natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
De virkninger, vitamintilsat foder, som var blevet strålesteriliseret med 50 kGy, havde på svins forplantning, er blevet sammenlignet med virkningerne af varmesteriliseret foder (10 minutter ved 120°C) og af ubehandlet foder.
The effects on pig reproduction of vitamin-supplemented feed sterilized by irradiation at 50 kGy have been compared with those of feed sterilized by heat treatment (10 minutes at 120°C) and of untreated feed.
De overvågede parametre omfatter både i forældregenerationen og Fi- og Fa-generationen fertil itetsindeks, gennemsnitlig drægtighedstid, smågrisenes vægt ved fødslen, kuldenes størrelse og vægt, levedygtighedsindeks, laktationsindeks, smågrisenes væksthastighed og almindelige helbredstilstand.
Parameters monitored included for the parent, F.. and F_ generation, fertility index, average duration of pregnancy, piglet weight at birth, size and weight of litters, viability index, lactation index, growth rate of piglets and general state of health.
I intet tilfælde trivedes de dyr, der havde fået bestrålet foder, dårligere end kontroldyrene, hvorimod der blev opnået mindre tilfredsstillende resultater med de svin, der havde fået varmesteri liseret kost.
In no case did the animals treated with irradiated feed performed less well than controls, whereas less satisfactory results were reported for the pigs fed the heat-sterilized diet.
En langtidsundersøgelse med svin antydede, at bestråling af -Foderet kan medføre hæmatologiske ændringer. Der blev faktisk iagttaget et øget antal neutrophile leucocytter hos svin, der fra 11-måneders alderen fik bestrålet kost i 23 måneder.
Similar results were obtained in a 4-months fattening study on F1 study suggested that irradiation of the feed may induce haematological changes; in fact an increased number of neutrophile leucocytes was observed in pigs given the irradiated diet from the age of 11 months for 23 months.
5.1 De første oplysninger om mutagenicitet
5.1. .Early mutagenicity data
Allerede i 1969 forelå der en række positive og negative resultater fra forskellige typer mutagenicitetsforsøg med bestrålede levnedsmidler, hvoraf de fleste var blevet udført in vitro.
As early as 1969 a number of both positive and negative results was available from various types of mutagenicity experiments on irradiated foods, most of which had been performed in vitro.
Disse resultater er præget af de pågældende metoders tidlige udviklingstrin og har derfor mindre betydning -For de vurderinger, som foretages i dag.
These results bear the mark of the early stage of development of these methods and are consequently of less relevance to an evaluation made today.
levnedsmiddelbestanddele, allerede er blevet behandlet i afsnit VIII's forrige underafsnit.
This section deals with these early mutagenicity data, whereas the more recent data produced in order to assess whether the effects identified in these early studies could manifest themselves in mammals exposed to irradiated foods and food components have already been discussed in the previous subsections of Section VIII.
I 1969 var den blandede ekspertkomité for levnedsmiddelbestråling (JECFI) i besiddelse af resultaterne fra -Forskellige forsøg med bestrålede næringssubstrater eller substratbestanddele.
In 1969 the Joint Expert Committee for Food Irradiation (JECFI) had available the results from various experiments with irradiated culture media or media additives.
Forsøg med bl.a. Drosophila havde vist, at der -Forekom øget mutationshyppighed, når der blev benyttet bestrålede substrater, hvad der blev taget som tegn på, at bestråling kunne fremkalde mutagene stoffer.
Experiments with Drosophila, amongst others, had revealed an increased mutation frequency following exposure to irradiated media, which was considered to indicate that mutagenic substances could be produced by irradiation.
Et andet forsøg med Drosophila viste imidlertid ingen mutagene virkninger overhovedet.
A second experiment with Drosophila revealed no mutagenic effects, however.
Foruden disse forsøg blev der udført en række andre in vitro—Forsøg, hvor der ikke blev påvist mutagene og andre toksiske virkninger i -Forbindelse med -Forskellige typer bestrålet substrat eller substratbestandde1e.
Besides these experiments, a number of other in vitro experiments did report the findings of mutagenic and other toxic effects of various kinds of irradiated media or media additives.
