natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
De mest specificerede tal, der foreligger, vedrører NACE­industri­er med to decimaler — hvoraf 19 udgør den samlede fremstillingsin­dustri — og hver af disse omfatter meget forskelligartede produktkate­gorier.
The inter-country pattern of aver­age labour costs in banking and insurance — two of the few service sectors covered by the survey — dif­fers markedly from that which seems common to manufacturing industries.
Disse tal skulle dog i det mindste give et vist indtryk af, hvor repræsentative de samlede tal for in­dustrien er.
Most significantly, there is much less difference in cost levels between the more developed and prosperous countries in the North of the Community — the UK apart — and the less developed, poorer coun­tries mainly in the South.
De ændringer i de relative arbejds­kraftomkostninger, som kunne re­gistreres i maskinindustrien fra 1981 til 1990, svarer også i vidt om­fang til ændringerne i industrien som helhed og er stort set i tråd med udviklingen i produktiviteten, hvilket er ensbetydende med me­get begrænsede ændringer i ar­bejdskraftomkostningerne pr. enhed.
The changes in relative labour costs which occurred in engineering be­tween 1981 and 1990 are also very similar to those for manufacturing as a whole and broadly consistent with the change in productivity, im­plying little change in unit labour costs.
Desuden var forholdet mellem de to faktorer i 1990 stort set det samme som i industrien som helhed, idet de relative arbejdskraftomkost­ninger i maskinindustrien var lave sammenholdt med produktiviteten i Belgien, Nederlandene, Frankrig, Italien og Portugal — hvilket med­førte lave arbejdskraftomkostninger pr. enhed — og høje i Tyskland, Dan­mark og Storbritannien.
In 1990, labour costs in these two sectors taken together — in this case monthly costs rather than hourly — were much the same in
Den eneste væsentlige forskel fra mønsteret i industrien som helhed er at finde i Irland, hvor arbejdskraft­omkostningerne i maskinindustrien
Moreover, the pat­tern of relative costs in 1990 was not very different from that which prevailed nine years earlier.
Selv om det gennemsnitlige niveau for arbejdskraftomkostningerne i samtlige EF­lande er lavere inden
Labour costs in textiles and clothing
Gennemsnitlige arbejdskraftomkostninger og produktivitet pr. time i tekstil- og beklædningsindustrien i EF-landene, 1981 og 1990
Average hourly labour costs and productivity in textiles and clothing in the Member States, 1981 and 1990
Arbejdskraftomkostninger
Β Labour costs
F, I, GR: 1990 anslået på grundlag af 1988­data
F, I, GR, 1990 estimated from 1988 data
Variationsmønstret for arbejdskraft­omkostningerne i maskinindustrien ligner meget mønsteret for industri­en som helhed.
Although the average level of labour costs in all Member States is less in textiles, clothing and footwear — especially in the latter two indus­tries — than in total manufacturing or engineering, both the pattern and extent of variation across the Community is similar (Graph 61).
I 1990 var de gennemsnitlige arbejdskraftomkost­ninger pr. time ca. 18% højere i Tysk­land end i de øvrige EF­lande og næsten 6 gange højere end i Portugal (figur 60).
(Textiles, clothing and footwear are, in fact, two NACE 2-digit industries which have been aggregated here in order to be able to compare with valueadded per hour worked.
Gennemsnitsniveauerne i Belgien, Nederlandene, Danmark og Frankrig varierede under 6% i for­hold til hinanden, mens det i Italien var yderligere 6% lavere. Ligesom det var tilfældet i relation til den samlede fremstillingsindustri, var de gennemsnitlige arbejdskraft­omkostninger i Storbritannien end­
The relationship between labour costs in the two industries is fairly uniform across the Community, the average level in textiles being some 15-20% higher than in clothing and foot­wear, except in the case of Ireland, where the difference was around 45% in 1990, the Netherlands, where it was 35% — though much less in earlier years — and Greece, where it was just over 25%.)
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than for manufacturing — which, as noted, above was substantial.
Arbejdskraftomkost­ninger i bank­ og forsikringssektoren omkostningsniveauer.
increased in most other Member States (Graph 62).
Mønsteret i de gennemsnitlige ar­bejdskraftomkostninger i de enkelte EF­lande i bank­ og forsikringssek­toren — to af de få servicesektorer, der er omfattet af undersøgelsen — adskiller sig markant fra det møn­ster, der kan aflæses for fremstil­lingsindustrierne.
Spain and Ireland as in France and the Netherlands and only some 20­25% below the level in Belgium and Italy, the countries with the highest costs (Graph 62).
