natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Den Europæiske Centralbank fremsender en årsberetning til Europa-Parlamentet, Rådet og Kommissionen samt til Det Europæiske Råd (artikel 109 B, stk. 3).
However, on 12 June 1985 the German agriculture minister invoked paragraph II of the Luxembourg Compromise against a vote on cereal prices and demanded that the discussion be continued.2Thereupon, five other ministers — from France, Greece, Denmark, the United Kingdom and Ireland — refused to take part in the vote called by the (Italian) President.
Men det er inden for den fælles udenrigs- og sikkerhedspolitik, at det Europæiske Råd har de mest vidtgående beføjelser.
The attitude of the five countries which followed Germany in refusing to vote is not surprising.
Det tilkom mer således Det Europæiske Råd — jf. unionstraktatens artikel J.3, litra 1 — at fastlægge »overordnede retningslinjer«, der gør det muligt for Rådet at beslutte, at et spørgsmål skal gøres til genstand for en fælles aktion.
It was in line with their traditional policy, even though President Mitterrand, in a number of state ments, had seemed conscious of the disadvantages of the need for unanimous decisions.
Mere generelt bestemmer artikel J.8, at »Det Europæiske Råd fastlægger principperne og de overordnede ret ningslinjer for den fælles udenrigs- og sikkerhedspolitik«.
The attitude of Germany was more surprising, however.
I alle de nævnte tilfælde er der dog ikke tale om nogen udøvelse af juridisk beslutningsmyndighed.
Germany had been among the countries that had supported majority voting when the Stuttgart European Council of 19
Der henvises i den sammenhæng til artikel 109 J, stk. 3, om over gangen til tredje fase af Den Økonomiske og Monetære Union, og artikel 109 K, stk. 2, om ophævelse af den dispensation, der ind rømmes medlemsstater, som skønnes ikke at kunne deltage i ind førelsen af en fælles valuta.
'I. Where, in the case of decisions which may be taken by majority vote on a proposal of the Commission, very important interests of one or more partners are at stake, the members of the Council will endeavour, within a reasonable time, to reach solutions which can be adopted by all the members of the Council while respecting their mutual interests and those of the Community, in accordance with Article 2 of the Treaty. II.
Europa-Parlamentet deltager i proceduren for vedtagelse af Fælles skabets retsakter på forskellige måder, der vil blive behandlet i det følgende.
'The application of the decisionmaking procedures laid down in the Treaties of Paris and Rome is of vital importance in order to improve the European Communities' capacity to act.
Det er tillige — sammen med Rådet — Fællesskabets budgetmyndighed, og der vil kort blive gjort rede for dets rolle i den forbindelse.
Within the Council every possible means of facilitating the decisionmaking process will be used, including, in cases where unanimity is required, the possibility of abstaining from voting.'
d) Domstolen er den institution, der udøver legalitetskontrollen med institutionernes virke og påser, at traktaterne overholdes af medlemsstaterne, ligesom den sikrer fællesskabsrettens ensartede anvendelse.
Five delegations (Belgium, Germany, Luxembourg, Italy and the Netherlands) had had the following statement recorded in the minutes on point 2.2.2: 'The Presidency must take a vote whenever the Treaties so provide.'
En generel beskrivelse af Domstolens funktion og vigtigste beføjelser vil blive givet i næste afsnit. Til Domstolen er knyttet en Ret i Første Instans (artikel 168 A).
The other delegations had made statements supporting, with differences of emphasis, either the postponement of decisions (France and Ireland) or the need for unanimity (United Kingdom, Denmark and Greece) when one or more countries plead ed 'a vital national interest directly related to the subject under discussion' (France and Ireland) or 'vital and essential national interests' (Greece).
Foruden institutionerne er der som led i Fællesskabets retsorden oprettet en række »organer«.
Thus, on the eve of the EC's enlargement to 12 countries, and in spite of the proposals the Commission had made on the subject, half the Member States still favoured allowing countries to retain a right of veto in some form, either very wide or more limited.
I EF-traktatens artikel 4, stk. 2, omtales Det Økonomiske og Sociale Udvalg og det ved Maastricht traktaten (artikel 4, stk. 4, og artikel 198 A, 198 B og 198 C) oprettede Regionsudvalg, der begge har rådgivende funktioner.
Unanimity will still be required in certain exceptional cases, which will have to be distinctly fewer in number in relation to the present Treaties, the list of such cases being restrictive'.1The Danish, Greek and British members took the view that 'when a Member State considers that its very important interests are at stake, the discussion should continue until unanimous agreement is reached'.
