natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
20 år før revolutionen talte man 50 000 tiggere i Frankrig.
Twenty years after the revolution there were some 50,000 beggars in France; and in 10 years of revolution Louis Blanc counted 1^ million.
Fattigdommen og hadet gjorde plads for skørbug og dysenteri, der dræbte mange børn. Dertil kom en anden svøbe, der hurtigt tog frygtindgydende proportioner: Prostitutionen.
In her writings on women's rights she developed the same theme: "(there can be no society among unequal's, and a) state of equality for all mankind must exist without any differences between sexes."
Père Havel skønnede i 1784, at antallet af prostituerede parisiske kvinder var på 70 000.
She shared this idea of equality with another Englishwoman, Catherine Macaulay, author of Letters pn_JEducation.
Tekster, der beskriver en sådan situation, blev ofte skrevet anonymt.
Mary took up the opinions developed by Catherine in her pamphlet in which she also rendered homage to her inspirer.
Ifølge udtalelser i Pauvre Javotte (en besværing), kan den unge pige ikke længere få respektabelt arbejde.
The influence of Rousseau's Confessions and Emile, which she read during a stay in Ireland, should also be mentioned.
Men, og det er ikke det mindst selvmodsigende ved denne situation, man bebrejdede kvinderne, at de tjente lettjente penge gennem prostitutionen, og at det endog førte til ægteskab for simpel vindings skyld.
In 1792, Mary left England to seek in France the egalitarian society she dreamed of, but the Terror was heartless towards free-thinkers and she was forced into isolation in order to avoid arrest.
Kvinderne havde også indflydelse på afskaffelsen i 1791 af de foreninger, der udelukkede dem.
Mary died one month after the birth of her daughter, Mary Godwin, who before her marriage to the poet Shelley, became famous for writing Frankenstein at the age of 16.
Pøblens kvinder krævede nu medbestemmelse i tidens politiske affærer, først og fremmest i forhold til udkommet.
In Italy, Giulia and Mariantonia Carafa, and Luisa Molina Sanfelice wrote feminist papers.
I februar 1793 arrangerede de oprør mod den høje pris på sukker, stearinlys og kaffe, in vaderede kolonialhandlere og lysestøbere over hele byen.
But the Jacobin Marquise Eleonora Fonseca Pimentel was Italy's foremost proponent of the revolution, and in Assisi in 1794 Rosa California wrote a summary of the rights of women.
Denne epokes kvinder forsøgte ikke at forsvare nogle privilegier - de havde ingen.
WOMEN AND POLITICAL "FEMINISM"
Således synes revolutionens "feministiske" bevægelse at have været resultatløs, hvilket er sandt i Frankrig, men den fortsatte i stilhed og førte til oprør i mange europæiske lande. Den vigtigste reaktion kom fra England, Mary Wollstonecrafts bog A Vindication of the Rights of Women.
When the women of Paris mingled with the rioting mobs and the "knitters" ( "tricoteuses") harangued the deputies from the galleries of the Convention, one should not think that the Revolution was born in the cultural salons, even though it did capture the political inclinations of some women, such as Mme Roland and Mme de Staël, who were caught up in the ideas of the time and the passion for change.
Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797), feminist og forfatter (romaner, oversættelser, historiske dokumenter, børnebøger og antologier) skrev i 1792 det første feministiske manifest, efter hendes 1790-bog om forsvaret af menneskerettighederne, som hun skrev som en slags svar på Burkes reflektioner om den franske revolution.
They never knew each other before the Revolution, nor did they speak together, and obviously emancipation did not mean the same thing for all classes.
Hun siger således om menneskerettighederne: "Menneskenes ret til at blive født ... er en grad af civil og religiøs frihed, når den lader sig forene med alle andre individers frihed, som den er et med gennem en social kontrakt ...".
In the salons, they spoke of education and culture - educating the elite that is. But the common women asked for much more than political rights; they wanted nothing less than the right to live.
I "Kvindernes rettigheder" udvikler hun den samme ide: "[der kan ikke være forening mellem ulige, og en] lige stat for hele menneskeheden (mankind på engelsk), må eksistere, uden at der tages hensyn til forskellene mellem kønnene".
Mme de Staël showed very little interest in the plight of her sex, as she was above all that.
En fundamental ret til ligestilling, der deles af en anden en gelsk kvinde, Catherine Macaulay, forfatter til Lettres sur 1'education, hvor Mary gentager de meninger, hun havde i sin pamflet, hvor hun forresten viser sin inspiratrice en hjertegribende hyldest.
For her part, Mme Roland, the "muse" of the Girondins, although admirably courageous, was a bad politician with confused ideas in this realm.
