natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Mellem 1985 og 1992 var stigningstakten i hele EU knap 1% om året, hvilket var stort set det samme som i de forurenende sekto­rer (figur 139). I tre lande — Fran­krig, Italien og Luxembourg — faldt antallet af beskæftigede i disse sek­torer — med næsten 1,5% om året i de to førstnævnte lande og med knap 3% i sidstnævnte land.
These activities may include construction, as new facilities for cleaner water or waste recycling or disposal are developed, the manufacture of pollution control or filtering devices and of new materials to replace those whose cost of production or cost in use has increased and various services associated with environmental protection.
Kun i Danmark og Grækenland steg be­skæftigelsen i disse aktiviteter mere end i de øvrige sektorer, mens der var tale om en væsentligt lavere
Overall as long as demand and real income levels in the economy are maintained, there is no reason to expect the number of people in employment to be any less in the new situation than before, though they will be employed in slightly different activities and slightly different kinds of job, which implies that there may be transitional adjustment costs and, possibly, a temporary rise in unemployment.
138 Udviklingen i beskæftigelsen i forurenende sektorer, 1985­92
Whether in practice the number of jobs is more or less than before once the transition period is over depends on two factors.
139 Udviklingen i beskæftigelsen i andre miljøfølsomme sektorer, 1985­92
One is the employmentintensity of the new pattern of production — and consumption — relative to the old, that is whether more or less people are required to produce a given level
E & Ρ: 1968­92:1: ingen dala: 0: ekskl de nye delstater Øget bekymring for miljøet, gen­nemførelse af beskyttelsesforan­staltninger og bestræbelser på at oprense forurenede arealer har na­turligvis også positive virkninger for beskæftigelsen, fordi det vil re­sultere i oprettelse af arbejdsplad­ser på nye aktivitetsområder og skabe nye job på eksisterende om­råder.
Thus controls, charges or other measures designed to limit or prohibit certain emissions or other forms of polluting behaviour will inevitably, in the short-term at least, impose costs on producers and/or force them to adopt a less preferred, and, therefore, more costly method of production.
Det er imidlertid vanskeligt at måle omfanget af disse virknin­ger, fordi de vil være spredt over hele økonomien, og i mange tilfæl­de overlapper miljøjob andre pro­duktionsaktiviteter.
It may also mean that that they divert investment, and managerial effort, away from im proving efficiency or expanding production towards compliance with environmental standards.
De områder, hvor der kan forventes en nettotil­vækst til beskæftigelsen, er følgen­de:
Em ployment in such activities stands to be reduced both directly as a re sult of the increased costs and decreased demand for the product in question and indirectly through a
Kapitel 2 Miljøet og beskæftigelsen
Section 2 The environment and employment
- behandling af spildevand og farligt affald samt bortskaffelse af skadelige stoffer;
Competitiveness and the environment
- genindvinding og genbrug af materialer af forskellig art;
Justifiably, the issue of the relationship between environmental protection and competitiveness has been the focus of much debate in the recent past.
- fremstilling af miljøudstyr så som forureningskontroludstyr, affaldsbehandlingsudstyr og overvågningsudstyr;
Essentially the argument on one side is that measures introduced in one location — one country or region — which are not introduced elsewhere will inevitably raise the relative costs of these and thereby reduce the competitive ness of the producers concerned, with adverse consequences for their ability to maintain employment.
Disse sektorer beskæftigede i 1994 tilsammen næsten 1,5 mio. mennesker i hele EU (ifølge Arbejdsstyrkeundersøgelsen) svarende til ca. 1% af den samlede beskæftigelse (figur 140).
will inevitably raise production costs and force manufacturers to adopt a less cost-effective method of producing.
Af disse job lå næsten 500 000 inden for spildevands- og affaldsbehandling, knap 250 000 inden for vandforsyning, godt 90 000 inden for genindvinding og genbrug og ca. 650 000 i instrumentindustrien. mentindustrien.
In practice, this is by no means necessarily the case. The evidence suggests that firms are rarely producing optimally at minimum cost (ie on their 'production frontier').
- ke interesse for miljøspørgsmål, specielt i de to sidstnævnte lande, og de tilsvarende ret strenge miljø krav er det noget overraskende og kan måske i lige så høj grad tilskrives problemer med dataenes sammenlignelighed som faktiske forskelle i forhold til andre EU-lande (på grundlag af den gamle NACE-klassifikation, der kun ad skiller sig ganske lidt med hensyn til dækningen, var beskæftigelsen i disse sektorer på højde med EU-gennemsnittet i Danmark og over EU-gennemsnittet i Nederlandene).
