natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Det skyldes, at der er forskel på, hvordan man medregner dem, der har fuldført en uddannelse på det såkaldte "Ordinary Level" (O"-level).
This arises from a difference in the treatment of those who have obtained Ordinary Level qualifications ("O" level).
Denne uddannelse afsluttes med en eksamen, der normalt tages i en alder af 16 år efter den obligatoriske skolegang.
These are awarded on the basis of examinations usually taken at the age of 16 at the end of compulsory schooling.
I OECD-statistikkerne er alle, der har en eksamen på "0"-level klassificeret som havende en uddannelse svarende til andet trin af sekundærniveauet — dvs. at de klassificeres på samme måde som personer, der har bestået eksamener på "Advanced Level" ("A"-leveD, som normalt tages efter to års yderligere uddannelse i en alder af 18 år.
In the OECD statistics, anyone with one "O" level is classified to second stage level two — ie is classified the same as someone who has passed Advanced level exams ("A" level) usually taken after two years further study at the age of 18.
I EF's Arbejdsstyrkeundersøgelse er "0"-level klassificeret som første trin af uddannelse på sekundærniveauet, hvilket er langt mere i tråd med den måde, hvorpå man klassificerer tilsvarende eksamener i andre lande.
In the Community LFS, "O" levels are classified as first stage secondary level education, which is much more in line with the treatment of similar exams in other countries.
Det ser derfor ud til, at OECD-tallene for Storbritanniens vedkommende angiver antallet af personer, som har fuldført det, der normalt betegnes som mellemuddannelse, alt for højt.
It would, therefore, seem that the OECD figures for the UK substantially overstate those completing what is termed postcompulsory education here.
I Italien øgedes forskellen mellem de regioner med de højeste omkostninger og de regioner med de lave ste omkostninger kun ganske lidt for industrien som helhed, men langt mere for enkelte branchers vedkommende.
The Community Labour Force Sur vey for 1991 for the first time collected reasonably reliable information on educational attainment.
Specielt i beklædnings- og skotøjsindustrien steg de gennemsnitlige arbejdskraftomkostninger i Nord Ovest-regionen, som havde de højeste omkostninger, med næsten 10% i forhold til lands gennemsnittet fra 1981 til 1988, mens de relative omkostninger i Sud-regionen, der havde de laveste omkostninger, faldt med 15%. Re sultatet var, at arbejdskraftomkost ningerne i denne industrigren i Nord Ovest-regionen steg fra et ni veau over 17% under det tyske landsgennemsnit til 2% over dette
Despite the differences which exist in education systems between Member States, these data seem sufficiently comparable to provide an indication of variations in levels of education and basic vocational training of the workforce across the Community — though, it should be noted, no comparable data exist for France (see Box, for a description of the data and a definition of the terms used below to denote different levels of educational attainment).
Uddannelsesniveau i arbejdsstyrken (over 25 år) i EF-landene, 1991
Educational attainment of the labour force (25+) in the Member States, 1991
■ Højere uddannelse
■ University education
D Mellemuddannelse
CD Postcompulsory education
80 100 % af arbejdsstyrken
80 100 % labour force
Uddannelsesniveau i arbejdsstyrken (25-34 år) i EF-landene, 1991
Educational attainment of the labour force (25-34) in the Member States, 1991
I Storbritannien øgedes de regionale forskelle i arbejdskraftomkostnin­gerne ganske betydeligt både for in­dustrien som helhed og for enkelte brancher.
The difference between Member States is even more marked if all post­compulsory education beyond basic schooling is taken into ac­count.
I industrien var forskellen mellem den region med de højeste omkostninger og den region med de laveste omkostninger kun 22% i 1981, hvilket var langt mindre end i de tre andre store EF­lande.
In Germany over 80% and in Denmark over 70%' of the labour force of 25 and over in 1991 had completed a post­compulsory edu­cation or a vocational training course, while in the Netherlands, around 65% had done so.
I 1988 var forskellen øget til 31%.
In Spain and Luxembourg, on the other hand, the figure was less than 30% and in Portugal only around 15%.
De relative omkostningsniveauer i de enkelte regioner ændredes også ganske betydeligt og langt mere end i de øvrige lande.
In most Member States in 1991, the proportion of the labour force aged
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convergence in average levels over the past 10-15 years.
ste anden region, hvor der var tale om en stigning i arbejdsløsheden i denne periode (med 1%), mens der kun var et mindre fald i de relative arbejdskraftomkostninger (også på 1%).
This was especially true for Greece and Spain, where the figure for the 25-34 age group was markedly higher than for those aged 25 and over (8% and 6% higher, respectively) (Graph 65).
