natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
I Danmark har de offentlige myndigheder koncentreret indsatsen omkring en " strategi for at få kvinder ind i traditionelle mandefag"12.
* Thirdly, we must consider another more difficult to identify but no less widespread process, namely, "the systematic failure to reward women's skills".9In other words, traditionally male qualities and skills are systematically given more weight than the qualities and skills of women in setting job qualifications and pay.
Formålet er at få kvinderne til at uddanne sig inden for traditionelle mandefag og hjælpe dem til at få ansættelse inden for disse sektorer.
For example, brute strength is "worth" more than the ability to cope with stress, dexterity, and so
I nogle af de fem nye tyske delstater er der for nylig blevet vedtaget love om lige muligheder for mænd og kvinder i den offentlige sektor.
Fourthly and lastly, the influence of the bonus systems plays a significant role.
Men kvindernes situation i disse områder giver dog anledning til bekymring; de store omvæltninger på arbejdsmarkedet og den voldsomme stigning i arbejdsløsheden rammer kvinderne hårdt.
It seems that in most European countries the more frequent payment of bonuses to men than to women explains certain aspects of pay differentials.11First of all, the observations made in Germany and Denmark testify to the existence of "disguised head-of-family allowances"12 paid by companies.
De tyske eksperter går så langt som til at hævde, at "samlingen af de to tyske stater kan, i hvert fald for så vidt angår kvindernes situation på arbejdsmarkedet, meget vel få negative virkninger, der må betegnes som regulære tilbageskridt"13.
The British experts, on the other hand, have uncovered other phenomena that are widespread in many countries.
Eksperterne i det europæiske net gør status over disse forskellige programmer for lige muligheder for mænd og kvinder med en form for advarsel: "Manglerne ved de uddannelsesmæssige foranstaltninger kan ikke fremhæves stærkt nok: De er mere eller mindre baseret på, at den vertikale og horisontale kønsopdeling bunder i manglende tilpasning af udbuddet af kvindelig arbejdskraft og ikke i de stereotype holdninger, der præger både
For one thing they allege that female-dominated pay structures are less likely to have provision for additional payments.13If firms rely on merit or performance pay systems the payments are made "on an individualised and essen tially secretive basis which reopens the opportunity for sex bias in pay."14Finally, "in the services, with their predominantly female work force, employers prefer to use part-timers, so avoiding the payment of premia."15
— 58 offentlige og private virksomheders efterspørgsel efter arbejdskraft.
10Besides the FRG studies mentioned in the German report the reader should consult the relatively old but still topical survey conducted by Anne- des
Det forhold, at kvinderne kun i meget ringe grad har gavn af beskæftigelsesmæssige tiltag af generel karakter, viser, at en bevidst indsats på dette område fortsat er absolut påkrævet.
Meulders, R. Plasman & V. Vander Stricht, summary report, p. 97. 12Rita Knudsen, Danish report, pp. 69-70.
Gør man status over kvindernes erhvervsaktivitet i tiåret 1980-90, når man frem til et imponerende resultat: Millioner af kvinder er strømmet ud på arbejdsmarkedet og er blevet erhvervsaktive.
Analysis of women's economic activity in the eighties has painted an impressive portrait. The steady trend has been that of women swelling the ranks of the economically active population in large numbers.
Problemerne på arbejdsmarkedet synes ikke at have påvirket stigningen i kvindernes erhvervsfrekvens, som har været næsten eksplosionsagtig.
The turbulence on the labour market does not seem to have affected the surge in female economic activity, which has continued to swell like a tidal wave.
Arbejdsløsheden og beskæftigelseskrisen har øget de kønsbestemte forskelle - forskelle mellem mænd og kvinder i relation til løn, arbejdsløshed og usikre beskæftigelsesvilkår - men også forskellene mellem kvinderne indbyrdes.
