natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Det skal understreges, at disse lettere kan arbejdsmarkedets parter på for fællesskabsdækkende regler bør give hånd tage lave eller faldende inflationstakter i betragtning i deres lønforhandlinger.
In some cases, however, the gap is so large that progress will inevitably take some time.
Dette mulighed for en differentiering mellem medlemsstaterne, regionerne og de faglige vil lette presset på pengepolitikken og kvalifikationer.
Tripartite agreements between the social partners and govern ments should be exploited where possible.
bidrage til en sænkning af den korte rente.
Developing a broad social consensus
Desuden skal lønudviklingen tage hensyn til at de beskæftigelsesfremmende investe
This may call for an intensification of the Community initiatives agreed at the European Council meetings in Edinburgh and in Copenhagen.
Det første krav, der må stilles til den politik, der skal bringe Fællesskabet ud af afmatningen, er, at den opfylder målet for vækst mønstret på mellemlang sigt.
The Com munity has long acknowledged the negative influence exchange-rate instability has on business confidence and there is a powerful case for arguing that the full benefits of a single market can only be reaped in a monetary union.
Der er vide muligheder for en sænkning: Renten kan nedsættes betyde ligt i Tyskland, hvis der føres den rigtige politik, medens sænkningen i andre lande kan være endnu større, således at rente spændene kan reduceres.
For this, it enjoys significant comparative advantages: the potential of its labour force and the social consensus enabling that potential to be exploited, its valuable scientific and technical know-how, its integrated market, the density and quality of its infrastructures, the improved financial structures of its firms, and the diversity of its culture and regions.
En yderligere væsentlig sænkning vil signalere over for de økonomiske beslutningstagere, at det værste er overstået, at pengepolitikken er blevet lempet så meget, som det er muligt, og at der ikke vil være noget at vinde ved yderligere at udskyde investeringsbeslutninger, der måske har været betinget af optimale finansieringsbetingelser.
An economy based on the creation, dissemination and exploitation of knowledge will be one of the dominant features of the 21st century, and against such a back ground a number of these competitive factors will play a crucial role in generating a recovery in growth and an increase in employment.
Desuden vil det være vigtigt at sætte et nyt og kraftigt skub i samarbejdsprocessen på internationalt plan.
For the level of employment in the Com munity to improve, firms must achieve global competitiveness on open and com petitive markets, both inside and outside Europe.
Sammen med en genskabelse af tilliden vil dette udlose et eksport-/investeringsbetinget konjunkturopsving i Fællesskabet.
Back in 1991 the Council of Ministers adopted guidelines for a Community in dustrial policy geared to such an objective.
1 1991 og 1992 tillod medlemsstaterne en forhøj else afbudgetunderskuddene, da man mente, at dette ville stötte den indenlandske efterspørgsel.
Com parative advantages traditionally relate to endowment in factors such as natural resources and are therefore fairly rigid.
Midt i 1993 nåede medlemsstaterne dog til enighed om '), at der ikke var noget råderum til stede på kort sigt: Der var storre sandsynlighed for, at en yderligere forhøj else af budgetunderskuddene ville for mindske den samlede efterspørgsel, gennem
In such a context, factor mobility and the capacity to combine factors effectively and to organize the social consensus on the share-out of valueadded are becoming much more important than the initial factor endowment.
Dette kræver hovedsagelig, at den forventede budget- og lønudvikling kan holdes inden for de pengepolitiske myndigheders statbilitetsmål.
Secondly, the regulatory environment is still too rigid, and administrative and managerial traditions too centralized and com partmentalized.
dens negative indvirkning på tilliden, i stedet for at forøge den.
hours worked on average in the Com munity compared with its main partners.
For at genskabe ØMU-processens troværdighed skal medlemsstaterne på ny bekræfte, at de tilstræber dette mål og lade handling følge ord.
Although the trend in its industrial competitiveness is also worrying, it does have con siderable strengths on which it can draw in order to redress the position and to manage its transition to the 21st century success fully.
Samordningen af med lemsstaternes økonomiske politik skal gøres mere effektiv.
• Promote a sustainable development of industry.
