natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Antallet af mænd i samme aldersgruppe steg også, men langt mindre, og forøgede kun EU's arbejdsstyrke med ca. 1,5%.
Under the policies proposed, a significant proportion of these costs would be internalised through road pricing, fuel taxation, vehicle emission per mits and so on.
­ vækstens beskæftigelsesskabende virkninger i EU sam­menholdt med USA og Japan;
This would reduce the growth of road usage and air travel and increase the use of trains, as well as encouraging a shift from private cars to public transport.
Disse stigninger blev til dels opvejet af en kraftig nedgang i antallet af unge mænd og kvinder under 25 år, som alt i alt svarede til en samlet reduktion på over 1% af den er­hvervsaktive befolkning, medens der kun var tale om meget begrænsede ændringer i antallet af personer over 55 år.
The total number of jour neys taken would fall significantly with adverse consequences for em ployment in the transport sector as well as in the production of vehicles.
­ selvstændig beskæftigelse (hvor mange der starter selv­stændig virksomhed, og hvor mange der holder op igen);
The results are, first, that if new policies in favour of the environment were to be adopted, there is likely to be continued environmental degradation with a 30% increase in solid waste and C02emissions and a 10% rise in NOxemissions.
I alle landene, bortset fra Danmark og Finland, var stigningen i antallet af kvinder mellem 25 og 54 år den vigtigste årsag til tilvæksten til arbejdsstyrken i denne periode. I alle landene, bortset fra Grækenland, steg også antallet af mænd i denne aldersgruppe.
The simulation also indicates that, on these assumptions, higher economic growth and more employment could be achieved as a result of the measures introduced.
Og i alle landene, bortset igen fra Grækenland og Sverige, faldt antallet af unge mænd og kvinder under 25 år i arbejdsstyrken.
Underlying these results is the assumption that the various taxes introduced would generate additional revenue equivalent to around 172% of Union GDP, which
­ overlapningen mellem midlertidig beskæftigelse og del­tidsbeskæftigelse og den gennemsnitlige varighed af tidsbegrænsede ansættelseskontrakter;
Employment in manufacturing in dustries which are important sources of pollution, such as iron and steel, pulp and paper and textiles and clothing (which pollute water through cleaning and dying) would also tend to fall, but job losses here could be more than offset by job creation in industries benefiting from the measures taken, such as advanced ceramics, light metal alloys and thermo-plastics as well as the manufacture of monitoring instruments, control devices and filters.
­ stigningen i de reelle arbejdskraftomkostninger og real­lønnen i fremstillingsindustrien og i de øvrige sektorer i forhold til stigningen i arbejdskraftens produktivitet i de seneste år;
In the agricultural sector, the in creased cost of pesticides and chemical fertilisers under such a policy combined with the removal of price distortion under the CAP, the reduction of prices to world market levels and a shift from price to less distortive income support, which could be topped up by farmers selling environmental services to the public, could both improve the rural environment and increase employ ment.
­ ændringer i fordelingen af de udførte arbejdstimer.
could be spent in various ways, either through additional public expenditure or reductions in other forms of tax to maintain economic activity and employment or even raise it through stimulating in creased investment.
Befolkningsudvikling, erhvervsfrekvens og forøgelse af arbejdsstyrken
At the same time, significant structural shifts would be induced.
143 Ændringer i arbejdsstyrkens alders- og kønsfordeling i EU landene, 1987-90
The external costs associated with global warming, congestion and air pollution by the transport sector
Erfaringerne fra 1980'erne og begyndelsen af 1990'erne tyder stærkt på, at forøgelsen af arbejdsstyrken også hænger sam­men med væksten i beskæftigelsen.
people they can be expected to sustain, which would encourage greater efficiency of water and land use and, over time, may result in the spreading of holidays and an extension in the season, so helping to alleviate any adverse effects on competitiveness of the increased costs which the industry would bear.
Følgelig vil alle forudsi­gelser om EU's arbejdsstyrke i de kommende år og om arbejdsløsheden afhænge af, hvordan udsigterne er for væk­sten i beskæftigelsen.
Such a package will hit some sectors and benefit others, and lead to structural shifts in activity and em ployment, but this is an inevitable consequence, as emphasised above, of any serious efforts to incorporate environmental objectives into policy and to move the Union economies onto a new and sustainable development path.
Hvis man ignorerer denne sammen­hæng, risikerer man at komme til at overvurdere de fald i arbejdsløsheden, der kan forventes, når beskæftigelsen stiger.
