natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
a) Det kan muligvis medvirke til en bedre forståelse af basismekanismerne, hvis man undersøger specifikke forskelle i f.eks. genetiske og immunologiske faktorer mellem medlemmer af den lokale befolkning, der viser en reaktion, og medlemmer, der ikke viser en reaktion.
Pharmacokinetics of acetyl salicylic acid and tartrazine - The absorption, distribution, plasma "half life and urinary excretion of tartrazine and acetyl salicylic acid should be compared in control and reactive individuals.
b) Specifik information om de involverede mekanismer kan opnås ved følgende undersøgelser hos positivt reagerendes
The influence of non-covalent bindings to macromolecules such as albumin on the reactivity of tartrazine and other additives should be studied.
Histologi og immunopatologi - Biopsi med direkte immunofluoreseeneundersøgelser
Structure-activity relationships - Characterisation of metabolites and conjugates and identification of in vitro models showing speoific reactivity with food additives or derivatives should enable detailed structure-activity relationships to be established.
Immunologi - Isolering af haptener} isolering og renfremstilling af antigen (den konsekvente tilstedeværelse af en bestemt urenhed kan vare relevant); immunodiffusionspræoipitin- og hæmagglutinationsprøver for specifikke cirkulerende IgQ/IgM antistoffer} radioimmunanalyse for IgE (reagin) og IgD antistoffer} lymfooyttransformationsprøver og prøver baseret på frigørelse af makrofaginhibitionsfaktoren (MIP) i situationer, hvor der sættes spørgsmålstegn ved oelleformidlet immunreaktion.
The possible influence of any consistent impurity(ies) in an additive, on pharmacologicalι as well as immunological processes, should be investigated.
Acetylsalicylsyres og tratrazins farmakodynamik
However the actual importance of allergic mechanisms in food additive-evoked clinical states is uncertain.
Der er behov for at undersøge aspirins og tartrazins indflydelse på frigørelsen eller dannelsen af farmakologiske formidlere in vitro og in vivo.
Thus new animal models and in vitro test systems will have to be devised.
In vitro-modellerne bør omfatte antigenprovokeret histaminfrigørelse fra human hud og humane leukocyter og fra peritoneale mastoeller fra rotter samt biosyntese af prostaglandiner og beelægtede forbindelser (SRSA) fra arachidonsyre ved cyklo-oxygenase og lipoxygenase fra sædblære og hud.
These models would be useful not only for studying the mechanism(s) of clinically indistinguishable intolerance or hypersensitivity reactions but would also form an essential step in the safety-in—use assessment of proposed new food additives.
In vivo bør der efter oral provokation udføres måling af farmakologisk aktivitet i veneblod som skitseret ovenfor.
It will be necessary to have models which can predict the likelihood of a particular additive causing a reaction due to either allergy or intolerance.
Bj otransformati on - Det bør søges at identificere de tilsætningsstofmetabolitter, som kan fremkalde skadelige reaktioner.
Everyone has the right to know what ingredients and additives are present in food, drug formulations and cosmetics.
Det bør undersøge«, hvilken indflydelse ikke-covalente bindinger til makromolekyler såsom albumin har på reaktionsevnen over for tartrazin og andre tilsætningsstoffer.
It is important that the wording is not only clearly visible, but also readily understandable to the lay person i.e. chemical formulae are not required, but a conventional name (e.g. erythrosine) or abbreviation (e.g. BHA), together with the appropriate Ξ number (in brackets) should be employed.
Struktur-aktivitetsrelationar - Karakterisering af metabolitter og konjugater og identifioering af in vitro-modeller, der viser speoifik reaktionsevne med tilsætningsstoffer til levnedsmidler eller derivater, skulle gøre det muligt at klarlægge detaljerede struktur-aktivitetsrelationer.