Indeed, it often takes an external event, such as the imposition of a tax or restrictions on how they produce, to force a reconsideration of operating methods which can lead to a reduction both in the costs of production and in the adverse effects on the environment, such as the level of emissions, the use of water or the generation of waste.
administrative aktiviteter i for bindelse med håndhævelsen af miljølovgivningen og tilsynet med overholdelsen af krav og regler samt opkrævning af skat ter og afgifter;
methods and what is produced because of the severity of the environmental damage or the depletion of exhaustible resources entailed.
- miljøforvaltningsjob i den private og den offentlige sektor som følge af, at virksomheder og or ganisationer er nødsaget til at sikre sig, at deres aktiviteter er i overensstemmelse med miljø krav og -regler;
To the extent that this is the case, what seems damaging to cost competitiveness in the short-term may well turn out to be advantageous in the long-term, since those producers introducing the necessary changes at an early stage will tend to accumulate more experience and knowhow of the new ways of producing and to have established markets before their competitors.
I det seneste tiår eller deromkring er beskæftigelsen tilsyneladende steget meget stærkere i EU i miljø sektorerne end i resten af økonomien.
How important these consider ations are likely to be will depend in large measure on the kind of good or service concerned and the im portance of the changes in the production methods involved.
- konsulentbistand omkring miljøspørgsmål, herunder miljø revision, samt forskningsaktiviteter i tilknytning til overvågningen af miljøforholdene; ne;
The more extensive these changes, in terms, for example, of the materials used, the more likely is it that knowhow and experience will be key factors in determining longterm competitiveness.
I de enkelte EU-lande oversteg væksten i beskæftigelsen i miljø sektorerne væksten i resten af økonomien i samtlige EU-lande, bortset fra Grækenland og Portugal, hvor beskæftigelsen i miljøindustrien i forvejen var langt mindre end andre steder i EU.
It will also depend on the importance attached by purchasers to aspects of the product other than price, such as product quality and the environmentallyfriendly — or unfriendly — methods used in manufacture.
I begge lande faldt antallet af beskæftigede i disse sektorer mellem 1985 og 1992.
The increasing attention paid in marketing in Europe to environmental impact suggests that this latter aspect is of growing importance.
aktiviteter, som ikke ville have været mulige, hvis ikke der blev foretaget miljøforbedringer, som f.eks. bestemte turist- og fritidsaktiviteter. aktiviteter.
On the other hand, there is less evidence that consumers are willing to pay a significantly higher price for this.
I de enkelte EU-lande havde miljøsektorerne størst vægt i be skæftigelsesmæssig henseende i Storbritannien, Frankrig og Tyskland, hvor de tegnede sig for godt 1% af den samlede beskæftigelse i 1994 (ca. 300 000 i Storbritannien, 250 000 i Frankrig og 450 000 i Tyskland — i sidstnævnte land er der tale om et overslag, fordi der endnu ikke foreligger data på et nyt NACE-grundlag, således som det er tilfældet for andre lande).
The counter-argument is, first, that the additional costs imposed on production are unlikely to be a major element in determining whether a particular activity is profitable or not, and, if they are, then it raises serious questions about their longer-term viability.
De på gældende sektorers andel af be skæftigelsen var mindst i de mindst udviklede EU-lande — i Grækenland, hvor de kun tegnede sig for godt 0,5% af den samlede beskæfti gelse, og i Portugal, hvor det var væsentligt mindre.
Secondly, producers who fail to adapt sufficiently to new environmental standards will ultimately fall be hind their competitors eventually losing market share and having to reduce employment whatever happens in the shortterm.
I disse to lande var beskæftigelsen særligt begrænset i forhold til andre EU-lande inden for instrumentindustrien, hvilket ikke er overraskende, efter som der er tale om en meget avanceret industri; beskæftigelsen var også meget lav i Portugal inden for spildevands- og affaldsbehandling, hvilket må tilskrives, at disse aktiviteter er forholdsvis underudviklede i Portugal.
Conversely, firms that are quick in reacting to new environmental standards through innovation will reap the benefits from the modernisation of their production processes.
I de øvrige EU-lande steg beskæfti gelsen i miljøsektoren med det tre dobbelte i forhold til i resten af økonomien i samtlige lande, bortset fra Storbritannien, Luxembourg og Nederlandene, og i de to førstnævnte var stigningen det dobbelte.