It is, therefore, not a compelling reason in itself for rejecting the proposal.
Ændringer i aldersstrukturen i arbejdsstyrken
On the assumption of the imposition of a $10 per barrel of oil-equivalent C02/energy tax,
SF: 25-49 og 50+
2 and a reduction in employers' contributions.
I vækstperioden mellem 1987 og 1990 var den vigtigste kilde til forøgelsen af arbejdsstyrken stigningen i antallet af kvin­
On the other hand, the UK has much further to go in meeting the standards set for air quality, acid rain and the disposal of solid and/or hazardous waste, is relatively dependent on air travel and is an important manufacturer of aerospace equipment.
Sondring mellem, hvordan ændringer i henholdsvis befolkningsstrukturen og erhvervsfrekvensen indvirker på arbejdsstyrken
Section 2 The environment and employment
I perioden med lav vækst i beskæftigelsen mellem 1990 og 1994 var udviklingsmønsteret anderledes i flere henseender. Kvinder i aldersgruppen 2554 år var stadig den vigtigste kilde til forøgelsen af arbejdsstyrken (figur 144).
Expenditure on environmental technology in the Union increase in inflation from the tax on energy, this is likely to be very small, unless the reduction in social contributions or the rise in employ ment leads to any increase in real wages.
Samtidig faldt antallet af unge mænd og kvinder under 25 år i arbejdsstyrken langt mere end mellem 1987 og 1990 — 60% mere for mændenes vedkommende og mere end dobbelt så meget for kvindernes vedkommende.Et fald i antallet af mænd i arbejdsstyrken over 55 år forstærkede virkningen af nedgangen i antallet afunge. Antallet af kvinder i denne aldersgruppe voksede fortsat, men dog kun med to tredjedele af stigningstakten i den foregående periode.
Indeed, it is important that a climate of both wage and profit restraint is encouraged not only to keep down inflation but to prevent the relief to employers being swallowed up either by pay increases for existing workers or higher profits rather than leading to employment of additional people.
Ligesom i den foregående periode gik dette generelle mønster igen i størsteparten af EU-landene.
In the Netherlands, the promotion of technological innovation is a central part of industrial policy and environmental protection is an important aim.
Med undtagelse af Luxembourg var der tale om et fortsat fald i antallet af unge mænd og kvinder under 25 år i arbejdsstyrken i samtlige EU-lande, og i de fleste tilfælde et ganske betyde ligt fald.
There are measures to promote research into reuse and recycling and energy technology and incentives to companies to increase the number of R & D personnel.
De adskiller sig også lidt fra de tal for arbejdsstyrken, der er afledt af de beskæftigelses- og arbej dsløs-hedsdata, der er brugt til at undersøge ændringer over tid andre steder i rapporten.
Cooperation between government, technology institutes, industry and the universities is encouraged and the Government is currently spending around 50 million ECU over a 4-year period on R & D under the National Environmental Policy Plan.
Antallet af mænd i arbejdsstyrken over 55 år faldt i samtlige EU-lande, bortset fra Tyskland, Grækenland, Irland og Fin land (for Østrigs vedkommende er der "huller" i dataene, der gør det umuligt at drage nogen konklusion). Nedgangen var særligt markant i Danmark, Spanien og Italien.
In Denmark, around 50 million ECU have been earmarked under an action plan for less polluting technology for the period 1993-97, while expenditure under the strategic programme for environmental research 1992-96 amounts to some 40 million ECU.
Ændringer i erhvervsfrekvens og i befolkningen i den arbejdsdygtige alder
In Italy, legislation has been introduced to support research on less polluting technology and its implementation.
På baggrund af ovenstående er det vigtigt at få klarlagt, om den udvikling, der er sket, er resultatet af befolkningsmæssige tendenser — dvs. en ændring i tilvæksten til befolkningen i den arbejdsdygtige alder — eller af ændringer i erhvervsfrekvensen (se det indrammede felt).
Furthermore, if the reduction in employers' contributions were to be concentrated on low wage earners, which allows a cut of 40%, employ ment, especially of the relatively low skilled, is likely to increase by significantly more (by perhaps as much as 2-3%) because of a stronger incentive to take on such workers and their comparatively low level of productivity (ie the higher number of workers per unit of output than in the previous scenario. nario.
144 Ændringer i arbejdsstyrkens alders- og kønsfordeling i EU landene, 1990-94
The UK encourages cooperation in research on energy emissions and supports certain R & D activities related to the diffusion of better environmental practices.
