natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Da man stadig sad fast i den gammeldags gabestok om kvindernes pligter, var der kun lidt interesse for at uddanne pigerne, ihvertfald pøblens piger.
Let us remember that the Constituent Assembly decreed unanimously on 2 September 1791 that a code of civil laws for the entire kingdom would be established.
Borgerne gjorde en tid undervisningen til deres kæphest og de nævnte altid Rousseau, den troløse ven (ifølge ham skulle kvinderne hellige sig deres rolle som mor og hustru), og glemte den, da imperiet kom tilbage.
This legislative unification was a good measure. Under the ancien régime legislation varied from one province to the next, even from one town to the next.
Kvinderne var opfyldt af pligtfølelse, på trods af små forsøg på at bryde ud (Madame de Rémusat) forblev de afhængige af ægtemanden og samfundet.
Still under the influence of J.J. Rousseau, one spoke only of "natural law".
Faktisk fik revolutionen en kreativ frihedsfølelse frem hos kvinden.
Cambacèrès would be put in charge of drafting this "code of Nature sanctioned by Reason and guaranteed by Liberty".
Måske var det det eneste, de beholdt ud over revolutionen, der således åbnede den litterære vej for en Georges Sand eller Marie d'Agoult.
Adjustment followed adjustment, adjournment followed adjournment, the end of 1799 had arrived and the Nation still had not been provided with a Civil Code!
Den lovgivningsmæssige enhed var en lykkelig foranstaltning.
Under the influence of the Napoleonic code divorce laws would be modified in men's favour.
Under det tidligere regime var lovgivningen forskellig fra provins til provins og endog fra en landsby til en anden.
There was no longer any question of equality in education and when the Constitution was returned to the drawers of History all hope that women's political rights would be recognised vanished.
Stadig under J.J. Rousseaus indflydelse talte man kun om "naturlig ret".
By 1810 not only had women lost all of the ephemeral rights that they had acquired during the Revolution, but they were often ostracised for behaviour that, at other times, would have prompted admiration.
Hele lovgivningen, forenklet til yderligheder, skulle være baseret på denne "naturlige ret" og gælde i samme grad for hele menneskeheden.
Dressing like a man during the Revolution was often proof of patriotism, but under the Empire this attitude "exposed (a woman) to insults and could, depending on the circumstances, provide the pretext for attacking her intentions as well as her morals" is how Count Decazes, then Minister Secretary of State in the Department of the General Police, described the situation on 24 September 1818.
Fra ændring til ændring, fra ud sættelse til udsættelse kom årsskiftet 1799 og nationen havde stadig ingen civilret.. .
He was firmly bent on wrapping things up as quickly as possible, and to give the members of the State Council responsible for drafting the preliminary draft of the Code a vigorous shove, he personally presided over 57 of the 400 Council sittings, using this opportunity to impose his personal ideas on the chapters on marriage and divorce alone.
Under indflydelse af Code Napoleon blev skilsmisselovene ændret til fordel for mændene. Der var ikke længere tale om ligestilling i uddannelsen, og selv da man lagde forfatningen i historiens skuffe, forsvandt alt håb om, at kvinderne ville få deres politiske rettigheder anerkendt.
In taking part in the discussions—although the true father of the Napoleonic Code was Cambacèrès—the First Consul stated, "Will you not exact a promise of obedience from women?. . .We need a formula for the mayor as registrar that contains the woman's promise capacity considered in his of obedience and faithfulness.
I 1810 havde kvinderne ikke blot mistet alle de kortvarige rettigheder, de havde fået under revolutionen, men de blev ofte udelukket for en opførsel, der på et andet tidspunkt var blevet beundret.
She must know that, in leaving comes under the guardianship of family, she guardianship of her husband.
Da han var blevet førstekonsul, søgte Bonaparte ikke længere at gennemføre naturens lov eller at lovgive for menneskeheden.
That word is good for Paris, especially where women believe they have the right to do what they want. They are interested only in pleasure and clothes.
