natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Sidstnævnte opgave er langt den van skeligste, da den støtte, der ydes i
This second exercise is a far more difficult task since the amount of
Kapitel 4 - Socialbeskyttelsens omfang i medlemsstaterne
Chapter 4 - The scale of social protection in Member States
Pensionsydelser i % af den gennemsnitlige nettoløn for ufaglærte arbejdere i fremstillingsindustrien
Benefits received at retirement as a % of average net earnings of manual workers in manufacturing
Med afhængig voksen
With adult dependent
Personlig sats
Personal rate
% af gennemsnitlig nettoløn
% average net earnings
52 viser for det andet, at adgangen til behandling er langt mere behovsrelateret end indkomstrelateret, idet der forholdsmæssigt bruges flere midler til de fattigere grupper end til de rige re grupper i Fællesskabet.
52 provision of health care is related much more to need than to income, in that proportionately more expenditure is devoted to poorer groups than richer ones throughout the Community.
Samtidig viser det sig, at der kun er ringe for skel mellem medlemsstaterne med hensyn til, om de forskellige behandlingssystemer opfylder rimelighedsmålet.
At the same time, it reveals little difference between Member States in the extent to which the different health care systems in operation meet the equity objective.
Forskelle i, hvorledes behandling ydes eller finansieres, synes således ikke at påvirke adgangen til behandling.
Differences in the methods of de livering health care, on the one hand, or of financing it, on the other, do not, therefore, seem to affect access to treatment.
36 beskyttelse, opfyldes med hensyn til servicekvalitet og lige adgang til be handling.
36 service and of equality of access to treatment are being met.
naturligvis ikke helt, og heller ikke hovedsagelig, kan tilskrives forskelle i behandlingsstandarden.
cannot wholly, or even mainly, be ascribed to differences in the standard of health care.
Kost og livsstil er næsten givet vigtigere, navnlig for så vidt angår den almindelige dødelighed.
Diet and lifestyles are almost certainly more important, especially with regard to the overall death rate.
ydelser i medlemsstaterne ved at sammenligne det beløb, en tænkt per son med bestemte karakteristika modtager ved pensioneringen, eller hvis han bliver ude af stand til at arbejde — på grund af dårligt hel bred, invaliditet, arbejdsløshed osv. For at forenkle sammenligningen har man valgt at undersøge, hvad personer, der tjener en gennemsnitlig in dustriløn, modtager, når der tages hensyn til familiemæssige omstændigheder.
benefit payable in Member States by comparing the amount received by a hypothetical person with given characteristics, in the event of their retire ment or not being able to work for any reason — because of ill-health, invalidity, unemployment and so on. To simplify the comparison, the typical case examined is that of someone earning the average industrial wage in differing family circumstances.
I alle tilfældene er ydelser ne i hver enkelt medlemsstat beregnet pr. juli 1992 som en procentdel af den gennemsnitlige indtjening for ufaglærte arbejdere i fremstillingsindustrien i det pågældende land.
In all cases, the benefits payable in each Member State are calculated at their July 1992 levels as a percentage of the average earnings of manual workers in manufacturing industry in the country in question.
Gennemsnitsindtjeningen er angivet efter skat og sociale bidrag for at måle ydelsernes størrelse i forhold til, hvad der ligger i lønposen.
The latter are expressed net of tax and social security contributions in order to measure benefits in relation to takehome pay.
Foreløbige skøn viser, at dødeligheden varierer meget i Fællesskabet, både under ét og efter årsag.
Preliminary estimates suggest that death rates vary significantly across the Community, in terms of both the total and from particular causes.
(Dødeligheden for personer mellem 5 og 64 år låiSkotlandi 1980-1984 på 129% af EF-gennemsnittet i Skotland, men kun på 79% af gennemsnittet i Grækenland, mens f.eks. den perinatale dødelighed lå på kun 69% af EF-gennemsnittet i Danmark, men på 169% af dette gennemsnit i Portugal).
(The overall death rate between the ages of 5 and 64 was 129% of the Community average in Scotland over the period 1980 to 1984, but only 79% of the average in Greece, while, for example, the perinatal mortality rate was only 69% of the Community average in Denmark, but 169% of the average in Portugal.)
Van skeligheden er, at disse forskelle
The difficulty is that these differences, of course,
De første midlertidige undersøgelser af, om der er lige adgang til behandling viser, at de fattige som bekendt har større behov for behandling end de mere velstillede medlemmer af samfundet, da de er mere tilbøjelige til at have et dårligt helbred på grund af det miljø — i den bredeste betydning — de lever i.
