natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Forpligtelser og undtagelser fra mestbegunstigelsesprincippet men udviklingslandene og overgangsøkonomierne, hvoraf de største er vigtige potentielle markeder, har ikke gjort indrømmelser.
Faced with competition from the major US producers, the European film industry has undergone a dramatic decline, and in response governments have set up various support schemes for European productions.
Audiovisuelle tjenesteydelser
Construction activities account for up to 10% of GDP in the industrialized countries, and often much less in the developing countries.
Kun tolv lande påtog sig forpligtelser i den audiovisuelle sektor.
The EU is the largest construction market in the world, and about one third larger than the USA.
USA gjorde lige som New Zealand betydelige indrømmelser og gjorde ikke nogen undtagelser fra mest begunstigelsesprincippet, selvom landet har begrænsninger på ejendomsretten til radio- og fjernsynssendere.
Transnational business operations amount to only about 5% of the construction volume of the EU.
EU indgik ingen forpligtelser og gjorde betydelige MFN-undtagelser, der dækkede alle aspekter af dens politikker.
Some 160 US and EU construction firms account for 85% of the world market for projects, split — USA 49% and EU 36%.
Nogle få andre lande gjorde mestbegunstigelsesundtagelser for at beskytte samproduktionsaftaler og begrænsede regionale udsendelser.
The EU is a major market for US firms, and EU firms are strong in Africa, the Middle East, and Asia.
GATS-disciplinerne rejser særlige spørgsmål for den audiovisuelle sektor.
The EU failed to obtain recognition in the GATS of the special nature of audiovisual products.
Denne rolle blev allerede i 1947 erkendt af GATT, der tillod regeringer at indføre nationale filmkvoter.
Because the audiovisual sector is included in the GATS, the EU chose not to make any commitments for market access.
Kun få lande gjorde brug af denne mulighed, og de fleste restriktioner er blevet afskaffet i tidens løb.
As a result, the EU is free to regulate this sector, including the market access conditions.
Kun tre lande (herunder USA) påtog sig forpligtelser i forbindelse med nye teknologier i udsendelsen eller teledistributionen af audiovisuelle tjenester.
Successful firms have mastery in organization skills as well as advanced technology and computer-aided design.
Spørgsmål, der opstår som følge af denne udvikling, vil sandsynligvis spille en stor rolle i fremtidige forhandlinger.
Countries that are strong in consultancy, design services, technology and organizational know-how will also have a comparative advantage in construction.
Tjenesteydelser på bygge- og anlægsområdet
For this reason it is vital that the liberalization of construction services proceeds together with the liberalization of related activities and sectors.
Med fremkomsten af fjernsynet som et vigtigt marked for audiovisuelle produkter har landene reguleret dette medie.
There are formally no more negotiations outstanding at the multilateral level until the next round in five years time.
I EU garanterer fjernsynsdirektivet europæiske program mers frie cirkulation under forudsætning af opfyldelse af de krav om minimumssendetid, som de fleste europæiske produktioner er underlagt.
Intensive discussions in the TRIPs negotiations failed to solve the problems over levies on blank tapes and recording equipment, so the status quo on national treatment under the Berne Convention continues.
Over for konkurrencen fra de store amerikanske producenter har den europæiske filmindustri oplevet en drastisk tilbagegang, og som reaktion herpå har regeringerne indført forskellige støtteordninger for den europæiske produktion.
Construction services are governed by the general framework disciplines of the GATS, and an Annex for specific sectoral rules was considered unnecessary.
For så vidt angår USA er audiovisuelle produkter den næstvigtigste eksportartikel, og amerikanerne søger større adgang til de europæiske markeder, især for satellittransmissioner, net til betalings-tv og de nye teknologier.
The work at GATS on various horizontal issues, such as subsidies and domestic regulation, could have consider able impact on the audiovisual sector.
Det lykkedes ikke EU at få GATS til at anerkende audiovisuelle produkters særlige karakter.
Commitments and MFN exemptions
Fordi den audiovisuelle sektor er omfattet af GATS, valgte EU ikke at gøre nogen indrømmelser vedrørende markedsadgang.
Effective market access for EU construction firms will depend on whether it is possible for them to compete for the public procurement of construction projects abroad.
Som følge heraf kan EU frit regulere sektoren, herunder betingelserne for markedsadgang.
The development of multilateral rules, as foreseen in the GATS future work programme, is therefore to be strongly welcomed.
