natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Rapporten fokuserer i år på funktionaliteten på markedet for produkter og serviceydelser, arbejdsmarkedsspørgsmål, adgang til finansiering, e-handel, adgang til EU-programmer og den rolle, foreninger og fonde spiller i den sociale økonomi.
In this year's report attention is paid to: functioning of markets for products and services, labour market issues, access to finance, e-commerce, access to Community programmes and the role of associations and foundations in the social economy.
Del III handler om erhvervspolitik, mens del IV præsenterer to dybdegående temastudier: efteruddannelse og SMV'er og nye serviceydelser. I del V analyse
Part III deals with enterprise policies, whilst, in Part IV, two in-depth thematic studies are presented: Continuing vocational training
En gennemsnitlig europæisk virksomhed har seks ansatte.
An average European enterprise provides employment for 6 persons.
Tallet varierer i forhold til størrelse: En SMV har gennemsnitligt fire ansatte, mens
This figure differs with respect to size: an SME provides, on aver-
SMV
Table 1
Antal virksomheder (1 000)
Number of enterprises (1 000)
Beskæftigelse (1 000)
Employment (1 000)
Gennemsnitlig virksomhedsstørrelse: • Antal beskæftigede pr. virksomhed
Average enterprise size: • Employed persons per enterprise
Andel af arbejdsomkostninger i merværdi (%)
Share of labour costs in value added (%)
(*) På grund af afrunding summer totalen ikke ved addition af subtotalerne, og den gennemsnitlige virksomhedsstørrelse kan ikke udledes af tallene vedrørende beskæftigelse og antal virksomheder.
(') Due to rounding, one cannot derive totals from adding subtotals and one cannot derive average enterprise size from the data on employment and the number of enterprises.
Note: • Mikrovirksomheder er virksomheder, der beskæftiger færre end 10 ansatte.
• Micro enterprises are enterprises which employ less than 10 employees.
Virksomheder uden ansatte, som derfor kun genererer indkomst for selvbeskæftigede (og måske ulønnede, medhjælpende ægtefæller), udgør en speciel kategori inden for denne størrelsesgruppe. • Små virksomheder er virksomheder, der beskæftiger 10 til 49 ansatte. • Mellemstore virksomheder, der beskæftiger 50 til 249 ansatte. Kilder: Beregnet af EIM Small Business Research and Consultancy; tilpasset fra Eurostat/Enterprise DC: Enterprises in Europe, Sixth Report. Baseret på European Economy, Supplement A, June 1999, og OECD: Economic Outlook, No. 65, June 1999.
Enterprises without any employees, which thus pro vide an income only for the self-employed (and perhaps unpaid family workers), constitute a special category within this size-class; • Small enterprises are enterprises which employ 10^9 employees; • Mediumsized enterprises, which provide employment for 50-249 persons.
Tendenser ¡ nøgleindikatorer, 1988-2000 det gennemsnitlige antal ansatte i en stor virksomhed er 1 000.
Trends regarding key indicators, 1988-2000 age, employment to 4 persons, while the aver age number of occupied persons in a large enterprise (LSE) amounts to 1 000.
Figur 1 viser beskæftigelsesudviklingen i private virksomheder i Europa-19 i den ikke-primære sektor i perioden 1988-2000.
Figure 1 shows the development of employment, in nonprimary private enterprise in Europe-19 over the 1988-2000 period.
På den ene side er det samlede antal job faldet i løbet af 1990'erne, men på den anden side har udviklingen i beskæftigelsen været mest gunstig for mikrovirksomhederne.
On the one hand, the total number of jobs declined during the 1990s, but on the other hand, the development of employment has been most favourable in microenterprises.
Beskæftigelsesopsvinget i mikrovirksomhederne startede i 1995, mens væksten i beskæftigelsen i små, mellemstore og store virksomheder kun steg væsentligt fra 1997.
