natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Den giver ham rettigheder og pålægger ham pligter, og han er dermed som statsborger og som fællesskabsborger underkastet retsordener på forskelligt niveau — ligesom det kendes fra forbundsstatsforfat­ninger.
It accords him rights and im­poses on him duties, so that as a citizen both of his State and of the Community he is governed by a hierarchy of legal orders — a phenomenon familiar from federal constitu­tions.
Fællesskabretten fastlægger også for­holdet mellem Fællesskabetog medlemssta­terne.
Community law also defines the rela­tionship between the Community and the Member States.
Medlemsstaterne skal træffe al le foran­staltninger, som er egnede til at sikre opfyl­delsen af de forpligtelser, som følger af Traktaterne eller af fællesskabsorganernes retsakter.
The Member States must take al I appropriate measures to ensure fulfil­ment of the obligations arising out of the treaties or resulting from action taken by the institutions of the Community.
Det påhviler dem at lette Fællesska­bet gennemførelsen af dets opgaver og at undlade alt, hvad der kan bringe virkeliggø­relsen af Traktaternes målsætninger i fare (jf.
Apart from this, two fundamental principles govern the Community legal order: the legality of the acts of the Community organs and the legal protection of those subject to Community rules.
Ligesom enhver virkelig retsorden indehol­der Fællesskabtes retsorden også et komplet retsbeskyttelsessystem til behandling af tvi­ster om fællesskabsretten samt til dens hånd­hævelse.
Finally, the Community is a legal order, since it is not merely a creation of law but also pur­sues its objectives purely by means of law.
Den har den højeste og samtidig den eneste dømmende magt i alle spørgsmål ved­rørende fællesskabsretten.
To put it briefly, it is a Community based on law.
Dens generelle opgave er i Traktaterne om EF's oprettelse beskrevet med ordene: Domstolen »skal vær­ne om lov og ret ved fortolkningen og anven­
The Community treaties attach great impor­tance to the principle that the acts of the in­stitutions must be in accordance with the
Ved disse præjudicielle afgørelser giver den højeste europæiske domstol en form for juridisk rådgivning, som har en ret ligt bindende karakter. Disse præjudicielle afgørelser kan f.eks. omfatte følgende spørgsmål:
Like every true legal order, the Community legal order provides a self-contained system of legal protection to deal with disputes concerning Community law and to ensure its implementation.
— Søgsmål, derer rettet mod stater, som ikke opfylder deres forpl igtelser i henhold til Traktaterne eller fællesskabsretten.
The focal point of this system is the Court of Justice of the European Com munities and the associated Court of First In stance.
Disse sager kan anlægges af Kommissionen eller af en medlemsstat; i praksis erdet oftest Kommissionen, der tager initiativet.
It is the supreme and, at the same time, the only judicial authority empowered to determine all questions of Community law.
Domstolen undersøger den omtvistede sag og fastslår, om der foreligger en traktatkrænkelse. Såfremt der konstateres en traktatovertrædelse, er staten forpl igtet ti I straks at bringe den konstaterede overtrædelse til ophør.
Its general task is described in the found ing treaties as being to 'ensure that in the in terpretation and appi ¡cation of this Treaty the law is observed'.
— Søgsmål vedrørende tvisterom Fællesskabets erstatningsansvar.
The Court's duties are extremely wide-ranging.
— Søgsmål om prøvelse af sådanne bøder, som Kommissionen kan pålægge ved visse overtrædelser af fællesskabsretten.
First, it acts in an advisory capacity: it can deliver opinions on conventions the Community in- provisions of the treaties.
De mange opgaver, som Domstolen skal varetage, viser, at den har funktioner, som i medlemsstaternes retsordener er fordelt på forskellige former for domstole, nemlig for fatningsdomstole, forvaltningsdomstole, civil- og arbejdsretter.
This principle is expressed in many of their provisions: for example, all three treaties, in connection with the tasks of the Community and its institutions, use the expressions 'in accordance with the provisions of this Treaty', 'as provided in this Treaty' and 'pursuant to this Treaty'.
Domstolen kan betragtes som forfatningsdomstol i de sager, hvorden skal tage sti 11 ing ti I Rådets, Kommissionens eller en medlemsstats søgsmål mod en anden medlemsstat (på grund af en krænkelse af pligterne ifølge fællesskabstraktaterne), el ler når den træffer afgørelse om fortolkningen af fællesskabstraktaterne, specielt ved nationale domstoles forelæggelse af spørgsmål om fortolkning af fællesskabsret ten. Funktionen som forvaltningsdomstol udøver Domstolen, når den efterprøver »lovmæssigheden« af fællesskabsorganernes en-
Just as the Community institutions are bound by the law laid down in the treaties when exercising their legislative and executive authority, so they must observe Community secondary law when enacting implementing provisions and dealing with particular cases by means of individual decisions.
