natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Hvis denne tendens styrkes, og der træffes bestemmelse om overgangsforanstaltninger eller passende garantier for medlemsstaterne, skulle det være muligt at lægge regeringsbeføjelserne — både indadtil og udadtil — i hænderne på Kommissionen.
1 Case 314/85 Fotofrost [1987] ECR 4189. ■' Joined Cases 90­91/63 Commission ν Luxembourg and Belgium [1964] ECR 625.
Fællesskabet er nemlig ikke blot skabt på et retligt grundlag, eftersom det hviler på internationale traktater, men der findes næppe nogen indehaver af offentlig myndighed, der i samme grad som Fællesskabet er afhængig af retsregler for at kunne udføre sine funktioner.
Its dynamism, which has sometimes earned it criticism, contrasts with the lethargy of the Council as legislator, and very often it has been the Council's inaction that has led the Court to develop the principles that have reaffirmed the commitment to the Community's integrationist goals against the resistance of the Member States, and at the risk of misunderstanding, if not disregard.
Fællesskabet har ingen direkte magtbeføjelser til at gennemtvinge sine afgørelser; det har hverken hær eller politi.
Nor is its position easy vis-à-vis national courts, which are required to cooperate with it in ensuring that Community law is applied uniformly, but are also the ones responsible for applying that law.
Dets administrative apparat er begrænset, og det må i så henseende i vidt omfang støtte sig på medlemsstaternes administrationer.
Charged with interpreting the law and determining the validity of Community legislation, the Court has no power to overturn decisions of national courts that are contrary to Community law or to say how Community law applies to the facts of a particular case.
Kort sagt er Fællesskabet ikke en stat som sådan.
It is not a court of appeal.
Dets våben er den ret, det skaber.
Nor, as already noted, does it have all the powers of a typical federal court.
Det er en retsorden, der indebærer meget højt udviklede retsregler og en hertil svarende håndhævelse ved hjælp af et domstolsorgan.
Such a provision would enforce the duty of national courts to cooperate with the Court of Justice in applying Community law more effectively than is possible using the infringement procedure.
Domstolens jurisdiktion blev obligatorisk i og med fællesskabstraktaternes ikrafttræden.
The conferment of powers of co-decision on the European Parliament should not reduce the importance of the role of the Court.
Endvidere skal det nævnes, at ikke alene medlemsstaterne og institutionerne, men også — på visse i de enkel te traktater3) fastsatte betingelser — borgerne kan indbringe sager
It will in fact further increase its constitutional character, which is its main raison d'être.
Sammenhold EKSF-traktatens artikel 33, stk. 2, og EØF-traktatens artikel 173, stk. 2. Efter reglerne i Rom-traktaterne kan private ikke anfægte en forordning.
Article 184 has also been amended so that parties may now plead the illegality of a 'regulation adopted jointly by the European Parliament and the Council'.
Den nationale myndighed kan heroverfor kun foretage en prøvelse af fuldbyrdelsesgrundlagets ægthed.
In the same context the Union Treaty makes a series of further innovations:
Eksistensen af en Domstol er et vigtigt element i integrationsproces sen. Den heraf følgende kompetencefordeling forudsætter, at stater ne får garanti for, at denne fordeling respekteres både af institutionerne og af de øvrige medlemsstater. Kompetenceafgivelse er kun acceptabel, hvis dens grænser respekteres.
(i) it formalizes the law stated by the Court of Justice regarding Parliament's capacity to bring actions (active legitimation) for annulment in order to preserve its prerogatives ' and the Court's own jurisdiction to review the legality of acts of Parliament 'intended to produce legal effects vis­à­vis third parties';
Domstolen udøver en fundamental funktion derved, at den værner om lov og ret ved fortolkningen og anvendelsen af traktaterne (EØFtraktatens artikel 164; Euratom-traktaten artikel 136; EKSF-traktatens artikel 31).
(ii) it extends the Court's review powers by way of actions for annulment (Article 173), actions for failure to act (Article 175), preliminary rulings (Article 177) and pleas of illegality (Article 184) to ECB acts and regulations;
EF-Domstolen kontrollerer, om institutionernes retsakter er lovlige både i relation til traktaten og til fællesskabsrettens øvrige retskilder.
