natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
I realiteten udgør kvindernes indkomster i EF-landene for manuelt arbejde ifølge EF-Kommissionen kun 65-85% af mændenes. I Grækenland ligger tallet på 80%.
However in reality, and according to the data of the Commission of the European Communities, in the Community Member States, women's income is 65-85% that of men for manual work, whereas for Greece this figure is 80%.
UNDERVISNING OG UDDANNELSE
EDUCATION
Man kan generelt hævde, at der er sket store fremskridt pá uddannelsesområdet, således at piger og drenge både pá primær- og sekundærtrinnet og i de videregående uddannelser får samme muligheder.
- Abolition of school uniform (pinafore) for girls (1982). - Introduction of mixed gymnastics and home economics lessons. - There is now Careers Guidance in all schools which provides pupils of secondary level
Pá undervisningsområdet har pigerne både på sekundærtrinnet og på de videregå­ende uddannelser en tendens til at vælge teoretiske linjer og til at undgå de tekniske eller naturvidenskabelige linjer.
In secondary and higher education, girls tend to choose theoretical branches and to avoid technical and science courses.
Ifølge statistikkerne (ESYE 1988) er der flere piger i de alment og klassisk orienterede gymnasier (henholdsvis 55,45% og 50,49%), mens der er langt færre piger pá de tekniske og erhvervsret­tede skoler (29% kvinder).
For instance, according to statistics (ESYE, 1988), there are more girls in the general grammar schools and those oriented towards the classics (55.45% and 50.49% of pupils respectively), but their presence is far lower in the technical and practical sections (female participation rate: 29%).
Pá de videregående uddannelser vælger pigerne først og fremmest de pædagogiske uddannelser (71,44%) og de mellemtekniske uddannelser (54,6%) samt Jura, stats­kundskab og litteratur (over 70%).
In higher education, girls tend to choose colleges specializing in pedagogics (71.44%), technical subjects (54.6%), as well as law, political sciences and letters (participation in excess of 70%).
Der er langt færre piger på de polytekniske læreanstalter og ved de naturvidenskabelige medicinske og landbrugsvidenskabe­lige fakulteter (under 20%).
Their presence is far less in the faculties of administration, science, medicine and agriculture (less than 20%).
Der er efterhånden i Irland en reel stigende bevidsthed om at kvinder skal være aktive, involveret og kunne træffe beslutninger I det politiske liv og i samfundet generelt.
For some time now in Ireland, there has been considerable growth of awareness of the need for women to be active, involved and in leadership roles in political and public life.
Det mest markante resultat på dette område har været valget af Mary Robinsom til præsident for Irland i november 1990.
The high point in this area was the election of Mary Robinson as President of Ireland in November 1990.
Antallet af kvinder i parlamentet er ikke imponerende men der har dog været en vis st igning:
The figures for election of women to the houses of the Oireachtas (Parliament) are not impressive, but they do show a certain increase:
Ved regionalvalgene i 1991 var der 16,8% kvindelige kandidater og der blev valgt 11,21% kvinder dvs. 99 kvinder af et samlet antal pá 883 amtsrådsmedlemmer.
In the 1991 Local Government elections, women comprised 16.58% of the candidates and 11.21% of those elected, i.e. 99 women out of a total of 883 local councillors.
Alle disse år har der været kvinder i visse kabinetter, men aldrig mere end én ad gangen og altid i de mindst vigtige.
During these years, women have been appointed to the Cabinet, but never more than one at a time and always to junior ministries.
I 1983 oprettede Parlamentet et tværpolitisk ligestillingsudvalg, som indtil nu har fremlagt fire betænkninger om uddannelse, social tryghed, vold mod kvinder og kvinder i medierne.
In 1983, the Houses of Parliament set up a joint all-party Committee on Women's Rights. To date, it has produced 4 major reports: on education, social welfare, sexual violence and women in the media.
Hindringerne for kvindernes deltagelse i det offentlige liv må forstås pá baggrund af deres traditionelle rolle i familien som dem, der tager sig af børn, forældre og svigerforældre og i øvrigt klarer husholdningen og alle dermed for bundne opgaver.
The obstacles that women face in participating in public life must be understood in the context of their continuing traditional role within the family, whereby they still have to look after children, parents and parents-in-law, the house-keeping and home management in general.
Den mest iøjnefaldende hindring for kvindernes deltagelse i erhvervslivet og i politik er manglen på børnepasningsordninger pá kommunalt niveau.
