natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Elevtallet har været faldende siden midten af '70­erne.
The number of pupils has been on the decline since the middle of the 1970s.
Den faktiske såvel som den procentvise andel af elever, der går i privatskoler, har været stigende i hele perioden.
The actual as well as the percentage proportion of
Elevgrundlaget (ungdomsårgangene) har været faldende siden midten af '8 0erne.
The student basis (i.e. the youth cohorts) has been on the decline since the middle of the 1980s.
Folkeskolen
The Folkeskole
Fordeling på køn
Distribution on sex
Folkeskolen
%-female
Antal elever i klasserne
Number of pupils per class
Folkeskolen ­ Niveau 0/1/2 Antallet af elever i en folkeskoleklasse må ikke overstige 28.
The Folkeskole - levels 0/1/2 The number of pupils per class in the Folkeskole must not exceed 28.
I praksis er klasserne mindre, betydeligt mindre.
In practice, the classes are smaller - considerably smaller.
Gennemsnits­tallet var i 1990/91 på 18.2 elever/klasse, mindre end de fleste myndigheder bryder sig om.
The average number in 1990/91 was 18.2 pupils per class - less than most school authorities like.
21­22 elever/klasse opfattes som et ideelt tal både økonomisk og pædagogisk.
21-22 pupils per class are considered to be an ideal figure both financially and pedagogically.
Gymnasiet og hf ­ Niveau 3 Fastsættelsen af den maksimale klassekvotient er efter den nye gymnasielov blevet overdraget til gymnasiets bestyrelses ansvarsområde.
The Gymnasium and HF - level 3 According to the new act on the Gymnasium, the responsibility for the fixing of the maximum teacher/pupil ratio has been delegated to the board of governors of the Gymnasium.
I skoleåret 90/91 var der dog stadig em maximal­størrelse på 28.
In the school year 1990/91, the maximum size of a class was however still 28.
I gymnasiet var den gennemsnitlige klassestørrelse på 23.86, i
In the Gymnasium, the average size of a class was 23.86; at the HF-courses, it was 24.58 - which gave a total average t/p-ratio of 1/24.
Grunduddannelsen i 1989 - niveau 0/1/2 I alt 62.700 = 46.500 årsværk.
A total of 62,700 = 46,500 full-time equivalents.
Udviklingen i antal elever pr. lærer niveau 0/1/2
Development in the number of pupils per teacher at levels 0/1/2
Gymnasiet og hf i 1989 - niveau 3
The Gymnasium and HF in 1989 - level 3
I alt 8400 = 7925 årsværk.
A total of 8400 = 7925 full-time equivalents
Udviklingen i antal elever pr. lærer i gymn/hf
Development in the number of students per teacher at level 3
Undervisningen er gratis på alle offentlige institutioner på alle niveauer.
The teaching is free of charge at all public institutions and at all levels.
Udgifterne til grundskolen udgør den største andel med 41% - forholdsvis meget i forhold til andre OECD-lande.
The expenditure for the basic school constitutes the largest part with 41% - which is a relatively large part compared with other OECD-countries.
Folkeskolen
Page 18
På grundskoleniveau dækker de offentlige myndigheder alle nødvendige udgifter til driften af skolerne og til undervis­ningsmidler, ­materialer og ­aktiviteter.
developed rather differently from one part of the education system to the other.
I folkeskolen er antallet af elever faldet markant, men de samlede udgifter er ikke fulgt med, så udgiften pr. elev har været konstant stigende.
In the Folkeskole, the number of pupils has declined significantly, but the total expenditure has not followed suit, so the expenditure per pupil continued to be on the increase.
Den samlede standardglidning i perio­den 1985­89 er beregnet til at have kostet 3.5 mia. DKK (i 1989 priser), penge kommunerne kunne have sparet, hvis udgifterne pr. elev var fastholdt på samme niveau som i 1985.