Dette kræver, at der opnås den bredest mulige enighed om det politiske grundlag, der er skitseret i dette dokument, og at de enkelte medlemsstater med virker i de bestræbelser, der må kræves af alle parter (ved anvendelse af en dialog mellem arbejdsmarkedets parter, hvor det er muligt). Beskæftigede skal overbevises om, at de foranstaltninger, der anbefales i dette dokument, vil fungere effektivt, og at den solidaritet, de viser ved at bringe visse ofre, i praksis vil medføre, at folk uden beskæftigelse får en reel chance.
• Reducing the time-lag between the pace of change in supply and the corresponding adjustments in demand.
Etablering af en bred social enighed
Figure 1 : Cover of imports by exports
Om en sådan politik kan genskabe væksten afhænger dog af flere faktorer, som i større eller mindre udstrækning ligger uden for de politiske beslutningstageres kontrol; dette gælder især erhvervslivets og forbrugernes tillid samt resultaterne hos Fællesskabets største handelspartnere. Det er meget sandsynligt, at opsvinget vil være beskedent og tøvende i betragtning af den nuværende alvorlige situation og den omfattende budgetmæssige tilpasning, der vil være uundgåelig i mange lande.
Among the factors having a major impact on the competitiveness of the Community economy, Member States point particularly to the following: the negative effects of public deficits on investment; impaired functioning of the labour market leading — whether in terms of cost, skills or flexibility in the organization of work — to a mismatch between supply of and demand for labour; inadequate assimilation of new technologies combined with failure to exploit properly the results of research and technological development, leading to difficulties in concentrating the production of goods and services in leading-edge and high valueadded industries.
Dette kan nødvendig gøre en intensivering af de fællesskabsinitiativer, der blev vedtaget på Det Europæiske Råds møder i Edinburgh og København.
In the remainder of the text, the term 'industry' ¡s used to cover the production of both goods and ser vices.
Dette giver Fællesskabet et solidt og organiseret grundlag for at udnytte den nye problematik omkring den internationale konkurrenceevne. renceevne.
However, Community industry can draw on major strengths to help it adapt to the new conditions of world competitiveness.
Der skal i stadig højere grad ræsonneres ud fra konkurrencemæssige fordele frem for komparative fordele.
It has a low level of indebtedness, and its profit margins are comparable to those of its competitors.
De komparative fordele svarer traditionelt til faktorudrustningen, såsom naturrigdommene, og er derfor for holdsvis stive.
It has been able to restructure itself in step with the moves to establish the single market.
Dernæst er de lovfæstede rammer alt for snævre, og de administrative og ledelsesmæssige traditioner præget af centralisering og opsplitning. Endelig fører
Apparent labour productivity in Community manufacturing still lags a good way behind that of US and Japanese industry.
Fællesskabet vil være i stand til at opnå en betydelig styrkelse af sin internationale konkurrenceevne, hvis det gennemfører en omfattende udvidelse af investeringerne (jf.
There is no sign of any narrowing of the gap (of more than 10%) with the USA and, despite the progress achieved, the gap between
det offentlige i mange tilfælde en alt for defensiv politik, hvor der ikke i tilstrækkelig grad tages hensyn til den globale konkurrence og de begrænsninger, den er for bundet med.
(a) Community firms have kept control of their level of indebtedness in recent gins have shrunk to worrying levels and, in some cases, have actually disappeared. peared.
folge af forskellige former for konkurrence begrænsninger.
years, albeit at the cost of some ageing of their capital stock.
Industrien og de offentlige myndigheder må sammen forfølge fire overordnede mål med henblik på at sikre, at Fællesskabets industrielle konkurrenceevne resulterer i den størst mulige beskæftigelse:
Figure 4: Trend of profit margins of their competitors. Community firms are thus comparatively less vulnerable to any increases in interest rates, but they will also benefit comparatively less from further interest-rate reductions
Fællesskabets konkurrence mæssige stilling i en globaliseret økonomi: fordele og handicap
Figure 3: Indebtedness of firms
— Udnyttelse af de konkurrencemæssige fordele i forbindelse med dematerialiseringen af økonomien.
(c) Labour costs are an important element underlying the competitiveness of Euro pean industry, though by no means the only one. Unit labour costs depend on
— Fremme af en bæredygtig udvikling i industrien.
Japan wage and non-wage costs compared
Fællesskabet har siden 1989 oplevet en stadig mere afdæmpet vækst i produktionen af varer og tjenesteydelser ').
