natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Sygdom alle medlemsstater gives der en eller anden form for støtte til folk,
Mental or physical handicap ll Member States provide the means of subsistence for the n Denmark, Ireland, Italy and the UK, a women seeking to return to
En kvinde, der begynder at arbejde igen efter en fødsel dighed ikke dækket af hverken arbejdsløshedsforsikring eller nogen anden form for social støtteordning.
I gium, Luxembourg and France all allow partially invalided people to receive benefit, at a reduced rate, while doing a job of work.
De fleste medlemsstater tilbyder er hvervsuddannelse eller andre integrationsforanstaltninger.
Other countries, such as Denmark, Germany, Greece, Spain, Portugal and the UK, provide training and education programmes.
Løntilskud, der skal tilskynde virksomhederne til at ansætte langtidsledige, ydes i over halvdelen af landene, og i enkelte lande — Danmark, Grækenland, Ir land og Portugal — ydes der iværksætterstøtte til langtidsledige.
Ireland and Italy are alone in the Community in having no statutory measures of integration. tion.
der ikke kan arbejde på grund af sygdom eller en skade.
handicapped, though in Germany such assistance depends in certain cases on the financial position of their family.
Dette sker normalt gennem socialsikringen — navnlig sygesikring — og bistandsprogrammerne. De fleste medlems
Denmark, France and the Netherlands offer sheltered employment for the handicapped while work is not automatically entitled to assistance and will only receive help if she is a single mother, in which case she will be eligible for a range of other forms of social assistance.
D en afgørende faktor, der be stemmer, om en kvinde kan
In other Community countries, various
Kapitel 5 - Foranstaltninger med henblik på social og erhvervsmæssig integration overveje at vende tilbage til arbejdet efter en fødsel, er, om der findes bør nepasningsmuligheder, som hun har råd til.
Chapter 5 - Measures for social and economic integration training and retraining measures are provided.
De selvstændige elvstændige, som går konkurs,
The selfemployed he selfemployed who become
I andre med lemsstater kan de få økonomisk hjælp, deltage i uddannelseskurser og få hjælp til at finde arbejde lige som enhver anden arbejdsløs, forud sat at de er villige til at arbejde som ansatte.
In other Member States, they are eligible for financial assistance, can participate on training courses and can be helped to find a job just like anyone else who is unemployed, provided they are willing to seek work as an employee.
Kapitel 5 - Foranstaltninger med henblik på social og erhvervsmæssig Integration
Chapter 5 - Measures for social and economic integration
Social beskyttelsens beskaffenhed og grundlag
Nature and basis of social protection
- supplerende indkomster, såfremt de har til formål at hjælpe med at betale visse udgifter, navnlig boligudgifter eller udgifter i forbindelse med børn; ocialbeskyttelsen tilsigter at be skytte husstandene mod risikoen
• supplementary income, if it is to help pay for particular costs, not ably accommodation expenses or the costs of child care; he aim of social protection is to
- bistandshjælp, såfremt de udgør fattige personers subsistensgrundlag. grundlag.
• assistance income, if it provides people living in poverty with the means of subsistence.
Disse tre funktioner er meget vanskeligere at holde ude fra hinanden i praksis end i teorien, og derfor er intet socialt beskyttelsessystem strengt begrænset til de risici, som den private forsikringssektor ikke kan dække.
These three functions are far more difficult to distinguish in practice than in theory, and for this reason no system of social protection is limited purely to covering the risks which the private insurance sector cannot cover.
Funktionerne overlapper dog ikke hinanden lige meget i alle lande, og forskellen afspejler det på gældende systems historiske udvikling. ling.
The way these three functions overlap differs from one country to another and reflects the historical de velopment of the system in question.
for, at der ikke er penge nok til at skaffe det minimum af varer og tjenesteydelser, der er nødvendigt for at føre et menneskeværdigt liv, til at give dem adgang til behandling og til at opretholde deres levestandard i til fælde af, at husstandens sædvanlige indtægtskilde bortfalder.
Benefits in kind include covering the costs of medical care and drugs, the delivery of meals and various forms of help in finding a job.
Indkomst tab kan skyldes alderdom, invaliditet, sygdom, arbejdsløshed og familie forpligtelser — dvs. de "sociale risici", som socialsikringen skal beskytte imod.
