natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
I 1980'erne havde Polen verdens fjerdestørste udlandsgæld og var ikke i stand til at betale afdrag og renter på den.
Real GDP growth rates have been positive since 1992. In 1995 the economy grew by a record 7% in real terms, and it seems set to continue broadly at this pace.
I 1991 og 1994 blev der indgået aftaler om gældsreduktion og gældssanering med statslige og kommercielle kreditorer, således at Polen igen kunne afdrage og betale renter på gælden.
Real wages have been rising since 1994, and the unemployment rate began to decline in 1996.
Gældsbetjeningsbyrden er blevet lettet og er jævnt blevet reduceret som følge af en stærk eksportvækst: Kun 10% af eksportindtægterne gik til tilbagebetaling af gæld i 1995 sammenlignet med 70% (opgjort på et forfaldsgrundlag) i 1991.
At the end of April 1997, registered unemployment was 2.1 million, which is lower than in the five previous years and corresponds to less than 13% of the labour force.
Polen har som følge heraf igen fået adgang til de internationale kapitalmarkeder.
Inflation, which lingered at an annual rate of 20% during much of 1996, is now clearly on a downward track.
Den eksterne stilling er stærk.
The external position is strong.
Siden udgangen af 1993 har valutareserverne været hurtigt stigende som følge af en konstant indstrømning af uden landske investeringer og porteføljeinvesteringer.
Since late 1993, foreign exchange reserves have been growing rapidly because of steady inflows of foreign and portfolio investment.
I oktober 1996 udgjorde reserverne næsten 14 mia. ECU, hvilket dækker 6 til 7 måneders import.
In October 1996 reserves stood at close to ECU 14 billion, which covers six to seven months of imports.
Det officielle løbende underskud voksede igennem 1995, ikke kun på grund af underskuddet på de syn lige og usynlige poster, men også fordi rentebetalingen på den udenlandske gæld blev genoptaget.
Poland is a large and increasingly open economy: exports account for roughly one quarter of GDP, which makes the openness of the Polish economy comparable to that of EU Member States of a similar size in terms of population. The official trade deficit amounted to ECU 1.4 billion in 1995.
Det løbende underskud voksede til 1,8 mia. ECU i 1995 sammenlignet med 0,8 mia. ECU i 1994.
The current account deficit rose to ECU 1.8 billion in 1995 compared to ECU 0.8 billion in 1994.
Hvis balancen på den uregistrerede handel medregnes, ville de løbende poster i 1995 have udvist et over skud på 4,2 mia. I 1996 ændredes dette overskud til et underskud på 1,41 mia. ECU, som, udtrykt i pro cent af BNP, stadig er et moderat underskud.
Including the balance on unrecorded trade, the current account for 1995 would have shown a 4.2 billion surplus. In 1996, this surplus turned into a deficit of ECU 1.41 billion, which, as a percentage of GDP, is still a moderate deficit.
Handelsunderskuddet øgedes fra 1,4 mia. ECU i 1995 til 6,5 mia. ECU i 1996, hvilket skyldtes, at importen steg tre gange hurtigere end eksporten.
The trade deficit widened from ECU 1.4 billion in 1995 to 6.5 billion in 1996, due to the volume of imports rising almost three times as fast as the volume of exports.
Dette blev stort set udlignet af den positive balance for uklassificerede transaktioner, der faldt fra 6,0 mia. ECU i 1995 til 5,7 mia. ECU i 1996.
Still, this was largely offset by the positive balance on unclassified transactions, which decreased from ECU 6.0 billion in 1995 to ECU 5.7 billion in 1996.
Den største del af de uregistrerede transaktioner, som tidligere indgik under de finansielle poster som pri
The largest part of the unrecorded transactions, which
Siden overgangen begyndte, har der været en betydelig omlægning af handelen over mod de vestlige
The increase in unemployment has been particularly strong in areas dependent on single large plants or sectors.
Der er begyndt at blive indført ændringer i socialsikringsordningen, men det er nødvendigt med yderligere reformer, da underskuddene i socialsikringsfondene fortsætter med at stige.
However, the decrease is not matched by a similar increase in employment figures.
Det hovedområde, der trænger til at blive justeret, er pensionsordningen, som ikke blot belastes af udsigterne til en aldrende befolkning, men også af den meget lave lovbestemte pensionsalder og de fordelagtige muligheder for førtidspensionering. pensionering.
The official figures show that nearly 65% of employment is in the private sector.
markeder og i særdeleshed over mod EU.
been reduced to less than 2% of GDP.
