natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
I mellemtiden er del sociale system ændret i retning al" et socialt sikkerhedsnet.
In larger enterprises, the authorities nominated them.
Pensions- og arbejdsløshedskasserne får imidlertid stadig større underskud, som dækkes af"det offentlige.
The problems of self-interest led to wage escalation, over-employment and under investment.
De må derfor ændres yderligere, hvis de skal gøres finansielt levedygtige.
Loss-making enterprises survived not so much because of government subsidies but because they accumulated arrears to other enterprises, and they had easy access to bank loans — which in turn undermined the health of the banking sector.
Foruden de centrale og lokale myndigheders udgifter findes der en række fonde uden forbud gettet.
On the revenue side, in 1993, personal income and corporate profits taxes were introduced.
De vigtigste af'disse er sundheds- og pensionsfondene, men der findes et stadig større antal mindre fonde.
However, Value Added Tax has not yet been introduced — and is now expected to be in place only in 1999.
I øjeblikket fungerer de ikke inden for en ensartet retlig ramme, hvilket reducerer den fiskale gennemsigtighed og kunne bringe det samlede budget i fare.
Recently, the tax pressure on labour has been lowered by a reduction of social security contributions by employers.
Lønfordelingen i Slovenien er forholdsvis flad.
Since mid-1993 the authorities have given priority to the financial restructuring of sociallyowned enterprises.
Dette skyldes delvis en lighedstradition. forstærket gennem lang tids medarbejderdeltagelse.
This was mainly done through the Development Fund.
Reallønnen steg rent faktisk i 1992 og 1993 på trods af faldet i BNP; dette lagde ekstra stort pres på konkurrenceevnen og fremtvang en vis løndæmpning.
The task of the development fund is to restructure, sell or close industrial enterprises that could not be privatised.
Den første overenskomst mellem arbejdsgiverne, staten og fagforeningerne, som havde til formål at holde lønudviklingen nede, blev undertegnet i 1994.
More recently, the fund is supporting some of the larger enterprises that are still loss-making.
Da presset på lønningerne derefter forblev stærkt, blev der undertegnet opfølgningsaftaler i 1995 og 1996.
The main problem faced by the fund is the limited financial resources available for its operations.
Overenskomsterne har kun haft en begrænset dæmpende virkning: Væksten i reallønnen i 1996 var stadig 5 %, et godt stykke over de tilstræbte 1.5 % ifølge overenskomsten.
Another primary objective of the Government has been to encourage private sector development through legal reforms and the introduction of a regulatory framework adapted to the market economy.
Adgangen til markedet dikteredes ikke udelukkende af staten, og markedspriser var almindeligt udbredt på mange områder.
Mean while the social security system has been reformed to provide a social safety net.
Der var imidlertid behov foren omfattende privatisering og foranstaltninger til fremme af'udviklingen al' små og mellemstore virksomheder.
However, the pension and unemployment funds are run ning ever higher deficits, which are being covered by the state budget.
Den private sektor tegner sig i øjeblikket kun for 50-55c/c af' produktionen og beskæftigelsen.
They will therefore need further reform to make them financially sustainable.
De offentlige finanser
In addition to central and local government spending, there are a number of extra-budgetary funds.
Eftersom Slovenien betalte store overførselsbeløb til de andre republikker i Jugoslavien, forbedredes budgetsituationen efter uafhængig heden i 1991.
The most important of these are the health and pension funds, but there is a growing number of smaller funds.
Der var dog behov for en omfattende reform til støtte for statens nye rolle — i en markedsøkonomi og i kølvandet på uafhængigheden.
At present they do not operate under a unified legal framework, which reduces fiscal transparency and could put the overall budget position at risk.
Det meste af denne reform har allerede fundet sted.
Enterprise Sector: Privatisation and Enterprise Restructuring
Under det tidligere styre betød systemet med samfundsejede virksomheder og medarbejderdeltagelse, al der ikke blev skelnet skarpt mellem ejere, ledere og arbejdstagere; i de fleste virksomheder udpegedes lederne al'de ansatte.
Privatisation of the sociallyowned enterprises progressed rather slowly until late in 1994, but is expected to be completed by the end of 1997.
I slørre virksomheder var de udpeget af' myndighederne.
All citizens of Slovenia were given free non transferable certificates in 1994 (equivalent to 40 % of the total social capital of all the enter prises), which they can use to buy shares in com panies or in investment trusts.
