natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
I Belglen og Luxembourg registreres kvinder, der arbejder i landbruget, hovedsageligt som "medhjælpende familie".
Some women too, particularly in remoter rural areas of the South, are day labourers, working with no contract and with no legal controls, and often seasonally.
I Irland har et mindretal af kvinder I landbruget anden status end "landmandskone".
3.3.7 Working hours and working patterns
Størsteparten af de spanske kvinder i landbruget falder ind under kategorien medhjælpende familie, hvoraf de fleste er husmødre.
Generally it is impossible, given the hidden, unquantitied and multifunctional nature of much of the work of rural women, to provide accurate estimates of working time.
Deres arbejde betragtes som supplerende arbejde, fordi det hverken er planlagt, specialiseret eller mekaniseret.
What evidence there is suggests longer working hours for rural women than urban
Valg af Juridisk status kan dog afhænge ikke så meget af det arbejde, landdistrikternes kvinder udfører, men af de goder, en særlig status giver.
women, and, when "domestic" work is counted, longer hours than rural men.
Pá små gärde i Grækenland kan kvinderne blive registreret som driftsleder, fordi mand eller fader har fuldtidsarbejde I andre sektorer eller erhverv. Det giver mulighed for at kunne fá støtte eller lån, også til kvinder som ikke I praksis bestyrer bedriften.
In Greece, rural women work 10-20% longer hours than rural men, both in peak seasons and in normal periods.
Selv om de Juridiske forhold for landdistrikternes kvinder er blevet bedre i Grækenland i de sidste ti år, afspejler det sig kun langsomt i deres levevis og position. En lignende tendens har præget små landbrug i Italien, hvor kvinderne identificerer sig selv om landbrugsarbejdere for at kunne fá understøttelse, eller bliver driftsledere, fordi deres mænd har fået lønarbejde.
In France, active rural men spend more time in "professional work and training" than active rural women, but active rural women spend (considerably) more time in "domestic" work than active rural men; when the two types of work are added together active non-farm rural women do 1.5 hours more work per day than active non-farm rural men, and have correspondingly less free time.
Denne tendens forklarer delvis den nylige stigning i antallet af kvindelige driftsledere.
Interestingly, active non-farm rural women appear to spend more time per day both in professional work and in work overall.
Graden af selvstændig virksomhed er vanskelig at bestemme og kan svinge fra undersøgelse til undersøgelse, også inden for samme region.
In the Netherlands, farm women spend on average 50 hours per week doing household and family work and 22 hours per week on farm labour (about 20% of the labour necessary for the farm).
I nogle lande synes der dog at være et mønster, med flere selvstændige kvinder I landdistrikter end i byerne.
In Catalonia in Spain, farm women work on average 77 hours per week.
I Wales' landdistrikter lá andelen af erhvervsaktive kvinder, som Ifølge befolkningsundersøgelsen var selvstændige i 1981, mellem 6,3% og 12,5%, sammenlignet med 6% I Wales som helhed.
In the UK in 1970, farm wives did on average 17 hours of farm work per week, and wives on farms without other hired or family workers worked considerably longer hours than this.
En anden undersøgelse viser endnu større tal for landområderne i Wales, nemlig 14%.
In Ireland in 1990, farm women spent on average 38 hours in farm work per week.
I andre landdistrikter i UK synes der er være en endnu større andel af selvstændige kvinder, fra 29%-34% I den sydvestlige del af England.
In the UK, for example, which has the highest proportion of all employees in part-time work in the EU, part-time work is a marked feature of rural women's employment, with levels slightly higher than in urban areas.
I Irland er andelen af aktive kvinder, som er driftsledere eller selvstændige, højere i landdistrikterne (8,8% I 1986) end i byerne (2,8%).
In rural Wales, well over 40% of female employment was part-time in 1989, and in 1988 in South Armagh in northern Ireland over 31 % of employed women worked less than 21 hours per week (20,5% being employed for less than 16 hours per week, below the limit for many employment rights).
I Italien er der en tendens mod større andele af kvinder, der driver selvstændigt landbrug.
In countries of the south (Greece, Spain, Italy and Portugal), evidence suggests that women's share of part-time employment is lower in rural regions than in urban areas.
Når der er mangel på beskæftigelsesmuligheder for kvinder i mange landdistrikter, kan selvstændig virksomhed spille en større rolle og støttes i nogle områder positivt af udviklingsorganer og myndigheder.