Only in the short-term, and to the extent that they are forced to adopt less preferred and higher cost methods of production, will domestic producers be put at a competitive disadvantage in relation to those elsewhere who face no such constraints, so reducing their capacity to maintain employment and create new jobs.
De fleste af disse job er aktiviteter, som ikke så let lader sig identificere i statistikkerne om beskæftigelse, fordi de ikke er klassificeret særskilt, men indgår i en større sektor.
In many cases, what is important to bring about a 'win-win' outcome is not just the incentive to make changes but also information both about potential options and the damage which is being caused by existing methods of operation, which is sometimes not known with any degree of precision.
Det eneste, der kan lade sig gøre, er at undersøge beskæftigelsen i de sektorer, som er klart miljørelaterede, eller hvor der er et væsentligt miljømæssigt element i det output, der produceres.
The implication for policy is that the imposition of standards, controls or taxes should be only one aspect of the measures taken and that these need to be accompanied by other policies to convey more information.
Disse sektorer om fatter genindvinding og genbrug, spildevands- og affaldsbehandling, vandforsyning og instrumentindustrien (hvor naturligvis kun en mindre del af outputtet består af kontrol- og overvågningsudstyr).
These kinds of scheme are a means not only of increasing the amount and quality of information available but also of tapping, on the one hand, peer group pressure and, on the other, customer preferences in order to encourage producers to comply with minimum standards (see Box p. 151).
Den procentvise andel var også un der gennemsnittet i 1994 i Spanien, men det samme var tilfældet i Belgien, Danmark og Nederlandene.
In the very long-term, on the other hand, there may be no effective alternative to modifying production
Sammenligner man de enkelte sektorer, var der markante forskelle på, hvor meget beskæftigelsen steg i miljøindustrien i denne periode.
At the same time, the above discussion has been based on the premise that the implementation of environmental protection measures
Specielt inden for miljøforvaltning er der en række opgaver, som må forventes at blive mere betydnings­fulde, herunder følgende:
The evidence, as described below, suggests that there is no necessary conflict between economic growth, employment creation and environmental protection.
­ viden om den relevante miljølov­givning og løbende kendskab til nye regler og krav, der indføres;
Producers in countries where relatively tough environmental controls and stand ards have been imposed do not seem to have lost out on world markets and in a number of cases have in creased their share of trade.
­ det, at beskæftigelsen i "bløde" mil­jøindustrier, såsom naturbeva­ring, beskyttelse og bevaring af historiske monumenter o.lign. samt anlæggelse af parker og fri­arealer, som ikke er medregnet i disse tal, tegnede sig for yderligere 250­500.000 (ECOTEC), hvilket bringer det samlede bidrag til stigningen i beskæftigelsen op på 5­7,5%.
Empirical evidence on the competitive effects of environmental protection examined developments in a number of OECD countries (including the US, Japan and Germany) in a group of industries with high pollution control costs i.such as pulp and paper, coal mining, fertilisers and organic chemicals) over the period 1970 to 1990, found that even for these sectors, there was little sign that tougher environmental standards had affected their competitiveness.
ændringer i produktionsproces­ser for at sikre overholdelse af miljøkravene;
While the share of these countries in world exports of manufactures declined markedly, from 91% to 81%, as exports from new industrialising economies in creased, their share of the exports of environmentally sensitive industries remained much the same at around 81%.
nemsnitligt 3,5% om året i EU som helhed, mens beskæftigelsen i gen­indvindings­ og genbrugsindustri­en faldt i tre af de fem lande, for hvilke der foreligger forholdsvis på­lidelige data, mens den steg i Tysk­land og Frankrig (figur 142).
Further evidence seems to indicate that companies in such industries have not tended to relocate production to countries where environmental standards are lower.
I instrumentindustrien steg beskæf­tigelsen i halvdelen af de EU­lande, for hvilke der foreligger data. Und­tagelserne var Danmark, Tyskland, Frankrig og Storbritannien.
In fact, although investment in de veloping countries, which also generally happen to be those with weak environmental legislation, has increased markedly since the mid-1980s, the proportion of such investment going into environmentally sensitive industries in less developed countries — 5% — was in fact much lower than the proportion of direct investment going to sensitive industries in more developed countries — 24%.
Det var imidlertid tilstrækkeligt til at forår­sage et fald i beskæftigelsen i denne sektor i EU som helhed. Samtidig steg beskæftigelsen markant i den­ne industri i Spanien og Irland.