Bygge- og anlægsaktiviteter udgør op til 10 % af bruttonationalproduktet i de industrialiserede lande, men ofte me get mindre i udviklingslandene.
The existing plurilateral Agreement on government procurement which applies to the procurement of construction projects by public entities is already valuable, since the USA, Japan and some other developed countries are members.
EU er det største byggeog anlægsmarked i verden og omkring en tredjedel større end det amerikanske marked.
European construction firms also have strong economic interests in other markets, particularly in South-East Asia, and so the situation is not yet satisfactory.
Kun omkring 5 % af byggeog anlægsaktiviteterne i EU udføres som grænseoverskridende operationer.
Only 12 countries made commitments in the audiovisual sector.
Omkring 160 bygge- og anlægsfirmaer fra USA og EU tegner sig for 85 % af verdensmarkedet for projekter, fordelt med 49 % til USA og 36 % til Europa.
The USA made comprehensive commitments (as did New Zealand) and took no MFN exemptions, though it has ownership restrictions on radio and TV broadcasting transmitters.
EU er et vigtigt marked for amerikanske firmaer, og firmaer fra Fællesskabet står stærkt i Afrika, Mellem østen og Asien.
The EU made no commitments and took comprehensive MFN exemptions covering all aspects of its policies.
Succesrige firmaer har en god organisatorisk kapacitet og færdigheder inden for avanceret teknologi og CAD.
The EU has made a liberal commitment in this sector by permitting the establishment of foreign firms and applying almost no market access restrictions.
Det er derfor afgørende, at liberaliseringen af tjenesteydelserne på området fortsætter sammen med liberaliseringen af relaterede aktiviteter og sektorer.
In addition, there moval of internal trade barriers, such as technical regulations and standards, should enhance the business opportunities for EU trading partners.
Bygge- og anlægstjenester styres af GATS' almindelige rammediscipliner, og et bilag med sektorspecifikke regler blev anset for unødvendigt.
Only three countries (including the USA) made commit ments related to new technologies in the transmission or teledistribution of audiovisual services.
Det arbejde, der gøres i GATS om forskellige horisontale spørgsmål som f.eks. subsidier og national lovgivning, kan have en betydelig virkning på den audiovisuelle sektor. tor.
Issues raised by these developments are likely to loom large in future negotiations.
Postordrenrmaer og agenter, der arbejder for honorar, vil være interesseret i alle restriktioner på levering af varer over grænserne.
applicants, who may already be at a disadvantage because they are not present in the market, nor represented there.
En effektiv markedsadgang for bygge- og anlægsfirmaer i EU vil afhænge af, hvorvidt det er muligt for dem at konkurrere om offentlige indkøb af bygge- og anlægsprojekter i udlandet.
The accession of China, Russia and the former Soviet Union republics, to the WTO/GATS would considerably increase market opportunities.
Mangelen på multilaterale indkøbsregler er sandsynligvis den vigtigste ikke-toldmæssige hindring, der påvirker denne sektor.
OECD countries have made commitments in this sector, as well as some countries in Central Europe, Africa, Asia and Latin America.
En udarbejdelse af multilaterale regler som forudset i GATS' fremtidige arbejdsprogram vil derfor blive hilst særdeles velkommen.
The EU grants full national treatment for foreign firms to supply cross-border and through commercial presence, though a few limitations on market access are still maintained.
EU har gjort en stor indrømmelse på dette område ved at tillade etablering af udenlandske firmaer og ved næsten ikke at begrænse adgangen til markedet.
A significant proportion of foreign direct investment in the services sector is in distribution related to the sale of manufactured products, food and drink.
Desuden bør afskaffelsen af interne handelshindringer som tekniske forskrifter og standarder øge de erhvervsmæssige mulig heder for EU's handelspartnere.
In every country wholesaling and retailing account for a large proportion of employment — 14% in the EU.
De vigtigste udviklede lande og visse udviklingslande har påtaget sig forpligtelser i denne sektor.
Other areas in clude hotels and restaurants, car and truck rental, tax and accounting services, and management consultancy.
De vigtigste spørgsmål vedrører begrænsninger på markedsadgang, da oprettelsen af engros- og detailkæder på udenlandske markeder kræver store investeringer.
Major changes are under way both in the EU, with greater concentration for wholesaling and diversification in retail ing, as well as in the internationalization of distribution.
