natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
I de fire sidstnævnte lande skyldes en ikke uvæsentlig del af forskellen mellem, hvor mange mænd og kvin der der modtager arbejdsløshedsydelse, tilsyneladende, at det er forholdsvis få gifte kvinder der er
Indeed in the latter four countries, a non-negligible part of the disparity between men and women receiving state payments seems to be due to the relatively low proportion of married women entitled to benefit or assistance.
148 Modtagere af arbejdsløshedsydelser efter civilstand i EF-landene, 1991
148 Recipients of unemployment benefit by status in the Member States, 1991 than others are driven out of the labour market at the end of a period of unemployment, for which they are often not eligible for benefits.
Mænd
■ Men
Enlige kvinder berettiget til sådanne ydelser.
D Single women
149 De arbejdsløses (25+) status et år før i EF-landene, 1991
149 What the unemployed (25+) were doing a year ago in the Member States, 1991
Arbejdsløs
Unemployed CD Employed
EF's Arbejdsstyrkeundersøgelse vi­ser også, at der ikke er nogen klar skillelinje mellem arbejdsløshed og erhvervsinaktivitet for kvindernes vedkommende.
Nevertheless the replies are il­luminating.
Eftersom disse un­dersøgelser omfatter spørgsmål om, hvad de adspurgte lavede ét år tid­ligere, giver de også et vist indtryk af omfanget af bevægelse mellem beskæftigelse, arbejdsløshed og er­hvervsinaktivitet. Men eftersom folk til tider kan have svært ved at huske, hvad de lavede et år tidlige­re, og eftersom ikke alle adspurgte besvarede spørgsmålet, og eftersom det ikke af undersøgelsen fremgår, hvad der er sket i den mellemliggen­de periode, må svarene fortolkes med en vis forsigtighed.
In 1991, in the 10 Member States for which data are available (ie excluding Italy and Luxembourg), 40% of women of 25 and over who were recorded as un­employed — in the sense that they were actively seeking work — had been inactive one year before (Graph 149 — the analysis is con­fined to those of 25 and over to exclude the vast majority of those moving from education into the la­bour force).
Kapitel 6 Kvinderne og beskæftigelsen gengivet i det følgende, er i overens stemmelse med resultaterne af tid ligere undersøgelser).
Chapter 6 Women in employment was only 20% (the disparity was much the same for earlier years).
I de lande, hvor det mod satte er tilfældet, var der flere, der var i beskæftigelse ét år tidligere.
to have been unemployed the year before was slightly lower than the longterm unemployment figures seem to imply.
Svarene er under alle omstændigheder særdeles oplysende.
Moreover there were marked differences between Member States.
I modsætning hertil var det kun 20% af mændene på 25 år eller derover, som tidligere havde været erhvervsinaktive.
In the Netherlands, the figure for women who had been inactive the year before was 75% in 1991 and in Ireland over 60%, whereas in Belgium it was less than 15% and in Denmark less than 10%.
Forskellen var stort set den samme som ved tidligere undersøgelser.
In all coun tries apart from these two, however, the proportion who had been inactive was significantly higher for women than for men.
langtidsledigheden (hvilket må til skrives forskelle mellem folks per sonlige opfattelse af deres situation ét år tidligere og ILO-definitionerne på de pågældendes status på det tidspunkt, de får stillet spørgsmålet).
These results seem to confirm the impression given by the high figures for longterm unemployment in the Community — that mobility between employment and unemployment is relatively low and that, in most Member States, it takes considerable time for most people who are out of work to find a job. This is especially the case for women.
I Irland påstod kun godt 20%, at de havde være arbejdsløse året før, sammenholdt med de 60% eller der omkring, som var registreret som langtidsledige, mens tallene i Grækenland var hen holdsvis 33% og 55%.
For men, although there is some difference between the two figures in the case of the Netherlands and Greece, it is much smaller, while the figures for other countries, including Ireland, tend to be reasonably close to each other.
I de øvrige lande er de to tal meget tættere på hinanden, men bortset fra Spanien og Belgien var den andel, der hævdede at have været arbejdsløse året før, en smule mindre, end tallene for langtidsledigheden indikerede.
This implies that in a number of Member States, especially the three men tioned, the distinction between unemployment and inactivity is somewhat blurred so far as the perceptions of respondents are concerned or that, alternatively, the power of recall is often defective.
For mændenes vedkommende var tallet lavere, men dog fortsat højt.
The segregation of women in employment
Desuden var der en markant forskel mellem EF-landene.
A similar disparity between men and women is also evident for em ployment.
