natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
I samtlige overenskomster inden for den private sektor, der er blevet fornyet inden for de seneste to tre-års perioder, er det fastsat, at der skal oprettes paritetiske særorganer, herunder i virksomhederne, med henblik på at gennemføre positive foranstaltninger til gennemførelse af og kontrol med ligestilling.
All the private sector contracts renewed in the past two three-year periods, provide for the creation of special joint bodies, including at enterprise level, with a view to implementing positive measures and monitoring equality.
Tilsvarende organer skal oprettes inden for den offentlige sektor pá grundlag af de gældende overenskomster, der er Indgået af fagforeningerne. Formålet hermed er at indføre bindende foranstaltninger til gennemførelse af ligestilling i de forskellige administrationer.
Provision has been made for similar bodies in the public sector under the contracts currently in force, established by trade union organizations and, consequently, resulting in measures with the force of law for the achievement of equality in the various administrative departments.
Dog har visse ministre beføjelser med hensyn til ligestilling, der i vidt omfang går videre end til deres eget personale.
However, certain ministries have responsibilities, in the field of equality, which go well beyond the circle of their staff.
Det gælder især ministeren for offent ligt ansatte, for så vidt angår samtlige statstjenestemænd, undervisningsministeriet, når det gælder afskaffelse af "fordomme" og mere generelt hindringer for ligestillingen på uddannelsesområdet, og arbejdsministeriet, hvad angår kvindelige arbejdstagere inden for den private sektor.
This is the case in particular of the Ministry of the Civil Service with regard to all the Government civil servants, the Ministry of Education with regard to the abolition of stereotypes and more generally of obstacles to equal opportunities in education and of the Ministry of Labour with regard to women workers in the private sector.
I det førstnævnte af disse ministerier er der inden for "Osservatorio sul Pubblico impiego" (et organ til kontrol af det offentlige) oprettet en særlig afde ling for ligestilling, og der offentliggjordes i 1989 en rapport om det offent lige personales fordeling på køn opdelt efter niveau og kvalifikationer.
The first of these authorities set up a special department for equality within the "Osservatorio sul Pubblico impiego" (monitoring of the civil service) and in 1989 published a report on the distribution by sex of the personnel of the public administration, broken down by levels and qualifications.
Denne rapport var skuffende med hensyn til de nuværende I igest i I Iingsforhold, men væsentlig for kontrollen med den fremtidige udvikling.
This report is disappointing as far as the present conditions concerning equality are concerned, but fundamental for monitoring future developments in this field.
I undervisningsministeriet er der oprettet et ekspertudvalg, der allerede har forelagt ministeren talrige forslag.
The Ministry of Education set up a special committee of experts which has already made proposals to the minister on several occasions.
Det ad hoc-udvalg, der blev oprettet i arbejdsministeriet ved ministerdekret i 1980, har ved lov nr. 125/91 fået tillagt yderligere opgaver.
As for the Ministry of Labour, the ad hoc committee, set up by ministerial decree, which has been working since 1980 already, obtained by law 125/91 the legislative sanction providing for an extension in its structures and terms of reference.
Udvalget afgiver bl.a. bindende udtalelser om finansieringen af forslag til positive særforanstaItninger.
Amongst other things, the committee issues binding opinions on positive action projects to be financed.
Med denne lov nr. 125 er arbejdsministeriets kontrol af overholdelsen af I ige st i I I ingspr incippet blevet udvidet, idet der på nationalt, regionalt og di striktsplan er udpeget en "Consigliere di Parità" (ligestillingsrådgiver), der har til opgave at tage initiativer i forbindelse med ligestilling og på anmodning af kvindelige arbejdstagere, der klager over diskriminering, at gå til domstolene. Ved kollektiv diskriminering forelægger han/hun pá eget initiativ sagen for en domstol, selv om man ikke direkte kan påpege, hvilke arbejdstagere det nøjagtigt er, der er udsat for diskrimination.
The above-mentioned law no. 125 explains the mechanism for monitoring equality of the Ministry of Labour through its "Consigliere di Parità" (equality counsellor), introduced at national, regional and provincial levels, who has the task of taking any useful initiatives in respect of equality and of taking action before the court at the request of a woman worker who has been discriminated against and "Jure proprio" in the case of discrimination of a collective nature "even if the workers who are the subject of discrimination cannot be identified individually immediately and directly".
De største fremskridt for kvinderne i Italien er sket på arbejdsmarkedet, idet der her både er sket en kvantitativ tilgang og en kvalitativ højnelse af beskæft igelsesniveauet.
The greatest progress achieved by women in Italy is to be seen in the working world and takes the form, in particular, of an increase in the levels of employment.
Af tabel 1 ses erhvervsfrekvensen for kvinder i perioden fra 1959 til 1988.