Problemer med egeninteresse resulterede i løneskalering, overbeskæftigelse og underinvestering.
The Government, eager to speed up privatisation, granted the Privatisation Agency control over the privatisation of every company which has not yet started work on privatisation plans.
Tabsgivende virksomheder overlevede ikke så meget på grund af statssubsidier, men fordi de oparbejdede restancer til andre virksomheder, og de havde let adgang til banklån — hvilket igen underminerede banksektorens sundhed.
One remaining problem will be the 'privatisation gap', which is caused by the fact that the value of the issued vouchers exceeds the value of the assets to be privatised by about one third. There is current ly no decision on which of the remaining state assets will be privatised against vouchers to bridge the gap.
Delle skete hovedsagelig gennem Udviklingsfonden.
The existence of private enterprises has been possible since 1988.
Udviklingsfondens opgave er at omstrukturere, sælge eller lukke industriforetagender, der ikke kunne privatiseres.
Entry into the market was not exclusively dictated by the State and market prices prevailed in many areas.
På det seneste støtter fonden nogle af' de større virksomheder, der stadig er tabsgivende.
However, a significant amount of privatisation and measures to boost the development of small and mediumsized firms were needed.
Det vigtigste problem, fonden står over for, erde begrænsede finansielle ressourcer, den
The private sector currently accounts for only 50-55 % of output and employment.
Der er imidlertid endnu ikke indført moms, og den forventes på nuværende tidspunkt først at være på plads i 1999.
State-owned enterprises (utilities and other monopolies) continue to represent an important part of the enterprise sector.
For nylig er skatlepresset på arbejdskraft reduceret gennem en nedsættelse af de sociale bidrag, som arbejdsgiverne indbetaler.
In 1995, they still represented more than 30 % of the assets of all larger enterprises (having more than ten employ ees and surpassing certain thresholds on assets and revenues).
Denne nedsættelse er imidlertid endnu ikke fuldstændig opvejet al' andre foranstaltninger, således at der forventes at opstå et betydeligt underskud på budgettet i 1997.
Their statutory regulations remain unclear, and there is a lack of effective monitoring and control structures.
der havde afsluttet privatiseringen, besad de ansatte 60c/c eller mere af aktierne.
The current enteiprise structure has not developed much since independence: the system is still dominated by some large firms.
Del drejer har til rådighed til sine operationer.
In 1995, small enterprises (0-50 employees) accounted for 8 % of manufacturing output while the larger enterprises (251+ employees) accounted for 69 %.
Et andet vigtigt mål for staten har været at tilskynde til udvikling af den private sektor gennem retlige reformer og indførelse af lovmæssige rammer, der er tilpasset markedsøkonomien.
Large firms also understandably dominate in exports: they accounted for 76 % of manufacturing exports in 1995.
De ansatte havde ikke råd til at opkøbe de større virksomheder, så der er større udenlandsk deltagelse i disse.
The banking sector was quite decentralised under the previous regime and there was a substantial bad loans problem.
Der er behov for yderligere omstrukturering af virksomhederne for at reducere bortstrømningen af offentlige ressourcer, herunder fra Udviklingsfonden, og for at forhindre, at rentable virksomheder fortrænges.
Initially, in the early 1990s, loan portfolios deteriorated due to poor enterprise performance leading to a loss of bank assets.
Ændringerne er sket lang somt på grund af' relationerne mellem bankerne og muligheden for at oparbejde restancer mellem virksomhederne.
Although the bank rehabilitation programme is now coming to an end, competition is still lacking and banks still have high operational cost levels.
Desuden er nyinvesteringerne blevet begrænset af' høje rentesatser, som gør, at afkastet på kapitalen er lavt.
Most banks in Slovenia are small and maintain high reserves in conformity with the Central Bank's requirements.
Privatiseringen af de samfundsejede virksomheder skred forholdsvis langsomt frem indtil slutningen af 1994, men forventes at være tilendebragt inden udgangen af 1997.
In addition, there is an interest rate arrangement between the banks which sets the maximum rates on deposits.
Der er i øjeblikket ikke truffet beslutning om, hvilke af de resterende statsaktiver der skal privatiseres mod indlevering af beviser for at udfylde det opståede hul.
Abolishing the interest rate cartel, combined with the privatisation of the remaining state banks and a higher foreign involvement in the sector, would force the banks to restructure and increase their competitiveness.
Den Slovenske Centralbank er ansvarlig for penge- og valutapolitikken.
