natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
I det omfang, den tyske lov bestemmer, at den tjenesteydende advokat som forsvarer kun kan besøge en fængslet, hvis han er ledsaget af den tyske advokat, som han handler i forbindelse med, og kun kan korrespondere med en fængslet gennem denne tyske advokat, uden at give mulighed for nogen undtagelse, selv ikke med rettens tilladelse, går de ved denne lov fastsatte restriktioner dog ud over, hvad der er nødvendigt for at opnå de legitime formål med denne lov.
That question was raised in proceedings between the French Treasury and a United Kingdom national, Mr Ian William Cowan, concerning a refusal to award him compensation for the harm resulting from a violent assault against him at the exit of a metro station whilst he was temporarily in Paris on the ground that he did not fulfil the conditions required by Article 706/15 of the Code de Procédure Pénale for entitlement to the compensation concerned.
Der måtte følgelig gives Kommissionen medhold i dens klagepunkter vedrørende de nærmere bestemmelser for forbindelsen.
The essential purpose of the question was to ascertain whether the prohibition of discrimination set out, in particular, in Article 7 of the Treaty precluded a Member State from making it a condition of entitlement to compensation from the State intended to indemnify the victim of an assault causing physical damage for the harm caused to him in that State that that person hold a residence permit or be the national of a country which has concluded a reciprocal agreement with that Member State in the case of persons who were in a situation governed by Community law.
C — Det geografiske område for udøvelsen af advokatvirksomheden
The principle of non­discrimination
Ifølge den tyske retsplejelovs bestemmelser er repræsentation ved advokater med møderet for den ret, der behandler sagen, obligatorisk i civile sager for Landgerichte og højere instanser samt for Familiengerichte.
In that respect, the Court stressed that Article 7 of the Treaty required that persons who were in a situation governed by Community law be treated perfectly equally with nationals of that Member State and that the right to equality of treatment was conferred directly by Community law.
I det omfang, advokatbistand er obligatorisk i sager for disse retter, skal advokaten altså have møderet for den ret, sagen verserer for. Den advokat, der ikke har sådan møderet, har kun mulighed for med bistand af en advokat, der har møderet, at afgive indlæg under den mundtlige forhandling; loven af 1980 sætter den tjenesteydende advokat i samme situation.
It followed that in so far as the principle of non­discrimination was applicable it precluded a Member State from making the right of a person in a situation governed by Community law subject to the condition that he hold a residence permit or be the citizen of a country which has concluded a reciprocal agreement with that Member State.
Kommissionen mente, at direktivets artikel 5 kun giver mulighed for at kræve, at den tjenesteydende advokat handler i forbindelse med en advokat, som udøver virksomhed ved den ret, der skal behandle sagen, men ikke til at begrænse tjenesteydelsen til forklaringer under den mundtlige forhandling med bistand af den advokat, der har møderet for den pågældende ret, som det er sket i den tyske lovgivning for alle civile sager af en vis betydning.
The Court stressed that under Article 7 the principle of non-discrimination applied inter alia to freedom to provide services and noted that it had already held, on the one hand, that freedom to provide services included the freedom of recipients of those services to go to another Member State to receive such a service without being prevented by restrictions and that, on the other hand, tourists in particular had to be considered to be recipients of services.
Denne debat vedrørte i det væsentlige spørgsmålet, om Forbundsrepublikken Tyskland havde ret til at anvende samme bestemmelser på tjenesteydende advokater, som den anvender på tyske advokater uden møderet.
The French Government had submitted that in the present state of Community law a recipient of services could not rely on the principle of non-discrimination in so far as the national legislation in question did not create any barrier to his freedom of movement.
Dette spørgsmål kunne ikke besvares på grundlag af direktivets bestemmelser; det måtte undersøges på baggrund af principperne for fri udveksling af tjenesteydelser i henhold til Traktatens artikler 59 og 60.
It submitted that a provision such as that at issue in the main proceedings did not impose any restriction in that respect. Furthermore, it concerned an entitlement expressing the principle of national solidarity.
Disse bestemmelser har først og fremmest til formål at gøre det muligt for tjenesteyderen at udøve sin virksomhed i værtslandet uden forskelsbehandling i forhold til denne medlemsstats egne statsborgere.
The Court rejected that line of argument. It stated that when Community law guaranteed a natural person the freedom to go to another Member State the protection of that person in the Member State concerned on the same basis as nationals and persons residing there was the corollary of his freedom of movement.