While the Maastricht Treaty has in this respect strengthened the Community as a Community based on law, notably by fully incor­porating the monetary union in the Community legal order, it has none the less excluded the Court's jurisdiction to condemn Member States for running excessive deficits or to rule on Council measures taken in that context (Article 104c(10)); and, as is clear from Article L, the Treaty's provisions relating to the Court of Justice do not apply to Title V (common foreign and security policy: see Article J. 11(1)) or Title VI (justice and home affairs cooperation: see Article K.8(l)).
En sådan prøvelse finder sted, enten direkte efter anmodning fra staterne, de øvrige institutioner og borgerne, eller i anledning af en tvist, som Domstolen får forelagt.
Conventions concluded within the Council in the areas governed by Article K.l of the title devoted to justice and home affairs cooperation may confer jurisdiction on the Court of Justice to interpret their provisions and settle disputes (Article K.3(2)(c)); jurisdiction should have been automatic if there had been a true desire to secure uniform interpretation.
Den påser, at medlemsstaterne overholder de forpligtelser, som på hviler dem i medfør af traktaterne og den afledte ret.
However, Article M does provide that, save where it amends the existing Treaties, 'nothing in this Treaty shall affect the Treaties establishing the European Communities or the subsequent Treaties and Acts modifying or supplementing them'.
Endvidere skal den, efter anmodning fra en national domstol, tage stilling til fortolkningen af Fællesskabets regler eller til gyldigheden af de retsakter, der udstedes af institutionerne.
This fundamental provision should indirectly enable the Court to interpret provisions that appear to be beyond its jurisdiction if ever there is a dispute regarding the relative scope of Community obliga­tions and obligations entered into in connection with the common foreign and security policy or justice and home affairs cooperation.
') Når EF-Domstolen f.eks. ændrer en kommissionsbeslutning, der erklærer en aftale for ugyldig i medfør af konkurrencereglerne.
Moreover, since there are bridges linking the various pillars (see paragraph 51, infra, regarding this concept), this being clearly illus­
2) Der skal ikke her foretages en opregning af alle de former for søgsmål, som Domstolen kan få forelagt.
Case C­70/88 Parliament ν Council (Chernobyl) (Committee procedures) [1990] ECR 1­2069.
Staten indstævnes ikke, før der har fundet en forudgående administrativ behandling sted, hvorunder Kommissionen forelægger sine stand punkter med henblik på at få medlemsstaten til at bringe sin ulovlige adfærd til ophør.
This is illustrated by Opinion No 1/91 of the Court of Justice, relating to the Agreement establishing the European Economic Area. '
Hvis staten ikke retter sig efter Kommissionens anvisninger, kan Kommissionen indbringe sagen for Domstolen, som så konstaterer, om der er begået en overtrædelse.
The Court rejected the Commission's argument that Article 238, the legal base for the Agreement, could be amended to establish a judicial system as envisaged by the Agreement.
Domstolen kan ganske vist ikke annullere den nationale foranstaltning, der udgør en overtrædelse af fællesskabsretten, men ved at følge Kom missionens udtalelse kan den ved sin dom give staten anvisning på, hvorledes den kan bringe den ulovlige adfærd til ophør. Borgerne og de andre medlemsstater kan endvidere påberåbe sig dommen til støtte for deres krav i andre sager, f.eks. erstatningssager ved de nationale domstole.
It held both that Article 238 provided no legal base for establishing a judicial system adversely affecting the Court's own jurisdiction by virtue of Article 164 and with it the very foundations of the Community, and that 'for the same reasons, an amendment of Article 238 in the way indicated by the Commission could not cure the incompatibility with Community law of the system of courts set up by the Agreement' (point 72).
Ved Maastrichttraktaten er der indført en sanktionsprocedure over for medlemsstater, der ikke træffer de nødvendige foranstaltninger til opfyldelse af en overtrædelsesdom. Traktatens artikel 171 er blevet ændret ved tilføjelse af følgende stk. 2:
To enable the Court to perform its functions effectively and avoid its workload becoming unmanageable, proposals were made to simplify its procedure and to set up one or more specialized lower courts to decide cases brought by officials of the EC institutions against their employers and other cases in which fact-finding is very important, such as competition cases.2 These proposals were taken up in the Single European Act, which amended the three Community Treaties in these respects.
Hvis den pågældende medlemsstat ikke har truffet de til dommens opfyldelse nødvendige foranstaltninger inden for den frist, som Kommissionen har fastsat, kan denne indbringe sagen for Domstolen.