Vi skal også nævne den indflydelse, Rousseaus Confessions og Emily har haft, som hun læste under et ophold i Irland.
She had no direct influence on the "feminist" movement, from which she took a considerable distance.
I 1792 forlod hun England for at tage til Frankrig for der at søge det lige samfund, hun drømte om.
One of the Revolution's major pre-feminist figures was to become its first organizer.
Men Rædselsherredømmet havde ingen medlidenhed med fritænkere, og hun måtte leve isoleret for at undgå en mulig arrestation.
She was the first to call for "political rights" for women, something more than the "political voice" they shyly obtained during the Revolution.
KVINDERNE OG DEN POLITISKE "FEMINISME"
And this she did, with all her energy.
Medens Paris' kvinder blandede sig i oprørsmængderne, medens "strikkerskerne" skældte ud på de deputerede fra Nationalkonventets tribuner, må man ikke tro, at revolutionen fandt sted i dagligstuerne, selv om de vakte vis se kvinders forbigående politiske tilbøjeligheder, som Madame Roland og Ma dame de Staël, der blev medrevet af epokens ideer og ønsket om forandring.
Even the National Assembly itself, although hardly inclined to pay attention to women, listened, surprised by this brilliant orator, and often heeded her practical advice. In all her writings and speeches, the character of women is expressed in its most vivid colours: "Let's not talk about my sex.
Der er ingen tvivl om, at disse kvinder fra borgerskabet og adelen intet kendte til de dramatiske situationer, som pøblens kvinder måtte gennemleve. Før revolutionen kendte de ikke hinanden, talte ikke engang sammen, og de res ønsker om frigørelse var helt sikkert ikke ens.
Women are Just as capable of generosity and heroism, the Revolution has proved it so on many occasions. "
I salonerne talte man om kultur og uddannelse; uddannelse af eliten; medens pøblens kvinder ville have mere end politiske rettigheder: De higede simpelthen efter retten til at leve, og Madame de Staël mistede interessen i sit eget køn, som hun følte sig overlegen over.
In all her works - "Urgent notice to the Convention", the "National Pact" addressed to the National Assembly, or her pamphlet "Union, Courage, Surveillance, and the Republic is saved!" - Olympe couples vibrant language with a good deal of modesty and reserve.
Hvad angår Madame Roland, girondinernes "hemmelige rådgiverske", havde hun et beundringsværdigt mod, men hun var en dårlig politiker og uden viden om dette område, og hun havde ikke nogen direkte ind flydelse på organiseringen af den "feministiske" bevægelse, som hun tog af stand fra.
For she was against violence, and while she rallied people to combat she never called for murder or looting. "You can see the most promising youth of our general land flying towards its borders to shed their pure and innocent blood.
Hun er den første, der kræver "politiske rettigheder" til kvinderne ud over retten til "politiske udtalelser", som de tilkæmpede sig under revolutionen.
Was she thinking here of Marat, whom she qualified as a "freak of humanity"?
Havde Olympe hørt ham?
She laboured to solve the problem of famine.
Hendes rigtige navn var Marie Gouze, hendes forældre var simple borgere i Montauban.
Through public appeal and her own courageous example she persuaded a number of women to donate their finery to the State.
Hun blev gift meget ung, og efter nogle få år rystede hun et ulykkeligt ægteskabs lænker af sig.
She was also a humanist; she gave a stirring account of the misery in the Hospice St Denis and, aware of the humiliations involved in begging, she called for public welfare funds and State workshops to be organized for the poor.
Olympe kom til Paris, hvor hun på trods af en forsømt undervisning, gennem sit sprudlende sind og sin skønhed blev centrum for epokens parisiske selskab.
Some of her ideas were actually given shape.
Hun levede et ret omvæltende følelsesliv, før hun blev indædt "feminist" og brugte sin rige fantasi i sin dramatiske litteratur.
In her "Address to Women", she proclaimed "Isn't it time for the revolution to begin for us women as well?"
På trods af spirituelle forsøg havde Olympe meget lidt succes.
She demanded equal rights and responsibilities for women before the law and in all other circumstances of public and private life.
Hun skrev: "Jeg brænder efter at arbejde for alment velfærd".
Social distinctions can be
Hun overraskede sin epoke med hendes ideers rigdom og hendes tunges kraft.
Women are born free and are man's equal in law. founded solely on common utility.
Nationalforsamlingen, der normalt sjældent ville høre på kvinder, lyttede overrasket til denne fremragende taler og fulgte ofte hendes praktiske råd.
The aim of all political associations is to conserve the natural and indefeasible rights of woman and man; these rights are liberty, property, safety and especially resistance to oppression.