Det måtte konstateres, at reglen om territorial eneret ikke kunne anvendes på virksomhed af midlertidig karakter udøvet af advokater etableret i andre med lemsstater, da disse ud fra dette synspunkt befinder sig i en retlig og faktisk situation, som ikke gør det muligt at sammenligne dem med den situation, der gælder for advokater etableret på tysk område.
The French Government had also submitted that compensation such as that at issue in the main proceedings escaped the prohibition of discrimination because it fell within the law of criminal procedure which was not covered by the Treaty.
Denne konstatering gjaldt dog med forbehold af forpligtelsen for den tjenesteydende advokat til inden for de ovenfor afstukne grænser og nærmere definerede regler at handle i forbindelse med en advokat med møderet for den ret, der behandler sagen.
In that respect the Court recalled that although in principle penal legislation and the rules of criminal procedure in which the national provision at issue had been inserted fell within the jurisdiction of the Member States it was established case-law that Community law set limits to that jurisdiction.
Domstolen udtalte og bestemte:
The Court ruled:
- ved at lade de advokater, der yder tjenesteydelserne, være omfattet af bestemmelsen om territorial eneret i Bundesrechtsanwaltsordnungs § 52, stk. 2.
compensation for harm caused in that State to the victim of an assault resulting in physical injury subject to the condition that he hold a residence permit or be a national of a country which has entered into a reciprocal agreement with that Member State. '
Generaladvokat José Luís da Cruz Vilaça fremsatte forslag til afgørelse i retsmodet den 3. december 1987.
It must be borne in mind in that regard that a recipient of services also has a primary right of residence.
Dom 252/85 af 27. april 1988, Kommissionen for De Europæiske Fællesskaber mod Den Franske Republik »Manglende gennemførelse af et direktiv — beskyttelse af vilde fugle« — Domstolens plenum —
They claimed the right to be paid at the same rate as a specified male worker employed in the same factory as a stores labourer and engaged in cleaning, collecting and delivering equipment and components and in lending general assistance as required.
Kommissionen for De Europæiske Fællesskaber havde anlagt sag med påstand om, at det statueredes, at Den Franske Republik ikke havde overholdt sine forpligtelser i henhold til EØF-Traktaten, da den ikke inden for den fastsatte frist havde sat alle de ved lov og administrativt fastsatte bestemmelser i kraft, der var nødvendige for at efterkomme Rådets direktiv 79/409 om beskyttelse af vilde fugle.
It was apparent from the documents before the Court that the Equality Officer considered the appellants' work to be of higher value taken as a whole than that of the male worker and, consequently, did not constitute 'like work' within the meaning of the aforesaid Act.
Fristen var udløbet den 6. april 1981.
She sought guidance as to whether the difference in pay involved amounted to discrimination on grounds of sex.
Kommissionen havde påtalt, at den franske regering i artiklerne 372, stk. 10, og 374, stk. 4, i Code rural kun havde fastsat regler om beskyttelse af reder og æg uden for jagtsæsonen. Den havde dernæst foreholdt den franske regering, at den ikke havde fastsat bestemmelser om beskyttelse af reder og æg for en række fugle, idet visse arter i henhold til bestemmelserne i den ministerielle bekendtgørelse af 17. april 1981 ikke var omfattet af dens anvendelsesområde.
It was apparent to the Court that the first question essentially sought to ascertain whether Article 119 of the EEC Treaty had to be interpreted as covering a case where a worker who relied on that provision to obtain equal pay within the meaning thereof was engaged in work of higher value than that of the person with whom a comparison was to be made.
Den franske regering anførte, at det formål, der er fastsat i direktivets artikel 5, også nås.
Under Article 119 the Member States were to ensure and maintain 'the application of the principle that men and women should receive equal pay for equal work'.
Således bygger de pågældende beskyttede fuglearter ikke rede, når jagtsæsonen åbner, hvorfor det ikke tjener noget reelt formål at fastsætte bestemmelser om beskyttelse af reder og æg året igennem.
That provision was directly applicable in particular in cases where men and women received unequal pay for equal work carried out in the same establishment or service, whether public or private.
Domstolen fastslog, at direktivets forbudsbestemmelser måtte finde anvendelse uden tidsmæssig begrænsning.
