natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
De største regionale udsving I kvindernes andel af beskæftigelsen findes i landbruget, hvor den i visse områder spænder fra over 50% (Galicia i Spanien, Mol ise I Italien, Niederbayern I Tyskland, centrale dele af Portugal mv.) til under 10% I andre områder.
The greatest regional variation in women's share of employment is in the agricultural sector, varying from over 50% of the agricultural workforce in specific areas (Galicia in Spain, Molise in Italy, Niederbayern in Germany, Central Region of Portugal...) to under 10% in others.
Art og størrelse af gården, graden af mekanisering, graden af diversificering og kulturelle traditioner synes alle at medvirke t i I de regionale udsving.
Type and size of farm, degree of mechanisation, extent of farm diversification and cultural traditions all appear to be factors in this regional variation.
I nogle områder er kvindernes dominans I landbrugserhvervet I de senere år vokset, skønt der er en generelt faldende tendens for beskæftigelsen I landbruget.
In some areas, féminisation levels in agriculture have increased in recent years. In Portugal, women's share of agricultural employment has increased, although the trend of overall employment in farming is down.
I Italien er antallet af kvindelige driftsledere i landbruget stIgende.
In rural Ireland, agriculture employs well under 10% of the female workforce, although - as in most rural areas - most women working in family farming do not appear in the employment figures.
I de fleste landdistrikter, navnlig i landene I EF's kerne, giver servicesektoren flest Jobs til kvinder, selvom landbruget stadig er en vigtig (og undertiden den vigtigste) arbejdsplads i landdistrikterne i Sydeuropa og Irland.
By way of contrast, in 1990 in the province of Luxembourg in Belgium, nearly 60% of manual female workers and nearly 70% of female intellectual workers were employed in one sector "other services", and a further proportion (6,5% of manual and 17% of intellectual workers) in wholesale and retail distribution. Agriculture
I landdistrikterne I Spanien med under 2.000 indbyggere fordeler kvindernes arbejdspladser sig for eksempel således: landbrug 42%, industri 17%, servicesektoren 39%, byggefag og øvrige erhverv 2%.
employs less than 1 % of the female workforce. In rural England, female employment is predominantly in clerical and service sector jobs, with a scarcity of manufacturing employment.
I landdistrikter med flere mennesker er kvindernes andel af beskæftigelsen i landbruget faldet kraftigt, og i stedet har de arbejde I industrien og især I servicesektoren.
Most rural women in Denmark obtain employment within different kinds of public services, since farming and related industries primarily offer jobs for men.
I Irlands landdistrikter beskæftiger landbruget under 10% af den kvindelige arbejdsstyrke, selv om de flest kvinder - ligesom det er tilfældet I de fleste andre landdistrikter - som arbejder pá familiebrug, Ikke optræder I beskæftigelsestallene.
And in France, half of all employed rural women work in services, which has seen strong employment growth in all branches in most but not all rural areas. Industry, building and transport employ few rural women, and agriculture has shown a relative decline as a proportion of female rural employment.
Fremstillingsvirksomhed er stærkt repræsenteret i land- og byområder I Irland (ca. 20% af kvinderne på landet arbejder her), og det samme gælder for liberale erhverv (ca. 30%) samt handel og forsikring.
The growth in service sector employment is not evenly spread throughout rural areas. In the UK for example, it has tended to be concentrated in tourist areas and close to urban settlements, and this pattern is repeated throughout the EU.
I Grækenland var kvinderne først og fremmest beskæftiget I landbrug (78%), turisme og handel (10%) og industri (7%).
The structure of the female labour force varies according to age.
Bortset fra landbruget er landdistrikternes kvinder først og fremmest beskæftiget i turistsektoren, agroindustri, beklædningsog servicesektoren (handel, personlige tjenesteydelser mv.).
In small rural settlements in Spain, for instance, the principal sector for women in the 25-29 age group is services, followed by professional and technical occupations, industry and, then, family work.
Servicesektoren i Grækenland beskæftiger en større andel af den mandlige end af den kvindelige arbejdsstyrke.
For the 4549 age group, the principal occupation is family work, with the service, industrial, professional and technical occupations representing a far smaller proportion of women.
Landbruget beskæftiger under 1% af den kvindelige arbejdsstyrke.
However, all of the above information concerns the officially recorded workforce.
I Englands landdistrikter ligger kvindernes arbejdspladser først og fremmest I kontor- og servicesektoren, med mangel på arbejdspladser inden for fremstillingsvirksomhed.