Foreign investment has been slow to develop in Slovenia, compared to the size of the economy.
Den blev oprettet i 1991 som en uafhængig myndighed, der skal sikre den nationale valutas stabilitet.
This is largely due to two factors. Firstly, privatisation progressed slowly.
Den fokuserer på pengeforsyningen og kontrollerer den gennem anvendelse af" indirekte instrumenter, såsom open market operations, reservekrav og refinansieringskreditter.
Secondly, man agement and employee buy-outs were common, which made it harder for outsiders to gain access to shares — in fact, by end-1995, in 78 % of the companies that had completed privatisation, its employees held 60 % or more of the shares. These are the smaller companies.
Den har haft forholdsvis stort held med at opnå prisstabilitet. Dens opgave vanskeliggøres imidlertid af' den omfattende indeksering i økonomien, hovedsagelig af rentesatser og lønninger.
Employees could not afford to buy up the larger firms, so there is more foreign participation in these.
Statsejede virksomheder (forsyningsselskaber og andre monopoler) udgør fortsat en stor del af virksomhedssektoren.
All banks meet the international capital adequacy requirement and the performance of the bank ing sector has been improving in the recent period.
I 1995 udgjorde de stadig mere end 30 % af aktiverne i alle større virksomheder (med mere end ti ansatte og over visse tærskler for aktiver og indtægter).
Overall, the profitability of the sector has improved as a result of increased bank earnings and control of costs.
Det er fortsat uklart, hvordan de reguleres lovmæssigt, og der mangler effektive overvågnings- og kontrol strukturer.
Nevertheless, because of the too small scale of the banks, costs remain high by international comparison.
Den nuværende virksomhedsstruktur har ikke udviklet sig meget siden uafhængigheden. Systemet domineres stadig af" en række store virksomheder.
Further restructuring of firms is needed to reduce the drain on public resources, including on the Development Fund, and to prevent crowding-out of profitable firms.
I 1995 tegnede de mindre virksomheder (0-50 ansatte) sig for 8 % af produktionen, medens de større virksomheder (over 250 ansatte) tegnede sig for 69 %.
Changes have been slow in coming because of the links between banks and the possibility of running up inter-enterprise arrears.
Det er ligeledes forståeligt, at store virksomheder dominerer eksporten: De tegnede sig for 76ck af'eksporten af industrivarer i 1995.
In addition, the amount of new invest ment has been limited by high interest rates, which makes that the returns on capital are low.
Banksektoren var forholdsvis decentraliseret under det tidligere styre, og der var store problemer med misligholdte lån.
The development of the financial sector, e.g., the money and capital markets, also suffers from the anachronistic payments system inherited from the former Yugoslavia.
I begyndelsen af 1990'erne forværredes låneporteføljerne som følge al' dårlige virksomhedsresultater, der førte til tab af bankaktiver.
Although the appropriate legislation has been adopted, the markets are dominated by the main banks and only a limit ed number of financial instruments are available, so the sector has not deepened.
Selv om bankgenopbygningsprogrammet nu er ved at være afsluttet, mangler der stadig konkurrence, og bankerne har stadig store driftsomkostninger. De fleste banker i Slovenien er små og ligger inde med store reserver i overensstemmelse med centralbankens krav.
The stock exchange is technologically advanced, but it is small and does not contribute much to the financial markets.
De to største banker er statsejede.
The Bank of Slovenia is responsible for monetary and exchange rate policy.
Der består endvidere et rentearrangement mellem bankerne, som fastsætter de maksimale indlånssatser.
It was created in 1991 as an independent authority to maintain national currency stability.
Delte kartel er godkendt af Sloveniens centralbank og monopolmyndighederne.
It targets the money supply, and controls it through the use of indirect instruments, such as open market operations, required reserves and refinancing credits.
Det er ikke foreneligt med et markedsorienteret finansielt system.
It has been relatively successful in achieving price stability.
Afskaffelse af rentekartellet vil — sammen med privatiseringen af deres terende statsbanker og højere udenlandsk delt-
However, its task is made difficult by the extent of indexation in the economy, most importantly of interest rates and wages.
For det første har privatiseringen udviklet sig langsomt.
The interbank market is the only organised part of the money market.
For det andet var det almindeligt med ledelses- og medarbejderovertagelser. hvilket gjorde det vanskeligere for udenforstående at få adgang til aktierne — i slutningen af 1995 var det faktisk sådan, at i 78 % af de virksomheder,
Commercial banks, enter prises, some state-owned funds, insurance com panies and the Government all participate.
