natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Lidt efter lidt har Europas borgere accepteret udenlandske investeringer i Europa som det første skridt på vejen mod nær mere samarbejde mellem erhvervssektorer i Europa og tilsvarende sektorer på de vigtigste udenlandske markeder.
In addition to these features, which are present in varying but significant degrees in all Member States of the Community, there are a number of weaknesses at the specifically European level: the lack of a genuine European market in skills and occupations; the lack of mutual transparency and the limited recognition of qualifications and skills at Community level; the lack of a genuine European area for open and distance learning.
Det samme gør sig ikke gældende for europæiske investeringer i udlandet, som i over 30 år er blevet kritiseret for at medføre »eksport af arbejdspladser«.
The main principle of the various types of measures to be taken should be to develop human resources throughout people's working lives, starting with basic education and working through initial training to con tinuing training.
Det gøres gældende, at investeringer i udlandet ganske enkelt inde
By giving general currency to best practice in the various Member States at these different stages, we will succeed in developing an education and training system of the quality we are seeking.
Konkurrencepolitikken er i de fleste lande traditionelt blevet betragtet som et rent
In order to combat unemployment among young people with no skills, the objective
Før Fællesskabet var der ingen, som gennem fastlæggelsen af en politik søgte at afhjælpe virkningerne af konkurrencefordrejninger på samhandelen.
of more flexible and more open systems of training and the development of individuals' ability to adapt will become increasingly important, both for businesses, so that they can make better use of the technological innovations they develop or acquire, and for individuals, a considerable pro portion of whom may well have to change their line of work four or five times during their lives.
Denne politik, som oprindeligt kun anvendtes inden for Fællesskabet, er gradvis blevet udvidet til at omfatte sam handelen med Fællesskabets vigtigste han delspartnere i Europa.
should be to develop systems and formulas which provide sound adequate basic training and establish the link between school education and working life.
Konkurrencepolitikken har således spillet en vigtig rolle i bestræbelserne på at fremme den internationale handel, og navnlig vore virksomhe ders muligheder for at eksportere til andre markeder, som hidtil var lukket ved hjælp af konkurrencebegrænsende foranstaltninger, statsstøtte eller offentlige monopoler. poler.
The basic skills which are essential for integration into society and working life include a masten' of basic knowledge (linguistic, scientific and other knowledge) and skills of a technological and social nature, that is to say the ability to develop and act in a complex and highly technological environment, characterized, in particular, by the importance of information technologies; the ability to communicate, make contacts and organize etc.
Konkurrencemæssige spørgsmål bør indgå som et umiddelbart led i programmet for den internationale handelsorganisation, der oprettes som en del af resultaterne af Uruguay-runden, idet der lægges særlig vægt på restriktiv handelspraksis og karteller.
There is an evident shortage in the Community of certain highly-skilled technical personnel, such as people who are capable of maintaining flexible manufacturing systems or handling systems for monitoring emissions of pollutants in firms.
Det skulle ikke alene være målet at nå til enighed om minimumsregler, men også og endnu vigtigere at fastlægge procedurer for at sikre, at hver af de kontraherende parter overholder disse regler; før kun hvis reglerne håndhæves i hver enkelt sag, kan der opnås positive virkninger i retning mod en åbning af markederne.
In many high-tech disciplines, Europe cannot yet call on the requisite manpower to do top-level research.
Der bor gives øget adgang til at forelægge en sag for et GATT-panel, og afsigelsen af kendelser bør gøres mere effektiv.
This problem can be overcome by a joint effort on the part of specialized training and higher education establishments.
Det bliver vanskeligt at nå til enighed om effektive regler af denne art, men det er på høje tid at indlede processen.
Cooperation between universities and the business world is another basic way of transmitting knowledge, a vector for innovation and a way of increasing produc tivity in developing and potentially job-creating sectors.
Det er imidlertid ikke alle Fællesskabets største handelspartnere, der på tilsvarende måde har anvendt deres konkurrencepolitik som middel til at åbne deres markeder for import.
In order to ensure a smoother and more effective transition from education to working life, formulas of apprenticeship and in-service training in businesses which allow people to gain skills in the world of work should be developed and systematized.