1 Opinion given on 14.12.1991: OJ C 110, 29.4.1992, p. 1. !See in this connection the recommendation in the Spaak II Report that the Court be 'relieved in some appropriate manner of the burden of determining disputes between the
Den angiver i denne forbindelse størrelsen af det faste beløb
Community institutions and their staff'.
Karakteristika eller den tvangsbøde, som den pågældende medlemsstat skal betale, og som den under omstændighederne finder passende.
The new Court of First Instance has jurisdiction in staff cases, appeals under the Coal and Steel Treaty and competition cases under the EEC Treaty.
Hvis Domstolen fastslår, at den pågældende medlemsstat ikke har efterkommet dens dom, kan den pålægge den betaling af et fast beløb eller en tvangsbøde.
It was provided that after the Court had been operating for two years, the Council could extend its jurisdiction to dumping and subsidy cases if the Court so requested.
Denne fremgangsmåde berører ikke bestemmelserne i artikel 170.«
The Treaty on European Union inserts the provision for the Court of First Instance in the new Article 168a.
Tiden vil vise, hvor effektiv denne sanktionsmekanisme er, og om den virker tilstrækkelig afskrækkende på de alt for mange medlemsstater, der ikke efterkommer Domstolens afgørelser.
Although the Court of First Instance currently has the same number of judges as there are Member States, the Treaty does not specify the number of judges to be appointed; a degree of flexibility would thus seem to be assured, particularly in the event of enlargement of the Communities.
Endelig bevirker den ordning, hvorefter der er adgang til at forelægge præjudicielle spørgsmål, at der mellem de nationale dom stole og EF-Domstolen skabes et snævert samarbejde. EF-Domstolen skal efter anmodning fra den nationale ret tage stilling til fortolkningen af traktaten eller institutionernes retsakter, såvel som til gyldigheden af disse (EØFtraktatens artikel 177) ').
It is correct to say that all the methods of interpretation customary in international law and in domestic law are applied in interpreting the law of the European Community.2 Nevertheless, the integration goals of the Treaties have led the Court of Justice, as guardian of the proper application and interpretation of Community law (Article 164 of the EEC Treaty, Article 31 of the Coal and Steel Treaty and Article 136 of the Euratom Treaty), to give precedence to functional methods of interpretation, that is to say those in which the Court considers the overall aims of the Treaties and chooses the interpretation that is most conducive to them.
En natio nal ret, hvis afgørelser ifølge de nationale retsregler2) ikke kan appelleres, har pligt til at indbringe sagen for Domstolen, mens de øvrige retter har en fakultativ adgang hertil.
Its approach is 'systematic' and 'teleological', i.e. according to the purpose of the provision (although in practice the two methods are virtually indistinguishable).
Retsfællesskab
The interpretation of Community law
59 forskellige udformninger også findes i de nationale retssystemer.
59 these methods vary, and it would not serve any purpose to attempt to shed new light on this question here.
Domsto­len har udtalt, at den — og kun den — er beføjet til at fastslå ugyldigheden af retsakter fra Fællesskabets institutioner ').
Instead, we will illustrate the role of the Court and its methods with examples.
Domstolens funktion er her at klarlægge indholdet af de bestemmelser, som den har fået forelagt til fortolkning, eller at tage stilling til gyldigheden af dem, dvs. deres lovlighed.
These basic values of the economic constitution of the Community, which is looking more and more like a political constitution,2are a common theme or leitmotiv running through the Court's case-law, both on the achieve ment of free intra-Community trade and personal mobility and on the implementation of common policies.
Den dom, der afsiges, binder den nationale ret, som indbragte spørgsmålet, og binder endvidere andre retter, som dog stadig kan forelægge Domstolen spørgsmålet på ny, hvis de betvivler det velbegrundede i en løsning, som Domstolen tidligere er nået frem til.
The principles in question are equality, freedom, solidarity and unity.3In the first part of the EC Treaty (Principles), the Maastricht Treaty added a new article, Article 3b, devoted to subsidiarity.
Denne form for samarbejde medfører, at den nationa­le domstol bliver en fællesskabsdomstol.
This will be considered below in connection with the relationship between derived law and the Treaties (see paragraph 61a, infra).
Uanset de nævnte karakteristika ved EF­Domstolen er den dog på en række punkter meget forskellig fra de traditionelle internatio­nale domstole som følge af de mål, der tilsigtes med dens virke, dens funktion og dens relationer til de nationale retter.