Også i Nordirland faldt ar­bejdsløsheden mere end landsgen­nemsnittet, men de relative arbejdskraftomkostninger faldt også (med 7%), og i Wales faldt ar­bejdsløsheden kun en smule mindre end i resten af landet, mens de rela­tive arbejdskraftomkostninger faldt ganske kraftigt (med 8%).
In deed the proportion of 25 to 34 year olds completing university or equivalent education in Greece was the highest in the Community apart from Belgium.
Disse relative ændringer i arbejds­kraftomkostningerne ligger stort set på linje med ændringerne i arbejds­markedsvilkårerne.
This is also true for the other Member States, particularly Greece and Spain, where the difference was just as marked as for Germany and Italy.
West Midlands regionen kunne registrere det stør­ste fald i arbejdsløsheden (på 4%) og den største stigning i arbejdskraft­omkostninger, mens Yorkshire og Humberside regionerne havde den største stigning i arbejdsløsheden (1,5%) og det største fald i arbejds­kraftomkostninger i forhold til landsgennemsnittet (på over 8%).
In Portugal, on the other hand, though the proportion of the labour force completing a postcompulsory course of education was greater for the younger age group than for others, the difference was less than in most other countries.
For at forblive konkurrencedygtige i et miljø, hvor informationerne spredes stadigt hurtigere interna­tionalt, behøver virksomhederne ikke nødvendigvis udvikle alle ny­skabelser på egen hånd.
The importance of a high level of education is increasing all the time. The evidence for this is not just anecdotal.
Men de er nødt til at have medarbejdere, som er i stand til at implementere inno­vationerne på alle funktionsniveau­er.
The sectors in which the rate of job creation has been most rapid over the past ten years — banking, insurance and business services, health and education — are also the sectors where the average level of educational at tainment of the people employed is highest.
Lige så vigtigt er det, at have en arbejdsstyrke, som er i stand til at ændre arbejdsmetoder efter de ny­skabelser, der indføres.
Equally, the sectors in which employment has declined by most are also those where educational requirements are at their lowest — agriculture and construction. tion.
På den anden side var der en række undtagelser fra den generelle ten­dens. North­regionen var den ene­
In both Germany and Italy, how ever, the proportion for those aged between 25 and 34 was smaller than for older age groups.
Et højt alment og fagligt uddannel­sesniveau er naturligvis vigtigt inden for mange områder i erhvervs­livet.
Overall, the disparities in levels of educational attainment across the Community are only slightly reduced if the labour force aged between 25 and 34 is used as the basis of comparison rather the labour force as a whole.
Uddannelsesniveauet i arbejdsstyrken (over 25 år) i de enkelte sektorer i EF, 1991
Educational attainment of the workforce (25+) by sector in the Community, 1991
Energi og vand
Energy & water Metal manufacture
Bygge­ og anlaagsvirksomhed
Building & civil engineering Other manufacturing
På trods af forskellene i EF­landenes uddannelsesstrukturer forekommer disse data at være til­strækkeligt sammenlignelige til at give et indtryk af forskelle i det alme­ne uddannelsesniveau og den faglige grunduddannelse hos arbejds­styrken i hele EF — det skal dog bemærkes, at der ikke findes sam­menlignelige data for Frankrig (se
By contrast, only just over 17% of the agricultural workforce had been through postcompulsory education of any kind, while in construction and other manufacturing — which includes low-growth, labour-intensive industries such as clothing and footwear — the
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Similarly in health, education and other services, the figure was around 65% or more in all countries, apart from the three noted above together with Spain — where it was over 50%.
det indrammede felt vedrørende en redegørelse for dataene og en defini­tion af de begreber, der er anvendt i det følgende for de forskellige uddan­nelsesniveauer).
who had completed a postcompulsory education course of some kind was almost 90%· in Germany and over 80% in Denmark and the Netherlands, it was under 60% in Belgium, under 55% in Spain and Italy and under 50%· in the UK, while in Portugal, it was as low as 25%.
på en uddannelse efter obligatorisk skolegang på universitetsniveau el­ler tilsvarende (dvs. en mellemud­dannelse), uden at have gennemført den væsentligt større i 1991 end for arbejdsstyrken som helhed (67% imod 65% i Tyskland, og 37% imod 27% i Italien).
proportion was less than 40%. The majority of the people working in these two sectors in 1991, as well as those employed in distribution, hotels and catering and transport and communications, therefore, had no formal education or voca­tional training after compulsory schooling.