National figures for rural women's occupations and activities depend on the legal status available to and adopted by women and on how such categories as "assisting spouse" or "assisting relative" (common for many rural and farm women) are taken into account in censuses and surveys.
De fleste kvinder i landdistrikterne I Danmark er offentligt ansat, Idet landbrug og landbrugsrelaterede Industrier giver arbejdspladser til mænd. I Frankrig arbejder halvdelen af alle kvinderne i landdistrikterne i servicesektoren, hvor der har været stærkt stigende beskæftigelse i alle brancher men ikke i alle områder.
The calculation of women's work is straightforward for women who are employers, employed or selfemployed in one of the professions, but many rural women who are involved on the family farm or in a family business either do not have the right to a status in their own right or, even where these are available (as in France), do not always choose to adopt a particular legal status.
Industri, byggefag og transport har kun få Jobs til kvinder, og antallet af arbejdspladser i landbruget er faldet I forhold til kvindernes andel af beskæftigelsen i landdistrikterne.
Related to this is the issue of what counts as "work", and the exclusion of much of the work that rural women do, both within the home (whether or not it is for home consumption) and outside, from official calculations.
Væksten inden for servicesektoren er ujævnt fordelt i de forskellige landdistrikter.
In Italy, for example, much of rural women's work is in the informal economy and is highly multifunctional.
For eksempel I UK har der været en tendens til, at arbejdspladserne blev koncentreret i turistområder og nær byområder. Dette mønster gentages overalt i EF.
Indeed, the extent of women's "hidden work", referred to in almost all the national chapters, is of such a scale in rural areas that the structure of the employed workforce cannot be taken to reflect the sectoral breakdown of women's work in its totality.
Den kvindelige arbejdsstyrkes struktur afhænger af kvindernes alder.
In Spain, most farm women are counted officially as "housewives" and not recorded as part of the workforce.
I små bebyggelser i Spanien er servicesektoren vigtigst for kvinder mellem 25 og 29 år, fulgt af faglige og tekniske Jobs, Industri og 11 I sidst arbejde for familien.
In the 1981 Population Census in Ireland, many women described themselves as engaged in "home duties".
I aldersgruppen 45-49 er arbejde for familien det vigtigste, mens servicesektoren, Industrien, faglige og tekniske arbejdspladser udgør en langt mindre andel af kvindernes beskæftigelse.
According to the EU farm structure survey (which gives much higher figures than Ireland's own Census), there are 24.500 female farm owners and 14.000 "assisting relatives"; yet in 1990 there were 111.000 farm wives in Ireland, most of whom were making an input, at least parttime, into farm activities.
Landbrugserhvervets betydning stiger med kvindernes alder.
In France, at the end of the 1980s there were 150.000 female heads of farms, but around 800.000 undertaking farm work without recognised status.
Landsdækkende tal for de jobs og det arbejde, landdistrikternes kvinder har, afhænger af den juridiske status, kvinderne kan vælge, og af om grupper som "medhjælpende ægtefælle" eller "medhjælpende famille" (almindelig for mange
In Italy, around 46% of the total female rural population live and/or work on farms; while some have jobs outside the farm, many work in some capacity or another in the family farm enterprise.
Det er ligetil at beregne tallene for kvinder, der er arbejdsgiver, ansat eller selvstændig i et liberalt erhverv, men mange af landdistrikternes kvinder, der arbejder pá familiebrug eller I familiedrevne virksomheder har enten ikke selvstændig status eller, selv når de har (som i Frankrig), vælger Ikke altid at bruge denne ret.
A similar situation applies to fishermen's wives and women assisting (i.e. working but without status and unpaid) in family businesses, such as restaurants and small hotels, bars, souvenir shops in tourist areas, shops, bakeries, hairdressers, etc.
I tilknytning hertil kommer spørgsmålet om, hvad der tæller som "arbejde", og at officielle statistikker ikke medregner meget af det arbejde, kvinder I landdistrikterne udfører, både i hjemmet (til eget behov eller andres) og uden for hjemmet.
In addition in Greece, homeworking is not uncommon, often associated with the textile industry; the nature of this work is such that it rarely figures in official statistics.
I Italien ligger meget af kvindernes arbejde i uformelle erhverv og dækker mange funktioner.
While the real nature of women's work in rural areas, and its sectoral breakdown, cannot be quantified from available data, it is clear that the true picture will be somewhat different - and far more complex and varied - than is currently revealed through official figures.