Also employment recovery started in micro-enterprises from 1995 onwards while employment growth in small, mediumsized and large enterprises only significantly increased from 1997.
Figur 1 Beskæftigelsesudviklingen i mikro­, små, mellemstore og store virksomheder, Europa­19, 1988­2000 (indeks: 1988=100)
Figure 1 Development of employment in micro­, small, medium­sized and large enterprises, Europe­19, 1988­2000 (index: 1988=100) ι in
Uafhæng­igt af konjunkturudsvingning var rentabilitetsud­viklingen dog den samme i SMV'er og store virk­somheder.
In this Observatory report the monitoring of the craft trades that started in the second annual report of the European Observatory for SMEs has been continued.
Udvikling for håndværkserhvervene
Taking into account the classification of countries according to the way the craft sector is defined, the following devel­opments have taken place.
Til­ og afgangen af virksomheder nåede således op på henholdsvis 11 % og 9 % af den samlede virk­somhedsmængde.
So, entry and exit amounted to 11 % and 9 % of the total stock of enterprises, respectively.
Antallet af nybeskæftigede i forbindelse med start af nye virksomheder svare­de til over 2,5 millioner.
Employment associated with entry was equal to over 2 1/2 million.
Eftersom eksisterende virksomheder er lidt større end nye virksomhe­der, svarer faldet i beskæftigelsen i forbindelse med virksomhedsafgang til 2,5 millioner, selvom antallet af afgangsvirksomheder var lavere end antallet af nye virksomheder.
As exiting enter­prises are slightly larger than new enterprises, the employment associated with exits amounts to 2 1/2 million persons, even though the num­ber of exiting enterprises was lower than the number of new enterprises.
I denne rapport fortsættes monitoreringen af håndværkserhvervene (craft trades), der startede i den anden årlige rapport fra SMV­Observa­tionscentret.
Table 2 shows how labour productivity growth in SMEs has been fairly stable over time, at slightly over 2 % annually.
Klassificeres landene i forhold til, hvordan de definerer håndværkserhvervene, har der været følgende udvikling:
In LSEs, however, labour productivity growth during the 1990s is significantly higher than in 1988­90.
Tabel 2 viser, hvordan væksten i arbejdskraftpro­duktiviteten i SMV'erne har været ret stabil over tid.
• Austria, Germany, Iceland, Liechtenstein and Luxembourg follow the profession approach (the definition of craft is based on professional criteria).
Væksten har ligget på lige over 2 % årligt.
In Austria and Luxembourg, the size of the craft trades was quite stable over time while in Germany, the size of the craft trades tended to decrease.
I store virksomheder er stigningen i arbejdskraf­tens produktivitet i 1990'eme væsentlig højere end i 1988­1990.
For the other countries (Finland, Iceland, Liechtenstein), data avail­ability does not permit a clear judgment on the development of the craft trades.
Arbejdskraftomkostningerne pr. medarbejder steg med samme takt i både SMV'erne og de store virksomheder (med omkring 4,5 % årligt), men som konsekvens af, at der var højere vækst i arbejdskraftproduktiviteten i de store virksom­heder, var væksten i arbejdskraftomkostningerne
Labour costs per employee increased at the same rate in both SMEs and LSEs (at about 4.5 % annually), but as a result of higher labour productivity growth, unit labour costs growth was smallest in LSEs. The development of prof­itability, however, was the same in SMEs and LSEs, irrespective of the stage of the business cycle.
• Østrig, Tyskland, Island, Liechtenstein og Luxembourg følger den faglige tilgang (defini­tionen af håndværk er baseret på fagområder).
• France, Italy and the Netherlands follow the sector/size approach (craft is defined on the basis of size and sector criteria).
De tilgængelige data fra de andre lande (Finland, Island, Liechtenstein) gør det ikke muligt at give en klar vurdering af udviklingen inden for håndværket.
In France, the size of the craft trades has decreased in the first part of the 1990s, but from 1995 onwards, the sector seems to have recovered.