Alle banker opfylder de internationale ka­pitalkrav, og banksektoren har i den seneste tid noteret bedre resultater.
would lose its economic meaning, both for Slovenia and for its partners.
De økonomiske kriterier er:
Social Indicators
□ en fungerende markedsøkonomi
Slovenia is a small country with a population of 2 million.
□ evne til at klare konkurrencepresset og markedskræfterne i Unionen.
The population has remained very sta­ble over the past decade.
Udviklingen af den finansielle sektor, f.eks. penge­ og kapitalmarkederne, lider også under det anakronistiske betalingssystem, der er arvet fra det tidligere Jugoslavien.
The adoption of the acquis, and in particular the internal market acquis, is therefore essential for a candidate country, which must commit itself permanently to the economic obligations of membership.
Selv om der er ved­taget en hensigtsmæssig lovgivning, domineres markederne af hovedbankerne, og der foreligger kun et begrænset antal finansielle instrumenter, så sektoren er ikke blevet udvidet.
This irreversible commitment is needed to provide the certainty that every part of the enlarged EU market will continue to oper­ate by common rules.
Børsen er tek­nologisk set avanceret, men den er lille og bidrager ikke meget til de finansielle markeder.
The workforce is skilled and fairly well educat­ed — in particular the younger generations.
Den langsomme start på privatiseringen har spillet en rolle i forbindelse hermed.
The share of employed who have received secondary education is relatively high at 60 % (1995).
Den nylige indførelse af restriktioner for indstrømning af' porteføljekapital har i høj grad reduceret omsæt­ningen på børsen.
In addition, there is a significant amount of train­ing, both on-the-job and otherwise: the authori­ties estimate that some 30 % of those employed receive training.
Disse kriterier er indbyrdes afhængige. For det første vil en fungerende markedsøkonomi bedre kunne klare konkurrencepresset.
The capacity to take on the acquis has several dimensions.
For det andet er det fungerende marked i forbindelse med medlemskab af' EU det indre marked.
In their absence, competitive pressures are likely to be considered too intense by some sections of society, and there will be a call for protective measures, which, if imple­mented, would undermine the Single Market.
Et EU­medlemskab, der ikke indebærer integrering i det indre marked, giver ingen økonomisk mening, hverken for Slovenien eller dets handelspartnere.
In recent years the level of urbanisation has increased with industrialisation, however, it remains relatively low: in 1995,50 % of the pop­ulation lived in cities.
Tilslutning til EU's regelværk, specielt reglerne vedrørende det indre marked, er således af­gørende for et ansøgerland, som permanent skal påtage sig de økonomiske forpligtelser ved et medlemskab.
The existence of a broad based consensus about the nature of the changes to economic policy which membership of the Union requires, and a sustained record of imple­mentation of economic reforms in the face of interest group pressure reduce the risk that a country will be unable to maintain its commit­ment to the economic obligations of member­ship.
Denne uigenkaldelige forpligtelse er nødvendig for at give sikkerhed for, at alle dele af det udvidede EU­marked vil fortsætte med at fungere efter fælles regler.
The European Council in Copenhagen in 1993 defined the conditions that the associated coun­tries in Central and Eastern Europe need to sat­isfy for accession. The economic criteria are:
Slovenien er et lille land med 2 millioner ind­byggere.
Π the existence of a functioning market econo­my;
Befolkningstallet har holdt sig meget stabilt i de sidste ti år.
Π the capacity to cope with competitive pres­sure and market forces within the Union.
Arbejdsstyrken er faglært og forholdsvis godt uddannet — navnlig de yngre generationer. Andelen af ansatte, der har gennemgået en sekundær uddannelse, er forholdsvis høj, nem­lig 60 % (1995).
At the level of the public authorities, member­ship of the Union requires the administrative and legal capacity to transpose and implement the wide range of technical legislation needed to remove obstacles to freedom of movement with­in the Union and so ensure the working of the Single Market.
Der foregår desuden en omfat­tende efteruddannelse, både på arbejdspladserne og på andre måder.
These aspects are examined in later chapters.
Myndighederne anslår, at omkring 30 % af de ansatte modtager efterud­dannelse.
At the level of individual firms, the impact on their competitiveness of adopting the acquis depends on their capacity to adapt to the new economic environment.
Evnen til at tilslutte sig EU's regelværk har flere dimensioner.
