natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Nye områder med vækst i beskæftigelsen eneste sektorer, hvor antallet af job steg mere i denne periode end i årene før 1990.
Parttime in preference to fulltime jobs working parttime in Ireland stated that they did so mainly because they could not find a fulltime job, while in Greece the proportion was 53%, in France 49% and in Italy 44%.
Bortset fra disse to industrier var alle de otte sektorer, hvor beskæftigelsen steg mellem 1990 og 1994, serviceaktiviteter, og de fleste af dem havde også kun­net registrere forholdsvis kraftige stigninger i beskæftigelsen i den foregående periode.
For employers, parttime employ­ment may offer increased flexibility in adjusting the work force to vari­ations in demand, whether over the working week or day, or even over the cycle, while at the same time increasing the utilisation of premises and equipment.
De fleste af disse sektorer involve­rer enten levering af kollektive tjenesteydelser, såsom vand­forsyning, sundhedsvæsen og renovation, undervisning og offentlig administration, og/eller tjenesteydelser, hvori centralad­ministrationen eller regionale og lokale forvaltninger iøvrigt er en ganske kraftig del af, som f.eks. kultur, underholdning og sport samt post og telekommu­nikation.
including most of manufacturing industry, agriculture and coal and other mining, employment declined, in many cases, significantly (in coal and metal ore mining, jobs were lost at the rate of around 15% a year, in office machinery and chemicals, by over 12% a year).
tidligere i miljøsektoren, som f.eks. genindvinding og genbrug, kloak­væsen og spildevandsbehandling og som nævnt vandforsyning.
Moreover, many of these sectors were ones which ex­perienced a significant growth in jobs in the period between 1985 and 1990 (office machinery, mechanical and electrical engineering and motor vehicles).
De omfatter desuden en del af instru­mentindustrien (specielt overvåg­ningsudstyr og udstyr til kontrol af emissioner), som var den eneste sektor i fremstillingsindustrien, der kunne registrere stigende be­skæftigelse i hele EU mellem 1990 og 1994.
They also include four ser­vice sectors — land and water transport, air transport, wholesale and retail distribution and insur­ance — three of which (all except the first) also registered an increase in employment in the earlier period.
Mellem 1985 og 1992 (det seneste år, for hvilket der findes sammenlignelige data for disse sektorer) lå nettotilvæksten til be­skæftigelsen på gennemsnitligt 3% om året, hvilket er dobbelt så me­get som i andre sektorer.
Although there was a significant de­cline in employment in the Union between 1990 and 1994, there was, nevertheless, a number of sectors in which jobs expanded.
I absolut­te tal udgjorde det yderligere 250.000 job i alt i denne periode, og hvis man medregner overslag over væksten i beskæftigelsen inden for naturbevaring, beskyttelse og be­varing af historiske monumenter o.lign. samt parker og friarealer (de såkaldt "bløde" miljøsektorer), skal der lægges mindst yderligere 500.000 job til — det svarer til 5­7,5% af stigningen i beskæftigel­
In ten sectors of activity which it is possible to dis­tinguish from the data available and which together accounted for around 47% of the total employed in the Union in 1994, the numbers em­ployed increased over this period (Graph 49; the sectors listed in the graph are described in more detail in the Annex as are the data used). In another 25 sectors, however,
Som det forklares mere detaljeret senere i rapporten, lå mange af om­råderne med vækst i beskæftigel­sen i recessionsårene og endnu
The highest rate of job growth since 1990 has been in business services and computer-related activities where employment increased by 7% a year between 1990 and 1994, much
Begrundelse for at tage deltidsarbejde i EU, 1994
Reasons for taking a parttime job in the Union, 1994
Π Kvinder D Mænd Halt
D Men I Total
Sygdom/handicap Kunne ikke finde fuldtidsjob
Education/training Illness/disability Could not find time job
Den kraftigste stigning i beskæfti­gelsen siden 1990 har fundet sted inden for forretningsservice og edb­virksomhed, hvor beskæftigel­sen voksede med 7% om året mel­lem 1990 og 1994, hvilket var næsten det samme som i de fem foregående år.