Re gionsudvalget består af repræsentanter for de regionale og lokale myndigheder.
This was almost word for word the same as paragraph II of the Luxembourg Compromise.
Ved særlige bestemmelser er der oprettet talrige organer.
The Luxembourg member of the Committee was also on the majority which supported majority voting.
De har ingen besluttende myndighed, men har til opgave at rådgive og at forberede de afgørelser, der skal træffes, og deres politiske indflydelse kan være betydelig.
Yet only a little later the President of his government told a newspaper that Luxembourg would use its veto against any attempt to harmonize VAT or excise duties: Europe, No 4127, 89 July 1985.
Her skal især nævnes De Faste Repræsentanters Komité, Coreper (EF-traktatens artikel 151) og Det Monetære Udvalg, som ved indledningen af Den Økonomiske og Mone-
Besides, even after the Single Act, tax harmonization is still a subject on which unanimity is required.
Karakteristika tære Unions tredje fase (Den Monetære Union) skal ændres til Det Økonomiske og Finansielle Udvalg (artikel 109 C).
Special characteristics not long before, at the farm prices meeting on 12 June 1985, the French Government, too, mainly to lessen the embarrassment of its German partner, reverted to its traditional point of view.
Den »typiske« beslutningsprocedure — dvs. den, der er det bedste udtryk for den institutionelle nyskabelse i EØF og Euratom — i henhold til Rom-traktaterne, indeholder tre hovedelementer:
How­ever, Article 23(3) provides: 'During a transitional period of 10 years, where a representation invokes a vital national interest which is jeopardized by the decision to be taken and recognized as such by the Commission, the vote shall be postponed so that the matter may be re-examined.
— Kommissionens udøvelse af sin initiativret gennem forelæggelse af forslag
The grounds for requesting a postponement shall be published.'
— i en snes tilfælde, som er fastsat i EØF-traktaten, er høring af Europa-Parlamentet og undertiden af Det Økonomiske og Sociale Udvalg obligatorisk, uden at den afgivne udtalelse dog er bindende for de to andre institutioner
This compromise, which reflects the pragmatism which inspired Parliament's draft, satisfies neither camp: the supporters of major­ity voting see in it a concession to the spirit of the Luxembourg Compromise; the proponents of the latter regard the fact that the possibility of veto is only a temporary exception and especially the control the provision gives to the Commission as unacceptable restrictions on a right which they think should be permanent and exercisable at the sole discretion of the Member State that claims it.
— afstemningen i Rådet med kvalificeret flertal i henhold til EØF-traktatens artikel 148, selv om der i en række tilfælde — det være sig i en overgangsperiode eller definitivt — kræves enstemmighed. mighed.
The Single European Act, drawn up at an intergovernmental confer­ence held between September and December 1985, increased the provision for the Council to take decisions by qualified majority.
Kvalificeret flertal hviler på princippet om, at staternes stemmer tillægges forskellig vægt.
This is the case in particular with the new Article 100a procedure for legislation to harmonize Member States' laws.
Der skal fireoghalvtreds stemmer til at danne flertal.
It has made the legislative process smoother.
Hvis en afgørelse træffes på forslag af Kommissionen, er det tilstrækkeligt, at der afgives fireoghalvtreds stemmer for, uanset af hvilke stater.
The Council is taking votes more and more frequently.
I de meget sjældne tilfælde, hvor det ikke er nødvendigt, at der foreligger forslag, skal der i flertallet indgå mindst otte staters stemmer.
As majority voting has become more common, the rule that unani­mity is required for departures from the Commission proposal has strengthened the Commission's hand, since it may amend or with­draw its proposal when unanimity does not appear to be within reach.
Denne forskel forklares derved, at forslaget allerede i sig selv sikrer de små stater mod at blive majoriseret af de store stater.
The return to majority voting has also boosted the significance of the legal base on which instruments are to be enacted, since different Treaty articles provide for different procedures as to both voting rules and the role of other institutions, especially the European Parliament.
Netop fordi Kommissionen medvirker ved udarbejdelsen af de vigtigste beslutninger, kan det accepteres, at en stat eventuelt kommer i mindretal.
Both the latter and the Commission, whose interests in this respect do not necessarily coincide, have brought actions to have the Court of Justice annul instruments on grounds of improper legal bases. '
Når der kræves fireoghalvtreds stemmer, er det ikke nok, at de store stater slutter sig sammen om at træffe en afgørelse.
There is an abundance of cases.