Bord Telecom Eireann contended that the principle did not apply to the situation where a lower wage was paid for work of higher value.
Således er en uafbrudt beskyttelse af fuglenes levesteder nødvendig, da en række arter bruger de reder, de har bygget i de foregående år, igen.
It maintained that the term 'equal work' in Article 119 could not be understood as embracing unequal work and that the effect of a contrary interpretation would be that equal pay would have to be paid for work of different value.
En ophævelse af beskyttelsen i en del af året kunne derfor ikke antages at være forenelig med de nævnte forbudsbestemmelser.
While it was true that Article 119 applied solely in the case of equal work, the Court nevertheless held that if the principle forbade workers of one sex engaged in work of equal value to that of workers of the opposite sex to be paid a lower wage than the latter on grounds of sex, it a fortiori prohibited such a difference in pay where the lower paid category of workers was engaged in work of higher value.
Det kunne desuden fastslås, at en række beskyttede fuglearter ikke i henhold til bekendtgørelsen af 17. april 1981 var beskyttet mod forbuddet mod at ødelægge deres reder og æg.
To adopt the contrary interpretation would, in the Court's view, have been tantamount to rendering the principle of equal pay ineffective and nugatory.
De franske bestemmelser fandtes ikke at indeholde nærmere regler om, på hvilke tidsmæssige og geografiske vilkår, en fravigelse kan tillades.
In so far as it was established that the difference in wage levels in question was based on discrimination on grounds of sex, the Court held that Article 119 of the Treaty was directly applicable in the sense that the workers concerned might rely on it in legal proceedings in order to obtain equal pay within the meaning of the provision and in the sense that national courts or tribunals had to take it into account as a constituent part of Community law.
Andet anbringende: Begrebet nationalt biologisk eje
The Court held that :
Kommissionen fremhævede, at den beskyttelse, der er indført ved artikel 3 i loven af 10. juli 1976, kun omfatter bevarelsen af det »nationale biologiske eje«, hvorimod beskyttelsen i henhold til direktivets artikel 1 omfatter alle de fuglearter, som i vild tilstand har deres naturlige ophold på medlemsstaternes område i Europa.
'Article 119 of the EEC Treaty must be interpreted as covering the case where a worker who relies on that provision to obtain equal pay within the meaning thereof is engaged in work of higher value than that of the person with whom a comparison is to be made. '
Det andet anbringende måtte derfor lægges til grund.
He proposed that the Court should reply in the following terms:
Tredje anbringende: Manglende gennemførelse af direktivets artikel 5, litra e)
' The Community law principle of equal pay for equal work which is derived from Article 119 of the EEC Treaty also applies to a claim for equal pay for work of a higher value than that done by the person with whom a comparison is made. '
Et sådant generelt forbud mod at være i besiddelse af andre fugle end dem, der er opregnet i bilag III til direktivet, findes ikke i fransk lovgivning, i henhold til hvilken beskyttelsen kun omfatter et begrænset antal fugle.
The Faglige Voldgiftsret [Industrial Arbitration Board] referred several questions to the Court for a preliminary ruling on the interpretation of Council Directive 75/117.
Således indeholder ovennævnte bekendtgørelse bestemmelser om forbud mod at indfange, bortfjerne, anvende og navnlig købe og sælge fugle. De nævnte forbudsbestemmelser, set under ét, gør det umuligt at være i besiddelse af de beskyttede arter.
The employees' union maintained that the salary practice of the Danfoss undertaking involved discrimination based on sex and thus infringed the provisions of the Danish Law No 237 of 5 May 1986 which implemented Directive 75/117.
Domstolen bemærkede, at en fuldstændig og effektiv beskyttelse af fuglene på alle medlemsstaternes områder kræver, at de forbud, der er opstillet i direktivet, udtrykkeligt foreskrives i de nationale bestemmelser.
The Danfoss undertaking paid the same basic salary to employees in the same salary class.
Fransk lovgivning indeholder imidlertid ingen bestemmelser om forbud mod at være i besiddelse af de beskyttede fugle; det er således tilladt at besidde fugle, der er indfanget eller erhvervet ulovligt, herunder fugle fra andre medlemsstater.
In exercise of the option provided for by the collective agreement between the employers' association and the employees' union it paid individual salary supplements to its employees based on their mobility, training and length of service.