Han ville opnå et resultat hurtigst muligt, og for at give de medlemmer i statsrådet, der var ansvarlige for udkastet til til lov en kraftig impuls, ledede han selv 57 møder ud af de 104, som rådet holdt, hvor han påduttede dem sine egne ideer for kapitlerne om ægteskab og skilsmisse.
If we did not grow old, I would not want any women!" Later he added, "It is women who give men children; they thus belong to men just as the fruit tree belongs to the gardener."
Selv om Cambacérès er den virkelige fader til Code Napoleon, erklærede før stekonsulen under diskussionerne: "Får I ikke kvinderne til at love at adlyde? . .
The Napoleonic Code codified what had preceded all written laws.
Vi skal have en formulering til giftefogden, der skal indeholde kvindens løfte om at adlyde og være tro. Hun skal vide, at når hun forlader sin families beskyttelse, går hun over til sin mands.
Canon law, like civil law, could only take note of it, before regulating it.
Adlydenhed! Dette ord skal især gælde Paris, hvor kvinderne tror, de har ret til at gøre, som de vil.
On the other hand, the husband's obligation to provide his wife with "everything that she needs" is a delicate euphemism and very ineffective protection.
De beskæftiger sig kun med morskab og tøj.
Women were likewise treated like minors in the chapter on property.
Hvis ikke vi blev ældre, ville jeg ingen kvinder have!" hun tilhører altså manden, giver manden børn; gartneren".
The Code stipulated that the husband could dispose of the household's belongings to the benefit of any person without his wife's being able to make any legal objection.
Senere siger han: "Kvinden ligesom frugttræet tilhører
She could not go sue or defend herself at court without her husband's consent.
Midt i Latinerkvarteret brænder kvinder civilloven i protest mod den forherligelse af principper, der i hundrede år havde frataget den gifte kvinde al myndighed.
A group of women gathered in the heart of the Latin Quarter and burnt the Civil Code in protest against the shining glorification of principles that had dispossessed married women of all abilities for 100 years.
Den dag havde medlemmerne af regeringen og hele det diplomatiske korps foran republikkens præsident, vismænd og jurister henvist til det store værk, der blev startet under revolutionen og afsluttet under Konsulatet: Code Civil.
On that day, the members of the Government and diplomatic corps, out in full strength and in the presence of the President of the Republic, scientists and the legal profession, brought up the question of the major work begun under the Revolution and completed under the Consulate, namely, the Civil Code.
I 1926 blev den første internationale feministiske kongres afholdt i Paris.
The First International Feminist Congress was held in Paris in 1926, with Suzanne Grinberg, Esquire, presiding.
Under mødet, der også blev arrangeret imod Code Napoleon, overbebyrdede kvindelige jurister fra Frankrig, Belgien, Nederlandene, Rumænien, hvis lovgivninger havde basis i Code Napoleon, foran et entusiastisk og talrigt publikum og under ledelse af advokat Suzanne Grinberg, forfatterne til loven af 1804, da den opstillede en status for den gifte kvinde ved at klassere hende blandt de udygtige, ved siden af mindreårige, sindsforvirrede og dødsdømte.
During this meeting, likewise held under the sign of the Napoleonic Code and attended by a large, enthusiastic public, the women lawyers of France, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Romania, whose laws are founded in the Napoleonic Code, heaped reproaches on the writers of the 1804 Code, which relegated the married woman to the ranks of the incompetent, alongside minors, the insane and prisoners incarcerated for life.
Dette er altså den arv, kvinderne (den anden halvdel af det franske folk) fik af revolutionen: Det var faktisk et mislykket stævnemøde, ikke bare med den sociale og politiske situation, men også med kvindefrigørelsen, for selv om det er sandt, at revolutionens kvinders naturlige krav hænger sammen med nutidens feministiske ideer, forhindrede Code Napoleon enhver anden udvikling af de feministiske ideer, og selv om det ligeledes er sandt, at lovgivningen generelt inspireres af sociale holdninger, har De Europæiske Fællesskaber fulgt den modsatte vej ved at indskrive ligestillingsprincippet mellem mænd og kvinder i Romtraktaten, der skal gennemføres i alle Fællesskabets medlemsstater.