The prevalence of part-time employment in agriculture, where many men are employed, may explain this pattern.
Nogle kvinder, Især i fjerntliggende landdistrikter i Sydeuropa, er daglejere, som arbejder uden kontrakt og retsstatus, ofte med sæsonarbejde.
Women who are day labourers, and work seasonally in agriculture, tourism and agrofood industries, also work exceptionally long hours.
I almindelighed tillader det arbejde, som landdistrikternes kvinder udfører - usynligt, ukvant If leeret og multifunktionelt som det er - Ikke et nøjagtigt skøn over arbejdstiden.
Many rural women in the Marche in Italy, for example, are marginal workers, and tend to exit from the labour market as soon as they are mothers, a pattern seen throughout rural Italy.
Det materiale, som foreligger, tyder pá længere arbejdstider for kvinder i landdistrikterne end for kvinder I byerne.
In rural Spain, the ages when women are the most economically active are 25-29 years and 4549 years, before and after raising a family.
Medregnes "husarbejdet" har de også længere arbejdstider end mændene I landdistrikterne.
In the Netherlands, most rural women had a paid job in the past, but stopped working when they got married and had children.
I Grækenland arbejder disse kvinder 10-20% længere end mændene, både I højsæson og normale perioder.
Later on, the majority of them try to find some kind of waged work.
I Frankrig bruger mændene i landdistrikterne mere tid med "fagligt arbejde og uddannelse" end de erhvervsaktive kvinder, mens erhvervsaktive kvinder i landdistrikterne bruger (betydeligt) mere tid pá "husarbejde" end de erhvervsaktive mænd i disse områder.
This pattern is not only due to cultural attitudes, but also to the extreme difficulties of combining employment and caring for a family in areas where access to services (childcare, school transport...) is extremely poor and where commuting is impossible (access to a car, combining care of children with standard working hours...).
När de to typer arbejde lægges sammen, arbejder de erhvervsaktive kvinder I landdistrikterne uden for landbruget, 11,5 timer mere om dagen end de tilsvarende erhvervsaktive mænd, og har tilsvarende mindre fritid.
For many rural women, primarily those in family businesses or on family farms, there is no financial remuneration at all related to the hours and nature of their work, with women seeing their work as a contribution to the family.
Interessant nok synes kvinderne uden for landbruget at bruge mere tid om dagen både med fagligt arbejde og med arbejde i det hele taget.
In Central Region of Portugal in 1979, over 71% of women working in farming were not paid, compared to just under 19% of men.
For kvinder i landbruget er lange arbejdsdage typisk, selv om det ikke er let at skelne mellem "arbejde I landbruget" og "husarbejde", begreber, som der er forskellige definitioner pá.
Where wages are paid, earnings are generally very low, compared both to urban women and rural men, reflecting in the main the fact that most rural work for women is low-status, unskilled or semi-skilled and in low-paying sectors (tourism, hotel and catering, public and domestic services...).
I Nederlandene bruger kvinderne i landbruget gennemsnitligt 50 timer om ugen til arbejde for hjem og familie, og 22 timer om ugen på landbrugsarbejde (ca. 20% af den tid, der skal til for at drive gården).
77% of women in rural areas in England, for example, have low-paid jobs, compared to 65% nationally.
I Katalonien i Spanien arbejder kvinder I landbruget gennemsnitligt 77 timer om ugen.
On the isles of Lesvos and Lefkas in Greece, women's earnings in agriculture were just 58% of those of men in the late 1970s; in many other regions 60-70% is common.
I UK arbejdede kvinder i landbruget I 1970 gennemsnitligt 17 timer om ugen pá gården, og kvinder på gårde uden lønnet medhjælp eller medhjælpende familie arbejdede betydeligt længere.
Hourly rates are often also lower; among agricultural workers in France women's gross hourly wage was less than that of men, although in Belgium female hourly rates appear to be slightly higher than male rates among farm workers.
For kvinder i landdistrikterne med lønnet beskæftigelse er omfanget af deltidsarbejde overalt stort, Især I de nordlige lande.
With some exceptions, rural women's education seems generally to be pursued to a lower level than that of urban women, and in some cases lower than that of rural men.
I UK, som har den største andel af alle ansatte I deltidsjobs i hele EF, er deltidsarbejde et karakteristisk træk for kvinder i landdistrikterne, med lidt større andele end I byområder.
Better educated young women are less likely to return to their rural home areas, a "creaming" process which reduces the overall education levels of women remaining in rural areas.
