natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
På dette grundlag har Domstolen lidt efter lidt anerkendt en række grundrettigheder, som er blevet optaget i Fællesskabets retsorden. Der kan f.eks. nævnes ejendomsretten, den almindelige personlige frihed, den økono­miske og erhvervsmæssige frihed, forenings­friheden, religions­ og trosfriheden, brev­hemmeligheden, den almindelige ligheds­grundsætning og kontradiktionsprincippet.
Those of particular significance here are the right of association (Article 118(1) EEC and the first paragraph of Article 48 ECSC), the right to submit com ments (second paragraph of Article 48 ECSC) and the protection of business and professional secrets (Article 214 EEC, Article 194 Euratom and the scond and fourth paragraphs of Article 47 ECSC).
Selvom man må anerkende Domstolens ind­sats i forbindelse med udformningen af de uskrevne grundrettigheder, har denne frem­gangsmåde til opstilling af »de europæiske grundrettigheder« dog en alvorlig ulempe.
Although in the case law of the early years, the Court of Justice of the European Com munities did not regard the application of fundamental rights within the Community as an issue with which it had to concern itself, since 1969 it has continually developed and added to these initial attempts at protecting the fundamental rights of Community citizens.
Domstolen behandler altid kun det konkrete tilfælde. Dette kan medføre, at den ¡kke er i stand til på alle de områder, hvor det er nød­vendigt eller ønskeligt, at udvikle grundret­tigheder af de almindelige retsgrundsætnin­ger.
The starting point in this case law was the Stauder judgment, in which the point at issue was the fact that a recipient of welfare benefits for war victims regarded the requirement that he give his name when registering for the purchase of butter at reduced prices at Christmas time as a violation of his human dignity and the principle of equality.
Det vil heller ikke være muligt for Dom­stolen at fastlægge omfanget af grænserne for beskyttelsen af grundrettighederne på den generelle og differentierede måde, som er nødvendig. Som følge heraf er fællesskabsor­ganerne ¡kke i tilstrækkeligtomfang i stand til at skønne, hvorvidt de krænker en grundret­tighed.
Although the Court of Justice came to the conclusion, in interpreting the Com munity provision, that it was not necessary for recipients to give their name so that, in fact, consideration of the question of a violation of a fundamental right was superfluous, it declared finally that the general fundamental principles of the Community legal order, which the Court of Justice has to safeguard, include respect for fundamental rights. This
Den berørte fællesskabsborger kan heller ¡kke i hvert enkelt tilfælde bedømme, om der foreligger en krænkelse af hans grundrettihgeder.
This is especially the case as far as the numerous prohibitions on discrimination are concerned which, in specific circumstances, express particular aspects of the general principle of equality.
På foranledning af den retsusikkerhed, som dette medfører, fastslog Forfatningsdomstolen i Tyskland i kendelse af 29. maj 1974, at beskyttelsen af de tyske grundrettigheder mod indgreb fra EF henhø­rer under de tyske domstole, så længe Fæl les­skabet ikke selv råder over et sæt grundrettig­heder, der er vedtaget af Europa­Parlamentet, og som svarer til de ved den tyske forfatning sikrede. Vedrørende samme spørgsmål har den italienske Forfatningsdomstol i sin dom nr. 183 af 18./27. december 1973 udtalt sig på
Examples are to be found in Article 7 of the EEC Treaty concerning the prohibition of any discrimination on grounds of nationality, Articles 48, 52 and 60 of the EEC Treaty on equal treatment of Community citizens in regard to the right to work, freedom of establishment and freedom to provide services, Article 85 ef seq. of the EEC Treaty on freedom of com petition, and Article 119 of the EEC Treaty concerning equal pay for men and women.
tilsvarende måde, om end væsentligt mere tilbageholdende.
In its Judgment No 183 of 18/27 December 1973, the Italian Constitutional Court expressed itself in similar terms on this question, albeit it in a much more guarded manner.
Oprettelsen af de fælles organer fuldførtes i juli 1967 ved »Traktat om oprettelse af et fælles Råd og en fælles Kommission for De Europæiske Fæl­lesskaber« (fusionstraktaten). Fra dette tids­punkt har alle tre Fællesskaber samme insti­tutionelle opbygning.
Although these declarations do not establish any direct rights for the citizens of the Community, they never theless have considerable political importance because of the universal recognition of fundamental rights at Community level.