Et tidligt in vitro—Forsøg viste, at udtræk fra bestrålede kartofler nedsatte E.col i-bakteriers vækst mere end udtræk fra ubestrålede kartofler.
An early in vitro experiment demonstrated that the growth of E. coli bacteria is restricted more by the addition of potato extracts from irradiated potatoes than from non-irradiated potatoes.
Der blev påvist øget forekomst af mikronuklei i bygceller, der blev dyrket i et vækstsubstrat, som havde fået tilsat bestrålede, mosede kartofler, og det viste sig, at celledelingen in vitro hos gulerodsceller, der blev stimuleret med kokosmælk, kunne hæmmes, hvis kokosmælken var blevet bestrålet i -Forvejen.
An increase in the incidence of micronuclei was reported in cells of barley cultured in a growth medium to which irradiated mashed potatoes had been added, and it was shown that the cell division in vitro of carrot cells stimulated with coconut milk could be inhibited if the coconut milk was irradiated beforehand.
Desuden viste et bestrålet substrat sig også at have stærkt hæmmende virkning på gulerodscellers vækst. Det blev endvidere påvist, at bestrålet sukker kunne fremkalde abnorme kromosomdelinger i planteceller fra Tradescandia paludosa.
In addition to this an irradiated medium was also shown to have a strongly inhibiting effect on the growth of the carrot cells.
Den samme -Forsker fandt, at bestråling af næringssubstratet medførte et fald i pH fra 7,0 til 3,3.
The same author found that the irradiation of the culture media produced a fall in pH from 7.0 to 3.3.
De her omtalte forsøg og en række tilsvarende tidligere forsøg blev vurderet i 1969.
The experiments referred to above and a series of corresponding earlier experiments were evaluated in 1969.
Man fastslog da, at disse positive virkninger i de fleste tilfælde kunne tilskrives en række -Forholdsvis simple kemiske og biokemiske faktorer, der kan betragtes som mindre væsentlige hos sunde pattedyr.
It was stated then that these positive effects could be related in the majority of cases to a number of comparatively simple chemical and biochemical factors which may be assumed to be of minor significance in healthy-mammals.
Lignende forsøg har vist, at de cytotoksiske og mutagene virkninger ophæves, hvis man tilsætter enzymet cabalase.
It was found from similar experiments that the cytotoxic and mutagenic effects were suppressed if the enzyme catalase was added.
Cabalase, som findes hos sunde pattedyr» er i stand til at omdanne peroxyforbindelser, og da man ved, at peroxyforbindelser kan være mutagene og cytotoksiske, kan det antages, at en stor del af de iagttagne virkninger skyldes tilstedeværelse af peroxyforbindelser, som fremkommer ved strålebehandlingen.
Catalase, which is found in healthy mammals, has the ability to transform peroxy compounds, and since it is known that peroxy compounds can be mutagenic and cytotoxic, it may be assumed that a large proportion of the effects observed are due to the presence of peroxy compounds produced by the irradiation process.
Det blev bl.a. påvist, at der kun kan fremkaldes mutagenvirkning i E.col i-stammer, der ikke har nogen catalaseenzymaktivitet, hvorimod E.col i-stammer med catalaseenzym-aktivitet ikke reagerer.
It was shown, amongst other things, that a mutagenic effect can be produced only in E. coli strains which had no catalase enzyme activity, whereas E. coli strains with catalase enzyme activity are not responsive.
Man konstaterede desuden, at forholdet mellem celletætheden og det bestrålede produkts koncentration i substratet er kritisk.
It was also found that the relationship between the cell density and the concentration of the irradiated product in the medium is critical.
Virkningerne fremkommer ikke ved stor celletæthed, da cellernes metaboliske aktivitet i så fald er i stand til at fjerne radiolyseprodukterne i substratet.
The effects are not produced at high cell densities since the metabolic activity of the cells is then able to eliminate the radiolytic products in the medium.
