natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
30% af EF-landenes eksport af in dustriprodukter uden for EF til disse to egne af verden sammenholdt med kun godt 20% ti år tidligere.
Eastern Europe also declined as the effect of the opening of these markets to Community producers was more than offset by the fall in income.
betydningen af EF's indre marked vokset gradvis i tidens løb med den tættere økonomiske integration, idet den interne samhandels andel af EF-eksporten er steget fra under 41% i 1960 til 54% i 1970,56% i 1980 og 62% i 1991 (figur 44).
Outside the wider European re­gion, apart from in Japan, Community manufacturers lost market share over this 20­year period. Unfortunately, two of these broad regions — the US and Asia
I EF og de omgivende regioner har EF's industriproducenter enten kunnet fast holde deres andel eller har i værste fald oplevet en marginal nedgang— på deres eget indre marked, i EFTA-landene, i Afrika og i Mellemøsten.
For machinery and transport equipment, for which the market has grown faster than for other goods, Community manufacturers account for a lower share of world exports than for other products — 29%o of the extra­EC total in 1990 as compared with 40% for chemicals — and have seen their share decline by more over the past 20 years than in other areas (from around 37%? in 1970) (Graph 45).
Desuden har de øget deres markedsandel i Central- og Østeuropa og det tidligere Sovjetunionen, hvor der har været tale om en kraftig indskrænkning i den interne samhandel siden 1989 (figur 41).
— are the largest markets for manufactured exports outside the Community and showed the fas­test growth in the 1980s after Japan (which remains a relatively small importer of manufactured goods — under 30% of the size of the US, in terms of value) (Graph 42).
Den relative betydning af eksporten til Central- og Østeuropa faldt også, idet virkningen af åbningen af disse markeder for EF's producenter blev mere end opvejet affaldet i indkomsterne. sterne.
Nevertheless, for all Community countries, Western Europe repre­sents by far the most important market for exports.
Selv om EF's producenter kun har kunnet registrere en mindre ned gang i deres andel afhandelen med industriprodukter som helhed i løbet af de seneste 20 år, har de opnå et mindre imponerende resultater inden for de mere dynamiske og teknisk avancerede sektorer end inden for basisprodukter. For så vidt angår maskiner og transportudstyr, hvor markedet er vokset hurtigere end for andre varer, tegner EF's producenter sig for en mindre andel af verdenseksporten end for andre produkter — 29% af den samlede eksport ud af EF i 1990 sammen holdt med 40% for kemiske produkters vedkommende — og har måttet
In 1990, some 72% of total exports of Member States went either to the Community itself or to EFTA coun­tries, with the internal market alone accounting for over 60% of all visible exports (and just under 60% > in the case of manufacturing trade). Moreover the importance of the in­ternal EC market has increased progressively over time with closer economic integration, with the share of Community exports ac­counted for by internal trade rising from under 41% > in 1960 to 54% > in 1970, 56% in 1980 and 62%) in 1991 (Graph 44). By contrast, three of the Communi­ty's most important markets, Africa, the Middle East and Central and Eastern Europe — in many ways, its natural trading partners
I 1990 gik ca. 72% af EF-landenes samlede eksport en ten til EF selv eller til EFTA-landene, og Det Indre Marked alene tegnede sig for over 60% af al synlig eksport (og knap 60% af eksporten af industriprodukter). Desuden er
At the same time, the importance of machinery and transport equipment in total EC exports has hardly changed at all since 1970, despite the relatively rapid growth of the world
Uden for det europæiske kontinent har EF's industriproducenter over alt mistet markedsandele i løbet af denne tyveårs periode, bortset fra i Japan.
— all showed a significant reduc­tion in imports of manufactures during the 1980s, reflecting the con­traction in GDP and real income noted above.
Resultatet af disse relative væk strater på markederne — som mere end opvejede nedgangen i handelsandelen — er, at USA og udviklingslandene i Asien (samt Japan) siden 1980 er kommet til at tegne sig for en større andel af EF's samlede eksport af industriprodukter til resten af verden (figur 43).
In contrast, the proportion going to Africa and the Middle East, where European producers have a com­parative advantage, fell from over 25%) to 15%).
EF's interne samhandels voksende betydning, 1970-1991 se deres andel falde mere i løbet af de sidste 20 år end på andre områder (fra ca. 37% i 1970) (figur 45).
The growing importance of internal trade for the Community, 1970-1991
^ Eksport til andre EF-lande I
"" Extra-community exports M Intra-community exports
Samtidig har maskiners og transportudstyrs andel i den samlede EF-eksport næsten ikke ændret sig siden 1970 på trods af den forholdsvis hurtige vækst på verdensmarkedet for disse produkter, idet andelen fortsat ligger på knap 50% af den samlede eksport (figur 46).