% af arbejdsstyrken i 1990
Expenditure in the Union to protect the environment
På dette grundlag viser ændringen i befolkningen vægtet med erhvervsfrekvenserne i begyndelsen af perioden, hvad der ville være sket med arbejdsstyrken, hvis disse erhvervsfrekvenser var forblevet uændrede.
A number of the projects under the LIFE programme were aimed at encouraging sustainable development in tourist sites.
Forskellen mellem dette og den faktiske ændring viser den samlede virkning af ændringer i erhvervs frekvenserne.
In total, the Third Framework Programme for Community Research and Technological Develop ment provided 580 million ECU for environmental and energy research between 1990 and 1994.
Selv om der også var tale om et fald i erhvervsfrekvensen blandt ældre mænd i størsteparten af EU-landene i de tre foregående år, steg denne gruppes erhvervsfrekvens i syv lande, herunder Danmark, Tyskland, Luxembourg, Finland og Storbritannien, hvor der alle steder var tale om et markant fald i de efterfølgende år (figur 149 og 150).
These have culminated in the adoption by Member States of a Council Directive (94/62/EC) in December 1994 on packaging and packaging waste, under which all countries have to draw up legislation within 18 months aimed at recovering and recycling packaging waste.
Som nævnt i del I, kapitel 2, kunne der registreres en samlet stigning i erhvervsfrekvensen i perioden fra 1987 til 1990, hvor EU's arbejdsstyrke blev forøget med 1,9 mio. I perioden fra 1990 til 1994 faldt erhvervsfrekvensen og reducerede arbejdsstyrken med 3 mio.
Member States have five years to reach targets of recovering between 50% and 65% by weight and recycling between 25% and 45% of packaging waste each year. Further targets for the five years after that will be established no later than 6 months before the end of the first five-year period.
Ser man nærmere på ændringerne inden for aldersgruppen over 55 år, viser det sig, at en væsentlig del af faldet i erhvervsfrekvens i årene efter 1990 (80%) i de fleste tilfælde kunne tilskrives gruppen under 65 år, specielt dem, der endnu ikke havde nået den officielle pensionsalder i de forskellige EU-lande.
estimated 5% of all environmental expenditure in the Union, divided between environmental protection and infrastructure, waste manage ment, water treatment and research and technology including clean technology and the training associated with it (see Boxes pp. 150 and 151).
Det vil med andre ord sige, at en stor del affaldet skyldtes, at væsentligt flere lod sig førtidspensionere i denne periode end i den foregående, på trods af ændrede politiske signaler i en række EU-lande, hvor man gik væk fra aktivt at tilskynde folk til at lade sig førtidspensionere for at frigøre job til de yngre — en ændring, som var begrundet med omkostningsmæssige hensyn i en situation med stadigt flere ældre i befolkningen.
In addition, activities supported by the Funds include: building public awareness about environmental issues through education and sensitising campaigns, retraining of those who face losing their jobs in sectors adversely affected by protection measures and training people who are unemployed to take up new jobs generated by such measures, whether in the environmental sector or in areas, such as tourism which benefit from a cleaner environment.
Ser man nærmere på ændringerne i erhvervsfrekvens for de enkelte aldersgrupper, kan man konstatere, at det stejle fald i erhvervsfrekvensen i perioden fra 1990 til 1994 først og fremmest gjorde sig gældende blandt de unge, både mænd og kvinder, og blandt mænd i aldersgruppen 2554 år.
In Austria, legislation has been passed aimed at increasing the level of recycling to 80%.
Førstnævnte gruppe alene tegnede sig for et fald i den samlede arbejdsstyrke i EU på ca. 3,3 mio. i denne periode, hvilket var væsentligt mere end i de tre foregående år (600 000).
In Belgium, a regulation has recently been introduced to encourage the recycling of packaging materials and Denmark has launched an action plan with the same objective.
Selv om en del af dette fald måske kan tilskrives regulær øget interesse hos de unge for at forbedre deres kvalifikationer og grundlæggende færdigheder, af spejler det også helt sikkert en indskrænkning af mulighederne for at finde egnet beskæftigelse.
Finland is taking measures to introduce paper-recycling in order to conform with Union standards.
I denne henseende er det især bemærkelsesværdigt, at en stor del af faldet i erhvervsfrekvensen var koncentreret på de EU-lande, som også kunne registrere det største fald i beskæftigelsen — Spanien, Tyskland, Italien, Finland, Sverige og især Stor britannien.
In France, legislation has been introduced to compel companies to adopt waste treatment processes by 2002 and the UK has set a target of a 25% reduction in household waste by the year 2000.