Source: DABLE with labour productivity. Thus high labour costs can be compensated for by high productivity to maintain competi tive advantage.
Selv om udviklingen i dets industrielle konkurrenceevne ligeledes giver anledning til bekymring, råder det dog over en række ikke ubetydelige fordele, som kan sætte det i stand til at vende denne udvikling og gå styrket ind i det 21. århundrede.
It is when costs are not aligned with productivity that problems for competitiveness arise. In relative terms, the large rises and falls in unit labour costs compared with those of the
— Reduktion af det misforhold, der består mellem udviklingen på udbudssiden og på efterspørgselssiden.
Japanese firms too face major problems in adapting to the decline in consumption and to the adverse effect of the strengthening yen on the volume of their exports.
I dette kapitel analyseres Fællesskabets for dele og handicaps i forbindelse med disse udfordringer, og derefter beskrives de centrale elementer i en politik for den internationale konkurrenceevne.
Union's leading competitors which have taken place since 1980 have been reflected by fluctuations in bilateral exchange rates between the ecu and the
I den konkurrence, som hersker på verdensmarkederne, hæmmes Fællesskabets industri af forværringen i dets kommercielle konkurrenceevne og af en utilstrækkelig til stedeværelse på de mest lovende fremtidige markeder, alt for begrænsede investeringer i F & U og en produktivitet, som stadig ligger under de störste konkurrenters. De fleste medlemsstater stiller samme diagnose.
(b) When the competitive environment became tougher at the end of the 1980s, Community and US firms cut their profit margins significantly. Japanese companies, which traditionally operate with smaller profit margins than their Community competitors, also saw their profit margins squeezed, albeit to a lesser extent.
Flere medlemsstater anforer manglende fleksibilitet i markedernes funktion eller forvridninger i ressourcetildelingen forårsaget af det offentliges indgriben, enten som folge af forskellige usmidige regler eller som
In Europe, industries facing relatively little international competition still achieve high profit margins, whereas in industries more exposed to international competition profit mar
Der skal tages hensyn til såvel størrelsen som hastigheden af produktivitetsstigningen.
Their competitors increasingly have subsidiaries in the Com munity.
Situationen er forværret over for USA som folge af den ugunstige udvikling i valutakurserne. I forhold til Japan drejer det sig snarere om en mindre godtilstedeværelse på de lovende markeder.
As far as the countries in Eastern Europe are con cerned, much closer industrial cooperation is necessary in order to ensure simultaneously a rapid modernization of their economies, a better division of labour within Europe and optimum exploitation of mutual interests.
Den kommercielle konkurrenceevne for industrien i Fællesskabet er ret uensartet.
For the industries concerned, this could be accompanied by a transitional period to allow the necessary structural adjustments to be carried out under the best possible conditions.
Herefter folger Fællesskabet med 8,1% og USA med 7,9%.
This is particularly evident in the sphere of 'multimedia' activities.
Det knæk, der er opstået i 1992 i virksom hedernes F & U-investeringer i Fællesskabet (og i Japan), er yderst foruroligende i så henseende (jf. figur 2).
Firms engaged in telecommunications, information technology, consumer electronics, pro gramming and network management com bine and come together in extremely com plex groups and alliances which will very largely determine the creation and distribution of assets, including cultural assets, over the next decade on expanding new markets of key importance for the future.
Figur 2: Væksten I F & U-udgifterne
Four avenues are particularly important in devising a policy of global industrial competitiveness:
Denne udvikling er så meget mere uheldig, som dens markeder med hoj værditilvækst er karakteriseret ved en stor stigning i arbejdskraftens produktivitet, høje lønninger og udbredelse af den teknologiske udyikling til de andre markeder.
These effects must con sequently be assessed simultaneously and in a concerted manner by the com petent authorities pending the introduction of appropriate international rules, particularly in the competition field, so that the Community is not placed at a disadvantage by the strict rules it imposes on itself in this connection.
Arbejdskraftens produktivitet i fremstillingsindustrien i EF ligger fortsat betydeligt lavere end i den amerikanske og japanske industri.
In addition, Community firms must be able to rely on flexible instruments of cooperation, in legal and tax matters as well as in others, to allow
Den har en begrænset gældsbyrde, og dens fort jenstmargen er af samme størrelsesorden som konkurrenternes.
