natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Udsendelsen af de pågældende programmer omfattede to særskilte tjenesteydelser; den første er den, som de ejere af kabelnet, der er etableret i en medlemsstat, yder de radio- og tv-selskaber, der er etableret i andre medlemsstater, og den anden er den, som de radio- og tv-selskaber, der er etableret i en række medlemsstater, yder de annoncører, der er etableret i modtagerstaten, ved at udsende reklamer udarbejdet med henblik på offentligheden i modtagerstaten.
As regards the application of that criterion and in particular the question of how much value was to be added to determine the origin of the goods in question, the Court believed that it was necessary to assume that the assembly process in question as a whole had to involve an appreciable increase in the commercial value ex-factory of the finished product.
Disse tjenesteydelser har begge grænseoverskridende karakter i den i Traktatens artikel 59 forudsatte betydning.
In that respect it was necessary to determine in each case whether the amount of the value added in the country of assembly justified, by comparison with the value added in other countries, designating the country of assembly as the country of origin.
Begge de pågældende tjenesteydelser er desuden udført mod vederlag i den i Traktatens artikel 60 forudsatte betydning.
Where only two countries were involved in production of goods and consideration of criteria of a technical nature was insufficient to determine origin, the simple assembly of the goods in one country from prefabricated components originating in another country did not suffice to confer on the resulting product the origin of the country of assembly if the value so added was appreciably less than the value conferred in the other country.
b) Spørgsmålet, om der foreligger restriktioner for den frie udveksling af tjenesteydelser, der er forbudt i henhold til Traktatens artikel 59
In such a situation value added of less than 10%, as estimated by the Commission in its observations, could not in any event be regarded as sufficient to confer on the finished product the origin of the country of assembly.
Den nationale rets andet, tredje, fjerde og femte spørgsmål rejste problemet, om forbud mod reklame og undertekster — som forbuddene i Kabelregeling — er restriktioner for den frie udveksling af tjenesteydelser, der er omfattet af Traktatens artikel 59, når henses til, at den nationale radiospredningslov forbød selskaber, der udsendte nationale programmer, at sprede reklamer, og at samme lov forbeholdt retten til spredning af sådanne meddelelser for et offentligt organ, og at dette organ havde en lovbestemt forpligtelse til at overlade sine indtægter til staten, som anvendte disse til støtte for selskaber, der udsendte nationale programmer, samt pressen.
The Court held that the origin of goods which had been assembled was to be determined on the basis of the abovementioned criteria without it being necessary to determine whether the assembly involved an intellectual operation, which was not a criterion provided for in Article 5 of the Regulation.
Et forbud mod reklamer som forbuddet i Kabelregeling omfatter en dobbelt restriktion for den frie udveksling af tjenesteydelser:
With its second question the national court asked whether the transfer of assembly from the country of manufacture of the parts to another country where they were used in factories already available justified the presumption that the sole object of the transfer was to evade the applicable provisions and in particular the application of the anti-dumping duty within the meaning of Article 6 of the regulation.
- Det forhindrer selskaber, der driver kabelanlæg, og som er etableret i en medlemsstat, i at sende tv-programmer, som tilbydes af tv-selskaber, der er etableret i andre medlemsstater.
In that respect the Court observed that the transfer of assembly from the country of manufacture of the parts to another country where factories already available were used did not in itself give rise to such a presumption.
— Det er til hinder for, at disse tv-selskaber tilrettelægger deres programmer til fordel for navnlig de annoncører, der er etableret i den stat, der modtager reklamer, som specielt er rettet til offentligheden i denne stat.
There could be other reasons to justify such a transfer. Where however the entry into force of the relevant rules coincided with the transfer of assembly it was for the trader
Domstolen bemærkede, at situationen for de nederlandske selskaber under ét måtte sammenlignes med situationen for de udenlandske tv-selskaber. Den fremhævede, at STER blot organiserer spredningen af reklamer fremstillet af tredjemænd, som den sælger sendetid til.
concerned to adduce evidence of a reasonable ground, other than evasion of the consequences of the provisions in question, for carrying out assembly in the country from which the goods had been exported.
Forbuddet mod undertekster
The Court held:
c) Spørgsmålet, om restriktioner for den frie udveksling af tjenesteydelser som de her omhandlede kan viere berettigede
Mr Advocate General Van Gerven delivered his Opinion at the sitting on 16 March 1989.