Det mest iøjnefaldende er, at der er langt min­dre forskel i omkostningsniveaueme mellem de mere udviklede og velstå­ende lande i den nordlige del af EF
Indeed the level in both the former two countries was above the Com­munity average, as was that in all other countries apart from the UK, Greece and Portugal.
— bortset fra Storbritannien — og de mindre udviklede fattigere lande i den sydlige del.
In contrast to manufacturing, therefore, there were some marked changes in the pattern of relati­vities in banking and insurance over this period, Ireland, for example, where labour costs were below the UK in 1981 moving well above the Community average in 1990.
(Tekstiler, beklædning og fodtøj er i realiteten to NACE­industrier med to decimaler, som her er taget under ét, så man kan sammenligne med værditilvæksten pr. udført arbejds­time.
This contrasts with the much smal­ler difference in labour costs in this sector between other low wage countries and the rest of the Com­munity.
Forholdet mellem arbejds­kraftomkostningerne i de to industrier er nogenlunde ensartet i hele EF, idet gennemsnitsniveauet i tekstilindustrien er ca. 15­20% hø­jere end i beklædnings­ og skotøj­sindustrien, bortset fra i Irland, hvor det i 1990 var ca. 45%, Neder­landene, hvor det var 35% — men langt mindre i årene forud — og Grækenland, hvor det var godt 25%).
The reason for the disparity is by no means clear, but it could partly reflect a different structure of employment in bank­ing and insurance in the UK — a higher proportion of young people and women whose rates of pay tend to be relatively low — as compared with other countries.
Ligesom for maskinindustriens vedkommende er forskellene i ar­bejdskraftomkostninger stort set parallelle med variationerne i vær­ditilvækst pr. times arbejdskraftin­put.
This essentially reflects the low level of labour costs in the UK, which was over 35% below that in France and over 45% below that in Italy, which given the large num­bers of people employed in this sector in the UK — almost 30% of the total in the Community — effectively pulls down the Com­munity average.
Desuden var mønsteret i de relative omkostninger 1990 ikke meget forskelligt fra det, der kunne registreres ni år tidligere.
For the UK, therefore, the difference between its average labour costs and those in Member States with similar le­vels of income per head was greater for banking and insurance in 1990
Der er dog visse forskelle i landenes rækkefølge, når de opstilles efter
The gap between labour costs in this sector in the UK and those in other Member States, moreover, widened rather than narrowed over the 1980s.
Gennemsnitlige arbejdskraftomkostninger pr. måned i bank- og forsikringssektoren i EF-landene, 1981 og 1990
Average monthly labour costs in banking and insurance in the Member States, 1981 and 1990
F, I, GR, L: 1990 anslået pá grundlag af 1988­data
F, I, GR, L 1990 estimated from 1988 data I
Dette afspejler hovedsagelig det lave niveau for arbejdskraftomkost­ningerne i Storbritannien, som var over 35% lavere end i Frankrig og over 45% lavere end i Italien, hvilket i betragtning af, hvor mange mennesker der er beskæftiget i denne sektor i Storbritannien — næsten 30% af den samlede beskæf­tigelse i sektoren i hele EF — træk­ker EF­gennemsnittet rigtigt langt ned.
Unfortunately also, the latest la­bour cost data available at the regional level are for 1988 (for re­gions, the data are not updated between one four­year survey and the next) and relate to broad re­gional aggregations (NUTS level 1 —11 per country for Germany, Italy and the UK) rather than narrow ones.
For Storbritanniens vedkom­mende var forskellen derfor mellem landets gennemsnitlige arbejds­
These, however, give an indi­cation of the scale and nature of variation in cost levels.
kraftomkostninger og omkostningerne i EF-lande med tilsvarende indkomstniveauer pr. indbygger større for bank- og forsikringssektoren i 1990 end for fremstillingsindustrien — hvor den, som tidligere nævnt, var ganske betydelig.
In clothing and footwear, however, in contrast to other industries, labour costs were some 30% lower in Sicily than in either of these two Northern regions. gions.
lem EF-landene, er de forskellige mellem regionerne inden for samme land.
dustry, where labour costs in many cases were on a par with those in Germany, costs in French regions, other than the Ile de France, were significantly below those in German regions — by around 25% or so on average.
I en række tilfælde er der tale om ganske betydelige udsving, som bidrager væsentligt til omfanget af omkostningsforskelle i EF som helhed.
It should be recognised, however, that the variation might also reflect the way regional boundaries are drawn.