I lande I Sydeuropa (Grækenland, Spanien, Italien og Portugal) tyder oplysningerne pá, at kvindernes andel af deltidsbeskæftigelsen er mindre i landdistrikter end I byområder.
Indeed, in some rural areas education is consciously pursued by young women as a route out of the rural world and to a modern urban life.
Den større forekomst af deltidsjobs i landbruget, hvor der arbejder mange mænd, kan være en forklar ing.
However, the available information is extremely sparse and lacking in adequate detail.
Kvinder, som er daglejere med sæsonarbejde inden for landbrug, turisme og levnedsmiddelindustri, har også usædvanligt lange arbejdsdage.
In Spain, young rural people generally have a lower level of training and education than their urban counterparts, although the difference appears to be becoming less marked through time.
Kvindernes arbejdsmønster i landdistrikterne afhænger stærkt af alder og faml I testatus, og det gælder tilsyneladende for alle regioner.
Among 20-24 year olds, few gender differences exist, and education is not an explanation of women's marginalisation in the economy.
Kvinder I landdistrikter forlader ofte lønarbejde, når de stifter familie, og vender senere tilbage til arbejdsmarkedet -ofte i andre og lavere placerede stillinger.
At higher and university level education gender differences exist, with rural women faring the worst.
Mange kvinder i landdistrikterne i Marche i Italien udgør en marginal arbejdskraft, som synes at forlade arbejdsmarkedet, så snart de får børn, et mønster, der gentages overalt I Italiens landdistrikter.
The desire to pursue education is stronger among rural young women than men of the same age; young rural women have a keen desire to become assimilated into an urban way of life and education is a route to achieving this.
I Spaniens landdistrikter er kvinderne mest erhvervsaktive i aldersgrupperne 25-29 år og 45-49 år, før og efter de stifter famille.
The situation appears worst in Greece, where illiteracy levels remain high; among rural women they are nearly 29%, most belonging to the 45-64 age group.
I Nederlandene havde de fleste kvinder I landdistrikterne Job engang, men stoppede da de blev gift og fik børn.
Over the years, rural women's education has improved, although it is still low compared to that of men.
Senere forsøger de fleste at finde lønarbejde.
There is still a tendency among rural families in Greece to regard a daughter's education as a waste of money and time, since their ambition for her is to get married and raise a family.
Mønstret skyldes Ikke kun kulturelle holdninger, men også at det er så svært at kombinere udearbejde og omsorg for familien i områder, hvor adgangen til serviceydelser (børnepasning, skoler, transport mv.) er så dårlig, og hvor man ikke kan komme frem og tilbage fra arbejde (adgang til bil, passe børnene samtidigt med at man har normal arbejdsdag...).
Just over 67% of rural women have completed primary school, but only 2,3% have completed high school, and the situation is even worse for higher and university education.
Lønniveauet for erhvervsaktive kvinder i landdistrikterne er med de foreliggende oplysninger praktisk taget umuligt at vurdere.
In Ireland, education levels of girls are slightly lower in rural areas than in urban areas, and the proportion of girls who complete education at the age of 16 years and under is higher in rural areas.
Mange kvinder især i familiedrevne virksomheder eller familiebrug får slet Ikke løn i forhold til arbejdstid og arbejdets art, idet kvinderne ser deres arbejde som et bidrag til familien.
In Denmark too, people have higher formal education in urban areas than in rural areas, matching the higher percentage of unskilled workers in rural areas.
I Grækenland må mange kvinder i landdistrikterne "bede" om penge fra deres mænd eller fædre, selv om de som betaling for deres arbejde i praksis har ret til en betydelig del af indkomsten fra gården eller virksomheden.
The same is true for rural communes of France; in addition women represent only 28% of apprentices, the majority in traditional "feminine" sectors.
I de centrale dele af Portugal fik over 71% af de kvinder, der arbejdede pá gårde i 1979, Ingen løn, sammenlignet med under 19% mænd.
Young women with higher levels of education generally remain in the town or city, discouraged from returning to a rural life because of lack of facilities and services, including higher education or training institutions.
De lønninger, der udbetales, er generelt meget lave sammenlignet både med kvinder I byerne og med mænd i landdistrikterne, som et billede pá, at det meste arbejde for kvinder i landdistrikterne rangerer lavt, er helt eller delvis ufaglært, og ligger I lavtlønssektorer (turisme, hotel og restauration, offentlig service og forbrugerservice mv.).