This is the heritage left to women (the other half of the French people) by the Revolution: a missed appointment not only with social advancement and politics, but also with women's emancipation, for while it is true that contemporary feminists' ideas may be linked to the natural demands of the women of the Revolution, the Napoleonic Code prevented all further development of feminist ideas. And while it is also true that codes are usually drawn from social behaviour, the European Community took the opposite approach by enshrining in the Treaty of Rome the principle of equality between men and women, with which the EC's Member States are bound to comply.
I slutningen af sit bemærkelsesværdige værk
with the period, the if they were
"strikglemt, glemt, revolutionsperioden, ... selv om de blev kluderer Dominique Godineau: "De militante fra kerskerne", gav en virkelighed til borgerinden er vi dem skyldige for denne arv".
Dominique Godineau ends her remarkable book CitoyennesTricoteuses following lines, "The women activists of the revolutionary "knitters", gave a certain reality to the woman citizen.. .even forgotten, we are indebted to them for this heritage. "
Vi må håbe, at lektionen fra 1789 kaster af sig, og at der ud af de juridiske, politiske og socio-kulturelle kraften, viljen og hårdnakketheden til at få deres krav
Let us hope that the lessons of 1789 will bear fruit and Europe's women will find in the legal, political and socio-cultural instruments the strength, will and perseverance to obtain their demands.
Vi må håbe, at den skarpsindige Olympe de Gouges i fremtiden får kvindernes anerkendelse for sine ideer.
Let us hope that the clear-sighted Olympe de Gouges will no longer deserve women's recognition for her ideas alone.
De er arvtagere til hendes rettigheder, men de har også pligt til at forfølge den opgave, hun nævnte i 1789: "Man siger, at mine ideer ikke er tilstrækkeligt udviklede.
As heiresses of her Rights, they are also heiresses of the duty to carry on her work since that day in 1789 when she wrote, "my ideas, it is said, have not been developed sufficiently.
Og at den diamant, der falder i diamantsliperens hænder for at blive slebet, ikke er mindre diamant, fordi den er rå ...".
Yet the diamond that falls into the lapidary's hands for polishing is no less a diamond, although it is rough—"
Hun var sværmerisk, men viste et usædvanligt mod, da hun blev guillotineret 18 brumaire år II i Republikken.
She was exalted, but showed exceptional courage when guil lotined on 18 Brumaire, Year II of the Republic.
Hun sagde de berømte ord: "Frihed, hvilke forbrydelser man begår i Dit navn". (Se bibliografi )
She was the one who uttered the famous words, "0 liberty, liberty, what crimes are committed in your name!" (see bibliography)
I 1833 udkom offentliggørelsen af hans hovedværk Histoire de France og i 1847 første bind af hans Histoire de la Révolution Française. (Se bibliografi)
His monumental Histoire de la France (History of France) was published in 1833 and the first volume of his Histoire de la Révolution française (History of the French Revolution) in 1847. (see bibliography)
Restaurationen: Politisk regime i Frankrig under Louis XVIII og Charles X, fra imperiets fald (1814) til Julirevolutionen (1830)
Restoration: Political regime of France under Louis XVIII and Charles X, from the collapse of the Empire (1814) to the July Revolution (1830).
Julimonarkiet : Regime i Frankrig mellem 1830 og 1848.
July Monarchy: Regime of France from 1830 to 1848.
Ved revolutionens slutning i 1830 - i juli måned - sætter det liberale borgerskab hertugen af Orléans på tronen under navnet Louis-Philippe I
At the end of the 1830 Revolution—which ended in July—the liberal bourgeoisie had the Duke of Orleans take the throne under the name of Louis-Philippe I.
Medlem af Underhuset, stor taler, kaldtes "Den Britiske Cicero".
Member of the Commons, great orator, nicknamed "the British Cicero".