I alt hvad hun sagde og skrev, udtryktes kvinden i hende levende: "Lad os ikke tale om mit køn. Kvinderne er også generøse og heroiske, det viste re volutionen mange gange".
The principle of all sovereignty lies essentially in the nation, nothing more than the gathering of woman and man; no body, no can exercise an authority that does not expressly emanate from that which is individual union.
Tænkte hun her på Marat, som hun kaldte "menneskehedens misfoster"?
4 to others; limited by limits must as the be
For at bekæmpe sulten fik hun med en offentlig appel og ved et eksempel, der var beundringsværdigt gennem sit offer og sit mod, adskillige kvinder til at give deres smykker til staten.
Freedom and justice consist in returning all that belongs such the exercise of women's natural rights are only perpetual tyranny of men who oppose these rights; these reformed by the laws of nature and reason.
Selv om der kom mange brochurer både for og imod Olympes krav, blev hendes krav siden kun sjældent offentliggjort og historien husker kun en del af artikel 10: Kvinden har ret til at gå på skafottet; hun skal også have ret til at gå på talerstolen.
5 of nature and reason forbid all actions that are harmful to all that is not forbidden by these wise and divine laws cannot be and no one can be forced to do what these laws do not ordain.
Artikel 6 Loven skal være udtryk for almen vilje; alle de mandlige og kvindelige bor­gere skal personligt eller gennem repræsentanter virke med til dens dannel­se; den skal være den samme for alle: Da alle mandlige og kvindelige borge­re er lige set med lovens øjne, skal de også have alle de former for digni­tet, plads og offentlige stillinger, som de har kapacitet til og uden anden distinktion end deres evner og deres talent.
The law must be the expression of the general will; all Citizens ("Citoyennes et Citoyens") must agree personally or through their representatives in forming these laws; the law must be the same for everyone: all citizens of both sexes, equal before the law, must also be equally admitted to all public dignities, places and offices, according to their capacity, and without any distinction other than their virtue and their talent.
Artikel 7 Ingen kvinde er undtaget; hun kan anklages, arresteres sager, der er fastsat af loven.
7 in
Kvinder og mænd skal ubøjelige lov.
Women, like men, obey this rigourous law.
kan før
Article
Artikel β Loven skal kun opstille straffe, der er klart nødvendige, og ingen straffes undtagen under en lov, der var etableret og bekendtgjort, overtrædelsen blev begået, og som legalt kan bruges på kvinderne.
The law must establish only those punishments that are strictly and evidently necessary, and one can be punished solely under a law that was established and proclaimed prior to the crime and legally applied to women.
Når en kvinde er blevet erklæret skal loven følges.
Any woman declared guilty is liable to the strict application of the law.
Artikel 10 Ingen skal være bekymret for selv sine mest fundamentale meninger; kvinden kan gå på skafottet; hun skal også have ret til at gå på talerstolen, når hendes udtalelser ikke forstyrrer den offentlige orden fastsat af loven.
No one should be harassed for her or his opinion, beliefs; women have the right to ascend the gallows; the right to ascend to the tribune, insofar as their trouble the public order established by law.
En hver kvinde kan sige, jeg har født Deres barn, uden at en barbarisk fordom kan tvinge hende til at skjule sandheden; i tilfælde af overdreven brug af denne ret kan hun dog forfølges ifølge loven.
All citizen of the female sex can thus freely say: I am the mother of a child who belongs to you, without any barbarian prejudice forcing her to hide the truth; except in response to abuses of this right in cases determined by law.
Artikel 13 Til opretholdelse af det offentlige og de administrative udgifter skal man dens og kvindens ydelser være lige; hun har del i det hårde arbejde, i alle penible pligter; hun skal således have den samme andel af stillinger, beskæftigelse, ansvar, dignitet.
13 army and difficult of posts,
De kvindelige borger har ret til en lige part ikke kun af formuen, men også af den offentlige administration og retten til at beslutte satsen, anbringelsen, dækningen og varigheden af skatten.
Citizens of the female sex can only assent to an equal share, not only in revenue, but also in public administration, the right to determine the quotas, base, collection and duration of the tax.
Artikel 15 der sammen med mændene betaler skat, har ret til at bede enhver ansat Qøre rede for sin administration.
15 to oblige
Artikel 17 Ejendommene tilhører alle forenede eller separerede køn; de er for alle en ubrydelig og hellig ret. Ingen kan fratages denne ret, medmindre det er til offentlighedens vel, lovligt konstateret, og på betingelse af en retfærdig og forudgående erstatninp.