Det er nødvendigt, at der foruden deres stemmer også er en stemme fra mindst to andre stater, for at resultatet af afstemningen kan blive positivt, og der skal mindst fire små stater til, hvis der skal træffes afgørelse, uden at der foreligger et forslag fra Kommissionen.
See in particular Case 45/86 Commission ν Council [1987] ECR 1493; Case 165/87 Commission ν Council 11988] ECR 5545; and Case C-300/89 Commission ν Council [1991J ECR 1-2895.
Til grund herfor ligger det forhold, at der i lovgivningsprocessen er tale om et samarbejde mellem Kommissionen, der repræsenterer fællesskabsprincippet, og Rådet, som repræsenterer princippet om regeringssamarbejde.
The Union Treaty establishes the qualified majority rule for a range of decisions needed for economic and monetary union and for action in new policy areas, and for support measures and recommendations in relation to education and health (Articles 126(4) and 129), vocational training (Article 127(4)), the environment (but not tax measures, land-use, water and energy) (Article 130s), transEuropean networks (Article 129d), development policy (Article 130w), consumer protection (Article 129a(2)), the approval of rules established by Parliament concerning the Ombudsman (Article 138c) and certain aspects of social policy applying in 11 Member States (Protocol No 14). The non-Community nationals to whom visa requirements will apply are to be determined by qualified majority after 1 January 1996 (Article 100c(3)).
Europa-Parlamentet, som indtil de første di rekte valg i 1979 blev udpeget af de nationale parlamenter blandt disses medlemmer, spillede blot en forholdsvis beskeden rolle som den institution, der repræsenterede medlemsstaternes borgere.
In some matters the Council may decide unanimously that qualified majority voting will henceforth apply (environment, by Article 130s(2); common foreign and security policy, by Article J.3(2); justice and home affairs cooperation, by Article K.9).
I praksis viste det sig, at Rådet — indtil den europæiske fælles akt trådte i kraft — kun meget nødigt skred til afstemning efter flertalsreglen.
However, the principle of majority voting has by no means become the general rule.
Det var således accepteret, at de enkelte regeringer kunne blokere en afgørelse.
Unanimity is still the rule in the common foreign and security policy and in justice and home affairs cooperation, as well as in a number of matters regulated by the EC Treaty.
I Luxembourg-forliget fra januar 1966, som bragte en alvorlig krise i Fællesskabet til ophør '), konstateredes det, at der var uoverensstemmelse mellem tilhængerne af flertalsreglen og Frankrig, som på sin side forkastede muligheden for afstemning, når meget vigtige nationale interesser for en stat stod på spil2).
First, there are what are termed 'constitutional' matters: ' these include the uniform procedure for electing the European Parliament by direct universal suffrage (Article 138(3)); rules governing the delegation of executive powers to the Commission (Article 145); provisions relating to the Court of Justice (Articles 165, 166, 168a and 188); the Financial Regulation (Article 209); the question of official languages (Article 217); action under Article 235;2association agree ments (Article 238); and accession agreements (Article O).
I praksis gik man langt videre, idet man praktisk taget ikke længere foretog afstemning i Rådet, undtagen når Fællesskabets budget skulle vedtages. Siden stats- og regeringschefernes topmøde i Paris i december 1974 har man — på forslag af præsidenten for Den Franske Republik — erkendt nødvendigheden af at foretage afstem-
In addition there are the simplified amendment procedure for technical provisions of the ESCB and ECB Statutes (Article 106(5), and Article 41 of the Protocol on the Statute of the ESCB), where the Commission has the power of initiative, and the conferment on the European Monetary Institute of new tasks for the preparation of the third stage of EMU (Article 109f(7)), the EMI being required to take a considerable number of decisions unanimously (Article 10 of the EMI Statute).
') Denne krise skyldtes, at Frankrig havde besluttet ikke længere at deltage i Rådets møder fra og med juli 1965 som følge af, at der ikke var truffet afgørelse med hensyn til finansieringen af den fælles landbrugspolitik.
Unanimity is furthermore required in a number of delicate areas, such as social security (Article 51 and Protocol No 14), tax harmonization (Article 99), harmonization of legislation under Article 100, and own resources (Article 201).
Rådet efter flertalsreglen.
1 See J.-P. Jacqué, 'Florence Course', op. cit., p.
Den 18. maj 1982 indtraf en begivenhed af stor betydning for EF-institutionernes funktion.
Whatever imperfections subsist, some of them being temporary anyway, the decision­making procedure in the Council has arguably been much improved.
Rådet vedtog med kvalificeret flertal landbrugspriserne for produktionsåret 1982-1983.
