natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Med de »nederste« lag menes simpelthen lagene ι nederste halvdel af diagrammet.
• equipment for attachment to public networks can be attached to any public network in the Community;
De er nummere­ret fra 1 til 4 og varetager de funktioner, der er beskrevet i ovenstående punkt 1 til 4.
The OSI Reference Model does not specify any of the practical detail necessary for real systems to interwork.
De »øver­ forskellige typer information (data, tekst, dia­grammer, billeder, tale osv.)
That detail is provided primarily by the standards for protocols and services, as well as by certain other standards, such as those for addresses used in layer 3 and information encoding used in layer 6.
• det samme kommer til at gælde samfunktion, dvs. ikke blot formidling af information mellem to systemer, men samarbejde mellem to syste­mer om at udføre en opgave i fællesskab
• purchasers will be able to buy the best products for their purpose, without restrictions due to conflicting standards; the same will be true of interworking, i.e. not just the passing of information between two systems but cooperation between the two systems in performing a shared task; the reduced need for special measures to ensure communication compatibility will give business management greater freedom in optimizing IT facilities to meet business objectives.
• det, at der bliver mindre behov for at træffe særlige foranstaltninger til at sikre kommunika­tionskompatibiliteten vil give erhvervslivets beslutningstagere større frihed til at optimere deres IT­faciliteter på en måde, således at erhvervslivets målsætninger tilgodeses bedst muligt.
• end-to-end communication will be possible between any two systems which need to communicate, regardless of the network to which each is attached—subject to the two provisos that there must be a link between the networks, and that security measures may be used to prevent undesired access;
(f.eks. IT inden for bankverdenen) eller specialise­rede institutioner (f.eks. IATA for IT inden for luft­fart).
The main aims of Community standardiza­tion policy are :
I ca. 25 år (ca. 1960­85) er IT­standardise­ringsarbejdet først og fremmest blevet varetaget inden for efterhånden traditio­nelle rammer af organisationer med gene­relt ansvar for nationale og internationale standarder.
The availability of standards in the field of information technology and telecommuni­cations is vital for the removal of technical barriers and therefore for the completion of the European internal market by 1992 as defined in the 'White Paper' from the Commission to the European Council (Milan, 28 and 29 June 1985) and in the 'Single European Act'.
JTC 1 er sammensat af de nationale standardise­ringsorganisationer, og disse har stemmeret ι de udvalg og underudvalg, de er repræsenteret i.
• to secure the interests of the IT­using sectors, now that effective deployment of IT is one of the keys to maintaining competitiveness on world markets ;
Alle interesser (leverandører, brugere osv.) er repræ­senteret via medlemsorganisationerne ι medlems­staterne.
• to remove barriers to trade in IT, with special reference to the internal European market;
Kontaktorganisationer, såsom andre internationale standardiseringsorganisationer og Kommissionen for De Europæiske Fællesskaber kan ikke stemme, men har alligevel stor indfly­delse.
The European standards programme is therefore by no means a go­it­alone European activity; it is using the means at the disposal of the Community to pull international, European and national stan­dards into line.
JTC 1 's arbejde udføres af omkring 20 underud­valg og et stort antal arbejdsgrupper.
• to contribute to the creation of a competitive environment.
I de seneste år er det blevet klart, at dette arran­gement er utilstrækkelig for IT.
Such action alone is insufficient.
Den traditionelle opdeling i tre mellemorganisationer, hvor den ene har ansvar for elektricitet, den anden for kommuni­kation og den tredje for alt andet egner sig ikke til en teknologi, der breder sig ind over alle tre aspek­ter.
The state of inter­national standardization is not yet far enough advanced for meeting all the requirements which have to be met.
Ydermere kræver den hastighed, hvormed udviklingen foregår inden for IT, og de tekniske IT­specifikationers enorme kompleksitet helt andre mekanismer for at kunne fungere end de tidligere ordninger, der var indrettet på mindre bevægelige og langt mindre komplekse industrisektorer.
The main thrust of the policy is to achieve a sig­nificant increase in conformity with accepted standards for products and services marketed and used within the Community, or offered by sup­pliers in the Community on world markets, in the field of information technology and telecommuni­cations.