Tabel 2 Produktivitet, arbejdskraftomkostninger pr. enhed og rentabilitet i ikke-primære, private virksomheder, Europa-19, 1988-2000
Table 2 Labour productivity, unit labour costs and profitability in non­primary private enterprise, Europe­19, 1988­2000
Ί988/1990 1990/1993 Gennemsnitlig årlig ændring i procent
Average annual change in %
Produktivitet (') - SMV'er - Store virksomheder - Total
Labour productivity (') — SMEs — LSEs — Total
Arbejdskraftomkostninger pr. enhed (
Unit labour costs (­') — SMEs — LSEs — Total
- SMV'er - Store virksomheder
Average annual change in %­points
(') Reel værditilvækst pr. beskæftiget.
(') Real value added per employed person. (:) Labour costs per employee, adjusted for labour productivity.
C) Forskel mellem værditilvækst og arbejdskraftomkostninger, tilpasset i forhold til den beregnede løn for selvbeskæftige- de, som en procentdel af værditilvæksten. Kilder: Beregnet af EIM Small Business Research and Consultancy; tilpasset fra Eurostat/Enterprise DG: Enterprises in Europe, Sixth Report. Baseret på European Economy, Supplement A, June 1999, and OECD: Economic Outlook, No. 65, June
Ç) Difference between value added and labour costs, adjusted for the imputed wage of self­employed, as percentage of value added.
Med hensyn til beskæftigelse svarer den sociale økonomi mere eller mindre til over 5 % af den samlede europæiske beskæftigelse.
Part II — The business environment and behaviour of SMEs
Del II — De erhvervsmæssige rammebetingelser og SMV'ers adfærd
The functioning of markets for products and services
Markedet for produkter og serviceydelser baggrund af størrelse og sektorkriterier).
In Italy and the Netherlands, the number of craft enterprises tended to increase, but on the other hand, employment gradually declined. • In Spain, the artist approach (craft enterprises are exclusively involved in artistic activities) is followed.
I Frankrig er håndværksbranchen gået tilbage i den første halvdel af 1990'erne, men fra 1995 og fremefter virker det, som om sektoren har oplevet et opsving.
The number of enterprises is seen to be quite stable. However, after an increase in employment in the beginning of the 1990s, job losses have occurred since 1995.
I Italien og Nederlandene var antallet af håndværksvirksomheder stigende, mens beskæftigelsen samtidig langsomt dalede. • I Spanien følger man kunsthåndværkertilgangen (håndværksvirksomheder er kun involveret i kunsthåndværk).
• Belgium, Finland, Ireland, Portugal, Switzerland and the United Kingdom follow other approach­
Antallet af virksomheder er ret stabilt.
Regulatory reform affects small and large enter­prises very differently.
Efter en stigning i beskæftigelsen i starten af 1990'erne er antallet af job faldet siden 1995. • Belgien, Finland, Irland, Portugal, Schweiz og Det Forenede Kongerige følger andre definitioner.
Specific effects of regula­tory reform on SMEs are that regulation may hamper one of the strengths of SMEs, namely es.
Data for Irland peger på en gradvis stigning i beskæftigelsen siden 1993.
Data for Ireland point to a gradual employ­their flexibility, that regulation can lead to ment increase since 1993.
I den sociale økonomi spiller uafhængige organisationer (det vil sige andelsselskaber, gensidige selskaber, foreninger og fonde) en stigende rolle.
However, not all regulations and deregulations are aimed at improving the competitiveness of private enterprises.
Men da der er forskel på definitionen af den sociale økonomi fra land til land, findes der ingen sammenlignelige data for aktiviteter inden for dette område.
There is also regulation and deregulation aimed at stimulating the welfare of consumers and economic growth.
De statistikker, der findes på
Such regula­tions and deregulations might have, especially in the short run, a negative impact on SMEs.