Navnlig i en række lande i Øst- og Sydøstasien føres der ikke en sådan politik; disse landes markeder er lukkede, ikke så meget på grund af told og ikke-toldmæssige hindringer, men hovedsagelig som følge af konkurrencebegrænsende foranstaltninger.
Alongside the normal apprenticeship schemes, considerable effort should be devoted to developing initial vocational training in special training centres as a possible alternative to university.
Den såkaldte »Keiretsu« i Japan og det lukkede distributionssystem i en række lande er blot to vigtige eksempler på dette fænomen.
Shorter and more practically oriented forms of training should be encouraged, but students should still be provided with enough general knowledge to ensure a sufficient degree of adaptability and to avoid excessive specialization. cialization.
På kort sigt er det første skridt derfor at söge at nå til enighed med konkurrence myndighederne i andre lande om indførelse af en konsultations- og samarbejdsprocedure med henblik på at førebygge eventuelle konflikter.
Universities must also be given the resources they need to play their particular role in developing lifelong learning and continuing training.
Kommissionen har indgået en administrativ aftale med de amerikanske anti-trust-myndigheder for at begrænse sådanne konflikter gennem en procedure for konsultation, samarbejde og samordning. ning.
In association with public and private partners at national and regional level, they can promote lifelong education, for example by measures for training instructors, retraining primary and secondary school teachers, retraining middle and senior management, etc.
Det bør være et prioriteret mål for Fælles skabet at søge at få fastsat regler til regulering af disse problemer på konkurrenceområdet.
In their efforts to devise and implement education and training measures which are able to stimulate growth and employment, the Community and the Member States must also take account of the fact that 80% of the European labour force of the year 2000 is already on the labour market.
Ideelt set bør sådanne regler aftales på multilateralt plan for at give dem det størst mulige anvendelsesområde. Som anført ovenfor, behandles spørgsmålet ikke som led i den igangværende Uruguayrunde, omend visse kodekser (navnlig vedrorende handelsrelateret intellektuel ejendomsret og tjenesteydelser) indeholder
All measures must therefore necessarily be based on the concept of developing, genera lizing and systematizing lifelong learning and continuing training.
Hvis aftalen, som i øjeblikket vurderes af Domstolen, godkendes, kan den tjene som model før andre førhandlinger. Der er alle rede fort drøftelser med de canadiske myndigheder med henblik herpå, og andre kan følge senere.
In order for these measures to be as effective as possible, it is necessary to anticipate skill needs correctly and in good time by identifying the developing areas and the new economic and social functions to be fulfilled, as well as the skills required for them.
Da et af hovedformålene er at begrænse konflikter i forbindelse med håndhævelse af. reglerne, kan der kun indgås sådanne aftaler med myndigheder, der faktisk håndhæver deres konkurrence regler.
Even if real-time adjustment is not possible (since a certain period of adaptation is inevitable), the organization of as much research as is necessary in this area and the introduction of observation instru ments and of mechanisms for transferring the information collected to the education system should make it possible to minimize the gap between required and available skills.
Tilpasning af uddannelsessystemerne
(i) Action at Member-State level or concerted action
I et samfund, der i endnu højere grad vil være baseret på udveksling af varer, produktion og overførsel og fælles udnyttelse af viden, vil adgangen til teoretisk og praktisk viden komme til at spille en central rolle.
A key aspect should be the development of genuine 'training policies' with the involvement of the public authorities, businesses and the social part ners.
Ud over deres fundamentale betydning med hensyn til at fremme den enkeltes muligheder før udfoldelse og de almene samfundsværdier, vil den almene uddan nelse og erhvervsuddannelserne uden tvivl spille en afgørende rolle, når det gælder om igen af få sat gang i væksten, genskabe konkurrenceevnen og nå ned på et arbejdsløshedsniveau, der er socialt acceptabelt.
Generally speaking, the private sector, and businesses in particular, should become more involved in the work of vocational training systems.
Det er dog nødvendigt at erkende uddannelsernes rolle og deres muligheder og begrænsninger.
In order to facilitate this process, appropriate incentives (of a fiscal and legal nature) should be developed.