Et af formålene med det nyligt oprettede JTC 1 er at få lagt en IT­standardstrategi med en større indre konsekvens i stedet for den hidtidige frem­gangsmåde, der ikke altid har været særlig vel­koordineret, idet man er gået frem projekt for pro­jekt.
A typical problem is that there are often many pos­sible combinations of international standards and of options within each standard. Conformity with standards is in itself an insufficient guarantee that the purpose of using the standards will be met.
En fundamental omvæltning er således undervejs.
It is intended to encourage, not restrict, the variety of facilities available to users.
Den er allerede startet, men er endnu langt fra afsluttet, og det kan ikke forudses, hvor den vil ende. Dette infoblad beskriver forholdene, som de var ι begyndelsen af 1988.
In such cases, the policy is to produce European functional standards which are complementary to, and entirely consistent with, the international standards.
Et andet formål er at fremskynde udarbejdelsen af standarder.
The creation of the internal European market requires that the standards used to provide such compatibility be the same throughout Europe.
Hidtil har det været sådan, at det typisk varer to år at udarbejde en standard, der følger et veletableret mønster, fem år at udarbejde en standard, der involverer et delvis nyt område, og ti år at udarbejde en standard, hvor hele områ­det er så nyt, at den første opgave bliver at udstikke rammerne for standardiseringen, som det f.eks. var tilfældet med OSl­referencemodellen.
The world­wide nature of the IT industry and the grow­ing international exchanges of information make it vital that those standards are also the standards of the world market.
JTC 1 har ansvaret for de fleste felter i forbindelse med selve teknologien, når der ses bort fra de områder, der vedrører de offentlige kommunika­tionstjenester, men tager sig ikke af udnyttelsen af teknologien, ¡det denne fortsat varetages af ISO
The policy therefore involves the formal adoption of standards at a European level, and as far as is possible—which so far has been almost all the time—the adoption of existing international stan­dards for that purpose.
der findes en naturlig tendens til, at der træffes de samme beslutninger på begge niveauer, og at der kun kræves minimale justeringer for at tilgodese forskellige behov, hvor dette er nødvendigt.
dialogue with other regions—primarily North America and the Far East—where the same prob­lem is being tackled, to try to ensure as rapid and as complete a convergence as possible.
Den Internationale Rådgivende Komité for Telegraf­ og Telefonvæsen (CCITT) under Den Internationale Telekommunikationsu­nion (ITU) er ansvarlig for udformningen af de rekommandationer, der gælder for kommunikation mellem offentlige telekommunikationstjenester.
The Commission is not a standardization body and does not produce standards. That work is entrusted to the European standardization bodies, and via them to national standardization bodies, whose members are the interested parties—the users, the suppliers, and the governments.
Den største årsag til gnidninger er nok, at de euro­pæiske organisationer har tendens til at arbejde hurtigere end deres internationale genparter, hvil­ket giver er reelt problem med at holde samme udviklingstakt.
All these moves are of no use unless the stan­dards are actually applied in practice and the ben­efits are won.
Der er bred enighed om, at hurtig respons er vigtig i en hastigt skiftende sektor som IT: de europæiske organisationer kan ikke ned­sætte hastigheden.
So the last part of the policy is to take steps to ensure the practical application of the standards.
Stemmeberettiget medlem af CCITT er de natio­nale regeringer, men i praksis er medlemsskabet i vid udstrækning uddelegeret til de nationale tele­administrationer.
Π CEN (the European Committee for Standardi­zation);
Officielle organisationer — europæiske
Π CEPT (the European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations).
I nogle lande er der sepa­rate organisationer for elektrotekniske standarder, telestandarder og generelle standarder.
Π The standard preparation function of CEPT is being transferred to the newly­formed Euro­pean Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), which will be able to draft technical specifications with the status of standards in consultation with all affected parties (see fact sheet 4).
Π Den Europæiske Konference af Post­ og Teleadministrationer (CEPT).
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Ifølge den »Nye Metode« (se Infoblad 3) ligger ansvaret for udspecificering af de tekniske enkeltheder i forbin­delse med lovgivningen hos standardiseringsorga­nerne.
Π the Standards Promotion and Application Group (SPAG), whose fundamental objective is to promote functional standards for the ben­efit of both users and suppliers;
Administrationen af programmet varetages af Styrelsesudvalget for Informationsteknologi (IT Steering Committee ­ ITSTC).
