natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
En medlemsstat er forpligtet til at yde erstatning for tab, der er forvoldt borgerne ved overtrædelser af fællesskabsretten, som må tilregnes staten, herunder såfremt overtrædelsen skyldes den omstændighed, at
A Member State is bound to make reparation for the loss or damage occasioned to individuals as a result of infringements of Community law attributable to that State, even where the infringement consists in the fact that the legislature omitted to amend a national law so as to bring it into conformity with Community law, provided that the obligation imposed on the State from which the individual's right is derived is precise in every respect or has been clearly specified by the relevant caselaw.
lovgiver har undladt at ændre en national lov for at bringe den i overensstemmelse med fællesskabsretten, forudsat at statens forpligtelse, der er grundlaget for borgerens ret, i enhver henseende er klar eller klart fastlagt ved retspraksis på området.
The obligation on the part of the State to make reparation may not be made to depend on finding a subjective component (fault or intention) accompanying the infringement of the provision, if the breach was manifest and serious in the sense explained above.
En medlemsstat må ikke undergive retten til erstatning for tab, der skyldes overtrædelser af fællesskabsretten, de samme begrænsninger som dem, der gælder i tilfælde af lovgivers overtrædelse af nationale forfatningsbestemmelser, såfremt disse begrænsninger har til følge, at det i praksis bliver umuligt at gennemføre retten til erstatning.
It is for the national legal system to determine the types of injury for which reparation may be awarded and the criteria for quantifying the loss or damage, provided that the requirements laid down to that end are not less favourable than those applying to similar domestic claims and are not such as to make it excessively difficult or virtually impossible for the individual to obtain full reparation for the loss or damage suffered; this would be the case where national law limited the scope of the obligation to legal interests, such as property, yet excluded any possibility of obtaining reparation for lost profits.
4. a) Det tilkommer den nationale retsorden at fastlægge, hvilke typer tab der kan erstattes, og kriterierne for beregningen af tabet, forudsat at de betingelser, der stilles i så henseende, ikke er mindre gunstige end dem, der gælder for tilsvarende krav på grundlag af national ret, og at de ikke kan gøre det urimeligt vanskeligt eller i praksis umuligt for den private at opnå fuld erstatning af de lidte tab; dette ville være tilfældet, såfremt national ret begrænsede erstatningen til at omfatte goder, der er beskyttet i henhold til loven, såsom ejendomsretten, og modsat udelukkede enhver adgang til erstatning for tabt fortjeneste.
The obligation on the Member State to make reparation for loss or damage occasioned to individuals arises at the time when the event which caused the damage occurred if the provision infringed is clear in the sense specified above or, where the legal situation is doubtful, at the time when it was clarified by Community caselaw, either by a preliminary ruling or by a judgment pursuant to Article 169 of the Treaty.
En medlemsstat har pligt til at yde erstatning for tab, der påføres borgerne ved overtrædelser af fællesskabsretten, som kan tilregnes den, også såfremt overtrædelsen skyldes den omstændighed, at lovgiver har vedtaget en national lov, der er uforenelig med fællesskabsretten, forudsat at statens forpligtelse, der er grundlaget for den privates ret, i enhver henseende er klar, således som det er tilfældet i nærværende sag, eller er klart fastlagt ved retspraksis på området.
A Member State is bound to make reparation for the loss or damage occasioned to individuals as a result of infringements of Community law attributable to that State, even where the infringement consists in the fact that the legislature passed a national law incompatible with Community law, provided that the obligation imposed on the State from which the individual's right is derived is, as in the case at issue, precise in every respect or has been clearly specified by the relevant caselaw.
Det tilkommer den nationale retsorden at fastlægge, hvilke typer tab der kan erstattes, og kriterierne for beregning af tabet, forudsat at de betingelser, der stilles i så henseende, ikke er mindre gunstige end dem, der vedrører tilsvarende krav på grundlag af national ret, og at de ikke kan gøre det urimeligt vanskeligt eller i praksis umuligt for den private at opnå fuld erstatning af de lidte tab.
It is for the national legal system to determine the types of injury for which reparation may be awarded and the criteria for quantifying the loss or damage, provided that the requirements laid down to that end are not less favourable than those applying to similar domestic claims and are not such as to make it excessively difficult or virtually impossible for the individual to obtain full reparation for the loss or damage suffered.