Very provisional research on equality of access to treatment indicates, first, as is well known, that the poor have greater need for health care than wealthier members of society insofar as they are more prone to ill-health (because of the environment — in the broadest sense — in which they are forced to live).
Undersøgelsen
Secondly, it tends to show that the
De forskellige former for ydelser, der betales under forskellige omstændigheder, behandles én for én nedenfor.
The various kinds of benefits payable in the event of particular circumstances are examined in turn below.
Ydelser ved sygdom og regnet her, men det er vanskeligt at tage hensyn til tillægspensionen på grund af manglende data.
Sickness and invalidity benefit sector add variable amounts to the levels of benefit calculated here but are difficult to take into account be cause of a lack of data.
invaliditet følge Rådets henstilling skal med lemsstaterne sikre ældre mindst
ccording to the Council Recommendation, Member States
Kortvarig sygdom
Short-term illness
% af gennemsnitlig nettoløn steindtægter og indføre mekanismer, der kan sikre dem, der trækker sig tilbage efter deres arbejdsliv, et rimeligt indkomstniveau i forhold til, hvad de tjente, mens de arbejdede, og hvor store bidrag de i alt har betalt.
% average net earnings should guarantee minimum means of subsistence to the elderly and establish mechanisms to enable those retiring at the end of their working careers to receive a reasonable level of income in relation to their earnings when in employment, and in relation to the contributions paid over their lifetime.
Endvidere er pensionen i alle fire lande betydelig højere for ægtepar end for personer, som ikke forsørger en voksen.
In all four countries, moreover, the pension is significantly higher for a married couple than for someone without an adult dependent.
I hvert tilfælde betyder det, at man forsørger en anden, et tillæg svarende til 15% eller mere af den gennemsnitlige nettoløn til den udbetalte pension.
In each case, having a dependent adds an amount equivalent to 15% or more of the average net wage to the pension received.
Mens den pension, der modtages, i de fleste andre medlems stater også er større for ægtepar end for enlige personer, er forskellen me get mindre.
While in most other Member States, the pension received is also higher for a married couple than for a single person, the extent of the difference is much smaller.
I tre lande — Tyskland, Frankrig og Luxembourg — får et ægtepar faktisk mindre i pension i forhold til lønnen end enlige.
In three countries — Germany, France and Luxembourg — a married couple actually receives less in pension relative to earnings than a single per son.
Dette skyldes snarere, at skatterne i disse lande er lavere for ægtepar end for enlige og nettoindtjeningen derfor højere, end at det udbetalte pensionsbeløb er lavere.
This is due to taxes being lower for a married couple in these countries than for a single person and, therefore, net earnings being higher, rather than to the amount of pension paid being less.
Den gennemsnitlige ydelse, der beta les til en enlig, som i sit arbejdsliv tjente en gennemsnitlig industriløn, og som på grundlag af de bidrag, han har betalt, er berettiget til fuld pen sion, ligger på ca. 75% af den gen nemsnitlige indtjening i medlemsstaterne (gennemsnittet her er det aritmetiske gennemsnit af de procenttal, der er beregnet for hvert land) (tabel 8).
The average level of benefit payable to a single person who was on the average industrial wage when in work and who is entitled to a full pension on the basis of their contributions record is around 75% of average net earnings in Member States (the average here is the simple arithmetic mean of the ratios calculated for each country) (Table 8).
Måske lidt overraskende er den pension, en sådan person modta ger, højere i forhold til lønindkomsten i de sydlige medlemsstater — helt op på 107% af den gennemsnit lige nettoindtjening i Grækenland, 97% i Spanien, 94% i Portugal og 89% i Italien, end i de nordlige med lemsstater, mens pensionen i tre lande — Det Forenede Kongerige, Ne derlandene og Irland — er på under 50% af nettoindtjeningen.
Perhaps surprisingly, the pension received by such a person is higher in relation to wages when in work in the Southern Member States of the Community — as much as 107 % of average net earn ings in Greece, 97% in Spain, 94% in Portugal and 89% in Italy — than in the North of the Community, while in three countries — the UK, the Netherlands and Ireland — it is less than 50% of net earnings.
I arbejdsophør i en periode på grund af sygdom, faste eller indkomstbestemte ydelser, som er tilstrækkelige til, at de kan opretholde et rimeligt leven iveau.
T states that those who are forced to stop working for a time because of illness should receive an income, whether flatrate or earnings-related, which is sufficient to maintain their standard of living in a reasonable manner.
Billedet er helt anderledes for dem, der pensioneres uden at have betalt nævneværdige bidrag, og uden at have nogen særlig selvstændig ind komst.