Π the European Computer Manufacturers' Asso­ciation (ECMA) and the European Telecom­munications and Professional Electronics Industry (ECTEL) for the telecommunications sector;
I begyndelsen af 1988 blev der oprettet et nyt Europæisk Institut for Telestandarder (Euro­pean Telecommunications Standards Institute — ETSI).
Π the Confederation of European Computer User Associations (CECUA).
En meget vigtig udvikling i de seneste år har været væksten inden for de »halvofficielle« standardise­ringsorganisationer på nationalt og regionalt plan.
Π SOGITS (Senior Officials Group for Informa­tion Technology Standardization);
Fælles for dem alle er imidlertid, at de har til formål at sørge for, at der tages skridt til udarbej­delse og udnyttelse af IT­standarder på måder, der supplerer det officielle standardiseringsmaski­nen.
The responsible department is Directorate­General XIII, Telecom­munications, Information Industries and Innova­tion.
Kommtssionen for De Europæiske Fællesskaber
Commission of the European Communities
Sådanne organisationer har eksisteret længe. En af de ældste er Den Europæiske Sammenslutning af Datamatfabrikanter (ECMA), der tager sig af udarbejdelse af »ECMA­standarder«.
The PPSC-IT (Public Procurement Subcommittee in the Information Technology sector), while having wider interests than standardization, has decided that standards are one of the priority subjects.
Disse er strengt taget ikke standarder i egentlig juridisk for­stand, men de ender ofte med at blive vedtaget som internationale standarder.
The legislation requiring reference to standards in pub­lic procurement has reinforced that priority.
EWOS's medlemsorganisationer har princi­pielt forpligtet sig til ikke at udarbejde egne funk­tionsspecifikationer.
Public networks must offer a service such that end-to-end compatibility is provided for systems conforming to functional standards covering network access.
SPAG er en af driv­kræfterne bag CEN/CENELEC/CEPT­program­met for funktionsstandarder
Their say in the policy is formally via the institutions and com­mittees outlined above, supplemented by many informal means of contact and influence.
De mest bemærkelsesværdige ændringer er over­lapningen mellem områder, der tidligere var sepa­rate, bl.a. elektricitet, telekommunikation og det generelle område, og det stærkt stigende antal af supplerende organisationer, der arbejder med at fremme IT­standarder.
D. Previously, in areas other than IT, detailed technical specifications were frequently con­tained in legislation, and those specifications were produced by the Commission. More recently—and right from the beginning for IT— the 'New Approach' has been adopted in 1985.
X/OPEN, der vedrører standardisering af styre­systemer baseret på AT & T's UNIX­system
Under the ' New Approach', technical and legal aspects are kept separate.
De internationale kontakter, der etableres mellem disse organisationer på tværs af grænserne, er den bedste måde til at udjævne forskellene mel­lem nationale, europæiske og internationale stan­darder.
A. One key piece of legislation is Directive 83/189/EEC. Among its provisions (which apply to all sectors, not just IT) is the require­ment of notification to the Commission and the Member States of any work on national stan­dards and technical regulations.
CECUA, der bl.a. fungerer som EF­Kommis­sionens høringsorganisation for brugerne.
• barriers caused by differing technical rules and approval procedures for devices for attachment to networks are being removed as a result of Directive 86/361/EEC, which provides for the development of common technical specifications ('NETs').
Ændringerne kan forventes at ville hjælpe med til at give en højst tiltrængt fremskyndelse af standar­diseringsarbejdet og at medvirke til at få en konse­kvent politik, der tilgodeser alle parters inte­resser.
It is a fundamental division of responsibility. The responsibility of determining what is a technically and commercially viable way of meeting the objectives of the legislation is transferred to the standardization institutions, and via them to the directly interested parties, the sup­pliers and users.
F ællesskabets politik er at bringe alle IT­standarder på linje på alle niveauer fra nationalt plan til verdensplan.
85) IT standardization was undertaken mainly within the traditional framework of bodies with a general responsibility for
Dette infoblad indeholder oplysninger om sådanne europæiske standarder, og specielt funk­tionsstandarder.
F national and international standards.
I en vis forstand er europæiske standarder bin­dende, men det misforstås ofte, hvad der menes hermed.
One of the aims of the newly established JTC 1 is to develop a more coherent strategy for IT stand­ards, rather than the not always well coordinated project-by-project approach which has been com­mon until now.
klimaforskelle).