I Nederlandene var tallet for kvinder, der havde været erhvervsinaktive et år før, 75% i 1991, og i Irland var det over 60%, mens det i Belgien var under 15% og i Danmark under 10%.
In 1991, less than 20% of women who were unemployed in the Community had been in em ployment one year earlier as compared with over 30% of men.
Men i alle landene, bortset fra disse to, var den procentvise andel, der havde været inaktive, væsentligt større for kvindernes vedkommende end for mændenes.
Again, however, there are substantial variations between Member States, reflecting, as would be ex pected, the importance of longterm unemployment.
Disse resultater synes at bekræfte det indtryk, man får af de høje tal for langtidsledigheden i EF — nemlig at der kun er ringe bevægelse mellem beskæftigelse og arbejdsløs hed, og at det i de fleste EF-lande tager ganske lang tid for størsteparten af de arbejdsløse at finde et job igen.
In countries where a high proportion of unemployed women are recorded as having been out of work for over a year, such as Belgium, Ireland and Spain, comparatively few women had jobs the year before — well below 20%.
Det gælder især for kvinder nes vedkommende.
In countries where the reverse is the case, more were in employment one year earlier.
Også for mændenes vedkommende var der en vis forskel mellem de to tal både i Nederlandene og Grækenland, men dog langt mindre end for kvindernes vedkommende, medens tallene for de øvrige lande, herunder også Irland, ligger rimeligt tæt på hinanden.
The large influx of women onto the labour market has not been accompanied by much diversification in the jobs they do.
Det tyder på, at i flere EF-lande, specielt de nævnte tre lande, er sondringen mellem ar bejdsløshed og erhvervsinaktivitet noget uklar i de adspurgtes bevidst hed, eller også har mange af dem en noget mangelfuld hukommelse.
Throughout the Community, both horizontal and vertical segregation — ie in terms of the sectors in which women are concentrated and the kind of work they do within sectors — remains a dominant feature of the structure of female employment.
En tilsvarende forskel mellem mænd og kvinder gør sig gældende med hensyn til beskæftigelse.
Moreover, for women the responses to the LFS suggest that the distinction between unemployment — especially longterm unemployment — and inactivity is not clearcut in the minds of rest spondents.
11991 havde under 20% af de kvinder i EF, som var arbejdsløse, været i beskæftigel se ét år tidligere sammenholdt med over 30% af mændene.
In the Netherlands, only 10% of the women unemployed claimed to be unem ployed one year earlier in 1991, whereas over 45% of the same women were recorded by the LFS as being unemployed for more than a year, following ILO guidelines.
Men også her er der store forskelle mellem EF-landene, der—som det kunne forventes — kan tilskrives omfanget af lang tidsledighed.
In Ireland, only just over 20% stated that they were unemployed the previous year as compared with the 60% or so who were counted as longterm unemployed, while in Greece the figures were 33% and 55%.
I lande, hvor en stor del af de arbejdsløse kvinder er registreret som havende været uden arbejde i over et år — dvs. Belgien, Irland og Spanien — havde forholdsvis få
For the other countries, the two figures are much closer, though apart from Spain and Belgium, the proportion who claimed
For kvindernes vedkommende ty der svarene i Arbejdsstyrkeundersøgelsen desuden på, at sondringen mellem arbejdsløshed — specielt langtidsledighed — og erhvervsinaktivitet ikke er særlig tydelig i de adspurgtes bevidsthed.
Nevertheless, in all Member States except Denmark, the UK and Portugal, only around 25% or less of women who were unemployed at the time of the 1991 LFS had been in work the year before and only in Denmark was the figure more than 40%.
Den store tilgang af kvinder på ar bejdsmarkedet har ikke været led saget af en større spredning i deres jobs.
Irrespective of whether rates of activity of women are high or low and the pace at which they have changed, the same phenomenon remains evident in Community countries: most women in employment are concentrated in a few sectors of activity and in a small number of jobs.
Kapitel 6 Kvinderne og beskæftigelsen
Chapter 6 Women in employment in agriculture, health, education and other services together with distribution and catering accounted for over half of all women's jobs in 1991 in all Member States (Graph 152).
Den sektormæssige koncentration af kvindernes beskæftigelse horisontale og den vertikale køn­sopdeling — dvs. både med hensyn til, i hvilke sektorer kvinderne er koncentreret, og med hensyn til, hvilken form for arbejde de udfører inden for disse sektorer — fortsat et fremherskende træk ved struktu­ren i kvindernes beskæftigelse.
tend to be the sectors and jobs where women were already an im­portant part of the labour force at the beginning of the 1980s. Al­though the share of women has expanded in a large number of occu­pations in most countries, and inroads have been made into a num­ber of higher level jobs which were previously the exclusive domain of men, in most areas the possibilities for women of gaining access to top jobs remain very small.
imod 52% otte år tidligere i 1983.
in the "distribution and catering" sector.
