natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Sådanne aftaler kan ikke indebære en tilsidesættelse af traktatens bestemmelser. Denne praksis, som på nuværende tidspunkt ikke anvendes ret ofte, må fordømmes i relation til traktaterne.
A few years later, a coal wholesaler by the name of Nold brought an action against a decision by the Commission authorizing new terms of sale introduced by Ruhrkohle, which imposed a minimum pur­chase requirement for direct deliveries.
Hvis nemlig et af Fællesskabets mål skal gennemføres, må hjemlen hertil enten findes i en konkret bestemmelse i traktaten, eller også må man benytte proceduren efter artikel 235 2).
In its judgment the Court rehearsed the principles established in the earlier cases and then amplified them as follows: 'In safeguarding these rights, the Court is bound to draw inspiration from constitu­tional traditions common to the Member States, and it cannot therefore uphold measures which are incompatible with fundamen­tal rights recognized and protected by the Constitutions of those
') Se afsnit 2, Den afledte ret.
Case 29/69 Stauder ν Ulm [1969] ECR 419, at p.
2) Kapitel I, afsnit 5.
425 (paragraph 7). Case 11/70 Internationale Handelsgesellschaft [1970] ECR 1125, at p.
Der er vedtaget en konvention om retternes kompetence og om fuldbyrdelse af retsafgørelser i borgerlige sager, herunder handelssager (1968), en konvention om gensidig anerkendelse af selskaber og juridiske personer (1968) samt en konvention om fællesskabspatenter (1975).
Similarly, international treaties for the protection of human rights on which the Member States have collaborated or of which they are signatories, can supply guidelines which should be followed within the framework of Community law.' '
Disse konventioner eller de hertil knyttede protokoller tillægger — ved særskilte regler — EF-Domstolen kompetence, navnlig med hensyn til deres fortolkning i henhold til bestemmelser, der med visse undtagelser er kopieret efter den ordning for præjudicielle afgørelser, som er indført ved Romtraktaterne. Det ville være en fordel, om reglerne for at tillægge Domstolen kompetence fulgte modellen i traktatens artikel 177.
There are two lessons to be drawn from this judgment: first, the Court formally announced that it would strike down any provision of Community legislation contrary to the fundamental rights en­shrined in the Member States' constitutions, or even only in one such constitution; secondly, international conventions on human rights — such as the Universal Declaration, the European Conven­tion, the United Nations Covenants, the European Social Charter, etc. — would be sources to which the Court would look for inspira­tion, that is to say that it would not consider itself bound by such instruments in the same way as by the Community's obligations under international agreements, but that it would not be necessary for the instrument to have been ratified by all the Member States for the Court to seek guidance from it: it would be enough for them to have collaborated on it.
Men dette forudsætter en overvindelse af betænkelighederne hos visse regeringer, som nødigt ser, at stadig flere præjudicielle spørgsmål henvises til EF-Domstolens afgørelse, og at man under hensyntagen til den heraf følgende arbejdsbyrde udstyrer Domstolen med midler til udførelsen af denne opgave.
It is noteworthy that the Nold judgment was delivered only a few weeks after the ratification of the Euro­pean Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Funda­mental Freedoms by France, the last Member State to do so.
Regeringernes betænkeligheder fremgår klart af den højtidelige erklæring af 19. juni 1983, hvor man anvendte en meget forsigtig formulering vedrørende dette spørgsmål. Det skal også bemærkes, at Dooge-komitéen i sin rapport foreslog, at EF-Domstolen tillagdes kompetence »til at fortolke aftaler, som er indgået inden for trakta ternes anvendelsesområde, så vidt muligt ved hjælp af en standardklausul«. klausul«.
It is not certain whether the Court intended to imply that the Community was bound by the European Convention as such when in summarizing the Council's defence to a case of alleged infringe­ment of religious freedom it said that the defendant did not seek to suggest that the right of freedom of religion as embodied in the European Convention does not form part of the fundamental rights recognized in Community law.2The case concerned an entrance examination for the European public service which had been arranged for a festive day of the religion practised by the candidate.
Det er beklageligt, at den fælles akt som nævnt2) ikke indeholder nogen bestemmelse vedrørende dette spørgsmål.
In its Defrenne HI judgment of 1978, the Court repeated that respect for fundamental personal human rights was one of the gen­eral principles of Community law, the observance of which it had a duty to ensure.