I det omfang, den nationale retsorden tillige giver hjemmel for tildeling af eksemplarisk erstatning, skal bestemmelserne herom uden nogen som helst forskelsbehandling også finde anvendelse i tilfælde af overtrædelse af rettigheder, som borgerne har i henhold til fællesskabsretten.
Where the national legal system also provides for the award of exemplary damages, the relevant rules must therefore be applied, without any discrimination, even where rights asserted by individuals under Community law were infringed.'
Ved kendelse af 27. maj 1993 indgået til Domstolen den 21. april 1994 har Tribunale Amministrativo Regionale per il Veneto forelagt et præjudicielt spørgsmål vedrørende fortolkningen af artikel 9 i Rådets direktiv 79/409/EØF (EFT L 103, s. 1, herefter direktivet).
Provided that the questions submitted concern the interpretation of a provision of Community law, the Court gives its preliminary ruling without, in principle, having to look into the circumstances in which the national courts were prompted to submit the questions and envisage applying the provision of Community law which they have asked the Court to interpret.
Federcaccia har gjort gældende, at den præjudicielle anmodning skal afvises, idet det spørgsmål, den forelæggende ret har forelagt, vedrøreritalienske gennemførelsesbestemmelsers overensstemmelse med direktivets artikel 9, men ikke en fortolkning af nævnte artikel.
That question was raised in proceedings brought by Associazione Italiana per il World Wildlife Fund ('WWF Italiana') and other associations for the protection of nature ('the applicants') against the Regione Veneto, supported by Federazione Italiana della Caccia (Italian Hunting Federation, hereinafter 'the Federation'), for annulment of the measure adopted by the Regional Council of the Veneto on 21 July 1992 fixing the hunting calendar for the 1992/1993 season for infringement inter alia of the principles referred to in the directive.
Dette spørgsmål er blevet rejst under en sag, som Associazione Italiana per il World Wildlife Fund og andre naturbeskyttelsesforeninger (herefter sagsøgerne) har anlagt mod regionen Veneto, der støttes af Federazione Italiana della Caccia (herefter Federcaccia), med påstand af annullation af regionen Venetos afgørelse af 21. juli 1992 om jagttider for 1992/1993, under anbringende af, at denne afgørelse bl.a. er i strid med de principper, som direktivet indeholder.
The question referred asks the Court essentially to clarify the conditions under which Article 9 authorizes Member States to derogate from the general prohibition on hunting protected species laid down in Articles 5 and 7 of the directive.
Direktivets artikel 5, litra a), indeholder et generelt forbud mod at dræbe eller indfange alle de fuglearter, som i vild tilstand har deres naturlige ophold på medlemsstaternes område i Europa, hvor traktaten finder anvendelse.
Article 5(a) of the directive imposes a general prohibition on the killing or capture of all species of birds naturally occurring in the wild state in the European territory of the Member States to which the Treaty applies.
Imidlertid bestemmes det i direktivets artikel 7, stk. 1, at de i bilag II nævnte arter kan jages i overensstemmelse med den nationale lovgivning.
However, Article 7(1) of the directive provides that the species listed in Annex II may be hunted under national legislation.
Denne indsigelse skal forkastes.
First, the Member State must restrict the derogation to cases in which there is no other satisfactory solution.
Det fremgår nemlig af selve de i forelæggelseskendelsen anvendte ord, at den nationale ret ønsker, at Domstolen skal fortolke direktivets artikel 9.
Although Article 9 therefore authorizes wide derogations from the general system of protection, it must be applied appropriately in order to deal with precise requirements and specific situations.
I øvrigt kan medlemsstaterne fravige denne restriktive ordning for jagten af de i direktivets artikel 9, stk. 1, litra a), b) og c) nævnte grunde.
Before the Tribunale Amministrativo Regionale per il Veneto, the applicants claimed that the hunting calendar drawn up by the Regione Veneto authorized the hunting of certain species of birds which were not among the species listed in Annex II to the directive, whereas in the circumstances it was not possible for the defendant to rely on the right to derogate laid down in Article 9 of the directive, since the special and overriding conditions which might justify such derogation had not been met and had been neither investigated nor appropriately demonstrated.
Det præjudicielle spørgsmål
Admissibility of the question
Sagsøgerne har for Tribunale Amministrativo Regionale per il Veneto gjort gældende, at de jagttider, regionen Veneto har fastsat, tillader jagt på visse fuglearter, der ikke figurerer blandt de arter, der er nævnt i bilag II til direktivet, men uden at det i den forbindelse har været
It has been stated that with regard to the conservation of wild birds, the criteria which the Member States must meet in order to derogate from the prohibitions laid down in the directive must be reproduced in specific national provisions.