Ændringen i handelen fandt hovedsagelig sted mel lem 1989 og 1993.1 1994 og 1995 medførte væk sten på de central- og østeuropæiske markeder, at deres andele i den polske handel voksede.
Enterprise support has recently re-emerged in the context of restructuring programmes, mainly for the coal sector and for toxic waste containment.
Eksporten til Central- og Østeuropa er desuden på det seneste begyndt at vokse hurtigere end Polens import fra dette område.
The importance of subsidies to enterprises in the government budget should therefore be expected to rise again.
EU er fortsat Polens langt vigtigste handelspartner, idet EU tegner sig for to tredjedele af eksporten. Eksporten til Tyskland udgør alene mere end en tredjedel af den samlede eksport.
Implicit subsidies in the form of tax and social security arrears have also not been completely eliminated and new exemptions are created by the establishment of free economic zones.
Myndighederne er gang på gang løbet ind i problemer, når de har forsøgt at udvide skattegrundlaget.
From 1992 onwards, the government was using an excess-wage tax and a lump sum tax on equity to control wages.
De små virksomheder tilskyndes ikke til at blive officielt registreret, bortset fra de situationer, hvor de tilbydes skattefritagelser eller skattely i form af frie industrizoner.
The excess-wage tax was abolished in April 1994, and a new and a more flexible system of wage control was approved by the president in July 1994, after having been vetoed earlier on.
Dette er forklaringen på, at selskabsskatternes andel i de samlede statsindtægter faldt på trods af en stærk stigning i virksomheder nes overskud.
Within the new system of collective bargaining, a Tripartite Commission sets ceilings for the quarter ly and yearly growth of real wages in firms with more than 50 employees.
Skatteunddragelse og skatterestancer skaber yderligere problemer for skatte-myndighederne. derne.
In principle, this allows the authorities some discretion in resisting full and automatic indexation.
Nedgangen i produktionen og omstruktureringen af virksomhederne resulterede i et betydeligt fald i beskæftigelsen.
The government is also making attempts to defer the automatic indexation of government wages, pensions and the economy-wide minimum wage to quarterly inflation.
Arbejdsløsheden voksede derfor og steg fra et ubetydeligt niveau i begyndelsen af 1990 til mere end 14% af arbejdsstyrken i 1994.
The success up to now is limited, and the system is still very much one of de facto indexation.
Stigningen i arbejdsløsheden har været særlig stærk i områder, der afhænger af et enkelt stort produktionsanlæg eller en enkelt sektor.
The move to a market economy is clearly intimately linked with privatization of Stateowned proper ty and the restructuring of production processes.
I 1996 begyndte den registrerede arbejdsløshed at falde og er nu nede på 12,4% (april 1997).
For the economy as a whole, it is estimated that 60% of GDP is generated in the private sector.
Faldet udlignedes imidlertid ikke af en tilsvarende stigning i beskæftigelsestallene.
The 'small-scale' privatization of retail, catering and service sectors was more or less completed between 1990 and 1992.
De officielle tal viser, at næsten 65 % af beskæftigelsen findes i den private sektor.
The 'large-scale' privatization, on the other hand, was slow to take off: to date, few of the large enterprises have actually completed the privatization process.
De samlede offentlige udgifter udgør omkring 50 % af BNP.
The private sector's share in the creation of industrial output reached 52% in 1996.
Subsidier til virksomheder, der i 1980'erne udgjorde en høj procentdel af de statslige udgifter, repræsenterede stadig 8 % af BNP i 1990.
Privatization is also slow in the energy and telecommunications sectors, and it is strongly resisted in the area of postal and transport services.
Egentlige subsidier på statsbudgettet er siden blevet reduceret til mindre end 2 % af BNP.
The process was given some impetus in 1995 with the launch of the mass privatization programme through the sale of vouchers.
På det seneste er der igen sket en stigning i støtten til virksomhederne inden for rammerne af omstruktureringsprogrammer, hovedsagelig i kulsektoren og i forbindelse med behandlingen af giftigt affald.
Fiscal reform was crucial as the role of government was redefined and the revenue sources changed. The reform of the tax system was radical and rapid: corporate and income tax and VAT were introduced by 1993.
Subsidiernes betydning på de offentlige budgetter kan derfor for ventes at øges igen.
Changes in the social security system have begun, but further reform is required as the deficits of social security funds continue to increase.
Implicitte subsidier i form af skatte- og socialsikringsrestancer er heller ikke fuldstændig blevet elimineret, og der skabes nye fritagelser som følge af etableringen af frie økonomiske zoner.