Other answers tend to confirm these findings. Over one in four men employed parttime in the Union stated that they had taken this type of work because they could not find a fulltime job.
Der var også tale om en markant stigning i beskæftigel­sen inden for instrumentindustri­en og vandforsyning, som var de to
For women, the pro­portion was less than one in six. However, as many as 55% of men
Ændringer i beskæftigelsen i de enkelte NACE­sektorer (2 decimaler) i EU, 1985­90 og 1990­94
Changes in employment in NACE 2-digit sectors in the Union, 1985-90 and 199094
Fortys!eiser, kuflur og spon
Recreational activities
Sundhed, renovation, andre tjenesteydelser
Health, sanitation, other services
Landtransport og skibsfart
Land and water transport
Anden minedrift
Other mining
Koks, olieprodukter, nukleart brændsel
Coke, oi! products, nuclear fuel
Nænngs- og nydelsesmidler
Food, drink, tobacco
Andet transportudstyr
Engineering
Årlig variation (%)
0 Annual change(%)
Kapitel 3 Ændringer i beskæftigelsesmønsteret sen i hele EU (se en mere detaljeret redegørelse i del III, kapitel 2).
Section 3 The changing pattern of employment mental sectors) are included, an ad­ditional 500 thousand or more jobs — 5­7'/,7c of the increase in employ­ment in the Union (see Part III, Section 2 for more details).
Disse sektorer er med blandt dem, der indgår i Kommissionens initia­tiver vedrørende lokal udvikling og beskæftigelse (KOM(95) 273 fra juni 1995) som værende i besiddel­se af et betydeligt potentiale for fremtidig vækst i beskæftigelsen og for dækning af lokale behov.
the same as in the preceding five years. Significant employment growth also occured in instrument engineering and the collection, puri­fication and distribution of water, the only two sectors where the num­ber of jobs increased by more over this period than in the years before 1990.
De fortjener også at indgå i overvejel­serne omkring særlige støttepro­grammer på EU­plan, således som det er tilfældet i USA, Japan og Canada.
Apart from these two indus­tries, all of the other 8 sectors in which employment went up between 1990 and 1994 were service acti­vities, most of which recorded relatively high rates of job growth in the earlier period.
Disse tendenser gør sig gældende i næsten alle EU­landene.
These sectors are included in those identified by the Commission's Local development and employment in­itiatives (Com (95) 273, June 1995) as having significant future job growth potential as well as meeting local needs.
Mellem 1992 og 1994 oplevede samtlige EU­lande, bortset fra Danmark, en stigning i andelen af ledere, folk i liberale erhverv og teknikere i for­hold til den samlede beskæftigelse for både mænds og kvinders ved­kommende (tallene for Danmark må desuden til en vis grad baseres på overslag for at korrigere for ændringen i klassifikationen af landmænd og arbejdstagere inden for fiskeriet mellem de to år og er derfor ikke helt pålidelige) (figur 51).
They might also merit serious consideration of special sup­port programmes at the Union level as in the US, Japan and Canada.
samlede antal personer i beskæfti­gelse faldt med 2% i EU som hel­hed, steg antallet af ledere, folk i liberale erhverv og teknikere i beskæftigelse med 3,5%.
structure of occupations away from manual jobs, skilled as well as un­skilled, towards non­manual jobs, especially those with a high skill content, requiring extensive educa­tion and training.
Samtidig faldt antallet af beskæftigede i lavt kvalificerede manuelle job (i elementære erhverv) og som med­hjælper inden for landbrug og fi­skeri med 10%. Resultatet var, at de højere kvalificerede erhvervs andel af den samlede beskæftigel­se i løbet af kun to år steg fra godt 31% til 33%, og der var tale om en stigning inden for alle tre katego­rier — ledere, liberale erhverv og teknikere.