Den nationale ret antog, at nationale bestemmelser som de pågældende ikke er udtryk for forskelsbehandling, og dens sjette spørgsmål var, om det kan kræves, at sådanne bestemmelser er berettigede af hensyn til almenvellet og skal stå i et rimeligt forhold til de dermed forfulgte mål. Den nationale rets syvende og ottende spørgsmål gik ud på, om disse hensyn kan være kulturpolitiske eller være et led i en politik, der har til formål at bekæmpe illoyal konkurrence.
' Where the simple assembly of imported prefabricated parts determines the origin for the purposes of Article 5 of Regulation (EEC) No 802/68, Article 6 thereof is not to be interpreted as meaning that the mere fact that exports are diverted using manufacturing premises that are already available justifies the presumption that the object of the diversion is to circumvent the applicable provisions (on anti-dumping duty). '
Domstolen fastslog, at formål af økonomisk art som f.eks. at sikre et nationalt offentligt organ samtlige indtægter fra reklamer, der specielt er rettet til offentlig heden i den pågældende stat, ikke kan være hensyn til den offentlige orden i den i Traktatens artikel 56 forudsatte betydning.
The Cour d'appel [Court of Appeal], Colmar, referred two questions to the Court concerning the interpretation of Articles 52 and 59 of the EEC Treaty and the
d) De almindelige fællesskabsretlige grundsætninger og de grundrettigheder, der er anerkendt af fællesskabsretten
provisions of Council Directive Π/249 of 22 March 1977 facilitating the effective exercise by lawyers of freedom to provide services.
Den nationale ret spurgte, om proportionalitetsprincippet og ytringsfriheden, som er garanteret i artikel 10 i den europæiske menneskerettighedskonvention, i sig selv pålægger medlemsstaterne forpligtelser uafhængigt af anvendeligheden af fællesskabsrettens bestemmelser.
Those questions were raised in proceedings between the Conseils de l'ordre des avocats du barreau [Bar Councils] of Colmar and Saverne and Mr Gullung, a lawyer of dual French and German nationality and a member of the Offenburg Bar in the Federal Republic of Germany, who was relying on the provisions in the EEC Treaty concerning freedom of establishment and freedom to provide services, with a view to exercising his profession in France, although he had been denied admission to the Bar in France because he did not fulfil the necessary conditions of good character.
Han foreslog Domstolen at besvare de stillede spørgsmål således: »Tv-programmer, der udsendes i en medlemsstat af den eller de autoriserede organer, skal efter deres art i henhold til Traktatens artikler 59 og 60 anses for udelelige enhedstjenesteydelser, selv hvis de modtages af fjernseere i en anden medlemsstat via et kabelnet, der er forbundet med en telekommunikationssatellit.
The problem raised by dual nationality was whether a national of two Member States who had been admitted to the legal profession in one of those two Member States might rely on the provisions of Directive 77/249 in the territory of the other Member State.
Traktatens bestemmelser om fri udveksling af tjenesteydelser er til hinder for, at en medlemsstat fastsætter bestemmelser, hvorefter spredning af programmer, som tilbydes fra udlandet på ovennævnte måde, er betinget af, at de ikke indeholder reklamer eller undertekster på modtagerlandets sprog, når der ikke gælder nogen betingelse af samme art eller i hvert fald med samme virkning for tilsvarende nationale programmer.
Free movement of persons, freedom of establishment and freedom to provide services, all of which were fundamental in the Community system, would not be fully achieved if a Member State were entitled not to extend the benefit of the provisions of Community law to its nationals established in another Member State of which they were also nationals who used the possibilities afforded by Community law in order to exercise their activities in the former State as providers of services.
Den omstændighed, at reklamerne i de nationale programmer udelukkende kan transmitteres under kontrol af et offentligt organ, som har lovbestemt monopol på sendetiden for reklamer, og at dette organs indtægter næsten fuldt ud anvendes til at finansiere nationale tv-selskabers og pressens virksomhed, hverken ændrer eller formindsker disse bestemmelsers uforenelighed med Traktatens bestemmelser om fri udveksling af tjenesteydelser.«
The first question referred for a preliminary ruling was concerned, in particular, with whether the provisions of Directive 77/249 might be relied upon by a lawyer
Dom C-26/88 af 13. december 1989, Brother International GmbH mod Hauptzollamt Giessen se under Frie varebevægelser
To that end Member States were obliged, under the directive, to recognize as lawyers, in respect of the exercise of those activities, any person who was established in another Member State as an 'avocat', 'Rechtsanwalt', etc.
