natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Kvindernes situation har ændret sig meget hurtigt i Spanien, og mens vi tidligere i mange henseender hørte til bagtroppen, er vi nu nået frem i forrreste række blandt de europæiske lande.
The development in the status of women has been very rapid in our country and, whereas we were bringing up the rear in several areas, we have found ourselves in the leading group of the European countries.
På lovgivningsområdet har vi, bortset fra abort lovgivningen, gradvis bevæget os ud af et af de mest kvindediskr¡minerende europæiske retssystemer og har fået en avanceret lovgivning.
From a legislative point of view, apart from the legislation on abortion, we have gradually, over a period of just over ten years, abandoned one of the legal orders which was among the most discriminatory in Europe to women, to endow ourselves with advanced legislation.
Indførelse af omvendt bevisbyrde ved uoverensstemmelser i forbindelse med ar bejdskontrakter, hvor der kunne være tale om kønsbestemt forskelsbehandling, faderens mulighed for 46 ugers orlov i forbindelse med fødsel, virksomhedernes forpligtelse til at garantere den far eller mor, der tager orlov af personlige årsager i op til maksimalt et år for at passe et barn på under 3 år, genbeskæftigelse er en række af de seneste reformer, som skyldes det første ligestil lingsprogram for 1987-1990.
The reversal of the burden of proof in disputes arising from the contract of employment where there is evidence of discrimination on the grounds of sex, the possibility for fathers to apply for four of the sixteen weeks of maternity leave, the obligation of enterprises to keep jobs open for fathers or mothers who take leave on personal grounds of a
Af ca. 9 millioner kvinder pá over 40 år har kun 900 000 afgangseksamen på sekundærtrin eller afsluttet videregående uddannelse, hvorimod ca. 4 millioner af de 6,5 millioner kvinder pá under 40 år har fortsat undervisningen ud over primærtrin.
An increasing number of Spanish women are studying. Even though of the some nine million women of over 40 years of age, only nine-hundred thousand hold a secondary or higher education diploma, of the six and a half million under this age, nearly four million have continued their studies beyond primary school.
Fra 1975 til 1988 er antallet af kvinder, der er indskrevet ved universitetet steget med 142%, således at 50% af de universitetsstuderende, som i alt udgør en halv million, er kvinder.
From 1975 to 1988, the enrolment of women at university rose by 142%, to the point that over 50% of the university population, which numbers half a million people, is female.
I øvrigt er antallet af kvinder, der følger en erhvervsuddannelse, i samme periode steget fra 29% til 43% (mere end 30 000).
Furthermore, over the same period, the proportion of women following vocational training rose from 29% to 43% of the total and exceeds 30,000.
Resultatet heraf er, at de unge piger mindre ligner deres mødre og bedstemødre og mere de unge mænd i deres egen generation.
The result is that girls are less like their mothers and grandmothers and more like the young people of their generation.
Et kulturelt skred af sådanne dimensioner forklarer de unge kvinders ændrede holdning til arbejde, famille og frem for alt til, hvor mange børn de ønsker at få.
This cultural change explains the alteration in the attitude of young women to work, the family and above all to the number of children they have.
Flere og flere kvinder ønsker at arbejde, og mens der i 1984 var lidt under 4 millioner erhvervsaktive kvinder, hvoraf ca. 3 millioner var beskæftiget, var disse tal i begyndelsen af 1991 steget med mere end 1 300 000 for de førstes vedkommende og 1 mi I I ion for de andres vedkommende.
An increasing number of women wish to work and whereas in 1984 there were just under four million women in the labour force, of whom three million had a job, at the beginning of 1991, these figures had risen by over a million three hundred thousand and by over a million respectively.
Til trods herfor er den kvindelige erhvervsfrekvens i Spanien (33,5%) stadig lavere end fællesskabsgennemsnittet og lavere end gennemsnittet i de skandina viske lande.
In spite of this, the female labour force participation rate in Spain (33.5%) is well below the Community average as well as the average of Scandinavian countries.
FRA SKOLE TIL ARBEJDSLIV
FROM SCHOOL TO WORK
I Spanien stiger kvindernes erhvervsfrekvens som andre steder jo højere uddannelsesniveauet er, og den når næsten op på mændenes, når de har en højere uddannelse (80%).
In Spain, as in other countries, the level of education of women rises in line with their rate of employment, almost to join that of men where they have received higher education (80%).
Når man tager i betragtning, at stadig flere kvinder studerer og opnår bedre resultat end mændene (i 1984 bestod f.eks.