The greatest identifiable obstacle facing women in paid employment and, by inference, participation in active political life, is the absence of communally provided child care, free of charge or not.
Den potentielle aktive befolkning er derfor på 2,5 millioner.
The Irish population is currently in the order of 3.5 million people.
Af disse 2,5 millioner indbyggere pá over 15 år er der 399 000 kvinder og 910 000 mænd som tilhører arbejdsstyrken.
Of these, approximately 1 million are under 15 years of age.
Alene disse tal siger en hel del om forskellen på de to køns roller i samfundet og om deres forventninger til tilværelsen.
The working population therefore is potentially in the order of 2.5 million.
Ser man lidt nærmere på de foreliggende oplysninger, fremgår det, at 678 000 kvinder og kun 3 400 mænd har husligt arbejde og dermed ikke indgår i arbejdsstyrken.
Of these 2.5 million over 15 years of age, 399,000 women and 910,000 men are regarded as being in the paid labour force. This
Hvis man specielt ser pá aldersgruppen 25-34 är, er der en kæmpestor forskel pá mændenes og kvindernes situation. For denne aldersgruppes vedkommende har kvinder uden børn en erhvervsfrekvens på 81,8%, hvorimod det tilsvarende tal for kvinder med tre eller flere børn ligger pá 13,2%.
Looking in particular at the age group 25-34 years of age, there is evidently a pattern of experience which is vastly different for men and for women.
Af den arbejdskraftsundersøgelse, der blev foretaget i 1990, fremgår det, at arbejdsstyrken i 1990 talte 371 500 (33%) kvinder, hvoraf 334 000 (90%) var lønmodtagere.
The 1990 Labour Force Survey shows women's participation in the employed labour force in 1990 was 371,500 (33%), of which 334,000 (90%) were employees.
Der har været tale om en stigning pá 4,5% i antallet af kvindelige lønmodtagere siden 1987.
This shows an increase of 4.5% in the numbers of women engaged as employees since 1987.
For mændenes vedkommende er 64% af arbejdsstyrken lønmodtagere, og stigningen for den nævnte periode har været på 1%.
Correspondingly, 64% of all men at work are employees, an increase of 1% over the same period.
Det er i servicefagene, at stigningen i kvinderens beskæftigelse har været størst, nemlig 6% fra 1987-1990.
In broad economic sectors, the most significant increase in employment of women was in the services sector, which shows an increase of 6% between 1987 and 1990.
I nonfood-industrien er kvindernes beskæftigelse steget med 3% siden 1987.
In non-agricultural industry, there was a 3% increase in the employment of women since 1987.
For mændenes vedkommende er beskæftigelsen inden for industrien derimod steget med 8%, medens den inden for servicefagene praktisk taget har været uændret i den samme per iode.
This compares with an 8% increase in the employment of men in industry, whilst men's employment in services remains practically unchanged over the same period.
Deltidsbeskæftigelsen udgør 6% af den samlede beskæftigelse i Irland.
Parttime work constitutes 6% of all employment in Ireland.
75% af de deltidsbeskæftigede er kvinder.
75% of parttime workers are women.
Det skal i øvrigt bemærkes, at en tredjedel af den stigende beskæftigelse for kvinder mellem 1987 og 1990 skyldtes deltidsbeskæft ¡gelse.
It has to be said that one-third of the growth in women's employment between 1987 and 1990 came from parttime work.
51% af de ugifte kvinder, 25% af de gifte kvinder og ca. 7% af enkerne indgår i arbejdsstyrken.
51% of single women participate in the labour force, 25% of married women and about 7% of widows.
(De gifte kvinder udgjorde ikke desto mindre 40% af den kvinde lige arbejdsstyrke i 1990, hvilket var nogenlunde samme andel som i 1987).
(Married women nevertheless constituted 40% of the female labour force in 1990, a comparable percentage to that of 1987.)
I 1990 var 23% (40 800) af de registrerede arbejdsløse kvinder mod 23,8% i 1987.
The number of women registered as unemployed was 40,800 (23%) in 1990 compared to 23.8% in 1987.
Kvinder, der ønsker at vende tilbage til arbejdsmarkedet efter længere tids fra vær af personlige årsager, er udsat for problemer, når de anmoder om optagelse på den officielle liste over arbejdssøgende, som er en slags adgangsbillet til erhvervsuddanne Iseskurser med offentlige tilskud, beskæftigelsesprojekter og iværksætterkurser.
