natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Så snart opsvinget sætter ind, vil økonomien fuldt ud kunne høste fordelene af den strukturtilpasning, der har fundet sted i det sidste tiår, og af etableringen af det indre marked. Disse strukturforanstaltninger medfører væsentlige effektivitetsforbedringer, som i lavvækstperioder forbliver uudnyttede.
The completion of the Europe-wide frontier-free market on 31 December 1992 and the improvements in its operation envisaged by the strategic programme will allow firms to benefit from economies of scale, reduce their administrative and financial costs, have easier and more competitive access to private-sector and publicsector procurement, and cooperate more efficiently with one another.
Budgetpolitiske foranstaltninger afhænger af en vurdering af, hvilken indvirkning ændringer i den nuværende budgetpolitik vil kunne få på efterspørgslen og på erhvervslivets og forbrugernes tillid.
The globalization of economies and mar kets, which involves the intensification of international competition through the emergence of a potentially unique worldwide market for an expanding range of goods, services and factors, brings out the full importance of that responsibility on the part of national and Community authorities as regards competitiveness.
I 1991 og 1992 tillod medlemsstaterne en forhøj else afbudgetunderskuddene, da man mente, at dette ville støtte den indenlandske efterspørgsel.
Comparative advantages traditionally relate to endowment in factors such as natural resources and are therefore fairly rigid.
I begyndelsen af 1993 blev der gjort yderligere bestræbelser på nationalt plan som led i Edinburgh-vækstinitiativet.
Competitive advantages are based on more quantitative factors and can thus be influenced, to a large degree, by corporate strategies and by public policies.
Midt i 1993 nåede medlemsstaterne dog til enighed om '), at der ikke var noget råderum til stede på kort sigt: Der var større sandsynlighed for, at en yderligere forhøj else af budgetunderskuddene ville for mindske den samlede efterspørgsel, gennem
In such a context, factor mobility and the capacity to combine factors effectively and to organize the social consensus on the share-out of valueadded are becoming much more important than the initial factor endowment.
Dette kræver hovedsagelig, at den forventede budget- og lønudvikling kan holdes inden for de pengepolitiske myndigheders statbilitetsmål.
Secondly, the regulatory environment is still too rigid, and administrative and managerial traditions too centralized and compartmentalized.
En sænkning af den korte rente, der ikke er berettiget ud fra budget- og lønsituationen, risikerer at blive udlignet af højere inflationsforventninger og en højere lang rente.
Lastly, government policies are often still too defensive and do not take
') EPS af 8. juli 1993 og konklusionerne af EcoFin-modetden 12. juli 1993.
The Community will be able to improve its global competitiveness considerably provided it achieves a substantial recovery in its invest
dens negative indvirkning på tilliden, i stedet for at forøge den.
hours worked on average in the Community compared with its main partners.
De anerkendte der imod behovet for konkrete troværdige konsolideringsprogrammer på mellemlang sigt.
sufficient account of the new constraints imposed by global competition.
Hvor stram den nødvendige tilpasning skal være, vil afhænge af de enkelte medlemsstaters forhold, men bestræbelser i denne ret ning er nødvendige i næsten alle lande.
Four overriding objectives must be pursued jointly by industry and the authorities if the Community's industrial competitiveness is to generate the highest possible level of employment:
For at genskabe ØMU-processens troværdighed skal medlemsstaterne på ny bekræfte, at de tilstræber dette mål og lade handling følge ord.
• Exploiting the competitive advantages associated with the gradual shift to a knowledge-based economy.
Samordningen af med lemsstaternes økonomiske politik skal gøres mere effektiv.
Since 1989 the Community has experienced a gradual decline in the growth rate of the production of goods and services. '
Øgede bestræbelser på at forbedre de offentlige finanser for at opfylde de kriterier, der er fastsat i Maastricht-traktaten, forudsætter en ajourføring af konvergensprogrammerne, der fortsat er nyttige instrumenter for udvikling af en debat, der vil føre til en sådan enighed. De økonomisk-politiske ret ningslinjer, der skal afbøde de mangler, som er påvist i dette dokument, bør ved tages omgående, hvis erhvervslivets tillid skal genskabes.
• Reducing the time-lag between the pace of change in supply and the corresponding adjustments in demand.