For at sikre overensstemmelsen med en række af disse love foretages der ofte en økonomisk behovsprøvning, før de lokale myndigheder vil udstede de nødvendige tilladelser til at oprette distributionskanaler.
The efficiency and dynamism of the sector can significant ly affect the whole economy, the rigidities in the Japanese market often being cited for high consumer prices, as well as resistance to imported products.
Når Kina, Rusland og de tidligere sovjetrepublikker til træder WTO og GATS, vil markedsmulighederne øges betydeligt.
Mail-order firms will be interested in any restrictions on the cross-border supply of products, as will agents who work on a fee basis.
Særlige forpligtelser
Many countries have included franchising in the initial package of commitments.
Tjenesteydelser i forbindelse med distribution
Given the economic importance of franchising for European firms, the level of commit ments needs to be improved in the next round of negotiations on specific commitments.
En betydelig del af de direkte udenlandske investeringer i servicesektoren er i distribution i forbindelse med salget af færdigvarer samt føde- og drikkevarer.
Banking, insurance, and trading in currencies and financial instruments, which comprise the financial services sector, account for a large part of export earnings of the developed world, and 95% of the world trade is between them.
I alle lande tegner engros- og detailområdet sig for en stor andel af beskæftigelser (14 % i EU).
Developing countries with large populations, such as Brazil, India, Indonesia, the Philippines, and China, hold the potential for enormous markets.
Sektorens effektivitet og dynamik kan i betydelig grad påvirke økonomien som helhed; således tilskrives de høje forbrugerpriser den manglende smidighed på det japanske marked og modstanden mod importerede varer.
To ensure compliance with a variety of these regulations, a needs test is often applied before the local authorities will issue the necessary authorizations to establish distribution outlets. Depending on the criteria applied, needs tests can be very restrictive, particularly for foreign
Andre områder er hotel- og restaurationsbranchen, bil- og lastvognsudlejning, skatte- og regnskabstjenester og ledelsesrådgivning.
Not only is this an economically large sector that accounts for more than 7% of GDP of the EU, but it is also a sector which plays a central function in the working of the
Mange lande har inkluderet franchising i den første pakke forpligtelser.
The 'prudential carve-out' is a key feature of the Annex, as it allows supervisory and regulatory authorities to take prudential measures for investor protection, or to ensure the integrity of the financial system.
I betragtning af franchisings økonomiske betydning for europæiske firmaer må forpligtelsesniveauet øges i næste runde forhandlinger om særlige forpligtelser.
The GATS creates a new dynamic which, over the years, should make a major contribution to the liberalization and expansion of international trade in financial services.
Finansielle tjenesteydelser tilbudt af Japan og de sydøstasiatiske lande, og amerikanerne indskrænkede derefter deres forpligtelser på bankog værdipapirområdet og forbeholdt sig muligheden for ensidigt at skaffe sig markedsadgang.
The Annex also obliges panels appointed to examine disputes between members involving prudential issues and other financial matters to 'have the necessary expertise relevant to the specific financial service under dispute'.
Desuden havde et stort antal lande givet meddelelse om bankreformer og omstrukturering af deres forsikringsmarkeder, men mente, at det var for tidligt at binde sig til at liberalisere dem.
The Annex further contains a clause explicitly authorizing members to recognize the prudential standards applied by other members, thereby facilitating access to each other's markets for servicesuppliers originating in any of them.
For at forsøge at sikre fuld GATS-dækning af sektoren besluttede ministrene at fortsætte forhandlingerne om finansielle tjenesteydelser indtil udgangen af juni 1995.
Financial services experts from all countries wanted to have their sector specifically recognized in the GATS.
Rent faktisk fortsatte forhandlingerne til den 28. juli. Som resultat har et stort flertal af alle GATS-medlemmerne forbedret deres forpligtelsesniveau på mestbegunstigelsesgrundlag.
For this reason, a sectoral Annex was written amplifying and complementing the general framework provisions.
USA er stadig ikke tilfreds med de opnåede resultater og har derfor ikke ændret det lave forpligtelsesniveau, som landet påtog sig ved afslutningen af Uriguay-runden.
Non-OECD countries, on the other hand, did not consider that different liberalization patterns for financial services were justified: all sectors should be subject to the notion of progressive liberalization, and, in particular, developing countries should be able to make liberalization commitments taking into account their over all level of development and the stage of development in specific sectors.
Bilag om finansielle tjenesteydelser
The OECD initiative was nevertheless preserved in the Understanding on commitments in financial services (see below).