Han var en af den franske revolutions mest hårdnakkede modstandere og advarede sine landsmænd om smittefaren. (Se bibliografi)
As one of the most implacable enemies of the French Revolution he warned his compatriots to guard against the contagion. (see bibliography)
Historiker, der skrev om Rædselsherredømmet.
Historian of the Terror.
Han brugte en meget vigtig dokumentation, der er forsvundet i dag. (Se bibliografi)
He relied on a wealth of documents that have since disappeared, (see bibliography)
Rædselsherredømmet: En påtvungen regering, der hvilede på magt og tvang.
Terror: A de facto government reposing on force and coercion.
Det begyndte 10. august 1792 og sluttede med Robespierres fald (10 thermidor 1794).
It began on 10 August 1792 and ended with the fall of Robespierre (10 Thermidor 1794) who, with Danton, was one of its leading figures.
Robespierre var sammen med Danton hovedpersonerne.
It may be qualified "repressive paranoia", so great was the number of executions: 2,000 in Paris in June 1794 alone, with the guillotine functioning up to 6 hours a day.
Man kan kalde det "undertrykkende forrykthed" med det store antal henrettelser: 2 000 i Paris i juni måned 1794, guillotinen var i gang op til 6 timer om dagen, 500 000 var fængslede og 300 000 sat i husarrest.
500,000 people were in gaol and 300,000 assigned to residence.
Han brug te sine talenter i de liberale ideers tjeneste ved at skrive Histoire des Girondins (1847)
He put his talent in the service of liberal ideas by writing the History of the Girondins (1847).
Kaldtes også Brissotins efter den deputerede Brissot, der var medlem af girondinerne, der var en politisk gruppe af folkevalgte fra Gi-ronde-departementet.
Also called the Brissotins after one of their members, Deputy Brissot, this was a political group of elected representatives from the Gironde Département.
I Nationalkonventet var de mere end 150 deputerede ud af 745, der forsøgte at redde kongen.
It numbered 150 deputies of the 745 at the Convention that tried to avoid the king's death.
De blev udryddet af Bjerget 31. oktober 1793
The group was eliminated by la Montagne ("the Mountain") on 31 October 1793.
Et øgenavn givet til 120 yderliggående deputerede fra Nationalkonventet, der sad øverst til venste i Forsamlingen. Danton, Marat og Robespierre var ansvarlige for Rædselsherredømmet.
Name given mockingly (literally: the Mountaineers) to the 120 extremist deputies seated in the upper left of the Assembly.
Fransk skribent og forfatter til vær ker om England. (Se bibliografi)
French literary hack and author of works about England, (see bibliography) p. 3:
"Kvinderne fra Hallerne".
"Women of La Halle".
Paris' centrum siden Philippe Auguste.
The Halles (markets) formed the heart of Paris since the reign of Philippe-Auguste.
Der var kornhaller, fiskehaller, kalvehaller, vinhaller, læderhaller og lagenhaller, hvor der normalt arbejdede kvinder, der blev de første oprørere i Re volutionen
The stalls at the corn, fish, calf, wine, leather and draperies markets were generally manned by women, who were the first insurgents of the Revolution.
Blev berømt for sin udtalelse i Dreuz-Brézé, hvor man bad ham træde tilbage 23. juni ved afslutningen på Generalstænderne: "Vi er her på nationens ønske; den materielle kraft alene kan få os til at forsvinde", og ikke "Vi er her på pøblens vegne og går kun for bajonetter".
Famous for his reply to Dreuz-Brèzè, who asked him to withdraw on 23 June at the end of the Estates-General, "We are here at the wish of the nation; material force alone could get us to leave", and not "We are here at the will of the people, we will leave only under the strength of bayonets. "
Mirabeau personificerer revolutionen i 1789.
Mirabeau incarnated the 1789 Revolution.
Orléans (Louis Philippe Joseph, duc d' , også kaldet Philippe Egalité (1747-1793).
Orleans(LouisPhilippe Joseph, duke of,knownas Philippe Egalité),1.7471793.).