Den erklæring, der blev afgivet på konferencen af repræsentanter for medlemsstaternes regeringer, og som er vedføjet slutakten til den europæiske fælles
It went on to say that the elimination of discrimina­tion based on sex undoubtedly formed part of those fundamental rights, and that the same view was also taken by the European Social Charter and Convention No 111 of the International Labour
Som tidligere anført ') har hvert af de tre Fællesskaber som indgås af folkeretlig retssubjektivitet, hvilket giver sig udslag i, at de kan Fællesskabet indgå aftaler med tredjelande eller med internationale organisationer.
However, it held that at the time the question had been referred to it the Community had not assumed any responsi­bility for supervising the observance of this principle by the Member States.2
At aftaler er underlagt traktaterne, er en følge af, at Fællesskabets beføjelser er tillagt det.
The relevance of fundamental human rights to Community law is now well established.
Ligesom for institutionernes retsakters ved kommende er der tale om instrumenter til gennemførelse af de mål, der er opstillet i traktaten, hvorfor denne har forrang.
In Hauer, for example, the Court tested a Council regulation prohibiting the planting of vines during a certain period against the right to property which, it said, was guaranteed in the Community legal order in accordance with the ideas common to the constitutions of the Member States, which were also reflected in the first Protocol to the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights.3
Princippet om aftalers forrang for den afledte ret følger af den retspraksis, som Domstolen siden International Fruit-dommen3) har fulgt på folkerettens område.
In National Panasonic,4the Court considered whether it was con­trary to fundamental rights for the Commission to carry out investi­gations on firms' premises under Regulation 17 (which lays down the procedure for enforcing the EC competition rules) without prior warning.
Da Fællesskabet er bundet af folkeretten, er det så meget desto mere bundet af de folkeretlige regler, der er skabt ved konventioner, som Fællesskabet har indgået.
It referred to Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights, which allows exceptions from the freedom from invasion of privacy protected by the Article in cases where inter­ference with this right is necessary to defend the public interest.
Det er aftaler, der både henhører under Fællesskabets og medlemsstaternes kompetence.
'With regard to Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, referred to in the ninth and tenth questions, it must first be pointed out that, as the Court has consistently held, fundamental rights form an integral part of the general principles of law, the observance of which it ensures.
De indgås efter en procedure, som stort set følger de forskellige faser ved en traktatændring5): Kommissionen forhandler først, med eller uden deltagelse af medlemsstaterne; Parlamentet, der tidligere kun blev hørt, skal efter den fælles akts ikrafttræden afgive en samstemmende udtalelse, hvis der er tale om en associeringsaftale eller en samarbejdsaftale, der indgås med hjemmel i EØF-traktatens artikel 238; Rådet indgår aftalen på Fællesskabets vegne; medlemsstaterne ratificerer den i overensstemmelse med den fremgangsmåde, der er foreskrevet
For that purpose the Court draws inspiration from the constitutional traditions common to the Member States and from the guidelines supplied by international treaties for the protection of human rights on which the Member States have collaborated or of which they are signatories (see, in particular, the judgment in Case 4/73 No/d ν Commission [1974] ECR 491, paragraph 13). The European Convention on Human Rights has special significance in that respect (see in particular Case 222/84 Johnston ν Chief Constable of the Royal Ulster Constabu-
') Kapitel I, afsnit 6.
' Case 149/77 Defrenne [1978] ECR 1365, at p.
2) Kapitel II, afsnit 1, litra c). Se Groux og Manin, op. cit., s. 114-116.
1378 (paragraphs 27-28).
Kapitel I, afsnit 5.
3 Case C-260/89 [1991] ECR 1-2925, 2963.
Fællesskabets retskilder i deres forfatninger.
77ie sources of Community law lary [1986] ECR 1651, paragraph 18).
Domstolen gav ved samme lejlighed en bred fortolkning af, hvad en associeringsaftale er.
Typically, it was not the Convention as such but the general principle which it expressed that was invoked by the Court.
Efter dens opfattelse er det en aftale, som skaber særlige og privilegerede forbindelser med et tredjeland, som — i det mindste delvis — skal deltage i Fællesskabets ordning. En sådan aftale kan indebære forpligtelser over for tredjelande på alle de af traktaten omfattede områder.