Det gjaldt især i Grækenland og Spanien, hvor tallet for gruppen af 25­34­årige var væsentligt højere end for hele gruppen over 25 år (hen­holdsvis 8% og 4% højere) (figur 65).
It is noteworthy that these are the two sectors with the highest rates of employment growth in the Com­munity — indeed in some countries, they are the only sectors to have generated significant numbers of additional jobs over the past decade.
I realiteten var andelen af 25­34­åri­ge i Grækenland, der havde fuldført en universitetsuddannelse eller en uddannelse på tilsvarende niveau, den højeste i hele EF bortset fra Bel­gien.
Their growth would, therefore, seem to imply, in most Member States, an increased need for a more highly educated workforce to fill the jobs being created.
Det samme gælder for de øvrige EF­lande, specielt Grækenland og Spa­nien, hvor forskellen var lige så markant som i Tyskland og Italien.
The same kind of differences in le­vels of educational attainment between sectors are evident in all Member States.
I Portugal derimod var forskellen mindre end i de fleste andre lande, selv om den andel af arbejdsstyr­ken, som havde fuldført et uddan­nelsesforløb efter den obligatoriske skolegang, var større for den yngre aldersgruppe end for de øvrige.
A high proportion of the workforce in banking, insur­ance and business services in 1991 had postcompulsory education or vocational training qualifications throughout the Community, as did those employed in health, educa­tion and public administration.
Som det kunne forventes, er det gennemsnitlige uddannelsesniveau generelt meget højere i de nordlige del af EF end i de mindre udviklede og mindre velstående EF­lande i syd.
The variation between countries in levels of educational attainment of the workforce is even wider in manufacturing and basic ser­vices, and it is here that national disparities in education levels are most clearly reflected.
I Tyskland, Danmark og Bene­lux­landene havde over 20% af alle over 25 år i arbejdsstyrken i 1991 fuldført en universitetsuddannelse eller et tilsvarende uddannelsesfor­løb (figur 64). I modsætning hertil var andelen i Portugal og Italien under 10% af arbejdsstyrken, mens den var under 15% i Spanien.
In engineer­ing, the numbers of workers with postcompulsory education or voca­tional training qualifications in 1991 ranged from over 80% of the total in Germany and over 70% in Denmark to under 30%· in Spain, under 25% in Italy and only around 10% in Portugal (Graph 68).
Både i Tyskland og i Italien var andelen af de 25­34­årige med hø­jere uddannelse dog mindre end for de ældre aldersgruppers vedkom­mende. Men i begge lande var det relative antal af personer i den yn­gre aldersgruppe, som var begyndt
In public administration, on the other hand, there was a wider vari­ation in 1991 between countries in the average level of educational at­tainment of the workforce.
Uddannelsesniveauet i arbejdsstyrken (over 25 år) i udvalgte sektorer i EF-landene, 1991
Educational attainment of the workforce (25+) in selected sectors in the Member States, 1991
% af de beskæftigede i sektoren
% employed in sector
Β Højere uddannelse
University education
Andre tjenesteydelser (sundhed/undervisning)
Banking, finance, insurance Other services (health/education)
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another in 1991 (at least at the NUTS 1 level of regional disaggre­gation).
det for arbejdsstyrken som helhed.
The same was true in the Netherlands.
Dette tyder på en langsom, men ikke generelt udbredt udvikling i retning af mere ensartede gennemsnitsni­veauer i løbet af de sidste 10­15 år.
Although in the other countries, regional differences were wider, except in a few instances they were still relatively small.
Uddannelsesniveauet i de forskellige sektorer nelse efter den obligatoriske skole­gang, medens tallet i bygge­ og an­lægssektoren og anden industri — som omfatter arbejdskraftintensive lawækstindustrier såsom beklæd­nings­ og skotøjsindustrien, var un­der 40%.
A similar kind of variation is also evident in textiles, clothing and other manufacturing and in dis­tribution and hotels — where the figure for Germany in 1991 was still close to 80% in each case, while in Portugal, it was 10%.
I 1991 havde derfor over 70% af de ansatte i hele EF i bank­ og forsik­ringssektoren og sektoren for forret­ningstjenesteydelser fuldført en almen eller erhvervsfaglig uddan­nelse efter den obligatoriske skole­gang, og i sektoren for andre tjenesteydelser, som omfatter sund­hedsvæsenet og undervisningsområ­det, var tallet over 65% (figur 66).
Rome — where the proportion was over 45%) — and Sardinia — where it was under 30% — the extent of variation in 1991 was small, rang­ing from just over 30% in the North-East to 37% in Sicily. More­over a feature of the Italian figures is that, Sardinia apart, they tend to be slightly higher in the South than in the North.