In contrast, in some UK rural areas, girls appear more likely than boys to have formal qualifications and are more likely to enter higher or further education, although this apparent advantage does not translate into equal or better career prospects for women.
77% af kvinderne I Englands landdistrikter har for eksempel lavtlønsarbejde, sammenlignet med 65% pá landsplan.
When women do attend courses, they are generally shorter courses, to lower levels and in traditional "feminine" subjects.
Pá de græske øer Lesbos og Lefkas lá kvindernes indtjening I landbruget i slutningen af 1970'erne på 58% af mændenes.
In Ireland, the participation of rural women in training and continuing education has improved slightly in recent years, but remains very low.
I mange andre regioner er 60-70% normalt. Også timesatserne er ofte lavere.
Only 17% of trainees on short courses run in 1991 by Teagasc on aspects of agriculture and rural development were women.
Blandt landbrugsarbejderne I Frankrig lá kvindernes bruttotimeløn under mændenes, mens kvindernes timesatser for arbejde i landbruget i Belgien synes at ligge en smule højere end mændenes.
In France, there have also been net increases in women undertaking agricultural training, although the majority follow short courses at lower levels than men, and are concentrated in particular subjects (domestic and rural economy, marketing).
Undervisning og videreuddannelse
And women form only 1/3 of all trainees in vocational training courses in Portugal; some evidence suggests that this may be even lower in rural areas.
Med visse undtagelser synes landdistrikternes kvinder at ná et lavere uddannelsesniveau end kvinderne I byen, og undertiden under mænd i landdistrikterne.
Opportunities for Greek rural women to obtain or improve their qualifications are few, aggravated by women's lack of mobility and overload of family and work responsibilities.
Højereuddannede unge kvinder er mindre tilbøjelige t i I at vende tilbage til hjemegnen, en dræningsproces, som sænker det generelle uddannelsesniveau for de kvinder, der er tilbage i landdistrikterne.
When women do attend courses, they focus on traditional such as clothing, handicrafts, rural home economics, food processing and agrotourism; in contrast, in subjects such as animal husbandry, arboriculture, horticulture and agricultural machinery women are well under 20% of trainees.
I visse områder er kvinderne bevidste om, at uddannelse kan være en måde at komme væk fra landdistriktet pá og ind til et liv i byen. Dog er oplysningerne herom yderst sparsomme og spredte.
Adult women in rural areas in France find it difficult to pursue continuous training, although they strongly desire to, because of problems of distance and access, the difficulty of taking time away from work and the family (and the absence of replacement services) and the paucity of childcare.
Blandt de 20-24-árige er der få kønsbetingede forskelle, og uddannelse kan Ikke forklare kvindernes marginalisering I erhvervslivet.
In west Germany, rural women enter the labour force at a younger age than urban women, reflecting the longer time spent in higher education and training.
Pá de højere uddannelsesniveauer er der kønsforskelle, som stiller landdistrikternes kvinder dårligst.
Increases in women's participation in vocational training have been higher in urban areas than in rural areas, and the proportion of female trainees is lower in rural areas than urban areas.
Ønsket om at uddanne sig er stærkere blandt unge kvinder I landdistrikterne end blandt mænd i samme alder. Unge kvinder I landdistrikterne har et stærkt Ønske om at blive optaget i bylivet, og uddannelse er en af vejene.
In rural areas of Baden-Württemberg, for example, the proportion of women who have only low level qualifications is higher in rural areas than in urban areas, while the proportion with higher level qualifications is lower.
Blandt kvinderne I landdistrikterne er der næsten 29% analfabeter, mest i aldersgruppen 45-64.
Demand for training is high among rural women in the UK, particularly among unemployed women.
Uddannelsesniveauet for kvinder i landdistrikterne er med tiden steget, men er stadigt lavt sammenlignet med mænd.
In some areas, such as rural areas of northern Ireland, this
Der er stadig en tilbøjelighed blandt græske landdistrikters familier t i I at betragte pigernes uddannelse som spild af penge og tid, fordi de Jo Ønsker at se dem gift og få børn.
reflects the low level of existing education and the recognition that training would increase the chances of finding work.
Over 67% af kvinderne i landdistrikterne har gået I grundskole, men kun 2,3% har gået i gymnasium, og situationen er endnu værre for universitetsuddannelser og andre højere uddannelser.
In other areas it appears to reflect a lack of confidence among women who have been out of the labour market for some time and who, despite have higher qualifications, recognise that their skills may be out-of-date.