Uheldigvis mangler der data om værditilvæksten for regionerne, hvilket gør det umuligt at undersøge arbejdskraftomkostningerne i forhold til produktiviteten på dette niveau og dermed også at afdække forskelle i arbejdskraftomkostningerne pr. enhed.
In particular, if a region consists predominantly of a large city then this is likely to increase its relative wage level, whereas if it is defined to include a number of smaller towns and rural areas, this will tend to push down the average level.
Dette står i modsætning til den langt mindre forskel i arbejdskraftom kostninger for denne sektors ved kommende mellem de andre lavtlønslande og resten af EF. Grunden til denne forskel er ikke klar, men den kunne delvis skyldes en forskellig struktur i beskæftigelsen i bank- og forsikringssektoren i Stor britannien — der beskæftiger en større andel afunge og kvinder, hvis lønninger generelt er forholdsvis lave — sammenholdt med andre lande. de.
In contrast to Germany, the relative level of labour costs in different in dustries, with the exception of textiles, showed much the same pattern of variation between regions, though the range of difference was narrower in mechanical engineering — 30%o between the highest and lowest costs — than in other areas (68%) in textiles).
lem de gennemsnitlige arbejdskraft omkostninger i industrien i den re gion, hvor de var højest — Hamburg i nord — og den region, hvor de var lavest—Saarland i syd — 27% (figur 63). I maskinindustrien var forskel len kun 18% og i tekstilindustrien kun 15%, hvorimod den i beklædnings- og skotøjsindustrien var over 46%.
Although average labour costs in Italy as a whole were some 10% lower than in France in 1988, the level in the North of the country was very similar to that in French regions outside Ile de France, though some 20-25% below those in the lowest cost German region.
Desuden var der, bortset fra i sidstnævnte industri, kun meget be grænset sammenhæng mellem de re lative arbejdskraftomkostninger inden for ét produktionsområde og arbejdskraftomkostningerne inden for et andet produktionsområde.
Indeed in this industry, costs in the North of Italy were at a similar level to those in many German regions, and in the North-West, higher than in all but four.
Forskellen mellem arbejdskraftom kostningerne i denne sektor i Storbritannien og arbejdskraftom kostningerne i de øvrige EF-lande blev desuden endnu større i løbet af 1980'erne.
Variations in labour costs between Italian regions were on a similar scale in 1988 to those in France in individual industries, though smaller for manufacturing as a whole.
Omkostningsniveauet i forhold til EF-gennemsnittet faldt således med ca. 15% mellem 1981 og 1990, medens det — til dels som en følge heraf — steg i de fleste andre EF-lande (figur 62).
Between the highest cost region — North-West — and the lowest — Abruzzi-Molise in the South — average labour costs in manufacturing differed by 40%, but by 55% in mechanical engineering (for the same regions) and by over 70% in clothing and footwear (the lowest cost regions in this case being in the far South).
Desværre er de seneste data om ar bejdskraftomkostninger, der foreligger på regionalt plan, fra 1988 (for regionernes vedkommende ajourføres disse data ikke mellem de enkelte fireårs undersøgelser), og de refererer til ganske store re gionale enheder (NUTS-niveau 1 — dvs. 11 pr. land for Tysklands, Italiens og Storbritanniens vedkommende) i stedet for mindre enheder.
Regional differences were smallest in Germany, though still significant. In 1988, the difference between average labour costs in manufacturing in regions where these were highest — Hamburg in the North — and the region where they were lowest — Saarland in the South — was 27%» (Graph 63).
Men de kan give et indtryk af om fanget og karakteren af forskellene i omkostningsniveauer.
In mechanical engineering, the difference was only 18% and in textiles just 15%, whereas in clothing and footwear, it was over 46%.
De viser specielt, at EF-landene adskiller sig ganske meget fra hinanden med hensyn til omfanget af de regionale forskelle, hvilket muligvis afspejler forskelle med hensyn til, hvor stor vægt nationale lønaftaler for de en kelte sektorer har i forhold til lokale aftaler.
More over, apart from the latter industry, there was very little relationship between relative labour costs in one area of production and those in an other.
I modsætning til fremstillingsindustrien var der derfor visse markante ændringer i relationsmønsteret for bank- og forsikringssektoren i den ne periode, idet Irland, hvor gen nemsnitsomkostningerne i 1981 var lavere end i Storbritannien, rykkede et godt stykke op over EF-gennemsnittet i 1990.
The Rheinland-Pfalz region in the South-East of the country, for example, had the lowest level of average labour costs in mechanical engineering but the highest in textiles in 1988, while Berlin was almost the exact reverse.