This shift has been particularly marked during periods of economic recession, when the demand for high level skills has usually continued to expand, while those with relatively few qualifica­tions have both suffered job losses directly — especially those em­ployed in industry — and have found it difficult to obtain alterna­tive employment as competition on the labour market for scarce jobs has intensified (see Employment in Europe, 1994, Chapter 8, for an ana­lysis of occuptaional shifts during the 1980s).
Ændringer i arbejdsstyrkens beskæftigelses­struktur
Changes in occupational structure of the work force
Samtidig var der tale om ikke blot et både relativt og absolut fald i antallet af mænd og kvinder beskæftiget i elementære manuel­le erhverv i hele EU med Græken­land og Portugal som de eneste undtagelser (og her er der igen visse problemer med dataenes sammenlignelighed mellem de to år), men også om et tilsvarende fald i antallet af beskæftigede inden for mere kvalificerede
Most of these sectors are ones involv­ing either the provision of collective services, such as water, health care and sanitation, education and public administration and/or ones with a significant amount of central, re­gional or local government involvement, such as l'ecreational services and post and telecommuni­cations.
De samme tendenser gør sig gældende for både mænd og kvin­der, men for kvindernes ved­kommende var der i denne periode også tale om en markant vækst i den procentvise andel, der var beskæftiget med service­og salgsarbejde, udover stignin­gen i antallet af beskæftigede i højere kvalificerede erhverv (fi­gur 50).
The experience during the recent recession has been no different. In the two years 1992 to 1994 (the lon­gest period for which comparable
Beskæftigelse efter erhverv - mænd og kvinder - i EU, 1992 og 1994
Employment by occupation among men and women in the Union, 1992 and 1994
Håndværkere og faglærte
Plant and machine operators
Betjening al anlæg og maskiner
Legislators and manag ors
Mænd
Clerks
Service og salg
Service and sales workers
Medhjælp i landbrug og li ske ri
Agncullural and fishery workers
Medhjælp i landbrug og fiskeri
Agricultural and fishery workers
I de to år fra 1992 til 1994 (den længste periode, for hvilken der forelig­ger sammenlignelige data på grund af ændringen i erhvervs­klassifikationssystemet), da det
Be­tween 1985 and 1992 (the last year for which comparable data are avail­able for these sectors), the rate of net job creation averaged 3% a year, twice as much as in other sectors.
Kapitel 3 Ændringer i beskæftigelsesmønsteret manuelle job (som håndværkere og faglærte samt arbejdstagere, der var uddannet til at betjene anlæg og maskiner).
The same tendencies are evident for both men and women, though in the case of women, there was also a significant growth in the relative numbers employed as service and sales workers over this period as well
Udviklingen i beskæftigelsen for ledere, liberale erhverv og teknikere i EU landene, 1992-94
Change in employment among legistators, professionals and technicians in Member States, 1992-94
Kapitel 4 Udviklingen i arbejdsløsheden i EU­landene
Section 4 Unemployment trends in Member States
Som nævnt tidligere, er de indhug, det lykkedes at gøre i arbejdsløs­heden med den kraftige vækst i beskæftigelsen mellem 1985 og 1990, stort set gået tabt igen under den seneste recession.
As indicated above, the inroads made into reducing the number of people without work through the high rates of job creation between 1985 and 1990 were nullified by the recent recession.
Desuden må det konstateres, at selv om ar­bejdsløsheden i EU tilsyneladende er toppet, har den nedadgående tendens hidtil ikke været særligt tydelig.
Moreover, though the rate of unemployment in the Union appears to have peaked, the downward trend has so far not been significant.
igen, blev mændene dog langt hårdere ramt end kvinderne.
In the early 1990s, however, when unemployment began to rise again, men were much more affected than women.
I samtlige EU­lande, bortset fra Dan­mark, hvor stigningen var stort set ens for de to køn, steg arbejdsløshe­den blandt mændene mere end blandt kvinderne (figur 53).