Faldet i antallet afunge i arbejdsstyrken blev forstærket af et fald i mændenes erhvervsfrekvens både i aldersgruppen 2554 år, hvilket reducerede arbejdsstyrken med over 1,2 mio., og i aldersgruppen over 55 år, hvilket reducerede arbejdsstyrken med over 900 000, altså ca. 700 000 mere end i de tre foregående år.
In several countries, agreements have been reached between government and industry on recycling. In Austria, for example, such an agreement extends to paper, cement and motor vehicles while a similar agreement in the Netherlands covers base metals, chemicals and printing.
Ovenstående analyse viser, at neddæmpningen afvæksten i beskæftigelsen efter 1990 reducerede tilvæksten til ar bejdsstyrken ganske betydeligt i hele EU og i flere EU-lande resulterede i et absolut fald i antallet af erhvervsaktive.
In 1995, around two-thirds of this expenditure will be in the less de veloped, low income per head regions (Objective 1), supplemented by additional expenditure from the Cohesion Fund.
Erfaringerne fra den seneste periode med økonomisk op sving i sidste del af 1980'erne tyder stærkt på, at der kan forventes en stigning i tilvæksten til arbejdsstyrken parallelt med det øgede udbud af job.
This environmental spending could, according to Commission estimates, generate over 150 thousand additional jobs in the Union, and 100 thousand in Objective 1 regions by the year 2000.
Denne udvikling var fælles for størsteparten af EU-landene.
Financial incentives have also been introduced in some Member States to increase recycling and reduce polluting activities.
I de fleste lande faldt erhvervsfrekvensen blandt unge under 25 år ganske markant i perioden fra 1990 til 1994, og i nogle tilfælde — Grækenland, Spanien og Portugal — opvejede det en forøgelse af arbejdsstyrken, som ellers kunne forventes på baggrund af den befolkningsmæssige udvikling.
In Italy, for example, tax incentives are available to new firms setting up operation in activities relating to energy efficiency, recycling and other environmental sectors, while in Spain, financial support is provided to companies changing production processes or machinery to reduce pollution.
Kun i Luxembourg, Nederlandene og Østrig steg erhvervsfrekvensen blandt de unge i denne periode, og kun i Belgien og Irland var faldet i erhvervsfrekvens mindre end i de tre foregående år.
In other countries, such as the Netherlands, dividends and interest on environmental invest ment are exempt from tax.
i hvilket omfang det udtalte fald i erhvervsfrekvensen blandt unge bremses eller endog vendes om, når der bliver flere job til rådighed, hvilket igen afhænger af, hvor vidt den øgede deltagelse i uddannelse er udtryk for en mere langsigtet tendens og ikke kun en reaktion på kort sigt på mangelen på job;
A common ecolabelling scheme was established in the Union in 1992 (Council Regulation No 882/92), aimed at promoting products with a reduced environmental impact during their entire life-cycles (from design and production to marketing and use) and at providing consumers with better information on the environmental impact of products.
- hvorvidt stigningen i erhvervsfrekvensen blandt kvinder i aldersgruppen 2554 år vil fortsætte i samme takt som i de seneste 10-15 år;
Though the scheme is voluntary, producers are encouraged to participate through market pressure.
- hvorvidt mænd i den bedste arbejdsdygtige alder, som har forladt arbejdsstyrken (i hvert fald den officielle ar bejdsstyrke), vil vende tilbage til arbejdsstyrken, når be skæftigelsesudsigterne bliver bedre;
The scheme is similar to those which already existed in a several Member States (the Blue Angel system in Germany or the NF environment system in France, for example).
Også erhvervsfrekvensen blandt mænd i aldersgruppen 2554 år faldt i alle EU-landene, bortset fra Grækenland og Østrig, i perioden fra 1990 til 1994.
A common eco-auditing scheme was introduced more recently in April 1995 (the eco-management and audit scheme).
Faldet var særligt udtalt i Danmark, Irland, Italien, Luxembourg og Sverige, hvor det alle steder resulterede i en reel indskrænkning af arbejdsstyrken på over 1% i disse fire år. I modsætning hertil var der i perioden fra 1987 til 1990 tale om en stigning i er hvervsfrekvensen blandt mænd i denne aldersgruppe i syv EU-lande (figur 147 og 148).
This is also voluntary, giving producers the opportunity to accept their environmental responsibilities, while bringing peer pressure to bear on companies to participate, which involves them formulating an environmental policy, conducting an environmental review, introducing an environmental management programme, engaging in environmental audits, preparing an environmental statement and having an external verifier to validate this.