For those who retire without any meaningful contribution record and have negligible independent means of support, the picture is very differ ent.
Skønt der i alle medlemsstaterne findes et eller andet system med indkomststøtte til sådanne personer, er der stor forskel på, hvad der udbetales.
Although all Member States have some system of income support for such people, the amounts payable vary substantially across the Community.
I dette tilfælde er der tendens til, at den ydelse, der modtages af personer i de sydlige medlemsstater, er meget lavere end i de mere velstående nordlige medlemsstater.
In this case, the benefit received by those living in the Southern countries of the Community tends to be much lower than in the more prosperous Northern Member States.
I Grækenland er grundydelsen for enlige så lav som 8% af den gennemsnitlige industriløn, i Italien kun 19% og i Spanien og Portugal ca. 30%.
In Greece, the basic allowance for a single person is as low as 8% of average net earnings in industry, in Italy only 19% and in Spain and Portugal, around 30%.
Bortset fra Det Forenede Kongerige og Ir land er mindstepensionen større i den nordlige del af Fællesskabet, selv om det kun er i Danmark, at niveauet ligger over 50% af den gennemsnit-
Apart from the UK and Ireland, the amounts of minimum
I hvert af disse tre lande og i Danmark, hvor det beløb, der modtages af en enlig, også er forholdsvis lavt i forhold til nettoindtjeningen, finansieres alderspensioner i det mindste delvis over de almindelige skatter og bidrag.
In each of these three countries, as well as in Denmark where the amount received by a single person is also relatively low in relation to net earnings, retirement pensions are financed at least in part from general taxation as well as from contributions.
Tillægspensionsordningerne har ligeledes stor betydning.
Supplementary pensions schemes are also important.
Ved sådanne ordninger, som i visse tilfælde — navnlig i Det Forenede Kongerige — drives af den private sektor, lægges der beløb af varierende størrelse til de ydelser, der er be
Such schemes, operated in some cases — the UK in particular — by the private
Ved midlertidig sygdom i indtil et par uger svarer den udbetalte ydelse i fire medlemsstater—Belgien, Tyskland, Grækenland og Luxembourg — til
In the case of temporary ill-health lasting for up to a few weeks, in four Member States — Belgium,
Handicappede - længere får for sit arbejde, mens den i Frankrig og Spanien ligger mellem 50% og 60%, i Frankrig dog 64%, såfremt sygdommen varer over fire uger.
Disabled — longterm incapacity for work benefit amounts to 70% or more of the net wage when in work for such a person, while in France and Spain, it is between 50% and 60%, though in the former, it rises to 64% if the illness lasts for over four weeks.
Der kan tillige være mulighed for skønsmæssige ydelser
In the three other Member States, on the other hand — Ireland, Italy and the UK — the level of benefit is only around 30% of net earnings when in work for someone on the average industrial wage.
I fire lande — Grækenland, Irland, Luxembourg og Nederlandene — kan en person, der ikke kan arbejde på grund af sygdom, endvidere få en ekstra ydelse for en forsørget ægtefælle svarende til mellem 6% af net tolønnen i de to sidstnævnte lande og 21% i Irland.
In this case, they are likely to continue to be paid the same amount as their earnings for a period of up to three months. In addition, for someone in the UK belonging to one of the many occupational schemes the amount received could be considerably greater than the benefit payable under the state scheme.
Det skal ligeledes bemærkes, at i en række lande — f.eks.
Where they differ, they tend to increase rather than decline.
Frankrig, Ir land, Italien og Portugal — skal alle, der bliver syge, vente tre dage, før de bliver ydelsesberettigede, selv om arbejdsgiveren i mange tilfælde sandsynligvis betaler løn i denne periode.
Thus in France, the benefit rises to 64% (from 53%) after four weeks and to 67% after one year; in Italy, for wage earners, it goes up from 31 % to 53% after three weeks, though it falls to 46% after a further 40 days; and in the Netherlands and the UK, a temporary disability allow ance is payable which adds around 5% of net earnings to the amount received.
I de to første tilfælde er det arbejdsgiveren, der skal betale om kostningerne, mens arbejdsgiveren i Grækenland skal betale 50%.
In the first two cases, the cost of benefit pay ment falls on employers, while in Greece the employer is liable to pay 50%.
I Lu xembourg dækkes omkostningen de rimod af socialsikringsordninger.
In Luxembourg, on the other hand, the cost is covered from social insurance schemes.