Det forventes, at uddannelse kan løse pro blemerne med virksomhedernes konkurrenceevne, beskæftigelseskrisen, social udstødelse og marginalisering, eller med andre ord, at uddannelse kan hjælpe samfundet med at løse de nuværende problemer og styre de store forandringer, der nu finder sted.
In order to ensure optimum overall use of funding, it is essential to improve the coordination between public and private training opportunities. tunities.
Tilpasningerne vil nødvendigvis blive gennemført gradvist, og virkningerne vil først vise sig lidt efter lidt.
The public authorities, apart from their role of providing incentives and setting the general framework for the measures, would be responsible for setting guidelines and giving clear instructions on the objectives to be achieved at the various levels.
For at kunne fastlægge formen og indholdet at de aktioner, der bør gennemføres er det nødvendigt først at analysere den nuværende situation i Fællesskabet med hensyn til almen uddannelse og erhvervsuddannelse.
There can be no doubt that regional and local authorities have a particular role to play in this area by setting up mechanisms for promoting local forms of partnership in the area of continuing training and the retraining of workers.
I deres bidrag giver medlemsstaterne udtryk for erhvervsuddannelsernes dobbeltfunktion: tion:
It is important to set up generalized and versatile systems of 'training credits' ('training vouchers') which all young people would receive and could spend relatively freely throughout their working lives in order to
Alt andet lige er det de steder, hvor det almene uddannelsesniveau og erhvervsuddannelsesniveauet er højest (f.eks. i Tyskland og Japan), at problemerne med konkurrenceevne og beskæftigelse er mindst.
Moreover, the systems of education and, above all, vocational training, have developed over the past two decades against the background of life dominated by work.
Uddannelse alene kan dog ikke løse de mest presserende problemer. Men den kan inden for visse grænser og sammen med foranstaltninger på andre områder (industri- og handelspolitik, forskningspolitik osv.) bidrage til ¡øsning af nogle af de nuværende problemer.
Given the steady rises in produc tivity and the concern to distribute work more equitably — but at a rate and in a manner which are not yet known — there will probably be a further reduction of working time and a readjustment of the balance between working time and training time.
Det er hævet over enhver tvivl, at uddannelse vil kunne spille en vigtig rolle i forbindelse med, at der i de kommende år opstår en ny udviklin gsmodel i Fællesskabet.
New possibilities are emerging for linking new patterns of working time with the development of training; these possibilities should be explored and exploited.
For at kunne spille denne rolle, skal de almene uddannelsessystemer og erhvervsuddannelsessystemerne i
Experiments in this area, based notably on agree ments between the various parties in businesses, should be multiplied, assessed and, where appropriate, generalized.
arbejdsmarkedet og genindslusningen af langtidsledige
obtain new knowledge and to update their skills.
— det er nødvendigt at investere i den menneskelige kapital for at forbedre konkurrenceevnen, især med henblik på at lette indførelsen og spredningen af ny teknologi.
Such systems already exist in certain Member States, but are limited in their scope and target population.
Inden for rammerne af bestemmelserne i traktaten om Den Europæiske Union føre slås det, at Fællesskabet koncentrerer sin indsats om at fremme samarbejdet mellem medlemsstaterne og understotte nationale strategier for at forbedre effektiviteten og kvaliteten af erhvervsuddannelserne.
Formulas which are more ambitious and of broader scope should be examined and developed on the basis of the models which are best adapted to the various national cultures: statutor}' entitlement to 'training leave' with financial assistance from the State: incorporation of the right to training in collective agreements, etc.
Dette skal ske ved at skabe et åbent marked før uddannelser i Fællesskabet, sikre en storre grad af gensidig anerkendelse af kvalifikationer og ved at videreføre de fællesskabs programmer, der sigter mod at skabe en europæisk dimension inden for erhvervsuddannelse. dannelse.
In this context, possible ways of linking these formulas with measures for increasing flexibility in the conditions applicable to employment and for sharing working time should be studied and tested.
