natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Der skal skelnes mellem aktioner til fremme af befolkningens mobilitet og aktioner, der skal udvikle og rodfæste arbejdspladser, idet de to aktionstyper kan kombineres.
• improving amenities for elderly people in the places to which they tend to retire, by ensuring the availability of suitable housing, special services, transport, cultural activities and so on.
- de mellemstore universitetsbyer kan forsøge at få de unge kandidater til at blive i området, ved hjælp af en aktiv jobskabelsespolitik for virksomheder, der har forbindelse med de fag, der undervises.
• in mediumsized university cities, of trying to retain young graduates by active policies of enterprise creation linked to the specialist subjects taught.
Udviklingen af regionale universiteter bliver fremmet i adskillige med lemslande.
While regional universities are a focus of policy in many Member States,
Det er tit afgørende, at der skabes specialiseret kompetence af tilstrækkelig størrelse.
• the development of housing accessible to large sections of the population through urban renewal.
I den sammenhæng skal forholdet mellem universitet og virksomheder frem mes.
Such policies have been adopted, for example, in Cardiff, Liverpool, Amsterdam and Rotterdam;
Aktioner til koordinering af befolkningens og beskæftigelsens placering
Trends in the spatial distribution of population and employment
Det er vigtigt nøje at følge de virkninger, som placeringen af boliger og aktivitetsområder kan have på mobiliteten.
• the promotion of employment creation on the outskirts of cities and in the suburbs where few jobs exist at present;
- fremme af boliger, der er tilgængelige for brede befolkningslag i byerne, i forbindelse med rehabilitering og byfornyelse. En bedre tilpasning mellem placeringen af kontorer og boliger kan medvirke til at hindre ny pendling. Sådanne politikker er for eksempel gen nemført i Cardiff, Liverpool, Amsterdam og Rotterdam;
• the encouragement of new practices, such as teleworking, which can reduce daily commuting and which might even make it possible in time to locate residential areas further away from cities.
Den seneste udvikling med hensyn til de internationale investeringers lokalisering
Recent changes in the regional distribution of foreign investment
Virksomhedernes mobilitet, og dermed arbejdspladsernes mobilitet, er en del af strategien i forhold til den fysiske planlægning.
The mobility of firms - and hence of employment - is an element of strategic concern for regional planning, as shown in the previous chapter.
Virksomhedernes mobilitet udvikler sig mere og mere på tværs af grænserne.
The movement of firms, moreover, is increasingly taking place on an international scale.
betragtelig størrelse.
however, has occurred largely since the mid1980s.
Faktisk er det først fra midten af firserne, at Sydeuropa har kunnet tiltrække uden landske investeringer. Før firserne havde globaliseringen kun betydning for begrænsede områder i den sydlige del af Fællesskabet, og først efter Fællesskabets udvidelse med Spanien og Portugal steg de udenlandske investeringer ved Europas Middelhav skyst relativt hurtigere end EF-gennemsnittet.
While between 1950 and 1980, the effects of economic globalisation impinged only on a relatively small number of regions in the South, the years following the enlargement of the Community to include Spain and Portugal witnessed a growth of direct investment in the Western Mediterranean well in excess of the Community average.
I halvtredserne og tresserne vai- det USA, der stod for de fleste af investeringerne. Siden er investeringerne mellem de europæiske lande steget kraftige.
While the US was the principal source of investment during the 1950s and 1960s, more recently, investment flows between European countries have become more important.
I første omgang skal behandles de seneste investeringsstrømme opdelt efter oprindelse og destination, og i anden omgang vil der blive set på deres territoriale virkninger: integrationen af Sydeuropa og Irland i den internationale økonomi, styrkelse af de store byers rolle, disse strømmes forskellige betydning i de sydeuropæiske lande.
In the following analysis, the development of inward and outward investment flows is first examined as regards the Union as a whole. The geographical effects of these flows are then considered in terms of the integration of Southern Europe and Ireland into the international economy, the strengthening of the role of large cities and the uneven distribution of investment and its effects as between regions.
De udenlandske investeringsstrømme
International flows of investment
De grænseoverskridende pengestrømme, der vedrører investeringer i medlemsstaterne, er betragtelige, og de ændrer sig hastigt.
The capital flows associated with direct investment are both significant and changing rapidly in the Member States.
Mellem 1984 og 1987 modtog unionslandene i gennemsnit 7,8 milliarder ECU om året i direkte investeringer fra tredjelande.