High Court of Ireland havde forelagt tre præjudicielle spørgsmål vedrørende fortolkningen af EØF-Traktatens artikel 119 og artikel 1 i Rådets direktiv 75/117 om indbyrdes tilnærmelse af medlemsstaternes lovgivning om gennemførelse af princippet om lige løn til mænd og kvinder.
It was argued before the Court that the provisions of the directive seemed to require those rules of professional conduct to be complied with at the time when the services were provided, whereas the question submitted by the national court related to an infringement of those rules which took place before the provision of services.
Spørgsmålene var blevet rejst under en sag, som Mary Murphy og 28 andre kvindelige arbejdstagere har anlagt mod deres arbejdsgiver, selskabet An Bord Telecom Eireann.
By imposing observance of the rules of professional conduct of the host Member State, the directive assumed that the lawyer providing services had to be capable of observing such rules.
Sagsøgerne er beskæftiget som fabriksarbejdere (»factory workers«), og deres arbejde består bl.a. i at demontere, rense, smøre og samle telefoner og andet materiel.
If, in the course of the procedure relating to admission to the profession of avocat, the competent authority of the host Member State had already found such capacity to be lacking and hence refused to admit the person concerned to practise as an avocat, it had to be held that he did not satisfy the very conditions laid down by the directive with regard to freedom to provide services.
Sagsøgerne krævede at blive aflønnet efter samme lønsats som en bestemt mandlig medarbejder, der er beskæftiget på den samme arbejdsplads som lagerarbejder (»stores labourer«), og hvis arbejde består i at rense, samle og omdele materiel og dele og mere generelt i at gå til hånde efter behov.
The second question raised by the national court concerned the interpretation of Article 52 of the Treaty, more specifically, whether the establishment of a lawyer in the territory of another Member State pursuant to Article 52 was conditional upon registration at a Bar of the host Member State where such registration was a statutory requirement in that Member State.
Det fremgik af sagen, at en »equality officer« havde skønnet, at det af sagsøgerne udførte arbejde ud fra en samlet betragtning havde en højere værdi end den pågældende mandlige medarbejders, hvorfor der ikke var tale om »arbejde, der er lige«, i henhold til den relevante irske lov.
The Court emphasized that under the second paragraph of Article 52 of the Treaty, freedom of establishment included the right to take up and pursue activities as self-employed persons ' under the conditions laid down for its own nationals by the law of the country where such establishment is effected '.
Sagen, der blev indbragt for High Court, gav anledning til, at denne retsinstans forelagde Domstolen tre præjudicielle spørgsmål.
As a result, in the absence of specific Community rules each Member State remained in principle free to regulate the exercise of the profession of lawyer in its territory.
Det første spørgsmål
The Court held :
Formålet med det første spørgsmål var at få afgjort, om EØF-Traktatens artikel 119 skal fortolkes således, at den også omfatter tilfælde, hvor en arbejdstager, der vil støtte ret på bestemmelsen for ar gennemtvinge et krav om lige løn i dennes forstand, udfører et arbejde af højere værdi end det, der udføres af den, som den pågældende sammenlignes med.
'LA national of two Member States who has been admitted to a legal profession in one of those States may rely, in the territory of the other State, upon the provisions of Directive 77/249/EEC which is designed to facilitate the effective exercise by lawyers of freedom to provide services, where the conditions for the application of that directive, as laid down therein, are satisfied;
Det fremgår af Domstolens faste praksis, at denne bestemmelse er umiddelbart anvendelig på tilfælde, hvor mandlige og kvindelige arbejdstagere aflønnes forskelligt for det samme arbejde, når dette udføres på samme arbejdsplads eller i samme tjeneste, det være sig i privat eller offentligt regi.
Directive 77/249/EEC must be interpreted as meaning that its provisions may not be relied upon by a lawyer established in one Member State with a view to pursuing his activities as a provider of services in the territory of another Member State where he was barred from access to the profession of avocat in the latter Member State for reasons relating to dignity, good repute and integrity;
Domstolen bemærkede indledningsvis, at artikel 119 direkte omhandler det tilfælde, hvor arbejde har den samme værdi.
Mr Advocate General Darmon delivered his Opinion at the sitting on 18 November 1987.
Den modsatte fortolkning ville fjerne de tilsigtede retsvirkninger med og indholdet af ligelønsprincippet.