Efterkommer efter Louis XIVs broder Philippe af Orléans.
Descendent of Louis XIV's brother.
Man har ham kraftigt mistænkt for at have anstiftet stormen på Bastillen og marchen mod Versailles.
Strongly suspected of having fomented the taking of the Bastille and the march on Versailles.
Han gik efter Louis XVI's krone, men blev guilloti neret 6. november 1793.
He coveted Louis XVI's crown but was guillotined on 6 November 1793.
Palais-Royal (kongeslottet): Ligger i hjertet af Paris og var et af hovedcentrene for revolutionen.
Palais-Royal. At the heart of Paris, one of the main centres of the Revolution.
Da det ligger omkring haver, teatre, caféer, spillehuse var det åbent hele natten.
Surrounded by gardens, theatres, cafes and gaming rooms, it remained open all night.
Klerk hos en stævningsmand, fulderik og forsager, foreslog den 5. oktober de kvinder, der havde besat Paris' rådhus (Hôtel de Ville) at gå mod Versailles. Han gik selv i spidsen og gjorde sig til talsmand for dem over for Forsamlingen.
Court clerk and· drunken failure, he suggested to the women who had swarmed into the Town Hall of Paris on 5 October that they march on Versailles, then, advancing to the head of the procession, addressed the assembly as self-appointed spokesman.
Generalstænder : Forsamling repræsenteret af de tre ordre: Adel, gejstlige og tredjestand.
Estates-General. Representative assembly of the three orders, the nobility, clergy and Third Estate.
Louis XVI fastsætter indkaldelsen heraf til 1. maj 1789, men gennemfører ingen reform, man forsumper en måned under proceduren og da møderne er ovre, nægter tredjestanden at forlade salen (Mirabeaus berømte udtalelse, se ovenfor).
Louis XVI convened the Estates-General on 1 May 1789 but granted no reforms. The Estates-General was mired in procedural debates for an entire month, then, finally, when the sittings had ended, the Third Estate refused to leave the room (Mirabeau's famous answer comes in here).
Under ledelse af Lefrane de Pompignan tager Forsamlingen den 7. juli navnet Den Grundlovgivende Forsamling, og giver sig der med overordnet ret til at lave forfatningen og beslutte kongens magt.
On 7 July 1789, under the presidency of Lefranc de Pompignan, the Assembly took the name of Constituent National Assembly, thereby granting itself the highest right to draft a constitution and determine the king's powers.
Denne begivenhed er det politiske grundlag for revolutionen.
This event is the political origin of the Revolution.
Assignater: Udstedelse af papirpenge med sikkerhed i konfiskerede kirkegodser, som Den Grundlovgivende Forsamling havde besluttet at sælge, hvorved de fremprovokerede et stort værdifald i forhold til mønter.
Assignats. Issue of notes "assigned" to church property, which property the Constituent Assembly had just decided to sell off, thereby triggering the most colossal devaluation compared with metal coin.
Svensk officer, der var vildt forelsket i Marie-Antoinette.
Swedish officer hopelessly in love with Marie-Antoinette.
Han forberedte flugten til Varennes og forsøgte at redde kongefamilien, der var lukket inde i Temple-fængslet.
He prepared the flight to Varennes and tried to save the royal family from the Temple prison.
Føderalisterne : 20 000 nationalgardere, der kom fra hele Frankrig for at fejre 14. juli 1792.
The Federates: Name given to the 20,000 national guards who descended on Paris from all over France to celebrate the 14th of July 1792.
De spillede en vigtig rolle i oprøret 10. august 1792.
They played an important rôle in the 10 August 1792 insurrection.
Væbningsmænd: Medlemmer af de 48 valgkredse, der ved dekret fra Den Grundlovgivende Forsamling den 21. mai 1790 gennemførte opdelingen af Paris.
Sectionnai res: Members of the 48 sections into which Paris was cut up by the 21 May 1790 decree of the Constituent Assembly.
Franske forfattere.
French writers.