Bilaget finder anvendelse på alle medlemmer.
Understanding on commitments in financial services
Ikke alene er dette en økonomisk betydningsfuld sektor, der skaber mere end 7 % af EU's BNP, men det er også en sektor, som spiller en central rolle for hele økonomiens funktion.
At the conclusion of the Uruguay Round negotiations, the USA was dissatisfied with the level of commitments of fered by Japan and the South-East Asian countries, and consequently reduced their commitments in banking and securities, and reserved the option of obtaining market access through unilateral leverage.
Inddragelsen af denne sektor i en multilateral overenskomst er en udvikling, der har stor betydning for det internationale økonomiske samarbejde.
In addition, a large number of countries had announced banking reforms and restructuring of their insurance markets, but felt is was too early to make bindings to liberalize them.
GATS skaber en ny dynamik, der i løbet af de kommende år vil bidrage væsentligt til liberaliseringen og udvidelsen af den inter nationale handel med finansielle tjenesteydelser.
To make an attempt at securing full coverage of the sector by the GATS, ministers decided to continue negotiations in financial services until the end of June 1995.
Forsigtighedsbestemmelseme er et afgørende element i bilaget, da de tillader tilsynsførende og regulerende myndigheder at gennemføre overvågningsforanstaltninger af hensyn til beskyttelsen af investorer eller for at sikre finanssystemets integritet.
In the event, negotiations continued until 28 July. As a result, a broad majority of all GATS members have improved their level of commitments on an MFN basis.
Sådanne foranstaltninger behøver ikke være i overensstemmelse med mestbegunstigelsesklausulen og kan endda være i modstrid med andre GATS-bestemmelser.
The USA still remained dissatisfied with the results obtained and has therefore not changed the low level of commitments taken at the conclusion of the Uruguay Round.
Der blev derfor udarbejdet et bilag for sektoren, der for stærkede og supplerede de almindelige rammebestemmelser.
This Understanding represents an optional approach to making commitments on financial services, and aims at more ambitious liberalization levels of commitments in financial services.
Desuden ønskede OECD-landene, at der fra starten blev afgivet omfattende forpligtelser, herunder vedrørende retten til etablering, national behandling, indrejse for centralt placeret personale og standstill. Landene uden for OECD fandt derimod ikke, at det var berettiget med forskellige liberaliseringsmønstre for finansielle tjenesteydelser: Alle sektorer skulle liberaliseres gradvist, og navnlig udviklingslandene skulle kunne afgive tilsagn om liberalisering under hensyntagen til deres samlede udviklingsniveau og udviklingsgraden inden for specifikke sektorer.
It was inserted because the GATS does not set a minimum level of commitments, known as a 'standstill' obligation.
OECD-initiativet indgik ikke desto mindre i forståelsen vedrørende forpligtelserne inden for finansielle tje nesteydelser (se nedenfor).
No market limitations, nor discriminatory national treatment measures, can be imposed.
Bilaget forpligter også paneler, der er nedsat for at undersøge tvister mellem medlemmer vedrørende forsigtighedsspørgsmål og andre finansielle anliggender, til at »have den nødvendige ekspertviden, der er relevant for den specifikke finansielle tjenesteydelse, hvorom tvisten drejer sig«.
Another important provision provides the right to establish and expand a commercial presence, including through acquisition, and financial servicesuppliers also have the right to offer new financial services.
Ved afslutningen af forhandlingerne i Uruguay-runden var USA ikke tilfreds med det forpligtelsesniveau, som var
The Annex applies to all members. It contains specific additions to the GATS Articles such as a far-reaching 'prudential carve-out', an itemized list of financial services, and the definition of what is excluded.
forhandlinger om forpligtelser vedrørende finansielle tje nesteydelser indtil udgangen af juni 1995.
For the reasons explained above, at the end of the Uruguay Round ministers decided that negotiations on commit ments in financial services should continue until the end of June 1995.
Dette var en politisk beslutning med henblik på at forbedre forpligtelserne.
This was a policy decision aimed at improving commitments.
Den fik retsvirkning ved det andet bilag om finansielle tjenesteydelser.
It is given legal effect by the second Annex on financial services.
Det præciserer endvidere, at centralbankers virksomhed og virksomhed, der udgør en del af en lovmæssig ordning for social sikkerhed eller offentlige pensionsplaner, ikke er dækket af GATS.