Since qualified majority voting has been provided for in many areas by the Treaty, the Member States are forced to consider the possibility of being put in a minority when­ever they oppose a decision.
Man bragte således den fastlåste situation til ophør, som skyldtes det forhold, at Det Forenede Kongerige kædede vedtagelsen af gennemførelsesbeslutningerne sammen med, at der blev fundet en løsning på problemet om Storbritanniens bidrag til budgettet. Det var første gang, der blev rokket ved dette tabu.
This adds a whole new dimension to the negotiation process in the Council, since the general atmosphere will not be the same as it was when any individual country could effectively block decisions.
Man kunne forvente, at denne afstemning ville komme til at tjene som præcedens og bidrage til at fremme anvendelsen af reglen om flertalsafstemning.
However, in July 1987 the Council's Rules of Procedure were amended with regard to the voting rules.
Og rent faktisk blev en række beslutninger ved taget efter afstemning, navnlig i første halvdel af 1984, hvor Frankrig havde formandskabet.
The President must call for a formal vote if a Council member or the Commission so requests, provided the request is supported by a majority of the Council's members.
Men den 12. juni 1985 påberåbte den tyske landbrugsminister sig punkt 2 i Luxembourg-forliget ') i forbindelse med fastsættelsen af kornpriserne og anmodede om, at man fortsatte drøftelserne.
The provisional agenda, which is sent to Member States and the Commission at least a fortnight before the meeting, must indicate the items on which the Presidency, delegations or the Commission may call for a vote. '
På denne baggrund nægtede fem ministre at deltage i en afstemning, som formanden (italiensk) havde besluttet at foretage.
17. (b) Greater democratic legitimacy
Det kunne ikke undre, at disse lande indtog denne holdning, der stemte overens med de pågældende landes traditionelle politik, selv om præsident Mitterand — i forbindelse med forskellige afgørelser — syntes at have forståelse for de ulemper, som nødvendigheden af enstemmige afgørelser indebar.
(1) Under the Rome Treaties, Parliament has the right to be consult­ed in around 20 cases of decisions or legislation under the EEC Treaty and around 10 under the Euratom Treaty.
Den tyske holdning var mere over raskende.
Where consulta­tions are not mandatory, the Council may none the less ask for them on an optional basis.
Erklæringerne i mødeprotokollen i forbindelse med ved tagelsen af punkt 2.2.2 i den højtidelige erklæring af 19. juni 1983 er således af særlig interesse. Punkt 2.2.2 lyder som følger:
The Court of Justice has treated the involvement of the European Parliament as the expression, albeit imperfect, of the democratic principle.
»Anvendelsen af de i Paris- og Rom-traktaterne fastlagte beslutningsprodcedurer er af væsentlig betydning for at forbedre De Europæiske Fællesskabers handlekraft.
'... consultation ... is the means which allows the Parliament to play an actual part in the legislative process of the Community. Such power represents an essential factor in the institutional balance intended by the Treaty.
I Rådet skal enhver mulig hed for at lette beslutningsproceduren udnyttes, herunder — i tilfælde, hvor der kræves enstemmighed — muligheden af at afstå fra at stemme.«
Due consultation of the Parliament in the cases provided for by the Treaty therefore constitutes an essential formality disregard of which means that the measure concerned is void.
Fem delegationer (den belgiske, tyske, luxembourgske, italienske og nederlandske) ønskede at præcisere, at »formandskabet skulle skri-
See amended Rules of Procedure of the Council, 20 July 1987, OJ L291, 15.10.1987, p. 27.
') Se fodnote 1 på foregående side.
Cases 138 and 139/79 Roquette Frères and Maizena ν Council (the Isoglucose cases) [1980] ECR 3360 and 3424.
Umiddelbart efter Fællesskabets udvidelse og på trods af de forslag, som Kommissionen i den forbindelse var fremkommet med, holdt halvdelen af medlemsstaterne — mere eller mindre udtrykkeligt — fast ved en vis vetoret.
In this respect it is pertinent to point out that observance of that requirement implies that the Parliament has expressed its opinion. It is impossible to take the view that the requirement is satisfied by the Council's simply asking for the opinion.'
Enstemmighed skal fortsat kræves i visse særlige tilfælde, hvis antal dog skal reduceres betydeligt i forhold til de gældende traktater, og for hvilke der skal opstilles en udtømmende liste«. Det danske, græske og britiske medlem af komitéen var af den opfattelse, at »når en medlemsstat skønner, at dens meget vigtige interesser står på spil, skal drøftelserne fortsættes, indtil en enstemmig afgørelse er nået«.