Thus a general requirement exists for information to be provided about all additives and ingredients present in food, but consideration needs to be given to certain problems associated with the use of labelling as a means of giving information about additives in foods: for instance it is not readily apparent how food labelling can help the individual eating out in a restaurant.
Det bør undersøges, hvilken indflydelse eventuelle konsistente urenheder i et tilsætningsstof kan have på de farmakologiske og immunologiske processer, iii) Udvikling af dyremodeller
It cannot be emphasised too strongly that what is required is labelling to indicate all additives used - not just those which appear at present to be most frequently involved in provoking adverse reactions to food.
Selv om der foreligger dyretoksicitetsdata, for tilsætningsstoffer til levnedsmidler, omfatter disse undersøgelser sjældent prøvning for allergifremkaldende egenskaber.
It is likely that amongst the less frequently used and investigated additives are some with an equal potential to provoke adverse reactions due to intolerance or hypersensitivity.
Der kan opnås en vurdering af lokalirriterende potentiel ved anvendelse af Draizeteksten (l944) eller en modificeret form af denne.
Furthermore, such a complete declaration might indirectly serve to question the need for the presence of numerous additives in some foods - so that stimulus might be given to apply more rigorously the principle of only using additives when a definite case of technological need exists.
I hvilket omfang et levnedsmiddeltilsætningsstof kan fremkalde langsom celleformidlet immunitet kan vurderes ved anvendelse af marsvin-maksimeringsprøven (Magnusson og Kligman, 1969).
Is labelling enough; or should more be done? Ideally from the point of view of the nutritional scientist, food additives with a purely "aesthetic" effect, such as colouring matters; and which provoke symptoms of allergy or intolerance, should not be used and it would perhaps be reasonable enough to ban the use of such colours in food.
Dyremodeller kan også anvendes til påvisning af fremkaldelse af hurtig llgE-formidlet) overfølsomhed af den anafylaktiske type og til afsløring af fremkaldelse af komplement-afhængige immunkompleks-formidlede og cytotoksiske immunallergiske reaktioner.
However, in drugs, the use of different colouring agents can afford an additional element of
Allergiske mekanismers faktiske betydning ved kliniske tilstande fremkaldt af levnedsmiddeltilBætningsstoffer er imidlertid usikker.
In this case banning could perhaps only satisfactorily be contemplated if it were possible to prove that the risk was one of inducing rather than aggravating a disease state, or if it were possible to be certain that the benefit derived from the use of colours in medicines could be preserved by substituting colours which were not similarly capable of provoking adverse reactions.
Der er ikke så lidt, der tyder på, at ikke-immunmekanismer kan vaare involveret.
At the moment neither of these premises is valid.
Aspirins evne til at forværre strimedannelse hos patienter med kronisk urticaria er generelt erkendt, men der er ikke fastslået tegn på et immungrundlag for dette fænomen.
However, bearing in mind the facts that a) a dose response relationship exists for the type of intolerance with which colours such as tartrazins seem to be associated and b) that the amount of a colour used can vary widely, it would be reasonable to suggest that the amount of colour permitted could be restricted both in foods and on/in different drug formulations.
Det forekommer sansynligt, at en interaktion mellem aspirin og araohidonat-prostaglandinkaskaden er involveret (Sullivan og Parker, 1979} Marone et al, 1979).
Of course, removing, reducing the quantity of, or labelling colours would not dispose of the similar but smaller problem with preservatives and antioxidants (in food, drugs and cosmetics), nor the common risk of allergic symptoms arising from natural food ingredients.
Disse modeller ville ikke "blot være nyttige til undersøgelse af mekanismerne i intolerans- eller overfølsomhedsreaktioner, som det klinisk ikke lader sig gøre at skelne fra hinanden, men ville også udgøre et væsentligt skridt i brugssikkerhedsvurderingen af påtænkte nye tilsætningsstoffer til levnedsmidler. Det vil være nødvendigt med modeller, der kan forudsige sandsynligheden af, at et bestemt tilsætningsstof forårsager en reaktion enten som følge af allergi eller intolerans.