Kvindernes "usynlige" arbejde, omtalt i næsten alle nat Iona I rapporterne, er i landdistrikterne af et sådant omfang, at arbejdsstyrkens struktur Ikke kan tages som udtryk for kvindernes samlede arbejdsindsats I de forskellige sektorer.
Rural women are heavily concentrated in low-skilled and unskilled occupations, in rural areas both of the South and the North.
Denne uoverensstemmelse er særlig udtalt I landbruget.
In rural England, the scarcity of professional and skilled manual employment available to women means their concentration in unskilled sectors of the labour force.
I Spanien tælles de fleste kvinder I landbruget med som "husmødre" og medregnes Ikke I arbejdsstyrken.
In northern Ireland, most of the jobs available to women outside the home and farm are in manual service employment, such as domestic work, catering, etc.
I befolkningsundersøgelsen i Irland I 1981 beskrev mange kvinder deres arbejde som "husarbejde".
In Baden-Württemberg in Germany, 40% of women in rural areas with a higher qualification have to work in lower positions, compared to 29% in urban areas.
I henhold til en oversigt over EF's landbrugsstruktur (som angiver langt højere tal end Irlands egen oversigt), er der 24.000 kvindelige gårdejere og 14.000 "medhjælpende famille".
More rural women work in the lowest levels of firms than urban women, and few rural women reach middle-level positions.
Dog var der i 1990 111.000 landmandskoner i Irland, hvoraf de fleste i hvert fald pá deltidsbasis deltog i arbejdet pá gården.
In the province of Trento in northern Italy, women's jobs are the "traditionally femininejobs", mainly personal services (housemaids, cooks, waitresses, nurses, teachers, helpers...), and even in white collar jobs women occupy the lower grades.
I Frankrig var der ved udgangen af 1980'erne 150.000 kvindelige driftsledere, men ca. 800.000 arbejdede Inden for landbruget uden officiel status.
In areas of France which have seen growth in tourism, the majority of jobs that have been created are mainly for women -jobs that, almost by definition, are in low-skilled occupations.
I Italien lever og/eller arbejder ca. 46% af alle kvinder i landdistrikterne pä gårde.
In all sectors, rural women in France work in less-qualified socio-professional positions than urban women, although the rural/urban gap appears to be closing over time.
Mange har arbejde uden for gården, mange arbejder på en eller anden måde med i familiebruget.
43,5% of rural women in employment are employees, 15,5% are in intermediary professions (teachers and in health and social work) and only 3,8% are managers and in the intellectual professions.
Samme situation gælder for fiskerkoner og kvinder, der bistår (dvs. arbejder, men uden officiel status og løn) i familiedrevne virksomheder som restauranter og små hoteller, barer, souvenirbutikker i turistområder, butikker, bagerier, frisører mv. I Grækenland er det ikke ualmindeligt, at kvinderne sidder hjemme og arbejder, ofte i tekstilbranchen, og ofte således at det sjældent medregnes i officielle statistikker.
Rural areas of Denmark are no different; there are relatively more unskilled female workers and fewer skilled female workers and salaried employees than in urban areas. Where there are higher skilled professional jobs, these are often taken by female incomers, who have higher level qualifications and training.
Mens den faktiske art af kvinders arbejde I landdistrikterne og fordelingen på brancher Ikke kan kvantificeres pá grundlag af foreliggende data, er det klart, at det sande billede bliver noget anderledes - og langt mere komplekst og varieret - end de officielle tal i øjeblikket afslører.
The situation in farming is little different, with women usually taking responsibility for manual tasks and men usually responsible for work requiring technical skills or the use of engines and machinery.
Beskæftigelses- og kvalifikationsstruktur
In Spain and Greece, mechanisation is associated with masculinisation, pushing women into labour-intensive production.
Kvinderne I landdistrikterne er stærkt koncentreret i Jobs med ringe eller ingen faguddannelse, både i Sydeuropa og i det nordlige EF.
Out of 414.900 active farm women in Greece, 413.500 (99,66%) are registered as dealing with farming, animal husbandry, fisheries and forestry, while only 600 are scientists or professionals, 400 are artisans or employed in other sectors, 300 are office clerks and 200 are employed in services.
I Englands landdistrikter betyder manglen på arbejdspladser for kvinder I faglige erhverv og faglært manuelt arbejde, at de koncentreres I ufaglærte Jobs.
In the Central Region in Portugal in 1979, nearly 68% of non-qualified farm assistants were women, while 82% of technical specialists and nearly 95% of technical assistants were men.