— Endelig fungerer Domstolen i visse tilfælde som voldgift, når Domstolen udtrykkeligt er nævnt i de pågældende aftaler, og dens kompetence fastslået.
The comprehensive rules of Community law, sometimes quite specific even on points of detail, would have little point if the Community institutions were not bound to observe them scrupulously.
keltafgørelser.
These opinions are legally binding.
Endelig har Domstolen i for bindelse med erstatningssøgsmål og tjenestemandssager karakter af en civil- eller ar bejdsret.
They embrace the following types of proceedings: munity institutions, an action may be brought on the ground of failure to act or for the annulment of action taken by an institution.
Domstolen kan derimod ikke — i traditionel forstand — optræde som kriminalret, selv om den har kompetence til at ef terprøve og eventuelt nedsætte de af Kom missionen pålagte bøder.
Such actions may be initiated either by the Commission or by another Member State; in practice it is usually the Commission that takes the initiative. The Court examines the case and decides whether there is an infringement of the treaty.
FÆLLESSKABSRETTENS PLACERING I DET SAMLEDE RETSSYSTEM
(ν) Actions concerning disputes between the Community and its officials or their suc­cessors in title.
Hvorledes kan fællesskabsrettens forhold til national ret så beskrives?
(vi) Finally, the Court acts in some cases as a court of arbitration when this jurisdiction is expressly conferred on it by the particular contract concerned.
Selv om fællesskabsretten udgør en selv stændig retsorden i forhold til medlemsstaternes retsordener, kan man imidlertid ikke betragte fællesskabsretsordenens og de nationale retsordeners indbyrdes placering, som om de befandt sig i forskellige jordlag.
The Court has, however, a further very impor­tant field of jurisdiction. Since its duty is to ensure the uniform interpretation of Com­munity law, national courts, in cases where any question of Community law arises, can request the Court to clarify any such points by means of a preliminary ruling.
Imod en sådan skarp afgrænsning af disse retsordener taler for det første, at de vedrører de samme mennesker, som således samtidig bliver statsborgere og fællesskabsborgere; for det andet vi Ile man ved en sådan betragt-
(i) clarification of the meaning and scope of the provisions of the treaties or of Counci I or Commission regulations; (ii) identification of the national law referred to in any particular provision of Community law;
Efter alt, hvad vi har lært om EF's struktur og dets retsorden, er det ¡kke så ligetil at placere fællesskabsretten i det sam lede retssystem og at fastlægge grænserne ti I andre retsordener.
The range of duties imposed on the Court shows that it performs functions which in the legal orders ofthe Member States are divided among different types of court — constitu­tional courts, administrative courts, civil courts and labour courts.
To muligheder må på forhånd forkastes.
The Court exercises the functions of an administrative court when it examines the validity of decisions taken in in­dividual cases by the Community institu­tions.
Fæl lesskabsretten kan ikke betragtes som en ren og skær samling mellemstatslige aftaler, og den kan lige så lidt anses for at være en del af elleret tillæg til de nationale retssystemer.
Finally, in actions for damages and ac­tions by officials arising from their service relationship the Court exhibits features of a civil court or a labour court.
Medlemsstaterne har snarere ved oprettelsen af Fællesskabet begrænset deres lovgivningskompetence og derved skabt et selv stændigt retssystem, som er bindende for de res statsborgere og for dem selv.
The Court can­not, however, exercise any ofthe functions of a criminal court in the traditional sense, although it does have the power to review the fines imposed by the Commission and to reduce them where it thinks fit.
Forholdet mellem fællesskabsretten og na­tional ret er imidlertid også kendetegnetved, at fællesskabsretsordenen og de nationale retsordener af og til »er i strid« med hinan­den. Man taler her om en kollision mellem fællesskabsretten og national ret.
THE POSITION OF COMMUNITY LAW IN RELATION TO THE LEGAL ORDER AS A WHOLE doing have created a self-sufficient body of law that is binding on them and on their subjects.
— fællesskabsrettens forra ng for modstriden­de national ret.
How then, should the relationship between Community law and national law be described?