In practice, direct investment in less developed newly industrialising economies has relatively little to do with lax environmental standards and a great deal to do with their high rate of growth and efficiency in producing particular kinds of good.
­ erhvervelse af de licenser og tilladelser, der skal til for at håndtere eller udlede visse stof­fer i bestemte sektorer.
This, of course, may reflect the relatively lax nature of such controls, though it may help to explain why estimates produced by the ILO are that only 1% of plant closures can be attributed to environmental regulation.
Nettotilvæksten til beskæftigelsen i miljøsektorerne i EU har derfor været højere end i andre dele af økonomien i de seneste år.
Indeed, the performance of these industries in the US in terms of export performance was better than the average in manufacturing as a whole.
Der har dog ikke været tale om mange nye job i disse sektorer, idet de kun tegner sig for ca. 2,5% af den sam­lede nettotilvækst til beskæftigel­sen fra 1985 til 1992, men de har dog givet arbejde til yderligere 250 000 i EU­landene som helhed i denne periode. Desuden anslås
Moreover in Germany, where the imposition of regulations to increase environmental stand ards has been more extensive than in most other countries and where those standards have been set at a comparatively high level, manufac turers of the products most affected increased their share of export markets, from 12% to nearly 14% between 1970 and 1990.
Den voksende betydning, der til­lægges miljøspørgsmålene, må for­ventes i lige så høj grad at påvirke karakteren af de nye job som antal­let.
This contrasts with a fall from just over 17% to 15% > in the German share of total world manufactured exports. In two of the new Member States of the Union, Austria and Finland, the export market share of environmentally sensitive industries also rose over this period (Graph 136). Evidence on the possible employ ment cost of environmental regulation is hard to find, conflict ing and difficult to interpret.
Det vil få konsekvenser for, hvil­ke færdigheder der kræves af de arbejdstagere, der er beskæftiget ved bestemte aktiviteter inden for store områder i økonomien, og ikke kun i miljøsektoren eller i de sekto­rer, som er mest berørt af miljø­foranstaltningerne, og det vil igen få konsekvenser for uddannelsesbe­hovene.
One study on the UK, Germany and France found that the cost of complying with new environmental legislation depends not just on the nature of the production process itself, but also on the length of the investment cycle, firm size and the rigour of enforcement. Costs, it concluded, were likely to be highest in chemicals, metals and foodprocessing.
Fordelingen af beskæftigelsen i miljøsektorerne i EU landene, 1994
According to a UK study, the strict enforcement of the Environment Protection Act could cost between 1 in 10 and 1 in 20 jobs (BOC Foundation 1991).
% af samlet beskæftigelse
The new approach of Union policy to environmental protection
□ Genindvinding og genbrug Π Vandforsyning ■ Instrumentindustri ■ Spildevands- og affaldsbehandling, renovation og andet
Studies of the actual rather than hypothetical effect of environmental protection on competitiveness and employment tend to come to different conclusions.
Det vil uundgåeligt inde­bære visse ændringer i de job, der udføres af arbejdstagerne, og i visse tilfælde nye opgaver, såsom over­vågning af og kontrol med emissio­ner eller affaldsmateriale.
These results do not necessarily show that environmental regulation in these countries had a positive effect on trade and competitiveness in the sectors affected.
Det vil også medføre behov for særlig ud­dannelse og nye kvalifikationer hos de ansvarlige for miljøspørgsmåle­ne.
But they do imply that any adverse effects were offset by other factors.
Tallene over søjlerne er det samlede antal beskæftigede i miljøsektoren (x1000)
The Fifth Environmental Action Programme (COM(92) 23) adopted
Kapitel 2 Miljøet og beskæftigelsen
Section 2 The environment and employment transport, industry, agriculture and tourism and the promotion of the use of clean technologies through supporting and encoura­ging research and development.
Udviklingen i beskæftigelsen i miljøsektorer i EU landene, 1985-92
The idea of a new integrated devel­opment plan which breaks with traditional attitudes and ap­proaches to the environment is echoed in the White Paper, Growth, Competitiveness, Employment.