Over the period 1984 to 1987, direct investment in the Union from outside amounted to an average of 7.8 billion ECU a year.
Mellem 1987 og 1991 steg dette tal til 24,6 milliarder, med 33 milliarder i 1990 som et højdepunkt.
Between 1988 and 1991, the average figure was 24.6 billion ECU - reaching a peak of 33 billion ECU in 1990.
Samlet har virkningerne af de udenlandske investeringer på økonomierne i modtagerlandene tilsyneladende været temmelig positive.
The effects of direct investment on the economies of recipient countries seem on the whole to have been beneficial.
Industristrukturen i disse lande er blevet diversificeret, produktiviteten og lønsomheden i de tværnationale virksomheder har vist sig at være højere end i tilsvarende nationale virksomheder, der er skabt ny beskæftigelse, ofte med højere løn, og forskningsaktiviteterne er blevet udviklet, selv om de ofte hai- været koncentreret om moderselskabet.
Where they have involved new productive activities, they have helped diversify the structure of the economy, increase productivity - and profitability - and create new jobs, often at higher rates of pay, and expand research activity (though this is often concentrated in foreign companies).
Alligevel må det understreges, at de udenlandske investeringer stort set er overførsler af eksisterende økonomiske aktiver, især i form af køb af værdipapirer, hvis virkninger set udfra et planlægningsmæssigt aspekt er ukendte.
On the other hand, it should be noted that most international investment flows are not of this type but involve changes in the ownership of already existing economic assets (such as the acquisition of domestic companies or part of their equity), where the effects are less clear.
Det skal man huske, når man tolker de tal om investeringsstrømmene, som fremlægges hér.
This is an important point to bear in mind when interpreting the figures on investment flows presented here.
Udviklingen i de udenlandske investeringer mellem 1984 og 1991
The direction of international investment, 1984-91
De regionale virkninger af de direkte udenlandske investeringer skyldes delvis deres historiske udvikling, som er meget forskellig i den nordlige og den sydlige del af Unionen.
The regional effects of direct investment differ partly according to its historical development, which is very different in Northern countries than in the South.
Siden har de uden landske kapitalstrømme holdt sig på et relativt højt niveau set for alle landene som helhed.
In the 1950s, most Northern Member States experienced a major wave of inward foreign investment.
Alligevel er der opstået forskelle mellem landene i forhold til deres BNP. Irland, Benelux og Storbritannien har været mere tilgodeset end Frankrig og Tyskland.
Since then the inflow into these countries as a group has remained at a relatively high level, though the size of flow relative to GDP differs between them (it is much higher in Ireland, the UK and the Benelux countries than in France or Germany) and flows into the Southern countries - Spain and Portugal, in particular - have increased to a comparable size.
De vigtigste investeringsstrømme i Fællesskabet do mineres af de strømme, der finder sted i den gruppe,
The flows of international investment affecting Member States are dominated by movements be tween the larger and more prosperous countries.
Den seneste udvikling med hensyn til de internationale investeringers lokalisering
Recent changes in the regional distribution of foreign investment investment going to different Member States.
1988­1991 nåede de direkte investeringer i gennem­snit 1,3% af Unionens BNP, dels som følge af iværksættelsen af programmet for det indre marked, som skærpede bevidstheden om Unionen som cen­trum for investeringer fra andre lande, og som gav virksomheder i en medlemsstat incitamenter til at etablere produktionsenheder i andre medlemsstater, og dels på grund af den øgede økonomiske vækst (se figur).
In the four years 1988 to 1991, partly reflecting the implementation of the Single Market pro­gramme ­ which both increased the attraction of the Union as a location for investment from other countries and the incentive for businesses in one Member State to develop production facilities in others ­ partly reflecting the higher rate of econ­omic growth, direct investment averaged 1.3% of Union GDP (see Graph).
I denne gruppe af lande går bevægel­serne i begge retninger, og de er med visse undtagel­ser i ligevægt. I Unionens randlande viser tallene klart en nord/syd­akse med en investeringsstrøm, der går fra fra Det Forenede Kongerige, Frankrig, Tysk­land og Holland til Spanien og Portugal.
another tend to be reciprocated, with few excep­tions, by return flows of similar size.
Disse be­vægelser er blevet forstærket af EFTA­investeringer på den iberiske halvø.
These flows have been reinforced on a wider European scale by investment in the latter two countries by EFTA countries.