Europa­Parlamentet, som i 1958 efter sin sammentræden selv antog dette navn, og som i fællesskabstraktaterne optræder under betegnelsen »Forsamlingen«, vælges i hen­hold til Rådets afgørelse af 20. september 1976, som trådte i kraft den 1. juli 1978, ved almindelige og direkte valg af medlemssta­ternes borgere.
This was finally acknowledged by the Federal German Constitutional Court, which, impressed by the increasingly firm stance towards fundamental rights in the case law of the European Court of Justice, declared in a ruling given in October 1986 that the Community legal order now had a system for the protection of fundamental rights that was equivalent to the Basic Law and specifically renounced the right of scrutiny it had reserved for itself in the 1974 ruling.
Fællesskabsorganerne har heri understreget de grundlæggende ret­tigheders betydning, også for EF, og har højti­deligt bekendt sig til overholdelsen afgrund­rettighederne i forbindelse med udøvelsen af deres beføjelser og ved forfølgelsen af EF's mål.
was the first time that the Court of Justice recognized the existence of a Community framework of fundamental rights of its own.
Medlemsstaternes stats­ og regerings­chefer tilsluttede sig denne grundrettigheds­erklæring på topmødetden 7. og 8. april 1978 i København i deres udtalelse om demokra­tiet.
In later judgments the Court of Justice then made clear the criteria according to which it intended to ensure protection of fundamental rights at Community level.
Selv om de nævnte erklæringer ikke hjemler fællesskabsborgeme nogen umid­del bare rettigheder, så har de dog en stor rets­politisk betydningsom en bred anerkendelse afgrundrettighederne på fællesskabsniveau.
These are, first ly, the concepts that are common to the constitutions of the Member States and, second ly, the international conventions concerning the protection of human rights to whose conclusion the Member States have been party or to which they have acceded.
Dette har endelig også Forbundsforfatnings­domstolen anerkendt.
The Court of Justice has gradually recognized a number of fundamental rights on this basis and has in corporated them into the Community legal order.
På baggrund af EF­Domstolens stadig mere konsekvente rets­praksis med hensyn til de grundlæggende rettigheder har Forbundsforfatningsdomsto­len i sin afgøreise af 6. oktober 1986 fastslået, at der nu i Fællesskabets retsorden findes en beskyttelse af disse rettigheder, der kan side­stilles med den tyske grundlov, og den giver udtrykkeligt afkald på den prøvelseskompe­tence, som den havde forbeholdt sig i beslut­ningen af 1974.
Examples are the right of ownership, the general right of privacy, freedom to engage in business and to choose and practise a profession, freedom of association, freedom of religion, privacy of correspondence, the general principleof equality and the right to a fair hearing.
Betydningen af beskyttelsen af de grundlæg­gende rettigheder for Fællesskabets retsor­den fremhæves nu også i præamblen til Den Europæiske Fælles Akt, hvori der henvises til beskyttelsen af de grundlæggende rettighe­der i medlemsstaternes forfatninger, i men­neskerettighedskonventionen og i social­pagten.
With all due recognition of the achievements of the Court of Justice in the development of unwritten fundamental rights, this process of deriving 'European fundamental rights' has a serious disadvantage: the Court of Justice is confined to the particular case in point.
Den blotte eksistens af et parlament kan dog ¡kke tilfredsstille det grundlæggende krav til en demokratisk forfatning, at enhver statslig magt skal udgå fra folket.
The result of this can be that it is not able to develop fundamental rights from the general legal principles for all areas in which this ap pears necessary or desirable.
Dette forudsætter foruden beslutningsprocessens gennem­skuelighed også repræsentative beslutnings­organer og de berørtes medvirken.
Nor will it be able to elaborate the scope of and the limits to the protection of fundamental rights as generally and distinctively as is necessary.
Netop her lader den nuværende fællesskabsord­ning noget tilbage at ønske.
As a result, the Community institutions cannot assess sufficiently precisely whether they are in danger of violating a fundamental right or not.
Den betegnes derfor med rette som et endnu »underudvik­let demokrati«.
Nor can any Community citizen who is affected judge in every case whether one of his fundamental rights has been infringed.
Det tredje spørgsmål, der rejser sig i forbin­delse med EF's forfatning, vedrører organisa­
The importance of the protection of fundamental rights was further stressed in the preamble to the Single European Act, which refers to the fundamental rights recognized in the constitutions and laws of the Member States, in the Human Rights Convention and in the European Social Charter.
Parlamentet ledes af en formand og 12 næstformænd
What are the in­stitutions of the Community?
