natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
I Storbritannien og Irland bliver de år, kvinder har brugt på at tage sig af en nær slægtning eller pårørende, fuldstændig udeladt i beregningen.
Years of caring can explicitly be dropped from the calculation of a pension level in the UK or Ireland.
I Italien og i Grækenland kan folk, der tager sig af en pårørende, vælge at indbetale frivillige bidrag.
Voluntary payment of contributions by carers are allowable in Italy or Greece.
Ingen af de nyere ordninger kan dog hverken opveje tabene eller være til nogen gavn for kvinder, der gik på pension, før reformerne blev indført.
None of this, however, will fully compensate for the losses incurred or help women who had retired before the reforms were implemented.
Økonomisk set har ældre kvinder det almindeligvis sværere end jævnaldrende mænd.
Older women are in general financially much worse off than older men.
Der er dog meget stor forskel fra person til person, alt afhængig af nationalitet, ægtestand og tidligere erhvervskarriere.
There is a great disparity, however, in their situation, depending on their nationality, their marital situation and their previous work history.
Hvert enkelt lands social sikringssystem er noget helt for sig med hensyn til opbygning, finansiering og anciennitet.
Each country's social protection system is unique in its composition, provisions and in the length of time it has been in existence.
Undtagen i Skandinavien er pensionsordningerne bygget op over modellen med en udearbejdende mand, der lever i fast parforhold med en (af ham økonomisk afhængig) hjemmegående kvinde, og der kalkuleres kun med nogle få års pensionsudbetaling til familieforsørgeren, inden han falder bort.
Except in the Scandinavian countries, pension systems are rooted in a model of male employment, stable partnerships with the (dependent) wife at home, and only few years of life in retirement before death of the breadwinner.
Her er nogle udvalgte taloplysninger om kvinders egne pensionsrettigheder:
In terms of women's own pension income:
- tyske kvinders magre pensionsindtægt svarer til 42% af, hvad der udbetales til mænd
- in Italy, women's median pension income is two-thirds of men's; - in Britain, it is less than 60% of men's; - in Germany, women's mean pension income is 42% of men's.
Ved århundredets begyndelse var kun de færreste kvinder erhvervsaktive og holdt frivilligt eller tvungent op med at arbejde, når de giftede sig.
At the beginning of this century, the majority of women were not engaged in the labour market and - if they were - they stopped work, were even forced to leave their jobs when they married.
I Holland var det helt indtil 1957 lovbefalet at afskedige kvindelige tjenestemænd (selv forskolelærerinder), så snart de blev gift. Indtil 1985 kunne en gift kvinde ikke oppebære almindelig folkepension i eget navn.
In the Netherlands, the order to sack female civil servants, including primary school teachers, as soon as they married, remained in force until 1957, and until 1985 a married woman had no right to a pension on her own account under the general old-age insurance scheme.
Selv i Danmark, hvor kvindernes beskæftigelsesgrad jo er høj, havde halvdelen af kvinder på over 80 år i 1988 været hjemmegående i næsten hele deres liv. Den tilsvarende andel for 70-årige kvinder ligger stadig på en tredjedel, og for 6067 årige kvinder på en fjerdedel.
Even in Denmark, with its traditional ly high levels of female employment, half the women over 80 in 1988 had been housewives most of their lives, with the rate still over one in three for women in their 70s and about one in four for women aged 60-67.
I Den Tyske Forbundsrepublik kunne socialsikrede kvinder indtil 1968 anmode om at få refunderet deres pensionsbidrag, når de giftede sig, men mistede herved alle pensionsrettigheder, medmindre de - efter 1982 - betalte bidragene tilbage.
In the Federal Republic of Germany before 1968 insured women were allowed to seek reimbursement of their pension insurance contributions when they married, but this terminated their entitlement to a pension (unless, after 1982, they paid them back again).
Spanske kvinder ser stadig mændene som deres "beskyttere" og er fremdeles afhængige af deres ægtemænds pension eller andre indtægter.
Spanish women still see the men as their "shelters" and remain dependent on their husbands' wages or pension.
De har ingen sikkerhed i henseende til deres økonomiske fremtid.
They are uncertain about their financial security in future.
Dobbelt så mange kvinder som mænd risikerer af blive økonomisk afhængige af deres børn eller andre pårørende.
Women are nearly twice as likely as men to depend financially on their children or relatives.