He proposed that the Court should rule as follows :
Afslutningsvis udtalte Domstolen, at såfremt det godtgøres, at en forskellig aflønning i konkrete tilfælde er udtryk for en forskelsbehandling på grundlag af køn, har Traktatens artikel 119 umiddelbare retsvirkninger i den forstand, at de berørte arbejdstagere kan støtte ret på bestemmelsen ved domstolene for at gennemtvinge et krav om lige løn i dennes forstand, og således at de nationale domstole er forpligtet til at anvende bestemmelsen som en bestanddel af fælles skabsretten.
'LA person who is a national of two Member States may rely, as against each of the States concerned, on the rights derived from the Treaty and from secondary law provided that there is a factor connecting his situation to the provisions laid down by Community law.
Dom 109/88 af 17. oktober 1989, Handels- og Kontorfunktionærernes Forbund i Danmark mod Dansk Arbejdsgiverforening (for Danfoss) »Socialpolitik — Lige løn til mænd og kvinder« — Domstolens plenum —
Case 81/87: The Queen ν HM Treasury and Commissioners of Inland Revenue, ex parte Daily Mail and General Trust PLC — 27 September 1988 (Freedom of establishment — Right to leave the Member State of origin — Legal persons) (Full Court)
Den faglige voldgiftsret havde forelagt en række præjudicielle spørgsmål vedrørende fortolkningen af Rådets direktiv 75/117.
The High Court of Justice, Queen's Bench Division, referred several questions to the Court for a preliminary ruling on the interpretation of Articles 52 and 58 of the Treaty and Council Directive 73/148 of 21 May 1973 on the abolition of restrictions on movement and residence within the Community for nationals of Member States with regard to establishment and the provision of services.
Spørgsmålene var rejst under en tvist mellem Handels- og Kontorfunktionærernes Forbund og Dansk Arbejdsgiverforening for Danfoss.
Those questions arose in proceedings between Daily Mail and General Trust pic, the applicant in the main proceedings, and HM Treasury for a declaration that the applicant was not required to obtain consent under United Kingdom tax legislation in order to cease to be resident in the United Kingdom for the purpose of establishing its residence in the Netherlands.
HK gjorde gældende, at Danfoss' lønpolitik indebærer forskelsbehandling på grundlag af køn og dermed en overtrædelse af bestemmelserne i lovbekendtgørelse nr. 237 af 5. maj 1986, hvorved direktiv 75/117 gennemførtes.
Under United Kingdom company legislation a company could establish its central management and control outside the United Kingdom without losing legal personality or ceasing to be a company incorporated in the United Kingdom.
I henhold til landsoverenskomsten mellem DA og HK yder virksomheden dog personlige tillæg til de ansatte, især begrundet i deres fleksibilitet, faglige uddannelse og anciennitet.
According to United Kingdom tax legislation, only companies which were resident for tax purposes in the United Kingdom were as a rule liable to United Kingdom corporation tax.
Virkningen heraf er, at gennemsnitslønnen for mænd er 6,85% højere end for kvinder.
A company was resident for tax purposes in the place in which its central management and control was located.
Domstolen bemærkede i den forbindelse, at i henhold til lov nr. 317 om arbejdsretten skal tvister mellem parter i kollektive overenskomster afgøres af en faglig voldgiftsret, hvis kompetence og sammensætning ikke forudsætter parternes samtykke, og som afgør tvisten som sidste instans.
In 1984 the applicant, which was an investment holding company, applied for consent under the abovementioned national provision in order to transfer its central management and control to the Netherlands, whose legislation did not prevent foreign companies from establishing their central management there; the company proposed, in particular, to hold board meetings in the Netherlands.
Den faglige voldgiftsret måtte under disse omstændigheder anses for en ret i en medlemsstat i den i Traktatens artikel 177 forudsatte betydning.
Without waiting for the consent, it decided to open an investment management office in the Netherlands with a view to providing services to third parties.
Det fremgik af sagen, at uenigheden mellem parterne skyldtes, at ordningen med minimalløn og personlige tillæg gennemførtes på en sådan måde, at det er umuligt for en kvindelig lønmodtager at påvise årsagerne til, at hun og en mandlig lønmodtager, der udfører samme arbejde, aflønnes forskelligt.
After establishing its central management and control in the Netherlands the applicant would be subject to Netherlands corporation tax, but the transactions envisaged would be taxed only on the basis of any capital gains which accrued after the transfer of its residence for tax purposes.