Lovgivningsmæssige reformer påvirker små og store virksomheder meget forskelligt.
The role of the organisations in the social econ­omy is increasing (also called CMAFs, i.e. cooperatives, mutuais, associations and foun­dations).
SMV'ernes styrker kan blive reduceret som følge af reformer på lovgivningsområdet, der kan hæmme deres fleksibilitet, og lovgivningen kan påføre dem administrative byrder, der er uforholdsmæssigt store.
However, due to differences between countries regarding the definitions used, no comparable data for these activities are avail­able.
I takt med, at etableringsbarriererne bliver mindre, vil de komme til at stå over for mindre kvalificerede konkurrenter, og der kan ske en selvregulering.
The available statistical information on the social economy, however, roughly suggests that at the European level the number of enterprises belonging to this sector is equal to 5­10 % of the total enterprises.
Videre kan lovgivningsmæssige reformer blive fulgt af fusioner og overtagelser, så SMV'erne står over for store virksomheder med større markedsindflydelse.
As regards employment, the social economy is — by and large — equiv­alent to over 5 % of European employment.
Det Europæiske Observationscenter for SMV
Percentages of SMEs being aware of the possibilities of public tender procedures, trying to participate in European tenders in the past 3 years and receiving an order, per enterprise size class, 1999
Klar over muligheder
Aware
Forsøgte at deltage
Tried to participate
Fik ordrer
Received orders
Kilde: ENSR's virksomhedsundersøgelse 1999.
Source: ENSR Enterprise Survey 1999.
Mangel på kvalificeret arbejdskraft få besat ledige stillinger.
deregulation aimed at enhancing consumer welfare and economic growth, i.e. the liberalisation of opening hours for retail shops.
Rekruttering opleves ikke som et alvorligt problem for små virksomheder, selvom næsten halvdelen ofte eller fra tid til anden har oplevet problemet.
The second shows the effects of a regulation aimed at, amongst others, improving the entry of enterprises to, and increasing the transparency of, the market for public procurement.
Problemet synes at dække alle faggrupper.
Liberalisation of opening hours for retail shops curement.
Rekrutteringsproblemer relateret til ufaglærte er lige så udbredte som rekrutteringsproblemer relateret til teknikere og ingeniører.
The ENSR Enterprise Survey 1999 reveals that in 1999, on average, one third of SMEs are aware of the possibilities for enterprises like themselves to participate in tender procedures for supplying goods, services or construction works to local, national or European administrations and public bodies.
Næsten en femtedel af SMV'erne har opgivet at få besat ledige stillinger.
SMEs in France, Belgium, Portugal, Switzerland and Luxembourg experience substantially more opportunities, whereas enterprises in the Netherlands, Ireland, Spain and the United Kingdom do not see any additional opportunities.
Den tredje rapport fra Observationscentret for SMV (1995) viste, at der havde været en generel nedgang i manglen på arbejdskraft — både kvantitativt og kvalitativt — i perioden 1991 til 1994, primært pga. lavkonjunktur.
The liberalisation of opening hours for retail shops appears to accelerate the diminishing market share of SMEs, by decreasing profitability (costs rise more than turnover).
Siden er økonomien forbedret og problemet med mangel på kvalificeret arbejdskraft har vist sig stigende, specielt blandt SMV'erne.
Large enterprises are more able to take advantage of extended opening times since these enterprises have a greater managing capacity such as organising job rotation shifts and pools of parttime workers.
Næsten 10 % af SMV'erne ser nu mangel på kvalificeret arbejdskraft som en betydelig hindring for virk­somhedernes resultat.
Small shops simply cannot pay an extra employee, and/or small speciality goods shops cannot hire inexperienced cheap parttimers, since a certain level of experience is needed to serve the customers correctly.
Når de forskellige størrelsesgrupper undersøges, ser man en klar tendens: jo flere ansatte, jo højere er andelen af virksomheder, der uddanner de allerede ansatte medarbejdere.