However, uniformisation does not mean equality, for the pressures of unemployment and the employment crisis have reinforced the inequalities between men and women—inequalities concerning pay, unemployment and precariousness—and widened the differences amongst women.
I de enkelte EF-lande oplever man nye skel mellem de kvinder, der har et stabilt job, de kvinder, som kun har mulighed for at skaffe sig erhvervsarbejde på usikre vilkår, og de kvinder, som uanset hvad de gør, ikke kan finde beskæftigelse.
The segmentation of the female workforce into women with stable jobs, those who can hope to work only at the price of precariousness and those who, whatever their desires, will not find jobs is growing daily in each country.
Og det er alt, hvad man kan sige om de dybtgående og konkrete ændringer, der er sket i kvindernes erhvervsaktivitet.
This is all that we could say about the real and far-reaching changes in economic activity patterns.
I de regioner, hvor der ikke er jobs til kvinderne (der, hvor der hverken er servicesektor eller traditionel kvindeindustri eller mulighed for beskæftigelse for kvinderne i landbruget), standses udviklingen i kvindernes erhvervsaktivitet brat på grund af manglen på beskæftigelse og det meget snævre spektrum af kvindefag.
Wherever jobs for women are lacking (where there is no service sector, no traditionally female industry, no agricultural openings for women), changes in activity patterns founder on the scarcity of jobs and limited palette of women's occupations.
Og vi ved, at grænsen mellem "arbejdsløshed uden håb om at komme i arbejde igen" og erhvervsinaktivitet er hårfin.
As we know, the line between "discouraging unemployment" and inactivity is very fine.
Her bidrager den fortsat skæve erhvervsfordeling og opretholdelsen af skarpe skel mellem mande- og kvindejobs til at gøre det endnu vanskeligere for kvinderne at komme ind på arbejdsmarkedet og øger risikoen for, at de rammes af arbejdsløshed eller tvinges til at opgive alt håb om erhvervsarbejde.
In this regard, the continued lack of occupational equality and segregation between men's and women's jobs add to the problems of finding work and increase the risks of unemployment or forced inactivity.
Kvindernes stigende erhvervsaktivitet har ikke skabt skred i udviklingen.
The tidal wave remains very fragile.
Så længe kønsopdelingen på arbejdsmarkedet fortsat eksisterer, opnår kvinderne ikke den plads og de vilkår, der retteligt tilkommer dem.
As long as such segregation persists, the féminisation of the labour market will remain incomplete.
Disse tillæg udkommer på Det Europæiske Fællesskabs ni sprog, hvoraf folgende numre stadig kan fås:
The Supplements to Women of Europe are published in the nine languages of the European Community. The following issues are still available:
Kvinder og musik (1985)
N° 22 - Women and Music (1985)
For kvinders ligestilling - 2. handlingsprogram 1986-1990 Fællesskabsretten og kvinderne (1987) Kvinder og mænd i Europa i 1987 Europas kvinder : 10 år (1988) Kvinder og fjernsyn i Europa (1988) Kvinder i landbruget (1988) Tal om kvinder (1989)
N° 23 - Equal Opportunities: 2nd Action Programme 1986-1990
Børnepasning i De Europæiske Fællesskaber 1985-1990 (1990)
N° 25 - Communtity Law and Women (1987)
Tillæggene til "Europas Kvinder" sendes regelmæssigt til enhver, der måtte ónske at komme på postordrelisten, idet der bedes om en angivelse af særlige interesseområder: kvindeorganisationer, folketingsmedlemmer, fagforeninger, journalister, biblioteker, forskningscentre, ministerielle afdelinger, o.s.v.
Applicants must however specify their field of interest: women's association, Member of Parliament, journalist, trade union, library, research centre, Ministerial Department, etc...