Consequently, since women are studying more and more and obtaining better results than men (in 1984, for example, 81% of women students enrolled for the university admission test passed, as opposed to 62% of male students), it is to be expected that the number of women working or seeking a job will continue to rise over the coming years.
81% af de kvindelige studerende, der var indskrevet til adgangsprøven til universitet, mod kun 62% af de mandlige studerende) må man forvente, at antallet af erhvervsaktive eller beskæftigelsessøgende kvinder fortsat vil stige i de kommende år, hvilket ikke kommer til at bidrage til at løse arbejdsløshedsproblemet, som I dag er større for kvinderne end for mændene, ikke blot procentuelt (23,83% mod 11,9%) men også i absolutte tal (ca. 70 000 flere kvinder).
This will not contribute to solving the problem of unemployment, which now affects more women than men, not only in percentage terms (23.83% as opposed to 11.9%), but also in absolute figures (some seventy thousand more).
Man kan efterhånden lægge den latente frygt, for at der ikke skulle være nok personer i den arbejdsdygtige alder til at betale socialsikringsbidrag til finansiering af de ældres pensioner, pá hylden.
In addition, it will be necessary to eliminate this latent fear that there will soon not be enough people of working age and workers contributing to social security to pay the retirement pensions of the elderly.
I Spanien er der stadig 7 millioner ikke-erhvervsakti ve kvinder i alderen 16-65 år, som teoretisk kan arbejde, men som ikke kan finde arbejde.
Spain still has seven million women outside the labour force, from 16 to 65 years of age, who could work, in theory, but who do not find
Vil man have et Job, er det ikke nok at søge, og heller ikke at have afsluttet en erhvervsuddannelse eller en universitetsuddannelse, man skal også have valgt den uddannelse, der passer, dvs. have specialiseret sig inden for en sektor med gode fremtidsmuligheder.
To obtain a job it is not sufficient to have looked for one, or to have followed vocational or university training, it is necessary to have chosen the right training, i.e. to have specialized in a viable sector.
Her synes pigerne at være mindre opmærksomme på beskæftigelsesudsigterne for de områder, de vælger. De differentierer i mindre grad deres erhvervsvalg og satser fortsat på "kvinde"-Jobs på områder, hvor der for øjeblikket næsten ingen beskæftigelsesmuligheder er.
On this point, girls seem to be less aware of the job prospects offered by the studies they choose, since they diversify their professional options less and continue to opt for "feminine" careers, some of which offer few "outlets" these days.
Der er f.eks. på universitetsniveau 38,6% kvinder (mod 20,8% mænd), der vælger filologi, filosofi, pædagogik, psykologi, geografi og historie og kun 1,8% af kvinderne lader sig indskrive ved de højere tekniske læreanstalter mod 10,8% af mændene.
For example, at university level, 38.6% (as opposed to 20.8% of male students) choose to read philology, philosophy and pedagogics, psychology, geography and history and only 1.8% enrol in the technical colleges of higher education (as opposed to 10.8% of male students).
Pä erhvervsuddannelsesområdet vælger 80% af kvinderne administration, handel, sundhedssektoren, frisør- og skønhedsplejefag.
As far as vocational training is concerned, 80% of the women opt for administration, commerce, health, hairdressing and aesthetics.
Det er endnu ikke nok, at de unge piger udvælger sig det job, de har uddannet sig til.
It is not yet sufficient for girls to make a careful choice of the occupation for which they have been trained.
Bortset fra den offentlige administration, hvor udvælgelsesprøverne muliggør en objektiv udvælgelse af ansøgerne (hvilket f.eks. forklarer, at 25% af dommerne er kvinder), har arbejdsgiveren i virksomhederne - med undtagelse af de jobs, der traditionelt betragtes som kvindejobs, som sekretariatsarbejde eller rengøring -, en tendens til at ansætte mænd, hvis de mandlige og kvinde lige ansøgere står lige, og sågar selv om de kvindelige ansøgere er bedre kvalif iceret.
Apart from public administration, where competitive examinations facilitate objective selection of candidates (which explains, for example, why 25% of judges are women), in enterprises - apart from the jobs traditionally considered to be women's jobs, such as secretarial work or cleaning -, if the applications of male and female candidates are equal or even if the female candidates are better, the employer tends to recruit the men.
Til de mere eller mindre bevidste kønsbestemte fordomme om kvindelige og mand lige ansøgeres reelle kvalifikationer føjer sig de overleverede forestillinger om, at mænd tager sig mindre af de huslige gøremål og beskæftiger sig mindre med de familiemæssige problemer.