I førstnævnte sektor havde ca. 30% af arbejdsstyrken en universitetsud­dannelse eller kvalifikationer på til­svarende niveau, og i sidstnævnte sektor var tallet næsten 40%.
In Lombardy, for example, which is one of the most highly developed and pros­perous regions in the Community, 35% of the workforce had com­pleted a course of postcompulsory education, whereas in Campania in the South, the proportion was 36%).
Disse to sektorer og den offentlige forvalt­ning beskæftigede i 1991 i realiteten to tredjedele af alle personer i EF med sådanne kvalifikationer, selv om de kun tegnede sig for lidt over en tredjedel af den samlede beskæfti­gelse.
The fact that education systems in the Community are national in scope means that differences in le­vels of attainment between Member States tend to be much more pro­nounced than variations between regions within countries.
Betydningen af et højt uddannelses­niveau bliver en stadigt vigtigere faktor, og det er der helt konkrete beviser på.
The most significant variations are evident in the less developed Southern Member States.
De sektorer, der har haft den hurtigste vækst i beskæftigelsen i de seneste 10 år — bank­ og forsik­ringssektoren, forretningstjenestey­delser, sundhedssektoren og undervisningssektoren — er samti­dig de sektorer, hvor de ansattes ud­dannelsesniveau er højest.
In Greece, the proportion with postcompulsory educational qualifications ranged from almost 60% in Attiki, where Athens is lo­cated, to under 30% in Kentriki Ellada in the South of the main­land.
På samme måde er de sektorer, hvor beskæftigelsen er gået mest tilbage, også de sektorer, hvor uddannelses­kravene er lavest—landbrug og byg­gesektoren.
In Spain, the proportion varied from over 40% in Madrid to under 25% in the South, while in Portugal, the variation was be­tween over 15% on the mainland and under 10% in Madeira.
I modsætning hertil havde kun godt 17% af arbejdsstyrken i landbruget fået en eller anden form for uddan­
In Germany, in particular, the pro­portion of the labour force which had completed a course of post-com­pulsory education or training differed only slightly — by a maxi­mum of 5% — from one region to
De samme forskelle med hensyn til uddannelsesniveauer i de enkelte sektorer går igen i alle EF­landene.
In Italy, on the other hand, with the exception of Lazio, around
1 nn % af de beskæftigede i sektoren
% employed in sector
L: ingen data for metal­ og maskinindustrien
Educational levels of the employed and unemployed
Specielt inden for bankvæsen, forsik­ring og forretningstjenesteydelser var andelen af arbejdstagere med en uddannelse efter den obligatoriske skolegang 70% eller mere i samtlige lande bortset fra Storbritannien, Lu­xembourg og Portugal (figur 67).
Just as there are marked dif­ferences in levels of educational attainment between people work­ing in different sectors of the economy, so too in most Member States there are perceptible differences between those in em­ployment and those unemployed.
Ef­tersom andelen i Portugal og Luxembourg — selv om den var lille — stadig var væsentlig større end for erhvervslivet som helhed — i først­
This suggests that a lack of adequ­ate education and training is one factor underlying the difficulty of the unemployed to find work and, therefore, possibly a factor contri­buting to relatively high rates of unemployment in certain parts of the Community.
Metal­ og maskinindustrien
Metal manufacture, engineering
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because those qualifications are in­appropriate, in that they are not geared towards the jobs on offer and there is accordingly a mismatch be­tween the skills of the workforce and those being demanded.
sesniveau mellem EF­landene gene­relt vil være langt mere udtalte end forskellene mellem de enkelte regio­ner inden for samme land.
Alter­natively, it may simply be because there are insufficient jobs being cre­ated for an educated and trained labour force.
nævnte land tre gange større og i sidstnævnte land dobbelt så stor — er det Storbritannien, som udgør den største undtagelse fra den generelle tendens, der kan iagttages i resten af EF.
At the same time, the evidence also suggests that this is by no means the only, or even the most import­ant, reason for unemployment.
Her havde halvdelen af arbejds­styrken i den pågældende sektor kun en almen skoleuddannelse.
In most countries, there are signifi­cant numbers of people among the unemployed who have post-compul­sory education qualifications or who have completed vocational training courses.
de antallet af arbejdstagere med en almen eller erhvervsfaglig uddan­nelse efter den obligatoriske skole­gang i 1991 fra over 80% af den samlede arbejdsstyrke i den pågæl­dende sektor i Tyskland og over 70% i Danmark til under 30% i Spanien, under 25% i Italien og kun ca. 10% i Portugal (figur 68).