1' 1 market for these products, the share remaining at just under 50% of the total (Graph 46).
Dette er i stærk kontrast til den ændring, der har kunnet registreres i Japan, hvor maskiner og transportudstyr nu tegner sig for næsten 75% af den samlede eksport af industriprodukter sammenholdt med kun 43% i 1970.
This contrasts vi­vidly with the change shown by Japan, for which machinery and transport equipment have come to account for almost 75%) of total manufactured exports as opposed to only 43%) in 1970.
Det samme gælder for udviklingslandene i Asien, hvor disses produkters andel i eksporten af in dustriprodukter steg fra under 15% i 1970 til næsten 40% i 1990.
Similarly, for the developing Asian economies, the share of these products in manufac­tured exports rose from under 15% in 1970 to almost 40%) in 1990.
Handel med tjene steydelser
Trade in services
% af den samlede handel
Community producers are as import­ant in trade in services as they are in manufacturing trade.
EF's producenter har en lige så vigtig placering i handelen med tjene steydelser som i handelen med industriprodukter.
In contrast to trade in manufactures, over half of exports were to countries outside the Community, except in the case of travel — a major compo­nent of which is tourism — where around 55% was between Member States.
Selv om deres andel af verdens samlede markeder er faldet i de seneste 20 år, specielt siden 1980, er den dog fortsat ganske stor.
Like manufacturing, how­ever, the importance of intra­Community trade in services has in­creased significantly over time relative to total trade, from under a third in 1970 to almost a half in 1990.
Maskiner og Andre transportudstyr industnprodukter
Machinery & transport Machinery & transport Other manufactures
Maskiner og Andre transportudstyr industriprodukter
Other manufactures
I modsætning til, hvad der er tilfældet for handelen med industriprodukter, gik over halvdelen af eksporten til lande uden for EF, bortset fra i rejsesektoren — hvor en væsentlig del er turisme -her fo-
Clearly trade is much less important in services than in manufacturing and comparatively few people in the
Verdenshandelen (ekskl. samhandel inden tor EF)
World trade (excluding intra-EC)
Sammensætningen af eksporten af industriprodukter fra EF, USA, Japan og u-landene i Asien, 1970,1980 og 1990
Composition of manufactured exports from the Community, US, Japan and developing Asia, 1970,1980 and 1990
D Andre industriprodukter
S Other manufactures
EF's andel i verdenshandelen med tjenesteydelser, 1970,1980 og 1990
Community share of world trade in services, 1970,1980 and 1990
% af verdenshandelen med tjenesteydelser
% world trade in services
1970 1980 1990 Alle tjenesteydelser
1970 1980 1990 Other private services
1970 1980 1990 1970 1980 1990 Rejser Andre private tjenesteydelser
1970 1980 1990 Total services
Ca. halvdelen af arbejdsstyrken i industrien i EF i 1990 var således beskæftiget i industrier såsom levnedsmiddel-, papirindustrien, den grafiske industrien og metalprodukter, som hovedsagelig producerede for hjemmemarkedet. I
This, of course, does not mean that exporting is not vitally important for employment. A large number of jobs — in supplying industries and services, for example — depend in­directly on exporting industries.
EF og verdensøkonomien betragtning af at eksporten kun re­præsenterer en lille del af produk­tionen i servicesektoren, er det ensbetydende med, at det store fler­tal af arbejdstagerne i EF er be­skæftiget i erhverv, hvor eksporten er af mindre betydning.
Equally, however, the increasing importance of multinational companies in production and as a channel for longterm capital flows means that any reduction in profits suffered in one part of the world is also liable to affect investment elsewhere.
kravet om international konkur­rencedygtighed lige så vigtigt som i eksportsektorerne.
For those employed in such industries, the need to be internationally competitive is just as important as in exporting sectors.
Det er dog flertallet i EF, der arbejder i bran­cher, hvor den internationale han­del er af mindre betydning og derfor ikke direkte afgørende for produktions­ og beskæftigesesni­veauet.
Nevertheless most people in the Community work in activities where international trade is of minor significance and not directly a major determinant of the scale of production and the level of employment.
Den nuværende recession har gan­ske naturligt skabt øget bekymring om EF's økonomiske resultater og dets evne til at fastholde vækst og beskæftigelse på lang sigt.
The present recession has quite naturally intensified concern about the performance of the Community's economy and its capacity for sustaining longterm growth and adequate rates of employment cre ation.