One sixth of the enterprises that are aware of public tenders tried to participate in European tenders during the past three years (see Figure 2).
Denne tendens afspejler det fak­tum, at store og mellemstore virksomheder generelt er mere aktive i at tilbyde efteruddan­nelse til deres medarbejdere end mikro­ og små
Of all enterprise sizes considered, the mediumsized enterprises seem to be more aware of tender procedures and also tried to participate most.
I løbet af det sidste år har mere end en fjerdedel virksomheder.
About half of the SMEs that tried to participate in one or more European tenders in the past three years did receive an order following their participation in such tender pro cedures.
Se også afsnittet om efteruddan­ nelse senere i dette sammendrag.
All in all, between 2 and 3 % of all SMEs stated that they received orders during the past three years following their participation in European tender procedures.
af alle SMV'erne ofte eller fra tid til anden oplevet problemer med at besætte ledige stillinger.
The results of the ENSR Enterprise Survey 1999 do not allow for an
I den sjette rapport fra Observationscentret beskrives de initiativer, som offentlige myndig­heder tager for at imødegå manglen på kvalifi­ceret arbejdskraft.
New opportunities for SMEs emerge as a consequence of another relatively recent regulation: the opening-up of the market for public pro
I Ingangsat uddannelse for medarbejdere Intensiveret rekrutteringsindsats
I Initiate training for staff Intensify recruitment efforts
■ Rekrutteret medarbejdere med færre kvalifikationer Besætter ikke ledige stillinger ■ Flytter medarbejdere i virksomheden
I Recruit staff with fewer qualifications Do not fill vacancies I Relocate staff within enterprise
(') Procentdelene vist i diagrammet henviser til virksomheder, der oplever vanskeligheder.
(') The percentages shown in the chart refer to those enterprises that experience difficulties.
Denne gruppe udgør 30 % af alle virksomheder, 70 % af mellemstore virksomheder, 58 % af små virksomheder, 39 % af mikrovirksomheder og 18 % for virksomheder uden ansatte.
This group is 30 % of all enterprises, 70 % for mediumsized enterprises, 58 % of small enterprises, 39 % of micro-enterprises and 18 % for enterprises without employees.
ste tre år ansat medarbejdere fra et andet eur­opæisk land.
accurate calculation of the absolute number of tenders actually won by SMEs.
De største barrierer er de dertil knyttede administrative byrder og problemer med arbejdstilladelser.
However, the available data clearly suggest that a considerable part of all European tenders are won by SMEs.
De fleste af de 19 lande behandlet i denne rap­port har udviklet systemer til overvågning af eksisterende arbejdskraftmangler, men kun få tager initiativer til at forudse manglen på kvalifi­ceret arbejdskraft, før det bliver et problem.
Among the barriers still hampering SMEs, lack of information is by far the largest problem.
De fleste af de tiltag, der tages for at imødegå rekrutteringsproblemet, er indirekte, eftersom deres mål er at sikre et fleksibelt arbejdsmarked ved at forbedre arbejdskraftens kvalifikationer og ved at fremme høj mobilitet og gennemsigtig­hed på arbejdsmarkedet.
However, this barrier seems to reduce when a high percentage of employees within an enterprise has direct access to the Internet.
Selvom der findes eksempler på initiativer til at identificere mangel på arbejdskraft inden for specifikke områder, er de sjældne.
Once the information gap is filled, other barriers appear: the projects are too large for SMEs, high administrative burdens and the high costs of preparing a bid.
Reduktion af beskatningen af arbejdskraft er ikke tilstrækkelig udbredt til at gøre det til en strategi, der kan imødegå de stigende problemer med mangel på arbejdskraft.
Over the past year, more than a quarter of all SMEs have often or from time to time experienced difficulties in filling vacancies.
I de fles­te lande indeholder skattereformerne både en generel reduktion af beskatningen af arbejdskraft og specielt fokus på en lavere beskatning af lavt­lønnede medarbejdere.