The equality (or non-discrimination) principle is at the heart of the establishment of the Community. It is enshrined in a basic provision (Article 7) of the EEC Treaty and is reflected in the articles on free movement of persons and goods.
Der er ganske vist ikke tale om en føderativ domstol, der hierarkisk er placeret over de nationale domstole, men den betydning, der tilægges legalitetssøgs­målet, dens direkte relationer til de nationale instanser og den stiling, der indrømmes borgerne, gør den til den interne domstol i et Fællesskab af stater, der er inde i en integrationsproces.
The equal treat ment of people who move to another part of the Community for employment purposes and of their families is the area in which the Court has affirmed this principle most consistently, to a degree probably only equalled among the member countries of the Nordic Union.
Medlems­staterne kan ikke tage loven i deres egen hånd, når traktaten institu­tionaliserer en særdeles komplet søgsmålsadgang2). Det skal i den forbindelse bemærkes, at traktaterne i overensstemmelse hermed forbyder, at tvister vedrørende deres fortolkning og anvendelse afgøres efter andre regler end dem, der er fastsat i henholdsvis EKSF­traktatens artikel 87, EØF­traktatens artikel 219 og Euratom­traktaten artikel 193.
It held, for example, that the right of the children of workers who have moved to another EC country (migrant workers) to receive the same general education there as the children of nationals of that country should be extended to access to provision for the rehabilitation of handicapped children — who, because of their handicap, have never been employed.4It decided that the children of Italians working in France and Germany should be eligible for grants for higher education on the same terms as the children of nationals.5It also held that reductions for large families formed part of the social benefits that should be available to the families of migrant workers
Af det ovenstående fremgår det, hvilken betydning en domstol har for en integrationsproces.
Special characteristics as much as to nationals, despite the fact that such reductions were not part of the worker's terms or conditions of employment or indeed linked to employment in any way. '
Efter denne korte analyse af Domstolens funktion skal det afslutningsvis tilføjes, at den på fremragende måde har varetaget de opgaver, der er blevet den tillagt ved trakta terne.
Thus, equivalence to the position of nationals is taken a very long way. Equal treatment is no longer a right of people as workers or members of the families of workers but as Community nationals.
Domstolens dynamik, der til tider har givet anledning til kritik, står i kontrast til Rådets passivitet som lovgiver og meget ofte er det netop Rådets passivitet, der har foranlediget Domstolen til at udvikle en retspraksis, der har til formål, trods medlemsstaternes eventuelle modstand, at bekræfte logikken bag integrationens målsætninger, med fare for at denne praksis — selv om den følges — ikke forstås.
Some writers have argued that the Court has stretched its economic interpretation of the Treaty to its very limits.2Professor Jacqué cites, in particular, a study by Mr Lenaerts, Judge of the Court of Justice, who proceeds from several cases in the Court to the unassailable conclusion that 'the principle of equality makes a great contribution to the "citizen's Europe" for, looking beyond its first objective of establishing the most fully integrated market possible, the Community is also seeking to use the legal instruments available to it to protect rights enjoyed by the citizen even in non-economic matters'.3
Domstolens stilling er heller ikke altid lige let over for de nationale retsinstanser, der skal samarbejde med den for at sikre en ensartet anvendelse af fællesskabsretten, og som netop har til opgave at sikre fællesskabsretten en sådan anvendelse.
Non-discrimination is clearly a means of promoting free trade and personal mobility.
EF-Domstolen, der efter anmodning fra de nationale retsinstanser skal tage stilling til fortolkningen af fællesskabsretten og gyldigheden af retsakter, har ikke kompetence til at omgøre national domspraksis, der er i strid med fællesskabsretten, eller kompetence til at fastsætte, hvorledes denne skal anvendes i konkrete tilfælde. EF-Domstolen er ikke en appel- eller kassationsret, og den har — som nævnt — heller ikke alle de beføjelser, der tilkommer en forbundsdomstol.
However, as we saw in the examples given above, the Court leaves behind this purely economic basis to assert a general principle of equality of treatment.
De nationale domstoles pligt til at samarbejde ville således på mere adækvat måde kunne sanktioneres end ved en traktatbrudsprocedure.
The establishment of a common market implies the dismantling of official or private barriers to free movement.
Europa-Parlamentets medbestemmelsesret må ikke medføre, at EF-Domstolens betydningsfulde rolle vil blive mindsket.
The crucial importance of the principle of freedom has led the Court to place a restrictive interpretation on exceptions from the principles.