På loftet i sit hus i Auteuil samlede Edmond en lille vennekreds, der startede det berømte Goncourt-Akademi. (Se bibliografi)
Edmond gathered a small circle of friends who met in the
Grundlagt af Peltier; monarkiets talerør; udkom mer mellem 2. november 1789 og oktober 1791.
Founded by Peltier as an organ of the monarchy, this paper was published from 2 November 1789 to October 1791.
Dets redaktører, Suleau, Mirabeau og Rivarol gør grin med revolutionens partisaner.
Its editors— Suleau, Mirabeau and Rivarol—ridiculed the partisans of the Revolution.
Skotsk historiker og kritiker, en af de første, der skrev den franske revolutions historie.
English historian and critic, one of the first to have written a history of the French Revolution.
Han havde en mærkelig oplevelse.
He was the victim of a rather curious incident.
Efter at have afsluttet manuskriptet til revolutionens historie, lod han det ligge på sit skrivebord.
Upon completing his history of the Revolution he absent-mindedly left the manuscript on his desk.
Rengøringskonen, der skulle holde orden, troede, det var gamle papirer og brændte dem. Det tog Carlyle 10 år at skrive det igen. (Se bibliografi)
His house keeper, ever one for order, thought they were old papers for burning.
Født i Paris 28. september 1768, lavde og solgte chokolade.
Born in Paris on 28 September 1768, this chocolate-maker and vendor requested on 6 March 1792 the right for the women of Paris to form a women's national guard.
6. marts 1792 krævede Pauline de parisiske kvinders ret til at danne en kvindelig nationalgarde.
She married Enrage Ledere.
Hun giftede sig med fanatikeren Leclerc, de blev arresteret, men efter deres løsladelse den 4. fructidor år II, hører man ikke mere om dem i historien.
They were arrested, then released on 4 Fructidor, Year II, after which they disappeared from the pages of history.
Den blev grundlagt af de bretonske deputerede i generalstænderne og etablerede sig i oktober 1789 i et jakobinerkloster (dominikanere) i rue Saint-honoré.
Together with her sisters she fought the market women of La Halle on 26 August 1793.
Blandt medlemmerne var 200 deputerede, 155 afdelinger i provinsen og 1200 medlem mer i Paris.
On 30 October 1793 the Committee of Public Salvation, having lost all patience, closed Claire Lacombe's Society.
Anklaget for Rædselsherredømmets overdrivelser forbydes det af Konventet den 12. november 1794.
Arrested on 31 March, released in August 1795, she returned to the theatre in Nantes in 1796, then walked off stage and van ished from the record.
Deputeret fra Tredjestanden, charmeret af Madame Roland, som han gør sig til talsmand for.
From 1788 on it referred to societies given to political discussion.
Han foreslår opløsningen af jakobinerklubben og begår selvmord efter Madame Rolands henrettelse. rettelse.
The Deputies used these clubs to prepare their debates in the Estates-General.
Chaumette (Pierre Gaspard, også kaldet Anaxágoras) 1763-1794.
Chaumette (Pierre Gaspard, called Anaxágoras), 1.763-1794.
En af lederne i club des Cordeliers.
One of the lead ers of the Cordeliers Club.
Han var homoseksuel og hadede de prostituerede.
He was homosexual with a rabid hatred of prostitutes.
Midt i Rædselsherredømmet holdt han 1. oktober 1793 en anklagetale mod de of fentlige piger, som Nationalkonventet fandt for overdrevent.
On 1 October 1793, in the midst of the Terror, he pronounced a terrible indictment against "public women" that the Convention judged excessive.
Han blev guillotineret 13. april 1794.
He was guillotined in Paris on 13 April 1794.
Uden tvivl revolutionens mest mystiske personlighed, en enigme for historikerne.
Definitely the most enigmatic figure of the Revolution, he remains a complete mystery to historians.
Var han i så høj grad revolutionens sjæl, at han kunne kaldes ubestikkelig?
Was he the soul of the Revolution to the point of carrying the title "the Incorruptible"?