natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Som udgangspunkt for analysen af størrel­sen af indkomststøtten til arbejdsløse i forskellige medlemsstater er det imidlertid nyttigt at undersøge stør­relsen af overførsler til en person med en gennemsnitlig indkomst.
(The average earnings figures used relate to the gross wage for a produc­tion worker in manufacturing in the different Member States in 1993 and come from OECD — see earlier Box.)
Dette er til en vis grad en reference, som kan bruges til at vurdere betalin­gerne ved et lavere lønniveau.
F the typical person who is unem­ ployed in the Union is under 35, as likely to be a woman as a man with earnings when in work less than the average, perhaps significantly so.
(De anvendte tal for gennemsnitsind­komst vedrører bruttolønnen for en arbejdstager i produktionserhverv i de forskellige medlemsstater i 1993 og kommer fra OECD (se tidligere kasse).
As a starting-point for the analysis of levels of income support available to the unemployed in different Member States, however, it is useful to examine the level of transfers payable to someone on average earn­ings. This provides in some sense a
indkomst, anvendes tallet for 1993 som defineret ovenfor.
The basic assumption is that the per­son concerned is eligible for unem­ployment benefit for the maximum period allowed by their employment record and that where benefits are fixed in relation to previous earnings, the figure used is the average for 1993 as defined above.
Dette vil medføre en opadgående tendens i skønnene over de udbetalte beløb på grund af inflationen, som i praksis betyder, at de tidligere indtægter, som ydelserne er baseret på, er lavere end den aktuelle indtjening.
This will tend to bias upwards the estimates of the amount received because of inflation which, in practice, will mean that the previous earnings on which benefits are based are lower than current earn­ings.
Efterhånden som arbejdsløshedsperioden varer ved,
In most cases, however, the
Den grundlæggende antagelse går ud på, at de pågældende er berettiget til arbejdsløshedsydelse i den maksima­le periode i forhold til deres beskæf­tigelsesperioder, og at hvis ydelserne fastsættes i forhold til den hidtidige
36 extent of bias is likely to be small. both because of the relatively low rate of inflation in 1993 — except in Greece, where it was over 14%, wage inflation in the Union was around 4% — and because the previous earnings in question are usually for the preced­ing three or six months rather than the preceding year (only in Portugal are they the average for the previous year; in Greece, where inflation is much higher than anywhere else, they are for the previous month).
Dækningsgrad ved gennemsnitsindkomst for enlig*
Replacement rate at average earnings for a single person*
6 måneders arbejdsløshed
6 months unemployed
2 års arbejdsløshed
2 years unemployed
' 35­àrig med 10 års beskæftigelse; skønne! for 2 års arbejdsløshed vedrører Liguria for I
'35 year old person with 10 years employment record; the estimate for 2 years unemployed relates to Liguria for I
I de to sidstnævnte lande beregnes arbejdsløshedsunderstøttelsen i modsætning til andre steder i Unionen udelukkende (i Storbritan­nien) eller hovedsagelig (i Irland) som et fast beløb frem for som en procentdel af den hidtidige indkomst ved arbejde. De fastsættes således med henblik på at opfylde de enkelt personers — eller familiers —
In 1993, the replacement rate — or the disposable income receivable in benefits and assistance when unem­ployed in relation to that when in work — for a 35 year-old single per­son who has become unemployed and who was on average earnings when in work with 10 years'employ­ment record (the precise age, so long as the person concerned is 25 or over, and the exact number of years in em­ployment, so long as they arc more than one or two, tend in most coun­tries to have relatively little effect on the results, as described below) var­ied from 85% in Luxembourg, around 80% in France and Spain and just below in Portugal (though the above discussion of the relatively
Kapitel 4 - Arbejdsløshedsydelser og incitamenter til at søge arbejde grundlæggende behov snarere end på i et vist omfang at erstatte den hidti­dige indkomst, som det er tilfældet i andre medlemsstater.
Chapter 4 - Unemployment compensation and incentives to look for work apart from Spain, it remains at this level for at least the first year.
sidstnævnte, og det udbetalte beløb skifter fra region til region, men generelt får arbejdsløse væsentligt mindre, end når de modtager arbejds­løshedsydelser (i Liguria, der er valgt som eksempel — se ovenstående kasse — blev dækningsgraden halve­ret for den pågældende person).
small numbers of benefit recipients should be borne in mind) to around 48% in Greece, 44% in Ireland and only just over 41 % in the UK (Graph 36).