Elsewhere the Court has held that Parliament must be reconsulted whenever the instrument finally adopted, taken as a whole, departs substantially from the instrument on which Parliament was con­sulted, unless the amendments were for the main part requested by Parliament itself (see Case 41/69 ACF Chemifarma ν Commission [1970] ECR 661 and Case 817/79 Buyl ν Commission [1982] ECR 245).'
Denne formulering er fuldstændig identisk med formuleringen i Luxembourg-forligets punkt 2.
(2) Even before Parliament was directly elected, minor corrections were made to the decisionmaking process to boost its role.
Det varede ikke længe, inden den franske regering i forbindelse med afstemningen om landbrugspriserne den 12. juni 1985 vendte tilbage til sit traditionelle stand punkt, idet regeringen frem for alt ønskede at imødekomme sin tyske partner.
First, on proposals for legislation of general application which has appreci­able financial implications, a conciliation procedure may be initiat­ed at the request of Parliament in order to reach agreement between itself and the Council if the Council intends to depart from the opinion of Parliament.
I udkastet til traktat om oprettelse af Den Europæiske Union gøres flertalsafstemning til den generelle regel, når Rådet skal træffe afgørelser.
On 16 December 1981 the Commission proposed a joint declaration on a new conciliation procedure to reconcile the views of the three institutions.
Artikel 23, stk. 3, indeholder dog følgende bestemmelse: »I en overgangsperiode på ti år kan en repræsentation med henblik
As desired by Parliament, the Commission proposed to extend the procedure to all important Community legislation of general application.
') Det luxembourgske medlem af komitéen indtog en uklar holdning. Et stykke tid herefter erklærede dette lands regeringschef til en avis, at Luxembourg ville benytte sin vetoret »i tilfælde af en harmonisering af forbrugsafgifterne«, Europe, nr. 4127 af 8.9. juli 1985.
The Solemn Declaration on 19 June 1983 announced that: 'The Council will enter into talks with the European Parliament and the Commission with the aim, within the framework of a new agree­ment, of improving and extending the scope of the conciliation procedure provided for in the Joint Declaration of 4 March 1975.'
Det er i øvrigt et område, hvor reglen om enstemmighed — selv efter vedtagelsen af den fælles akt — finder anvendelse.
Although the cooperation procedure (see infra) has been introduced by Treaty amendments made by the Single European Act and the Maastricht Treaty, the conciliation procedure is still available, with all the limitations that we have seen.
Den europæiske fælles akt, der er resultatet af den regeringskonference, som fandt sted fra september til december 1985, har for flere afgørelsers vedkommende indført mulighed for, at Rådet kan træffe afgørelse med kvalificeret flertal.
(3) The Single Act at last introduced the cooperation procedure and conferred on Parliament the right of assent to accession agreements (Article 237) and association agreements (Article 238).
Dette gælder navnlig for den i EØF-traktatens artikel 100 A fastsatte nye procedure i forbindelse med indbyrdes tilnærmelse af medlemsstaternes lovgivninger.
The Union Treaty preserves the cooperation procedure, now pro vided for by Article 189c, extending it beyond the matters prescribed by the Single Act (chiefly the new procedure for harmonization of legislation under Article 100) to embrace transport (Article 75), the European Social Fund (Article 125), vocational training (Article 127), transEuropean networks (Article 129d) and other matters besides.
Her ved er beslutningsprocessens effektivitet blevet øget, og afstemninger benyttes nu i stadig højere grad i Rådet.
The procedure involves two readings both in Parliament and in the Council. Its main features are as follows:
Den mere udbredte anvendelse af flertalsafgørelse har haft betydning for reglen om, at Rådet kun med enstemmighed kan ændre forslag fremsat af Kommissionen, hvorimod denne har mulighed for selv at ændre eller opretholde forslaget — eller helt at trække det tilbage — hvis der ikke i Rådet kan opnås enstemmighed om en ændring.
(i) Parliament may, by a majority of its Members, reject the common position agreed on by the Council at first reading, in which case the Council will have to reach a unanimous decision;
Denne tilbagevenden til flertalsafgørelse har også gjort valget af retsgrundlag for de enkelte retsakter betydningsfuldt, hvilket hænger sammen med de forskelle, traktaten fastsætter for vedtagelsesprocedurerne — ikke blot mht. afstemningsreglerne, men også mht. institutionernes, især Europa-Parlamentets, medvirken.
(ii) the Commission acts as a kind of referee, sifting the amend ments called for by Parliament at second reading and in effect obliging the Council to act unanimously if it wishes to depart from those which it approves;