In providing these benefits, social protection plays a complex role in society, performing three basic functions: of not having enough money to buy the minimum amount of goods and services needed to live decently, to provide access to health care and to enable them to maintain their standard of living in the event of losing their usual source of income.
Naturalieydelserne omfatter samfundets betaling af læge- og medicinudgifter, uddeling af fødevarer eller for skellige former for støtte til opnåelse af beskæftigelse.
Loss of income is liable to result from old age, invalidity, sickness, unemployment or the costs of bringing up children — the "social risks" which social security is designed to protect against.
- den klassiske forsikringsfunktion, idet der ikke nødvendigvis kan forsikres mod alle sociale risici på et frit forsikringsmarked;
• a traditional insurance function, given that it would not necessarily be possible to insure against all social risks on a free insurance market;
Blandingen af de tre funktioner be virker, at socialbeskyttelsessystemerne ofte opfattes som værende i konkurrence og endog i konflikt med de private foranstaltninger til beskyttelse mod sociale risici.
The fact that the three functions are mixed together often makes the systems of social protection appear to be in competition, or even in contradiction, with private means of protection against social risks.
Men det er netop de begrænsninger og mangler, der præger de øvrige mulige dækningsformer (selvbeskyttelse gen nem individuel opsparing, familiestøtte og privat forsikring), der udgør grundlaget for den sociale be skyttelse.
However, it is precisely the limitations and inadequacies of the other possible forms of cover (self-protection through personal savings, reliance on the family and private insurance) which are the rationale for social protection.
- opsparingsfunktionen, som bidrager til at sprede forbrugsmulighederne over hele livsforløbet;
• a savings function, enabling purchasing power to be spread over the life cycle;
Den sociale beskyttelse har således til formål at "sikre mennesker mod nød" — for at bruge Sir W. Beveridges berømte ord — når sådanne risici opstår.
The objective of social protection is, therefore, to secure "freedom of man from want" — in the famous phrase of Sir William Beveridge — when these risks occur.
Dette gør den ved hjælp af kontante ydelser og naturalieydelser.
This is achieved through benefits both in cash and in kind.
De kontante ydelser har tre funktioner, nemlig som:
Cash benefits have three differ ent functions - to provide: elf-protection means precautionary saving on the part of in
Ændringerne i familiestrukturerne og den stigende erhvervsfrekvens blandt kvinder arbejder i samme ret ning.
Changes in the structure of families and the increase in labour market participation among women work in the same direction.
Mange har særlig tendens til at un dervurdere deres levetid og dermed også længden af deres liv som pen sionister.
underestimate their life expectancy considerably and, as a result, how long they are likely to be retired.
Endvidere er der nogle, der lever helt i nuet og ikke tænker på deres fremtidige liv og behov.
Moreover, some people have a very short-term time horizon and hardly bother to make any provision for the hazards of life and for their future needs.
Det private forsikringsmarkeds mangler
Shortcomings of the private insurance market
Grænserne for familiestøtten forhold til de tidligere nævnte beskyttelsesformer har privat forsik
Limits of family support n comparison with the kinds of protection mentioned above, pri
S har tendens til at blive meget ring den fordel, at den har et bredere grundlag, som gør det muligt at for dele de tab, nogle af de forsikrede lider, på samtlige forsikrede.
At first glance, this form of protection seems to be the most natural and convenient: it is based on personal responsibility with every one being responsible for making their own arrangements according to their own assessment of the risks to which they are exposed.
Men der er grænser for, hvad der kan opnås ved forsikring.
However, it has major drawbacks which justify the existence of a social protection system.
Den hviler på den enkeltes ansvar, idet enhver handler, som han synes, han bør gøre ud fra sin egen risikoopfattelse.
E vate insurance has the advantage of being more broadly based, with the costs imposed by some being shared among all those insured.
Men denne form for beskyttelse har store ulemper, som berettiger til indførelse af et socialbeskyttelsessystem.
However, it has major limitations.
mindre, hjælper familien som regel fortsat sine medlemmer i ikke ubetydelig grad.
it still generally provides a degree of assistance to its members which is far from negligible.
Men rent bortset fra, at denne form for støtte pr. definition ikke eksisterer for enkeltpersoner uden familie, udgør familien en alt for lille enhed til at kunne klare de store risici (alvorlig eller kronisk sygdom, langtidsledighed) eller en kombination af risici (begge ægtefællers arbejdsløshed, ulykker, ind stilling af bedriftens eller familiefirmaets virksomhed osv.).