I tre andre lande — Danmark, Nederlandene og Portugal — beløber ydelsen ved sygdom sig til 70% eller mere af den nettoløn, en sådan person
In three other countries — Denmark, the Netherlands and Portugal — sickness
Såfremt sygdommen vedvarer, og den pågældende er uarbejdsdygtig i længere tid, er situationen en anden, men forholdet mellem ydelsesniveauet i de forskellige medlemsstater ændres i de fleste tilfælde kun lidt.
If the illness persists and the person concerned is unable to work for a prolonged period, then the situation changes, but the relative level of
I Tyskland og Luxembourg fortsætter en person, der har betalt et passende beløb i bidrag, og som modtager den der på grund af erhvervsudygtighed ikke kan arbejde, og som derfor ikke har betalt bidrag, der er tilstrækkelig store til at berettige til forsikrings-
In addition, in four countries — Greece, Ireland, Luxembourg and the Netherlands — someone unable to work because of ill-health is en titled to receive an extra allowance for a dependent spouse, adding be tween 6% of net earnings (in the latter two countries) and 21% (in Ireland) to the amount received.
Kapitel 4 ­ Socialbeskyttelsens omfang i medlemsstaterne
Chapter 4 - The scale of social protection in Member States
% af løn
% earnings
Ubestemt
Indefinite
0 Ej oplyst
0 na
0 Ej oplyst
0 na one who is disabled and unable to work and who, therefore, has not accumulated sufficient contributions to be entitled to insurance benefit.
Det Forenede Kongerige
Belgium Denmark Germany Greece Spain France Ireland Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Portugal UK EC Average
(α) August 1992:67% i 4 måneder, 46% ' de følgende 4 måneder, 38% i yderligere 4 måneder og derefier 33%; (b) 32% i 3 måneder, derefter 35%.
(a) August 1992:67% for 4 months, then 46% for 4 months, 38% for another 4 months and 33% thereafter (b) 32% for 3 months, then 35%
Herved kom­mer ydelsesniveauet op på 50% eller derover af den gennemsnitlige net­toindustriløn i samtlige medlemssta­ter undtagen Spanien, Portugal og Grækenland (helt op på 113% i Belgien).
Only in Belgium and Denmark is the allowance payable to a single person anywhere close to the average indus trial wage, at 97% and 83%, respectively (Table 10).
Kun i Belgien og Danmark findes der ingen tidsmæssig grænse for udbeta­ling af (ikke­indkomstbestemte) ar­bejdsløshedsydelser, mens retten til ydelser—ud over den skønsmæssigt fastsatte bistandshjælp — helt ophø­rer efter et bestemt tidsrum i Græken­land, Italien, Spanien og Portugal.
In half the Member States, the amount payable is only between 30 and 40% of net average earnings, while in another two — France and the Netherlands — it is less than 50%.
For personer, der mister deres ar­bejde, er det i Rådets henstilling fastsat, at medlemsstaterne ikke blot skal opretholde deres indkomstni­veau, men også hjælpe dem med at komme i arbejde igen.
I mendation states that Member States should not only maintain income levels but also help them back into employment.
Sidstnævnte mål behandles i kapitel 5.
This latter objective is considered in Chapter 5 below.
Her foku­seres der på størrelsen af den ydelse,
The focus here is on the levels of benefit payable to the unemployed in various circumstances and at various times during a given spell of unemployment. ment.
I samtlige medlemsstater afhænger arbejdsløshedsydelsen af den tidlige­re beskæftigelse og af, hvor længe der er betalt bidrag.
The effect of this is to raise the level of benefit paid to 50% or more of the average net industrial wage in all Member States except Spain, Portugal and Greece (and to as much as 113% in Belgium).
I de fleste lande ligger ydelsen i begyndelsen rimeligt højt i forhold til erhvervsindkomsten, men den udbetales kun i et begrænset tidsrum, idet målet er at tilskynde til at finde arbejde igen, før ydelsen op­hører.
countries, the benefit paid is initially at a reasonably high level in relation to earnings when in work, but the length of time for which this is payable is limited, the aim being to give an incentive to return to work before the benefit expires.
Derefter er ydelserne ind­komstbestemte, og målet ændrer sig fra at være opretholdelse af det tidli­gere indkomstniveau til at være sik­ring af en minimumlevestandard.
Only in Belgium and Denmark is there no time limit on the payment of (non-means-tested) un employment benefits, while in Greece, Italy, Spain and Portugal, en titlement to any benefit at all — other than discretionary social allowances — expires after a period.