The total standard drift in the period from 1985 to 1989 is estimated to have cost 3.5 billion DKK (in 1989-prices), money which the municipalities could have saved, if the expenditure per pupil had been maintained at the same level as in 1985.
Det omtalte merforbrug på folkeskoleområdet knytter sig alene til udgifter til lærerlønninger, mens øvrige driftudgifter pr. årselev er reduceret i '8 0erne.
The mentioned additional consumption in the Folkeskole area only attaches to the expenditure incurred in relation to teacher salaries, whereas the other operational expenditure per pupil per year has been reduced in the 1980s.
Elevtallet falder yderligere frem til 1995, hvorefter det igen begynder at stige.
The number of pupils will decline additionally up to 1995, whereupon it will again begin to increase.
Fastholdes ressourceforbruget pr. elev på 1989 niveau vil der kunne spares 13 mia. DKK på folkeskoleom­rådet.
If the resource consumption per pupil is maintained at the 1989-level, 13 billion DKK will be saved in the Folkeskole area.
Gymnasiet og hf
The Gymnasium and HF
På gymnasieområdet er antallet af elever faldet markant.
In the area of general upper secondary education, the number of students has declined significantly.
Kapacitetstilpasningen har medført en samling af undervisningen på færre og større enheder, således at de gennemsnitlige driftudgifter er faldet.
The capacity adjustment has led to a concentration of the teaching on fewer and larger units, which in turn has led to a decrease in the average operational expenditure.
I 1987 var udgiften pr. elev (regnet i 1990­niveau) 47.164 DKK, mens udgiften i 1990 var faldet til 45.936 DKK
In 1987, the expenditure per student (in 1990prices) was 47,164 DKK, whereas the expenditure in 1990 had fallen to 45,936 DKK.
Pengene til gymnasie­ og hf­undervisning fordeles efter en timestyringsordning, der sikrer en vis mindstestandard på hver
The funds allocated to the Gymnasium and HF are distributed according to a lesson management system which ensures a certain minimum standard at each institution both with regard to the offer of subjects and the extent of the teaching.
De amtskommunale skoler modtager ikke statstilskud, men kommunerne modtager et bloktilskud fra staten.
The county institutions do not receive any Government grants, but the municipalities receive a block grant from the State.
I 1990 udgjorde driftsudgiften på de amtskommunale gymnasier pr. elev 45.936 DKK
In 1990, the operational expenditure per student at the county Gymnasia was 45,936 DKK.
De private uddannelsesinstitutioner
Private educational institutions
Disse modtager et tilskud fra staten; tilskuddet i 1990 ud gjorde 37.528 DKK pr elev.
Private educational institutions receive a Government grant. In 1990, this grant amounted to 37,528 DKK per pupil/student.
UNDERVISNINGENS INDHOLD
THE CONTENT OF THE TEACHING
Undervisningsministeriet fastlægger grænserne for hvor mange lektioner eleverne må og skal have pr. uge på forskellige klassetrin.
The Ministry of Education lays down a limit to how many lessons the pupils may and must have per week at the different form levels. 1st-2nd forms: max.
1.-2. klasse max. 20 timer, 3.-6. klasse 22-27 timer/uge og 8 10. klasse 28-34 timer/uge.
20 lessons/week, 3rd-6th forms: 22-27 lessons/week, and 8th-10th forms: 28-34 lessons/week.
Skema over fagene på klassetrin er vedlagt.
A table of the subjects taught at the different form levels is enclosed.
< < her er skemaet
TABLE OF SUBJECTS TO BE INSERTED HERE
Der tilbydes eleverne afsluttende prøver på to niveauer efter 9. eller 10. klasse. Folkeskolens Afgangsprøve efter 9. klasse og 10. klasse og folkeskolens Udvidede Afgangsprøve efter 10. klasse.
The pupils are offered final examinations at two levels after the 9th and 10th year: the Leaving Examination of the Folkeskole after the 9th and 10th form and the Advanced Leaving Examination of the Folkeskole after the 10th form.