Med det forelagte spørgsmål anmodes Domstolen i det væsentlige om at oplyse, hvilke betingelser der efter direktivets artikel 9 skal være opfyldt, for at medlemsstaterne kan fravige det generelle
The Federation claims that the request for a preliminary ruling is inadmissible, on the ground that the question raised by the national court concerns the conformity of the Italian
Domstolen har i denne forbindelse påpeget, at for så vidt angår beskyttelse af vilde fugle, skal de kriterier i henhold til hvilke medlemsstaterne kan gøre undtagelse fra de i direktivet fastlagte forbud, angives i præcise nationale bestemmelser (dom af 15.3.1990, sag C-339/87, Kommissionen mod Nederlandene, Sml. I, s. 851, præmis 28).
'Article 9 of Council Directive 79/409/EEC of 2 April 1979 on the conservation of wild birds is to be interpreted as meaning that it authorizes the Member States to derogate from the general prohibition on hunting protected species laid down by Articles 5 and 7 of the directive only by measures which refer in sufficient detail to the factors mentioned in Article 9(1) and
For det første kan medlemsstaten kun gøre undtagelse, såfremt der ikke findes nogen anden tilfredsstillende løsning.
He proposed that the Court reply as follows:
For det andet skal en undtagelse begrundes i mindst et af de i direktivets artikel 9, stk. 1, litra a), b) og c), nævnte hensyn, og opregningen af disse hensyn er udtømmende. For det tredje skal for alle fravigelser de i nævnte artikel 9, stk. 2, præcist anførte formkrav overholdes, idet fravigelserne herved skal begrænses mest muligt, og således at Kommissionen bliver i stand til at føre kontrol.
Article 9 of Council Directive 79/409/EEC of 2 April 1979 on the conservation of wild birds may not be relied upon to justify provisions in a national law delegating to regional or provincial authorities the power to permit the hunting of bird species which are not included in the relevant annexes to the Directive, where the provisions do not contain clear objective criteria for establishing that the conditions for resorting to the derogation allowed under this article have been fulfilled, or which do not limit hunting to that which is strictly necessary in order to deal with precise requirements and specific situations, or identify with sufficient clarity the duties of the regional authorities to respect those conditions.
Artikel 9 i Rådets direktiv 79/409/EØF af 2. april 1979 om beskyttelse af vilde fugle skal fortolkes således, at medlemsstaterne kun har adgang til at fravige det generelle forbud mod jagt på beskyttede arter ifølge samme direktivs artikel 5 og 7 ved foranstaltninger, der tilstrækkeligt udførligt henviser til de forhold, der er nævnt i artikel 9, stk. 1 og Ζ
Where the national court is unable to determine whether an administrative act establishing a calendar for the hunting of wild birds is in conformity with national legislative provisions purporting to implement the Directive, it is required to verify the substantive conformity of the administrative act with the terms of the Directive itself.'
Han foreslog Domstolen at besvare de forelagte spørgsmål således:
Case C-278/93 Edith Freers and Hannelore Speckmann ν Deutsche Bundespost Social policy
Præjudiciel Indirekte forskelsbehandling af kvindelige arbejdstagere — godtgørelse for deltagelse i kurser, der giver personaleudvalgsmedlemmer de nødvendige kundskaber for at varetage deres hverv (Sjette Afdeling) deltagelse i kursusarrangementer uden for deres normale arbejdstid.
(Indirect discrimination against women workers — Compensation for attendance at training courses providing members of staff committees with the knowledge necessary for performing their duties) (Sixth Chamber)
Ved kendelse af 5. maj 1993 har Arbeitsgericht Bremen forelagt tre spørgsmål vedrørende fortolkningen af EØF-traktatens artikel 119 og Rådets direktiv 75/117/EØF.
By order of 5 May 1993, the Arbeitsgericht Bremen (Bremen Labour Court) referred to the Court for a preliminary ruling three questions on the interpretation of Article 119 of the EEC Treaty and of Council Directive 75/117/EEC.