I 7 af de 12 EF­lande beløber ydelsen i be­gyndelsen sig til mellem 73% og 80% af en sådan persons tidligere
In all Member States, the unemployment benefit received depends on the previous employment record and the period of time over which contributions have been paid. In most
Ydelser til en arbejdsløs person på 18 år der. Kun i Spanien og Italien er perioden kortere, nemlig seks måneder. Men i Portugal er denne første periode på 21 måneder, i Nederlandene 24 måneder og i Danmark så lang som 30 måneder.
Benefits payable to an 18 year-old unemployed
% af gennemsnitlig nettoløn
% average earnings
Det udbetalte beløb afhænger af omstændighederne i hvert enkelt tilfælde nettoløn, mens den i Tyskland beløber sig til 63% (tabel 11).
After the end of this initial period, the level of benefit is reduced in all countries, with the exception of the UK where income support provides a continuance of benefit at virtually the same rate indefinitely.
Men i Ir land er ydelsen kun godt 40% af den nettoløn, den arbejdsløse havde, da han arbejdede, mens den i Grækenland, Italien og Det Forenede Kongerige er under 30% — i Det Forenede Kongerige helt nede på 23%.
In two countries, Greece and Italy, benefit ceases to be payable at all as of right (though in Italy, discretionary local and regional support is available), while in a number of cases, the reduction is substantial — in each of the Benelux countries, around 25% of former net earnings or more and in Portugal, more than 35%.
Efter den indledende periode bliver ydelsen således i de fleste tilfælde til en form for bistandshjælp, og målet er at give den arbejdsløse et subsistensminimum.
Additional allowances, however, are payable in respect of dependent spouses in a number of countries, as described for invalidity benefits above.
I samtlige lande bort set fra Belgien, Frankrig og Spanien svarer udbetalingerne på længere sigt, når den arbejdsløse ikke længere er berettiget til arbejdsløshedsunderstøttelse, faktisk til det, en person, der ikke har indbetalt bidrag, ville få ud betalt, hvis han mistede sit job, og såfremt han ikke havde selvstændige indtægter.
These serve to raise the level of benefit to above 50% of the average net industrial wage in all countries apart from the UK, where it remains low at 36%, and Italy, Spain and Greece, where no formal scheme for guaranteeing a minimum level of income exists.
I Belgien er beløbet lavere i dette tilfælde — 47% af den gen nemsnitlige nettoløn — mens den på gældende i Spanien ville blive tvunget til at nøjes med skønsmæssigt fastsatte ydelser fra lokale eller re gionale myndigheder.
Supplementary pay ments also apply to dependent child ren in some countries, including Spain, where someone unemployed with two children can receive benefit equal to 64% of the average net wage.
Ligesom størrelsen af de bidrag, der er betalt, betyder meget for størrelsen af den ydelse, der udbetales, når en person mister sit job, betyder også alderen meget.
The differences between Member States in levels of benefit and in their duration can be illustrated by considering a 40-year old industrial worker who has been in regular employment earning the average wage since the age of 20 and then becomes unemployed.
En person på 18 år, som ikke har arbejdet tidligere, som ikke har nogen væsentlig indkomst kilde, og som bor alene, er ikke officielt berettiget til indkomststøtte i Spanien, Grækenland, Frankrig og Italien (tabel 12).
For 7 of the 12 Community countries, the initial benefit received amounts to between 73% and 80% of such a person's former wage, expressed in net terms and for another country, Germany, it amounts to 63% (Table 11). In
I de fleste andre lande er ydelsen mindre end for ældre personer og ligger mellem kun 18% i Det Forenede Kongerige til 44% i Portugal (dog kun i ti måneder).
After the initial period, therefore, benefit becomes in most cases a form of social assistance and the aim is one of providing a subsistence level of income.
Kun i Belgien og Luxembourg er ydelsen nogenlunde den samme som for en 40-årig mand.
The level of payment in the longterm to the unemployed, after their entitlement to unemployment benefit has been exhausted, is, in fact, in all countries apart from Belgium and Spain, what someone with out a satisfactory contributions record would receive immediately after they lost their job, if they had no independent means of support.
I halvdelen er medlemsstaterne er de arbejdsløse berettiget til at modtage denne begyndelsesydelse i 12 måne
In Belgium, the amount would be less in this case — at 47% of net average
Når først de arbejdsløse har opbrugt deres ret til understøttelse, bliver det
Just as the contributions record makes a marked difference to the benefit payable when someone becomes unemployed, so too does age.
Barselsydelser han bor.
Maternity benefits
16 uger ådets henstilling søger at sikre, at kvinder, som holder op med
16 weeks he Council Recommendation
I Belgien betales 117% for de første 30 dage og 110% derefter.
In Belgium, benefit of 117% is paid for the first 30 days and 110% thereafter.