I det foregående afsnit blev det under streget, at der er uoverensstemmelse mellem de pengepolitiske myndigheders inflationsmål og den faktiske lønsituation i mange lande. Jo hurtigere denne uoverensstemmelse fjernes, jo hurtigere kan den korte rente sænkes.
In the fierce competition prevailing on world markets, Community industry is handicapped by the deterioration in its commercial competitiveness, by its failure to establish itself sufficiently on expanding new markets, by an unduly low level of R & D investment and by productivity rates which still lag behind those of its major competitors.
I visse tilfælde er for skellen dog så stor, at fremskridt på dette område uundgåeligt vil tage en vis tid.
Most Member States agree with this assessment.
Trepartsaftaler mellem arbejdsmarkedets parter og regeringerne bør gennemføres, hvor det er muligt.
(a) The trade performance of Community industry has deteriorated since 1980, as the downward trend in the rate of cover of imports by exports shows (see Figure 1).
Etablering af en bred social enighed
Figure 1 : Cover of Imports by exports
Om en sådan politik kan genskabe væksten afhænger dog af flere faktorer, som i større eller mindre udstrækning ligger uden før de politiske beslutningstageres kontrol; dette gælder især erhvervslivets og forbrugernes tillid samt resultaterne hos Fællesskabets største handelspartnere. Det er meget sandsynligt, at opsvinget vil være beskedent og tøvende i betragtning af den nuværende alvorlige situation og den omfattende budgetmæssige tilpasning, der vil være uundgåelig i mange lande.
Among the factors having a major impact on the competitiveness of the Community economy, Member States point particularly to the following: the negative effects of public deficits on investment; impaired functioning of the labour market leading — whether in terms of cost, skills or flexibility in the organization of work — to a mismatch between supply of and demand for labour; inadequate assimilation of new technologies combined with failure to exploit properly the results of research and technological development, leading to difficulties in concentrating the production of goods and services in leading-edge and high valueadded industries.
Dette kan nødvendig gøre en intensivering af de fællesskabsinitiativer, der blev vedtaget på Det Europæiske Råds møder i Edinburgh og København.
In the remainder of the text, the term 'industry' is used to cover the production of both goods and ser vices.
Fællesskabet har længe erkendt den negative indvirkning, som ustabile valutakurser har på erhvervslivets tillid, og det er absolut nødvendigt at slå fast, at man kun kan høste fuldt udbytte af det indre marked i en monetær union.
A number of Member States report market rigidities or distortions in resource allocation caused by government intervention, either through excessive regulation or through various restrictions on competition.
Disse betragtninger har ligget til grund for traktaten om Den Europæiske Union og er fortsat gyldige i dag på trods af de sidste tolv måneders krise inden for den europæiskevalutakursmekanisme.
Some Member States point to the heavier burden which the ageing of the population is imposing on the economy, and one Member State establishes a link between competitiveness and the smaller number of
Skal beskæftigelsen fremmes i Fællesskabet, må virksomhederne opnå en international konkurrenceevne på åbne og konkurrence prægede markeder på såvel europæisk plan som på verdensplan. De offentlige myndigheder i de enkelte lande og på fællesskabs plan har ansvaret for at sikre industrien de rette betingelser, give den klare og forudsigelige rammer og styrke dens internationale konkurrenceevne.
(b) Community industry improved its position on markets experiencing slow growth (railway equipment, cotton, textile and sewing machinery, miscellaneous textiles, tanning and dressing, animal slaughter and meat preparation, grain processing and ethyl alcohol distillation), while its performance deteriorated on markets with high valueadded such as office automation, information technology, electronics, and medical and surgical equipment.
Dette ansvar er nu ind skrevet i traktaten om Den Europæiske Union.
Its structure is therefore not yet geared to that of expanding new markets.
Siden 1991 har Ministerrådet ved taget retningslinjerne for en industriel fællesskabspolitik med et sådant endemål.
This time-lag is all the more damaging in that these high-value-added markets are characterized by rapid growth in the apparent productivity of labour, high wages and salaries, and a diffusion of technological progress into other markets.
Dette giver Fællesskabet et solidt og organiseret grundlag for at udnytte den nye problematik omkring den internationale konkur renceevne.
There is no sign of any narrowing of the gap (of more than 10%) with the USA and, despite the progress achieved, the gap between
Der skal i stadig højere grad ræsonneres ud fra konkurrencemæssige fordele frem for komparative fordele.