I Irland er pigernes uddannelsesniveau lidt lavere i landdistrikterne end i byerne, og andelen af piger, der går ud af skolen som 16-årige eller derunder er større her.
In general, many - that is substantial numbers of - rural women who are currently not in employment or engaged in an economic activity would like to find work, particularly outside the home.
Også i Danmark er byboerne bedre uddannet end folk I landdistrikterne, svarende til den større procentdel af ufaglærte arbejdere I landdistrikterne.
However, jobs are extremely scarce in rural areas (not just in areas of the South but also in the North), particularly jobs which are accessible, in terms of distance from where women live, and which are flexible enough to allow women to combine their family work, in particular caring for children, with work outside the home.
Det samme gælder for landkommuner I Frankrig, og hertil kommer, at kvinderne kun har 28% af lærepladserne, oftest i kvindefag.
Jobs are insufficient in quantity and in quality (note the numbers of higher-qualified rural women in lower-status jobs).
Bedre uddannede unge kvinder bliver i almindelighed I byen uden lyst til at vende tilbage til landdistriktet, hvor der er mangel på faciliteter og serviceydelser, herunder højere uddanne I ses Inst i tut Ioner.
The gap between demand and supply cannot be under-estimated, and appears to be worsening not improving. In rural areas of the new Länder of German, the position of women since 1989 is critical, with a massive need and demand for employment, but with few employment alternatives being developed.
I modsætning hertil synes pigerne I visse landdistrikter i UK at have større formelle kvalifikationer og gå ind I højere uddannelser end drengene, selv om den åbenlyse fordel ikke giver sig udslag i bedre karrieremuligheder for kvinder.
In Denmark, the prognosis for the future is towards further concentration of public and private service sector employment in the bigger towns, leaving low-qualified industrial work in rural areas; only a decentralised public service system would provide the kind of work that rural women need.
Landdistrikternes kvinders deltagelse I faglige uddannelser og efteruddannelse er overalt lille, tilsyneladende ikke pä grund af behovet (mange kvinder udtrykker behov for og ønske om uddannelse), men fordi det er vanskeligt at komme til at gá pá kursus (afstand, mobilitet, børnepasning, aflastning osv.).
In Italy, young rural women would prefer to have a salaried job outside the home, but jobs are in short supply and unemployment amongst men is also high.
De kurser, kvinderne deltager i, er normalt korterevarende, pá lavere fagligt niveau og inden for traditionelle kvindefag.
Even in rural areas where female employment has grown, such as in the UK, there is a scarcity of jobs, and many of the new jobs are parttime, insecure and poorly-paid.
Kun 17% af eleverne pá korte kurser, som Teagasc I 1991 arrangerede om landbrug og udviklingen pá landet, var kvinder.
Distance and difficulties of transport are mentioned consistently as a constraint on rural women.
I Frankrig har der også været en nettostigning i kvindernes deltagelse I landbrugsfaglig uddannelse, selv om flertallet fulgte kortere kurser på lavere niveauer end mænd, og koncentrerede sig om særlige fag (landbrugshusholdning, marketing mv.).
Public transport provision has in many rural areas been reduced not improved in recent decades, and, although the proportion of rural households who have a car has increased, many rural women do not have regular access to a car.
Kvinderne udgør kun 1/3 af alle elever pá faglige kurser i Portugal. Der er tegn pá, at tallet er endnu lavere I landdlstrIkterne.
This makes commuting to jobs in local towns impossible or difficult, and adds to the burden of domestic tasks (taking elderly relatives or children to a hospital or clinic, shopping, transporting children to and from school...), reducing the time available for productive activities.
De muligheder, de græske kvinder i landdistrikterne har for at bedre deres kvalifikationer, er kun fá og forringes yderligere af, at kvinderne mangler mobilitet og har for meget ansvar for hjem, børn og arbejde.
Nor is the provision of public and private services improving in rural areas.
De kurser, kvinderne følger, drejer sig om traditionelle fag som beklædning, håndværk, landbrugshusholdning, forarbejdning af levnedsmidler og agroturisme.
Even in northern countries, distances to services are increasing; in the Netherlands, for example, the trend is towards regional rather than local availability of facilities and services.
I modsætning hertil er der inden for fag som husdyrbrug, skovbrug, gartneri og landbrugsmaskiner under 20% kvindelige kursister.
In France, local shops and services are disappearing, and distances to public facilities have not reduced in recent years.