Furthermore it is suggested in the case of food colouring matters that the amounts used could be considerably reduced; and that no colouring matter which can provoke an adverse reaction in a sensitive individual, should be included in the formulation of drug preparations prescribed for the treatment of allergic conditions, or for large sections of the population on a long term basis.
Det skulle derfor være en grundlæggende forholdsregel af give passende advarsel ved mærkning.
When further information is available from the research suggested in c) below, it may be advisable to consider if further action is indicated.
Det kan ikke understreges stærkt nok, at det, der er behov for, er mærkning med angivelse af samtlige anvendte tilsætningsstoffer - og ikke blot dem, der for tiden forekommer at være hyppigst involveret i fremkaldelsen af skadelige reaktioner på levnedsmidler.
b) Action is required to try to prevent new additives being introduced into food, drugs or cosmetics with a potential for provoking reactions due to intolerance or hypersensitivity.
Det er sandsynligt, at der blandt de mindre hyppigt brugte og undersøgte tilsætningsstoffer findes nogle med et tilsvarende potentiel for fremkaldelse af skadelige reaktioner som følge af intolerans eller overfølsomhed.
Appropriate animal and/or in vitro test systems (for detecting such potential "allergenicity") should be adopted in future toxicity assessments.
En sådan fuldstændig deklaration kunne endvidere indirekte tjene til at sætte spørgsmålstegn ved, om tilstedeværelsen af talrige tilsætningsstoffer i nogle levnedsmidler virkelig er nødvendig - hvilket kunne betyde et inoitament til en Btrengere overholdelse af prinoippet om, at tilsætningsstoffer kun bør anvendes., når det teknologiske behov herfor er uafviseligt.
Ideally all existing food additives should also be tested for allergenicity, but this would be quite impracticable; however, those suspected of provoking adverse reactions should be investigated.
For medikamenters vedkommende kan anvendelsen af forskellige farvestoffer frembyde et yderligere sikkerhedsmoment ved at gøre det nemmere at skelne mellem forskellige medikamenter, men andre metoder er også mulige.
c) Finally, there is an immediate and fundamental need for research to be carried out on the epidemiology of, and basic mechanisms concerned in adverse reactions to food additives.
I øjeblikke er ingen af disse •forudsætninger til stede.
This will include development of idagnostic tests for allergy and intolerance to food additives.
KONKLUSIONER a) På grundlag af de hidtil fremkomne oplysn'nger er det opfattelsen, a tilst deværelsen af alle ingredienser i levnedsmidler og tilsætn'ng stoffer i 1 vnedsmidle , far. aka og kosmetik klart bør angives ved mærkning.
(NB It is difficult to give definitions which are universally acceptable in different languages for many of the terms used in discussing hypersensitivity and intolerance.
Endvidere foreslås det for levnedsmiddelfarvestoffers vedkom e de, at de anvendte mængd r kunne f ind kes betydeligt, og at intet farves of, der kan fre kalde en kadelig reaktio i hos e sensibel perso , bør indgå i fremstillingen af Tarmala, der ordine es til behänd ing af allergiske tilstande, eller ordiner s store de e af befolk ingen på langt dsbasis.
The following definitions explain the meanings intended in this paper, and are based on Dorland's Medical Dictionary, 25th Edition.)
b) Der bør træffes foranstaltninger til at søge at forhindre, at levnedsmidler, farmaka eller kosmetik kommer til at indeholde nye tilsætningsstoffer, som petentielt kan fremkalde reaktioner som følge af intolerans eller overfølsomhed. Fremtidige toksioitetsvurderinger bør omfatte passende dyre- og/eller in vitro-undersøgelses-systemer (til påvisning af sådanne potentielle "allergifremkaldende egenskaber").