Man skal dog være klar over, at forskellene også kan tilskrives den måde, hvorpå den regionale opdeling er foretaget.
In the UK, regional variations in costs were smaller than in either France or Italy, though larger than in Germany.
I Frankrig er de regionale forskelle i arbejdskraftomkostningerne til gengæld størst, men det skyldes først og fremmest det høje omkostningsniveau i en enkelt region, nemlig Ile de France omkring Paris.
For manufacturing as a whole, average labour costs were over 30% > higher in the South-East around London in 1988 than in Northern Ireland, while for clothing and footwear, the difference be tween the highest and lowest cost region was over 50% (in this case, between East Anglia and Wales). In France, on the other hand, regional differences in labour costs are at their widest, though largely because of the high level of costs in one region, Ile de France around Paris.
I 1988 var gennemsnitsniveauet i industrien som helhed i denne re gion 56% højere end i Bretagne (Ou-est-regionen) og 27% højere end niveauet i den næstdyreste region, Méditerranée.
In 1988, the average level in manufacturing in this region was 56% above that in Brittany (the Ouest region) and 27% above the level in the next most costly region, the Mediterranean.
Niveauet var også højere end i alle regionerne i Tyskland, bortset fra Hamburg, og i tekstil-, beklædnings- og skotøjsindustrien var det endog højere end i Hamburg.
The level was also higher than in any region of Germany, apart from Hamburg, and in textiles, clothing and footwear, it was higher even than there. With the exception of the latter in
Med undtagelse af sidstnævnte industri, hvor arbejdskraft omkostningerne i mange tilfælde var på linje med omkostningerne i Tyskland, lå omkostningerne i de franske regioner, bortset fra Ile de France, væsentligt under niveauet i de tyske regioner — i gennemsnit ca. 25% lavere.
In general, regions in the South of Italy had lower labour costs than those in the North in 1988, the average difference in manufacturing being around 15%.
Regionale forskelle i arbejdskraftomkost ningerne
In individual in dustries, however, the difference was larger.
På samme måde som arbejdskraft omkostningerne er forskellige mel
In mechanical engineering, it was around 20% and in clothing and footwear over 40%.
De regionale forskelle var mindst i Tyskland, men dog stadig ganske be tydelige.
Although levels tended to be higher than average in the South-East and South-West in most industries and lower in Northern Ireland, for other regions there were marked differences.
I 1988 var forskellen mel
East Anglia and Scotland, for example, both had a level of labour costs below the national average in 1988 for manufacturing as a whole, but the former
Arbejdskraftomkostninger i industrien og arbejdsløsheden i de forskellige regioner i EF, 1988
Labour costs in manufacturing and unemployment rates across the Community, 1988
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had the highest level in clothing and footwear and the latter in mechanical engineering.
— 30% mellem de højeste og de la veste omkostninger — end i andre sektorer (68% i tekstilindustrien).
ket conditions as reflected in rates of unemployment.
Forskellene i arbejdskraftomkost ninger mellem de italienske regioner var i 1988 af samme størrelse som i Frankrig i de enkelte industrier, men dog mindre for industrien som helhed.
By and large, in sofar as the demand for labour in relation to supply affects wages, regions with relatively high levels of labour costs should also have relatively low rates of unemployment.
I Nord Ovest-regionen var de gennemsnit lige omkostninger i industrien som helhed f.eks. højere end i alle de franske regioner, bortset fra Ile de France og Méditerranée, og i be klædnings- og skotøjsindustrien var de stort set de samme som i sidstnævnte region.
For the smaller Community coun tries, regional variations in labour costs tend to be much smaller as would be expected. Portugal, how ever, is an exception.
I denne industri lå omkostningerne i den nordlige del af Italien også meget tæt på omkostningsniveauet i mange tyske regioner, og i Nord Ovest-regionen var det højere end i samtlige tyske re gioner undtagen fire.
Here, average levels in manufacturing in Lisbon and the surrounding region were almost 60% higher in 1988 than in the Northern region, though the differences were somewhat smaller for individual industries (45% for mechanical engineering and textiles, 30% for clothing and footwear), reflecting variations in the structure of manufacturing.
På trods af disse interne forskelle var de gennemsnitlige arbejdskraft omkostninger i 1988 i industrien som helhed i de britiske regioner, som havde de højeste omkostninger, nemlig South East, stadig ca. 35% under gennemsnitsniveauet i Tyskland og ca. 15% under niveauet i Norditalien og Frankrig (bortset fra Paris). Det betyder, at niveauet var det samme som i Syditalien.