1492: KVINDERNES ROLLE
1492: THE ROLE OF WOMEN
1492: Kvindernes rolle
1492 : The Role of Women
En undersøgelse koordineret og redigeret af Paola Antoi ini
RESEARCH COORDINATED AND WRITTEN BY PAOLA ANTOLINI ANTHROPOLOGIST SPECIALIZING IN NATIVE AMERICAN CIVILIZATIONS
1492; Kvindernes rolle
1492: The role of women
Kvindernes historie er hyllet i tavshed s. 5
Women : a story enshrouded in silence p. 4
Forhistorien til rejsen Filipa Moniz Perestrello og kvinderne i Portugal i 2. halvdel af det 15. århundrede
The genesis of the voyage Filipa Moniz Perestrello and women in Portugal in the second half of the XV century
Afrejsen og kvindernes vilkår i Europa ved slutningen af det 15. samt i det 16. og 17. århundrede s. 10
The departure and the condition of women in Europe at the end of the XV century and in the XVI and XVII centuries p. 9
- Rosa af Lima s. 33
1492: The Role of Women
De spanske kvinders tilværelse s. 36
The life of Spanish women p.32
Kvindernes retsstilling i Spanien i det 16. og 17. århundrede s. 36
Legal situation of women in Spain in the XVI and
- Kvinderne og samfundet s. 36
- Women and society p.32
- Lovgivningen om kvinder og udvandring s. 38
- Legislation with regard to women and emigration p.35
Kvinderne og deres pligter i forbindelse med udvandringen s. 40
Women and their involvement in emigration p.37
- Udvandringen af kvinder s. 40
- The emigration of women p.37
- Hvorfor indlede en tilværelse i Amerika?
- Why embark on a new life in America?
Kvinderne i Amerika s. 45
Women in America p.42
Igangværende arbejder s. 52
Work in progress p.49
"Escuela de Estudios Hispanoamericanos"-Universitetet i Sevilla har den kendte internationale ekspert, professor Consuelo Varela, hvis omfattende viden og værdifulde menneskelige egenskaber Jeg har lært at værdsætte, vejledt mig i min efterforskning, og jeg er via hende blevet henvist til doktorer og forskere, der i årevis har arbejdet med disse spørgsmål: professor Maria Just ina Sarabia
In Seville, in the School of Spanish-American Studies, the Professor and renowned international specialist, señora Consuelo Varela helped me greatly by providing both personal and intellectual support.
Viejo og doktor Isabel Reyna, som jeg takker for bistand og opmærksomhed under mit ophold.
She guided me in my research and directed me towards a number of lecturers on this subject and researchers who had been working for many years on these problems: Professor María Justina Sarabia Viejo and Doctor Isabel Reyna to whom I should like to express all my esteem and gratitude for their help and thoughtfulness during my stay.
Jeg skylder også doktor Pilar Lazaro de la Escosura fra Direktoratet for og Forvaltningen af Fællesarki vet for Amerika tak, fordi hun har lettet mit arbejde i hver enkelt fase af min efterforskning, ligeledes professor Fernando
I am also indebted towards Dr. Pilar Lazaro de la Escosura of the Management and Administration Department of the General Archives of the Indies for facilitating my research at every stage of development and Professor Fernando Iwasaki Cauti, the Director of Cultural Affairs at the San Telmo Foundation and lecturer at the University of Lima for his constant readiness to provide support and for making available to me his tremendous research work on Santa Rosa di Lima and the different saints of Lima.
Equipo 28" - og fra dette især Fernando Olmedo - været mig behjælpelig med en kritisk gennemgang og sammenfatning af mit materiale.
Finally, I was fortunate in having the intellectual and organizational support of the publishing house Sevilla - Equipo 28, particularly in the person of Fernando Olmedo.
Universitetsinstitut, doktor Jean-Paul Zuniga gjort det muligt for mig specielt at beskæftige mig med problematikken i forbindelse med kvindernes retsstilling i
In Florence, the brilliant historical researcher at the Istituto Universitario Europeo, Dr. Jean-Paul Zuñiga, allowed me to focus on the problem of the legal status of women is Spain in the XVI and XVII centuries.