Hvad angår de resterende medlems­stater er det udbetalte beløb til den arbejdsløse i to tilfælde — Danmark og Nederlandene — på mere end 70­75% af den disponible indkomst ved arbejde, i Belgien og Tyskland mere end 60% og i Italien 55% (selv om der i dette tilfælde findes en række forskellige indkomststøtteordninger og kun en — "mobilitetsydelsen", som man er berettiget til, hvis man er blevet afskediget som følge af industriel omstrukturering — er medtaget i beregningerne).
In Spain, the amount declined after 180 days by 10% in relation to pre­vious earnings and then remained at this reduced rate for another 18 months for the person in question (though less for those with employ­ment records of less than six years or so, the duration of benefit being re­duced by two months for each 180 fewer days of employment.
Faldet i indkomststøtte efter det før­ste år var også særdeles udtalt i Luxembourg, hvor dækningsgraden faldt fra 85% til 45%, og i Belgien, hvor den faldt ca. 20 procentpoint.
In the latter two countries, in contrast to elsewhere in the Union, unem­ployment benefits are wholly (in the UK) or mainly (in Ireland) calculated as a flatrate sum rather than as a percentage of previous earnings when in work.
Derimod var reduktionen i både Tyskland og Frankrig derimod for­holdsvis lille — kun omkring 6­7 procentpoint — hvilket var udtryk for en lille forskel mellem ydelserne under arbejdsløshedsforsikringen og under bistandsordninger.
As such, they are fixed in order to meet the basic needs of the individuals — or families — con­cerned rather than, in some sense, to replace previous earnings as is the case in other Member States.
I Grækenland, hvor der ikke findes en garanteret mindsteløn, faldt forsikringsydelsen med 50% i tre måneder for den på­gældende og blev derefter erstattet af et meget lavt, forud fastsat beløb, der kun udgjorde ca. 7% af den disponi­ble arbejdsindkomst for den pågæl­dende (selv om det var højere for førstegangsjobsøgere).
In Greece, where there is no minimum income guarantee, the insurance benefit was reduced by 50% for three months for the person in question and was then replaced by a very low flatrate which amounted to only around 7% of disposable income when in work for the person concerned (though it was higher for first-time job seekers).
I Italien er der forskelle mellem den nordlige og sydlige del og også mellem ældre og yngre arbejdstagere, hvor de, der bor i egnsudviklingsområder i Syditalien eller er 40 år og derover kan modtage forsikringsydelser i yderligere et år, mens andre må falde tilbage på soci­alhjælp, der er et regionalt anliggen­de. De betingelser, der er knyttet til
In Italy, the position varies between the North and South of the country as well as between older and younger workers, those living in assisted areas in the South or those aged 40 or more being able to receive social insurance benefits for a further year, while others have to fall back on social assistance which is organised on a regional basis.
Efter yderligere seks måneder (i alt 18 måneders arbejdsløshed) blev
The conditions attached to the latter and the amount payable vary from re­gion to region, but in general the un­employed receive substantially less
Til sammenligning var dækningsgra­den i USA (her repræsenteret ved staten New York) lige over 50% for den samme person og således under procentsatsen i alle medlemsstaterne undtagen Irland og Storbritannien.
After a year, however, when insur­ance-based benefits tend to come to an end, the amount received declines in half of the countries but remains the same as initially in Denmark, France, the Netherlands and Portugal as well as in Ireland and the UK.
Dækningsgrad ved gennemsnitsindkomst for et par med 2 børn*
Replacement rate at average earnings for a couple with 2 children*
I alle medlemsstater ligger arbejds­løshedsydelsen fast i mindst seks må­neder efter arbejdsløshedsperiodens begyndelse, og i alle undtagen Spanien forbliver den på dette niveau i mindst det første år.
For comparison, the replacement rate in the US (here represented by the State of New York) was just over 50% for the same person, below the rate in all Member States except Ireland and the UK.
Β DK D GR E F IRL I L NL Ρ UK US Β DK D GR E F IRL I L NL Ρ UK US * 35­årig med 10 års beskæftigelse; skønnet for 2 års arbejdsløshed vedrører Liguria for I
"35 year old person with 10 years employment record; the eslimale for 2 years unemployed relates to Liguria for I
Når den forsikringsbaserede ydelse efter et år som oftest ophører, falder det modtagne beløb i halvdelen af landene, men forbliver det samme som det oprindelige i Danmark,
In all the Member States, the amount received in the form of unemploy­ment benefit remains the same for at least six months after the spell of unemployment begins and in all,
Kapitel 4 - Arbejdsløshedsydelser og incitamenter til at søge arbejde kring 30 procentpoint hojere (over 70% højere med hensyn til det udbetalte beløb) for gifte personer med to børn end for enlige.