En øst/vest­akse fra Tyskland til Irland viser ligeledes investeringer i Irland fra Det Forenede Kongerige, Frankrig og Danmark.
A weaker East­West axis is also evident, in the form of a flow of investment from the UK, France, Germany and Denmark into Ireland.
Denne stigning berørte alle medlemsstater, mest Irland (hvor de direkte investeringer steg fra 1,3% af BNP til 8,5%), mens Grækenland ikke havde stor fordel heraf. Samtidig forøgedes investerin­gerne i de enkelte lande fra 53% til 58% af de samlede investeringer, hvilket afspejler tendensen i retning af større økonomisk integration i Unio­nen.
This increase in the scale of flows was common to all Member States, with Ireland, in particular, ex­periencing considerable growth in the investment received between the two periods (the average value increasing from 1.3% of GDP to 8.5%), while the rise was relatively modest in the case of Greece.
Mellem 1984 og 1991 er de direkte investeringer i Den Europæiske Union, herunder investeringer mel­lem medlemslandene, steget til lidt under 1% af Unionens BNP. Blandt disse investeringer kom 45% fra tredjelande, især USA, Japan og EFTA­landene, mens 55% kom fra andre medlemslande.
Between 1984 and 1991, direct investment in the Union, including flows between Member States, averaged just under 1% of Union GDP.
I den første fire­årsperiode fra 1984 til 1987 modsvarede de direkte investeringer i medlemsstaterne i Unionen 0,6% af deres konsoliderede BNP i gennemsnit. I perioden
Over this period, however, there was a sig­nificant growth of investment flows, an increase in the importance of internal investment relative to external and large differences in the scale of
I løbet af de to perioder har de direkte investerin­ger været meget forskellige i de enkelte medlems­stater.
At the same time, internal investment flows between Member States increased from 53% of
Direkte internationale investeringer i Den Europæiske Union, 1984-1991
Direct investment into the European Union, 1984­1991
Gennemsnitlig årlig investering (i % af BNP)
Average annual investment (% GDP)
1 Investering fra andre lande i Unionen
1 Investment from other EU countries
Den seneste udvikling med hensyn til de internationale investeringers lokalisering sten lige så vigtig.
Recent changes in the regional distribution of foreign investment the total to 58%, reflecting the trend towards closer economic integration within the Union.
I Spanien og Grækenland var de vigtigste direkte investeringskilder i perioden Det Forenede Kongerige, Tyskland, Frankrig og Holland, som tilsammen stod for mere end to tredjedele af de samlede direkte investeringer i Spanien mellem 1988 og 1991.
For Spain and Greece, the most important sources of direct investment over the period from within the Union were the UK, Germany, France and the Netherlands, which together accounted for twothirds of all direct investment going to Spain between 1988 and 1991.
Stort set det samme gør sig gældende for Portugal, selv om Spanien også har investeret stærkt i Portugal.
Much the same was true of Portugal, though in this case Spain was an equally important investor.
Mellem 1988 og 1991 gik investeringerne målt i forhold til BNP fra 8,5% i Irland og 4% i Belgien/ Luxemburg (som hér er konsolideret af hensyn til de eksisterende data) til lidt mindre end 0,5% i Italien og blot 0,2 % i Tyskland.
Between 1988 and 1991, the scale of investment varied from 8.5% of GDP in Ireland and 4% of GDP in Belgium/Luxembourg (which are combined so far as the available data are concerned) to just under 0.5% of GDP in Italy and only 0.2% of GDP in Germany.
I de øvrige lande androg de i gennemsnit på godt 3% af BNP i Portugal og mere end 2% i Holland, Det Forenede Kongerige og Spanien. I de andre lande var de under 1% af BNP.
Of the other countries, investment into Portugal averaged over 3% of GDP and into the Netherlands, the UK and Spain, over 2% of GDP, while it was below 1% of GDP every where else.
Der er også forskel på forholdet mellem modtagne og afgivne investeringer landene imellem.
There were also marked differences in the size of investment inflows in relation to outflows.
