natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
ydelsernes størrelse med den hidtidige indkomst, mens den var højere i de 7 øvrige lande, hvilket er tegn på virkningen af de faste ydelsesbeløb (navnlig i Irland og Storbritannien) eller af loftet over ydelserne (i de øvrige fem lande).
As the period of unemployment lengthens for someone on half average earnings, so the replacement rate falls in 7 of the Member States — Belgium. Germany, Greece, France.
Når arbejdsløshedsperioden bliver længere for personer med halvdelen af gennemsnitsindtægten, falder dækningsgraden i 7 af medlemssta terne — Belgien, Tyskland, Grækenland, Frankrig, Italien, Luxembourg og Portugal (dog med 10 procentpoints eller mindre), dog med mindre end 10 procentpoints i alle landene undtagen Grækenland (hvor den i 1993 faldt til kun 16% af den disponible indkomst efter 15 må neders arbejdsløshed) og Portugal, og kun for enlige i alle lande undtagen Grækenland og Luxembourg — mens den forbliver den samme i de øvrige fem lande.
Italy, Luxembourg and Portugal, though by 10 percentage points or less in all except Greece (where the rate declined in 1993 to only 16% of disposable income when in work after 15 months of unemployment) and Portugal, and in all except Greece and Luxembourg, only for single people — but remains the much the same in the other five.
Når indkomsten falder til under 80% af gennemsnittet, stiger dækningsgraden i de fleste lande yderligere.
As earnings fall below 80% of the average, replacement rates in most cases tend to increase further.
For en enlig med de ovenfor definerede kendetegn var dækningsgraden ved 65% af gennemsnitsindkomsten i 1993 på 80% eller derover i seks medlemsstater og 75% eller derover i yderligere to. Kun i Irland og Storbritannien var den under 60%.
For a single person with the characteristics defined above, the rate in 1993 at 65% of average earnings was 80% or above in six Member States and 75% or above in another two.
For et ægtepar med to børn var den omkring 85% eller derover i 9 med lemsstater og i de resterende tre om kring 80% eller lige under.
For a couple with two children, it was around 85% or above in 9 Member States and in the other three around 80% or just below.
For et ægtepar med to børn med samme indkomstniveau ved arbejde var dækningsgraden omkring 80% eller mere i de fire første lande og omkring 70% eller mere i tre øvrige lande — Tyskland, Spanien og Luxembourg. I Irland, Italien og Storbritannien var den derimod kun omkring 50% og i Grækenland under 40%.
For a married couple with two child ren, the replacement rate was 80% or above at this level of earnings in six Member States (almost 100% in Luxembourg) and around 75% in an other four.
Dækningsgrad ved indkomster over gennemsnittet ersoner, der bliver arbejdsløse
or those who become unem
P efter at have haft en indkomst,
F ployed after earning a higher
For en enlig, som tjener halvdelen af gennemsnitslønnen ved arbejde, er dækningsgraden på 90% eller der over i 7 lande — og mere end 100% i Portugal (hvor mindsteydelsen svarer til gennemsnitslønnen før fradrag, der i praksis er højere end netto'mákomsten på dette indtægtsniveau) og mellem 70 og 77% i andre fire.
For a single person earning half the average wage when working, the re placement rate was 90% or above in 7 countries — and above 100% in Portugal (where the minimum benefit payable was equal to the minimum wage before deductions, which, in practice, was higher than the net wage received at this level of earnings) — and between 70 and 77% in another four.
Kun i Storbritannien var den under 70% og da kun meget lidt.
Only in the UK, was it below 70% and then only slightly.
For et ægtepar med to børn i de samme omstændigheder var dækningsgraden over 100% i seks lande og 90% eller derover i alle de øvrige undtagen Storbritannien (hvor den var på 85%).
For a couple with two children in the same circumstances, the rate was above 100% in six countries and 90% or above in all the others except for the UK (where it was 85%).
I USA var dækningsgraden for en enlig ved både 150% og 200% af gennemsnitsindkomsten højere og lå lidt under 50% i førstnævnte tilfælde og 40% i sidstnævnte end i fire lande i Den Europæiske Union.
For a person earning 150% of the average wage when working (but with the same characteristics as used in previous examples), there were only two countries for which this was not the case in 1993 — the Netherlands, where the relative amount receivable was much the same and Portugal where it was higher (as high as 84% of previous disposable income, much higher than anywhere else in the Union, reflecting the linking of benefits to earnings before deductions which results in benefits in creasing relative to net earnings up to three times the minimum wage). For four Member States, including
Kapitel 4 - Arbejdsløshedsydelser og incitamenter til at søge arbejde komsten, højere end i seks af de europæiske lande.