Chapter 4 - Unemployment compensation and incentives to look for work than when on unemployment benefit (in Liguria, the region chosen as an example — see Box above — the replacement rate halved for the person examined).
kendetegn i USA efter to års arbejds løshed kun 30% af den disponible arbejdsindkomst, betydeligt under niveauet i Den Europæiske Union undtagen de sydlige lande.
income support received was under half disposable income when in employment in 7 Member States, though above 40% in all except Greece and Italy, and 55-60% in two others — Gennany and the Netherlands.
Betydningen af forsørgerpligt medlemsstater, hvor det oprindeligt udbetalte beløb ved arbejds
such as housing benefits in particular as described below.
I løshed sættes i forhold til den hidtidige indkomst, har familieforholdene normalt ingen indflydelse dækningsgraden i Nederlandene re duceret med 17,5 procentpoints for de pågældende (hvis der var betalt bidrag for 15 år i stedet for 10. ville nedsættelsen være blevet udskudt seks måneder og derefter yderligere seks måneder for hver 5 års indbetalte bidrag).
Indeed, since disposable income when in work tends to be higher for people with depend ants than without because of lower effective tax rates, the replacement rate can be lower for the former than the latter.
I Portugal, hvor varigheden af forsikringsbaserede ydelser er knyttet til alder og ikke bidrag, faldt graden fra 79% til 42% efter 18 må neder for personer på 35 år (for 40årige ville den være faldet efter 21 måneder, for personer på 45 og derover efter to år). I Frankrig faldt graden efter 20 måneders arbejdsløs hed med 7 procentpoints.
The effect of tax on disposable income, however, is offset to some extent by the fact that where there are children, the allowances payable for these are usually the same whether the person is working or not (the addition of a flatrate sum to both amounts, in other words, pushes up the ratio).
I Storbritannien afspejler det højere beløb, der udbetales i sådanne tilfælde, imidlertid også det forhold, at overførsler til arbejdsløse dækker boligydelser, som igen i analysen formodes at vokse i takt med familiens størrelse for et givet arbejdsindkomstsniveau.
The reduction in income support at the end of one year was also particularly marked in Luxembourg, where the replacement rate declined from 85% to 45% and in Belgium, where it fell by around 20 percentage points.
Som det beskrives mere indgående nedenfor, kan sådanne overførsler udgøre en betydelig andel af den arbejdsløses ind komst i Storbritannien og betyde en radikal ændring af sammenligningen af dækningsgrad.
By contrast in both Germany and France, the reduction was comparatively small — only around 67 per centage points — signifying that there was little difference between the amounts payable from the unemployment insurance system and from assistance schemes.
Boligydelser er også en vigtig faktor i bestemte tilfælde i Danmark, Tyskland, Frankrig, Irland og Nederlandene.
After a further six months ( 18 months of unemployment in total), the re placement rate in the Netherlands percentage was reduced by 17'/2
Efter to års arbejdsløshed for den pågældende, der i arbejde tjener en gennemsnitsløn, er nettoindkomststøtten under halvdelen af den disponible arbejdsindkomst i 7 med lemsstater, dog over 40% i alle und tagen Grækenland og Italien og 55-60% i to andre, Tyskland og Nederlandene.
Beyond two years of unemployment, however, the replacement rate in France declined to 64%, followed by a further reduction to 55% after an other four months, while in Spain, the person concerned had to fall back on regionally-based social assistance, involving a substantial fall in the amount received (in the Aragon re gion, taken as an example in the analysis, the replacement rate declined to only 23% in this case).
I tre lande, Danmark, Spanien og Frankrig, lå den endog selv efter dette tidsrum på over 70% af den disponible indkomst (graf 36).
In Portugal, where, as in Greece, there is no minimum income guarantee for those without work, the rate fell to zero.
Eftersom den disponible indkomst ved arbejde normalt er højere for folk med børn end folk uden på grund af de lavere skatteprocenter, kan dækningsgraden være lavere for den første gruppe end for den sidste.
By comparison, in the US, after two years of unemployment, the rate for a person with the same characteristics was only 30% of disposable income when in work, significantly below the level in Union countries, except those in the South.
For en person, som blev arbejdsløs i 1993, var dækningsgraden derfor lavere, hvis vedkommende havde en ægtefælle eller børn at forsørge i Belgien, Spanien, Frankrig og Portugal (graf 37).