For at sætte pensionister i stand til at opretholde deres levestandard har man i de seneste l'iiropas Kvinder temahæfte
To enable pensioners to maintain their standard of living on retirement, the level of initial pensions at the full rate has risen in recent decades, and most state pensions (but not sup- e is
% af BNP pr. indbygger
% GDP per head
Mindste offentlige alderspension (juli 1992)
Social Minima (July 1992) Old Age
EU-landene har også hver for sig en form for sociale bistandsordninger (kontanthjælp eller andre ydelser) til nødstedte ældre. Men for at kunne få adgang til hjælpen, skal man vide, at den eksisterer, og ydermere indvillige i en ransagning af éns private økonomi, hvilket mange føler er ydmygende.
Every EU country has also made provision for social assistance (in cash and in kind) for needy older people, but their access to it depends on knowing about its availability and on a means-test, which is often felt to be demeaning.
I Portugal udbetales 76% af de pensionsbeløb, som bevilges til ikke-bidragydende, til ældre kvinder. I Storbritannien er der 75% kvinder blandt dem, der modtager alderspension og derudover anmoder om økonomisk bistand.
In Portugal, 76% of non-contributory pensions are paid to older women; 75% of old age pensioners in the UK claiming income support are older women; 72% of the recipients of a guaranteed income in Belgium are lone women, often widows.
72% af de belgiere, der modtager det minimale dagpengebeløb, er kvinder, som bor alene og i mange tilfælde er enker. Risikoen for at blive fattig og afhængig af socialhjælp hænger nært sammen med det at blive enke, at blive meget gammel og at bo på landet, især i Sydeuropa.
The risk of poverty and dependence on social assistance is directly related to being a widow, to being in advanced old age and to living in a rural area (especially in a Mediterranean country).
Loven bliver kun langsomt tilpasset nye samlivsformer.
The law is only slowly adjusting to new forms of partnership.
Alene i 1993 blev næsten 3% af alle indgåede ægteskaber i Storbritannien afbrudt ved skilsmisse, og i hvert femte tilfælde havde parterne været gift i 20 år og derover.
The divorce rate in most Member States is rising (in the UK, nearly 3% of all marriages ended in divorce in 1993 alone, and of these nearly one in five had lasted 20 years or more).
Skilsmisse har ingen indvirkning på de minimale pensionsbeløb fra det offentlige i de lande, hvor retten tilkommer alle fastboende statsborgere som fx i Holland, Danmark og Finland samt i Sverige (hvor to enkeltpersoner tilsammen far mere i pension end samboende par).
Divorce does not affect basic State pensions if these are paid to all resident nationals, as in the Netherlands, Denmark, Finland and Sweden (in fact, in Sweden, two individuals receive more separately than together as a couple).
Men i andre lande mister kvinder ved skilsmisse alle rettigheder, der stammer fra deres mands alderspension eller fra en enkepension, medmindre andet udtrykkeligt fremgår af særskilte lovbestemmelser.
But in other countries divorced women will lose any derived pension rights to their husband's retirement pension or a survivor's pension unless legal provision is specifically made.
I Frankrig, Tyskland (siden 1977), Spanien og Belgien samt (ved retsforordning) i Italien kan pensionsretten opdeles til fordel for en fraskilt hustru. I Storbritannien har særskilte pensionsrettigheder siden 1996 kunnet nedfældes i skilsmissedokumenter.
Pension rights can be split to benefit a divorced wife in France, Germany (since 1977), Spain, Belgium and Italy (by court order), and pension rights must be considered in divorce settlements in the UK since 1996.
I Luxembourg, Østrig og Storbritannien har fraskilte kvinder (som ikke har gift sig igen) ifølge lovbestemmelserne krav på enkepension.
In Luxembourg, Austria and the UK, there is legal provision for divorced women who have not remarried to be eligible for a widow's State pensions.
Nogle landes indførelse af særlige, "øremærkede" socialydelser har forbedret de ringest stilledes levestandard betydeligt. Som et eksempel herpå kan nævnes de franske boligsikringstilskud.
The introduction of special purpose benefits in some countries has brought considerable improvement in the living standards of the neediest old people.
Denne støtte til lejere i socialt boligbyggeri har øget indkomsten for en aleneboende, der modtager den minimale alderspension, med næsten en tredjedel. I Sverige har man haft en tilsvarende ordning siden 1978.
Among these are the housing allowances paid in France (the "social" rent allowance, which raises the income of a single person drawing the minimum old-age pension by about one third) and in Sweden since 1978.
Tilskudene til permanent handicappede i Frankrig og Stor-
Constant attendance allowances in France and the UK help to cover the cost of care provided by a person who is not a member of the family.
Ældre kvinder, der er blevet alene, risikerer at tabe deres rettigheder baseret på ægtefællens pension, hvis de gifter sig igen og endda også, hvis de blot flytter sammen med en anden mand.