Domstolen fastslog desuden, at listen over de fugle, som det i henhold til de franske bestemmelser er tilladt at være i besiddelse af, ikke svarer til den begrænsede række af fuglearter, der er opregnet i bilag III til direktivet.
The result was that the average wage of men was 6.85 % higher than that of women.
Det tredje anbringende måtte derfor lægges til grund.
The Industrial Arbitration Board as a court
Fjerde anbringende: Manglende gennemførelse af direktivets artikel 7
According to Danish Law No 317 on industrial tribunals, disputes between parties to collective agreements were submitted to an industrial arbitration board whose jurisdiction and composition did not depend on any agreement between the parties and whose judgment was final.
Femte anbringende: Manglende anvendelse af direktivets artikel 7, stk. 4
The burden of proof (questions 1 (a) and 3 (a))
Kommissionen gjorde gældende, at det i henhold til bekendtgørelsen af 27. juli 1982 i visse franske departementer er tilladt at anvende limpinde for at indfange drosler, og at det ifølge bekendtgørelserne af 7. september 1982 og 15. oktober 1982 er tilladt at indfange sanglærker ved hjælp af vandret anbragte net, de såkaldte »pantes« eller »matoles«. Anvendelse af limpinde og net er imidlertid udtrykkeligt forbudt i henhold til direktivets artikel 8.
In those circumstances the Court took the view that the questions put by the national court were to be understood as asking whether Directive 75/117 was to be interpreted as meaning that where an undertaking applied a system of remuneration a feature of which was a complete lack of transparency, the employer had to show that its salary practice was not discriminatory if a woman showed that in relation to a relatively large number of employees the average wage of women was less than that of men.
Kommissionen anførte, at brugen af limpinde og vandret anbragte net ikke kunne begrundes i henhold til direktivets artikel 9, idet sådanne fangstmetoder ikke er selektive og således ikke tillader en »fornuftig anvendelse af bestemte fuglearter i mindre mængder« som anført i direktivet.
In a situation such as that with which the appeal was concerned women would be deprived of any effective means of enforcing the principle of equal pay before the national court if the fact of showing that there was a difference between the average wages did not mean that the employer had to show that its salary practice was in fact not discriminatory.
Regeringen anførte endvidere, at der for indfangning ved hjælp af limpinde og net gælder en ordning om individuelle bevillinger, der er særdeles streng og kontrol leret.
To show that its salary practice did not systematically put women at a disadvantage the employer had to show how it had applied the criteria for additional payments and would thus be led to make its salary system transparent. ent.
Domstolen bemærkede, at medlemsstaterne i henhold til direktivets artikel 9 har bemyndigelse til at fastsætte fravigelser af forbudsbestemmelserne i artikel 8, stk. 1.
The lawfulness of the criteria for additional payments in question (questions 1 (b), 2 (a) and (c))
Domstolen fastslog, at Kommissionen ikke på nogen måde havde ført bevis for, at der i henhold til de franske bestemmelser kan foretages indfangninger, der er uforenelige med en fornuftig anvendelse af bestemte fuglearter i mindre mængder. der.
As regards the criterion of mobility, the Court ruled that a distinction had to be made according to whether the criterion was used to remunerate the quality of work carried out by the employee or was used to remunerate the adaptability of the employee to variable hours and places of work.
Som sagen forelå oplyst, kunne de pågældende franske bestemmelser derfor ikke antages at være uforenelige med betingelserne i direktivets artikel 9, stk. 1, litra c).
In the first case the criterion of mobility was undoubtedly quite neutral in relation to sex.
Det sjette anbringende kunne derfor ikke lægges til grund.
When it resulted in systematically putting women workers at a disadvantage that could only be because the employer misapplied it.
Det hedder i domskonklusionen:
It was, in the Court's view, inconceivable that the quality of work performed by women should be generally less good.
at efterkomme Rådets direktiv 79/409 af 2. april 1979 om beskyttelse af vilde fugle.
The position was different in the second case.
Han foreslog følgende domskonklusion: »Den Franske Republik har ikke inden for den fastsatte frist truffet de bestemmelser, der er nødvendige for fuldt ud at efterkomme forpligtelserne i henhold til Rådets direktiv 79/409/EØF af 2. april 1979, og har følgelig ikke overholdt en forpligtelse, der påhviler den i henhold til EØF-Traktaten.«
1. where an undertaking applies a system of pay which is totally lacking in transparency, it is for the employer to prove that his practice in the matter of wages is not discriminatory, if a female worker establishes, in relation to a relatively large number of employees, that the average pay for women is less than that for men;
Kommissionen for De Europæiske Fællesskaber havde anlagt sag med påstand om, at det statueres, at Kongeriget Danmark ved at indføre og anvende et obligatorisk retursystem for emballage til øl og læskedrikke har undladt at opfylde de forpligtelser, som påhviler det i henhold til EØF-Traktatens artikel 30.