"allergy", "allergen", "allergic" the use of quotation marks implies that in the particular context (of e.g. a reference from the literature) it is unclear whether an immunological or other process is involved anaphylaxis an unusual exaggerated allergic reaction to a foreign protein or other substance antibody an immunoglobulin which reacts in the (humoral) immune response specifically with the antigen, allergen or hapten which induced its synthesis in lymphoid tissue antigen any substance which is capable of inducing the formation of antibodies and of reacting specifically with them atopy an hereditary predisposition to develop some form of allergy (hypersensitivity) such as asthma or hay fever: an unusual type of antibody (reaginie, IgE class) is involved delayed hypersensitivity a specific immune response mediated by predominantly small lymphocytes of thymic origin (but also involving macrophages and antibody).
Det ville være ideelt, om alle eksisterende tilsætningsstoffer til levnedsmidler kunne blive afprøvet for allergifremkaldende egenskaber, men det lader eig ikke gøre i praksis; de tilsætningsstoffer, der mistænkes for at fremkalde skadelige reaktioner, bør imidlertid undersøges.
hapten a simple protein free substance which is only capable of causing an immune response if it becomes coupled to a carrier protein hypersensitivity an abnormal (exaggerated) reaction to a foreign agent effected by the immune response or chemical mediators
c) Endelig er der et øjeblikkeligt og fundamentalt behov for gennemførelse af forskning vedrørende epidemiologi og basismekanismer i forbindelse med skadelige reaktioner på tilsætningsstoffer til levnedsmidler. Den vil indbefatte udvikling af diagnoetiske prøver for allergi og intolerans over for tilsætningsstoffer til levnedsmidler.
Type 1 ­ immediate hypersensitivity reaction Type II — injury is produced by an antibody against tissue antigene Type III — injury is produced by antigen­antibody complexes Type IV — delayed hypersensitivity reaction immediate hypersensitivity an immune response mediated predominantly by IgE antibodies, and characterised by lesions resulting from the release of histamine and other vasoactive substances immune response normal immune reaction to foreign antigen; mani­fested as antibody production or cell­raediat
(NBI Por mange af de fagtudtryk, der anvendes i forbindelse med overfølsomhed og intolerans, er det vanskeligt at give definitioner, som er alment acceptable på forskellige sprog.
immunoglobulin (lg) protein with antibody activity, responsible for humoral aspects of immunity
1, Basismekanismer allergen et fremmedstof, der fremkalder en skadelig immunreaktion.
IgA antibody predominantly in secretions
anafylaksi en usædvanlig stærk allergisk reaktion på et fremmed protein eller andet stof.
IgD antibody present in small amount in the blood.
antigen ethvert stof, der kan forårsage dannelse af antistoffer og reagere specifikt med dem.
IgE antibody of importance in immediate hypersensitivity
(eng, delayed hypersensitivity) en specifik immunreaktion formidlet af hovedsagelig små lymfocyter af tymisk oprindelse (men involverer også makrofager og antistof).
Clinical challenge tests for immunological hypersensitivity suspected allergens can be ingested, applied sublingually, inhaled or given as a skin test (superficially, intradermally or subcutaneously) angio oedema (giant urticaria, angio neurotic oedema) a condition closely related to urticaria in which the swellings occur in the subcutaneous tissues instead of in the skin: pain is common and itching less so eczema an inflammatory condition of the skin which may be extensive or patchy in distribution.
hapten et simpelt proteinfrit stof, som kun kan forårsage en immunreaktion, hvis det kombineres med et bærerprotein (carrier protein).
In its acute form it is characteristically a papular, blistering, exudative eruption which is accompanied by intense redness, itching, pain and swelling.
overfølsomhed en abnorm (overdreven) reaktion på et fremmedstof fremkaldt af immunreaktionen eller kemiske formidlere (mediators).
In the chronic form, thickening, dryness, cracking, scaling, persistent itching and excoriation are the main features erythema redness of the skin due to dilation of the blood vessels erythema multiforme a symmetrical eruption of red macules, papules and blisters, usually with purpura.