Jeg er forskeren Lola Luna ved Det Spanske Akademi i Rom meget taknemmelig, fordi hun sável i Rom som i Sevilla modtog mig med den intellektuelle begejstring, der kendetegner hendes forskning og navnlig hendes fremragende doktordisputats om Ana Caro, som jeg har fået lov til at citere et lille uddrag af før offentliggørelsen.
All my gratitude goes to the Researcher Lola Luna of the Spanish Academy in Rome for giving me in Rome the same hospitality I had received in Seville together with the intellectual passion which characterizes her research and especially her splendid doctorate thesis on Ana Caro which is currently being published and of which a preview is given here.
I Santo Domingo og Rom fik jeg sável teoretisk som praktisk hjælp af doktor Norma Novelli, koordinator for den ikke-stats I ige organisation Terra Nuova, som i årevis har forsket i kvindernes frigørelse i
In Santo Domingo and in Rome, I was able to benefit from the intellectual and logistic support of Dr. Norma Novelli, the Coordinator of the N.G.O. Terra Nuova and who has for many years been involved in research into the emancipation of women in Spain and in America.
Førstnævnte er en antropolog og arbejder med de arkæologiske udgravninger af det første franciskanerkloster, der blev grundlagt i Amerika.
Mr. Calderón was a rich source of information and demonstrations based on his research and recent discoveries on female skeletons found there.
Han er leder af den antropologiske afdeling ved Museo del Hombre Domenicano, som forestod udgravningerne i La Isabela. Han har gavmildt givet oplysning om og fremvist sin forskning og sine seneste opdagelser vedrørende de kvindelige skeletter, der er fundet dér.
In Paris, the Lecturer at the University of Paris III - Sorbonne Nouvelle - Marie-Cécile Bénassy-Berling, a specialist on women in the golden century and in particular on Juana Inés de la Cruz, allowed me to peruse her excellent treatises.
I Paris har Marie-Cécile Bénassy-Ber I ing, der underviser ved Université de
From this date onwards, the world became enclosed.
Paris Ili, Sorbonne Nouvelle, og som er special ist i kvinder fra guldalderen og navnlig Juana Inés de la Cruz, stillet sine bedste afhandlinger til rådighed for mig.
Nonetheless, these conceptions of the past have one point in common: the absence or marginal presence of the feminine factor, an element which has long been shrouded in the silence of history.
Jeg var næsten besluttet på at vælge tavsheden, men da tavsheden er negativ (...), må der tilføjes en kort kommentar ...
Those who are mentioned are generally wives, mothers or women who are connected in some way with the protagonists of the history of Europe or America.
De efterfølgende bedrifter bliver mere afgørende for menneskehedens historie end udforskningen af verdensrummet.
This has happened because history has for a long time been written and conceived exclusively in relation to the dominant figures.
Kontakten med andre folkeslag, som hidtil havde været ukendte, og Christoffer Columbus' rejse til Amerika har været genstand for talrige og undertiden fantastiske spekulationer.
There is very little evidence remaining of the involvement of women in history - apart from a few rare queens or princesses, like Catalina of Portugal, to whom Inca Garcilazo de la Vega dedicated the Comentarios reales de los Incas1 -as if the social and historical processes were not the result of a collective endeavour.
Der er imidlertied endnu i dag mange dunkle punkter i denne ekstraordinære historiske begivenhed, der pá den europæiske side af Atlanterhavet indledte en blomstringsperiode og pá den amerikanske førte til afslutningen pá de indfødtes levevis.
The less restrictive conception of history adopted nowadays provides a means of carrying out a thorough reexamination which even affects the very way in which we consider the events which, five centuries ago, irreversibly pushed back the frontiers of the globe.
Hvorfor modtager f.eks. Anacaona, Tainos dronning, Columbus og de hvide mænd, der kommer over havet fra en anden verden, med de æresbevisninger, som var forbeholdt overmenneskelige væsener, idet hun tror, at de er "månens sønner"?