Chapter 4 - Unemployment compensation and incentives to look for work these two together with France and Luxembourg, the replacement rate at this level of earnings was around 75% or more.
For den samme person med en familie er situationen markant anderledes. I fem medlemsstater modtog de det samme beløb, som hvis de havde haft tidligere beskæftigelsesperioder og i to andre kun lidt mindre.
For a couple with two children at the same level of earnings when in work, the replacement rate was around 80% or more in the former four countries and around 70% or more in an other three — Germany, Spain and Luxembourg.
De eneste to lande, hvor de modtog små beløb, var Grækenland og Irland, kun 4% af den disponible indkomst ved halvdelen af gennemsnitsindkomsten i Grækenland og 21% i Irland.
In Ireland, Italy and the UK, by contrast, it was only around 50% and in Greece, under 40%.
Hvis den pågældende overhovedet ikke har nogen beskæftigelsesperioder bag sig, er situationen noget an derledes.
To illustrate the position of such people in different Member States, a person aged 24 with potential earn ings of only half the average of a production worker in manufacturing is taken as an example (it makes relatively little difference to the comparative results in most cases if someone older or with higher earn ings is taken instead so long as they have no employment record).
I to lande, Grækenland og Portugal, var den pågældende slet ikke berettiget til støtte (graf 62).
At twice average earnings, the re placement rate in Portugal was even higher at 88% of former disposable income and still around 75% in France, though elsewhere in the Union, in five Member States, it was 30% or less.
I Frankrig modtog de kun 30% af den disponible indkomst, som de ville have modtaget ved halvdelen af gen nemsnitslønnen, der består af bolig ydelser, eftersom personer under 25 år ikke har ret til at modtage socialhjælp— minimum d'insertion; for personer over 25 år og under samme forhold stiger dækningsgraden til 65%.
In all Member States, apart from France and the UK, the replacement rate was the same for someone in similar circumstances over 25 as under 25.
I to andre lande, Spanien og Italien, hvor socialhjælp forvaltes på regionalt plan og derfor varierer fra region til region, var det udbetalte beløb typisk under 50% af, hvad de ville have modtaget ved dette indkomstniveau i fire lande, Danmark, Irland, Luxembourg og Nederlandene, var det højere end 70%.
In France, as already noted, the rate for the former was over twice as high as for the latter, while in the UK, it was 8 percentage points higher.
For at illustrere disse menneskers situation i de forskellige medlemsstater anvendes en person på 24 år med en potentiel indkomst på kun halvdelen af den gennemsnitlige ind komst for en produktionsarbejder i fremstillingsindustrien (det betyder i de fleste tilfælde kun en forholdsvis lille forskel forde komparative resultater, om den pågældende i stedet er ældre eller har en højere indkomst, så længe de ikke har været i beskæftigelse). gelse).
In the US, by comparison, the income support receivable in this case was 52% of disposable income at half the average wage, higher than in six of the European countries.
Med undtagelse af Storbritannien gælder de dog kun for husleje.
In five Member States, they received the same amount as if they had had a previous employment record and in two others only slightly less.
I Storbritannien er det tilfældet for personer i arbejde, men hvis de bliver arbejdsløse, kan boligydelser også ydes til betaling af huslån, hvis de pågældende er boligejere.
The only two countries where they re ceived small amounts were Greece and Ireland, just 4% of disposable income at half average earnings in the former, 21% in the latter.
(Arbejdsløse i Storbritannien modtager også ydelser til dækning af lokale skatter i forbindelse med boligen, men de medtages ikke i beregningen, hvilket betyder, at dækningsgraden for
Else where in the Union, the replacement rate for such families was below 85% however, is not necessarily typical of all those who are unemployed in Union countries.