On top of the more or less conscious sexist prejudices regarding the real value of the candidates of either sex, is the objective reflex that men bother less about domestic contingencies and concern themselves less with family problems.
Og det er også sådan, at kvinderne stadig, til trods for at de har lønarbejde, føler sig mere ansvarlige end mændene (mere end dobbelt så meget) for det huslige arbejde og for opdragelsen af børnene, og de har stadig mindre fritid.
Indeed, even though they have paid employment, women continue to feel more responsible than men (more than double) for the domestic chores and the education of the children and to spend less time on leisure activities.
Det indskrænker deres muligheder, ikke blot for at få et job men også for at blive forfremmet.
Such an attitude hampers their opportunities not only to have access to employment, but also to receive promotion.
Kvinderne får derfor færre og færre børn for at kunne forene ar-bejds- og familieliv og for at få en bedre livskvalitet, og fra et gennemsnit på 2,83 i 1970 er de i 1987 nået ned på et gennemsnitligt antal børn på 1,63.
Consequently, in the concern to reconcile working life and family life on the one hand, but also to improve the quality of their life on the other, women have fewer and fewer children and the average has fallen from 2.83 in 1970 to 1.63 in 1987.
I øvrigt får de deres første barn senere - som 25- år ige - og antallet af indgå else af ægteskaber falder.
Furthermore, they have their first child later - at 25 years of age - and the number of marriages is on the decline.
Det er interessant at se, at 37% af de adspurgte kvinder i forbindelse med en fødselstaIsundersøgeIse i 1985 erklærede, at de ikke havde søgt rådgivning i de forskellige fami I ieplanlægningscentre, ligesom 56,5% hævdede, at de anvendte præventive midler uden lægekontrol.
In this respect, it should be pointed out that, according to the fertility survey carried out in 1985, 37% of women questioned stated that they had not had recourse to the various family planning centres and 56.5% stated that they used contraceptives without medical supervision.
Det er ret forbavsende, at 33,5% af kvinderne i alderen 18-49 år erklærer, at de aldrig har anvendt præventive metoder, mens dette tal ligger på 49% for de 20-24-ár ige.
It is quite surprising that, among women from 18 to 49 years of age, 33.5% state that they have never used any method of contraception, whereas in the group of 20-24 years of age, this figure is 49%.
Al le disse facts og mange andre, der godt kunne fortjene en kommentar med som forskelsbehandling med hensyn til løn, lavere vurdering af kvinders arbejde, mangelen på børnepasningsfaciI iteter til børn under 3 år, mangelen på kvinder, der hvor der træffes politiske beslutninger (13% ca.), manglende betaling af underholdsbidrag ved separation eller skilsmisse, prostitution og de mange for skellige former for vold mod kvinder, tvinger os til at konkludere, at der sta dig, trods fremskridt, er langt igen før kvinderne slipper ud af deres ældgamle marginale position.
These data and many others which would merit comment and which concern wage discrimination on the grounds of gender, the downgrading of activities performed by women, the lack of structures for the care of children of under 3 years of age, the lack of female presence at the helm of political life (about 13%), the non-payment of alimony in the event of separation or divorce, prostitution and the various forms of aggression suffered by a large number of women, bring us to the conclusion that, despite the progress made, there is still a great deal to be done to allow women to escape secular marginalization.
Hvis det skal lykkes, er det absolut nødvendigt, at regeringen og de autonome regioner vedtager nye ligestillingsprogrammer.
To achieve this, the approval of a large number of equal opportunities programmes by the government and the autonomous communities will be essential.
Kvindeorganisationerne, fagforeningerne, arbejdsgiverorganisationerne, lokalsamfundene og universiteterne må desuden udvise endnu større engagement og tage endnu flere initiativer, og det vil uden deres hjælp være umuligt for alle spanske kvinder at opnå de rettigheder og de muligheder, som en lang række kvinder allerede har opnået.
More commitment and initiatives will also be needed from the women's associations, trade unions, employers' organizations, local authorities and universities, without the help of which it will be impossible for all Spanish women to benefit from the rights and opportunities which a large number of them have already won.
Mulighed for at de kvinder, der ønsker det, efter korrekt rådgivning skal kunne afbryde et uønsket svangerskab inden for de 3 første måneder uden at risikere fængselsstraf, burde indgå i en reform af det spanske strafferetlige system. Ingen bør sætte sig imod dette, som blot er en logisk følge af de sociale ændringer, vi oplever i dag.
To allow women who decide, after having received accurate information, to interrupt a pregnancy which they did not want during the first three months, without risking a prison sentence, should be included in a reform of our penal code which no-one would oppose and which would be consistent with the social change currently taking place in our country.