In recent years it has become clear that such arrangements are inadequate for IT.
En HD­standard behøver ikke omsættes til en national standard, men afvigende nationale standarder skal ophæves.
The tradi­tional three-way division between bodies respons­ible for electrical, communications and other mat­ters is unsuitable for a technology which combines all three areas.
Den grundlæggende europæiske standard er EN­standarden, der offentliggøres af CEN eller CEN­ELEC, og som gælder i EF og i EFTA.
Another aim is to accelerate the production of standards.
Den er bin­dende ι den forstand, at den skal vedtages som national standard, og at eventuelle afvigende nationale standarder skal ophæves.
Until now, the typical time-scales have been two years for a standard which follows wellestablished patterns, five years for a standard cov­ering much new ground, and 10 years where the area is so new that the first task is to establish a framework for standardization, such as the OSI reference model.
Dette er den eneste bindende kraft en europæisk standard har.
That is too slow.
En ENV­standard (europæisk præstandard) udstedes, hvor der er behov for midlertidige fælles specifikationer, før tiden er inde til en EN­standard.
As a result, a massive change is underway.
ENV­standarder skal stilles til rådighed i de enkelte lande, men behøver ikke implementeres og afvi­gende nationale standarder behøver ikke ophæ­ves. Inden for en frist på tre år skal en ENV­stan­dard enten konverteres til en EN­standard, genud­stedes som en ENV­standard (i begge tilfælde er der mulighed for at foretage ændringer), eller ophæves.
It has started, but is certainly nowhere near finished, and it is not yet possible to see where it will end.
En EN­standard er ikke­bindende, medmindre der gribes ind på anden måde, f.eks. ad lovgivningens vej, på det felt, standarden gælder for: de enkelte virksomheder kan frit følge den eller se bort fra den i de produkter, de køber eller sælger
The most notable features in this changing scene are realignment in the relations between the for­mal standardization bodies—those granted spe­cific rights and responsibilities for the production and publication of consensus standards—and the proliferation of bodies which have no such formal responsibility but which make an energetic contri­bution to the furtherance of IT standardization.
Nogle af disse viderebehandles af CEN/CENELEC til EN/ENV/HD­standarder og får dermed den oven­for beskrevne retskraft. Andre, bl.a. de såkaldte NET­standarder (Normes européennes de télé­communications) er fælles tekniske specifikatio­ner for adgang til nettene og for udstyr beregnet til tilkobling til disse.
Since 1987 the central body for IT standards has been a joint technical committee (JTC 1) formed by the International Organization for Standard­ization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Committee (IEC).
Formålet med en EN­standard er således at opnå, at der vedtages identiske standarder i alle lande. CEN og CENELEC udsteder HD­ og ENV­standar­der, hvor EN­standarders målsætning ikke kan opfyldes.
The members of JTC 1 are the national standards institutions, who have votes in those committees and subcommittees in which they participate.
Dette pålægger alle undertegnende lande at henvise til NET­standar­der ι deres lovgivning for typegodkendelse af til­slutningsudstyr.
Non­voting—but still influential—participants are liaison organizations such as other international stan­
En HD­standard (hvor HD står for harmonise­ringsdokument) giver mulighed for midlertidige nationale afvigelser (for at tage hensyn til over­gangsperioder eller fundamentale forskelle såsom
The International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee (CCITT) of the Inter­national Telecommunications Union (ITU) is responsible for drafting the recommendations which enable communications to take place between public telecom services.
CEPT's og EF's NET-standarder bliver obligatoriske i forbindelse med type godkendelse af terminaler beregnet til tilslutning til de offentlige telenet i hele Europa
national views which are put to the European and international bodies are in principle the consensus views of the various interests in each country.
Selv om grundidéen på ingen måde er ny, er den aldrig før blev et gennemført på denne måde og i så stort et omfang : hele foretagendet er banebrydende.
The voting members of CCITT are national govern­ments, but in practice membership is largely dele­gated to the national telecommunications adminis­trations.
Der kan ikke herske nogen tvivl om, at noget sådant er påkrævet, men kun praktisk erfaring kan vise, om der må ske en tilpasning til ændringerne i miljøet.
Within Europe the move to bring together the standards bodies started a little earlier than at the international level, and has gone further.
