte SMV'er i forbindelse med Euromanagement Qualité deltog i arbejdet vedrørende standardisering (som følge af stikprøverne er detle tal overvurderet).
Pre-paid service vouchers can be exchanged for certain services and cut out many of the formalities involved.
SAMMENLIGNING AF FORMALITETERNE VED ETABLERING AF VIRKSOMHEDER I SEKS LANDE
SIX­COUNTRY* COMPARISON OF THE FORMALITIES FOR SETTING UP A BUSINESS (EXCLUDING SOCIAL­PROTECTION DECLARATIONS)
Virksomhedsform con­
Type of business con­
Omkostninger i alt, ECD
Tolal costs (ECU)
Virksomheder ¡ingivet ined samme faire har samme juridiske status.
NB: The colour codes allocated lo business denoie similar articles of association.
A = Henvendelse lil kun cl kontor.
A = One-stop office.
B = Aiilallet al' offentlige myndigheder, som er involveret i registreringen af en ny virksomhed.
B = Number of governments or other departments involved in the registration of a new business.
C = Antallel af formularer og/eller procedurer, der kræves registrering. D = Antallel af procedurer, som er nødvendige eller registrering af virksomheden, og som er af betydning for driften. E = Del samlede antal dokumenter og/eller procedure, som kræves.
C = Number of documents and/or procedures required for registration.