However, leaving aside the fact that this form of support does not, by definition, apply to single people, the family is too small a unit to be able to cope with major or prolonged risks (such as serious or chronic illness or longterm unem ployment) or a combination of risks (both husband and wife being unem ployed, accidents, the closure of a family business and so on).
For det første er det kun de personer og husstande, der har tilstrækkelige ressourcer til at kunne spare op, der kan beskytte sig selv. Dvs. at jo større indtægter de har, des bedre bliver de beskyttet.
First, self-protection can only apply to individuals and households with enough income to be able to save; it enables them to obtain more effective protection as their income grows.
En lavindkomsthusstand har en ringe eller slet ingen opsparingsevne, selv om det netop er denne gruppe, der er mest udsat, og som vil blive hårdest ramt, hvis der sker no get.
A household with low income is able to save little if anything at all, but it is precisely such households which are likely to be hardest hit if anything happens.
Socialbeskyttelsens hovedberettigelse er således, at der aldrig er nøje overensstemmelse mellem behov og indkomst.
The fact that there is never a perfect correspondence be tween needs and income constitutes the main justification for social protection. tection.
Forsikringsselskaberne står for det første over for fænomenet informationens asymmetri.
Insurance companies are faced first with the problem of an asymmetry of information, in the sense that, leaving aside purely random or chance occurrences, they have less idea than their potential clients about the chances of them being in the situation they are insured against.
Dette udtryk dækker det forhold, at de ikke så godt som deres potentielle kunder kender sandsynligheden for, at disse vil komme til at befinde sig i situationer, som de er forsikret imod, undtagen hvis det er rene tilfældigheder, der er på spil.
When they take out insurance, people may fail to disclose to their insurers the full ex tent of the risks to which they are exposed and which their behaviour can lead them into.
De forsikrede kan faktisk over for deres forsikringsselskab skjule de risici, de er udsat for, eller den adfærd, de vil tillægge sig fra det tidspunkt, hvor de er forsikrede.
This is especially true of cover against unemployment or against having to take care of a family.
Det te gælder i særlig grad dækningen af arbejdsløshed eller af udgifter i for bindelse med familieforpligtelser.
Insurance mechanisms are ill-suited to covering these occur rences because if insurance is optional it will primarily attract those at particular risk of becoming unem ployed or who intend to have child ren.
Forsikringsmekanismerne egner sig ikke til at dække sådanne begivenheder, for hvis forsikringen er frivillig, vil den navnlig tiltrække de personer, der er særlig udsat for at blive arbejdsløse, eller dem, der har planer om at få børn.
On the other hand, those with a stable job or those who do not intend to have children will hardly be tempted to take out cover at all.
Derimod er personer, der har fast arbejde, eller som ikke tænker på at få børn, ikke særlig motiverede for at tegne nogen forsikring
This makes it difficult for companies to fix rates since they do not know in
Endvidere gør den økonomiske ud vikling det vanskeligere at benytte sig af de traditionelle former for familiemæssig eller lokal støtte.
Even those with sufficient means cannot necessarily be relied upon to provide adequate protection for themselves.
Da den økonomiske udvikling bygger på arbejdstagernes øgede mobilitet, som er nødvendig for at fordele ressourcerne, kræver den indførelse af andre former for støtte: det er ikke længere de voksne børn, der sørger for deres gamle forældre, det er ikke længere naboerne, der hjælper invalide eller arbejdsløse, hvis de familiemæssige bånd slækkes på grund af lange afstande, og hvis det er vanskeligt at knytte bånd til naboerne på grund af mange flytninger i livets løb.
They cannot fully anticipate the risks they will have to face in the sometimes distant future and often underestimate both the likelihood of them occurring and their importance — how often they are likely to be ill and how serious the illness will be, the possibility of invalidity and its consequences, the chances of having a child with a disability, how long they will be out of work if they become unemployed and so on. In particular, many people tend to
Selv personer, der har midlerne, er ikke nødvendigvis i stand til at be skytte sig rigtigt.
Economic development, in addition, is making it more difficult to take advantage of the traditional forms of family-based or local support.