I Nordirland ligger de fleste Jobs for kvinder, bortset fra husarbejde og landbrugsarbejde, i manuelle Jobs I servicesektoren, som serviceopgaver i hjemmet, restaurâtlonsvIrksomhed mv.
This concentration in unskilled and low skilled employment means that in many areas, particularly in northern Europe, rural women are overqualified for the work that they
Flere kvinder I landdistrikterne har de ringeste Jobs, end det er tilfældet for kvinder I byerne, og fá kvinder når Jobs pá mellemniveau.
This seems to apply particularly to older women.
I provinsen Trente i Norditalien arbejder kvinderne i "traditionelle kvindejobs", først og fremmest med personlig service (stuepige, kok, tjener, sygeplejerske, lærer, medhjælper mv.), og selv inden for kontorfaget indtager kvinderne de lavere stillinger.
In Spain many fewer women in the 4549 age group in small rural settlements were in professional and technical occupations than women in the 25-29 age group.
I områder i Frankrig med voksende turisme er de nyskabte arbejdspladser først og fremmest for kvinder - som næsten pr. definition kræver ringe faguddannelse. I alle sektorer I Frankrig arbejder landdistrikternes kvinder i mindre kvalificerede stillinger end kvinderne I byen, selv om forskellen mellem by og land med tiden synes at Indsnævres.
The reasons for this marked concentration of rural female employment in low skilled and unskilled occupations appears to be due, in some areas and in part, to low qualifications among rural women, but the main reason appears to be a combination of the nature of the local labour markets (available employment is mainly in sectors which employ predominantly unskilled and low skilled workers) and cultural attitudes towards women, leading to sexual discrimination.
43,5% af de udearbejdende kvinder I landdistrikterne er funktionærer, 15,5% arbejder i jobs pá mellemniveau (lærere, sundheds- og socialsektoren), og kun 3,8% er ledere eller beklæder intellektuelle jobs.
The proportion of active rural women in paid employment varies widely from one region to another, from under 10% to over 80% of active rural women, but in most rural areas the proportion is steadily growing.
Landdistrikterne i Danmark afviger ikke fra dette billede, der er relativt flere kvindelige ufaglærte og færre faglærte arbejdere og funktionærer end I byerne.
In rural areas of France, the proportion of the active female population in waged employment (permanent and temporary) is well over 60% (for example, 81% in rural communes of the Vosges and 76% in Loire, but dropping to 64% in the more agricultural département of Manche).
Der, hvor der findes bedre faglært arbejde, besættes stillingerne ofte af bedreuddannede kvindelige tilflyttere.
Overall in France, the proportion of waged female rural workers compared to the active rural female population increased from just under 68% in 1982 to just over 77% in 1990.
I Spanien og Grækenland hænger mekaniseringen sammen med mandlig dominans, mens kvinderne skubbes ind i arbejdsintensiv produktion.
Generally, the more important family farming is in an area, the lower the levels of salaried employment among active women.
Af 414.900 aktive kvinder I landbruget i Grækenland er 413.500 (99,66%) registreret som beskæftiget med landbrug, husdyrbrug, fiskeri og skovbrug, mens kun 600 er videnskabsfolk eller I liberale erhverv, 400 er håndværkere eller beskæftiget I andre sektorer, 300 arbejder pá kontor og 200 i servicesektoren.
In Manche in France, the proportion of unwaged female workers is 36%, split between independents and employers (19,2%) and family assistants (16,8%), but this drops to 19% and 24% in the Vosges and Loire respectively.
I det centrale Portugal var næsten 68% af de ufaglærte landbrugsmedhjælpere i 1979 kvinder, mens 82% af de faglige specialister og næsten 95% af de tekniske medhjælpere var mænd.
In Greece, the proportion of rural women who are "assistants and unpaid members of the family" is much higher; over 71% of rural women, for example, are characterised as such, and only 3% are salaried employees (0,7% are employers and 25% are self-employed).
Denne koncentration af ufaglært arbejde og arbejde med ringe faguddannelse betyder, at landdistrikternes kvinder i mange områder især i Nordeuropa er overkvalificerede til det arbejde, de udfører.
Many rural women, particularly farm women but also women in other small family businesses, have no recognised independent status at all. The statuses available to women on family farms or in family businesses vary substantially from one country to another.
I et landområde i England gjorde 28% af de fuldtidsansatte og 40% af de deltidsansatte Ikke brug af deres uddannelse og kvalifikationer I det Job, de havde.
In France, laws passed in the 1980s offer farm women and women working with their husbands in a craft or trade business a number of choices.