5.2 Bestråling af flerumættede -Fedtstoffer
Irradiation of polyunsaturated fats
Forklaringen på, at visse levnedsmidler bliver harske, når de får lov til at stå, især hvis de har været opvarmet, er, at der foregår en række ændringer i de flerumættede fedtsyrer.
When certain foods become rancid on being left to stand, especially after having been heated, it can be related to the fact, that a number of changes takes place in the polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Denne proces er en peroxideringsproces og skyldes de frie radikalers virkning, når der er oxygen til stede.
The process which is due to the effect of free radicals in the presence of oxygen is peroxidation.
Processen fører bl.a. til dannelse af hydroperoxider og en række carbonylforbindelser som f.eks. malonaldehyd.
This process results in the formation of, amongst other things, hydroperoxides and a number of carbonyl compounds, such as malonic aldehyde.
Processen kan også iværksættes ved bestråling af levnedsmidler, som indeholder umættede fedtstoffer, navnlig hvis det sker under dårlige forhold.
The process can also be initiated by the irradiation of foods containing unsaturated fats, especially under unfavourable conditions.
Sam det allerede er bekendt fra undersøgelser af harskhed, svækkes processen betydeligt, hvis levnedsmidlet bestråles under oxygenfri -Forhold (f.eks. i nitrogenatmosfære), ved lav temperatur, og hvis der er antioxidanter i levnedsmidlet.
As is already familiar from investigations of rancidity, the process is slowed down to a considerable degree if the food is irradiated under oxygen-free conditions (e.g. in a nitrogen atmosphere), at low temperature, and if antioxidants are present in the food.
Peroxidering menes at være årsag til en række toksiske virkninger i biologiske systemer.
Peroxidation is believed to be the cause of a number of toxic effects in biological systems.
Vævscellerne indeholder umættede -Fedtsyrer, navnlig i de fedtstoffer, der betegnes phospholipider og tjener som byggestenen i membranerne for bl.a. mitochondrier, lysosomer og endoplasmatisk reticulum.
The tissue cells contain unsaturated fatty acids, in particular in those fats which are known as the phospholipids, which serve the function of building blocks in the membranes, for example of mitochondria, lysosomes and the endoplasmic reticulum.
Den peroxidative nedbrydning af de umættede -Fedtsyrer i membranerne finder sted ved angreb fra frie radikaler og aktiverede -Former for oxygen.
The peroxidative destruction of the unsaturated fatty acids in the membranes will take place under attack by free radicals and activated forms of oxygen.
Disse reaktioner kan iværksættes af en hel del forskellige kemiske stoffer.
These reactions can be
Resultatet kan blive, at membranernes organiserede strukturer sprænges, og at de mister deres særlige funktioner.
The result can be the disruption of the organised structure of the membranes, resulting in the loss of their specialised functions.
Yderligere frie radikaler og peroxider, der også kan angribe andre vigtige stoffer i cellerne, dannes under peroxidkædereaktionen.
Additional free radicals and peroxides, which could also attack other important substances in the cells, are formed during the peroxide chain reaction.
Disse angrebs virkning på cellerne afhænger af peroxideringsgraden og spænder fra tab af et lille antal specialiserede processer til celledød.
The effect of such attacks on the cells will depend on the degree of peroxidation, and ranges from the loss of a small number of specialised processes to cell death.
I visse tilfælde er udvikling af kræft blevet kædet sammen med tilstedeværelsen af frie radikaler og peroxideringsprocesser. Det har også været foreslået, at kræft, der fremkommer ved udsættelse for ultraviolet lys, skyldes dannelse af cholesterol-alpha-oxid i cellen.
In certain cases the development of cancer has been linked to the presence of free radicals and peroxidation processes; a specific suggestion has also been put forward to the effect that cancer resulting from exposure to ultraviolet light is attributable to the formation of cholesterol-alpha-oxide in the cell.
Denne hypotese bygger navnlig på, at virkningerne ofte modvirkes af antioxidanter.
These hypothesis are based in particular on the fact that the effects are often countered by antioxidants.
Der er blevet påvist en række toksiske virkninger hos -Forsøgsdyr efter direkte indsprøjtning med rene hydroperoxider fra fedtsyrer.