Spørgsmålene er rejst under en sag anlagt af Edith Freers og Hannelore Speckmann (herefter sagsøgerne) mod Deutsche Bundespost (herefter sagsøgte) vedrørende godtgørelse af timer, som sagsøgerne har brugt på at deltage i et seminar, der var nødvendigt for, at de kunne udføre deres arbejde i personaleudvalget, men som lå uden for deres individuelle arbejdstid.
from limiting to their individual working hours the compensation, in the form of paid leave or overtime pay, which staff council members employed on a parttime basis are to receive from their employer for attending training courses which impart the knowledge necessary for working on staff councils and are held during the fulltime working hours applicable in the undertaking but which exceed their own parttime working hours, when staff council members employed on a fulltime basis are compensated for attendance of the same courses on the basis of fulltime working hours.
I Bötel-dommen af 4. juni 1992 har Domstolen fastslået, at traktatens artikel 119 og direktivet er til hinder for en national lovgivning, som gælder for et væsentligt større antal kvinder end mænd, og som begrænser den godtgørelse, deltidsbeskæftigede bedriftsrådsmedlemmer skal have af arbejdsgiveren i form af afspadsering eller overtidsbetaling, til kun at omfatte deres individuelle arbejdstid, når de deltager i kurser, der formidler oplysninger, der er nødvendige for bedriftsrådsarbejdet, og som finder sted inden for virksomhedens fulde arbejdstid, men ud over de deltidsbeskæftigedes individuelle arbejdstid, mens fuldtidsbeskæftigede bedriftsrådsmedlemmer får en godtgørelse indtil den fulde arbejdstid, når de deltager i de samme kurser.
Those questions were raised in proceedings between Edith Freers and Hannelore Speckmann (hereinafter 'the plaintiffs') and Deutsche Bundespost (hereinafter 'the defendant') concerning compensation for the time spent by the plaintiffs on a training course which was necessary for the performance of their staff committee functions but which took place outside their individual working hours.
Som medlemmer af personaleudvalget deltog de i et seminar af ca. 381/2 times varighed, svarende til den ugentlige arbejdstid for fuldtidsbeskæftigede som fastsat i den kollektive overenskomst.
The Court stated, however, that it remains open to the Member State to prove that such legislation is justified by objective factors unrelated to any discrimination on grounds of sex.
Domstolen fastslog imidlertid, at medlemsstaten har adgang til at godtgøre, at lovgivningen er begrundet i objektive forhold, som intet har at gøre med forskelsbehandling på grundlag af køn.
The plaintiffs are employed parttime by the defendant for 18 hours a week As members of the staff committee (Personalrat), they attended a training course from 9 to 14 February 1992 which lasted for approximately 38.5 hours, which are the weekly working hours laid down for fulltime employees in the collective agreement.
I seminarperioden betalte sagsøgte fortsat sagsøgerne deres normale løn beregnet på grundlag af deltidsansættelsen.
During the training course the defendant continued to pay the plaintiffs their normal wages calculated on the basis of their parttime work.
Under henvisning til tysk ret betalte sagsøgte dem imidlertid ikke derudover noget vederlag eller indrømmede dem afspadsering for de seminartimer, der lå ud over deres normale arbejdstid.
Relying on the German legislation, it did not, however, give them any additional pay, nor did it offer them paid leave in respect of the time spent on the course outside their normal working hours.
Efter den tyske regerings opfattelse udgør den i lovgivningen fastsatte godtgørelse ikke løn som omhandlet i traktatens artikel 119.
It is settled law that the concept of 'pay' within the meaning of Article 119 of the Treaty comprises any consideration, whether in cash or in kind, whether immediate or future, provided that the worker receives it, albeit indirectly, in respect of his employment from his employer, and irrespective of whether the worker receives it under a contract of employment, by virtue of legislative provisions or on a voluntary basis.
Det fremgår af forelæggelseskendelsen, at Bundesarbeitsgericht og Bundesverwaltungsgericht har fortolket de pågældende bestemmelser i Bundespersonalvertretungsgesetz (forbundslov om personalerepræsentation, herefter BPersVG, og Betriebsverfassungsgesetz (lov om medarbejderrepræsentation, herefter BetrVG) således, at der ikke skal indrømmes medlemmer af personaleudvalg og bedriftsråd afspadsering for
The order for reference indicates that Paragraph 46 of the BPersVG and Paragraph 37 of the BetrVG have been interpreted by the Bundesarbeitsgericht (Federal Labour Court) and the Bundesverwaltungsgericht (Federal Administrative Court) as meaning that staff committee members and staff council members are not entitled to paid leave and compensation for attendance at training courses outside their normal working hours.