Despite these internal variations, average labour costs in manufacturing in the highest cost UK region, the South-East, were still some 35% below the average level in Germany in 1988 and around 15% below the level in Northern Italy or France, outside Paris.
Ar bejdskraftomkostningerne i de fleste andre egne af Storbritannien var derfor markant lavere end i de syditalienske regioner — i Nordirland var de ca. 30% lavere.
Labour costs in most other parts of the UK were therefore significantly lower than in the Southern Italian regions — in Northern Ireland, some 30% lower.
— og den region med de laveste om kostninger —Abruzzi-Molise i syd— varierede de gennemsnitlige ar bejdskraftomkostninger i industrien med 40%, men med 55% i maskinindustrien (i de samme regioner) og med over 70% i beklædnings- og sko tøjsindustrien (hvor regionerne med de laveste omkostninger i dette til fælde lå længst mod syd).
Nevertheless, average labour costs in Lisbon were significantly below any other part of the Community in 1988 — over 15% lower than in the lowest cost Greek region. In the Northern region, where costs are the lowest in Portugal, the average level in manufacturing was just 11% of the average in Hamburg, the highest cost German region.
I Storbritannien var de regionale for skelle i arbejdskraftomkostningerne mindre end i både Frankrig og Italien, men større end i Tyskland.
The expected relationship is not quite so simple, however. In par ticular, the position at a given moment in time does not reveal how the two variables are changing relative to each other and, there fore, may give a misleading impression of whether markets forces are operating effectively to reduce regional imbalances.
For industrien som helhed var de gen nemsnitlige arbejdskraftomkostninger i 1988 over 30% højere i South East regionen omkring London end i Nordirland, medens forskellen i be klædnings- og skotøjsindustrien mellem den region med de højeste omkostninger og den region med de laveste omkostninger var over 50% (i dette tilfælde er det henholdsvis East Anglia og Wales).
Moreover the relationship is likely to be affected by the characteristics of different regions — whether they consist predominantly of a large city, for example — and by the ex tent of interregional commuting. In addition, it should be noted that the labour cost data analysed here relate only to part of the economy rather than to all of it.
I Spanien, hvor de gennemsnitlige arbejdskraftomkostninger i 1988 i industrien som helhed var ca. 15% lavere end i Storbritannien — en for skel, som i vidt omfang var udjævnet i 1990 — var forskellene i niveauerne mellem de enkelte regioner af samme størelsesorden.
In Spain, where average labour costs in manufacturing were around 15% lower in 1988 than in the UK — a gap which had been closed for the most part by 1990 — the variation in the levels between regions was of a similar size.
I Madrid-regio nen, som havde de højeste omkostninger både for industrien som helhed og for de fleste enkelte brancher, var omkostningerne i in dustrien næsten 35% højere end i Centro-regionen, og i beklædningsog skotøjsindustrien var de over 75% højere.
In Madrid, the highest cost region for both manufacturing as a whole and most individual industries, costs in manufacturing were almost 35% above those in the Centro region and in clothing and footwear over 75% above.
Arbejdskraftomkostningerne i fremstillingsindustrien i andre in dustriregioner — Noreste samt Este omkring Barcelona — var ca. 5% la vere end gennemsnittet for Madrid i det første tilfælde og næsten 25% lavere i det sidste tilfælde med tilsvarende forskelle i størsteparten af de enkelte brancher.
Labour costs in manufacturing in the other industrial regions — the North-East and the East, around Barcelona — were some 5% lower than the average for Madrid in the former case and almost 25% lower in the latter, with similar disparities in most individual industries.
Generelt havde regionerne i den sydlige del af Italien lavere arbejdskraftomkostninger end regionerne i nord i 1988, idet gennemsnitsforskellen i industrien som helhed var ca. 15%.
In 1988, the average level in manufacturing in the Brussels region of Belgium was almost the same as the average for Germany and higher than in six German regions, while in the West Netherlands region around Amsterdam, it was higher than in three German regions.
Men inden for de enkelte industrier var forskellen større. I maskinindustrien var den ca. 20% og i beklædnings- og skotøjsindustrien over 40%.
Moreover in textiles in both West and South Netherlands and in clothing and footwear in Brussels, average costs were higher than in all but one German region.
Samtidig er for skellene på ingen måde ensartede mellem de forskellige egne i nord og syd, men varierer markant fra re gion til region.
Nevertheless the relationship be tween regional labour costs and unemployment rates is of some in terest.