Historien viser, at større frihed for kvinderne og ligebehandling aldrig har haft katastrofale demografiske følger for noget samfund - tværtimod.
History has provided ample proof that giving women greater freedom and equality has never jeopardized democratic societies, but has on the contrary strengthened them.
FRANKRIG: MÆND OG KVINDER PA LIGE FOD ansvarlig for Europaspørgsmål i Datar (administrationen for bl.a. fysisk plan lægning) og tidligere medlem af Udvalget for Kvinderne og Arbejdsmarkedet, Martine Levy.
FRANCE: TOWARDS DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM WITH MEN by Martine Levy, responsible for European questions at Datar (authority with responsibilities including town and country planning), ex-member of the Commission du Travail des Femmes (committee on women's work)
DET POLITISKE LIV OG ARBEJDSMARKEDET
POLITICAL AND SOCIAL LIFE
De franske kvinders position I det politiske liv og pá arbejdsmarkedet har skiftevis været præget af forhalinger og sejre.
The position of women in political and social life in France is punctuated by delays and successes.
Der er tale om massiv forhaling, når det gælder kvindernes repræsentation i par lamentet. Situationen har været præget af stagnation, for ikke at sige direkte tilbageskridt, siden de franske kvinder som de sidste fik stemmeret og blev valgbare (1944).
They are far, far behind from the point of view of representation in the parliamentary assemblies, which is characterized by stagnation and even a decline since 1944 when, among the last, they received the right to vote and eligibility.
Bevidstgørelsen af kvinderne i basis foregår gradvis og langsomt.
Feminization is gradual and slow at the grass roots.
Efter 25 års stilstand (3,1% i 1945) er det antal af kvinder, der er valgt ind i byrådene, næsten firedoblet, idet tallet er steget fra 4,4% i 1971 til 16,9% i 1989 og steget med det dobbelte (8,5%) siden 1977.
After 25 years of stagnation (3.1% in 1945), the proportion of women elected to the municipal councils almost quadrupled, rising from 4.4% in 1971 to 16.9% in 1989, almost doubling from 1977 (8.5%).
Der er én kvindelig borgmester for en by med over 100 000 indbyggere, 22 kvindelige borgmestre for byer med over 20 000 indbyggere og 30 for byer med over 9 000 indbyggere. Tallet er stadig ikke højt, men det er stigende (der var i 1978 kun 33).
One mayoress of a town with over 100,000 inhabitants, 22 of towns with over 20,000 inhabitants and 30 of towns with over 9,000 inhabitants; a still small, but growing number of women (there were only 33 in 1978) assume the tricolour sash of office of first municipal magistrate of a now urbanized society.
På landet er der kun 5,43% kvindelige borgmestre, 4% kvindelige byrådsmedlemmer og 10% kvinder I regionalrådene.
Under the effect of the rural environment, only 5.43% of mayorships are held by mayoresses and women account for only 4% of councillors and 10% of regional councillors.
Halvdelen af alle mænd deltager i det lokale foreningsliv mod kun 39% af kvinderne.
It is true that half the men participate in local associative life, as opposed to 39% of women.
Kvindernes position på arbejdsmarkedet er bestemmende for deres adfærd. Kvindelige ledere eller mellemledere har en organisationsprocent, der ligger tæt op ad de mandlige kollegers, henholdsvis 65 mod 73% og 62 mod 67%.
The place of women in the social hierarchy determines their behaviour.
Kvindelige arbejdere derimod har den laveste organisationsprocent af alle erhvervsaktive, nemlig 29% mod 44% for mandlige.
Conversely, women manual workers have the lowest membership rate in he labour force, 29% as opposed to 44%.
Kvindeorganisationerne spiller globalt set en begrænset rolle til trods for den finansielle støtte, der ydes til en lang række af disse (nærmere betegnet 71 i 1989) fra Statssbkretariatet for Kvindernes Rettigheder og den støtte, der til bydes af både centeret for information og dokumentation om kvindens og familiens rettigheder og af det net på 200 lokale selvstændige centre, som tager imod mere end 300 000 mennesker om året.
Women's organizations in general play a minor role, despite the financial assistance granted to a number of them (71 in 1989) by the Secretary of State for Women's Rights, and the support offered by the Centre National d'Information et de Documentation sur les Droits des Femmes et des Familles (national centre for information and documentation on the rights of women and families) and its network of 200 independent local centres, which receive over 300,000 people per year.
Der sidder efterhånden kvinder pá alle niveauer.