A series of toxic effects are reported in test animals following the direct injection of pure hydroperoxides of fatty acids.
Den mest udprægede virkning af de -Forskellige hydroperoxider har hos rotter været omfattende diffusion af vævsvædske til bughulen (ascites) og celledød, navnlig i leveren og blandt de røde blodlegemer.
The most significant effects of various hydroperoxides in rats have been the massive diffusion of tissue fluid into the abdominal cavity (ascites) and cell death in particular in the liver and among the red blood cells.
Det har på biokemisk plan været påvist, at hydroperoxider kan hæmme cellernes respirationskæde.
It has been demonstrated at the biochemical level that the hydroperoxides are able to inhibit the respiratory chain of the cells.
Virkningen er imidlertid meget svagere, hvis disse stoffer indgives peroralt, efter alt at dømme fordi de i meget vid udstrækning ødelægges i mave- og tarmsystemet.
The effect is very much weaker, however, if these substances are administered perorally, apparently because the substances are destroyed to a very great extent in the gastro-intestinal tract.
Kun ved meget høje doseringer har man iagttaget en lokal, toksisk virkning i mave- og tarmsystemet.
Only at very high dosages is a local toxic effect observed in the gastro-intestinal tract.
Der opstår en række carbonylforbindelser under de umættede fedtsyrers peroxidering.
A number of carbonyl compounds is produced in the course of the peroxidation of unsaturated fatty acids.
Sådanne -Forbindelser kan også dannes af kulhydrater, både ved bestråling og ved opvarmning.
Such compounds can also be formed from carbohydrates, both by irradiation and by heating.
Af disse forbindelser er
Of these compounds, malonic aldehyde has been investigated to the greatest extent.
Malonaldehyd er mutagen i Salmonella tilbagemutationstesten og i forskellige cellekultursystemer og kan, efter hvad der foreligger, fremkalde leverkræft hos mus.
Malonic aldehyde is mutagenic in the Salmonella reversion test and in various cell culture systems, and is reported to be capable of producing liver cancer in mice.
Som allerede nævnt under de -Foregående afsnit under afsnit VIII tyder ingen af de mange -Foreliggende forsøg på, at bestråling af de omtalte levnedsmidler ved de angivne doseringer medfører, at mennesker udsættes -For toksikologisk skadelige mængder af de stoffer, som dannes ved peroxidering af flerumættede fedtsyrer.
As has already been mentioned in the previous subsections of Section VIII, the many available experiments in no way indicate that the irradiation of the foods mentioned at the stated dosages will cause humans to be exposed to toxicologically harmful quantities of products formed through peroxidation of polyunsaturated fats.
Dette afsnit drejer sig om de særlige forhold i -Forbindelse med rækkevidden af de ændringer, der kan opstå ved indtagelse af peroxideret -Fedtstof, og som normalt ikke afsløres ved traditionelle dyre- og in vitro—Forsøg, samt om de særlige biokemiske undersøgelser, man har udført for at efterprøve denne mulighed.
This section deals with the specific considerations related to the extent of the changes that the ingestion of peroxidised fat could produce and which are not usually revealed in conventional animal experiments and in in vitro experiments and with the special biochemical studies undertaken to test this possibility.
Da umættede -Fedtsyrer er en del af den endoplasmatiske reticulummembrans (EPR-membrans) struktur, har man udført en række -Forsøg -For at undersøge, om daglig indgivelse af bestrålede fedtstoffer kan ændre forsøgsdyrenes evne til at metabolisere xenobiotiske stoffer, og derved indirekte konstatere, om der er sket ændringer i EPR-membranen.
As unsaturated fatty acids form part of the structure of the endoplasmatic reticulum (EPR) membrane, a series of experiments has been conducted to investigate whether the daily administration of irradiated fats can change the ability of the test animals to metabolize xenobiotic substances, and thereby indirectly whether any changes have occurred in the EPR membrane.
Svinefedt (57. flerumættet) er blevet valgt som et typisk mættet fedtstof, medens sildeolie (807. flerumættet) er blevet valgt som et typisk umættet -Fedtstof.