Forholdet mellem disse retsordener er for det første kendetegnet ved, at fællesskabsretten og den nationale ret virker i fællesskab og gensidigt støtter og supplerer hinanden. Fæl­lesskabsretsordenen alene er ikke i stand til at virkeliggøre de mål, som tilsigtedes ved oprettelsen af EF.
After all that we have learnt about the structure of the Community and its legal order, it is not easy to assign Community law its rightful place in the legal order as a whole and to define the boundaries between it and other legal orders.
Dette kræver hjælp fra den nationale ret, som også må danne grundla­get.
Two possible approaches to classifying it must be rejected from the outset.
Den gensidige afhængighed mellem fællesskabsretsordenen og de nationale rets­ordener viser sig desuden ved, at de nationa­le retsordninger ofte anvendes ved udfyld­ningen af lakuner i fællesskabsretten.
Community law must not be conceived of as a mere collection of international agreements, nor can it be viewed as a part or an appendage of national legal systems.
Et sid­ste eksempel er endelig tvangsfuldbyrdelsen af EF's pengekrav mod fællesskabsborgere eller virksomheder.
On the contrary, through the establishment of the Community, the Member States have limited their legislative sovereignty and in so
Det er en af EF­Domstolens største præsenta­tioner, at den har gennemtvunget fælles­skabsbestemmelsernes direkte anvendelse på trods af den modstand, der i begyndelsen var fra nogle medlemsstaters side, og at den dermed har sikret fællesskabsretsordenens
Even if Community law constitutes a legal order that is self-sufficient in relation to the legal orders ofthe Member States, this situation must not be regarded as one in which the Community legal order and the legal orders of the Member States are superimposed on one another like layers of
taten pålægger borgere, medlemsstater eller Fællesskabets institutioner«.
bedrock. The fact that they are applicable to the same people, who thus become citizens of a national State and citizens of the Com­munity in one person, negates such a rigid demarcation of these legal orders.
Denne afgørelse har Domstolen senere også opretholdt for bestemmelser i EØF-Traktaten, som har væsentlig større betydning for fællesskabsborgeme end EØFT artikel 12.
order and the national legal orders is also il­lustrated by the fact that in order to remedy its own deficiencies, Community law fre­quently has recourse to the national legal orders.
Der skal fremhæves tre domme, hvor det drejede sig om den umiddelbare anvendelighed af artikel 48 (arbejdskraftens frie bevægelighed), artikel 52 (etableringsfrihed) og artikel 59 (fri udveksling af tjenesteydelser).
Although, here, the procedure is governed by the law of the Member State in whose territory enforcement is effected, the basis for the claim and the scope for con­testing it are governed solely by Community law.
Arbejdskraftens frie bevægelighed eksistens.
■ COOPERATION BETWEEN COMMUNITY LAW AND NATIONAL LAW
Udgangspunktet for dens retspraksis var en ganske almindelig sag, som imidlertid viste sig at skulle indtage en fremtrædende plads i Domstolens retspraksis.
■ CONFLICT BETWEEN COMMUNITY LAW AND NATIONAL LAW
I den ne sag sagsøgte den nederlandske transportvirksomhed »Van Gend & Loos« ved en ne derlandsk domstol det nederlandske toldvæsen, som ved indførelsen af et kemisk produkt fra Tyskland havde opkrævet en forhøjet told. Virksomheden anså denne praksis for at være en overtrædelse af EØFT artikel 12, hvori det forbydes medlemsstaterne at indføre ny og at forhøje bestående told på det fæl les marked. (EØFT artikel 48)
In the first place, the relationship between these legal orders is characterized by the fact that Community law and national law work in concert with one another, assist one another and supplement each other.
Udfaldet af denne retssag afhang i sidste en de af spørgsmålet, om den enkelte med lemsstat kan påberåbe sigEØFTartikel 12 ¡forbindelse med en told, der er opkrævet i strid med Traktaten.
On its own, the Community legal order is not able to fully achieve the objectives pursued by the establishment of the European Com­munities.
Da besvarelsen af dette spørgsmål krævede en fortolkning af EØF-Traktaten, udsatte den nederlandske domstol sagen og forespurgte EF-Domstolen.
For this, it requires the assistance and the substructure of national law.
På trods af de råd, som adskillige regeringer og generaladvokaten gav, fastslog Domstolen, at alle de bestemmelser i Traktaterne om oprettelsen af EF, som er klare, ubetingede og ikke knyttede til noget forbehold, og hvis gen nemførelse og gyldighed derfor ikke kræver nogen yderligere forholdsregler fra med lemsstaternes eller Kommissionens side, kan være umiddelbart anvendelige for den enkelte.