This invasion occurs at all levels of the executive.
Fra maj 1991 til begyndelsen af 1992 var den franske ministerpræsident en kvinde.
Between May 1991 and the beginning of 1992, the French Government was led by a woman Prime Minister.
Mere end 38% af medlemmerne af den franske præsidents sekretariat er kvinder, bl.a. præsidentens generalsekretær .
Over 38% of the Members of the Cabinet of the Presidency of the Republic are women, including the Secretary General of the Presidency.
Der er ca. 24% kvinder i ministrenes sekretariater, og på vigtige områder, der traditionelt har været reserveret mænd, som finans, industri og transport, er kvinderne kommet ind pá områder som beskæftigelse, industrispørgsmaI og lande vejstransport.
The proportion of women in ministerial cabinets is about 24% and major male bastions such as finance, industry and transport have women in the so-called heavy sectors: employment, industrial relations, or in the more delicate sectors such as road transport.
Der er ikke mange kvindelige ledere af ministersekretariaterne. Dér er kvinderne snarere undtagelsen.
Women heads of cabinet are few in number, but no longer entirely exceptional.
Der udnævnes også kvinder pä visse vigtige poster.
This presence of women associated with political voluntarism is also to be found in the appointments to certain choice positions.
Det gælder f.eks. radio og fjernsyn.
This is the case, for example, in the audiovisual sector.
I tilsynsrådet for radio og fjernsyn er 3 ud af 9 medlemmer kvinder.
The Conseil Supérieur de l'Audiovisuel has three women out of nine members.
Der er mellem 16,3 og 41,7% kvinder pá de tre ledelsesniveauer Inden for fjern synet, dvs. sammenlagt 20,8%.
In the three echelons of television management, the proportion of women varies from 16.3% to 41.7%, or 20.8% of the total.
I den del af administrationen, der er i direkte kontakt med politikerne, stiger antallet af kvinder.
In the senior ranks of the civil service, following the path of politics, women are making slow progress.
Kvinderne besatte i 1989 8,6% af assistentstillingerne (mod 7,3% i 1983), 12% af ledelsesposterne i den centrale administration (mod 9,7% i 1983) og 9,4% af kontorchefsti I I¡ngerne i de selvstændige tjenester (mod 8% i 1983).
In 1989, women held 8.6% of the executive posts there (7.3% in 1983), 12% of the management jobs in the central administration (9.7% in 1983), 9.4% of the positions of head of external department (8% in 1983).
Der er 11% kvinder i tjenesteinspektoraterne.
There are also 11% women among the general inspectorate.
Til sammenligning hermed er der meget få kvinder i de store statsinstitutioner, nemlig 5,2% kvinder i Conseil d'Etat (förvaltningsråd og øverste franske domstol i forvaltningsretlige spørgsmål), 6,5% i Statsrevisionen, 3,3% i F inans Inspektoratet, og 8% blandt universitetsprofessorerne.
In comparison, the public bodies seem to be bereft of women, with 5.2% of women in the State Council, 6.5% in the Court of Auditors, 3.3% at the Financial Inspectorate and 8% among the university professors.
70'erne var det tiår, hvor dørene til eliteskolerne åbnede sig for kvinderne. I 80'erne blev de udnævnt på de højeste poster.
The seventies was the decade for lifting the barriers to the elite, university-level professional training colleges and to public bodies; the eighties was the decade for appointments to the most prestigious posts.
I de seneste år er de første kvinder kommet ind i Académie Française efter to årtier med litterær succes og århundreder i total upàagtethed. De første kvinder er nu også kommet ind pä både Institut de France og Collège de France.
Recent years have seen the entry of the first women to the Académie Française, after two decades of literary success by women and centuries of being nearly in the dark ages, and of the first women to the Institute and the Collège de France.
Statens anerkendelse af kvindernes krav (kvinderne udgør størstedelen af vælger korpset (53%) som følge af deres længere gennemsnitlige levealder (80,6 år mod mændenes 72,3)) er det mest synlige tegn på den ændring, som kommer til udtryk i, at antallet af temaer, der drøftes og behandles i den politiske arena, er blevet udvidet.
45 — of the electorate (53%) as a result of their longer life expectancy (80.6 years as opposed to 72.3 years for men), is the most visible effect of the transformation of the very content of politics, characterized by the extension of the topics debated and dealt with in the political arena.
Spørgsmål som kvindernes rettigheder, børnepasningsproblemer, forældreroller og vold i familien er eksempler herpå.
Apart from women's rights, mention should be made of the problems of child care, the sharing of parental roles and violence within families.