(i) the employer may justify recourse to the criterion of mobility if it is understood as referring to adaptability to variable hours and places of work, by showing that such adaptability is of importance for the performance of the specific tasks which are entrusted to the employee, but not if the criterion is understood as covering the quality of the work done by the employee;
Det nævnte system indebærer, at producenter af øl og læskedrikke kun må markedsføre disse produkter i emballager, der kan genanvendes. Emballagerne skal være godkendt af Miljøstyrelsen.
(ii) the employer may justify recourse to the criterion of vocational training by showing that such training is of importance for the performance of the specific tasks which are entrusted to the employee;
Den danske regering anførte i sagen, at det omhandlede system er begrundet i et tvingende hensyn til beskyttelse af miljøet.
Mr Advocate General Lenz delivered his Opinion at the sitting on 31 May 1989.
Denne vurdering er i øvrigt bekræftet i Den Europæiske Fælles Akt.
He proposed that the questions be answered as follows :
Herved bemærkede Domstolen imidlertid tillige, at hvis en medlemsstat har valget mellem flere forskellige foranstaltninger, som kan opfylde det samme mål, skal den vælge det middel, som hindrer den frie samhandel mindst muligt.
The employer may refute the objection of discrimination based on sex by showing that the difference in salary is justified by neutral criteria not associated with sex.
I denne forbindelse bemærkede Domstolen, at det retursystem, der består for godkendte emballager, utvivlsomt sikrer en maksimal genanvendelsesgrad og dermed en meget mærkbar beskyttelse af miljøet som følge af, at den tomme emballage kan afleveres hos enhver drikkevaredetaillist.
Where an unequal wage is based on neutral criteria systematically satisfied by persons of the same sex who are thereby placed at a disadvantage (indirect discrimination), the employee must show that the difference in salary based on neutral criteria affects mainly or exclusively employees of one sex and thus places them at a disadvantage.
Ikke-godkendt emballage kan derimod kun returneres til den detailhandler, der har solgt drikkevarerne, da det ikke lader sig gøre at etablere et lige så omfattende system for sådan emballage.
The employer may refute the complaint of discrimination based on sex by showing that on the contrary the differentiation is based on objective considerations economically justified which are not associated with the sex of the employee.
Imidlertid bemærkede Domstolen, at også retursystemet for ikke-godkendte emballager er egnet til at beskytte miljøet, og at det i øvrigt for indførte varers vedkommende kun omfatter en begrænset mængde drikkevarer i forhold til det samlede drikkevareforbrug i Danmark allerede på grund af den hæmmende virkning, kravet om et retursystem har på importen.
Where the employee has no access to the particulars of fact needed to establish indirect discrimination, the system of proof operates in such a way that there is a presumption of discrimination where it is shown that the average salary of women within a representative group of employees is less than that of men.
Generaladvokat Sir Gordon Slynn fremsatte forslag til afgørelse den 24. maj 1988.
The question of the composition of a representative group depends on the circumstances in the undertaking or establishment and must be assessed by the national court.
Hans forslag til afgørelse lød således: »Jeg skal foreslå, at der gives dom efter Kommissionens påstand, og at Kommissionen tilkendes sagsomkostningerne«.
It does not however follow that the average wage of men and women must always be equal since differences may result from criteria independent of any consideration based on sex.
Spørgsmålene var blevet rejst under en sag mellem Zentrale zur Bekämpfung unlauteren Wettbewerbs E.V. (en tysk sammenslutning til bekæmpelse af illoyal konkurrence) og to rejsebureauer, som hos luftfartsselskaber eller rejsebureauer i en anden stat havde købt flybilletter, der var betalbar i denne stats valuta.
The questions were raised in proceedings between Zentrale zur Bekämpfung unlauteren Wettbewerbs eV, a German association campaigning against unfair competition, and two travel agents which obtained from airlines or travel agents established in another State airline tickets made out in the currency of that State.