However, Community industry can draw on major strengths to help it adapt to the new conditions of world competitiveness.
De konkurrencemæssige for dele hviler på mere kvalitative elementer og kan derfor i høj grad påvirkes af virksom hedsstrategierne og det offentliges politik.
It has a low level of indebtedness, and its profit margins are comparable to those of its competitors.
Dernæst er de lovfæstede rammer alt for snævre, og de administrative og ledelsesmæssige traditioner præget af centralisering og opsplitning.
It has been able to restructure itself in step with the moves to establish the single market.
det offentlige i mange tilfælde en alt for defensiv politik, hvor der ikke i tilstrækkelig grad tages hensyn til den globale konkurrence og de begrænsninger, den er for bundet med.
gins have shrunk to worrying levels and, in some cases, have actually disappeared. peared.
folge af forskellige former for konkurrence begrænsninger.
(a) Community firms have kept control of their level of indebtedness in recent years, albeit at the cost of some ageing of their capital stock.
Visse medlemsstater hen viser til de storre økonomiske byrder, der skyldes, at befolkningen bliver ældre, og en medlemsstat knytter forbindelse mellem konkurrenceevnen og det lavere gennem snitlige antal præsterede arbejdstimer i Fællesskabet i sammenligning med de vigtigste partnere.
Their indebted ness is at present much lower than that of their competitors. Community firms are thus comparatively less vulnerable to any increases in interest rates, but they will also benefit comparatively less from further interest-rate reductions (see Figure 3).
— Udnyttelse af de konkurrencemæssige fordele i forbindelse med dematerialiseringen af økonomien.
Japanese firms too face major problems in adapting to the decline in consumption and to the adverse effect of the strengthening yen on the volume of their exports.
— Fremme af en bæredygtig udvikling i industrien.
(c) Labour costs are an important element underlying the competitiveness of European industry, though by no means the only one.
Fællesskabet har siden 1989 oplevet en stadig mere afdæmpet vækst i produktionen af varer og tjenesteydelser ').
Unit labour costs depend on wage and non-wage costs compared with labour productivity.
— Reduktion af det misforhold, der består mellem udviklingen på udbudssiden og på efterspørgselssiden.
In relative terms, the large rises and falls in unit labour costs compared with those of the Union's leading competitors which have taken place since 1980 have been reflected by fluctuations in bilateral exchange rates between the ecu and the US dollar and yen.
I dette kapitel analyseres Fællesskabets for dele og handicaps i forbindelse med disse udfordringer, og derefter beskrives de centrale elementer i en politik for den internationale konkurrenceevne.
(b) When the competitive environment became tougher at the end of the 1980s, Community and US firms cut their profit margins significantly.
I den konkurrence, som hersker på verdensmarkederne, hæmmes Fællesskabets industri af forværringen i dets kommercielle konkurrenceevne og af en utilstrækkelig til stedeværelse på de mest lovende fremtidige markeder, alt for begrænsede investeringer i F & U og en produktivitet, som stadig ligger under de største konkurrenters. De fleste medlemsstater stiller samme diagnose.
Japanese companies, which traditionally operate with smaller profit margins than their Community competitors, also saw their profit margins squeezed, albeit to a lesser extent.
I resten af teksten dækker udtrykket industri såvel varefremstilling som tjenesteydelser.
However, in both Europe and the United States, profit margins differ appreciably from one market to another, much more so in fact than in Japan.
Flere medlemsstater anfører manglende fleksibilitet i markedernes funktion eller forvridninger i ressourcetildelingen forårsaget af det offentliges indgriben, enten som følge af forskellige usmidige regler eller som
In Europe, industries facing relatively little international competition still achieve high profit margins, whereas in industries more exposed to international competition profit mar-
fremskridt, der er gjort, er der fortsat en produktivitetsforskel mellem Europa og Japan på omkring 40%.
(a) Helping European firms to adapt to the new globalized and interdependent competitive situation
Skal dette forspring indhentes, må der bl.a. ske en kraftig for øgelse af investeringerne.
In the wake of the globalization of econ omies and markets, it is no longer possible to divide industry and geographical areas into clearly identified and relatively independent segments.