In the Royer judgment the Court had merely pointed out that 'the validity of a measure of provisional deprivation of liberty taken in the case of an alien who was unable to prove that he was covered by the Treaty or who could be expelled from the territory for reasons other than failure to comply with the formalities concerning the control of aliens depends on the provisions of national law and the international obligations assumed by the Member States concerned since Community law as such does not yet impose any specific obligations on Member States in this rest spect'.2In more recent judgments, the Court has held explicitly that the Member States are bound to secure the Community fundamental rights when giving effect to Community rules.3
En sådan retsregel kan henhøre både under skreven og uskreven ret.
514 (paragraph 44); see also Cases 118/75 Watson
') Dom af 30.9.1987, sag 12/86, Demirel, Sml. 1987, s. 3719 ff.
[1976] ECR 1185 and 12/86 Demirel [1987] ECR 3719.
Almindelige retsgrundsætninger og overholdelse af menneskerettighederne
The general principles of law and respect of human rights
I EØF-traktatens artikel 215, stk. 2, henvises udtrykkeligt til disse principper i forbindelse med ansvar uden for kontraktforhold.
However, having done so, it went on to hold that:
Det hedder således: »Fælles skabet skal i overensstemmelse med de almindelige grundsætninger, der er fælles for medlemsstaternes retssystemer, erstatte skader forvoldt af dets institutioner eller af dets ansatte under udøvelsen af deres hverv.« Domstolen har udtalt, at i medfør af denne artikel og »de almindelige retsgrundsætninger, som denne bestemmelse henviser til, forudsætter Fællesskabets ansvar opfyldelsen af en række betingelser vedrørende retsstridigheden af den adfærd, der bebrejdes institutionerne, nemlig at der foreligger et økonomisk tab, og at der er årsagsforbindelse mellem adfærden og den påberåbte skade« 2).
'... where such rules do fall within the scope of Community law, and reference is made to the Court for a preliminary ruling, it must provide all the criteria of interpretation needed by the national court to determine whether those rules are compatible with the fundamental rights the observance of which the Court ensures and which derive in particular from the European Convention on Human
Det er Domstolens faste praksis, at »Fællesskabet kun ifalder an svar som følge af en generel retsakt, der indebærer beslutninger vedrørende økonomisk politik, såfremt der foreligger en tilstrækkelig kvalificeret krænkelse af en højere retsregel til beskyttelse af private« 3).
'The limitations imposed on the power of the Member States to apply the provisions referred to in Articles 66 and 56 of the Treaty on grounds of public policy, public security and public health must be appraised in the light of the general principle of freedom of expression embodied in Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights.'
Det er den almindelige opfattelse, at den udtrykkelige henvisning i artikel 215 er en anvendelse af en mere generel regel, hvorefter Fællesskabet er bundet af de almindelige retsgrundsætninger, der er fælles for medlemsstaternes retssystemer.
In 1991 the Court applied these principles in Society for the Protection of Unborn Children.3After observing that information about clinics lawfully performing abortions was not being distributed by firms established in another Member State but by associations un related to the clinics whose addresses they published, the Court held that the ban on distribution of such information was not a restriction caught by Article 59 of the Treaty (freedom to provide services).
Den rolle, som tillægges disse retsgrundsætninger, er en følge af, at Fællesskabets retsorden, der er fastlagt ved de mål og materielle regler, som fremgår af traktaterne, samt medlemsstaternes fælles retstraditioner, ifølge de res natur er ufuldstændige.
The Irish rules were accordingly outside the ambit of Community rules and the Court, on an application for a preliminary ruling, had no jurisdiction to review them for compatibility with fundamental rights.
Den skal under hensyntagen til de ufravigelige krav i Fællesskabets retsorden finde frem til den løsning, som forekommer at være den bedste. Den må dog ikke træde i stedet for Fællesskabets lovgivningsmyndighed, hvis lakunen kan udfyldes af denne.
On 5 April 1977 the Parliament, Council and Commission issued a Joint Declaration on the respect of fundamental rights, intended both as an expression of support for the Court's work in this area and as a commitment to observe such rights themselves.
EF-Domstolen kan således indtage en forskellig holdning, alt efter om den skal løse et problem vedrørende fortolkning af trakta-
Although not in itself binding, such a declaration carried an undeniable political significance and expressed principles and values that are part of the unwritten constitutional law of the Community.4
') Jf. kapitel II, afsnit 3.
1 Paragraph 42 of Elliniki Radiophonia, cited at paragraph 91 supra. 2Ibid.
Domstolen har nægtet at anerkende en regel om forældelse i forbindelse med retsforfølgning af ulovlige karteller, da den afledte ret ikke indeholdt regler herom.