In all Member States ex­cept for Denmark, where the two rose by much the same, the rate of male unemployment increased by more than that of women (Graph 53).
I Ne­derlandene faldt arbejdsløsheden blandt kvinderne i denne periode, medens den steg for mændenes ved­kommende, og i Storbritannien steg arbejdsløsheden blandt mændene fra 7,5% til godt 10%, mens den for kvindernes vedkommende forblev stort set uændret.
% to just over 10%, while for
I Belgien (hvor kvinderne havde haft større fordel end mændene affaldet i arbejdsløs­heden) og i Italien steg arbejdsløs­heden blandt mændene næsten dobbelt så meget som arbejdsløshe­den blandt kvinder.
2 women it remained virtually con­stant. In Belgium (where women had benefited more than men from the fall in unemployment) and
I begyndelsen af 1990'erne, da arbejdsløsheden begyndte at stige
In Spain, however, unemployment among men declined by signifi­cantly more than among women, by almost 6% of the labour force as opposed to under 4%, while in Belgium, the rate for women de­clined by around 5% of the labour force, the rate for men by only around 3%.
Arbejdsløsheden for mænd og kvinder i EU landene, 1987 og 1990
Unemployment rates of men and women in Member States, 1987 and 1990
Arbej dsløsheden blandt mænd og kvinder
Unemployment among men and women
I perioden med økonomisk opsving i slutningen af 1980'erne faldt ar­bejdsløsheden blandt både mænd og kvinder i alle EU­landene, bortset fra Danmark, hvor den steg for beg­ge køn, og Grækenland, hvor ar­bejdsløsheden blandt kvinder steg (figur 52).
In the period of economic recovery in the late­1980s, the rate of unem­ployment of both men and women fell in every Member State, except Denmark, where it rose for both, and Greece, where the rate for women increased (Graph 52).
I 1987 var gennemsnit­ligt 8% af den mandlige del af ar­bejdsstyrken i EU arbejdsløse, og i 1990 var tallet faldet til godt 6%.
In 1987, 8% of the male labour force in the Union was unemployed and by 1990, the figure had fallen to just over 6%.
For kvindernes vedkommende faldt arbejdsløsheden i samme periode fra 12% til knap 10%.
For women, unem­ployment declined over the same period from 12% to just under 10%.
Kapitel 4 Udviklingen i arbejdsløsheden i EU­landene krig, Finland og Sverige, at ar­bejdsløsheden steg med over 5% af arbejdsstyrken, og i Danmark, Ne­derlandene og Østrig var der tale om et fald.
Ireland and the UK, more than 5%. In the case of women under 25, only in Spain, France, Finland and Sweden, did the rate rise by more than 57c of the labour force, and in Denmark, the Netherlands and Austria there were falls.
Udviklingen i arbejdsløsheden for de enkelte aldersgrupper sætning til for mændene store for­skelle mellem EU­landene.
For women, in contrast to men, how­ever, there were marked differences between Member States.
Me­dens der i Belgien, Nederlandene og Storbritannien var tale om et markant fald i arbejdsløsheden blandt kvinder over 25 år, steg ar­bejdsløsheden for denne gruppe i Danmark, Grækenland, Spanien og Italien — i de to sidstnævnte lande på trods af et fald i arbejds­løsheden blandt kvinder under 25 år.
While in Belgium, the Netherlands and the UK, there was a significant decline in the unemployment rate of women of 25 and over, in Denmark, Greece, Spain and Italy, the rate increased — in the latter two countries, des­pite a fall in unemployment among women under 25.
Det var først og fremmest de unge under 25 år, der mærkede faldet i arbejdsløsheden mellem 1987 og 1990, idet arbejdsløsheden for den­ne gruppe i EU som helhed faldt med en tredjedel for mændenes vedkommende og en fjerdedel for kvindernes.
The greatest beneficiaries of the fall in unemployment between 1987 and 1990 were young people under 25, the number of whom in the Union fell by a third in the case of men and a quarter in the case of women.