Women who wish to return to paid work after a prolonged absence for personal reasons face difficulties in meeting eligibility requirements for placement on the official waiting list, which records people as unemployed and seeking work and is the entrance ticket to funded training schemes, social employment schemes and enterprise and incentive schemes.
Enhver, der ikke har haft lønnet beskæftigelse i over to år, har automatisk ret til at blive optaget pá listen, hvis han/hun opfylder betingelserne for at fá arbe Idsløshedsdagpenge. men problemet er, at visse gifte kvinder, der lever sammen med deres mænd, ikke opfylder betingelserne på grund af størrelsen af mandens indkomst.
Normally, anyone with more than two years' absence from paid employment is automatically eligible for inclusion on this list if they satisfy unemployment assistance levels, but the problem is that married women living with their husbands are assessed at the level of their husbands' income and some do not therefore meet these conditions.
Undervisningen er i det store og hele rettet mod behovene pá arbejdsmarkedet.
Education provision is linked with labour market options and career chances. Before the
Før 70'erne var der en tydelig forskel pá den undervisning, som piger og drenge fik i skolerne på primær- og sekundærtrinnet.
1970s, there was a clear difference in education offered to boys and girls at primary and secondary schools.
Af undersøgelser, der er udarbejdet i samarbejde med andre medlemsstater, fremgår det, at pigerne klarer sig lige så godt om ikke bedre end drengene, men at de vælger andre uddannelser, som der ikke er så stort et behov for på arbejsmarkedet.
In common with other Member States, research showed that while girls succeeded as well if not better than their male counterparts, their studies were of a different kind and less suited to the world of work.
Disse forskelle i pigers og drenges valg af fag findes stadig, selv om de dog bliver mindre.
These differences in subject choices still persist.
Der er således stadigvæk færre piger end drenge, der vælger fysik og udvidet matematik i gymnasiet. Også i mange andre fag er der stadig tydelig forskel på, hvad piger og drenge vælger.
The gaps are closing, but a considerably smaller percentage of girls take higher level mathematics or physics in the School Leaving Certificate and sex differences are still clearly visible in a large number of school subjects.
Af de elever, som vælger: udvidet matematik, er 60% drenge fysik, er 75% drenge biologi, er 65% piger teknisk tegning, er 97% drenge husholdningslære, er 91% piger.
- higher mathematics, 60% are boys - physics, 75% are boys - biology, 65% are girls - technical drawing, 97% are boys - home economics, 91% are girls.
På de højere uddannelser har der været en betydelig stigning i antallet af kvindelige fuldtidsstuderende.
In higher education, there has been a marked increase in the number of full-time female students.
Kvinderne udgør nu 50% af de studerende, men medens de udgør 86% af de studerende inden for samfundsfag, 78% af de studerende inden for kommunikation og læreruddannelserne og 63% af dem, der studerer kunsthistorie, udgør de kun 18% af de ingeniørstuderende.
Women now comprise 50% of students in higher education, but whereas 86% of students who choose social sciences, 78% who choose communications and information studies and 63% of those entering arts faculties are women, they are 18% of the students on engineering courses.
Det skal imidlertid bemærkes, at dette er et betydeligt fremskridt, i betragtning af at der for ca. 20 år siden stort set ingen kvindelige ingeniørstuderende var.
It should however be noted that this is already considerable progress compared to their almost total absence from engineering courses 20 years ago and the graph is rising slowly.
De irske fagforeninger har gjort en indsats for at fremme kvindernes deltagelse i beslutningsprocessen.
Irish trade unions have engaged in programmes to increase the active participation of women in leadership roles.
En ny undersøgelse viser, at 24% af medlemmerne af fag forbundenes reglonalbestyrelser og 17% af deres administrative fuldtidsbeskæftigede personale er kvinder.
A recent survey showed that executive and regional committees were 24% female and that 17% of full-time officials were women.
Fire fagforbund har pladser, der er forbeholdt kvinder i deres hovedbestyrelser/ reg ionaI bestyre I ser, og i de øvrige kæmper kvinderne om pladserne i loyal konkurrence mod mændene. ICTU (den irske LO) har udarbejdet en række strategier, der skal få fagforbundene t i I at satse mere på at få kvinder ind i deres besluttende organer I et antal, der mindst svarer til den andel, kvinderne udgør af deres medlemstal.
4 trade unions have reserved seats for women on their executive/regional committees, in others, women compete in open competition and the ICTU has developed active targets and strategies to encourage unions to have women represented on their executive in proportion to or greater than their women membership.