Væksten i pro duktiviteten spiller en afgørende rolle for den internationale konkurrenceevne, sam tidig med at den giver mulighed for at for bedre levestandarden på nationalt plan.
European firms are engaged in production both within the Community and on third markets.
Der skal tages hensyn til såvel størrelsen som hastigheden af produktivitetsstigningen.
Their competitors increasingly have subsidiaries in the Community.
De faktorer, der påvirker produktivitetsforøgelsen, er den teknologiske udvikling,investeringerne, kapacitetsudnyttelsesgraden, arbejdskraftens størrelse og kvalifikationer, administrative forhold, organiseringen af produktionen, udnyttelsen af sådanne ressourcer som energi eller råstoffer. toffer.
There is a multitude of international agreements between firms: more than 400 international strategic alliances have been entered into by large firms in each of the last five years.
I de seneste år har industrien i Fællesskabet ikke blot mistet markedsandele som følge af styrkelsen af de nye industrilande — hvilket kunne forventes — men den har også mistet markedsandele i forhold til USA og Japan.
(ii) The development of an active policy of industrial cooperation, notably with the transition economies of Eastern Europe and with the high-growth econ omies along the Pacific rim.
Situationen er forværret over for USA som følge af den ugunstige udvikling i valutakurserne. I forhold til Japan drejer det sig snarere om en mindre godtilstedeværelse på de lovende markeder.
As far as the countries in Eastern Europe are con cerned, much closer industrial cooperation is necessary in order to ensure simultaneously a rapid modernization of their economies, a better division of labour within Europe and optimum exploitation of mutual interests.
Den udvikling af markedsandelene, som Fælles skabets industri har oplevet, er blevet forst ærket af de nye sydøstasiatiske industri landes stigende andel af verdenshandelen.
Cooperation must be based on closer links between public support and private initiatives and on speedier pro gress in establishing the legal framework, investment conditions and guarantee arrangements which our firms require.
En stor del af industrien — to tredjedele med hensyn til aktiviteten — har mistet markedsandele mellem 1986 og 1991, dels som følge af en stigende import på Fælles skabets marked, dels som følge af tab på eksportsiden, eller som følge af en kombination af begge dele.
As far as the Pacific area is concerned, increased market penetration by European firms can be greatly facilitated by concerted efforts on the part of the public authorities to remove the regulatory, administrative and indeed cultural obstacles which have hitherto impeded or deterred such penetration.
Herefter følger Fællesskabet med 8,1% og USA med 7,9%.
This is particularly evident in the sphere of 'multimedia' activities.
Det knæk, der er opstået i 1992 i virksom hedernes F & U-investeringer i Fællesskabet (og i Japan), er yderst foruroligende i så henseende (jf. figur 2).
Firms engaged in telecommunications, information technology, consumer electronics, pro gramming and network management combine and come together in extremely complex groups and alliances which will very largely determine the creation and distribution of assets, including cultural assets, over the next decade on expanding new markets of key importance for the future.
Figur 2: Væksten i F & U-udgitterne
Four avenues are particularly important in devising a policy of global industrial competitiveness:
Fordele b) Fællesskabets industri har forbedret sin stilling på markeder med langsom vækst (jernbanemateriel, bomuld, tekstil- og symaskiner, forskellige tekstiler, garverier, slagtning og tilberedning af kød, forarbejdning af korn, destillation af ethylalkohol), mens dens konkurrenceevne er svækket på markeder med høj værditilvækst, såsom kontorautomatisering, edb, elektronik, optiske instrumenter og medicinsk-kirurgisk udstyr.
(iii) The establishment of a coherent and concerted approach to strategic alliances, the uncontrolled develop ment of which could result in the cre ation of oligopolistic situations prejudicial to competition at world level.
Dens struktur svarer derfor endnu ikke til strukturen på de mest lovende markeder i fremtiden.
The growing number of industrial and technological alliances will have an impact on all markets.
Denne udvikling er så meget mere uheldig, som dens markeder med høj værditilvækst er karakteriseret ved en stor stigning i arbejdskraftens produktivitet, høje lønninger og udbredelse af den teknologiske udvikling til de andre markeder.
These effects must con sequently be assessed simultaneously and in a concerted manner by the competent authorities pending the introduction of appropriate international rules, particularly in the competition field, so that the Community is not placed at a disadvantage by the strict rules it imposes on itself in this connection.