Faldet var særligt markant i de mindre udviklede egne (Spanien, Irland, Syditalien og Portugal), hvor ungdomsar­bejdsløsheden havde været særligt høj (figur 54 og 55).
The decline was particu­larly marked in the less developed countries (Spain, Ireland, Southern Italy and Portugal) where youth un­employment was especially high (Graphs 54 and 55).
I gruppen over 25 år blev mændene ramt meget hårdere end kvinderne af stigningen i arbejdsløsheden i EU som helhed, men der var langt­fra tale om en ensartet tendens.
For those of 25 and over, in the Union as a whole men were affected much more than women by the rise in unemployment, but this was far from universal.
I Danmark, Tyskland, Grækenland og Spanien steg arbejdsløsheden blandt kvinder over 25 år mere end blandt mændene i samme alders­gruppe, på trods af at det først og fremmest var mændenes job, der gik tabt.
In Denmark, Germany, Greece and Spain, the unemployment rate for women of 25 and over went up by more than the rate for men, despite job losses being concentrated among the lat­ter.
Til gengæld steg arbejds­løsheden blandt mænd i de fleste øvrige EU­lande væsentligt mere end blandt kvinderne.
On the other hand, in most of the other Member States, the rise in the rate for men was substantially greater than for women.
I Nederlan­dene var der oven i købet tale om en stigning i arbejdsløsheden blandt mænd og et fald i arbejds­løsheden blandt kvinder.
Indeed, in the Netherlands, the rate for men increased while that for women fell.
På samme måde som de unge hav­de størst fordel affaldet i arbejds­løsheden i slutningen af 1980'erne, blev de også hårdere ramt, da ar­bejdsløsheden atter begyndte at stige fra 1990 og videre frem.
Just as young people gained most from the fall in unemployment in the late 1980s, they were more af­fected by the increase that occurred from 1990 onwards.
Selv om den samlede arbejdsløshed blandt unge under 25 år steg for både mænd og kvinder, var stig­ningen specielt markant for mæn­denes vedkommende (figur 56 og 57).
Although the rate for both men and women under 25 increased, the rise was especially marked for men (Graphs 56 and 57).
I Belgien, Spanien, Frankrig, Finland og Sverige udgjorde stig­ningen over 10% af arbejdsstyr­ken, og i Irland og Storbritannien var det over 5%. For kvinder under 25 år var det kun i Spanien, Fran­
In Belgium, Spain, France, Finland and Sweden, the rise was more than 10% of the labour force and in
I forhold hertil var faldet i arbejds­løsheden for gruppen i den bedste arbejdsdygtige alder (fra 25 til 49 år) og ældre (fra 50 til 64 år) mindre udtalt.
In comparison, the decline in unem­ployment among prime­age (25 to 49) and older people (50 to 64) was less marked.
Arbejdsløsheden for mænd og kvinder i EU landene, 1990 og maj 1995
Unemployment rates of men and women in Member States, 1990 and May 1995
Generelt ramte stigningen i ar­bejdsløsheden aldersgruppen mel­lem 25 og 49 år hårdere end de ældre.
In general, the increase in unem­ployment affected the 25 to 49 age group more than older people.
For mændenes vedkom­mende var de eneste undtagelser Grækenland og Portugal, hvor de to grupper blev berørt i samme om­fang, samt Østrig og Finland, og for kvindernes vedkommende var undtagelserne de to sidstnævnte lande samt Tyskland, Italien og Storbritannien.
In the case of men, the only exceptions were Greece and Portugal, where they were affected to the same ex­tent, and Austria and Finland, in the case of women, the latter two countries plus Germany, Italy, and the UK.
Arbej dsløsheden blandt de enkelte aldersgrupper i EU­landene
The scale of unemployment by age group in the Member States
For EU som helhed falder arbejds­løshedsprocenten ganske markant med alderen, selv om den er for­holdsvis høj for gruppen mellem 50 og 59 år.
At the Union level, the rate of un­employment declines markedly with age, though it is relatively high for those between 50 and 59.