I USA var den udbetalte indkomst støtte i dette tilfælde til sammenligning 52% af den disponible indkomst ved halvdelen af gennemsnitsind
In Ireland, they received only 15% of the disposable income they would have earned at half the average wage and in France, only 30% (which
Dækningsgraden ved indijening variabel for en 35 årig, arbejdsløs i 6 mdr. med 10 års ansættelses­periode
Replacement rates at varying levels of earnings (35 year old unemployed for 6 months with 10 years employment record)
­ Enlig •Gift • Gift med 2 born
-Single Married • Married, with 2 children
­ Enlig ■Gilt ■ Gilt med 2 born
-Single ■ Married ■ Married, wilh 2 children
­ Enlig •Gill ■ Gilt mod 2 born
-Single - Married • Married, wilh 2 children
150 Lon i % af gns.lon
150 200 Wage as % average wage
150 Lon I % af gns.lon
150 200 Wage as % average wage
Lon i % af gns.lon Gilt Gilt med 2 born
-Single ■ Married Married, with 2 children
Ingen tidligere beskæftigelse
No employment record
2 års tidligere beskæftigelse
2 years employment record
Β DK D GR E F IRL I
Β DK D OR E F IRL I
I: skon for ingen tidligere beskæftigelse vedrorer Liguria
I estimate for no employment record relates to Liguria
Dækningsgrad for en 24-årig gift person med 2 børn 50% af gennemsnitslønnen (seks måneders arbejdsløshed)
Replacement rate for married person aged 24 with 2 children at 50% of average wage (6 months unemployed)
Dækningsgrad (%) Ingen tidligere beskæftigelse
No employment record
(Der findes også indrømmelser vedrørende bo­ligudgifter i tre andre medlemsstater.
Except in the UK, however, they only apply to rent.
I Belgien har arbejdsløse undertiden ret til en reduktion i lejen, hvilket betyder, at deres boligudgifter støttes af lokale myndigheder, og det er der­for vanskeligt at tage hensyn til dette i beregningen af dækningsgraden.
In the UK, this is the case for those in work, but for those who become unemployed, housing benefits also cover the cost of servic­ing mortgages if the person con­cerned owns their own house.
I Grækenland og Spanien kan en del af boligudgifterne trækkes fra i ind­komstskatten, selv om dækningsgra­den i disse tilfælde ikke påvirkes.)
(The unemployed in the UK also receive an allowance to cover local taxes linked to housing but these are not included in the calculation which means that the replacement rate for the UK is a slight underestimate.)
I: skøn for ingen tidligere beskæftigelse vedrører Liguria
I estimate for no employment record relates to Liguria
Virkningen af at medtage boligydel­ser i beregningen varierer betydeligt mellem medlemsstaterne og afspej­ler det til rådighed værende bistands­niveau og bestemmelserne for støtteberettigelse (se tabel 9).
Housing benefits have been included in the calculations reported above — specifically, they have been added to disposable income — the assumption being that the person for whom the estimates are made lives in rented accommodation and pays an average rent.
I Danmark har det relativt lille betyd­ning for lavtlønnede (forøger kun dækningsgraden med 1,5 procent­point for et par med halvdelen af gennemsnitslønnen — alle skøn i dette afsnit vedrører par med en per­son i beskæftigelse), men har større
(An alternative basis for calcu­lating the replacement rate, adopted in a recent OECD study, is to define disposable income to exclude hous­ing costs — see Box for a discussion
Boligydelser og beregning af dækningsgrad betydning for personer med højere løn (forøger dækningsgraden med 4,5 procentpoints for personer med gennemsnitsindtjening), navnlig hvis huslejen ligger over gennem snittet.
In Belgium, those who are unemployed are in some cases en­titled to a reduction in the rent they pay, which means that their housing costs are effectively subsidised by the local authority, though it is diffi­cult to take this into account in the calculation of replacement rates.
I Frankrig er virkningen større for højere indtægtsniveauer, omend huslejeniveauet ikke gør særlig stor forskel i beregningen.
In Greece and Spain, a proportion of housing costs is allowed as a deduc­tion against income tax, though in these cases, the replacement rate is not affected.)
Der er markante forskelle mellem medlemsstaternes bestem melser vedrørende boligydelser og derfor også mellem disses potentielle betydning for lysten til at søge arbejde.
The regulations in place concerning housing benefits and, there­fore, their potential effect on incentives to work, differ markedly from country to country.
I de lande som for eksempel Det Forenede Kongerige, hvor de er en integreret del af støtten og tildeles næsten automatisk, når en person bliver arbejdsløs, bør man definere dækningsgraden som de samlede nettoboligomkostninger — mere præcist at måle den disponible indkomst, enten når den pågældende er i arbejde eller arbejdsløs efter fradrag af nettoboligudgifterne (dvs. at boligydelsen også er fratrukket).
In those, like the UK especially, where they are an integral part of the means of support and granted almost automatically when a person becomes unemployed, there is a case for defining the replacement rate to be net of housing costs entirely — more precisely, to measure disposable income either when in work or unemployed after deducting housing costs net of housing benefit.
Argumentet er, at boligudgifter er en fast udgift, der skal erlægges, uanset om den pågældende er i arbejde eller ikke, og da boligudgifterne er bundet til et bestemt omkostningsniveau, bør de overhovedet ikke medtages i beregningen af dækningsgraden.