Prøvefagene er dansk, regning/matematik, fremmedsprog og fysik/kemi.
The examination subjects are Danish, arithmetic/mathematics, foreign languages and physics/chemistry.
For at sikre et ensartet niveau fastlægger Undervisningsministeriet rammerne for afholdelse af både de mundtlige og skriftlige prøver, og de skriftlige prøver udformes og bedømmes centralt i Undervisningsministeriet.
In order to ensure a consistent level, the Ministry of Education lays down the framework for the organisation of both the oral and the written examinations, and the written examinations are drawn up and assessed centrally in the Ministry of Education.
Det er frivilligt for eleverne, om de vil gå til prøve.
It is up to the pupils to decide whether they want to sit for these examinations.
Beslutning herom tages normalt efter samråd med forældre og lærere.
Decisions to this effect are normally taken upon consultation of parents and teachers.
Undervisningsministeriet fastlægger, hvor mange lektioner eleverne har pr. uge på forskellige klassetrin. l.g 32 timer, 2.g 31-32 timer og 3.g klasse 31-32 timer/uge.
The Ministry of Education lays down the number of lessons which the students shall have per week at the different form levels. 1st year: 32 lessons, 2nd year: 3132 lessons, and 3rd year: 3132 lessons per week.
Gymnasiet er opdelt i 2 linier, den sproglige og den matemati ske.
The Gymnasium is divided into two lines: a languages and a mathematics line.
Eksamen kan tages i et tre-årigt gymnasieforløb, et to-årigt studenterkursusforløb eller som enkeltfagsstudentereksamen.
The upper secondary school leaving examination may be taken after the 3-year Gymnasium, a 2year adult upper secondary course or on a single-subject basis.
En samlet studentereksamen omfatter undervisning i de obligatoriske fag samt i 1 valgfag i 2.g og 3 valgfag i 3.g. Hertil kommer en større skriftlig opgave.
A full upper secondary school leaving examination comprises instruction in the obligatory subjects as well as in one optional subject in the 2nd year and 3 optional subjects in the 3rd year.
Obligatoriske fag: Følgende fag er fælles for begge linier: idræt, dansk, historie, religion, biologi, oldtidskundskab,
Obligatory subjects The following subjects are common to the two lines: Physical education and sport, Danish, history, religious education, biology, classical studies, visual arts, continuation language, geography, music.
2g musik beg eng 4 natur 3 spr 4 lat 3 3 fort bio spr 4 3 idr 2 dan 3 hist 3 ig fortsættersprog er tysk eller fransk begyndersprog er enten fransk, tysk, spansk, italiensk eller russisk.
Continuation languages are German or Beginner languages are French, German, Russian.
2 bio 4 3 musik eng 3 4 ig sprog 2 er enten fortsættersprog (tysk eller fransk) eller begyndersprog (spansk, italiensk eller russisk)
Language 2 is either a continuation language (German or French) or a beginner language (Spanish, Italian or Russian).
Valgfag: Valgfagene findes på højt og på mellemniveau.
Optional subjects: The optional subjects can be taken at high and at intermediate level.
Fælles for begge linier: Samfundsfag, musik, engelsk, tysk, fransk, spansk, italiensk, russisk.
Common to both lines are: Social studies, Music, English, German, French, Spanish, Italian, Russian.
Kun på sproglig linie: Latin, græsk.
Only in the languages line: Latin, Greek.
Forår '92
The HF
Kun på matematisk linie: Matematik, fysik, kemi, biologi.
The Ministry of Education lays down the number of lessons the students must have per year in the individual subjects.
Der vælges 4 valgfag individuelt af hver elev.
The HF (Higher Preparatory Examination) can be taken either as a 2year course or on a single-subject basis.
Der skal vælges mindst to fag på højt niveau - for sproglige elever gælder, at mindst et af højniveaufagene skal være et fremmedsprog.