Den lave vækst har yderligere rettet op­mærksomheden mod det forhold, at mange jobs er yderst sårbare over­for lavere vækst i eksporten og den øgede indtrængen af udenlandsk producerede varer på Det Indre Marked.
Low growth has drawn attention to the vulnerability of substantial numbers of jobs both to lower growth of exports and to the increasing penetration of the internal market by foreign-produced goods.
Det har samtidig vist, i hvilket omfang EF er blevet inte­greret i verdensøkonomien og der­med også er mere udsat for virkningerne af problemer andre steder i systemet.
It has also highlighted the extent to which the Community has become integrated into the global economy and, because of this, its exposure to problems in other parts of the system.
På trods af EF's velstand og relativt stærke placering i verdenshandelen er væksten i EF's økonomi blevet betydeligt svækket i løbet af de sid­ste 20 år.
Despite its prosperity and relative trade success, the growth of the Community economy has slowed appreciably over the past 20 years.
Der er ingen indlysende forklaring på, at mange millioner mennesker ikke har været i stand til at finde arbejde, og der må stilles spørgsmålstegn ved effektiviteten i produktionen og ved dens evne til at tilpasse sig ændringerne i verdens­samfundet i øvrigt.
For reasons which are not obvious, many millions of people have been unable to find work and its efficiency in production, as well as its
Samtidig bliver mange industri­brancher — og visse servicefag — i EF presset af import.
This is most obvious in the sphere of trade: because the Community is by far the largest exporter on world
Beskæftigelsen i eksportindustrien, 1990
Employment in export industries, 1990
% af samlet beskæftigelse
% total employment
Dette fremgår mest tydeligt i rela­tion til samhandelen: Det forhold, at EF er langt den største eksportør på verdensmarkederne, betyder, at en eventuel nedgang i væksten på disse markeder uundgåeligt vil få stor indvirkning på industrien i EF og dermed potentielt også på mæng­den af den beskæftigelse, indus­trien kan tilbyde.
The countries to the South — in North Africa and the Middle East — suffer from retarded economic development, acute poverty and job shortages. Those to the East — in Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union — face immense problems of restructuring, high unemployment and political uncertainty.
Men også de multinationale selskabers øgede be­tydning inden for produktion og ka­pitalstrømme på lang sigt har ført til, at en nedgang i indtjeningen et eller andet sted i verden også vil kunne påvirke investeringerne andre steder.
They are, however, to a large extent the Community's natural trading partners, not only because of their proximity but also because of historical ties, and it is in these markets where Community exporters have been most successful in the past.
D 25­40% af produktionen eksporteres
25-40% output exported
Η > 40% af produktionen eksporteres 15
> 40% output exported These countries have a potential for much more rapid economic growth than the Community itself if the obstacles can be overcome.
Samtidig indebærer EF's geografi­ske placering tilsyneladende alvor­lige hindringer for fremtidig vækst i samhandelen.
However, if existing problems persist, the prospect is one of slow market growth and of an unstable economic and political en vironment.
Disse lande er i vidt omfang EF's naturlige handelspartnere, ikke blot på grund af deres geografiske nær­hed, men også på grund af histor­
Which of these two alternatives actually materialises is not solely determined by the actions taken by the coun tries themselves. The policies
Desuden gælder det, at eftersom EF for næsten alle disse lande repræsenterer det største eksterne marked for eksporten, vil den vækstrate, EF kan opretholde, også få væsentlig ind virkning på deres udviklingsmuligheder. ligheder.
Moreover, since for almost all of these countries the Community represents the major external market for their exports, the rate of growth it is able to sustain has a major influence on their prospects for development.
Dette gælder, omend i mindre grad, også i forholdet til resten af verden.
This also applies, if less so, to the rest of the world.
EF er en så væsentlig del af den globale økonomi på grund af det marked, det repræsenterer, både for råvarer og for industrivarer, at væksten i EF påvirker udviklingstempoet andre steder.
The Community is such a major part of the global economy, in terms of the market it represents for both primary producers and manufacturers, that its growth performance affects the pace of development elsewhere.
Et varigt op sving i den europæiske økonomi vil ikke kun være til gavn for EF, men vil også kunne bidrage ganske væsentligt til fornyet vækst i resten af verden.
Sustained recovery of the European economy would not only be of internal benefit but would contribute significantly to a resumption of growth in the world as a whole.
Udviklingen i produktionen
Output developments
Produktionen målt i BNP faldt overalt i Central- og Østeuropa i 1992, bortset fra i Polen, hvor den ifølge de seneste overslag voksede med 0,5% (figur 49).