Siden ligelønsloven i 1974, loven om lige adgang til beskæftigelse i 1977, op rettelsen af Employment Equality Agency (Ligestillingsrådet) i 1977, loven om barselsorlov m.v. i 1981 og loven om deltidsbeskæftigelse i 1991 har de irske kvinder fået styrket deres juridiske rettigheder og dermed kunnet forbedre deres position i arbejdsstyrken.
Since the introduction of the Equal Pay Act of 1974, the Employment Equality Act in 1977 and the establishment of the Employment Equality Agency in 1977, followed by the Maternity Protection Act of 1981 and the Parttime Workers' Act of 1991, the position of women in the Irish workforce has been strengthened by statutory protection of their rights, which they vigorously pursue.
Disse Juridiske rettigheder indbefatter ligeledes en lov, der beskytter dem mod sexchikane og pålægger arbejdsgiveren en forpligtelse t i I at sørge for, at arbejdsforholdene er således, at denne beskyttelse er reel.
These rights include a statutory right to freedom from sexual harassment, the onus being on the employers to ensure such protection as a condition of work.
De irske kvinder har taget flere praktiske skridt til at sørge for, at spørgsmålet om kvindens stilling i samfundet hele tiden er t i I debat.
Irish women have taken many practical steps to ensure that the issue of women's equality in society is a subject of constant discussion.
Således blev der f.eks. i 1973 oprettet et Råd for Kvindens Stilling (Council for the Status of Women), som er en paraplyorganisation for kvindeforeningerne, og som spiller en stadig større rolle i den offentlige debat.
The Council for the Status of Women, which is an umbrella group of women's organizations, was set up in 1973 and is an increasingly authoritative voice in public affairs.
Derudover har den nye kvindekommission til opgave: at fremsætte anbefalinger om, hvilke administrative og lovgivningsmæssige midler der bør tages i anvendelse for at sikre kvindernes deltagelse I det økonomiske, sociale, politiske og kulturelle liv på samme vil kår som mænd og med henblik herpå vurdere mulighederne for at indføre positive særforanstaltninger samt disses effektivitet.
- to consider and make recommendations on the means, administrative and legislative, by which women will be able to participate on equal terms and conditions with men in economic, social, political and cultural life and, to this end, - to consider the efficiency and feasibility of positive action measures.
Ligestillingsspørgsmålet begynder nu endelig at blive opfattet som et samfunds anliggende, og man erkender, at der er behov for at finde frem til, hvorledes de hidtil adskilte kønsroller kan tilnærmes hinanden.
The "Problem" of women and women's issues is at last beginning to be seen as a problem of our society and the question is being seen as a need to devise ways to integrate the separate worlds assigned up to now to men and women.
Det erkendes, at vejen frem er, at det bliver muligt at kombinere arbejdslivet med familielivet og offentlige hverv med privatlivet.
The strategies of change are recognized as strategies to integrate the world of work and the world of the family, the public and private spheres of life.
Marie Geoghogan-Quinn, som er det eneste kvindelige kabinetsmedlem, har sagt, at vi er en "overgangsgeneration". Det er helt tydeligt, at familiestrukturen, livsstilen og arbejde og fritid har ændret sig radikalt siden 60'erne.
Marie Geoghegan-Quinn, the only woman member of the Cabinet, has opined: "We are a transitional generation" and it is clearly true that in Ireland family structures, lifestyles, work and leisure patterns have altered significantly since the 1960s.
I 90'erne er kvindernes situation og forventninger på en lang række punkter meget forskel lige fra deres mødres og deres bedstemødres.
The circumstances and aspirations of women in the 1990s are in many respects different from those of their mothers and grandmothers.
ITALIEN: FREMSKRIDT, PROBLEMER OG PERSPEKTIVER af Tina Anselmi, tidligere arbejdsminister, formand for Liges t illingskonmissionen oprettet under Ministerrådet s formandskab.
ITALY: PROGRESS, PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS by Tina Anselmi, former Minister of Labour, Chairman of the Committee for Equal Opportunities between Men and Women to the Presidency of the Council of Ministers
35 år efter, at Rom-Traktaten er trådt i kraft, og på falderebet til starten på det indre marked må man fastslå, at kvindernes situation i de 12 EF-lande stort set er ens.
35 years after the entry into force of the Treaty of Rome and on the eve of the opening of the Single Market, the situation of women in the 12 Community Member States is found to be very similar in many respects.
EF har i stort omfang bidraget til de fremskridt, der er gjort for EF's kvinder, og et stort skridt er taget i fællesskab.
The Community has made a substantial contribution to the progress which European women have achieved and a good stretch of the road has been travelled together.