A full examination consists of the common core subjects, three optional subjects and a major written assignment.
Derudover vælges der mellemniveaufag blandt følgende: samfundsfag, geografi, biologi, datalogi, teknikfag, erhvervsøkonomi, filosofi, dramatik, musik, idræt, billedkunst, filmog tv-kundskab, design.
Common core subjects: Visual arts, biology, Danish, English, French continuation language, physics/chemistry, geography, history, physical education and sport, mathematics, music, religious education, social studies, German continuation language.
Kun på sproglig linie: latin, matematik, fysik, kemi.
Optional subjects at common core level: Biology, physics/chemistry, geography.
Desuden undervises der i NIT.
The students also receive instruction in NIT.
Undervisningsministeriet fastlægger, hvor mange lektioner eleverne har pr. år. i de enkelte fag.
In 1984, more than 90% of the pupils attended school for more than the compulsory 9 years.
En samlet eksamen består af fællesfagene, tre tilvalgsfag og en større skriftlig opgave.
Some continued in the 10th form of the Folkeskole, some started on a vocational education and
Tilvalgsfag på fællesfagsniveau: biologi, fysik.kemi, geografi
The number of pupils continuing in the Gymnasium after the Folkeskole has been on the increase since the 1950s.
Desuden undervises der i NIT.
In 1950, approx.
I 1984 gik mere end 90% af eleverne i skole i mere end de pligtige 9 år.
6% of a Folkeskole year-group went on to the Gymnasium.
I 1950 gik ca. 6% af en folkeskoleårgang videre i gymnasiet, i 1987 var tallet steget til næsten 40% (GYM og HF).
In 1987, this figure had increased to almost 40% (Gymnasium and HF).
UDDANNELSESPOLITIK
EDUCATIONAL POLICY
Det danske skolesystem har altid været et decentralt system, hvor beslutning om indhold i undervisningen tages på det lokale plan.
The Danish school system has always been a decentralized system, where decisions regarding the content of the teaching are taken at local level.
Det gøres inden for rammerne af centralt fastsatte love.
These decisions are taken within the framework of acts laid down at central level.
I almindelighed fastsætter Folketinget de overordnede formål for de forskellige uddannelser.
As a rule, the Danish Parliament (the Folketing) lays down the overall aims of the different courses of education.
Den centrale administration af uddannelserne og fastlæggelse af mål for de enkelte fag/emner
The responsibility for the central administration of the courses and the fixing of the aims of the individual subjects/topics lies in the Ministry of Education, but it is the local authorities and the schools that decide how these aims can be achieved.
Omfattende reformer og ændringer i '8 0erne har betydet, at statslig detailstyring er blevet afløst af en overordnet målog rammestyring.
in a great number of areas from the Ministry of Education to the municipal school authorities and further out to the individual schools.
Hver Folkeskole har sin egen skolebestyrelse på normalt 57 personer, valgt af forældre til børn i skolen, to lærere, to elever og skolens ledelse.
Each Folkeskole has its own school board consisting normally of 57 members elected from among parents of children enrolled at the school, two teachers, two pupils and the school management.
Udvikling i retning af selvstyre har i folkeskolen bevirket, at forældres og elevers indflydelse på skolens undervisning og daglige drift er blevet styrket væsentligt.
In the Folkeskole, a development in the direction of autonomy has resulted in a considerable strengthening of the influence of parents and pupils on the teaching and the day-today running of the school.
Den danske gymnasieskole har tradition for ensartethed, således at en studenter- eller hf-eksamen kan være et entydigt udtryk for uddannelsens indhold og elevens kundskabsmæssige baggrund.
The Danish upper secondary school is traditionally characterized by consistency, which means that an upper secondary school leaving examination or a higher preparatory examination may appear as an unequivocal expression of the content of the course and the knowledge acquired by the student.