For så vidt angår arbejdsmarkedspolitikken er medlemsstaterne i deres bidrag enige om, at der er behov før at fremme førskellige former før videreuddannelse (f.eks. kombinationer af arbejde og uddannelse, rotationssystemer og uddannelsesorlov); flere medlemsstater mener, at der bør gives prioritet til præventive aktioner over for folk med beskedne kvalifikationer, der er mest truet af arbejdsløshed, samt til aktioner til integrering af arbejdsløse og unge på arbejdsmarkedet.
In an extension of existing programmes and regulations, and against the backdrop of the implementation of the guidelines for future education and training programmes, the first objective should be to develop still further the European dimension of education: to improve the quality of training and to foster innovation in education by increasing exchanges of experience and information on good practices and developing joint projects; to establish a genuine European area of — and market in — skills and training by increasing the transparency, and improving the mutual recognition, of qualifications and skills; to promote European-level mobility among teachers, students and other people undergoing training, that is to say physical mobility and the 'virtual' mobility made possible by the new technologies of communication; to develop common databases and knowledge on skills needs; to conduct comparative research on methodologies used and policies implemented; to improve the interoperability of systems of distance learning and to increase the level of standardization of the new decentralized multimedia training tools, etc.
Man skal først og fremmest huske på, at situationen er meget forskellig fra medlemsstat til medlemsstat. I nogle medlemsstater er grunduddannelserne tilfredsstillende, medens niveauet for erhvervsuddannelser er utilstrækkeligt.
On the basis of a partnership between universities, public authorities and businesses, systems of initial and continuing training should be set up in the areas corresponding to the technological and social skills required for developing functions and occupations (multidisciplinar}' types of training; training for work in an environment which makes intensive use of information technologies: compound, technical and management skills, etc.).
Medlemsstaterne er enige om, at den private sektor i højere grad skal inddrages i de almene uddannelsessystemer og/eller erhvervsuddannelsessystememe samt i udformningen af uddannelsespolitikken, således at der tages hensyn til markedet og lokale forhold. Dette kunne f.eks. ske ved at søge at fremme samarbejdet mellem virksomheder og uddannelsessystem, og ved at virksomhederne integrerer videreuddannelse i deres strategiske planlægning.
In association with the measures taken at Community level in the areas of social and employment policy, and in concert with the Member States, the Community should set in place a political framework for the medium and longterm measures for linking the systems of continuing training and training credits with measures for increasing flexibility and reducing working time.
En vurdering af den nuværende situation på dette område i Fællesskabet giver et bilîede, der er fuld af kontraster — der er svage elementer, og der er en række positive punkter.
By extending and emulating the measures implemented in certain Member States, the countries of the Community should also adopt the provisions needed to increase the flexibility of the various parts of education systems and the level of decentralization of management of education systems: within certain limits, and account being taken of the risks of increasing inequalities in education and eroding its humanist and cultural vocation, it is also desirable to give greater choice to students and to stimulate competition between establishments of higher education. cation.
a) Svagheder
(ii) Community action
— overgangen fra uddannelsessystem til arbejdsplads bør lettes gennem mere praktisk orienterede erhvervsuddannelser og gennem lærlingeuddannelser, og det skal samtidigt sikres, at de unge opnår et højere minimumsniveau, før de før lader uddannelsessystemet
Generally speaking, the Community should set firmly and clearly the essential require ments and the longterm objectives for measures and policies in this area in order to make it easier to develop a new model for growth, competitiveness and employment in which education and training play a key role and to ensure essential equality of opportunity and the coherent development of the three dimensions of the European system of education and training (education, training and culture).
— der bør sikres en bedre koordinering mellem de aktioner, der gennemføres af de forskellige myndigheder og organer med ansvar før erhvervsuddannelse og arbejdsmarkedsspørgsmål.
One way of sending an important signal and creating added awareness in this area would be to announce and organise a 'European Year of Education' (perhaps in 1995).
I Fællesskabet er procentdelen af alle i den normale aldersgruppe, der fuldforer en uddannelse på sekundærtrinnet, 42%.
The Community could and should take a certain number of specific steps to support and complement all these measures.
I USA er tallet 75% og i Japan 90%.
These steps can be bracketed together in three main groups.