In 1979, in an important memorandum, the Commission proposed that the Community accede to the European Convention on Human Rights.
Den udtalte, at der burde fastsættes forældelsesfrister af hensyn til retssikkerheden, men at det tilkom Fællesskabets lovgivningsmyndighed at fastsætte fristernes længde og de nærmere vilkår ').
The main aim, apart from the increase in legal certainty that would come from accession, was political.
Til gengæld statuerede Domstolen, hvor den skulle fortolke selve traktaten, at Kommissionen inden for en frist på to måneder skulle tage stilling til de forslag til støtteordninger, som medlemsstaterne havde meddelt i medfør af traktatens artikel 93, der ikke fastsætter nogen frist.
It was desired to affirm the Community's maturity and sense of responsibility by showing that it was not afraid of exposing itself to censure from the bodies set up to monitor signatories' compliance with the Convention.
Hvis derimod reglerne inden for den afledte ret er indbyrdes mod stridende, gør EF-Domstolen brug af princippet om billighed for at finde frem til den løsning, der skal anvendes.
The reception of the proposal varied. The European Parliament supported the Commission's initiative.
I en sag om omregning af en eksportafgift for kartofler3) gik Domstolen ind for den for retssubjektet fordelagtigste omvekslingskurs.
Some Member States were more reserved. The Council declined to accept it. '
Dog er det klart, at Domstolen ikke kan udnytte en lakune i trakta ten til at indsætte sig selv som traktatlovgiver, idet dennes beføjelser udøves ved hjælp af proceduren for traktatændringer, som giver ubegrænset mulighed for at anvende de almindelige grundsætninger, der er fælles for medlemsstaternes retssystemer. Den må nødvendigvis i så henseende udøve en vis selvjustits.
In the draft Treaty establishing the European Union, Parliament proposed that the Union should at the same time accede to the Convention and adopt its own Bill of Rights.
I et klassisk værk har professor P. Pescatore givet en nøjere rede gørelse for Fællesskabets retspraksis med hensyn til de almindelige
Within the same period, the Union shall adopt its own declaration on fundamental rights in accordance with the procedure for revision laid down in Article 84 of this Treaty.'
') Domme af 15.7.1970, sag 41/69, 44/69 og 45/69 (Cartel de la Quinine), Sml. 1970, s. 107-153.
The draft Treaty also provided for heavy penalties in the event of serious and persistent violation of democratic principles or fundamental rights (Article 4(4) and Article 44).
Som bekendt indeholder traktaterne ikke en opregning af de grundlæggende rettigheder.
The suggestion was not taken up.
Denne lakune skyldes, at den europæiske opbygning på det indledende2) stadium hovedsagelig havde økonomisk og partiel karakter.
However, the pre­amble to the Act contains two passages concerning human rights.
Dette hindrer ikke, at der som følge af de mange beføjelser, der er tillagt institutionerne, kan ske en krænkelse af de grundlæggende rettigheder, herunder navnlig — men ikke udelukkende — de økonomiske og sociale, men også dem, der vedrører retfærdig rettergang og lovmæssighed i forvaltningen.
In the first, the Member States declare themselves 'determined to work together to promote democracy on the basis of the fundamen­tal rights recognized in the constitutions and laws of the Member States, in the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and the European Social Charter, notably freedom, equality and social justice'.
EF-Domstolens sikring af disse rettigheder er i øvrigt specielt interessant på baggrund af de krav, visse medlemsstater har fremsat, om at sammenholde fællesskabsretten med bestemmelserne i deres for fatning.
In the second, the signatories say they are aware of the responsibility incumbent upon Europe to aim at speaking ever increasingly with one voice and to act with consistency and solidarity in order more effectively to protect its common interests and independence, in particular to display the principles of democracy and compliance with the law and with human rights to which they are attached, so that together they may make their own contribution to the preservation of international peace and security in accordance with the undertakings entered into by them within the framework of the United Nations Charter.
Den nøjedes med at erklære, at den »ingen beføjelse har til
Action in support of democracy and human rights is linked to the need for Europe to speak with one voice.
Men på hvilket grundlag Domstolen udledte de her omhandlede generelle principper lå endnu ikke fast.
The Maastricht Treaty does not contain a catalogue of fundamental rights.
Senere domme har givet præcise anvisninger i så henseende.
Article F(2) in the 'Common Provisions' merely provides:
') Dom af 4.2.1959, sag 1/58, Stork, Sml.