Parlamentets medlemmer samarbejder i overnationale fraktioner
This was provided for in a Convention between the original six Member States that was signed in 1957 at the same time as the Rome Treaties.
Den Europæiske Demokratiske Gruppe
The European Parliament exer­cises only symbolically the functions of a true parliament such as exists in a parliamen­tary democracy.
Cuppen for den Samlede Europæiske Venstrefløj
Firstly, the European Parlia­ment does not elect a government.
Gruppen Europæisk Demokratisk Alliance
The Single European Act was unable to bring about any decisive improve­ment in this situation.
18 udvalg forbereder arbejdet til plenarmødet
Page 18
De Europæiske Højrepartier: Tekniske Gruppe
Members meet in political groups regardless of nationality
Europa-Parlamentets politiske sammensætning (11.6.1990)
Group of the European People's Party (Christian Democratic Group)
ling i Europa-Parlamentet af Fællesskabets lovgivning.
The Green Group/S in the European ^ Parliament
En særlig position har Europa-Parlamentet dog siden 1975 fået med hensyn til budget tet.
Political composition of the European Parliament (situation on 11 June 1990)
Rådet
Page 19
I forbindelse med retsfastsættelsesproceduren har Europa-Parlamentet kun i begrænset omfang direkte beslutningsbeføjelser.
The history of the parliamentary system of government shows that in the nineteenth century parliaments were first vested with budgetary powers before becoming, sometimes after a hard struggle, the legislative organ.
Det høres imidlertid af det lovgivende beslutningsorgan, Rådet, i alle vigtige anliggender — også hvor det ikke er forudset i Traktaterne.
The Council association with nonmember countries.
Denne høring er dog ¡kke bindende for Rådet.
Otherwise, the last word in the Community's decisionmaking process still lies with the Council.
Ofte fården kun betydning, forså vidt Kommissionen forsvarer dens indhold over for Rådet og formår at trænge igennem hermed.
Essentially, this pro cedure, which is described in more detail in the section on the legislative process in the Community, introduces a second reading in the European Parliament for Community legislation.
I Rådet er medlemsstaternes regeringer re præsenteret.
The Council is made up of representatives of the governments of the Member States.
Alle ti medlemsstater sender én eller flere repræsentanter, og dette er normalt, men ikke nødvendigvis, de fagministre eller statssekretærer, derer ansvarlige for de pågældende emneområder, f.eks. udenrigsøkonomi-, finans-, arbejds-, landbrugs-trafikeller undervisningsministrene.
All 12 Member States send one or more representatives — as a rule, though not necessarily, the departmental or junior min ister responsible for the matters under consideration, such as the Minister for Foreign Affairs, Economic Affairs, Finance, Labour, Agriculture, Transport or Technology.
Rådet er nemlig et fællesskabsorgan og ikke et regeringsmøde.
It is in the Council that the individual in terests of the Member States and the Com munity interest are balanced and reconciled.
Derfor skal man heller ¡kke i Rådets drøftelser forsøge af finde den mindste fællesnævner for medlemsstaterne, men derimod den største for Fællesskabet og medlemsstaterne.
Since 1975 Parliament can claim a certain special status in the field of budget law.
For de to yngste Fællesskaber er Rådet det øverste retsfastsættelsesorgan; det træffer de vigtigste politiske beslutninger i EF.
It draws up the budget in conjunction with the Council under the cooperation procedure and, subject to certain conditions and in certain categories of expenditure, has the power to make amendments which even the Council may not oppose; in other words, Parliament has the last say.
For EKSF er det derimod et godkendelsesorgan, som kun skal tage stilling til nogle få, særligt vigtige afgørelser.
This extension of its powers gives grounds for expecting that Parliament will acquire fur
For afstemninger i Rådet gæl-
Although the Member States' interests are given precedence in the Council, the
I øvrige spørgsmål forblev det sidste ord i EF's beslutningsproces fortsat hos Ministerrådet.
'We cannot simplify the questions about Europe. But we must simplify the answers.'
En vis styrkelse af Europa-Parlamentets muligheder for indflydelse på EF's beslutningsproces kan dog komme via samarbejdsproceduren, der blev aftalt anvendt for al le væsentlige afgørelser om oprettelse af det indre marked.
'The Treaty strikes an overall balance: the sum of the sacrifices made by any of the parties is offset by the sum of the advantages gained'.