The main area in need of reform is the pension system, which is strained not only by the prospect of an ageing population but also by the low statutory retirement age and generous early retirement possibilities.
Fra 1992 indførte regeringen en lønstigningsskat og en lump sum-skat på egenkapitalen for at kon trollere lønningerne.
The relatively slow start of large-scale privatization does not mean that changes in the economy as a whole have not taken place; indeed some large enterprises have succeeded in restructuring to a certain extent while being State-owned.
Lønstigningsskatten blev afskaffet i april 1994, og præsidenten godkendte en ny og mere fleksibel lønkontrolordning i juli 1994, efter at den tidligere var blevet nedstemt.
But the expansion of the private sector has to a large extent come from the birth of new enterprises.
Inden for rammerne af den nye ordning for kollektive over enskomster fastsætter en trepartskommission lofter for den kvartalsvise og årlige stigning i reallønningerne i firmaer med mere end 50 ansatte.
This was made possible by the liberal rules on establishing businesses, modest tax incentives, decentralized trade policy and currency convertibility.
Dette giver i princippet myndighederne visse muligheder for at modstå fuld og automatisk indeksering.
All this meant businesses could start up with only small amounts of capital, thus side-stepping the problems of high interest rates and the shortage of bank credits.
Regeringen er også ved at gøre forsøg med at foretage automatisk indeksering af offentlige lønninger, pensioner og den generelle mindsteløn på grundlag af de kvartalsvise inflationstal.
There is little incentive for the smaller firms to be officially registered, except when they are offered tax exemptions or tax shelters in the form of free enterprise zones.
Succesen har hidtil været begrænset, og ordningen minder stadigvæk meget om en de facto-indeksering.
This is the reason why, despite a sharp rise in enterprise profits, the share of corporate taxes in total government revenue dropped.
De offentlige finanser
Total government expenditure is about 50% of GDP.
Skattereformen var meget afgørende, da regeringsrollen blev omdefineret, og indtægtskilderne blev ændret.
Subsidies to firms, which in the 1980s formed a high percentage of government expenditure, still constituted 8% of GDP in 1990.
Reformen af skattesystemet var radikal og hurtig, idet der blev indført selskabs- og ind
Explicit subsidies in the government budget have since
For øko nomien som helhed anslås det, at 60 % af BNP skabes i den private sektor.
The speed of restructuring depends in part on the access to financing for new investment.
Den »lille« privatisering inden for detailhandel, restaurationsbranchen og tjenestesektorerne var stort set gennemført mellem 1990 og 1992.
This can be accumulated through retained earnings or borrowed domestically, acquired through sales of shares or brought in from abroad.
Den »store« privatisering kom deri mod langsomt i gang, således at privatiseringsprocessen først er helt afsluttet for ganske få store virksomheder. Den private sektors andel i industriproduktionen udgjorde 52% i 1996.
Because of the slow privatization of large enterprises, the borrowing from enter prises abroad has been rather limited, but foreign direct investment has recently begun to flow into Poland as opportunities for investment expanded.
nikation, og der er stærk modstand inden for postog transporttjenester. Der var en vis fremdrift i pro cessen i 1995 med lanceringen af masseprivatiseringsprogrammet via kuponsalg.
Indeed, the spread between interest rates on loans and deposits decreased from 12.5 percentage points in 1991 to around 8 points in 1996.
samlede aktiver udgjorde 198 mia. PLZ. dvs. omkring 57 % af BNP.
Total assets of banks reached PLZ 198 billion, i.e. around 57% of GDP.
Ved udgangen af 1996 ejede staten lidt under 50 % af forretningsbankernes samlede aktiekapital.
At the end of 1996, the State held just below 50% of the total share capital of the commercial banks.
Samtidig voksede den uden landsk ejede andel til lidt under 30 %.
At the same time, foreign share ownership had increased to just below 30%.
Staten kon trollerede aktiemajoriteten i 24 banker, mens 32 andre blev kontrolleret af polske aktionærer.
The State controlled a majority of the shares in 24 banks, whereas 32 others were controlled by Polish shareholders.
Regeringens politik er at fremme tilstedeværelsen af udenlandske banker via stiftelse af aktieselskaber eller via erhvervelse af aktier i polske banker. Begrundelsen for denne politik er, at det vil støtte privatiseringsprocessen og også styrke banksektorens kapitalgrundlag.
The government policy is to favour the presence of foreign banks through the creation of joint stock companies or by taking up shares in Polish banks.