Any society in which the guarantee of powers is not ensured or where there is no separation of powers does not have a constitution; its constitution is null and void if the majority of individuals making up the nation have not co-operated in its writing.
Blandt de politiske krav var også almindelig valgret til kvinder, da den nye forfatning kun gav valgret til mænd.
Another political demand was universal suffrage for women, as the new constitution extended it to men only.
Selv om der blev offentliggjort andre krav, der blev mindre hørt, gik mange af dem direkte i papirkurven, uden at Nationalforsamlingen svarede den kvinde, der havde skrevet dem.
Many other demands were published, with little action taken on them; some finding their way to the dustbin when the National Assembly did not even bother to reply to their author.
Olympe nøjedes ikke med at skrive, hun ville også forsvare kongen og tilbød at plædere til fordel for Louis XVI ved siden af den alt for svage Mirabeau, der var 71 år.
Olympe was not content to merely write, she also wanted to defend the King and offered to plead in Louis XVI's favour along with the feeble 71-year-old Malesherbes.
Olympe resumerede anklagerne mod kongen med disse ord: "Han var svag; han lod sig snyde; han snød sig selv."
Olympe summarized the charges against the King as follows: "He was weak; he allowed himself to be misled, he misled us, and he misled himself as well."
Revolutionen i Paris tilgav hende aldrig dette initiativ og reagerede således på hendes tilbud: "Hvem regner hun sig for? Hvorfor strikker hun ikke snarere bukser til vore modige sans-culottes?".
The Paris Revolution would not pardon Olympe's initiative, and disdained her offer: "Who does she think she is?" they replied, "She would be better off knitting breeches ( "culottes") for our brave sans-culottesl"
Olympe blev arresteret den 20. juli 1793 og spærret inde i Conciergerie den 28. oktober, før hun blev ført frem for den alt for kendte Fouquier-Tinvilles revolutionsdomstol 2. november.
She was arrested on 20 July 1793, imprisoned in the Conciergerie on 28 October, and on 2 November appeared before Fouquier-Tinville's infamous revolutionary tribunal.
Fem dage før madame Roland, 3. november, blev Olympe guillotineret for at have "forsøgt at undergrave republik ken med sine skrifter", især Les trois urnes ou le Salut de la patrie.
Five days after the death of Mme Roland, on 3 November, Olympe de Gouges was guillotined for "attempting to pervert the republic with her writings", especially LesTroisUrnesouleSalutdela Patrie ("Three ballot boxes or the Salvation of the Fatherland").
I sit afskedsbrev til sin søn, som hun elskede inderligt, skrev hun: "Min søn, jeg dør, som offer for min forgudelse af mit land og dets folk.
In her farewell letter to her cherished son she wrote "I shall die, my son, victim of my idolatry of my country and its people.
Deres fjender, udover republikanismens speciøse maske, har uden anger ført mig til skafottet .. Farvel min søn, når du læser dette, er jeg ikke mere".
Their enemies, beyond the specious mask of republicanism, remorselessly led me to the scaffolds.. .Farewell my son, when you receive this letter I shall be no more."
Men allerede lige efter 10. august 1792 var Camille Desmoulins gået imod ægtemandens autoritet: "Vi kan ikke længere opretholde den ægteskabelige magt, en af den despotiske regerings skabelser.
In the early days following 10 August 1792, Camille Desmoulins rebelled against her husband's authority: "A husband's power over his wife, the creation of a despotic government, must no longer be preserved.
Vi skal få kvinderne til at elske republikken, og vi når frem til dette mål ved at give dem deres fulde ret".
Women must be made to love the republic, and we shall attain this aim only by enabling them to enjoy their rights."
Kvinderne plæderede for deres ret til lykke, loven svarede dem, inspireret af filosoffen Jouffroy: "Men selve lykken skuffer os med sin utilstrækkelighed".
Women, in fact, were pleading for their right to happiness, and the Code replied, inspired by the philosopher Jouffroy: "But happiness itself deceives us by its insufficiency."
1. april 1792 gik en deputation af kvinder med røde huer frem for Den Lovgivende Forsamling for gennem skilsmisseloven at give det "sidste stempel på fransk frihed".
On 1 April 1792 a deputation of women wearing red bonnets had appeared before the Legislative Assembly, begging the representatives, through the divorce law, to place the "final seal on French liberty".
Ideen havde været i luften i nogen tid. Faktisk udkom samme år den nye ægteskabslov på grundlag af forfatningen.
The idea had been floating around for some time, and that same year the "Nouveau code conjugal établi sur les bases de la constitution" ("New marriage code based on the constitution") was published.