De Faste Repræsentanters Komité (COREPER)
Permanent Representatives Committee (Coreper)
Grækenland Nederlandene Belgien Danmark Irland Luxembourg
Greece The Netherlands Belgium Denmark Ireland Luxembourg
Kvalificeret flertal 54/76 gal, hver fem, Danmark og Irland hver tre og Luxembourg to stemmer. Flertalsafstemnin­gernes betydning ligger ikke så meget i, at mindre stater herved hindres i at blokere vig­tige beslutninger, for sådanne medlemmer ville normalt også ved politisk pression kun­ne bringes til at give deres tilslutning. Flertalsprincippet giver derimod først og fremmest mulighed for, at større medlems­stater, som ville kunne modstå politisk pres­sion, kan nedstemmes.
Qualified majority: 54 votes out of 76 members of the Council are at the same time obliged to take into account the objectives and needs of the European Community as a whole.
Herved bidrager det­te princip også til medlemsstaternes lighed og må derfor anses som en grundlæggende regel i fællesskabsforfatningen.
Consequently it is not the lowest common denominator between the Member States that is sought in the Counci I's del iberations, but the highest between the Com­munity and the Member States.
Til trods for denne oprindelige og velafbalancerede ord­ning er flertalsreglens betydning i praksis for­blevet ringe.
In the case of the two more recent Com­munities, the Council is the supreme legislative body.
Normalt er der imidlertid fore­skrevet »kvalificeret flertal«.
It takes the most important political decisions of the Community.
I forbindelse her­med er der i Traktaterne fastlagten vægtning af stemmerne, således at de større stater også fåren større indflydelse.
With regard to the ECSC, on the other hand, it is an endorsing body that has to deal only with a few, especially important decisions.
ringen af den fælles landbrugspolitik frygtede indgreb i vigtige franske interesser og i mere end seks måneder blokerede beslutningsprocessen i Rådet med »den tomme stols politik«.
Under the Community treaties, majority voting in the Council is the rule.
Hver enkelt medlemsstat har så ledes i praksis en »vetoret«.
Where no express provision is made to the contrary, a simple majority suffices, and each State has one vote.
Denne situation, der var meget skadelig for Ministerrådets beslutningsdygtighed, er blevet væsentligt forbedret som følge af Den Eu ropæiske Fælles Akt.
Normally, however, a 'qualified' ma­jority is required, where votes are weighted so that the larger States exert a greater in­fluence.
Dette gælder f.eks. for harmoniseringen af den lovgivning i medlemsstaterne, der vedrører det indre markeds oprettelse og funktion, det økonomiske og sociale samarbejde, forskningen og den teknologiske udvikling samt miljøbeskyttelsen.
Thus, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Italy and the United Kingdom each have 10 votes, Spain eight votes, the Netherlands, Belgium, Greece and Portugal five votes, Denmark and Ireland three votes
en samstemmende udtalelse fra Rådet, hvil ket giver dette mulighed for at nedstemme Kommissionens retsakter.
detracted from the decisionmaking ability of the Council, has been considerably improved by the Single European Act.
arbejdstagernes rettigheder og interesser, der stadig omfattes af enstemmighedsprincippet.
However, exceptions to the majority voting rule were made in the case of taxation, the free movement of labour and the rights and interests of workers, areas where unanimity is still required.
— Kommissionen er endvidere fællesskabs traktaternes vogter.
The Commission's functions may be broken down as follows: and Luxembourg two votes.
Den overvåger anvendelsen af traktatbestemmelserne og de af fæl lesskabsorganerne udstedte retsakter.
The importance of majority voting I ies not so much in the fact that it prevents small States from blocking important decisions, as such members could as a rule be brought into line by political pressure.
Ved enhver krænkelse påhviler det Kommissionen som upartisk organ at skride ind og om nødvendigt gå til Domstolen.
What the majority principle does is make it possible to outvote large Member States that would withstand political pressure.
Denne opgave har Kommissionen hidtil løst med et glimrende resultat.
This principle thus contributes to the equality of Member States and must therefore be regarded as a cornerstone of the Community constitution.
Kommissionen består efter Grækenlands, Portugals og Spaniens tiltrædelse af sytten medlemmer (to medlemmer fra Forbundsrepublikken Tyskland, Frankrig, Det Forenede Kongerige, Italien og Spanien, de øvrige med lemsstater har hver ét med lem i Kommissionen som »efter fælles overenskomst« udnævnes af medlemsstaternes regeringer for en tjenesteperiode på fire år. Kommissionens opgaver kan inddeles således:
Despite this original and intrinsically well-balanced ap proach, the importance of the majority principle has in practice remained small. The reason for this dates back to 1965 when France, afraid that its vital interests in the financing of the common agricultural policy were threatened, blocked decisionmaking in the Council for more than six months by a 'policy of the empty chair'.