Men ekspansionen i den private sektor skyldes i vid udstrækning fremkomsten af nye virksomheder.
Poland has a relatively young population with high literacy rates.
Grundlaget for denne udvikling var de liberale regler om etablering af virksomheder, beskedne skatteincitamenter, en decentraliseret handelspolitik og valutakonvertibilitet.
During the 1970s, there was a significant migration from rural to urban areas.
Alt dette betød, at virksomhederne kunne starte op med en beskeden kapitalmængde og således komme uden om problemerne med høje rentesatser og knaphed på banklån.
Life expectancy rates are improving, although they remain below the EU average.
I perioden 1993-1995 er der kun blevet privatiseret fire af de ni statsejede, såkaldte regionale forretningsbanker, der opstod efter opløsningen af Polens nationalbank.
During 1993-95, only four of the nine State-owned, socalled regional commercial banks which emerged from the break-up of the NBP were privatized.
I øjeblikket er endnu en bank ved at blive privatiseret, mens de resterende fire skal privatiseres i 1998.
Currently one further bank is being privatized, while the remaining four are to be privatized in 1998.
Af de fem største landsdækkende polske banker er kun én blevet fuldstændig privatiseret og en anden er i øjeblikket ved at blive privatiseret.
On the other hand, out of the five largest Polish banks operating at a national level only one has been fully privatized and a second is currently under privatization.
Indlånsmarkedet domineres af de ni regionale banker og de fem store banker.
The deposits market is dominated by these nine regional banks and the big five banks.
Lånemarkedet er mindre koncentreret.
The loans market is less concentrated.
En indikator på utilstrækkelig konkurrence i bank sektoren er forskellen mellem indlåns- og udlånsrentesatserne, som fortsat er meget stor, da banker ne stadigvæk har problemer med dårlige lån.
One indicator of inadequate competition in the banking sector is the spread between deposit and credit interest rates which remains quite large, as banks still have a bad loans problems.
Den samlede andel af dårlige lån udgjorde næsten 6 % ved udgangen af 1996.
The total share of bad loans stood just below 6% at the end of 1996.
De fleste banklån har en løbetid på op til et år.
Since it is estimated by the NBP that less
Ved udgangen af 1996 blev 106 selskaber handlet med en markedsværdi på omkring 6,8 mia. ECU. Andre
More than one third of the population, and 65% of the work ing population, has followed at least secondary education.
Siden er der sket en ganske hurtig udvikling i banksektoren.
About 10% of the labour force has a university education.
Mellem 1991 og udgangen af 1996 skete der store ændringer i banksystemet.
At present, approximately 96% of children continue their education at secondary school level.
blev uddelt 26 millioner kuponer, og priserne på det sekundære marked er steget stærkt.
Regional and sectoral differences bership of the Union, the functioning market is the internal market.
dedele af joint ventures var registreret i de ti førende »amter«.
After 1990, regional policy has remained weak in spite of the devolution of some authority and financial responsibilities to local government, including the larger cities.
Statsobligationerne dominerer aktiviteten på obligationsmarkedet, idet markedet for virksomhedsobligationer ikke er særlig udviklet.
On the one hand, Poland needs to be capable of taking on the economic obligations of membership, in such a way that the single market functions smoothly and fairly.
Pengemarkedet er i sin vorden, selv om markedets størrelse og likviditeten er øget i de seneste år.
In their absence, competitive pressures are likely to be considered too intense by some sections of society, and there will be a call for protective measures, which, if implemented, would undermine the single market.
Den økonomiske og sociale udvikling
One third of all joint ventures were located in the voivodship of Warsaw and more than three quarters of the joint ventures were registered in the 10 leading voivodships.
Arbejdsløshed er i høj grad et regionalt problem.
Unemployment is very much a regional issue.
I nogle områder i den nordlige del af Polen ligger arbejdsløsheden så højt som på 30 %, mens den kun er 5 % i Warszawa-området.
In some areas in the northern part of Poland, unemployment is as high as 30%, whereas it is as low as 5% in the area of Warsaw.
Arbejdsmarkedet er klart strammere i byområder som Warszawa, Katowice og Lodz.
The labour market is clearly tighter in the city regions of Warsaw, Katowice and Lodz.
Dette gælder særlig den del af befolkningen, der har en postgymnasial uddannelse eller en erhvervsuddannelse på sekundærtrinnet.
This applies in particular to the part of the population with post-secondary or secondary vocational training.
I de mere landlige områder er arbejdsløsheden fortsat stigende.
In more rural areas, unemployment is still increasing.