Selv om disse sektorer også er de største arbejdsgivere for mændene, tegnede de sig i 1991 kun for 28% af mændenes beskæftigelse, medens de to sektorer, der beskæftiger flest mænd — distribution og maskinin­dustrien — tilsammen tegnede sig for under 30% af mændenes beskæf­tigelse (figur 151).
55% of women in employ­ment, therefore, worked in these two sectors as compared with 52% eight years earlier in 1983. Al­though these sectors are also major employers of men, they accounted for only 28% of male jobs in 1991, while the two sectors employing most men — distribution and engin­eering — between them accounted for under 30% of male employment (Graph 151).
Inden for industrien er kvindernes jobs hovedsagelig koncentreret i sek­toren for "anden fremstillingsvirk­somhed" — tekstiler, beklædning og andre arbejdskraftintensive basisin­dustrier.
Within industry, women's jobs are predominantly concentrated in the "other manufacturing" sector — textiles, clothing and other basic, labour­intensive industries.
11991 arbejdede godt halv­delen af de kvinder, der var beskæftiget i industrien i EF, i denne sektor sammenholdt med 25% af mændene.
In 1991, well over half of women employed in industry in the Com­munity worked in this sector as compared with 25% of men.
Tallene for fordelingen af kvindernes beskæftigelse efter sektorer indehol­der ingen overraskelser. I 1991 var over 75% af alle kvinder i arbejde beskæftiget i servicesektoren og un­der 20% i industrien, mens kun godt halvdelen af alle mænd i beskæfti­gelse arbejdede i servicesektoren og over 40% i industrien (figur 150).
Moreover these two broad sectors increased their share of women's employment between 1983 and 1991 in 7 of the 12 Member States, despite the slow growth of employ­ment in distribution.
Inden for servicesektoren er kvinder­nes jobs først og fremmest koncen­treret på "andre tjenesteydelser" — sundhedsvæsen, undervisning og andre tjenesteydelser — som tilsam­men i 1991 beskæftigede 33% afalle kvinder i arbejde i EF, mens yderli­gere 22% arbejdede inden for sekto­ren for "distribution og hotel­ og restaurationsvirksomhed". 55% af alle kvinder i beskæftigelse arbejde­de således inden for disse to sektorer
Significantly, the largest increases occurred in Greece, Italy, Germany and France, four of the five countries where the share of these sectors was below the Community average in 1983, while Portugal, for which data are avail­able only from 1986, also recorded a
Bortset fra i Grækenland og Portu­gal, hvor over 20% af kvinderne ar­bejdede inden for landbrug, tegnede sundhedsvæsen, undervisning og
Except in Greece and Portugal, where over 20% of women worked
150 Beskæftigelsen i servicesektoren i EF-landene, 1983 og 1991
150 Employment in services in the Member States, 1983 and 1991
% af alle beskæftic ede r
% total employed
Der er flere forskellige faktorer som virker samtidigt og giver en kumula­tiv effekt.
The evidence on the distribution of women's employment by sector pro­vides little in the way of surprises.
Kapitel 6 Kvinderne og beskæftigelsen
Chapter 6 Women in employment significant increase over this shor­ter period.
151 Beskæftigelsen i de enkelte sektorer i EF for mænd og kvinder, 1991
151 Sectoral employment of men and women in the Community, 1991 ί
Metal­ og maskinindustri
Transport & communications Engineering, metals
Tekstiler, beklædning, andet
Textiles, clothing, other
Sundhed, undervisning, andet
Health, education, other
Energi og vand
Energy & water 1
Metal­ og maskinindustri
The concentration of women's employ­ment, therefore, declined in these five countries.
Sundhed, undervisning, andet
Occupational divisions in women's employment
152 Kvinder beskæftiget i sektoren for andre tjenesteydelser og distribution i EF-landene, 1983 og 1991
152 Women working in other services and distribution in the Member States, 1983 and 1991
% af kvinder i beskæftigelse
% employed women
Når man ser bort fra Spanien, var der i de seks lande, hvor disse sekto­rer var de største arbejdsgivere for kvinder, samtidig en nedgang i disse sektorers andel af kvindernes be­skæftigelse i denne periode. Koncen­trationen i kvindernes beskæftigelse blev derfor mindre i disse fem lande.