This aspect must take account of changes stemming from the globalization of markets, production and operators and
a) Virksomhederne i Fællesskabet har været i stand til at styre gældsætningen i de seneste år, hvilket imidlertid er sket på bekostning af en forældelse af kapitaludstyret.
education and training, the efficiency of industrial organization, the capacity to make continuous improvements in produc tion processes, the intensity of R & D and its industrial exploitation, the fluidity of the conditions under which markets operate, the availability of competitive service infrastructures, product quality and the way in which corporate strategies take account of the consequences of changes in society, such as improved environmental protection. tion.
Gælden ligger i øjeblikket langt under konkurren­ternes.
Even more crucial is the capacity to incorporate all of these elements into coherent strategies.
Virksomhederne i Fællesskabet er således forholdsvis mindre sårbare over for eventuelle rentestigninger, men de har til­lige et forholdsvis mindre udbytte af et fortsat rentefald (jf· figur 3).
Between 75% and 95% of firms' total wage and salary bill is now accounted for by functions linked to organization rather than to direct production, for example information technology, engineering, training, accounting, marketing and research.
Figur 3: Virksomhedernes gældsætning sr 60 S c) Lønomkostningerne er helt klart en vigtig faktor for den europæiske industris konkur­renceevne, men under ingen omstændig­heder den eneste.
(iv) The targeting of measures to remove obstacles to the smooth functioning of markets in areas that severely penalize European firms' sales and growth potential.
Når man analyserer løn­omkostningerne pr. produceret enhed, ser man på løn og andre arbejdsrelaterede omkostninger i forhold til arbejdsprodukti­viteten.
European firms' capacity for exporting to, and setting up in, other countries is sometimes far from being fully exploited because of the difficulties stemming from the structural impermeability of certain markets.
I relative tal har de store svingninger i løn­omkostningerne pr. produceret enhed sam­menlignet med tallene for de vigtigste kon­kurrenter i 1980'erne været påvirkt af omfattende svingninger i vekselkurserne mellem ECU'en på den ene side og dollar og yen på den anden side.
This could be modelled, for example, on the 'trade assessment mechanism' set up with Japan to identify the nature and causes of the Com munity's poor trade performance in Japan in those sectors in which Com munity industry is in a strong competitive position at international level.
Lønomkostningernes indvirkning på kon­kurrenceevnen er ikke den samme som i andre udviklede lande og lande, der er inde i industrialiseringsprocessen.
A number of these factors, such as training, research and services, may be grouped together under the heading of 'non-physical' (i.e. knowledge-based) investment, to which government policies must in future accord at least the same priority as they do to physical investment.
Ved at foku­sere på ikke­omkostningsmæssige ele­menter som f.eks. kvalitet, service, design og kunder kan man bidrage til at opret­holde konkurrenceevnen; men hensynet til de relative omkostninger, herunder lønom­kostningerne, er fortsat af stor betydning.
This type of investment is becoming the key element in bringing about growth that is durable, creates skilled jobs and is economical in its use of resources.
Hvis vi sammenligner os med nyindustriali­serede lande, især med dem, der lige er gået i gang med processen, som f.eks.
This does not entail any increase in public deficits, but it does presuppose far-reaching reforms:
Kun ved hoj pro­duktivitet og bedre produkter vil Europa være i stand til at opretholde konkurrence­mæssige fordele.
Optimum advantage must be taken of this new form of progress available to Com munity firms since it is an area in which the Community enjoys a substantial head start.
b) Da konkurrencesituationen blev mere anspændt i slutningen af 80'erne, reduce­rede virksomhederne i Fællesskabet og USA i betydelig grad deres fortjenstmar­gener.
• As regards taxes: The relative weight of taxation borne by the various factors of competitiveness should be adjusted in such a way as to reduce those components of taxation which act as employment disincentives and to increase those conducive to more efficient and less polluting use of scarce resources.
De japanske virksomheder, som tra­ditionelt opererer med mindre fortjenstmar­gener end deres konkurrenter i Fælles­skabet, oplevede ligeledes et fald i fortjenst­margenerne, men i mindre grad.
The shift towards a knowledge-based economy is reflected in particular in the externalization of certain activities by industrial firms and by the faster growth of services.
Denne udvikling har fort til en reduktion i forskel­lene mellem de tre regioner (jf. figur 4).