Cohabitees' rights vary widely between countries: in the Netherlands (since 1994) and Sweden there is some equivalence between married and long-standing, unmarried couples when it comes to derived pension rights.
Rettighederne for ugifte samlevende svinger meget fra land til land. I Holland (siden 1994) og i Sverige har man til en vis grad side stillet par, der har boet sammen i lang tid, med ægtepar i henseende til overførsel af pensionsrettigheder. I Spanien og i Storbritannien har
The courts in Spain and the UK have ruled against granting widows' benefits to cohabitees - in one case after 55 years' unmarried cohabitation.
Et normalt alderstegn er, at kropshøjden aftager med omkring en centimeter for hver ti leveår efter 40-årsalderen. Denne proces accelererer, efter at man er fyldt 70, éns syn og hørelse svækkes, muskelmassen og dermed muskelkraften svinder, hjerte- og blodkarskapaciteten reduceres, og nervefibrenes over førselshastighed aftager.
Among the normal effects of ageing is a reduction in height, by approximately 1 cm per decade after the early 40s, probably accelerating after 70; some deterioration in hearing and sight; a loss of skeletal muscle mass, leading to diminution in the muscle force available; reduced cardio-vascular capacity, as well as lower conduction velocity of nerve fibres.
Med alderen bliver man også mere følsom over for temperaturudsving, som kroppen efterhånden får sværere ved at vænne sig til. Det betyder, at ældre lettere rammes af feber eller temperatursænkning.
With advancing age, people become less sensitive to changes in ambient temperature, and their bodies are less efficient in compensating, putting older people at great risk of hyper- and hypo-thermia.
Kvinder i overgangsalderen er i meget højere grad end mænd udsat for knoglevævssvind, som fx 25% af de over 60-årige og 50% af de over 70-årige britiske kvinder lider af.
Postmenopausal women are many times more likely than men to suffer osteoporosis: by the age of 60, 25% of British women are affected, and 50% over the age of 70.
Der er desuden 20% risiko for, at en kvinde, der er fyldt 80 år, brækker sit lårben.
A woman aged 80 has a one in five chance of fracturing the neck of the femur.
I Spanien er det ulovligt at modtage pension og have lønarbejde samtidig, men man kan vælge at fortsætte med at arbejde i længere tid og derved optjene en bedre pension.
bining work with pension is not permitted, but a person may continue to work to build up a contribution record towards a better pension.
I andre lande fore kommer det, at pensionsbeløbet nedsættes i for hold størrelsen af lønindkomsten, der derudover kan være skattepligtig.
In other countries, the pension level is likely to be reduced in proportion to the level of earnings; tax may also be payable.
Kvinder er oftere end mænd ved dårligt helbred, og hos mange ældre kvinder er det mange gange for sent at bedre på tilstanden eller sætte ind med forebyggende midler.
The physiological processes of ageing affect women more fundamentally than men.
For mange, meget gamle kvinder giver "følelsen af at deltage mindre i fællesskab mellem generationer med fælles værdier og fælles gøremål" sig udslag i et "vagt og udefinerbart ildebefindende.
Whether the menopause is experienced as a liberation or it provokes a crisis of depression, it strikes a woman forcefully with the fact of her age and it signifies a profound change in her existence.
Måske er det ikke andet end den mistede følelse af at leve og gøre gavn" (Stevenson, Í986).
Short of major medical intervention, never more can she have a child.
Den psykologiske proces, man gennemgår, når man ældes, har en dybere indvirkning på kvinder end på mænd.
Women report more poor health than men, but the condition of many older women is not amenable to cure, and it may be too late for preventative measures to be effective.What they require is symptom relief in its widest sense, with attention paid to the social and psychological as well as the physical aspects.
Hvad enten overgangsalderen opleves som en befrielse eller fremkalder en depression, konfronterer den brutalt kvinden med hendes alder og betyder en grundlæggende forandring i hendes liv.
For some very old women, the "diminished sense of joint enterprise in life across the generations, of shared values, of a common project" translates into "a vague, unidentified, malaise.
Medmindre hun får foretaget alvorlige, lægelige ind greb, kan hun nu ikke længere få børn.
Illness in the sense of impaired psychic well-being has taken on for many old people an almost mystical dimension; they pester their doctor with an obscure ache which seems to have no name; and is perhaps a loss of meaning and purpose". (Stevenson, 1986)
I 9 af EU-landene er hele befolkningen dækket af en national sundhedsforsorg, og de fleste behandlinger er i reglen gratis.