- at de tyske investeringer i de andre lande var seks gange større end investeringerne i Tyskland mellem 1984 og 1991;
• outflows of investment from Germany were 6 times larger than inflows between 1984 and 1991;
- at der i Frankrigs og i Hollands tilfælde investeredes dobbelt så meget i andre lande, som man modtog i samme periode;
• for France and the Netherlands, outflows were twice the value of inflows over this period;
Blandt investeringerne fra tredjelande har EFTA-landene været vigtigere end USA og Japan, og det er måske overraskende: de tegner sig for 15% af de samlede direkte investeringer (internt og eksternt) i Unionen mellem 1988 og 1991, og de stod for en tredjedel af strømmene fra tredjelande, mens USA kun stod for 10% af den samlede investeringsstrøm, og Japan kun for 5%.
In the case of investment coming from outside the Union, perhaps surprisingly, the EFTA countries represented a more important source than either the US or Japan, accounting for 15% of all direct investment in the Union (both internal and external) between 1988 and 1991 and 35% of flows from third countries, in contrast, the US was responsible for 10% of the total and Japan 5%.
EFTA-landenes betydning gør sig gældende i næsten alle medlemsstater, herunder Spanien og Portugal, hvor EFTA mellem 1988 og 1991 havde flere in vesteringer end USA og Japan tilsammen (for Irland og Grækenland er det vanskeligt at sam menligne på grund af manglende data).
The importance of the EFTA countries is common to most Member States, including Spain and Portugal, where between 1988 and 1991, they were the source of more investment than the US and Japan put together (for Ireland and Greece, the lack of data makes it difficult to assess their relative importance).
Kun i Det Forenede Kongerige og i Belgien/Luxemburg investerede USA mere end EFTA-landene i sam me periode.
Only for the UK and Belgium/Luxembourg was the US a larger investor than the EFTA countries over this period.
at Italien investerede cirka 20% mere, end landet modtog;
• for Italy, outflows exceeded inflows by around 20%;
Mod stærkere vækst i storbyerne at Det Forenede Kongerige og Belgien/ Luxemburg modtog 5-10% mere, end de investerede; sterede;
• for the UK and Belgium/Luxembourg, inflows were some 5-10% greater than outflows;
- at Spanien og Irland modtog tre gange så meget, som de investerede i andre lande;
Strengthening the importance of large cities
- at Grækenland og Portugal modtog ti gange mere, end de investerede.
• for Spain and Ireland, inflows were around three times larger than outflows;
I Spanien, Portugal, Grækenland og Belgien/Luxemburg kom mere end 70% af de direkte investeringer i 19881991 fra andre medlemsstater, og det er kun i Italien, Danmark og Det Forenede Kongerige, at andelen lå under 50% (40% for de to sidstnævnte).
For Spain, Portugal, Greece and Belgium/Luxembourg, over
Investeringskilderne varierer ligeledes stærkt fra land til land. Ikke overraskende er de store lande ofte de største investorer, selv om Holland er næ-
The structure of international investment coming into Community countries is undergoing a major change having traditionally been concentrated in the industrial sector.
I firserne oplevede man hurtigt udenlandske investeringsstrømme på serviceområdet, som om økonomiens overgang til det tertiære område afspejle de denne type investering og undertiden kom den i forkøbet. Globaliseringen af serviceområdet (distribution, banker, forsikringer, internationale
For example, in the 1950s and 1960s, inward investment (especially of US origin) in the Benelux countries was largely in oil and petro-chemicals.
Den seneste udvikling med hensyn til de internationale investeringers lokalisering revisionsvirksomheder, juridisk rådgivning osv.) kan let forklares ud fra nogle faktorer:
Recent changes in the regional distribution of foreign investment
Portugal, eller også til at fremskynde den industrielle omstilling i visse regioner, såsom Nordengland, Wales, Nord-Pas de Caiais eller Lorraine.
Wales) owe a large part of their industrial development and/or diversification to foreign investment.
Dermed har de bidraget til at forstærke den økonomiske og sociale samhørighed;
In Ireland, the proportion of industrial employment in foreign firms in 1989 was 58% in the Mid-West region, 53% in the West, and 50% in the North-West and nowhere below 32%.
- udbydere af serviceydelser, for eksempel banker, følger ofte deres potentielle kunder;
been given a new impetus by the Single Market. The Netherlands, in particular, especially in the area South of Amsterdam, including Schiphol airport, has been able to attract a large number of planning and distribution units of multinational firms because of good connections with a large part of Europe.
- harmoniseringen af afgifterne og skattelovene samt sociale og andre ordninger, der gør det muligt for virksomhederne at tilbyde deres ser viceydelser til de multinationale virksomheders afdelinger samtidig i flere lande.