It does not mean that manufacturing industry is declining in importance, since this sector is at the very heart of this development and continues to determine the overall competitiveness of the produc tive system.
Som følge af internationaliseringen af øko­nomierne og markederne er det slut med at kunne opdele industri og geografisk område i
The key elements in competitiveness that are now of greatest importance are no longer confined to the relative level of the direct costs of the various factors of production.
De europæiske virksomheder produ­cerer i såvel Fællesskabet som på marke­derne i tredjelande.
the supply of goods and services to firms for pollution control or abatement but also the expenditures made for the environment in the general context of improved produc tion methods or products, as well as the markets for environmentally-sound products (green products).
Deres konkurrenter har i stadig højere grad filialer i Fællesskabet.
In the present context of global competition, the technologies employed in, and the organizational requirements for, the successful introduction of clean technologies are often similiar to those associated with the new manufacturing paradigm.
Der eksisterer en lang række aftaler mellem virksomheder på verdensplan i de seneste fem år har de store virksomheder hvert år indgået over 400 strategiske alliancer på internationalt plan.
The con cept of lean (e.g. less energy, fewer raw materials) constitutes a significant improve ment regarding the environmental friendliness of production processes and fosters the competitiveness of the industries concerned.
De europæiske virksomheder konkurrerer med internationale og polyvalente kon­cerne.
• As regards the priorities governing the use of public funds: Investment in training, research, the promotion of innovation and, generally speaking, the non-physical components of valueadded must be treated at least as favourably as tradi tional forms of investment.
Konturerne for de traditionelle ind­ustrisektorer bliver stadig mere udviskede. Dette er særlig tydeligt på området for »multimedia«­aktiviteter.
The aim should be twofold: to promote the emergence of new generations of products that make optimum use of all the technologies available on the world market, and to encourage the dynamic incorporation of innovation into processes, products and organization.
i Stillehavsområdet, som er i hurtig vækst.
(i) increase substantially and coordinate R & D efforts in the field of clean technology; nology;
For så vidt angår landene i Øst­europa er det nødvendigt med et hurtigt opsving i det industrielle samarbejde, hvis der samtidig skal sikres en hurtig modernisering af deres økonomier, en bedre arbejdsdeling inden for det euro­pæiske område og en optimal udnyttelse af de gensidige fordele.
• As regards the regulatory framework: More must be done to ensure the efficient operation of the single market, not ably by streamlining and rationalizing rules and regulations so as to make it easier to establish new forms of labour organization and to move away from 'Taylorism'.
Denne politik skal dels være baseret på en snævrere forbindelse mellem offentlig støtte og privat initiativ, og dels på en hurtig ind­førelse af de juridiske rammer, investe­ringsbetingelser og garantimekanismer, der er nødvendige for vore virksomhe­ders aktiviteter.
A policy that focuses on quality and is consistent with the Com munity's approach to standardization must be pursued in order to exploit the know-how of Community firms and avoid market fragmentation.
For så vidt angår de berørte virksomheder kan den være led­saget af en overgangsperiode, der giver mulighed for at gennemføre de nødven­dige strukturtilpasninger på de bedst mulige betingelser.
(ii) develop economic incentives to support the diffusion of R & D results into products and processes.
Den industrielle globalisering gør det nød­vendigt at finde en ny balance mellem kon­kurrence og samarbejde.
(c) Promote a sustainable development of industry
Til dette formål synes nedenstående fire områder at være af særlig stor betydning, hvis der skal udformes en politik for industriens interna­tionale konkurrenceevne:
(d) Reducing the time-lag between the pace of change in supply and the corresponding adjustments in demand
Der skal i forbindelse hermed tages hensyn til den udvikling, der skyldes globaliseringen af markederne, produktionen og de erhvervsdrivende samt industripolitikken hos Fælles­skabets vigtigste konkurrenter.
As in the case of previous industrial revolutions, there is an appreciable time-lag between: ween:
Π Indførelse af en sammenhængende og samordnet fremgangsmåde over for stra­tegiske alliancer, som — hvis de fik lov til at udvikle sig ukontrolleret ­ ville kunne føre til, at der skabes oligopolis­tiske situationer, som kunne skade den frie konkurrence på verdensplan.
A policy of pollution prevention, in particular through a generalized development of clean products and processes, will not only prevent rapidly increasing clean-up costs but also stimulate a faster diffusion of R & D results.