Type III - skade forårsaget af antigenantistof komplekser.
Accompanying ulceration of the mucous membranes is common and the patient may be febrile
idiosynkrasi en abnorm, men ikke-immum reaktion på et fremmedstof, som er bestemt af et særligt træk hos visse individer (f.eks. enzymabnormitet).
Small (less than 3 mm) purpuric lesions are called petechiae, and larger ones echymoses· Purpura occurs as a result of damage to walls of small blood vessels, which may be of an inflammatory or non-inflammatory type.
makrofager renseoeller (scavenger cells) maetoeller og basofiler celler, som frigør inflammatoriske stoffer (f.eks. histamin, heparin) ved hurtige overfølsomhedsreaktioner.
When the purpura is due to inflammatory change in blood vessels, the term vasculitis is used to describe the eruption rhinitis consists of oedema of, and increased secretion from the nasal mucosa, with itching and obstruction.
angioneurotisk ødem en med urticaria nært beslægtet tilstand,ved hvilken hævelserne forekommer i de subkutane væv i stedet for i huden; smerter er almindeligt, kløe mindre almindeligt.
"nettle rash") f transient, circumscribed swellings (weals) surrounded by erythema, associated with itching, and of generalised distribution.
I den kroniske form navnlig karakteriseret ved fortykkelse, tørhed, revner, skældannelse, vedvarende kløe og ekskoriation.
Swellings rarely last more than 24 hours, and usually last only 24 hours.
erytem rødme af huden som følge af udvidelse af blodkarrene.
Several clinical varieties are recognised.
Ledeagende sårdannelse i slimhinderne er almindelig, og patienten kan have feber.
Chronic urticaria, when there are recurrent episodes, is by far the commonest variety.
MEDLEMMER AF ARBEJ DSGRUPPEN
MEMBERS OF TΗΕ WORKING GROUP
Komiteen ønsker at udtrykke en speciel tak til
The Committee is grateful for the assistance given by
Komiteen blev oprettet ved Kommissionens beslutning 74/234/EØP af 16. april I974 (EPT L I36 af 20.5.1974f side l) med det formål at rådgive den om ethvert spørgsmål vedrørende beskyttelse af menneskers sundhed og liv i forbindelse med indtagelsen af levnedsmidler, især med hensyn til levnedsmidlernes sammensætning, processer, der har mulighed for at ændre levnedsmidlerne, anvendelsen af tilsætningsstoffer og produktionshjælpemidler, såvel som forekomst af forureninger.
The Scientific Committee for Pood was established by Commission Decision 74/234/EEC of 16 April 1974 (OJ L 136 of 20.5.1974, p. l) to advise it on any problem relating to the protection of the health and safety of persons arising from the consumption of food, and in particular the composition of food, processes which are liable to modify food, the use of food additives and other processing aids as well as the presence of contaminants.
Medlemmerne af komiteen er uafhængige personer, højt kvalificerede inden for områder knyttet til biologi, ernæring, kemi, medioin, toksikologi og andre lignende discipliner.
The members are independent persons, highly qualified in the fields associated with medicine, nutrition, toxicology, biology, chemistry, or other similar disciplines.
Denne serie vedrører udtalelser om overfølsomhed og intolerans over for tilsætningsstoffer til levnedsmidler.
The present series relates to hypersensitivity and intolerance to food additives.