In nine EU Member States, the entire population is covered by a national health service: access to the majority of health services is generally free.
I de seks øvrige medlemsstater (Østrig, Belgien, Tyskland, Frankrig, Luxembourg og Nederlandene) skal man for at få dækket sin sundhedspleje have indbetalt bidrag til en socialforsikring. Meget småt bemidlede personer dækkes dog gratis.
In the other six Member States (Austria, Belgium, Germany, France, Luxembourg and the Netherlands), medical coverage is guaranteed through social insurance for which premiums must be paid; it is extended as a benefit for people on very low incomes.
Blandt de 65-74-årige er udgifterne 10% lavere for kvinder end for mænd, mens de for kvinder i aldersgruppen over 75 år ligger 20% højere pr. person end for mænd.
In the UK, about half of all health service expenditure goes on people 65+; spending on women aged 65-74 is 10% less than for men, but at 75+ it is 20% higher per capita than for
De fleste ældre har et godt helbred og er aktive.
The vast majority of older people are fit and active.
Over 80% betegner selv deres sundhedstilstand som "ret god", "god" eller "udmærket", og ved hjælp af en hyppig eller regelmæssig medecintildeling undgår de ondartede sygdomme.
More than 80% of older people judge themselves to be in fair, good or excellent health; with the aid often of regular medication, they are coping with any degenerative illness.
Nogle kvinder, der bliver over 85 eller endda 90 år, fortsætter med at være i god form og holder sig raske. Andre døjer i årevis med kroniske, fysiske sygdomme eller senilitet.
Some older women live till their late 80s and early 90s and remain fit and disease-free.
Der er en konstant fare for, at alderdommen bliver præget af "læger og medicin" og derfor opleves som et problem i sig selv.
Yet others have periods of chronic illness and periods of fitness. There is an ever-present danger that old age will be "medicalized" and seen as a problem in itself.
En af de bestemmende faktorer for helbredet i alderdommen er personens
Much ill health in later life can be attributed to lifestyles and health practices earlier.
Det siges, at "kvinder er syge, men mænd dør".
It has been said that "women get ill, but men die".
I 2020, hvor 20% af befolkningen vil bestå af personer over 65 år, forventer Europarådet, at
The Council of Europe expects that in fy/omen of ¿Inrone dossier
Invaliditeten er klasseinddelt med et interval på fem år således at forstå, at den rammer ufaglærte kvinder fem år tidligere end kvinder fra mere veluddannede og velstillede sociale lag.
2020, when 20% of the population will be over 65, 1 in 4 older people will experience serious long-term disability. Disability has a five year "class gap": unskilled women are likely to be more disabled than higher middle-class women who are five years older.
Kvinder lider i højere grad end mænd af nedsat førlighed.
Women also tend to suffer a greater reduction in mobility than do men.
De invaliderende lidelser, som i særdeleshed rammer kvinder og går ud over førligheden, vedrører knogle- og muskelstrukturen (ledegigt, knoglevævssvind, lænde-eller ledsmerter) og et svigtende syn.
The disabling conditions that most affect women and limit their mobility are musculo­skeletal problems (arthritis, osteoporosis, pain in lower back or pain in joints) and poor eyesight.
Kvinder er også mere udsat for kredsløbs- og luftvejssygdomme samt psykiske lidelser (indbefattet erkendelsessvigt og sløvsind).
They are also more liable to circulatory disease, respiratory disease and mental illness (including cognitive impairment and dementias).
At de mentale svækkelser er mere udbredt hos kvinder end hos mænd ses for eksempel af, at 20% af de 80-årige og 40% af 90-årige i større eller mindre grad lider af en form for senilitet.
Dementia strikes women more than men: 20% of all people in their 80s and 40% of people in their 90s are more or less affected.
Mange ældre forbinder deres bosted med deres fortid, og det betyder meget mere for dem end bare at have et tag over hovedet, nemlig et levende minde om deres livsforløb.
For a great many older people, their housing is associated with the past and means more than just a roof over their head: it is a living memo­ry of their life.
Hjemmet betyder især meget for kvinder i alle aldre, idet det jo tit er midtpunkt for deres aktivitet.
Housing has particular impor­tance for women at all ages, since the home is more often the focus for their activities.
Dette gør sig særlig gældende for ældre kvinder. Da de lever længere end deres samlivspartnere, og da de rammes hårdere af invaliditet, risikerer de at tilbringe en stor del af deres tid alene mellem deres fire vægge.
For older women its quality is even more signifi­cant: with longer lives than their menfolk and more disability, they are likely to find them­selves spending much of their time alone with­in their four walls.