- hvorvidt stigningen i antallet af førtidspensionerede blandt mænd i mange EU-lande vil fortsætte i samme takt.
If expenditure by both the public sector in Member States and the private sector (which spends in response mainly to regulations, though partly to public opinion) is aggregated, a 63.3 billion ECU or 1.2% of Union GDP was spent on the environment in 1992 (ERECO estimate).
I alle EU-landene, bortset fra Belgien og Grækenland, faldt erhvervsfrekvensen blandt mænd over 55 år i perioden fra 1990 til 1994 (der foreligger ikke konsistente data for Østrig), og i Danmark, Nederlandene, Sverige og Storbritannien mere end opvejede det tilvæksten til denne aldersgrup
Around half of this was on waste water management, around a third on waste disposal, 13% on control of air pollution, 3% on noise abatement and just 2% on the natural environment.
Med hensyn til den første faktor, nemlig den forventede udvikling i erhvervsfrekvensen blandt unge, er der tale om
Almost a third — 32% — of this expenditure took place in Germany, 21% in France, 20% in the UK, 11% in Italy, 6% in Spain and the
Effekt af ændrinter i befolkning og deltagelse i arbejdsstyrken 1987­90 og 1990­94
The definition and quantification of the environmental sector
% af arbejdsstyrken i 1987
The task of counting the number of people in employment in the environmental sector is not easy.
% af arbejdsstyrken i 1990
Generally the sector is broken down into:
■Ændring i erhvervsfrekvens DÆndring i befolkning
• pollution control and the waste industry which takes in sewage and refuse disposal and recycling;
■Ændring i erhvervsfrekvens DÆndring i befolkning
• water supply industry which includes the collection, purification and distribution of water;
% af arbejdsstyrken i 1990
Thus while in Luxembourg, some 16% of jobs were in these sectors in 1994, in Greece, the figure was only just over 10%.
SF:25-49;A, S: 1990-93
138 Change in employment in polluting sectors, 1985­92
% af arbejdsstyrken i 1987
Annual change(%)
% af arbejdsstyrken i 1990
Annual change {%)
■ Ændring i erhvervsfrekvens DÆndring i befolkning
% a year in the former two most l'/2
SF: 50+
I no data: D excludes new Länder
151 Erhvervsfrekvensen blandt unge (15-24 år) i EU landene, 1987 og 1994 r% af befolkningen
• the manufacture of environmental equipment, such as pollution control devices, waste disposal facilities and monitoring apparatus;
Generelt er erhvervsfre­kvensen dog forholdsvis lav i de mindre udviklede lande i EU, hvor arbejdsløsheden er høj.
In fishing, forestry and mining, the natural depletion of stocks rather than controls imposed by government to limit exploitation, along with shifts in demand and competition from lower priced imports, have been largely responsible.
På trods af den kraftige stigning, især i det seneste tiår, er erhvervsfrekvensen for denne gruppe stadigvæk langt lavere i de mindre udviklede regio­ner, bortset fra Portugal (figur 152), end i de fleste andre egne af EU.
Most of these jobs are in activities which cannot easily be identified in the statistics on employment in the sense that they are not classified separately from others but form part of a wider sector.
Sandsynligheden for en fortsat stigning i er­hvervsfrekvensen blandt kvinder i disse lande vil blot øge behovet for flere beskæftigelsesmuligheder.
All that is possible is to examine employment in the sectors which are clearly environmental in nature or in which there is a significant environmental element in the output produced.
152 Erhvervsfrekvensen blandt kvinder (25-54 år) i EU landene, 1987 og 1994
These sectors comprise recycling, sewage and refuse disposal, the collection, purification and distribution of water and instrument engineering (in which, of course, only a minor proportion of output consists of control and monitoring equipment).
For den tredje faktors vedkommende er der langt mindre variation i erhvervsfrekvenserne blandt mænd i aldersgrup­pen 25­54 år i EU­landene, selv om erhvervsfrekvensen i Irland og Italien, hvor arbejdsløsheden er forholdsvis høj, er en smule lavere end i det øvrige EU (90­91% sammenholdt med et EU­gennemsnit på 93%).
Apart from in Greece and Portugal, on the one hand, and Germany and France, on the other, however, there is no clear tendency for the relative scale of employment in environmental industries to vary across the Union with the level of economic de velopment. Though the relative numbers employed were also lower than average in 1994 in Spain, this the recycling of materials of various kinds;