Output, as measured by GDP, de clined throughout Central and Eastern Europe in 1992, except in Poland where, according to the la test estimates, output grew by V2% (Graph 49).
Men denne stigning kom efter en toårs perio de, hvor BNP faldt med næsten 20%.
This, however, was after a two year period when GDP fell by almost 20%.
I Ungarn faldt BNP med 5% i 1992, medens faldet i Tjekkoslovakiet anslås til at være en smule større, nemlig ca. 7%.
In Hungary, GDP declined by 5% in 1992, while in Czechoslovakia, the fall was estimated to be slightly greater at around 7%.
Men i begge tilfælde var det mindre end i 1991, da produktionen i førstnævnte land faldt med 11% og i sidstnævnte med 16%.
In both cases, however, this was less than the rate of de cline in 1991, when in the former case output fell by 11% and in the latter by 16%.
(Tallene her og andre steder for Tjekkoslovakiet refererer til landet før delingen i begyndelsen af 1993 i Tjekkiet og Slovakiet).
(The reference here and elsewhere to Czechoslovakia relate to the country before the separation of the Czech and Slovak Republics at the beginning of 1993.)
Udviklingen i BNP og beskæftigelsen i Central- og Østeuropa, 1991 og 1992
Changes in GDP and employment in Central and Eastern Europe, 1991 and 1992
Efter to år med et voldsomt fald i produktionen i samtlige lande var der dog tegn på en forbedring i 1992 i den økonomiske situation i Polen, det tidligere Tjekkoslovakiet og Ungarn.
After two years of sharply declining output throughout the region, how ever, there were signs of improvement in 1992 in the economic situation in Poland, the former Czechoslovakia and Hungary.
Men i Bulgarien og Rumænien faldt produktionen fortsat med uformindsket hast, og i de fleste egne af regionen er arbejdsløsheden vokset til niveauer, der kan sammenlignes med arbejdsløsheden i EF.
In Bulgaria and Romania, however, production continued to decline un abated and in most parts of the region unemployment has climbed to levels comparable to those in the Community.
Omvendt fortsatte produktionen med at falde kraftigt i Bulgarien og Rumænien — med henholdsvis 21% og 15%, hvilket er endnu mere end de kraftige fald, der kunne registreres i 1991.
On the other hand, output continued to decline steeply in Bulgaria and Romania — by 21% and 15%, respectively, by even more in other words than the substantial falls recorded in 1991.
Dette fald blev klart opvejet afvækst i beskæftigelsen i den private sektor, hvilket man kan læse af tallene for oprettelsen af nye virksomheder, men det har næppe været tilstrækkeligt til at forhindre, at det samlede antal personer i beskæftigelse faldt ganske betydeligt.
While this fall was clearly offset by an expansion of employment in the private sector, from the figures on business creation, it was unlikely to have been enough to prevent the total number of people in work from falling significantly.
Mens faldet i beskæftigelsen i Bulgarien formentlig var nogenlunde det samme som i 1991 — tallene for den statslige sektor faldt stort set ens i de to år — var det i Ungarn, Tjekkoslovakiet og Polen væsentligt lavere (i 1991 var der tale om et fald på 8% i de to førstnævnte lande og 6% i det sidstnævnte).
Whereas the decline in employment in Bulgaria was probably on a similar scale as in 1991 — the numbers in the state sector fell by the same amount in the two years — in Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Poland, it was markedly less (in 1991, the fall was 8% in the former two, 6% in the latter).
Men i Rumænien var faldet i 1992 af langt større omfang end året før, da det var under 1%.
In Romania, on the other hand, the decline in 1992 was on a much larger scale than a year earlier when it was under 1%.
I andre lande, bortset fra Polen, er antallet af beskæftige de i landbruget faldet markant — mere end i de øvrige sektorer — siden reformprocessen indledtes.
Poland, the numbers employed in agriculture have declined markedly — more so than in other sectors — since the reform process began.
Både i Ungarn og Bulgarien angives beskæftigelsen i landbruget at være faldet med ca. 20% i 1992 efter ganske betydelige fald i 1991 (på over 15% i Ungarn).
In both Hungary and Bulgaria, agricultural employment is recorded as having fallen by around 20% in 1992, following significant falls in 1991 (of over 15%r in Hungary).
I Tjekkoslovakiet anslås nedgangen i landbrugsbeskæftigelsen i 1992 til 13%, hvilket er ensbetydende med et fald på 30% siden 1990.
In Czechoslovakia, a decline of 13%- is estimated for 1992, which would mean a fall of 30%· since 1990.