De kan ikke klart forudse de risici, de vil stå over for i en måske fjern fremtid, har måske svært ved at tro, at disse risici vil ramme dem selv, og undervurderer ofte deres omfang: sygdommenes hyppighed og alvor, faren for at blive invalid og graden af invaliditet, faren
Since economic development depends on a growth of labour mobility, which is necessary for the improved allocation of resources, it requires the establishment of other forms of support: when people move house several times during their lives and family links are strained by distance and neighbourly links difficult to establish, adult sons and daughters can no longer take care of their elderly parents and neighbours are no longer in a position to help the disabled or
Kapitel 6 - Social beskyttelse: økonomiske betragtninger arbejdsmarkedsforanstaltninger) og forbedre fødselstallet (børnetilskud).
Chapter 6 - Social protection: economic considerations advance the degree of risk faced by those applying for cover.
Den sociale beskyttelse fremstår så ledes som en serviceskabende mekanisme til fordel for ikke alene enkelt personer, men hele befolkningen.
benefit not only the individual but also the population as a whole.
Derfor er det berettiget, at myndighederne stiller krav om tilslutning, og at finansiere den sociale beskyttelse gennem sociale bidrag og skatter.
This is the justification for the public authorities to make it compulsory to take out insurance and for social protec tion to be funded by taxes and social security contributions.
den fra den private forsikring, er, at alle har pligt til at tegne en forsikring, at forsikringsselskaberne ikke må af vise en forsikringsanmodning, og at de ikke må lade præmierne afhænge af, hvilken risiko der er knyttet til den enkelte person.
to refuse insurance to anyone; and that they not permitted to adjust their rates to reflect the degree of risk as sociated with a particular individual.
Disse tre kendetegn er uadskillige: hvis man ikke ønsker, at bidragene skal variere efter den individuelle risiko, må der nødvendigvis være pligt til at tilslutte sig ordningen. Var dette ikke tilfældet, kunne de "gode liv" blive fristet til ikke at tegne forsikring, og ordningen ville da komme ud af balance.
These three features are inseparable, since if contributions are not to vary with individual risk, it must be compulsory for everyone to belong to the scheme; otherwise, "good risks" could be tempted not to take out in surance and the system would become distorted.
Ydre faktorer ertil kommer den fordel, der er ved en kollektiv forvaltning af
Externalities n addition to the reasons men tioned above, there are also ad
Ganske vist vil en pligt til at forsikre sig sætte en stopper for denne form for beregninger fra kundernes side og gøre det muligt for forsikringsselskaberne ud fra en helhedsbetragtning at forudse de forsikringsbeløb, de vil komme til at udbetale.
Naturally, if insurance is compulsory, individuals no longer need to make calculations of this sort and insurance companies can forecast the overall level of payments which they will have to make.
Men samtlige selskaber vil forsøge at tiltrække de personer, der synes at være mindst udsat for de dækkede risici.
Nevertheless, each of them will be tempted to at tract the people who seem to be least exposed to the risks covered.
Er der tale om forsikring mod sygdom, vil de f.eks. søge at sikre unge og sunde personer (som for dem udgør "gode liv") frem for ældre personer eller personer, hvis liv er præget af sygdom (de såkaldte "dårlige liv").
In the case of sickness insurance, for example, they will try to insure young people in good health (who, for them, represent "good risks") rather than elderly people or those with a medical history (who are considered to be "bad risks").
T hold, der retfærdiggør socialbe sociale risici, der giver stordriftsfordele samt færre udgifter til at oplyse dem, der er omfattet af ordningen.
T fication for social protection vantages to having a system of collective management of social risks, so enabling economies of scale to be realised and the costs of information for those covered to be reduced.
Dels er forvaltningen af socialbeskyttelsessystemerne mindre om kostningstung på grund af det for holdsvis lille antal institutioner, der er involveret, og på grund af mulig heden for at rationalisere inden for administrationen og de manglende udgifter til markedsføring.
On the one hand, given the relatively small number of institutions involved, the systems of social protection can be managed at lower cost because of the possibility of rationalising administrative services and the absence of marketing costs.
11991 ud gjorde driftsomkostningerne under 4% af de samlede ydelser, der blev udbetalt i hele Fællesskabet (se graf 12).
In 1991, operating costs accounted for under 4% of the total benefits paid out in the Community as a whole (see Graph 12).
Ganske vist kan man ved lov tvinge selskaberne til at forsikre enhver, der ønsker det.
Of course, in this case too companies can be obliged by law to insure everyone who asks.