The rationale is that housing costs are a fixed liability which has to be met whether a person is working or not and since housing benefits are tied to a particular level of cost, they should arguably be excluded completely from the calculation of the replacement rate.
Virkningen af ovenstående er generelt, men ikke i alle tilfælde (navnlig ved dækningsgrader på over 100%) at reducere dækningsgraden sammenlignet med ovenstående beregninger, simpelthen fordi et fast beløb fratrækkes i både tæller og nævner, selv om forskellen i mange tilfælde er relativt lille (se tabel 9).
The effect of doing this is generally, but not invariably (in particular, where the replacement rate is over 100%), to reduce the replace­ment rate as compared with the calculations reported here, simply because a fixed amount is deducted from both numerator and denominator, though in many cases the difference is rela­tively small (see Table 9).
Hvis der ikke betales boligydelser til dækning af huslejen, hvilket er tilfældet i seks medlemsstater, er virkningen imidlertid større (hvis boligudgifterne for eksempel er 25% af den disponible arbejdsindkomst og dækningsgraden i henhold til denne me tode er 70% er graden — beregnet efter fradrag af boligudgifterne — 60%, jo højere leje og jo lavere dækningsgrad som defineret her, jo større er virkningen af at fratrække boligudgifterne). gifterne).
Where there are no housing benefits payable to cover rent, however, which is the case in six Member States, the effect is larger (if, for example, housing costs are 25% of disposable income when in work, and the replacement rate on the method adopted here is 70%, the rate calculated after deducting housing costs would be 60%; the higher the rent and the lower the replacement rate as defined here, the greater the effect of deducting housing costs).
I de andre medlemsstater er virkningen til gengæld større for lavtlønnede, selv om den i Nederlandene afhænger af det nøjagtige indtægtsniveau.
The effect of including housing benefits in the calculation varies con­siderably between Member States re­flecting the scale of assistance available and the regulations govern­ing eligibility (see Table 9).
Ved meget lave lønninger — for eksempel halvdelen af gen nemsnittet — er virkningen meget lille, da boligydelsen i det store og hele ikke afhænger af, om den pågældende er arbejdsløs eller ikke. I takt med at lønnen stiger, bortfalder ydelsen for arbejdstagere, mens arbejds løse får dækket en betragtelig del af deres husleje, så virkningen på dækningsgraden er større (yderligere 7 procentpoints ved 75% af gennem snitslønnen).
In Denmark, it has relatively little effect for those on low earnings (increasing the replacement rate by only 1 'Λ per­centage points for a couple on half the average wage — all the estimates in this section relating to a couple with one person earning), but is more significant for those on higher earn­ per­ ings (increasing the rate by 4'/2
Hvorvidt denne metode eller den her valgte er at foretrække, er vanskeligt at vurdere — ingen af dem er tydeligvis ideel.
Whether this approach or the one adopted here is preferable is hard to judge — clearly there is no ideal measure.
Det kan dog diskuteres, hvor faste boligudgifterne er i praksis.
However, it is open to question how far housing costs are fixed in practice.
De, der lejer bolig, beslutter måske at flytte til en billigere bolig, hvis de bliver arbejdsløse (de ændringer, der indføres i Det Forenede Kongerige, sigter til dels mod at tilskynde her til), og har vanskeligt ved at finde et nyt job eller udskyder betaling i et stykke tid, hvis arbejdsløsheden forventes at blive kortvarig.
In particular, those renting accommodation might decide to move to somewhere less costly if they lose their job (the changes being introduced in the UK are partly intended to encourage this) and have difficulty finding another or postpone payment for a time if unemployment is expected to be of short duration.
I den sammenhæng er de ikke så forskellige fra andre former for udgifter, der betales ud af den disponible indkomst, som også kan fratrækkes ved beregningen af dækningsgraden.
To this extent, they are not so different from other items of expenditure out of disposable income which could also be deducted when calculating the replacement rate.
Boligudgifter kan i høj grad variere for personer, der ellers lever under ensartede forhold — en grund til ikke at fratrække andre udgifter fra den disponible indkomst — hvilket påvirker fortolkningen af dækningsgrader, beregnet ud fra den alternative metode mere, end det er tilfældet med den her valgte metode.
Moreover, housing costs can vary significantly between individuals in otherwise similar circumstances — a reason for not deducting other expenses from disposable income — which affects the interpretation of the replacement rates calculated on the alterna­tive method more than it does for the method adopted here.