Det synes at gælde især for ældre kvinder. I Spanien var der mange flere kvinder i aldersgruppen 45-40 år i små samfund pá landet, der arbejdede I faglige og tekniske Jobs end kvinder i aldersgruppen 25-29.
But many rural women are not registered in a professional capacity.
Andelen af landdistrikternes kvinder med lønarbejde svinger kraftigt fra område til område - fra under 10% til over 80% af de erhvervsaktive kvinder i landdistrikterne - men I de fleste områder er andelen stadigt stigende. I centrale landdistrikter, f.eks.
offering them greater rights and protection, but it is little used because of the costs to the employing spouse.
I UK, Nederlandene, Tyskland og Belglen, har de fleste af kvinderne status som funktionær.
The majority of farm women in Spain fall into the category of family assistant, and most of these are housewives.
I landdistrikter I Frankrig ligger andelen af erhvervsaktive kvinder med lønarbejde (fast eller midlertidigt) pá over 60% (81% i landkommuner i Vogeserne og 76% I Loire, faldende til 64% I de mere landbrugsprægede kommuner I Manche). I Frankrig generelt voksede andelen af kvinder med lønarbejde i landdistrikterne sammenlignet med den erhvervsaktive kvindelige del af befolkningen i disse områder fra knap 68% i 1982 ti I over 77% i 1990.
Their work is considered support work because it is unplanned, non-specialised and non-mechanised; the work may include food processing, harvesting, craft manufacture, catering and financial administration and may be virtually full-time, but, because of the gender of the person doing the work and the integration of these tasks with domestic activities, no status is attached to the work.
I almindelighed falder niveauet af lønarbejde blandt erhvervsaktive kvinder med familiebrugets betydning I området.
On small farms in Greece, women may be registered as head of the farmholding because her father or husband has a fulltime job in other sector or activity and in order to benefit from subsidies and loans, although they are not in practice in charge of the farm unit.
I Manche I Frankrig er andelen af ulønnede kvindelige arbejdere 36%, fordelt pá selvstændige og arbejdsgivere (19,2%) og medhjælpende famille (16,8%), men tallet falder til 19% og 24% i henholdsvis Vogeserne og Loire.
On small farms in Italy, a similar trend has occurred, with rural women identifying themselves as farm workers in order to obtain benefits or becoming farm heads because their husband has obtained a salariedjob; this trend gives a partial explanation for the recent rise in numbers of female heads of farms.
I Grækenland er andelen af kvinder i landdistrikterne, som er "medhjælpere og ulønnet medhjælpende familie" langt højere: over 71% af kvinderne I landdistrikterne karakteriseres således, og kun 3% er funktionærer (0,7% er arbejdsgivere og 25% er selvstændige).
Nonetheless the majority of farm women are classified as "spouses" or "other relatives" on the farm, although in many areas there are genuine trends towards more women choosing to become farm entrepreneurs, even if they are often heads of small, and in some cases unviable, farms.
Mange kvinder I landdistrikterne, især kvinder I landbruget, men også i små familiedrevne virksomheder, er uden anerkendt erhvervsstatus.
However, in some countries there seems to be a pattern of higher levels of female selfemployment in rural areas than in urban areas.
Kvindernes stilling i familiebrug eller familiedrevne virksomheder er forskellig fra land til land.
In rural Wales, the proportion of economically active women who were, according to the population census, selfemployed in 1981 varied from 6,3% to 12,5%, compared to 6% for Wales as a whole.
I Frankrig f.eks. gav en lov fra 1980 kvinder I landbruget og medhjælpende hustruer i håndværks- eller handelsvirksomheder en række valg.
In other rural areas of the UK, female selfemployment appears to reach even higher levels, ranging from 29% to 34% in the south-west of England.
Men mange kvinder I landdistrikterne er ikke registreret som erhvervsaktive.
In Ireland, the proportion of active women who are entrepreneurs or selfemployed is higher in rural areas (8,8% in 1986) than in urban areas (2,8%).
For eksempel er der ca. 800.000 kvinder I landbruget, der vælger at arbejde uden officiel status.
In Italy, there is a trend towards higher levels of female entrepreneurship on farms.
Blandt de franske kvinder I landdistrikterne, som arbejder i familiedrevne (ofte ægtefællens) hándvirksvIrksomheder og forretninger, havde fire femtedele Ikke valgt officiel status blandt de tre, der er 111 rådighed.
In the absence of employment opportunities for women in many rural areas, selfemployment and entrepreneurship have a potentially larger role to play, and are, in some areas, being positively encouraged by development associations and authorities.