In fact, recruitment problems related to low and semi-skilled workers are as widespread as recruitment problems related to technicians and engineers. Almost a fifth of SMEs have given up trying to fill their vacancies.
En af måderne for virksomhederne at imødegå rekrutteringsproblemer og mangel på arbejds­kraft er at ansætte medarbejdere fra andre euro­pæiske lande.
The third report of the European Observatory for SMEs (1995) revealed a general reduction of the extent of both the quantitative and the qualitative lack of labour in the period 1991-94, primarily because of low business activity.
Det fulde potentiale for migration og pendling på tværs af landegrænser er dog endnu ikke fuldt udnyttet i Europa, specielt ikke når man sammenligner med USA, og der er visse mekanismer, som hindrer arbejdskraftens mobi­litet.
Since then, the economic trends have improved and an increase of the problem of skill shortages has been recorded, especially among SMEs.
Derfor har kun ca. 4 % af SMV'erne i de sid­
Lack of skilled labour is now felt as a major constraint on business performance by almost 10 % of SMEs.
Baggrunden for ikke at introducere en nedskæ­ring i arbejdskraftbeskatningen for at fremme beskæftigelsen varierer fra land til land, ligesom
Among those SMEs who adopted actions to overcome these difficulties, training of staff already employed is generally the preferred strategy (see Figure 3).
Det Europæiske Observationscenter for SMV de grundlæggende kriterier for at anvende den type strategiske tiltag varierer.
The reasons for not introducing reduced taxation on labour in employment generation drives differ from country to country, as the fundamental criteria for the use of such strategies differ.
De tre væsentlig ste forklaringer er budgetmæssige hindringer, lav arbejdsløshedsprocent og usikkerhed omkring strategiens effekt.
The three main explanations are budgetary constraints, low unemployment rate and doubts about the effectiveness of the strategy.
Bankkredit er den mest udbredte og for mange virksomheder den eneste kilde til ekstern finansiering.
tion of enterprises providing training for existing staff.
Selvom dataene fra undersøgelsen Ikke skelner mellem kredittyper, så viser de, at den aktuelle andel af virksomheder med en bankkredit varierer meget i Europa.
This trend reflects the fact that large and mediumsized enterprises are generally more active in offering training to employees than micro-enterprises and small enterprises.
Dette kan skyldes en utilstrækkelig kreditvolumen eller utilfredsstillende betingelser.
See also the section on continuing vocational training later on in this summary.
SMV'erne møder specifikke problemer i deres forsøg på at få adgang til finansiering.
SMEs encounter specific problems in their attempts to access finance.
Kapitel 4 i rapporten giver et indblik i vigtigheden af sådanne problemer.
Chapter 4 of the report gives insight into the importance of such problems.
Den finansielle struktur i en virksomhed synes at afhænge mere af det økonomiske system og vaner i det land, virksomheden opererer i, end i nogen andre karakteristika hos virksomheden, såsom størrelse, sektor, alder eller endda rentabilitet.
The financial structure of an enterprise seems to depend more on the financial system and financial habits of the country in which it operates than on any other characteristics of enterprises such as size, sector, age and even profitability.
Desuden er det sådan, at jo mindre virksomheden er, jo større er de nationale forskelle på virksomhedernes finansielle struktur.
Moreover, the smaller the enterprise, the greater are the international differ ences in its financial structure.
Med andre ord synes der generelt at være en tilnærmelse i finansieringsmønstrene for store virksomheder.
In other words, there seems to be a generalised convergence in financing patterns for larger enterprises.
I udviklingen af økonomiske støtteforanstaltninger for SMV'er bør resultaterne fra rapporten fra Business Environment Simplification Task-Force (BEST) tages med i overvejelserne.
Most of the 19 countries covered by this report have developed systems to monitor the existing skill shortages, but only a few are taking action to anticipate skill short ages before they become a problem.