Forfatteren til denne lov, en revolutionær ved navn Bonneville, ville som indædt partisan af frihed gøre ægteskab obligatorisk, selv for præster.
The author, a revolutionary named Bonneville, wanted to make marriage obligatory even for priests - and this in the name of liberty!
Det var en social pligt, som staten kunne kræve af alle sine borgere.
Marriage was a social duty which the State was entitled to require of all citizens.
Selv følgelig fjernedes den religiøse vielse "et barbarisk efterlevn af århundreders obskurantisme."
The religious ritual, "a barbaric vestige of centuries of obscurantism", was obviously abolished.
Han havde forestillet sig den civile ceremoni således: Et stort antal bryllupper skulle finde sted samtidig, i store flokke foran pøblen, der var samlet af samme grund.
Bonneville described his proposed civil ceremony as follows: a great number of weddings were to be celebrated at the same time, on a specified day, dozens at a time before a crowd assembled for the purpose.
Giftefogeden skulle med en hånd på forfatningen sige til de fremtidige ægtemænd: "Vær hilset, frie borgere.
The civil officer, with one hand on the Constitution, would tell the newlyweds: "Hail Free Citizens!
Hav altid loven for øjnene, der forener jer i lovligt ægteskab ved de knuder, som kun venskabet og jeres interesser skal gøre ubrydelige!"
Always bear in mind the law that unites you in legal marriage by bounds that friendship alone and your interests must render indissoluble!"
Al le parrene skulle så svare i kor: "Leve friheden, leve nationen.
And all the couples would reply: "Long live liberty! Long live the Nation!
Lad alle de gode borgere velsigne vort ægteskab."
Mary Wollstonecraft was the first women to qualify marriage as "legal prostitution".
Direktoriet lod sig inspirere af disse ideer, da det besluttede, at bryllupper skulle fejres samtidig på en bestemt dag, dagen for dekadiske fester, hvor en offentlig personlighed skulle holde en tale fyldt med lyriske udbrud og blændende metaforer.
Her colleague Sèdi liez held the opposite opinion: "I believe that, on the contrary, it will be a great misfortune for a woman to be forced to look for a second husband when in losing her first husband she loses, along with her youth, most of her advantages !"
Her er der nogle prøver på taler holdt 10 fiereal, år VI efter Republikken (29. april 1798) ved ægtefællernes fest: "Det er med skønhedens hænder, med kvindernes hænder, at Moder Natur har forberedt lykken for os; hun ville, at vi frit kunne samle den og har givet os magten til at fjerne os fra de uheldige skabelser, der ikke kan give os den" "Nygifte, vær altid hinandens venner".
This cruelly realistic opinion did not prevail and women divorced en masse. A letter of 2 Messidor, Year IV (20 June 1796) states, "The libertine behaviour of women in particular seems authorised and most of the requests for divorce are made by this 'flighty sex' that never ceases to swear eternal fidelity!"
På trods af sin store tørst efter frihed glemmer manden dog ikke sine "interesser": "Kvinden er mandens følgesvend i ungdommen, hans ven i den modne alder og hans sygeplejerske i alderdommen."
While women could ask for divorce, their reasons were always specious. During the Revolution it is true that divorce and marriage became a sort of industry that enabled people to capture fortunes and frustrate creditors.
Det er overraskende at konstatere, at alle disse brullypsprædikener aldrig glemte at minde de fremtidige ægtefæller om skilsmissens fordele, samtidig med at de anbefalede dem at undgå det.
They gave rise to genuine courtroom comedies, complete with false witnesses and false family gatherings in which relatives who had been "prevented from attending" were replaced, without their knowledge, by willing friends or "extras" bought for the occasion.
Mary Wollstonecraft blev den første kvinde, der kvalificerede ægteskabet som "lovlig prostitution".
Marriages and divorces occurred at such a rate that there were those who contended that there was no longer any reason to prosecute bigamists, who, it was said, had not committed a crime but simply failed to accomplish a simple formality.
Det er sikkert, at et stort antal revolutionære kvinder bad om skilsmisse, medens de sang "Leve friheden".
One Deputy stated that this formality was designed to hide polygamous acts.
Men det er også sandt, at for at overleve skiltes andre kvinder fra deres emigrerede mænd, men giftede sig med dem igen efter oprøret.
Nevertheless, divorce on the grounds of incompatibility, mutual consent and if one of the spouses was abandoned for more than two years, thereby putting women and men on equal footing, had become legal in 1792.
Loven om skilsmisse blev vedtaget 20. september 1792.
In response one may consider that from September 1792 they acquired the dignity of free persons, for the institution of divorce enabled them to escape the disastrous consequences of "forced marriages" and domestic slavery.