Pork fat (5 % polyunsaturated) has been chosen as a typical saturated fat, whereas herring oil (80 % polyunsaturated) has been chosen as a typical unsaturated fat.
Bestråling af sildeolie i området mellem 2 og 10 kGy medførte en næsten lineær -Forøgelse af dannelsen af peroxider, umættede aldehyder og malonaldehyd.
The irradiation of herring oil in the range between 2 and 10 kGy resulted in an approximately linear increase in the formation of peroxides, unsaturated aldehydes and malonic aldehyde.
Dannelsen af disse stoffer hæmmes i betydeligt omfang, hvis der tilsættes antioxidanter. I majsolie, der indeholder E-vitamin som naturligt antioxidant, dannes disse stoffer kun i ringe omfang under bestrålingen.
The formation of these substances is inhibited to a considerable extent by the addition of antioxidants.
Der blev ikke tilsat antioxidanter til den sildeolie, som blev benyttet til dyreforsøgene.
No antioxidant has been added to the herring oil, which was used in the animal experiments.
Man har kun iagttaget meget ringe monooxygenaseaktivitet (MFO) hos rotter, der fik -Fedtfri kost.
Only very low mixed function oxidase (MOF) activity was observed in rats fed a fat-free diet.
Dersom der tilsættes mættet -Fedtstof i form af svinefedt (107. af kosten), opstår der et øget aktivitetsniveau i forhold til den -Fedtfri kost, selv om der stadig er tale om et lavt niveau.
Saturated fat added as pork fat (present in the feed at 10 %) produces an increased level of activity compared to the fat-free diet, although still at a low level.
Der er ikke blevet iagttaget ændringer i monooxygenaseaktivitet som -Følge af bestråling af svinefedt eller bestråling af kulhydrater og proteiner i -Foderet.
No change in MFO activity has been noted as a result of the irradiation of pork fat, or as a result of the irradiation of the carbohydrate and protein in the feed.
Umættet fedtstof, der blev indgivet i form af sildeolie (107. af -Foderet), har medført høj monooxygenaseaktivitet.
Unsaturated fat given as the herring oil (present at 10 % in the food) has caused high MFO activity.
Når -Foderet indeholder 107. bestrålet sildeolie (2,5-5 kGy), er monooxygenaseaktiviteten som regel lavere, end når der benyttes ubestrålet sildeolie. Dette kunne tyde på, at bestrålingen medfører ændringer i sildeoliens umættede fedtsyrer.
When the food contains 10 % irradiated (at 2.5 - 5 kGy) herring oil, the MFO activity is generally lower than with non-irradiated herring oil.
Dette er desuden blevet påvist ved en kemisk analyse, som viste, at en bestralingsdosis på 10 kGy medfører ødelæggelse af en del af de flerumættede fedtsyrer, hvad der derpå i løbet af 24 dage fremkalder en ændring i EPR's fedtsyresammensætni ng.
This is also demonstrated by analytical chemical determination, where it is shown that an irradiation dosage of 10 kGy causes the destruction of a number of polyunsaturated fatty acids, which in tum results in a change in the fatty acid composition in the EPR within 24 days.
TABEL 1: LEVNEDSMIDDELBESTRÔLINGENS VIRKNINGER OG ANVENDELSESMULIGHEDER
TABLE 1. EFFECTS AND POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS OF FOOD IRRADIATION
Hæmmet spiring hos kartofler og løg Skadedyrsbekæmpelse i korn
Germination inhibited in potatoes and onions Insect control in cereals Parasite control in fresh meat
Drab af insekter
Insects killed
Drab af bakterier (ikke sporer)
Bacteria killed (not spores)
Pasteurisering af levnedsmidler Kombineret behandling
Pasteurisation of foodstuffs Combined treatment
Drab af Salmonella­bakterier i æg og foderstoffer
Salmonella bacteria killed in eggs and animal feeds
Sterilisering af foderstoffer
Sterilisation of foodstuffs l~ Π
TABEL 2 (FORTSAT)
TABLE 2. (continued)
Ι) Hovedfedtsyre: Oliesyre
2) Principal fatty acid:
2) Hovedfedtsyre: Laurinsyre hovednedbrydningsprodukt efter bestråling: hexadecadien, hovednedbrydningsprodukt efter opvarmning: cykliske hydrocarboner hovednedbrydningsprodukt efter bestråling: undecan, hovednedbrydningsprodukt efter opvarmning: undecan.