Den understreger yderligere EF-Domstolens konstitutionelle karakter, der er hovedbegrundelsen for dens eksistens.
This is the case, for instance, with Article 48(4) of the EEC Treaty which excepts employment in the public service from the rule that jobs should be open to nationals of other EC countries, and Article 55 under which nationals of other EC countries may be excluded from access to trades or professions 'connected, even occasionally, with the exercise of official authority'.
Ved Maastrichttraktaten er artikel 173, stk. 1, således blevet ændret, og den bestemmer nu, at »Domstolen prøver lovligheden af retsakter vedtaget af Europa-Parlamentet og Rådet i fællesskab ...«
It decided that 'taking account of the fundamental nature, in the scheme of the Treaty, of the principles of freedom of movement and equality of treatment of workers
I samme forbindelse bør det nævnes, at traktaten om Den Europæiske Union
However, once a national from another EC country had been admitted to public service employment he had the same rights as a national of the country concerned.
— bekræfter Domstolens retspraksis vedrørende Europa-Parlamentets ret (»aktiv legitimering«) til at anlægge annullationssøgsmål med henblik på at værne om sine beføjelser ') og vedrørende dens egen kompetence til at efterprøve lovligheden af Parlamentets retsakter, »der skal have retsvirkning over for tredjemand« (»passiv legitimering«), jf. artikel 173
The Court confirmed this doctrine in two judgments delivered in an infringement case which the Commission had brought against Bel gium.2It held that Article 48(4):
— udvider Domstolens beføjelse til at prøve lovligheden af retsakter — eller i påkommende tilfælde af ECB's forordninger — enten gennem annullationssøgsmål (artikel 173), passivitetssøgsmål (artikel 175), præjudicielt søgsmål (artikel 177) eller ulovlighedsindsigelse (artikel 184)
'removes from the ambit of Article 48(1) to (3) a series of posts which involve direct or indirect participation in the exercise of powers conferred by public law and duties designed to safeguard the general interests of the State or of other public authorities.
— anerkender EBC's beføjelse til at anlægge traktatbrudssag mod en centralbank, som ikke har overholdt en forpligtelse, der påhviler den efter traktaten (artikel 180, litra d).
In the Reyners case, the Court was asked to rule whether the legal profession fell within Article 55. It said that the most typical activities of the legal profession were not connected with the exercise of official authority, so that the legal profession could not as such be exempted from the rules on freedom of establishment, i.e. the freedom to set up in business in another EC country.3
Men denne kompetence burde have været automatisk, hvis man havde ønsket at sikre en ensartet fortolkning af disse konventioner.
It is in the light of that objective that regulations implementing that Article are to be interpreted.'4
') Dom af 22.5.1990, sag C 70/88, Europa-Parlamentet mod Rådet (Tjernobyl), Sml. I 1990, s. 2069-2074.
1 Case 152/73 Sotgiu [1974] ECR 153, at p. 162 (paragraph 4). !Case 149/79 [1980] ECR 3881, at p.
Indirekte tillader denne grundlæggende regel Domstolen at fortolke bestemmelser, som i princippet falder uden for dens kompetenceområde, i tilfælde af en konflikt mellem Fællesskabets forpligtelser og de tilsagn, der er givet i forbindelse med den fælles udenrigs- og sikkerhedspolitik og samarbejdet om retlige og indre anliggender.
The Court has also given similar grounds for ruling that a Member State is not entitled to take unilateral action if the Council failed to enact legislation in a field falling within the exclusive jurisdiction of the Community.
Selve integrationsprocessen er i den grad betinget af Domstolens medvirken, at den nødvendigvis ville blive indskrænket uden en sådan medvirken som følge af disse grundlæggende principper.
The importance of solidarity was also emphasized in a judgment on a case of infringement of responsibilities by a Member State.
I den sammenhæng henvises til Domstolens udtalelse 1/91 om aftalen om oprettelse af Det Europæiske Økonomiske Samarbejdsområde ').
The Court said trenchantly: 'In permitting Member States to profit from the advantages of the Community, the Treaty imposes on them also the obligation to respect its rules.
Domstolen afviste Kommissionens forslag om at ændre artikel 238, som er retsgrundlag for aftalen, for at gøre det muligt at indføre en domstolsordning som den, der påtænktes indført ved aftalen.
This failure in the duty of solidarity accepted by Member States by the fact of their adherence to the Community strikes at the fundamental basis of the Community legal order.' '