By creating a parallel between the history of famous women and that of unknown women - who appear sporadically through archaeological finds and through the legal vicissitudes of wives who either embarked on the American adventure or who remained in Europe to wait for their husband - we can determine the territory in which women lived out their destiny.
Hvorfor afventede alle de indfødte befolkninger i Amerika deres guddoms tilbagevenden til jorden, og hvorfor var de ikke spor overraskede, da de faktisk så europæerne gå i land?
The choice was between marriage vows or nun's vows: we should therefore not be surprised to discover that a considerable number of young ladies, especially the less well-off, pronounced nun's vows out of a desire for freedom and a wish to transgress the dictates of a restrictive social order.
Fejringen af 500-àret for Amerikas opdagelse giver rig anledning til nye historiske undersøgelser og kritiske analyser, og der anlægges forskellige betragtninger alt efter det ideologiske udgangspunkt.
Her story is a microcosm which reflects the whole spectrum of conflicts of the time and the margins of female existence from which Teresa was to an extent able to free herself, including her use of the written word.
Undersøgelserne har imidlertid ét tilfælles, nemlig at den kvindelige faktor helt mangler eller kun forekommer marginalt - kvinderne er forlængst hyllet i historiens tavshed.
Paradoxically, the only female Doctor of the Church had a grandfather who was actually a Jew in Spain at the time of the "purity of blood" laws, while her father was a fresh convert to Catholicism, her brothers had gone to the Indies in search of fortune and some of her friends were burnt by the Inquisition.
Det amerikanske eventyr er imidlertid fuldt af enestående og modige kvinders spændende livshistorie.
Delving into history from a female perspective therefore involves divesting oneself of certain prejudices.
Nar der samles vidnesbyrd om kvindernes historiske indflydelse, træder de frem af stilheden, frigjort fra de forvanskninger, der har været påført dem udefra.
For example, for a long time it was thought that European women had only voyaged to the Indies at a later stage.
1492 er et symbolsk årstal, men for at forstå rækkevidden af det "amerikanske eventyr" og de kvinder, som var hovedpersonerne i det, má vi se på to andre af historiens århundreder.
Today, however, archaeology has uncovered the presence of white women in La Isabela (Dominican Republic), which was the first European settlement founded by Columbus in 1494 in honour of the queen of Castile.
Hvad enten der er tale om dronninger som f.eks. Anacaona, som Columbus mødte pá øen Hispaniola efter at have krydset havet, eller Isabella, der muliggjorde ekspeditionen, eller blot kvinder generelt, så åbner disse skikkelser fra det
The rediscovery of these female skeletons in the cemetery of La Isabela has thrown light on the presence of women which was scarcely mentioned by the chroniclers of the Indies, with the sole exception of Hernando Colón2- the natural son of Beatriz Enriquez de Arana and of the Admiral - who states that women arrived as stowaways, accompanying their husband as early as the second voyage (1493-1496).
16. og 17. århundrede døren til et fantastisk, men virkeligt univers, befolket af digtere, helgeninder og endog nonner, der havde levet forklædt som mænd.
It has now been established that there were a few women on board the three caravels on the first journey and others would similarly join the third voyage3.
Der dukker således et ukendt univers op, som ofte er svært at gennemskue på grund af legender og den meget beklagelige mangel på oplysninger.
However, according to the chroniclers of the time, when the governor Francisco de Bobadilla arrived on the island in 1501, the Spanish population was officially composed exclusively of a group of over 300 men.
Der optræder således næsten ikke kvinder i tidens beretninger og dokumenter, og de, der omtales, er som regel ægtefæller eller mødre, eller de har en eller anden forbindelse med de vigtigste historiske personer i Europa eller Amerika.