The drafting of this Article leaves much to be desired.
1954-1964, s. 127; dom af 15.7.1960, forenede sager 36, 37, 38 og 40/59, Comptoirs de vente mod Den Høje Myndighed, Sml. 1954-1964, s. 197.
By referring to the European Convention on Human Rights and to no other international instruments, it is more restrictive than the decisions of the Court of Justice.
2) Dom af 12.11.1969, sag 29/69, Stauder mod Ulm, Sml. 1969, s. 107, præmis 7.
Moreover, it is striking that the authors of the Treaty felt the need to add new objectives in Article 2 of the EC Treaty, with the subsidiarity principle following in Article 3b, but saw no need to attach comparable importance to fundamental rights.
J) Dom af 17.12.1970, sag. 11/70, Internationale Handelsgesellschaft, Sml. 1970, s.
However, it would be wrong to overstate the case in this respect.
I sin dom gentog EF-Domstolen sin tidligere retspraksis og udbyggede den ved blandt andet at erklære, at »under udøvelsen (af disse grundrettigheder) skal Domstolen lægge de forfatningsmæssige traditioner i medlemsstaterne til grund og kan følgelig ikke anerkende foranstaltninger, der er uforenelige med de i disse staters forfatninger anerkendte og beskyttede grundrettigheder; de internationale traktater om beskyttelse af menneskerettighederne, som medlemsstaterne har været med til at udarbejde, eller som de senere har tiltrådt, kan ligeledes give anvisninger, som skal tages i betragtning inden for rammerne af fællesskabsretten« ')·
The propensity of Community law to create rights in individuals is of course implied by the power given to the institutions to enact legislation — regulations — that under Article 189 of the EEC Treaty are directly applicable in the Member States.
Det skal bemærkes, at TVoW-dommen blev afsagt få uger efter, at Frankrig som den sidste medlemsstat ratificerede den europæiske konvention til beskyttelse af menneskerettigheder og grundlæggende frihedsrettigheder.
A preliminary ruling reference from the Dutch revenue appeals tribunal, the Tariefcommissie, in 1962, however, gave the Court of Justice the opportunity to make a basic statement on the possibility of individuals asserting rights under Community law in their national courts.
Det er uvist, om EF-Domstolen er gået ud fra, at Fællesskabet var bundet af den europæiske konvention som sådan, da den i Praisdommen fulgte Rådets argumentation, som den resumerede således: »Religionsfrihed i henhold til den europæiske menneskerettighedskonvention er en af de grundrettigheder, der anerkendes af fælles skabsretten«2).
The Dutch firm Van Gend & Loos had imported a chemical product from Germany and had been charged a higher rate of import duty than had been in force at the time the EEC Treaty came into effect owing to a subsequent reclassification of the product under a different heading. It claimed this increase was a breach of the standstill obligation imposed by Article 12 of the Treaty,2and challenged the assessment before the Tariefcommissie, which referred two preliminary questions to the Court under the Article 177 procedure.3 Only the first question is of interest here.
Det drejede sig her om en sagsøgerinde, som klagede over, at datoen for afholdelsen af en udvælgelsesprøve til en
The tribunal asked 'whether Article 12 of the EEC Treaty has direct application in national law in the sense that nationals of Member States may on the basis of this Article lay claim to rights which the national court
1974, s. 507. :) Dom af 27.10.1976, sag 130/75, Prais, Sml. 1976, s. 1589.
2 Article 12 prohibits Member States from introducing new customs duties or charges having equivalent effect and from increasing the rates of existing duties.
Fællesskabets retskilder tjenestemandsstilling i Fællesskaberne faldt på en inden for hendes trosretning religiøs helligdag.
Relationship to national law must protect'.
Domstolen tilføjede, at fjernelsen af forskelsbehandling på grundlag af køn uden tvivl er en af disse grundlæggende rettighe der, og den udtalte, at det samme princip også fulgte af den europæiske socialpagt og af konvention nr. 111 fra Den Internationale Arbejdsorganisation ').
Three governments in submissions to the Court and the Advocate-General argued that the provision merely placed inter national obligations on the Member States and that therefore the answer should be negative.
Domstolen fandt dog, at Fællesskabet ikke på det tidspunkt, hvor spørgsmålet blev forelagt, havde kontrolbeføjelser til at sikre, at medlemsstaterne overholdt dette princip2). cip2).
The Commission submitted that Article 12 had an internal effect. The Court agreed.