These criteria are linked.
På den ene side skal Slovenien kunne påtage sig de økonomiske forpligtelser ved et medlemskab på en sådan måde, at det indre marked fungerer uproblematisk og ret­færdigt.
Firstly, a functioning market economy will be better able to cope with competitive pressure.
Hvis disse forhold ikke er til stede, vil konkurrencepresset efter al sandsynlighed blive opfattet som for intenst i visse dele af samfundet, og der vil lyde krav om protektionistiske foranstaltninger, som.
Secondly, in the context of membership of the Union, the functioning market is the internal market.
Den forventede levealder, der faldt som følge af overgangen, ligger i øjeblikket kun lidt under EU­gennemsnittet og er igen på vej op: For kvin­der var den forventede levealder i 1994 77,4 år og for mænd 69,6 år.
Without integra­tion into the internal market, EU membership
hvis de blev gennemført, ville trække tæppet væk under det indre marked.
Existence of a functioning Market Economy the tax burden on labour reduced.
Rammerne for en markedsøkonomi er stort set på plads.
Social transfers and public wages represent an increasing burden on government expenditure which should be reduced.
Handelen, de fleste priser og valutasystemet er blevet liberaliseret, privateje har vundet mere indpas, der vedtages lovgivning, som passer til en markeds økonomi, og ejendomsretten håndhæves.
Public expenditure on pensions is taking an increasing share of GDP and an increasing amount comes from the central budget.
En til fredsstillende gennemførelse af' Europaaftalen bør bidrage til at konsolidere markedsøkonomiens funktion.
Measures to assure the short-term sustainability of the system will have to be accompanied by more structural reforms.
Et ansøgerlands evne og vilje til at tilslutte sig og gennemføre EU's regelværk har afgørende betydning, fordi omkostningerne og fordelene ved at gøre det kan være ulige fordelt over tid og på erhvervssektorer og samfundsgrupper.
The existence of a market economy requires that equilibrium between supply and demand is established by the free interplay of market forces.
En bred konsensus om, hvilke ændringer i den økonomiske politik EU-medlemskab nødvendiggør, og en målbevidst gennemførelse af økonomiske reformer på trods af pres fra interessegrupper mindsker risikoen for, at et land ikke er i stand til at påtage sig de økonomiske forpligtelser ved et medlemskab.
A market economy is functioning when the legal system, including the regulation of property rights, is in place and can be enforced.
Konkurrencen og markedsmekanismerne må imidlertid stadig forbedres: F.eks. er licensprocedurerne stadig meget formelle, konkursprocedurerne er langsomme, og der består et kartel i banksektoren.
The performance of a market economy is facilitated and improved by macroeconomic stability and a degree of consensus about the essentials of economic policy.
Den høje grad af indeksering i økonomien medfører ligeledes stor inerti i systemet. stemet.
A well-developed financial sector and an absence of significant barriers to market entry and exit help to improve the efficiency with which an economy works.
For de offentlige myndigheder kræver EU-mcdlemskab administrativ og retlig kapacitet til at omsætte og gennemføre den brede vifte af teknisk lovgivning, der er nødvendig for at fjerne hindringerne for den frie bevægelighed inden for EU og derved sikre det indre markeds funktion. Disse aspekter behandles i senere kapitler.
Slovenia began the transition process from a favourable starting point: it was a relatively wealthy country with some good infrastructure, a history of decentralised decision-making and established links with the West.
Folden enkelte virksomhed er virkningen for konkurrenceevnen af at tilslutte sig EU's regelværk afhængig af" dens evne til at tilpasse sig de nye økonomiske forhold.
It had industrialised before becoming communist and it never adopted command planning; private ownership began to develop before independence.
En fungerende markedsøkonomi
A strong and stable financial sector is an essential element of a functioning market economy.
Det er ligeledes stadig nødvendigt at reformere de offentlige finanser. Bl.a. må der indføres moms, og skattebyrden på arbejdskraft må reduceres.
Although the banking system has a long tradition of decentralisation, and regulation appears effective, the system is still underdeveloped and needs to mature.
Sociale overførsler og offentlige løn ninger udgør en stadig større byrde for slatens udgifter, som bør reduceres.
Interest rate spreads, i.e. the difference between rates on loans and on deposits, are high because many of the banks are too small, and because operating costs are high.
Det vigtigste og vanskeligste spørgsmål er pensionerne.
In general, the sector lacks competitive pressures to enforce higher competitiveness.