A significant proportion of women are becoming better educated, acquiring more qualifications and are increasing their share of senior positions, but they remain concentrated in public sector professional jobs, such as teaching, where they have an opportunity of using their intellec­tual or scientific abilities.
I tre af dem, nemlig Nederlandene, Danmark og Luxembourg, var der endog tale om et fald mellem 1983 og 1991 i andelen af kvinder beskæfti­get inden for sundhedsvæsen, under­visning og andre tjenesteydelser — og det samme var tilfældet i Spanien mellem 1986 og 1991.
At the same time, there has been a sub­stantial increase in the number of women employed in lower level ac­tivities, particularly clerical and service jobs.
Faglige skel inden for kvindernes beskæftigelse
These two trends are causing a widening gulf between women at different levels of the labour mar­ket.
På det faglige plan er der to tendenser, der gør sig gældende.
The pattern of their careers is, therefore, becoming more like that of men and less like that of other women — which is reflected in the marked differences in activ-
Kapitel 6 Kvinderne og beskæftigelsen der varetages af kvinder, idet andelen af kvindelige lærere ligger mellem 94% og 100% i EF­landene; andre områder, selv om man skal være klar over, at undervisnings­området måske ikke er repræsenta­tivt for situationen inden for andre fag.
Chapter 6 Women in employment ity rates between the two groups of women noted above.
undervisningen i, hvad der svarer til folkeskolens yngste klasser, varetages også hoved­sagelig af kvinder, idet de kvin­delige lærere tegner sig for ca. 65% af den samlede lærerstab i de fleste lande, og for helt op til 90% i Italien og Portugal;
accounting for around 65% of the total in most countries and for as much as 90% in Italy and Portugal;
En betydelig del af kvinderne er blevet bedre uddannet og har fået flere kvalifikationer og har dermed øget deres andel af de overordnede stillinger, men de er fortsat koncen­treret i bestemte jobs inden for den offentlige sektor, som f.eks. under­visning, hvor de har mulighed for at udnytte deres intellektuelle eller vi­denskabelige evner.
Nevertheless, despite the growth of women's participation in the labour force and the inroads that they have made into some occupations, dis­tinct boundaries still exist between men's and women's jobs, with many clerical and service activities hav­ing become even more the preserve of women over the past decade.
Samtidig er der sket en kraftig stigning i antallet af kvinder, som er beskæftiget i min­dre kvalificerede jobs, specielt in­den for kontorområdet og i servicejobs.
secondary school teaching is divided fairly evenly between men and women, though in Italy and Portugal, the share of women teachers is over 60% and in the Netherlands, only around 30%;
undervisningen på det niveau, der svarer til folkeskolens æld­ste klasser og gymnasietrinnet er delt nogenlunde ligeligt mel­lem mænd og kvinder, idet dog de kvindelige lærer i Italien og Portugal udgør 60% og i Neder­landene kun 30%;
By contrast, for other, less well-edu­cated and qualified women there is much less evidence of change. Their working careers are much more likely to be interrupted by family responsibilities and their career development is more likely to differ from that of men in similar types of'job.
I EF som helhed arbejdede ca. 10% afalle kvinder i beskæftigelse inden for undervisningssektoren, og i alle landene, bortset fra Nederlandene, var der flere kvinder end mænd be­skæftiget i denne sektor.
• higher education is predomi­nantly a male preserve, with women filling only around 25%' or less of jobs in most countries (Graph 153).
Men på trods af at uddannelsessystemerne er meget forskellige i EF­landene, går det samme beskæftigelsesmøn­ster igen i dem alle.
The true nature of the division be­tween men's and women's jobs only emerges from a detailed examin­ation of particular occupations or professions.
På nær nogle få undtagelser er skellene mellem de jobs, der hovedsageligt udføres af kvinder, og de jobs, der først og fremmest varetages af mænd, me­get ensartede i de forskellige lande.
Teaching is one area where studies have been under­taken which show such a division, though it is important to recognise that teaching may not be repre­sentative of the position in other activities.
Mønsteret i denne kønsopdeling er følgende:
This pattern of demarcation, with men firmly in control of the higher echelons of the teaching pro­fession, illustrates very well the situation in a number of areas and reflects the differential values and status, as well as salary levels,
153 Kvinder beskæftiget i undervisningssektoren i EF-landene, ca. 1989-1991
153 Women in teaching in the Member States, circa 1989-91
% af lærerne
% teachers
Svarende til Folkeskolens yngste klasser
I Secondary D Tertiary
I modsætning hertil er der tilsyne­ladende ikke sket større ændringer for andre, mindre veluddannede og mindre kvalificerede kvinder.