JET-fællesforetagendet
The JET Joint Undertaking
JET-fællesforetagendet JET-projektet Konstruktion af maskinen Maskinens komponenter Montering af maskinens oktanter Vakuumbeholderen Toroidalfeltspoler Poloidalfeltspoler Mekanisk struktur Magnetisk kredsløb Strømforsyning Supplerende opvarmning Opvarmning ved injektion af neutrale partikler Højfrekvensopvarmning Kontrolrum Fjernbetjening Bygninger Videnskabeligt program Diagnostik Teori Organisation Industriens deltagelse Kernefusion Symboler og enheder
The JET Joint Undertaking The JET Project Machine Construction Machine Components Machine Octant Assembly Vacuum Vessel Toroidal Field Coils Poloidal Field Coils Mechanical Structure Magnetic Circuit Power Supplies Additional Heating Neutral Injection Heating Radio Frequency Heating Control Room Remote Handling Buildings Scientific Programme Diagnostics Theory Organisation Involvement of Industry Nuclear Fusion Symbols & Units EUR8306 EN (EUR-JET-RI I) NOVEMBER 1982 Printed in England
Joint European Torus JET er det største enkeltprojekt inden for det koordi­nerede nukleære fusionsforskningsprogram under Det europæiske Atomenergifællesskab (Euratom), der har til formål at bevise kernefusionens muligheder som ny energikilde.
Joint European Torus JET is the largest single project of the co-ordinated nuclear fusion research programme of the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) aimed at proving the feasibility of nuclear fusion as a new energy source.
Eksperimentet anvender tokamak-magnetfeltkonfi-gurationen, og den samlede forsøgsopstilling blev første gang sat i drift den 25. juni 1983.
The experiment is using the tokamak magnetic field configuration and will have a greater performance capability than any other machine of this type in the world.
En vellykket gennemførelse af JET-programmet vil give væsentlige oplysninger om tokamaksystemets reaktorpotentiel.
Successful completion of the JET programme will provide essential information on the reactor potential of the tokamak system.
In­derst i maskinen findes en toroidal vakuumbeholder med en storradius på 2,96 m og et D­formet tværsnit på 2,5 χ 4,2 m. Under maskinens drift til­føres der vakuumbeholderen en lille mængde brintgas, som opvarmes ved, at der sendes en meget stærk strøm (i begyndelsen 2,6 MA og sene­re 4,8 MA) igennem den.
At the heart of the machine there is a toroidal vacuum vessel of major radius 2.96 metres having a D-shaped cross-section 2.5 metres by 4.2 metres. During operation of the machine a small quantity of hydrogen gas is introduced into the vacuum chamber and Is heated by passing a very large current (2.6 MA to begin with and 4.8 MA at a later stage) through the gas.
Denne strøm frembringes gennem transforma­tion, ved hjælp af det massive ottebenede magnetiske kredsløb, som do­minerer apparatet.
This current is produced by transformer action using the massive eight-limbed magnetic circuit which dominates the apparatus.
Et sæt spoler omkring det centrale åg i det magnetiske kredsløb udgør transformerens primære vikling, mens den varme gas eller plasmaet fungerer som sekundærvikling med en enkel vinding.
A set of coils around the centre limb of the magnetic circuit forms the primary winding of the trans­former with the hot gas or plasma acting as a single turn secondary.
Suppleren­de opvarmning af plasmaet sker ved at injicere stråler af energirige brint­atomer i systemet og ved brug af højfrekvente bølger med høj effekt.
Additional heating of the plasma is provided by injecting beams of energetic hydrogen atoms into the system and by the use of high power radio frequency waves.
Plasmaet holdes sammen og isoleret fra vakuumbeholderens vægge ved hjælp af et komplekst system af magnetfelter.
The plasma is confined away from the walls of the vacuum vessel by using a complex system of magnetic fields.
Magnetfeltets hovedkom­ponent, det såkaldte toroidale felt, dannes af 32 D­formede spoler, som omslutter vakuumbeholderen.
The main component of the magnetic field, the so-called toroidal field, is provided by 32 D-shaped coils surrounding the vacuum vessel.
Dette felt i forening med det, som frembrin­ges af den strøm, som løber gennem plasmaet, udgør de basale magnet­felter i tokamakindeslutningssystemet.
This field coupled with that produced by the current flowing through the plasma, form the basic magnetic fields for the tokamak confinement system.