Beslutningen om indholdet i undervisningen tages derfor af Folketinget, og Undervisningsministeren sikrer den opfølgende udfyldning af det faglige og pædagogiske indhold.
Decisions regarding the content of the teaching are therefore taken by the Parliament, and the Minister of Education guarantees the subsequent elaboration of the subjectrelated and pedagogical content.
Den centrale administration af uddannelserne og fastlæggelse af
Part of the control has furthermore been delegated to the boards of the individual educational institutions and to the users of the education system.
I gymnasieskolen har den ændrede styrelseslov betydet, at ansvaret på en lang række områder er blevet uddelegeret fra Undervisningsministeriet til amterne (skoleejerne) og herfra videre til den enkelte skole.
has been delegated from the Ministry of Education to the counties (the school owners) and from there on to the individual schools.
Hvert gymnasium/hf­kursus har en bestyrelse på typisk 9 perso­ner, bestående af repræsentanter for amtsrådet, kommunalbe­styrelserne i skolens opland, forældre til elever i skolen, medarbejdere og elever, samt eventuelt andre grupper repræsen­tanter for virksomheder/institutioner i lokalområdet.
Each gymnasium/HF-course has a board consisting typically of 9 members representing the county council, the municipal councils in the local area of the school, parents of students at the school, staff and students as well as firms/institutions in the local area.
Repræsen­tanterne for personale og elever må ikke have flertal i be­styrelsen.
The staff and student representatives must not have a majority on the board.
Skolens leder er tilforordnet bestyrelsen uden stemmeret.
The head of the school is sitting on the board in a non voting capacity.
Mål­ og rammestyring gennemføres dels ved at reformere økono­mistyringen med et såkaldt "taxameter­system" for bevillinger, dels ved en mål­ og rammestyring af uddannelsernes indhold og tilrettelæggelse.
Target and framework control is being implemented partly by reforming the system of financial control with a socalled "taximeter system" for appropriations and partly by introducing a system of target and framework control of the content and organization of the courses.
ØKONOMISTYRING
FINANCIAL CONTROL
Folkeskolen
The Gymnasium
For folkeskolen blev det med en ændring styrelsesloven i 1990 understreget, at kommunalbestyrelsen bør tildele den enkelte skole en økonomisk ramme, som den selv kan disponere over, så den økonomiske og pædagogiske selvforvaltning kan fremmes.
It is an explicit intention of the administration act that the individual institution should itself have disposal of a total grant in order to boost the financial self-management of the institution in question.
Af styrelsesreglerne fremgår det udtrykkeligt, at kommunalbe­styrelsen skal give den enkelte skolebestyrelse mulighed for at foretage en vis prioritering mellem de tildelte midler og timer.
It should be possible for the individual school board to make certain priorities of its own between the allocated funds.
Det nærmere omfang af både den økonomiske og pædagogiske decentralisering besluttes dog af kommunalbestyrelsen.
The more detailed extent of the competence of the school board is laid down by the county council.
Det er en udtrykkelig intention i styrelsesloven, at den enkelte institution selv bør disponere over en samlet bevilling, så den økonomiske selvforvaltning kan fremmes.
In the area of primary and lower secondary education, the Ministry of Education issues curriculum guidelines and teaching guides for the individual subjects, but they are only to be considered as guidelines.
Den enkelte skolebestyrelse mulighed for at foretage en vis prioritering mellem de tildelte midler.
The schools are free to draw up their own curricula, as long as they meet the aims of the subjects laid down by the Ministry of Education.
Det nærmere omfang af bestyrelsens beføjelser fastsættes af amtsrådet.
It is however still most common that the schools choose to follow the curricula proposed at central level.
MÅL­ OG RAMMESTYRING
The Gymnasium and HF
Uddannelsernes og fagenes mål tydeliggøres fra centralt hold.
The aims of the courses of study and the aims of the subjects are laid down at central level.
På folkeskoleområdet udsender Undervisningsministeriet læsepla­ner og undervisningsvejledninger for de enkelte fag, men de skal alene opfattes som vejledende.