For Italien er den grundlæggende fornyelse af lovgivningen med sigte på en lige stilling af kønnene det vigtigste fremskridt.
As far as Italy is concerned, the most characteristic trait is the radical revision of legislation to provide for equality between the sexes: in no sector of Community interest has Italy conformed better to Community directives and policies than in the areas concerning women.
F.eks. kan nævnes lov nr. 125 af 1991 om positive særforanstaltninger til gennemførelse af ligestilling mellem mænd og kvinder. Den indeholder ikke blot bestemmelser om de nævnte foranstaltninger og finansieringen deraf, men indfører princippet om omvendt bevisbyrde, såfremt den, der diskrimineres overfor, har fremlagt tilstrækkeligt objektivt materialesom bevis for denne diskriminering.
125 of 1991 on "positive measures to achieve equality between men and women", which not only provides for these measures and finance for them, but also introduces the principle of reversal of the burden of proof where anyone considering himself or herself to have been a victim of discrimination has produced sufficient objective evidence of this discrimination.
Et EF-direktiv herom har længe ventet på vedtagelse.
A Community directive on this subject has long been awaiting adoption.
LIGESTILLING - LOVGIVNINGEN
EQUALITY: THE INSTITUTIONAL MACHINERY
I det nuværende EF-handIingsprogram betragtes ligestillingen af mænd og kvinder som en samlet proces, der omfatter mange livsaspekter og samfundstraditioner. Der kræves således et engagement fra medlemsstaternes side, der går videre end t i I de spørgsmål, der i streng forstand hører under EF's beføjelser.
The current "Community Action Programme" very opportunely considers equality between men and women as a unitary process which incorporates many aspects of social life and customs; it therefore calls for a commitment on the part of the Member States which goes beyond matters strictly lying in the Community competence.
Det er således af grundlæggende betydning, at der som led i denne ligestillingsproces fastlægges nogle hensigtsmæssige institutionelle rammer, således at de konkrete resultater i forbindelse med gennemførelsen af I igest i I Iingsprincippet kan kontrolleres og evalueres.
From this point of view, the introduction of appropriate landmarks, in the context of this process towards equality, i.e. institutional machinery with the specific purpose of seeking, stimulating, monitoring and assessing the practical achievement of the principle of equality, is of crucial importance.
Denne Kommission er et hjælpeorgan for Ministerrådets formandskab i forbindelse med kvindespørgsmål, og dets opgaver er at fremme ligestilling mellem kønnene og at afskaffe enhver direkte eller indirekte diskrimination over for kvinder samt fjerne alle hindringer, der står i vejen for ligestillingen.
This machinery is relatively recent in Italy and largely still in the process of construction, but its highly capillary development seems to be particularly appropriate to ensuring that specific account is taken of the problem of equality in the widest variety of real situations.
Disse beføjelser, der er nøje defineret, vedrører aspekter af det politiske, økonomiske og sociale liv, information, kvinders repræsentation i Internationale, nationale og lokale organer samt koordination af I igest i I Iingsinit¡at i ver inden for den private sektor.
This machinery is headed by a "National Committee for the achievement of equality and equal opportunities between men and women", established by law 164 of 1990, after having already functioned for some years pursuant to a decree from the President of the Council of Ministers.
Kommissionen har pá grundlag af flere pá hinanden følgende love fået til opgave at afgive en bindende udtalelser om de bestemmelser, der skal gælde for offent lige udvælgelsesprøver til stillinger, hvortil kvinderne først for nylig har fået adgang, dvs. "Corpo delle Guardie Forestali" (skovfoged) og "Vigili del Fuoco" (brandkorpset).
This Committee performs the task of an auxiliary body to the Presidency of the Council of Ministers as far as women's affairs are concerned and has the specific task "of promoting equality between the sexes, whilst removing any direct or indirect discrimination against women and any real obstacle limiting equality".
I nær fremtid vil Kommissionen få tilsvarende kompetence med hensyn til kvinders adgang til de væbnede styrker, der er det sidste område, som de stadig er udelukket fra.
As far as this last aspect is concerned, several laws have in turn attributed the power to the Committee to issue binding opinions on the regulations governing public competitive examinations for the careers to which women have recently been admitted, i.e. the "Corpo delle Guardie Forestall" (corps of forest rangers) and that of the "Vigili del Fuoco" (fire brigade); in the near future, the Committee will have similar responsibilities with regard to the admission of women to the armed forces, the final area of activity from which they are still excluded.