I så fald vil forsikrings selskaberne fastsætte præmierne ef ter de forsikredes personlige karakteristika, ikke blot for at dække de forskelle i udbetalingerne, de forventer, men ligeledes for at virke af skrækkende.
In this case, they will adjust their rates to the characteristics of the people insured, not only to compensate for the differences in costs that they anticipate, but also to discourage some people.
Da forsikringsselskaberne umuligt på forhånd kan vide, hvilken risiko en ny kunde repræsenterer, tilskyndes de af forsigtighedshensyn til gennem prohibitive præmier at afskrække dem, der mistænkes for at være dårlige liv.
The fact that it is impossible for them to know in advance the risk associated with a new applicant will en courage them to be prudent and to offer high rates to deter those they suspect of being "bad risks".
Markedskræfterne kan i sådanne til fælde føre til samfundsmæssigt uacceptable situationer, hvori nogle i praksis er afskåret fra at tegne en forsikring mod de risici, som de er særlig udsat for.
In this case, the way the market operates might produce socially unacceptable results, with some people finding that, in practice, it is impossible to take out insurance against the risks to which they are particularly exposed.
skyttelsessystemerne, nemlig tilstedeværelsen af ydre faktorer.
schemes, namely the existence of ex ternalities.
Herom taler man, fordi de netop ligger uden for markedet og er et resultat af samspillet mellem virksomheder og er hvervsdrivende, for hvilket der ikke er nogen markedspris.
These are phenomena which are external to the market and result from cases of interdependence between economic agents for which there is no market price.
Således udgør overførelsen af smitsomme sygdom me og den kriminalitet, der er knyttet til arbejdsløshed og fattigdom, "ydre forhold, der påvirker økonomien ne gativt".
Thus, the transmission of contagious diseases or acts of delinquency resulting from unemployment and poverty are "external diseconomies".
Derimod er sociale ydelser med til at forbedre den eksterne øko nomi ved at give fordele, der ikke alene berører de direkte modtagere af ydelserne, men også bidrager til at forbedre hele befolkningens sundhedstilstand (gratis lægebehandling) til at fremme den sociale fred og samhørighed og indirekte forebygge kriminalitet (bistandshjælp, arbejdsløs hedsunderstøttelse), til at fremme arbejdskraftens mobilitet (arbejdsløshedsunderstøttelse og aktive
Conversely, social benefits generate external economies, that is to say, not only do they produce advantages for their immediate beneficiaries, but they also help to improve the state of health of the whole population (through free medical care), to promote social harmony and cohesion and, indirectly, to prevent delinquency (through social assistance and unemployment benefits), to facilitate labour mobility (through unemployment benefits and active labour market measures) or to raise the birth rate (through family allowances).
Det, der er kendetegnende for en so cialbeskyttelsesordning og adskiller
On the other hand, for those covered, social protection has the advantage of simplicity.
Forvaltningen af en langsigtet opsparing og valget af et forsikringsprodukt, der er tilpasset en be stemt husstands behov, indebærer beslutninger, der er langt mere kom plekse end dem. de fleste husstande er vant til at træffe.
The three characteristics of a system of social protection which distinguish it from private insurance schemes are: that it is compulsory for everyone to take out insurance; that insurance companies are not allowed
Det vil som regel være for dyrt at søge den nødvendige rådgivning hos sagkundskaben, og
Social protection is therefore a mechanism to provide services which
Kapitel 6 - Social beskyttelse: økonomiske betragtninger udgiften vil tilsvarende reducere de beløb, der er til rådighed for en indi­viduel beskyttelse.
Chapter 6 - Social protection: economic considerations
gernes aldring, som påvirker sund­hedsudgifterne og udgifterne til al­derspension meget.
Financing social protection ocial protection expenditure is funded primarily by direct taxes
Socialbes­kyttelsens økonomiske følger en indbyggede effektivitet i de nationale socialbeskyttelsessy­
The economic effects of social protection he intrinsic effectiveness of na­
D rekte skatter og socialsikringsbidrag.
T tional systems of social protec­ tion is rarely much in evidence in public debates on social security, which concentrate above all on the potential effects on the rest of the economy.
Udgifternes hurtige vækst er en af hovedårsagerne til det øgede skatte­tryk.
and social security contributions, and the rate at which it has grown has been a primary cause of the increase in the tax burden.