Når CEPT's specificeringsopgaver overgår til ETSI vil der ske en passende justering af mekanismerne, ligesom forholdet til CEN og CENELEC og vil blive taget op til revision.
D the European Committee for Standardiza­tion (CEN),
For det andet er det ikke alle internationale standarder, der er så langt fremme, at de kan forelægges til endelig godkendelse.
The Commission is very concerned that the con­sensus should indeed reflect all views (particularly those of users, who have often been under-repre­sented) and has recently invited the national standards bodies to consider how a proper bal­ance can be ensured. This initiative is not specific to IT.
Flere af de forslag, der henvises til, har endnu form af udkast og kan stadig blive genstand for ændringer.
Under the ' New Approach ' (see Fact sheet 3) the responsibility for specifying the technical details associated with legislation is placed in the hands of the standards bodies.
»Funktionsstandarder« kan kort forklares med en sætning som: »Hvis man ønsker at stille funktion X til rådighed, skal standard A, B, C... bruges på følgende måde«.
D the European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT).
En funktionsstandard specificerer således, hvorledes andre standarder (basisstandarder) skal anvendes for at opnå en bestemt funktion.
These have various forms and objectives; but common to them all is the aim of ensuring action in the development and exploita­tion of IT standards, in ways complementary to that of the formal standards machinery.
Nødvendigheden af at bruge en sådan fremgangsmåde skyldes IT-områdets kompleksitet og mylderet af internationale standarder, samt det store antal optioner, næsten alle IT-standarder indeholder — for slet ikke at nævne muligheden for afvigende fortolkninger i de tilfælde, hvor formuleringen ikke er helt præcis.
IT projects are handled by CEN, CENELEC or CEPT individually, by CEN/CENELEC jointly, or by CEN/CENELEC/CEPT jointly, according to the extent to which the individual project overlaps areas of responsibility. Management of the pro­gramme is carried out by the tripartite IT Steer­ing Committee (ITSTC).
Og endelig er det ikke kun i Europa, at der arbejdes med dette emne.
They tend to be less bound by complex formal procedures than the official standards institutions, and so can work faster and more effectively.
I en så international industri er det naturligvis en grundsætning, at der ikke må spares nogen anstrengelse for at bringe regionale standarder fuldstændigt på linje med hinanden.
The trend is therefore for a shift of much of the work of technical development and consensus-building out of the formal standardization bodies into the less official bodies.
ENV-standarder giver en vis margen for forhandlinger.
The result is that a welladvanced draft, suitable for rapid processing, can then be fed into the formal mechanisms.
I USA er der taget adskillige initiativer, bl.a. vedrørende produktionsautomatiseringsprotokoller (Manufacturing Automation Protocol — MAP), teknik- og kontorautomatiseringsprotokoller (Technical and Office Automation Protocol — TOP), Det Nationale Standardiseringsbureau (National Bureau of Standards — NBS), fabrikantaftaler og Korporationen for Åbne Systemer (Corporation for Opens Systems — COS). I Japan er der tale om Fremme af Åbne Systemer (Promotion of Open Systems).
In early 1988, a new European Telecommuni­cations Standards Institute (ETSI) was founded; CEPT will transfer to the ETSI its activi­ties of elaborating recommendations and common technical specifications.
Der er på internationalt plan igangsat arbejde i JTC 1, det nye fælles tiltag mellem ISO og IEC.
As with their international counterparts ISO and IEC, the voting members of CEN and CENELEC are the national standards bodies, and there are other non-voting forms of representation.
Der er gjort gode fremskridt i retning af at samle de forskellige initiativer, både i politisk og i teknisk henseende.
More recent European groups representing indus­try or users include:
I mellemtiden er det vigtigt at sørge for, at funktionsstandarderne i Europa fortsat udarbejdes hurtigt.
In practice, the same people frequently represent their national standards bodies in both interna­tional and the equivalent European committees.
Uden den samordning, som funktionsstandarderne giver, kan man næsten sikkert regne med, at den enkelte producent — med den deraf følgende risiko for konflikter — vil benytte sit eget personlige udvalg af de godt 170 OSl-stan-darder og OSl-relaterede standarder, og fordelene ved OSI vil således gå tabt, muligvis for altid.
The effect is what is needed : a natural tendency to make identical decisions at both levels, and minimum adjustments to meet differing needs only when necessary.