In the Community as a whole, around 10% of women in employ­ment worked in education and in all countries, except for the Nether­lands, there were more women employed in this sector than men.
Man kan kun danne sig et reelt bil­lede af forskellen mellem mænds og kvinders jobs ved at foretage en de­taljeret undersøgelse af bestemte fag eller erhverv.
E UK primary school teaching is also predominantly undertaken by women, women teachers
L: ingen data; DK: kun dala (or Folkeskolens yngste klasser
L no data. DK data for primary only
Men deres position er på ingen måde stærk. De strukturmæssige ændringer, der kan forventes inden for mange ser vicefag, specielt efterhånden som datamatiseringen bliver mere ud bredt, og der sker nyskabelser på kommunikationsområdet, truer mange af de jobs, der i dag udføres af kvinder.
Chapter 6 Women in employment service activities, particularly as computerisation spreads and innovations are made in communications, threatens to destroy many of the jobs now performed by women.
Samtidig er kønsopdelingen inden for beskæftigelsen en af hovedårsagerne til, at der fortsat består store lønforskelle mellem de to køn.
At the same time, the division between men and women in em ployment is a major reason for the persistence of significant disparities in wage levels.
Selv om det grundlæggende princip om "lige løn for samme arbejde" nødvendigvis må finde generel støtte inden for EF, vil det kun få begrænset reel virkning, så længe det faktiske arbejde, der udføres, fortsat er så ujævnt fordelt, og så længe der tillægges tilsyneladende ensartede typer jobs forskellige værdier, alt efter om de udføres af mænd eller af kvinder.
Although the axiom of "equal pay for equal work" commands general support within the Community, its effectiveness will inevitably be limited while the actual jobs performed remain so unevenly distributed and while different values are placed on apparently similar types of job done by men and women.
Kapitel 7 EF-landenes regler om beskyttelse i ansættelsen og tilpasning af arbejdsstyrken
Chapter 7 Employment protection and labour force adjustment in the Member States
Der er store forskelle mellem EF-landene med hensyn til begrænsninger i virksomhedernes mulighed for at ansætte og afskedige arbejdskraft.
Restrictions on the ability of firms to hire and fire labour vary significantly between Member States.
På trods af tendensen i retning af øget liberalisering er der i det sidste tiår kun sket ganske få ændringer i begrænsningerne i arbejdsgivernes handlefrihed på dette område.
Despite the trend towards liberalisation, there have been few changes in the constraints on the freedom of action of employers over the past decade.
Selv om reglerne om beskyttelse i ansættelsen har været stærkt om diskuterede — og formentlig vil blive det i stigende grad, hvis den nuværende recession fortsætter — ved man i praksis kun forholdsvis lidt om disse reglers omfang og betydning i EF som helhed.
Although employment protection policies have been the subject of much controversy — and are likely to be increasingly so as the present recession persists — relatively little is knov/n in practice about the importance and impact of these regulations across the Community as a whole.
som sundheds- og sikkerhedsbestemmelser og lovgivning omkring børnearbejde og mindsteløn også kan betragtes som en form for be skyttelsesforanstaltninger i brede ste forstand og derfor burde indgå i en fuldstændig vurdering af disse regler og deres virkninger, ligger de uden for emnet for dette kapitel.
While a major aim of employment protection regulations is to protect against unfair dismissal and, in creasingly, to promote alternatives to redundancy, by constraining the freedom of firms to reduce their workforces, they may impose considerable costs on them, especially during periods of economic recession.
Reglerne om beskyttelse i ansættelsen består både af bestemmelser om sikring af den enkelte imod uberettiget afskedigelse og af særlige procedurer i forbindelse med kollektive afskedigelser eller masseafskedigelser — disse procedurer kan en ten være baseret på lovgivning eller på kollektive overenskomster, som begrænser virksomhedernes ret til at afskedige arbejdstagere.
special procedures relating to collective, or mass, redundancies — whether based on law or collective agreement — which restrict the freedom of firms to dismiss workers.
De om fatter f.eks. forudgående høring af fagforeninger eller bedriftsråd, underretning af de offentlige myndigheder om påtænkte afskedigelser, klageadgang i tilfælde af uberettiget afskedigelse og særlige beskyttelsesregler for bestemte grupper (såsom gravide kvinder og handicappede) samt bestemmelser om opsigelsesvarsler og fratrædelsesgodtgørelse. godtgørelse.
They include, for example, prior consultation with trade unions or works councils, no tification of dismissal to the public authorities, the right of appealagainst unfair dismissal and special protection for certain groups (such as pregnant women and the disabled).