Den har en begrænset gældsbyrde, og dens fort jenstmargen er af samme størrelsesorden som konkurrenternes. Den har været i stand til at omstrukturere sig sideløbende
In addition, Community firms must be able to rely on flexible instru ments of cooperation, in legal and tax matters as well as in others, to allow
Arbejdskraftens produktivitet i fremstillingsindustrien i EF ligger fortsat betydeligt lavere end i den amerikanske og japanske industri.
(i) Capitalizing on the Community's indus trial strengths, so as to safeguard pro ductive and innovatory capacities as well as a diversified, job-creating industry that is spread throughout Europe, particularly on markets with a high-growth potential, such as health, the environment, biotechnologies, multimedia activities and culture.
Der er ingen tegn på, at forskellen i forhold til USA, som udgør mere end 10%, vil blive reduceret, og til trods for de
This aspect must take account of changes stemming from the globalization of markets, production and operators and
a) Virksomhederne i Fællesskabet har været i stand til at styre gældsætningen i de seneste år, hvilket imidlertid er sket på bekostning af en forældelse af kapitaludstyret. Gælden ligger i øjeblikket langt under konkurrenternes.
education and training, the efficiency of industrial organization, the capacity to make continuous improvements in produc tion processes, the intensity of R & D and its industrial exploitation, the fluidity of the conditions under which markets operate, the availability of competitive service infrastructures, product quality and the way in which corporate strategies take account of the consequences of changes in society, such as improved environmental protection. tion.
Figur 3: Virksomhedernes gældsætning c) Lønomkostningerne er helt klart en vigtig faktor for den europæiske industris konkur renceevne, men under ingen omstændigheder den eneste.
Between 75'! ¿ > and 95% of firms' total wage and salary bill is now accounted for by functions linked to organization rather than to direct production, for example information technology, engineering, training, accounting, marketing and research. Organizational capacity is thus one of the key components of a firm's competitiveness. tiveness. (iv) The targeting of measures to remove obstacles to the smooth functioning of markets in areas that severely penalize European firms' sales and growth potential.
Når man analyserer Ionomkostningerne pr. produceret enhed, ser man på løn og andre arbejdsrelaterede omkostninger i forhold til arbejdsproduktiviteten.
European firms' capacity for exporting to, and setting up in, other countries is sometimes far from being fully exploited because of the difficulties stemming from the structural impermeability of certain markets.
I relative tal har de store svingninger i løn omkostningerne pr. produceret enhed sam menlignet med tallene for de vigtigste konkurrenter i 1980'erne været påvirkt af omfattende svingninger i vekselkurserne mellem ECU'en på den ene side og dollar og yen på den anden side.
This could be modelled, for example, on the 'trade assessment mechanism' set up with Japan to identify the nature and causes of the Community's poor trade performance in Japan in those sectors in which Community industry is in a strong competitive position at international level.
De japanske virksomheder har desuden store problemer med at tilpasse sig til det faldende forbrug og den stigende yens negative indvirkning på eksporten.
(b) Exploiting the competitive advantages associated with the gradual shift to a knowledge-based economy
Lønomkostningernes indvirkning på konkurrenceevnen er ikke den samme som i andre udviklede lande og lande, der er inde i industrialiseringsprocessen.
A number of these factors, such as training, research and services, may be grouped together under the heading of 'non-physical' (i.e. knowledge-based) investment, to which government policies must in future accord at least the same priority as they do to physical investment.
Ved at fokusere på ikke-omkostningsmæssige ele menter som f.eks. kvalitet, service, design og kunder kan man bidrage til at opretholde konkurrenceevnen; men hensynet til de relative omkostninger, herunder lønomkostningerne, er fortsat af stor betydning.
This type of investment is becoming the key element in bringing about growth that is durable, creates skilled jobs and is economical in its use of resources.
Hvis vi sammenligner os med nyindustrialiserede lande, især med dem, der lige er gået i gang med processen, som f.eks.
This does not entail any increase in public deficits, but it does presuppose far-reaching reforms :
Kina, er forskellen i lønomkostningerne imidlertid alt for stor, til at der kan opnås en særlig beskæftigelsesmæssig fremgang i Europa ved at reducere lønomkostningerne inden for fremstilingsindustrien.
The wealth of nations is increasingly based on the creation and exploitation of knowledge.