The EU is a major earner on the world scene in this sector, with France second after the USA, and Spain, Italy and the UK also high up, although intra-EU tourism plays a big part.
Forståelsen vedrørende forpligtelserne inden for finansielle tjenesteydelser
Nearly all countries made commitments in this sector — 86 in all.
Uanset beslutningen om at fortsætte forhandlingerne trådte resultaterne for finansielle tjenesteydelser i kraft i fuldt omfang den 1. januar 1995 sammen med resten af Uruguay-rundepakken.
Notwithstanding the decision to continue negotiations, the results in financial services entered into force fully on 1 January 1995, along with the rest of the Uruguay Round package.
I de to sidste måneder af den udvidede forhandlingsperiode (dvs. fra 1. maj til 30. juni 1995) var medlemmerne frie til at ændre deres forpligtelsesniveau ved at tilbagekalde forpligtelser, hvis de var utilfredse med resultatet af de igangværende forhandlinger, eller ved at forbedre dem.
During the last two months of the extended negotiating period (i.e. from 1 May to 30 June 1995), members were free to modify their level of commitments by withdrawing them, should they be dissatisfied with the outcome of the ongoing negotiations, or improving them.
De kunne også opretholde, indføre eller tilbagekalde undtagelser fra mestbegunstigelsesforpligtelsen uden at yde kompensation.
They could also maintain, introduce, or withdraw exemptions from the MFN obligations without compensation.
Som anført ovenfor blev forhandlingsfristen forlænget til den 28. juli 1995, og resultatet var en midlertidig aftale om finansielle tjenesteydelser. steydelser.
As explained above, the negotiating deadline was extended to 28 July 1995, the outcome being a temporary agreement on financial services.
Det må håbes, at dette vil fortsætte, da kun liberaliseringer på et mestbegunstigelsesgrundlag kan forbedre handelsvilkårene i lande med markeder, der er af interesse for europæiske leverandører. randører.
Most countries reserve the tourist guide sector to locally qualified people, and often to nationals, which is of no great importance for most EU suppliers.
Beslutningen om institutionelle ordninger for GATS: Komitéen for Handel med Finansielle Tjenesteydelser
Although temporary, the major objective has been achieved: financial services, just like other services, are subject to multilateral rules and disciplines.
Denne forståelse er udtryk for en frivillig holdning til indgåelse af forpligtelser vedrørende finansielle tjenesteydelser, og den sigter mod mere ambitiøse forpligtelsesniveauer for finansielle tjenesteydelser. Forståelsen blev til føjet, fordi GATS ikke fastsætter et minimumsniveau for forpligtelser, en såkaldt standstill-forpligtelse.
The regulations concerning travel agencies and tour operators abroad can be of greater significance, and often for eign ownership and presence are restricted, and foreign computer reservation systems are not permitted in locally owned travel agencies or foreign-owned offices.
Der kan ikke indføres nogen markedsbegrænsninger eller diskriminerende foranstaltninger i forbindelse med national behandling.
Firms should look carefully at the limitations and restrictions in a market before investing.
Denne bestemmelse er meget betydningsfuld i USA, hvor Glass Steagall og McFadden-lovene begrænser er hvervsmulighederne for europæiske banker og værdipapirfirmaer, der opererer der.
The EU recorded certain restrictions on the commercial presence of foreign firms in the EU.
Efter henstilling fra ministrene nedsatte Rådet for Handel med Tjenesteydelser en Komité for Handel med Finansielle Tjenesteydelser.
Decision on institutional arrangements for the GATS: Committee on Trade in Financial Services
Ministerbeslutningen om finansielle tjenesteydelser og det andet bilag
Following the recommendation of ministers, the Council for Trade in Services set up a Committee on Trade in Financial Services.
Af de ovennævnte grunde besluttede ministrene ved af slutningen af Uruguay-runden, at der fortsat skulle føres
The EU hotels, restaurants, and catering industry is a major investor abroad, and these services can only be supplied through commercial presence.
Komitéen spiller hovedsagelig en rådgivende rolle og vil blive sammensat af embedsmænd fra GATS-medlemmer-nes regeringer.
Any discrimination against foreign firms compared with national firms is of key importance, and EU firms should look carefully at the national treatment limitations, as well as the market
Turisme og rejserelaterede tjenesteydelser
In general, the access conditions are rather liberal and this open regime has been reflected in the schedules of commitments.