Selv om disse tal over driver omfanget af tilbagegangen noget for Tjekkoslovakiets og Ungarns vedkommende, fordi visse aktiviteter er blevet omklassificeret fra landbrug til industri eller servicefag — desuden er visse private brug i Tjekkoslovakiet ikke medregnet — giver de dog et vist indtryk af en omfattende tilbagegang i be skæftigelsen i denne sektor (figur 50).
Although these figures exaggerate the extent of reduction in the case of Czechoslovakia and Hungary because of a reclassification of some activities from agriculture to industry or services — and the exclusion of some private farms in Czechoslovakia — they are nevertheless indicative of a substantial decline in employment in this sector (Graph 50).
Recessionen i hele regionen og det næsten totale sammenbrud i økonomien i det tidligere Sovjetunionen har svækket de traditionelle eksportmarkeder, siden reformproces sen indledtes.
Recession in the region and the virtual collapse of the former Soviet Union economy has depressed traditional markets for exports since the reform process began.
Stillet heroverfor har alle landene i regionen udfoldet sto re bestræbelser — og med en vis succes — på at omdirigere deres handel til EF og andre markedsøkonomier.
In the face of this, all the countries in the region have made great efforts, with some success, to shift their trade towards the Community and other market economies.
Resultatet er, at 75% af Ungarns eksport og 63% af Tjekkoslovakiets eksport gik til markeds økonomier i 1992, mens den procentvise andel af Bulgariens handel med OECD-landene vokse de med 17%.
As are sult, 75% of Hungarian exports and 63% of Czechoslovakian exports went to market economies in 1992, while for Bulgaria, the proportion of trade with OECD countries went up by 17%..
Ligesom i Bulgarien var nedgangen i beskæftigelsen overalt i regionen i 1992 — ligesom i 1991 — i høj grad koncentreret i den statslige og kooperative sektor.
As in Bulgaria, the decline in em ployment in 1992, as in 1991, was very much concentrated in the state and cooperative sector throughout the region.
Selv om der fortsat var tale om en kraftig vækst i be skæftigelsen i den private sektor i alle landene, var det ikke tilstrækkeligt til at opveje de omfattende tab af arbejdspladser i den mere traditionelle del af økonomien.
Although job creation in the private sector continued to increase at a rapid pace in all of the countries, it was not sufficient to compensate for large-scale job losses in the traditional part of the economy.
De private virksomheder, der blev op rettet, var hovedsagelig små virksomheder med ganske få ansatte — om nogen overhovedet — ud over ejeren selv.
The private firms established were predominantly small businesses with few if any employees — other than the proprietors themselves.
Selv om beskæftigelsen i industrien gik tilbage i alle landene i 1992, var nedgangen, bortset fra i Rumænien, mindre end i 1991.
Although employment in industry declined in all countries in 1992, apart from in Romania, the fall was smaller than in 1991.
Det var specielt tilfældet i Bulgarien, hvor beskæfti gelsen i forarbejdningsindustrien på trods af et tilsyneladende kraftigt fald i industriproduktionen kun faldt med 3% i 1992 efter et fald på næsten 20% i 1991.
This was par ticularly the case in Bulgaria, where despite the apparent substantial fall in industrial output, employment in manufacturing fell by only 3% in 1992 following a fall of almost 20% in 1991.
Det var det samme som tilbagegangen i Polen, hvor industriproduktionen voksede i 1992, og hvor der derfor, i modsætning til i Bulgarien, synes at være sket en væsentlig indskrænkning i omfanget af overbemanding, som efter alt at dømme er ganske omfattende. tende.
This was similar to the decline in Poland, where industrial output increased in 1992 and where, in contrast to Bulgaria, there seems to have been a significant reduction in the scale of overmanning, which all the evidence suggests is substantial.
I henhold til de seneste overslag faldt beskæftigelsen overalt i regionen i 1992, og der var tale om fald fra 5% i Tjekkoslovakiet og Rumænien og 4% i Ungarn til kun godt 1% i Polen (figur 49).
In Czechoslovakia, for example, the 1.7 million small businesses and sole proprietorships which had been created by the end of 1992 employed just 700 thousand workers (as well as 700 thousand selfemployed for whom the business was their main occupation rather than an additional activity on top of another job), only some 400 thousand more than at the beginning of the year.
For Bulgariens vedkommende fin des der kun overslag over beskæf
On the latest estimates, employ ment declined throughout the region in 1992, the falls ranging from 5%) in Czechoslovakia and Romania and 4% in Hungary to only just over 1% in Poland (Graph 49).