For someone who became unemployed in 1993, therefore, the re placement rate was lower if they had dependent spouses or children in Belgium, Spain, France and Portugal (Graph 37).
I de fleste andre lande var den betydelig højere
In the majority of the other countries, it was significantly higher — 10 percentage points or more.
Når man tager hensyn til familie mæssige omstændigheder, indsnævres forskellen i de relative ydelser medlemsstaterne imellem.
This was particularly the case in Ireland and the UK, rcficcling the perceived greater need for income support for those with families than for those without.
I Belgien og Italien var den kun en smule lavere end 70% (66% i begge lande), således at Grækenland var det eneste land i Unionen, hvor dækningsgraden var betydeligt lavere end 70% (55%).
Thus in both countries, the replacement rate in 1993 was around 30 percentage points higher (over 70% higher in terms of the amount received) for a married person with two children than a single person.
Efter to års arbejdsløshed falder dækningsgraden i Frankrig til 64% efter fulgt af et fald til 55% efter yderligere fire måneder, mens den pågældende er nødt til at falde tilbage på regionalt bestemt socialbistand i Spanien, hvilket medfører et betydeligt fald i det udbetalte beløb (i Aragon, der bruges som eksempel i analysen, faldt dækningsgraden til kun 23% i dette til fælde).
The effect of dependants points for the person concerned (though if contributions had been paid for 15 years rather than 10, the reduction would have been post poned for six months and by an additional six months for each extra five years of contributions).
I Portugal, hvor der i lighed med Grækenland ikke findes en garanteret mindsteindkomst for arbejdsløse, faldt graden til 0.
In Portugal, where the duration of insurancebased benefits is related to age rather than contributions, the rate was re duced from 79% to 42% after 18 months for someone aged 35 (for someone aged 40, the reduction would have come after 21 months, for someone of 45 or over, after two years).
— 10 procentpoint eller derover.
In France, the rate was re duced after 20 months of unemployment by 7 percentage points.
Dette gjaldt navnlig i Irland og Storbritannien, hvilket afspejlede det formodede højere behov for indkomststøtte til personer med familier end uden. I begge lande lå dækningsgraden i 1993 derfor om
At the end of two years of unemployment, for the person in question on the average wage when working, the net
Til sammenligning var dækningsgraden for en person med de samme
In the UK, however, the higher sum payable in such circumstances also reflects the fact that transfers to the unemployed cover housing costs which, in turn, are assumed in the analysis to increase with family size for any given level of earnings when in work.
Kapitel 4 - Arbejdsløshedsydelser og incitamenter til at søge arbejde snitlige bruttotimeløn for manuelle arbejdstagere i industrien for oktober 1993).
Chapter 4 - Unemployment compensation and incentives to look for work unemployed in the UK and can radically change the comparative picture of replacement rates.
I Portugal, det mest ekstreme tilfælde, faldt ydelsen til både arbejdsløse enlige og ægtepar til nul efter to års arbejdsløshed, mens den for personer med to børn faldt til 7% af den disponible arbejdsindkomst for personer med, der fik udbetalt 75% af gennemsnitsindkomsten (hvor bør neydelser er den eneste overførselsindkomst). indkomst).
Housing benefits are also an important factor in particular cases in Denmark, Germany, France, Ireland and the Netherlands.
I Spanien faldt ydelsen med næsten 60% for en enlig med denne arbejds indtægt efter denne periode, selv om faldet for et par med to børn kun var omkring 25%.
By comparison, in the US, though the net amount of income support receivable by a family with two children was higher if they were longterm unemployed rather than out of work for a relatively short period of time, this still amounted to only 57% of disposable income for by almost 60% for a single person on this level of earnings when in work after this length of time had elapsed, though for a couple with two child ren, the reduction was only around 25%.
I Italien var faldet i sidstnævnte tilfælde kun meget be grænset, men for en enlig var det næsten 50%, mens det i Frankrig også var meget begrænset for en familie med to børn, men kun 20% for en enlig.
In Italy, the reduction in the latter case was only very small, but for a single person it was almost 50%, while in France, it was also very small for a family with two children but only 20% for a single person.
Længere arbejdsløsheds perioder
Longer periods of unemployment n the US, the net amount received remained unchanged if unemploy
Dækningsgrader for indkomster under gennemsnittet
Replacement rates on earnings below the average
Kun i to lande var dækningsgraden således la vere (66% i Grækenland og 70% i Spanien).
I s indicated above, a large pro portion of the unemployed are
1 dret, selv om arbejdsløshedsperio
Taking family circumstances into account narrows the difference in relative benefit levels between Member States.