The Ministry of Education draws up regulations and curriculum guidelines for the individual subjects.
De skal bare leve op til de formål for fagene, som Undervisningsministeriet har fastlagt.
The oral examinations are conducted by the subjectteachers of the students under the supervision of a centrally appointed external examiner.
Det er dog stadigvæk mest almindeligt, at skolerne vælger at følger de centralt foreslåede læseplaner.
The fixing of the mark is made by the teacher and the external examiner.
Uddannelsernes og fagenes mål fastsættes centralt.
At the same time, there was a development in the labour market - more and more people were directly occupied with NIT-topics, and even more people were affected by NIT-applications in their places of work.
Undervisningsministeriet udarbejder bekendtgørelser og under­visningsvejledninger for de enkelte fag.
In 1966, a number of the main labour market organizations agreed to set up the Edp Inservice Training Council of Trade and Industry - the socalled "Edp Council" -which was to work for the promotion of courses in electronic data processing both in connection with the training of NIT-specialists and the retraining of staff employed in the industrial sector.
Det ensartede faglige niveau sikres ved, at eksamensopgaver i de skriftlige fag udarbejdes centralt og bedømmes af centralt udpegede censorer.
The Edp Council started a long series of reports which a.o. contained proposals for formalized NIT-courses.
De mundtlige prøver foretages af elevernes lærere under over­værelse af en centralt udpeget censor.
The series of reports was discussed a great deal, and an apparent need arose for the public authorities to keep an eye on the development in the education sector.
Karakterfastsættelsen foretages af læreren og censor.
In 1970, the Minister of Education set up a committee on NIT in education which a.o. was to become extremely important for the Folkeskole.
Igangværende udvikling
The committee submitted its report in 1972.
Initiativer, der er taget for at indføre NIT i skolerne
Informatics, a new subject area
I slutningen af 60'erne begyndte undervisningsaktiviteter på NIT­området på højere læreranstalter at få afsmittende virkning på undervisningen i folkeskolen og gymnasiet.
The committee therefore had to delimit the discipline by laying down the aims, interest fields and methods of the subject.
De første forsøg blev gennemført i matematiktimerne, og NIT­kapaciteten bestod som regel af programmerbare bordkalkulatorer.
It was the aim to contribute to bringing about better communication and better problemsolving.
Samtidig udviklede forholdene sig på arbejdsmarkedet ­flere og flere mennesker beskæftigede sig direkte med NIT­emner, og endnu flere blev berørt af NIT­anvendelser på ar­bejdspladsen.
The interest fields of informatics were defined as those processes in social life where computers are of decisive importance to the course of these processes, and the methods of informatics were characterized by formalization, representation, transformation and communication.
I 1966 aftalte en række af erhvervslivets hoved­organisationer at danne erhvervslivets edb­efteruddannelsesråd ­ kaldet "Edb­rådet" ­ der skulle arbejde for at fremme uddan­nelsen i elektronisk databehandling både i forbindelse med uddannelse af NIT­specialister og omskoling af erhvervslivets medarbejdere.
The committee thus did not limit itself to the computer and its applications but noted that "informatics will also as a school subject focus on communication and problem-solving."
Rapportserien blev diskuteret meget, og der opstod et tydeligt behov for, at det offentlige på en eller anden måde måtte have hånd i hanke med udviklingen i undervisningssektoren.
It is extraordinary that the committee chose an aim which was meant to cover as different school forms as the Folkeskole, the Gymnasium, universities, vocational schools etc.
I 197 0 nedsatte undervisningsministeren et udvalg vedr. NIT­undervisningen, der fik afgørende betydning for bl.a. for folkeskolen.
It was the opinion of the Johnsen-committee that informatics as a school subject could also contribute to promoting the aims of the Folkeskole, and they therefore submitted a proposal of introducing the subject into the Folkeskole.