Det bemærkes, at det fremgår af Domstolens faste praksis, at begrebet løn i traktatens artikel 119 omfatter samtlige ydelser, aktuelle eller fremtidige, som arbejdstageren som følge af arbejdsforholdet modtager fra arbejdsgiveren, eventuelt indirekte, i penge eller i naturalier, i henhold til ansættelseskontrakten, ifølge lov eller frivilligt.
As the Court held in Botel, paragraph 14, although compensation such as that at issue in the main proceedings does not derive as such from the contract of employment, it is nevertheless paid by the employer by virtue of legislative provisions and under a contract of employment. Staff committee members must necessarily be employees of the undertaking, to be able to serve on that undertaking's staff committee.
Det fremgår endvidere af ovennævnte dom i Lewark-sagen, at Bundesarbeitsgericht har lagt til grund, at den tyske lovgivers ønske om at prioritere udvalgsmedlemmernes uafhængighed højere end den økonomiske tilskyndelse til at påtage sig disse hverv er et socialpolitisk mål.
Moreover, it is also apparent from the Lewark judgment, cited above, that the Bundesarbeitsgericht considered, with respect to similar provisions on staff councils, that the German legislature's wish to place the independence of staff council members above financial inducements for performing staff council functions, as expressed in the provisions at issue, was an aim of social policy.
Med det andet og tredje spørgsmål ønsker den forelæggende ret i det væsentlige oplyst, om traktatens artikel 119 og direktivet er til hinder for en national lovgivning, som begrænser den godtgørelse, deltidsbeskæftigede personaleudvalgsmedlemmer skal have af arbejdsgiveren, til kun at omfatte deres individuelle arbejdstid, når de deltager i kurser, der giver de nødvendige kundskaber for at udføre personaleudvalgsarbejdet, og som finder sted inden for arbejdstiden for fuldtidsbeskæftigede i virksomheden, men uden for de deltidsbeskæftigedes individuelle arbejdstid, mens fuldtidsbeskæftigede personaleudvalgsmedlemmer får en godtgørelse svarende til deres arbejdstid, når de deltager i de samme kurser.
By its second and third questions the national court essentially asks whether Article 119 of the EEC Treaty and the Directive preclude national legislation which limits to their individual working hours the compensation which staff committee members employed on a parttime basis are to receive from their employer for attending training courses which impart the knowledge necessary for serving on staff committees and are held during the fulltime working hours applicable in the undertaking but which exceed their individual parttime working hours, when staff committee members employed on a fulltime basis receive compensation for attendance at the same courses on the basis of their fulltime working hours.
Et sådant socialpolitisk mål har i sig selv intet at gøre med forskelsbehandling på grundlag af køn.
Such an aim appears in itself to be unrelated to any discrimination on grounds of sex.
Det kan nemlig ikke bestrides, at personaleudvalgenes arbejde fremmer harmoniske arbejdsforhold i virksomhederne, særligt ved at sikre, at medarbejdernes interesser repræsenteres.
It cannot be disputed that the work of staff committees does indeed promote harmonious labour relations within undertakings, in particular by ensuring that the workers' interests are represented.
Ønsket om at sikre udvalgsmedlemmernes uafhængighed udgør således også et legitimt socialpolitisk mål.
The concern to ensure the independence of the members of those committees thus likewise reflects a legitimate aim of social policy.
Med hensyn til lignende nationale bestemmelser som de i hovedsagen omhandlede har Domstolen i de ovennævnte sager, Bötel-sagen og Lewarksagen af 6. februar 1996, fastslået dels, at de i princippet indebar en forskelsbehandling af kvindelige arbejdstagere, der var i strid med
The Court held in Botel and Lewark, with reference to national provisions similar to those at issue in the main proceedings, firstly that in principle they caused discrimination against women workers, contrary to Article 119 of the Treaty and the Directive, and secondly that it remained open to the Member State to prove that the legislation was justified by objective factors unrelated to any discrimination on grounds of sex.
Det påhviler den forelæggende ret på baggrund af alle relevante oplysninger og under hensyn til, om det er muligt at nå det pågældende socialpolitiske mål med andre midler, at vurdere, om den omtvistede forskelsbehandling er egnet til at nå det pågældende mål og nødvendig hertil.
It is for the national court to ascertain, in the light of all the relevant factors and taking into account the possibility of achieving the social policy aim in question by other means, whether the difference of treatment in question is suitable and necessary for achieving that aim.
Domstolen besvarede de forelagte spørgsmål således:
The German Government observes that, if there were a difference of treatment, it would be justified by the principle that staff committee