Thus, the Community treaties and the legal provi­sions adopted by the Community institutions for their implementation must not only be observed by the Member States' institutions
Udtrykkeligt nævnes retten til at søge arbejde, til at tage ophold og til at bevæge sigfrit i værtslandet (EØFT artikel 48, stk. 3).
Such a situation always arises when a provision of Community law confers rights and imposes obligations directly upon Community citizens while its content con­flicts with a rule of national law.
Enkelthederne vedrørende disse ret tigheder er fastsat ved forordning (EØF) nr. 1612/68 af 15. oktober 1968 om arbejdskraftens frie bevægelighed inden for Fællesskabet, og den hjemler allerede af den grund fællesskabsborgeren rettigheder, som han kan påberåbe sig ved de nationale domstole.
Concealed behind this apparently simple problem area are two fundamental questions underlying the construction of the Community, the answers to which were destined to become the acid test for the existence of the Com­munity legal order, namely: (i) the direct applicability of Community law, and
For så vidt angår garantierne i EØFT artikel 48, fastslog Domstolen dette i »Van Duyn«-sa-gen.
(ii) the primacy of Community law over con­flicting national law.
Baggrunden for denne retssag var følgende: Den nederlandske kvinde van Duyn var i maj 1973 blevet nægtet ret til indrejse i Storbritannien, fordi hun ønskede at arbejde som sekretær for »Church of Scientology«, en sekt, som af det britiske Indenrigsministeri um ansås for at være »en fare for samfundet«.
Firstly, the direct applicability of Community law simply means that the latter confers rights and imposes obligations directly not
Under påberåbelse af fællesskabsrettens bestemmelser vedrørende arbejdskraftens frie bevægelighed, særlig EØFT artikel 48, anlagde fr. Van Duyn sag ved High Court.
— the legislature, the government (including government departments) and the judiciary — but must also be put into effect and rendered operational.
Hun nedlagde påstand om, at High Court skulle fastslå, at hun var berettiget til at tage ophold i Storbritannien med henblik på at tage arbejde, og at hun havde krav på at få tilladelse til indrejse i Storbritannien.
The Community legal order must not confront them as If it were something 'external' or 'foreign'; the Member States and the Community institu­tions are, on the contrary, called upon jointly to make their contribution to achieving the common objectives.
Ved High Courts forelæggelse af sagen svarede EF-Domstolen, at EØFT gælder umiddelbart og dermed også
The close link and the supplementing interrelationship between the Community legal order and the national legal orders show up most clearly in the way in which directives operate, for in order to at­tain the objective laid down in a directive the latter is dependent upon national law. The interdependence of the Community legal
Med det formål også at afskaffe disse hindringer forudser EØF-Traktaten vedtagelsen af foranstaltninger med henblik på samordning af medlemsstaternes bestemmelser om ad gangen til at optage og udøve selvstændig er hvervsvirksomhed (EØFT artikel 57, stk. 2) samt med henblik på gensidig anerkendelse afeksamensbeviser, certifikater og andre kvalifikationsbeviser (EØFT artikel 57, stk. 1).
be the case with Article 12, so that the Van Gend & Loos company could also derive rights from that provision which the Dutch court had to protect. The logical consequence was that the customs duties levied in breach of the Treaty were declared void. In the grounds for its judgment, the Court stated that 'the Community constitutes a new legal order... the subjects of which comprise not only the Member States but also their nationals. Independently of the legislation of Member States, Community law not only imposes obligations on individuals but is also intended to confer upon them rights. These rights arise not only where they are expressly granted by the Treaty, but also by reason of obligations which the Treaty imposes in a clearly defined way upon individuals as well as upon the Member States and upon the in stitutions of the Community'. Subsequently, the Court continued to apply this case law in regard to provisions of the EEC Treaty that are of far greater importance to citizens of the Community than Article 12. Three judgments are noteworthy here covering the direct application of Article 48 (freedom of movement), Article 52 (freedom of establishment) and Article 59 (freedom to provide services). Freedom of movement (Article 48 EEC) only on the Community institutions and the Member States but also on the Community's citizens.
Etableringsfriheden omfatter adgangen til i en anden medlemsstat at optage og udøve selvstændig erhvervsvirksomhed samt til at oprette og lede virksomheder, herunder navnlig selskaber (EØFT arti kel 52, stk. 2).