I USA er dækningsgraden for en enlig med disse kendetegn derimod kun lidt over halvdelen, lavere end i alle de europæiske lande undtagen Irland og Storbritannien, og for et par med to børn var den endnu lavere
In all countries, apart from Belgium, Greece and Italy, disposable income when becoming unemployed for someone on average earnings with a family of two de pendent children was 70% or more of disposable income when in work.
— kun 47% og et godt stykke under niveauet i alle de europæiske lande.
By contrast, in the US the replace ment rate for a person with these characteristics was under 50% in 1993, lower than all the countries in the European Union, including Greece.
Når man sammenligner dækningsgraden ved 80% af gennemsnitsind komsten med dækningsgraden ved selve gennemsnitsindkomsten, valden i fem medlemsstater om nævnt ovenfor vil en stor del Saf de arbejdsløse tjene en løn, der ligger under gennemsnittet når de er i arbejde.
ment went on for longer than two years. This was also the case in most European countries, the only exceptions being Spain and France, as noted above and Portugal (Graphs 38 to 49, which illustrate for each Member State the change in the net amount of assistance receivable by people with different family circumstances at various length of time unemployed; in these cases, the earnings when in work are assumed to be 75% of the average wage as defined above, which is more representative of reality, though the pattern of change in the amount received would be much the same at different wage levels).
Dette skyldes ikke kun de res gennemsnitlige lavere uddannelse, men også at der er forholdsvis flere unge mennesker blandt de arbejdsløse sammenlignet med folk i beskæftigelse.
likely to earn wages below the aver age when in work. This is not only because of the lower levels, on aver age, of educational attainment of the unemployed, but also because of the higher representation of young people among those out of work as compared with those in employment.
En yderligere faktor er, at næsten halvdelen af de arbejds løse er kvinder, som i gennemsnit kun tjener omkring 75% af mænds gennemsnitsløn i Unionen (kun 70% i Storbritannien og Irland, 75% i Tyskland, Belgien og Portugal, over 75% i Grækenland, Spanien og Ne derlandene, 80% i Frankrig og 85% i Danmark — tallene er baseret på Eurostats oplysninger om den gennem den varede ved i mere end to år.
Moreover, a further factor is that almost half of the unemployed are women who, again on average, earn only around 75% of the average wage of men in the Union (only 70% in the UK and Ireland, 75% in Germany, Belgium and Portugal, over 75% in Greece, Spain and the Netherlands, 80% in France and 85% in Denmark — figures based on Eurostat data on average gross hourly earnings of manual workers in industry for October 1993).
— Tyskland, Spanien, Luxembourg, Nederlandene og Portugal — stort set den samme for en enlig, hvilket afspejler sammenkædningen af
At 80% of average earnings, the replacement rate in 1993 for the single person of 35 with 10 years employment record used in the cal culations presented above who has
Dækningsgraden ved variable arbejdsløsheds­perioder for en 35 årig, ved 15% af gennemsnitlig indkomst ved en 10 års ansættelses­periode
Replacement rates at varying lengths of time unemployed (35 year old at 75% of average earnings with 10 years employment record)
Enlig Gift Gift med 2 bom
- Single ■ Married - - Married with 2 children
12 18 24 30 36 42 Arbejdsloshedsperiode (måneder)
12 18 24 30 36 Spell of unemployment (months)
Arbejdsloshedsperiode (måneder)
12 18 24 30 36 Spell of unemployment (months)
Enlig Gift Gift med 2 bom
Single Married
12 18 24 30 36 42 Arbejdsløshedsperiode (måneder)
12 18 24 30 36 Spell of unemployment (months)
Kapitel 4 - Arbejdsløshedsydelser og incitamenter til at søge arbejde
Chapter 4 - Unemployment compensation and incentives to look for work an earningsrelated system is much the same as a flatrate one at wage levels above the ceiling (which is set at a relatively low level relative to average earnings in the latter five countries).
I USA modtog en enlig, som blev arbejdsløs, selv ved halvdelen af gen nemsnitsindkomsten under halvdelen af deres disponible indkomst ved arbejde, selv om dækningsgraden for et ægtepar med to børn steg til lige over 80%.
just become unemployed ranged from 85% of disposable income when in work, or just above, in Denmark, France and Luxembourg, just under 80% in Belgium and around 75% in the Netherlands and Portugal to just under 60% in Greece and 50%, or slightly below, in Ireland and the UK (Graphs 50 to 61, which show the variation in the replacement rate with gross earnings for each of the Member States).