I 1970'erne var der en betydelig vandring fra landdistrikter til byområder.
These aspects are examined in later chapters.
Den forventede levetid er stigende, men ligger fortsat lavere end EU-gennemsnittet.
At the level of individual firms, the impact on their competitive ness of adopting the acquis depends on their capacity to adapt to the new economic environment.
Det Europæiske Råd i København i 1993 fastsatte, hvilke betingelser de associerede lande i Centralog Østeuropa skal opfylde for at blive medlemmer af EU.
The European Council in Copenhagen in 1993 defined the conditions that the associated countries in Central and Eastern Europe need to satisfy for accession.
De økonomiske kriterier er:
The economic criteria are:
D en fungerende markedsøkonomi
D the existence of a functioning market economy;
D evne til at klare konkurrencepresset og markeds kræfterne i Unionen.
D the capacity to cope with competitive pressure and market forces within the Union.
Disse kriterier er indbyrdes afhængige. For det første vil en fungerende markedsøkonomi bedre kunne klare konkurrencepresset.
These criteria are linked.
For det andet er det fungerende marked i forbindelse med medlem skab af EU det indre marked.
Secondly, in the context of mem
forklaringerne på, at overgangsprocessen har været så dynamisk.
A consistent implementation of the Europe Agreement — to the letter as well as in spirit — should help to counter such pressure.
fysisk kapital, især infrastruktur.
lished by the free interplay of market forces.
Hvis disse forhold ikke er til stede, vil konkurrencepresset efter al sandsynlighed blive opfattet som for intenst i visse dele af samfundet, og der vil lyde krav om protektionistiske foranstaltninger, som, hvis de blev gen nemført, ville trække tæppet væk under det indre marked.
A mar ket economy is functioning when the legal system, including the regulation of property rights, is in place and can be enforced. The performance of a market economy is facilitated and improved by macroeconomic stability and a degree of consensus about the essentials of economic policy.
Udfordringen for de polske myndigheder er at bringe denne grå zone frem i lyset og at gøre den til en del af den officielle økonomi.
The Polish economy is functioning as a market economy, although much scope exists for further development.
For at tilvejebringe en legalisering af sorte aktiviteter skal virksomhederne tilskyndes til at lade sig registrere hos myndighederne og til at betale skatter.
In particular, the housing and land markets are underdeveloped.
Det er ikke til strækkeligt at gøre skatteopkrævningssystemet tvunget og gøre det attraktivt for firmaerne at lade sig registrere ved at tilbyde skattelempelser.
Even under the Communist regime, part of the Polish economy was functioning as a market economy, though rely ing primarily on a form of barter trade.
Et ansøgerlands evne og vilje til at tilslutte sig og gennemføre EU's regelværk har afgørende betydning, fordi omkostningerne og fordelene ved at gøre det kan være ulige fordelt over tid og på erhvervssektorer og samfundsgrupper.
The agricultural sector was never completely collectivized and there always existed an informal network of underground businesses.
Med undtagelse af visse energipriser og i et vist omfang huslejer og lægemiddelpriser er de fleste priser i Polen markedsbestemte og ikke længere offentligt administreret.
The policy framework for maintaining macroeconomic stability in Poland is largely in place.
Prissætningen på kulmarkedet forvrides, fordi kulminerne fortsat får lov til at operere på et tabsgivende grundlag.
Monetary policy is skilfully handled and fiscal restraint has received priority in the latest versions of government plans.
Regeringen intervenerer aktivt på markederne for landbrugsprodukter og levnedsmidler, som udgør en væsentlig del af forbruget. Denne intervention består i prisstøtte og andre garantier.
One difficulty is that the composition of government revenues has shifted dramatically from corporate taxes to VAT and per sonal income tax.
For de offentlige myndigheder kræver EU-medlemskab administrativ og retlig kapacitet til at omsætte og gennemføre den brede vifte af teknisk lovgivning, der er nødvendig for at fjerne hindringerne for den frie bevægelighed inden for EU og derved sikre det indre markeds funktion. Disse aspekter behandles i senere kapitler.
Another problem is that the outlays on pensions and benefits have increased sharply due to indexation mechanisms. Performing the double act of reducing inflation and the budget deficit is difficult.
For den enkelte virksomhed er virkningen for konkurrenceevnen af at tilslutte sig EU's regelværk afhængig af dens evne til at tilpasse sig de nye økonomiske forhold.
It has also put forward proposals to link the capitalization of new pension funds to the privatization of State enter prises, which should ease pressure on the social security funds in the longer term.