— Vogterrollen er nært forbundet med opgaven som repræsentant for Fællesskabets in teresser.
It was not until 29 January 1966 that this dispute was resolved by the 'Luxembourg Agreement', which states that in the case of decisions where very important interests of one or more countries are at stake, the Council will endeavour, within a reasonable time, to reach solutions that can be adopted by all the members of the Council while respecting their mutual interests and those of the Com munity.
Kommissionen må under ingen omstændigheder forfølge andre interesser end Fællesskabets.
The French delegation emphasized that it considered that in these cases the discussion must be continued until 'unanimous agreement' was reached.
Ved de ofte vanskelige for handlinger i Rådet skal den til stadighed for søge at gøre Fællesskabets interesser gæl dende og nå frem til kompromis'er, som tager hensyn til disse interesser.
The Luxembourg Agreement provides no solution for cases where reaching unanimity proves impossible, but confines itself to stating that a divergence of views on this point sill exists among the Member States.
Derved får Kom missionen samtidig en rolle som mægler mellem medlemsstaterne, hvilket den i kraft af sin neutralitet er særlig egnet og kaldet til.
This Agreement did succeed in putting an end to the dead lock in the Council, but it also in practice spelt an end to the majority principle.
— Kommissionen er for det første oV/V/cra/fen for fællesskabspolitikken.
It provides no criteria for determining within the Council whether very important interests are in fact at stake.
Her begynder enhver fællesskabsaktion, idet det er Kom missionen, der skal forelægge Rådet forslag og udkast ti I fællesskabsbestemmelser (Kommissionens såkaldte initiativret).
It is left purely to the Member State concerned to decide this, so that in effect any Member State can de mand unanimity for any major decision in the Council.
— Endelig er Kommissionen — om end i begrænset omfang — et udøvende organ.
(i) The Commission is first of all the motive power behind Community policy.
Klassiske eksempler herpå er gennemførelsen af EF-budgettet, konkurrenceretten og forvaltningen af de i Traktaterne og den afledte ret fastsatte beskyttelsesklausuler.
It is the starting point for every Community action, as it is the Commission that has to present pro posals and drafts for Community legislation to the Council (this is termed the Commission's right of initiative).
Væsentlig mere omfattende end disse »oprindelige«
The Commission is not free to choose its own activities.
Ifølge EKSF-Traktaten har Kommissionen de rimod også beføjelser til at udstede retsakter ne.
It is obliged to act if the Community interest so requires.
Her kræves der imidlertid i visse tilfælde
The Council may also ask the Com mission to draw up a proposal.
Jacques Delors, Hyldest til Emile Noël, s. 67.
Under the ECSC Treaty, however, the Commission also has law-making powers.
»Man har ikke lov ti I at forenkle de problemer, der vedrører Europa; det er løsningerne, der skal forenkles.«
In certain circumstances these are subject to the assent of the Council, which enables it to overrule Commission measures, (ii) The Commission is also the guardian of the Community treaties.
»Traktaten kender kun en samlet ligevægt: Deofre, den enkelte bringer, vil blive opvejet af de fordele, der opnås.«
It sees to it that the treaty provisions and the measures adopted by the Community institutions are properly implemented.
KOMMISSIONEN FOR DE EUROPÆISKE FÆLLESSKABER
As a rule, however, it is the Member States themselves that have to ensure that Community rules are applied in individual cases.
I alt 17 medlemmer, der efter fælles overenskomst udnævnes af medlemsstaternes regeringer for 4 år
Members the governments of the Member States for a term of four years
Forslag til
Representing the Community in international organizations
EF's repræsentation i internationale organisationer videreførelse af Fællesskabets politik
Monitoring observance and proper application of Community law
Forvaltning og gennemførelse af Fællesskabets retsforskrifter
Proposing measures for the further development of Community policy
Kontrol med overholdelsen og den korrekte gennemførelse af fællesskabsretten udøvende beføjelser er de »delegerede« beføjelser, som Rådet har overdraget Kommissionen.
Since Greece, Portugal and Spain became members of the Communities, the Court of Justice has consisted of 13 judges, appointed by common accord of the governments of the Member States for a term of six years.
Det drejer sig her i det væsentlige om fastsættelsen af de detaljerede bestemmelser, derer nødvendige for gennemførelsen af Rådets afgørelser.
The Court is assisted by six Advocates General whose term of office corresponds to that of the judges.