Således er sandsynlighe­den for, at unge arbejdstagere i aldersgruppen fra 15 til 24 år er arbejdsløse, tre gange så stor som for folk i slutningen af 40'erne, der er den aldersgruppe, som kan regi­strere den laveste arbejdsløshed;
Thus young people between the ages of 15 and 24 who are members of the labour force are over three times more likely to be unemployed than someone in their late 40s, the age group which has the lowest rate of
Ændringer i arbejdsløshedsprocenten inddelt i aldersgrupper i Medlemslandene 1987­90 og 1990­94
Change in unemployment rates by age group in Member States, 1987­90 and 1990­94
Mænd, 1987-90
Men, 1987­90
Mænd, 1990-94
Men, 1990­94
Kapitel 4 Udviklingen i arbejdsløsheden i EU-landene samme aldersgrupper, der er hårdest ramt i alle EU-landene.
somewhat across the Union, in the sense that the age groups affected most are by no means the same in each Member State.
Mens ungdomsarbejdsløsheden i største parten af EU-landene er langt højere end arbejdsløsheden for gruppen over 25 år og generelt falder med alderen, er der dog undtagelser (figur 60-70).
While in the majority of Member States rates of youth unemployment are far higher than for those over 25 and unemployment rates tend to decline with age, there are exceptions (Graphs 60 to 70).
for denne aldersgruppe er sandsynligheden for at være arbejdsløs halvt så stor som for aldersgrup pen i slutningen i 20'erne og 25% mindre end for folk i slutningen af 50'erne (figur 58, der ligesom de resterende figurer i dette kapitel ikke omfatter de tre nye EU-lande på grund af manglende data).
unemployment. These, in turn, are half as likely to be unemployed as someone in their late 20s and 25% less likely to be employed as some one in their late 50s (Graph 58, which like the remaining graphs in this Section exclude the three new Member States for which data are not available).
Dette mønster går igen for både mænd og kvinder, selv om arbejdsløsheden blandt kvinder i samtlige aldersgrupper er højere end blandt mænd, bortset fra gruppen over 55 år, hvor arbejdsløsheden blandt mændene er større (figur 59).
This pattern applies to both men and women, though for each age group, the rate of unemployment among women is higher than for men, except in the case of those of 55 and over, where the rate for men is higher (Graph 59).
Portugal og Storbritannien — er ungdomsarbejdsløsheden langt mindre, selv om et tilsvarende mønster med hensyn til forskelle ne i arbejdsløshed gør sig gældende, forstået på den måde, at arbejdsløsheden blandt de unge under alle omstændigheder er væ sentligt højere end blandt de ældre.
In six Member States — Belgium, Spain, Greece, France, Italy and, to a lesser extent, Ireland — unemployment rates, for both men and women are particularly high for young people under 25, with a rate as high as 609!: in Spain, and decline consistently with age.
Undtagelsen er Tyskland, hvor der ikke synes at være noget specielt ungdom s arbejdsløshedsproblem.
The main difference in rates is between those under 25 and those over.
Bortset fra dette er den vigtigste forskel i forhold til den førstnævnte gruppe, at arbejdsløs heden generelt er forholdsvis høj for folk i 50'erne.
The same pattern holds for men and women, though, with the exception of the 20 to 34 age group in Ireland, rates of unemployment among women exceeded those for men up to the age
Det gælder især i Tyskland, hvor arbejdsløsheden blandt gruppen over 55 år er væ sentligt højere end blandt de yngre aldersgrupper.
This is a pattern, moreover, which has remained broadly unchanged over time, though in the recent re cession, those of 30 and over seem to have been affected more by the rise in unemployment than those under 30 and especially than those under 20.
Mønsteret er dog mindre entydigt i Nederlandene, hvor arbejdsløsheden begynder at stige fra 35 år og opefter, mens stigningen i Danmark først sætter ind ved 45 år.
The pattern, however, and, therefore, the nature of the unemployment problem differ