Uanset metoden er det i lyset af problemerne med boligydelser vigtigt at udskille dem fra andre former for indkomststøtte, når man beregner dækningsgraden og dennes potentielle betydning for lysten til at søge arbejde.
Whichever approach is adopted, given the difficulties surround­ing housing benefits, it is important to distinguish them from other kinds of income support when assessing the replacement rate and its potential effect on work incentives.
Tabel 9 — Boligudgifternes virkning på dækningsgraden ved forskellige huslejeniveauer Ægtepar hvor hovedpersonen er 35 år, arbejdsløs i 6 måneder og 10 års tidligere beskæftigelse
Table 9 — Effect of housing costs at different rent levels on replacement rates (couple with head of household aged 35 unemployed for 6 months and 10 years employment record) average earnings
50% af gennemsnitl. indtjening
50% average earnings
75% af gennemsnitl. indtjening
75% average earnings
50% højere
150% average earnings
50% højere
50% higher
Gennems- nitlig husleje
(% disposable income when in work)
Gennemsnitlig leje er et skøn over den gennemsnitlige leje betalt af en husholdning på hvert indkomstniveau i det pågældende land.
Notes: Average rent is an estimate of the mean rent paid by a household on each level of income in the country in question.
50% højere betyder en leje, der er 50% højere end gennemsnittet.
50% higher means rent 50% higher than the mean.
Dækningsgraden omfatter boligydelser i den disponible arbejdsindtjening eller som arbejdsløs.
The replacement rate is calculated to include housing benefits in disposable income when in work and unemployed.
Boligydelsevirkningen er forskellen i procentpoints i dækningsgrad med hhv. uden boligydelser.
Housing benefit effect indicates the percentage point difference in the replacement rate between including and excluding housing benefits. '
' Boligudgifter skønnes at være leje.
Housing costs assumed to be rent.
En boligejer kan kun modtage boligydelser, når den pågældende er arbejdsløs.
An owner-occupier servicing a mortgage is eligible for housing benefits only when unemployed.
I så tilfælde 50% af den gennemsnitlige indtjening, dækningsgrad 88,3%, hvis kreditforeningsydelser er lig med den gennemsnitlige leje og 102,5%, hvis de er 50% højere.
In this case at 50% of average earnings, the replacement rate is 88.3% if mortgage payments equal the average rent and 102.5% if they are 50% higher than this.
Kapitel 4 - Arbejdsløshedsydelser og Incitamenter til at søge arbejde at arbejde eller ikke er derfor vanskeligt at vurdere.
Chapter 4 - Unemployment compensation and incentives to look for work only slightly higher than this (by 2'/2 percentage points at 75% of the aver all if they had been in work and in creased the replacement rate by
Selv om der i USA ikke findes deciderede boligydelser, dækkes bolig udgifterne til dels gennem et system med fødevarekuponer, der skal bidrage til de grundlæggende leve omkostninger.
The effect of housing benefits is most pronounced in the UK since, for the unemployed at least, the scheme in operation is much more generous than anywhere else in the Union.
For personer med halvdelen af gennemsnitsindtægten og gennemsnitshusleje udgjorde fødevarekuponer ca. 25% af den mod tagne ydelse i forhold til ingenting, hvis de var i arbejde, og øgede dækningsgraden med 9,5%.
Here, for all those aged 25 or over, all housing costs, whatever form they take and however large, are met by the State if a person becomes unemployed (though those under 25 receive a reduced amount, some 8-9% less than the rent they pay).
også i Nederlandene og kan forklares ud fra samme grunde. Det gælder også for Irland, hvor boligydelser øger den arbejdsløses samlede ydelser betragteligt ved meget lave løn ninger (øger dækningsgraden ved halvdelen af gennemsnitslønnen med 13,5 procentpoints), men betydningen er ikke særlig stor ved lønninger, der ligger blot en smule over dette (med 2,5 procentpoints ved 75% af gennemsnitslønnen), undtagen hvis huslejen ligger over gennemsnittet.
(Measures are being introduced, however, under which only 'average' rents will be covered in full for those aged 25 and over, with local authority discretion to pay more in individual cases.)
løshed i visse tilfælde kan være om fattende i forhold til nettolønnen ved beskæftigelse i de fleste lande i Unionen.
In the other Member States, on the other hand, the effect tends to be greater for those on low earnings, though in the Netherlands, the effect depends on the precise level of earnings.
Dette gælder navnlig for personer med lave indkomster og navnlig for folk, der skal forsørge en familie.
At very low rates of pay — half the average, for example — the effect is very small since much the same amount of housing benefit is payable whether the person is work ing or not.