Årlig variation (%) forhold, at det bliver stadigt vigtige­re at tage hensyn til miljøspørgsmå­lene, når produktionsprocessen skal planlægges og organiseres, og det gælder især i mindre virksom­heder, hvor der i mange tilfælde ikke er nogen, der specielt er an­svarlige for at følge med de nye krav og udviklingen iøvrigt på dette om­råde.
the pattern of prices faced by pro­ducers and consumers alike so that it better reflects the true costs of using a particular resource or of adopting a particular method of production, it effectively takes advantage of the operation of mar­ket forces to achieve its ends, while leaving the maximum freedom to exercise choice. Producers remain free to go on using the same inputs and the same methods as before, if this is the optimal strategy for them, but they are obliged to pay for the damage they cause by so doing.
Eftersom netop evnen til at reagere på indførelsen af nye eller skærpede regler og krav kan forven­tes at blive en stadigt mere afgøren­de faktor for konkurrenceevnen på visse områder, bør manglerne i den­ne henseende give anledning til den største bekymring blandt de an­svarlige politikere.
The proceeds then become available for other uses, such as clean­up operations or for investment in the development of alternative pro­cesses or materials.
Fremtidige perspektiver for beskæftigelsen
Though such a model can at
Se fodnote til figur 142; hvor der ikke foreligger pålidelige data, er ændringen anslået til nul; D: ekskl. de nye delstater
A further aspect of the new ap­proach is the integration of environmental considerations into the development of sectoral policies, especially those relating to energy,
De nuværende prognoser går ud på, at der i år 2000 vil være skabt yder­ligere 250 000 nye arbejdspladser i miljøsektoren i hele EU, mens be­skæftigelsen inden for naturbeva­ring, beskyttelse og bevaring af historiske monumenter o.lign. samt anlæggelse af parker og friarealer
Central to the new approach is the use of market forces to encourage sustainable economic decisions by consumers and businesses alike though the use of taxes and charges to internalise the external costs of environmental damage and make polluters pay for these.
Udviklingen i beskæftigelsen i de enkelte miljøsektorer i EU landene, 1985-92
Exports of manufactures and environmentally sensitive goods in selected countries, 1970 and 1990
Årlig variation (%)
1 o % total world exports
DGenindvinding og genbrug
O 1970 ■ 1990
Ρ GR UK E11 F L NL D Β DK IRL E E & P: 1986-92; 1: ingen data; P, GR, L, DK, IRL: ingen pålidelige data for genindvinding og genbrug L, DK. IRL: ingen pålidelige data for vand; P, EL, L: ingen pålidelige data for instrumentindustrien
NOR A SF S J US D Environmentally sensitive goods
Hvis indførelsen af ny lovgivning, herunder nye skat­ter og afgifter, der har til formål at lade forurenerne betale de fulde om­kostninger ved deres aktiviteter, udskydes, eller der slækkes på håndhævelsen af miljøreglerne, vi­ser de hidtidige erfaringer med al ønskelig tydelighed, at væksten i de miljørelaterede aktiviteter også vil blive begrænset, og stigningen i be­
On the first issue, a tax­based ap­proach to achieve environmental objectives has the merit over other approaches, such as the imposition of restrictions or regulations, of avoiding much of the need for sur­veillance and policing and, therefore, much of the administra­tive costs and bureaucracy associated with this. By adjusting
Kapitel 2 Miljøet og beskæftigelsen skæftigelsen på dette område vil blive forsinket.
Section 2 The environment and employment changes in the structure of prices, better information and increased provision of training), significant environmental benefits could be achieved without hindering economic growth.
Med gennemførelsen i slutningen af 1994 af direktivet om genindvinding og genbrug af emballageaffald kan der forventes øgede investeringer og flere job in den for affaldsbehandling, men på andre områder, som f.eks. kontrol med emissioner, er der fortsat stor usikkerhed om tidsplanen for og omfanget af fremtidige lovindgreb.
According to the model simulation, on these assump emissions would be tions, C02 reduced by 20% relative to what otherwise is likely to happen and best give only an approximate representation of the changes which are likely to occur, especially given the lack of historical evidence about the measures proposed and the re action of businesses, consumers and employees to them, it is, nevertheless, a useful tool for clarifying both the potential effects of the measures and their possible scale.
De hidtidige erfaringer viser, at de fleste virksomheder vil udskyde alle mere om fattende tiltag, indtil de kender disse intentioner nøje.
x would be emissions of S02 and NO cut by 70% and 55%, respectively, compared to their 1990 level, while urban air and water quality would be improved.
Denne gruppe alene forøgede EU's arbejdsstyrke med næsten 3% i den pågældende perio­de (figur 143).
have been estimated to amount to around 4% of GDP.