The following year, Nicolás de Ovando, who was designated as governor in place of Bobadilla - the latter was accused of having unjustly chained Columbus and his family - left Spain accompanied by 2,500 people, including around seventy women, most of whom were married and who were travelling with their husbands.
Fá kender prinsesse Isabel Chimpu Ocelo, en slægtning af den sidste store inkakejser Atahualpa Tupac Yupanqui. Hun var mor til en af tidens første og største mest iz-forfattere, Inca Garcilazo de la Vega, hvis far var conquistador
This number may at first sight appear insignificant: the truth is that, because of the cost of the licence, women were registered as accompanying their husbands in the list of passengers to the Indies.
Derimod ved vi noget om Mal inche, der først var tolk mellem aztekerne og spanierne og dernæst Hernan
The name of the oldest and most beautiful street in Santo Domingo testifies to their presence: La calle de las Damas...
Hun blev uretfærdigt anklaget for at have forrådt sit folk til Mexicos conquistador, men det glemmes alt for ofte, at Mal inche, eller Doña
The street starts outside the palace of Diego Colón and passes in front of the former residence of Nicolás de Ovando, then crosses the Conde avenue and continues towards the cathedral.
Marina, var af Maya-afstamning, et folk der var blevet brutalt undertrykt af aztekerne.
The following piece of fragmentary evidence of the presence of women has survived the passing centuries.
Kvinderne har kun efterladt sig fa spor i historien bortset fra nogle få dronninger og prinsesser som Catalina af
Father Bartolomé de Las Casas, the famous and faithful chronicler of Columbus, spoke of such places.
En sideløbende historisk beskrivelse af de berømte eller ukendte kvinder, man støder pá i arkæologiske fund og i retsmateriale vedrørende hustruernes omtumlede liv - hvad enten de rejste ud til Amerika eller blev i Europa og ventede på deres mænd - viser, hvilke områder skæbnen tildelte dem: ægteskab eller kloster.
The popular image of Columbus has given birth to other feminine myths associated with the Genovese in the perception and descriptions given by sea-farers: there was talk of sirens, but in reality they were seals swimming on the rising waves of the ocean and "they were not as beautiful as they say..."
¡det hun endog bliver forfatter.
The genesis of the voyage
Paradoksalt nok har den eneste kvinde blandt de teologer, på hvis værker den katolske lære bygger, en jødisk bedstefar - og det netop i det
Filipa Moniz Perestrello and women in Portugal in the second half of the XV century
Beskæftiger man sig med kvindernes historie, må man derfor gøre op med fordomme.
It was originally intended as a place of retreat for the wives and daughters of knights who had left their country to fight against the "infidels".
Man har f.eks. længe troet, at de europæiske kvinder først kom til Amerika på et senere tidspunkt.
It was here that Columbus met Filipa Moniz Perestrello in 1478.
I dag har arkæologien vist, at der var hvide kvinder til stede i La Isabela
The public was in fact admitted into the chapel.
(Den Dominikanske Republik), den første europæiske bosættelse, grundlagt i 1494 af Columbus til ære for dronningen af Casti I ien.
In addition, men often went there to attend the services but actually in search of a well-bred wife.
Fundet af disse kvindelige skeletter pá La Isabelas kirkegård har vist, at der var kvinder til stede, der imidlertid ikke er meget omtalt af dem, som har skrevet Amerikas historie, med undtagelse af Hernando Columbus(2), uægte søn af
Columbus was 27 years old when he arrived in Lisbon, and his great ambition was to make contact with the patricians of the city.
Han beretter, at kvinderne kom som blinde passagerer, der ledsagede deres mænd allerede på anden rejse (1493-1496).
In Sagres, the Genovese was considered as a foreigner and was not given access to the nautical documentation available to Portuguese sailers and which Columbus and his brother Bartolomeo needed for the cartographic work in which they were engaged in Lisbon in 1477.
Fransisco de Bobadilla ankommer til øen i 1501.
At night, she waited for him in convent cloisters.