Principal break-down product after irradiation: hexadecadiene Principal break-down product after heating: cyclic hydrocarbons Principal break-down product after irradiation: undecane Principal break-down product after heating: undecane
3) Hovedfedtsyre: Linolsyre hovednedbrydningsprodukt efter bestråling: hexadecadien, hovednedbrydningsprodukt efter opvarmning: butylcyclohexen.
3) Principal fatty acid
4) Hovedfedtsyre: Oliesyre hovednedbrydningsprodukt efter bestråling: hexadecadien, hovednedbrydningsprodukt efter opvarmning: cykliske hydrocarboner.
Principal break-down product after irradiation: hexadecadiene Principal break-down product after heating: butyl cyclohexane Principal break-down product after irradiation: hexadecadiene Principal break-down product after heating: cyclic hydrocarbons
Fra "Levnedsmiddelbestråling", Statens Levnedsmiddelinstitut, Danmark (1982).
Taken from "Levnedsmiddelbestraling", the Danish Food Institute (1982)
DE BEDSTE PÄVISNINGSMETODER FOR FORSKELLIGE BESTRÅLEDE KRYDDERIER
MOST SUITABLE METHODS FOR IDENTIFICATION OF DIFFERENT IRRADIATED SPICES only CL investigated more efficient results by TL more efficient results by CL very similar results by both methods
Anis (12) Kele krydder nelliker (6) Korianderfrø(S) Fennikelfrø (8)
Aniseed (12) Cloves, whole flower-bud (6) Coriander, single seed (8) Fennel, single seed (8) Juniper berries, whole berry (6) Pimento, whole berry (3) Sesame (7)
Purløg (3) Stødte krydder nelliker (1) Spidskoíaen (S) Gurkeseje (S)
Caraway (10) Chilli (12) Chive (3) Cloves, ground (1) Cumin (8) Curcuma (8) Curry (8) ' Garlic (3)
Paprika (12) Persille Í8) Sort peber Í6) Stødt spansk peber (6) Salvie (6) Estragon (11)
Coriander, ground (8) Paprika (12) Parsley (6) Pepper, black (6) Pimento, ground (6) Sage (6) Tarragon (11)
TL = Thersoluainescens, KL = Keailusinescens, O Antal dneder efter strålebehandlingen, hvor behandlingen stadig kan påvises (nogle af undersøgelserne er kun blevet udført sed prøver fra en enkelt krydderitypeproducent).
TL means Thermoluminescence, CL means Chemiluminescence. ( ) number of months after the radiation treatment, during which treatment identification is still possible (some of the investigations have been done only with samples from one manufacturer of a spice type).
Ved oplagring ved ­ 22'C i Underdal o.a. plastikposer, ingen indringer 11976) i aeinosyrer.
Underdal et al (1976) plastic bags, no changes in amino acids.
Niacin var stabilt selv ved den største dosis, aen 3 kGy aedførte tab af thiasin og pyridoxin på henholdsvis 15 og 26L Ved højere dosis blev thiaain nesten fuldsUndig ødelagt.
Niacin was stable even at the highest dose, but 3kGy induced losses of 15 and 26% for thiamine and pyridoxine, respectively. At higher doses, thiamine was almost completely destroyed.
indtil­ 10
up to 10
Dosisbetinget dannelse af kulhydrater, carbonyl og svovlforbindelser.
Dose-dependent formation of hydrocarbons, carbonyl and sulphur compounds up to 50
Bestråling i vakuua ved O'C aedførte ikke ødehggelse af de flerusittede fedtsyrer i sildefileter.
Irradiation under vacuum at 0°C did not cause any de struction of polyunsaturated fatty acids in fillets.