That bald statement does not, however, get us very far since the question re mains which provisions of Community law have that effect.
Alle i nationaliteten begrundede restriktioner vedrørende den frie etablering skulle ophæves i overgangsperioden, som var udløbet den 31. december 1969 (jf. EØFT artikel 8, stk. 7), og udlændinge skulle sikres ret til at etablere sig på de samme betingelser som in denlandske statsborgere.
The Community treaties enlighten us in this regard only by reference to what is referred to as secondary legislation (enacted by the institutions).
Fri udveksling af tjenesteydelser (EØFT artikel 59)
Forexample, Article 189(2) EEC states that a Regulation is 'directly applicable in all Member States'.
EF-Domstolen fik forelagt spørgsmålet om den umiddelbare anvendelighed af EØFT ar tikel 52 af det belgiske Conseil d'Etat. Dette skulle behandle en sag, som den nederland ske advokat/ Reyners havde anlagt, og hvor under denne påberåbte sig sine rettigheder i henhold til EØFT artikel 52.
One of the outstanding achievements of the Court of Justice of the European Com munities is that is has enforced the direct ap plicability of the provisions of Community law despite the initial resistance of certain Member States and has thus guaranteed the existence of the Community legal order.
Hr. Reyners så sig foranlediget til dette søgsmål, efter at han — selv om han havde de nødvendige belgiske eksaminer — på grund af sit udenlandske statsborgerskab var blevet næget ti I ladelse til at etablere sig som advokat i Belgien.
Its case law on this point started with a perfectly run-of-the-mill case which, however, was destined to go down in the annals of the Court.
Den frie udveksling af tjenesteydelser omfatter sådanne former for selvstændig erhvervsvirksomhed, som kun kræver et midlertidigt ophold i en anden medlemsstat, og hvor etableringsretten således ikke udnyttes. Det kan f.eks. være virksomhed som læge, advokat, arkitekt eller ingeniør, men også bank- eller forsikringsvirksomhed eller virksomhed som mægler, mellemhandler eller reklameagent samt teknisk, håndværksmæssig og kunstnerisk virksomhed.
In this case, a Dutch transport firm, Van Gend & Loos, brought an action in a Dutch court against the Dutch customs authorities, who had charged increased customs duties on a chemical product imported from the Federal Republic of Germany. The firm regarded this practice as an infringement of Article 12 EEC, which pro hibited the Member States from introducing new customs duties or increasing those that they already applied in the common market. In the final analysis, the outcome of these proceedings depended on the question whether individuals, also, can rely on Article 12 against customs duties levied in breach of the Treaty. As the answer to this question necessitated an interpretation of the EEC Treaty, the Dutch court suspended the pro ceedings and referred the matter to the Court of Justice of the European Communities. Despite the advice of numerous govern ments and its Advocate-General, the Court decided that all the rules of the founding treaties, which are worded unconditionally, are self-sufficient and legally complete so that their implementation or validity do not require any further intervention by the Member States or the Commission, can ap ply directly to individuals. This was stated to Freedom of movement means the right of all workers in the Member States of the Com munity to take up employment in any other Member State under the same conditions as national workers (Article 48(2) EEC).
Ligesom det gjaldt for etableringsfriheden skulle også alle restriktioner vedrørende retten til fri udveksling af tjenesteydelser være afskaffet ved overgangsperiodens udløb den 31. december 1969, og udlændinge skulle være sikret retten til at kunne tilbyde tjenesteydelser på de samme betingelser som indenlandske statsborgere.
Express mention is made of the right to accept offers of employment and to stay and move freely in the host country (Article 48(3)).
Domstolen fandt i »Van Binsbergen«-sagen anledning til også udtrykkeligt at fastslå den umiddelbare anvendelighed af EØFT artikel 59.
The detai Is of these rights were elaborated in Regulation (EEC) No 1612/68 of 15 October 1968 on freedom of movement for workers within the Community, which hence confers on Com munity citizens rights on which they may re ly before national courts.
Denne sag drejede sig blandt andet om, hvorvidt en nederlandsk retsforskrift, hvorefter kun personer, der var bosiddende i Nederlandene, kunne optræde som rettergangsfuldmægtige ved en appelinstans, varforenelig med de fællesskabsretlige bestemmelser vedrørende den frie adgang til udveksling af tjenesteydelser. Domstolen afviste dette med
With regard to the guarantees afforded by Article 48, the Court of Justice delivered a judgment to this effect in the Van Duyn case.