Indeed in two Community countries, there were proportion­ately more of these among the unemployed than among those in work in 1991.
Det samme er tilfældet inden for sundhedsvæsen, undervisning og andre tjenesteydelser, hvor tallet var ca. 65% eller derover i alle landene, bortset fra i de tre ovennævnte lande samt Spanien, hvor det var over 50%.
longer a person stays in education or training.
Specielt i Tyskland varierede den andel af arbejdsstyrken, som havde fuldført et alment eller erhvervsfag­ligt uddannelsesforløb efter obliga­torisk skolegang, kun ganske lidt — højst 5% — mellem de forskellige regioner i 1991 (i hvert fald på NUTS 1­niveau).
In the four Southern Community countries, however, people staying in education after finishing compulsory schooling have no better chance of finding em­ployment than those who leave school, unless they go on to complete a university education course or its equivalent.
Det samme var tilfældet i Nederlandene.
Moreover in Greece, the chances of finding employment deteriorate with the level of educa­tional attainment.
Selv om de regionale forskelle var større i de øvrige lande, var de, bortset fra nog­le få tilfælde, stadigvæk forholdsvis små.
The rate of unemployment for those of 25 and over was, therefore, 6% for those with postcompulsory education qualifications in 1991 as opposed to only 4% for those with only basic schooling or less.
Den kendsgerning, at uddannelses­systemerne i EF er landsdækkende, betyder, at forskellene i uddannel­
In both Germany and Denmark, such people represented around 80% and 60% respectivly of the unem­ployed in 1991, while in the Netherlands, the figure was just under 50%o.
I Grækenland varierede den andel af arbejdsstyr­ken, som havde en uddannelse efter obligatorisk skolegang, fra næsten 60% i Attiki regionen, hvor Athen
The evidence implies at the same time that employers in these coun­tries are unable to make use of the educational qualifications which people are obtaining. This may
Det er bemærkelsesværdigt, at det er disse to sektorer, der har haft den kraftigste vækst i beskæftigelsen i EF — i visse lande er de rent faktisk de eneste sektorer, hvor der er opret­tet nye arbejdspladser i nævnevær­digt omfang i det seneste tiår.
In most Member States, in 1991 a much higher proportion of those in employment had received postcompulsory education or voca­tional training than of those unable to find work.
Vækst i disse sektorer kunne derfor i de fleste EF­lande tyde på, at der bliver øget behov for en mere veluddannet arbejdsstyrke til at besætte de nye jobs, der oprettes.
In Greece and Italy, the reverse was the case — though in the latter, only margi­nally so — while in Spain, the difference was relatively small (Graph 69).
Uddannelsesniveauet hos folk i beskæftigelse og hos de arbejdsløse (over 25 år) i EF-landene, 1991
Educational attainment of the employed and unemployed (25+) in the Member States, 1991
Inden for offentlig forvaltning var der til gengæld en større spredning i 1991 mellem EF­landene i arbejds­styrkens gennemsnitlige uddannel­sesniveau.
Apart from in Greece and, to a lesser extent the Netherlands, however, the main difference between the employed and unemployed is at the university or equivalent level.
Medens andelen af de arbejdstagere, som havde fuldført en eller anden form for uddannel­sesforløb efter den obligatoriske skolegang, var næsten 90% i Tysk­land og over 80% i Danmark og Ne­derlandene, var tallet under 60% i Belgien, under 55% i Spanien og Italien og under 50% i Storbritanni­en, mens det i Portugal var helt nede på 25%.
In five of the countries, the proportion of the unemployed with post-com­pulsory education or vocational training qualifications of some kind was much the same or greater than for those in employment. All four of the Southern European countries — Greece, Italy, Spain and Portugal — were among this group of five, Denmark being the only country in the North of the Community.
D Mellemuddannelse (beskæftigede
D Postcompulsory education (employed)
D Mellemuddannelse (arbejdsløse)
D Postcompulsory education (unemployed)
60 80 100 % af alle beskæftigede/arbejdsløse
80 100 % total employed/unemployed
ligger, til under 30% i Kentriki El­lada regionen i den sydlige del af fastlandet.
Intra-Community migration major effect on the often large gap between overall supply and demand in local labour markets.
I Spanien varierede an­delen fra over 40% i Madrid til un­der 25% i syd, mens forskellen i Portugal gik fra over 15% på fast­landet til under 10% på Madeira.
Rather it was to widen the employment op­portunities open to people across the Community and to help tackle problems of skill shortages in par­ticular places.
løse i de fleste EF­lande.
this category in 1991 (Graph 70).