I direkte sammenhæng med dette problem er det problemet med de unge, der lider nederlag i uddannelsessystemet, hvilket er en faktor, der er kraftigt medvirkende til marginalisering og økonomisk og social udstødelse, og tendensen er stadig stigende.
Turning growth into jobs employment creation, without putting the burden of change on those already in a weak position in the labour market.
I Fælles skabet er det 25 til 30% af de unge, der for lader skolesystemet uden et tilstrækkeligt grundlag til at kunne integreres godt i arbejdslivet.
The Community will need both sustained economic growth and a more employment intensive pattern of growth if it is to meet its employment and unemployment objectives.
Disse udgør en betydelig del af de unge langtidsledige.
The scale of these problems should not divert the Community from the longer-term tasks, however.
Ud over disse karakteristika, der er mere eller mindre udtalte i de forskellige lande, men som betragtet som gennemsnit gør sig gældende i hele Fællesskabet, findes der en række svagheder, når man betragter pro blemet ud fra en europæisk synsvinkel: Der findes ikke et virkeligt marked for kvalifikationer og erhverv i Europa ; der er manglende gensidig gennemsigtighed og kun begrænset gensidig anerkendelse af titler og kvalifikationer på europæisk niveau ; åben uddannelse og fjernundervisning har ikke vundet reelt indpas på europæisk niveau.
This will require changes in economic and social policies and changes in the employ ment environment as expressed in the structure of labour market, taxation and social security incentives. This implies new relationships and new methods of participation between all those effecting, and affected by, the changes that are required.
Over for disse svagheder og mangler står dog en række positive punkter og opmuntrende udviklingstendenser.
In order to achieve these objectives, and pursue the appropriate mix in terms of policy and delivery, it will be essential to engage the active participation of the widest possible range of economic and social actors at all levels.
I de seneste år er der således i de fleste medlemsstater sket væsentlige fremskridt både kvalitativt og kvantitativt: en generel stigning i folks uddannelsesniveau; antallet af skolesøgende er steget; større investeringer på uddannelsesområdet; flere under visere.
At the same time, the Community needs to improve its longterm competitiveness and avoid overreacting to shortterm changes in price competitiveness resulting from the vagaries of exchange-rate movements.
Der er blevet udarbejdet og gennem ført undertiden gennemgribende reformer af universitetssystemerne, uddannelsespoli tikken og undervisningsstrukturerne, og virkningerne heraf vil sandsynligvis gøre sig gældende hele vejen op gennem 90'erne: stigende inddragelse af den private sektor; decentralisering af administrationen af uddannelsessystemerne; stor stigning i antallet af lokale og regionale initiativer.
It means both investing in people and developing an active policy of encouraging new economic activity and employment growth in domestic and internationally competitive sectors.
Selv om problemet med tilpasninger af kvalifikationer først og fremmest vedrører det laveste og det mellemste uddannelsesniveau, er der også et underskud på en række områder vedrørende anvendelse af videnskab og teknologi samt disses samspil med resten af samfundet: informationsteknologi; anvendelse af bioteknologi; styring af mil jøet; kombinerede tekniske og administrative kvalifikationer, osv.
All the Member States agree in their contributions — albeit with certain nuances — on why unemployment is so high in the Community, their diagnosis being that unemployment and the inadequate level of job creation are due principally to structural factors, exacerbated by the effects of the current recession.
Disse foranstaltninger har fundet sted sam tidig med holdningsændringer, der er kommet til udtryk i en tilnærmelse mellem uddannelsessystemet og erhvervslivet (ikke altid uden risiko).
This chapter recognizes the need for more efficient labour market and associated policies. It also recognizes that the market alone cannot solve the employment, unemployment and associated social problems faced by the Community.
I uddannelsessystemerne har der været et stadig støre ønske om at kunne tilbyde uddannelser, der forbereder de studerende til integrering i arbejdslivet, og i erhvervslivet har man indset, at almen uddannelse, i tillæg til rent erhvervsmæssige kundskaber, er en vigtig faktor i forbindelse med udviklingen af nye organisationsformer og decentralisering af ansvar.
There is a need to take full account of the real costs of unemployment for both societies and economies in developing fiscal as well as labour market and social policies.