Det effektivitetshensyn, der ligger bag direktiv 75/117, må føre til at fortolke det således, at der skal gennemføres ændringer i de nationale bevisbyrderegler i de særlige situationer, hvor sådanne ændringer er nødvendige for en effektiv gennem førelse af ligebehandlingsprincippet.
The first question sought in essence to determine whether Articles 52 and 58 of the Treaty gave a company incorporated under the legislation of a Member State and having its registered office there, the right to transfer its central management and control to another Member State.
Domstolen bemærkede afslutningsvis, at for at bevise, at den førte lønpolitik ikke systematisk stiller kvindelige lønmodtagere ringere, må arbejdsgiveren oplyse, hvorledes han har anvendt kriterierne for personlige tillæg, og bliver således nødt til at gøre sit lønfastsættelsessystem gennemskueligt.
The applicant claimed that Article 58 of the Treaty expressly conferred on the companies to which it applied the same right of primary establishment in another Member State as was conferred on natural persons by Article 52.
Lovligheden af de omtvistede kriterier for personlige tillæg (spørgsmål l.b, 2.a og
The United Kingdom argued that the provisions of the Treaty did not give companies a general right to move their central management and control from one Member State to another.
Til kriteriet fleksibilitet bemærkede Domstolen, at der måtte sondres efter, om det anvendes for at honorere kvaliteten af det af den enkelte lønmodtager udførte arbejde, eller om det anvendes for at honorere, at en lønmodtager kan tilpasse sig skiftende arbejdstider og -steder.
The Commission considered that where the transfer of central management and control was possible under national legislation, the right to transfer it to another Member State was a right protected by Article 52 of the Treaty.
Domstolen bemærkede videre, at i det førstnævnte tilfælde er kriteriet ubestrideligt fuldstændig kønsneutralt.
Those provisions secured the right of establishment in another Member State not merely for Community nationals but also for the companies referred to in Article 58.
For så vidt angår kriteriet anciennitet og henset til, at højere anciennitet er ensbetydende med større erfaring, som normalt sætter lønmodtageren i stand til at udføre sine arbejdsopgaver bedre, bemærkede Domstolen, at en arbejdsgiver kan honorere anciennitet uden at skulle bevise, hvilken betydning den har for udførelsen af den pågældende lønmodtagers konkrete arbejdsopgaver.
The Court also pointed out that the provision of United Kingdom law at issue in the main proceedings imposed no restriction on transactions such as those described above.
»Rådets direktiv 75/117 af 10. februar 1975 om indbyrdes tilnærmelse af medlemsstaternes lovgivninger om gennemførelse af princippet om lige løn til mænd og kvinder skal fortolkes således, at
Nor did it stand in the way of a partial or total transfer of the activities of a company incorporated in the United Kingdom to a company newly incorporated in another Member State, if necessary after winding-up and, consequently, the settlement of the tax position of the United Kingdom company.
1 ) såfremt en virksomhed anvender et helt uigennemskueligt lønfastsættelsessystem, har arbejdsgiveren bevisbyrden for, at den førte lønpolitik ikke er udtryk for en forskelsbehandling, når en kvindelig lønmodtager på grundlag af et forholdsvis omfattende personmateriale godtgør, at gen nemsnitslønnen for kvindelige lønmodtagere er lavere end for mandlige,
It required Treasury consent only where such a company sought to transfer its central management and control out of the United Kingdom while maintaining its legal personality and its status as a United Kingdom company.
2) såfremt det viser sig, at anvendelsen af kriterier for personlige tillæg som f.eks. fleksibilitet, faglig uddannelse og anciennitet systematisk stiller kvindelige lønmodtagere ringere,
The Court noted that it had to be borne in mind that, unlike natural persons, companies were creatures of the law and in the present state of Community law, creatures of national law.
- kan en arbejdsgiver begrunde en anvendelse af kriteriet fleksibilitet, hvis det forstås som evnen til at tilpasse sig skiftende arbejdstider og -steder, ved at bevise, at en sådan tilpasningsevne er af betydning for udførelsen af de konkrete arbejdsopgaver, den pågældende lønmodtager har, men ikke, hvis kriteriet forstås som omfattende kvaliteten af det udførte arbejde;
In defining, in Article 58, the companies which enjoyed the right of establishment, the Treaty placed on the same footing, as connecting factors, the registered office, central administration and principal place of business of a company.