The 1980s witnessed a rapid emergence of foreign investment flows in services in parallel, and some times in advance of, the general trend towards the growing importance of services in the economy.
Det indre marked har kun forstærket denne udvikling.
Between 1984 and 1991, over 60% of the direct investment into the Union from all sources was in service activities.
De udenlandske investeringer i Unionens centrale områder er forholdsvis større end tidligere, hvilket skyldes to ting:
• the growth of new needs as income rises (for example, tourism);
- for det første er der i disse regioner en større koncentration af store byer, hvor tjenesteydelser på højt niveau udvikles; det gælder især for specialiserede serviceydelser som bankerne (London, Amsterdam, Frankfurt).
• the reduction in international differences in tax rates, social and other regulations which in creases the ability of businesses to provide services to multinational enterprises in several countries at once.
De forskelle, der kan konstateres, skyldes følgende hovedfaktorer:
The Single Market serves only to strengthen this trend.
- det indre marked udøver en ikke ubetydelig tiltrækning i lande som Spanien og Portugal;
Uneven development in Southern Europe
- central beliggenhed er iøvrigt en væsentlig faktor for tiltrækning af investeringer i hovedsæderne og på områder som logistik og distribution, som har fået mere dynamik i kraft af det indre marked.
These trends also mean that foreign investment in the central regions of the Community is a higher proportion of the total than it might otherwise be for two main reasons: first, there is a greater concentration of large cities in central regions conducive to the development of high-level services.
Holland og ganske særlig området syd for Amsterdam med Schiphollufthavnen har således kunnet tiltrække mange distributions- og logistikcentre, som bruges af de store multinationale virksomheder til distribution af varer i en stor del af Europa.
In addition, many large international firms have established their main European offices in a few selected cities such as Brussels - because of the presence of European Union institutions - as well as Paris, London, Amsterdam and, for Japanese firms, Dusseldorf;
- produktionsomkostningsniveauet har meget varierende betydning fra land til land.
Although foreign investment has contributed considerably to the spatial integration of South ern Europe, the effects of internationalisation have not been uniform.
Det er uden betydning i Frankrig og Italien, men har stor betydning i Portugal og Grækenland. I Spanien er det ikke længere nogen stor fordel.
Spain and Portugal have experienced an exceptional inflow of investment, reflecting their rapid integration into the global economy.
På grund af denne udvikling bør man skelne mel lem investeringsfordelingen mellem lande og regioner (makro-fysisk) og fordelingen inden for lande og regioner (mikro-fysisk):
On the other hand, the scale of international investment into Italy has been much lower relative to its GDP, while the size of flows into France has been somewhere between the two.
Denne udvikling er ikke uden følger for den fysiske planlægning.
Foreign investment in Greece has been low for many years, though it has recently shown a belated increase.
Beskæftigelse i udenlandsk ejede virksomheder, 1991 {i% af samlet beskæftigelse i regionen)
Employment in plants o! foreign-owned firms, 1991 (% total employment in region)
Udenlandsk ejede virksomhedsanlæg, 1992 (i % af samlet antal virksomhedsanlæg i regionen)
Plants of foreign-owned firms, 1992 (% total plants in region)
Beskæftigelse i udenlandsk ejede industrivirksomheder, 1994 (i % af samlet beskæftigelse i regionen)
Employment in foreign-owned Industrial firms, 1994 (% total employment in region)
Ovennævnte data er udledt af nationale oplysninger, idet der er brugt forskellige indikatorer for direkte investering; der kan derfor ikke sammenlignes mellem landene.
The data shown are derived from national sources, using different indicators of direct investment, and are therefore not comparable between countries.
Den seneste udvikling med hensyn til de internationale investeringers lokalisering overophedning i byerne og uligevægt i bymønstret, foruden at de styrker de regionale forskelle og truer miljøet.
Recent changes in the regional distribution of foreign investment the Single Market, which has been important in the case of Spain and Portugal;
Generelt styrker de udenlandske investorer ved deres valg af beliggenhed de regionale forskelle, øger regionernes produktive specialisering, somme tider i en sådan grad, at der kun findes én sektor, samtidig med at den eksisterende polarisering for stærkes gennem en dårligt styret byudvikling.
This accentuation of regional differences is also apparent in Italy, where there is a marked contrast between the North, where 54% of all enterprises with foreign participation are located together with 67% of the employment, and the South, which despite lower labour costs and significant levels of public investment in infrastructure has only 18% of such enterprises and 14"2% of employment.