Denne understregning udtrykker nogle af de boligmæssige risici for ældre kvinder.
This statement highlights some of the risks faced by older women in rela­tion to suitable housing.
Først og fremmest tæller udgiften.
First and foremost is cost.
Ældre - og ikke mindst enlige - kvinder råder ofte kun over meget beskedne midler. Hvis de overhovedet kan vælge at flytte, bliver det sandsynligvis til en tilskudsberettiget bolig eller til en institution.
Older women, especially older women on their own, usually have very restricted financial resources; if they have any choice of moving at all, it could only be to subsidised housing or to an institution.
De boliger, der ydes tilskud til, kan, særlig hvis der er tale om boligblokke i fattige kvarterer, være et meget farligt miljø for skrøbelige, ældre kvinder, som derfor risikerer at være mere eller mindre indespærret i deres hjem, i særdeleshed efter mørkets frembrud.
Subsidised housing, especially inner city apart­ment buildings, can be very unsafe environ­ments for vulnerable old women, so they may become virtual prisoners in their flats, especial­ly after dark.
Endnu for nylig var de indbyrdes forskelle mellem kønnene, hvad angår forekomsten af kræft- og hjertetilfælde (som er de to væsentligste dødsårsager blandt kvinder i de industrialiserede lande) et stærkt overset fænomen. Det samme gjaldt den forskellige virkning af medicinbehandling af disse sygdomme hos henholdsvis kvinder og mænd.
Until recently, gender differences in diseases such as cancer and heart disease, the two major causes of death for women in industrialized countries, were largely ignored, as was the dif­ferential impact of drugs for treatment of these diseases on men and women.
Nutidens behandlingssystemer fokuserer stadig for meget på at helbrede, mens der kun ses få og meget overfladiske forsøg med forebyggende indgreb.
Current systems of healthcare still focus too much on cure, with only perfunctory attempts at prevention.
Det britiske sundhedsministerium har udelukket ældre kvinder fra sit program for sporing af brystsygdomme og har først for meget nylig udvidet det til at omfatte kvinder i alderen 5064 år. Der findes ikke nogen regelmæssige undersøgelser til påvisning af halskræft for kvinder over 65 år, skønt 40% af alle de dødsfald, sygdommen forårsager, falder inden for denne aldersgruppe.
The British National Health Service excluded older women from its breast screening programme and only recently has extended it to cover 5064 year-old women; women over 65 are not regularly screened for cervical cancer although 40% of all deaths from that disease occur in women over 65.
Lægevidenskaben kan bryste sig af adskillige tilfælde, hvor det er lykkedes at forbedre ældre kvinders helbred, velvære og livskvalitet betydeligt.
There are a number of successes of medical science which can radically affect the health, well-being and quality of life of older women.
Udskiftning af knogleled er et eksempel herpå, hvad enten der er tale om hofte- eller knæled.
Joint replacement is one such intervention, whether hips or knees.
Behandling med erstatningshormoner, som har vist sig at være et effektivt middel mod knoglevævssvækkelse hos kvinder i overgangsalderen, er endnu et eksempel.
Hormone replacement therapy for postmenopausal women, which helps to prevent osteoporosis, is another.
Navnlig inden for den private sektor og især i Nordeuropa er der i de seneste år gjort bestræbelser på at øge udbudet af særlige ældre boliger (beskyttede boliger, plejehjem osv.).
Some effort has been made in recent years to increase the provision of specialised accommo­dation for older people (sheltered housing, rest homes, nursing homes, etc.), but mostly by forprofit developers, and mainly in northern Europe.
Sådanne boliger bebos i Holland af næsten 10% og af 8% i Danmark, men af meget få i Italien, Portugal og Spanien.
In the Netherlands almost 10% of older people are in this form of accommodation, 8% in Denmark, but there is little in Italy, Portugal or Spain.
En britisk undersøgelse har vist, at halvdelen af de ældre mennesker, hvis de ikke længere kunne bo hjemme, gerne ville flytte ind i en beskyttet bolig, som de fleste foretrak at leje.
A UK survey showed that 50% of older people would favour sheltered housing if they became unable to cope in their own homes in the future, most people preferring to rent.
I Holland, Tyskland, Østrig og Schweiz arbejdes der med nye, interessante projekter, hvor 3-4 ældre flytter ind i almindelige, men specialindrettede lejligheder og kun til en vis grad er fælles om hverdagens aktiviteter.
Interesting new projects in the Netherlands, Germany, Austria and Switzerland involve a degree of communal living by older people in groups of three or four, in flats con­verted from mainstream housing.