The graph in Table 1 shows the labour force participation rate indices for women during the period from 1959 to 1988.
Denne graf, der er udarbejdet af professor Renata Livraghi i september 1989, viser ligeledes udviklingen for mænd.
This graph, drawn up by Professor Renata Livraghi in September 1989, also brings out this phenomenon with regard to the trend in male employment.
Der er et konstant fald for kvinderne indtil 1972, hvor der kommer et historisk vendepunkt, der efterfølges af en uafbrudt stigning, især efter 1978.
This graph shows a continuous fall until 1972, the year which marked the historical threshold in women's employment and then uninterrupted growth, which accelerated particularly after 1978.
Blandt de vigtigste sociale forhold, der lá til grund for denne udvikling, skal nævnes den betydelige udvandring fra landdistrikterne til byerne og dermed fra syd t i I nord i 60'erne.
Mention should be made of the most striking social phenomena underlying this trend.
En del af de erhvervsaktive inden for landbruget udgjordes af kvinder, der dog i realiteten i stort omfang var underbeskæftiget og uden faglig uddannelse.
During the 1960s in Italy, there was an intense process of rural exodus, resulting in largescale migratory movements from the south to the north of the country and from the countryside to the towns.
Det var derfor vanskeligt for dem at blive Integreret i industrisektoren og servicesektoren i byerne.
Women, who represent a proportion of the population working in agriculture but who are in fact largely under-employed and without appropriate vocational training, were finding difficulties in the towns in integrating into the industrial and tertiary sectors.
I 1972-1978 trådte der en række vigtige love i kraft til gavn for kvinderne: loven om beskyttelse under graviditet og svangerskab (L 1204) og femårsplanen til opbygning af et net af kommunale vuggestuer med finansiel bistand fra staten (L 1044), der begge trådte i kraft i december 1971. Desuden er der loven om ligestilling (L 903) fra december 1977.
The years from 1972 to 1978 are those of the entry into force of important legislation for the advancement of women: Protection of Maternity Act (L 1204) and the five-year plan for the creation of a network of municipal day-nurseries with the financial participation of the Government (L 1044), both of December 1971, and, in December 1977, the Equality Act (L 903).
Disse love havde ganske vist hverken direkte eller øjeblikkelig indflydelse på beskæftigelsen, men de medførte, at offentligheden levende begyndte at interessere sig for problemerne i forbindelse med kvinder på arbejdsmarkedet.
Although it is true that these acts did not have a direct and immediate impact on employment, their adoption gave rise to keen public interest in the problems of women at work.
Især fulgte der efter lov nr. 903 om lige behandling af mænd og kvinder pá arbejdsmarkedet en frigørelsesproces, der kom til udtryk ved en betydelig stigning i antallet af kvinder, der ønskede at komme ud på arbejdsmarkedet.
In particular, law 903 introducing "equal treatment between men and women regarding work" gave rise to a diffuse process of emancipation, resulting in a considerable influx of women into the job market.
Denne frigørelse greb ikke blot de unge kvinder, der i det sidste tiår pá lige fod med de unge er kommet ud på arbejdsmarkedet, men også et stort antal voksne kvinder og hjemmegående, der søgte job ...
This phenomenon concerned not only all the young women who presented themselves on the job market over the past ten years, like men, but also a large number of adult women, housewives, seeking work.
Resultatet heraf blev, som grafen viser, at stigningen i beskæftigelsen i Italien siden 1978 statistisk set næsten udelukkende har berørt kvinderne.
As a result, as the above-mentioned graph shows, the increase in employment in Italy since 1978, in statistical terms, has concerned almost exclusively women.
Det skal tilføjes, at dette betydelige udbud af kvindelig arbejdskraft medførte en stor stigning i arbejdsløsheden.
It should be added that the large supply of female labour led at the same time to a considerable rise in unemployment, since only part of this abundant supply met with demand on the job market.
Kvindearbejdsløsheden rammer ikke blot de kvinder, der har mistet deres arbejde, og unge kvinder, der søger et første job - statistikkerne viser praktisk taget det samme som for mænd - men også det store antal Jobsøgende tidligere hjemmearbejdende kvinder.
Female unemployment in fact results not only from women who lost their jobs and young people seeking a first job - the statistics are almost the same as those for men - but also from a large number of women at home seeking work.
Tabel 2 viser beskæftigelsessituationen i 1978 (det tidspunkt, hvor loven om ligestilling trådte i kraft), I 1987 (10 år senere) og for nylig i 1991.
The quantitative indices of the phenomena described above are shown in table 2, which describes the situation of employment in 1978 (entry into force of the Equality Act) and 1987 (ten years later) and more recently in 1991.
Der ses en stigning i den kvindelige arbejdsstyrke i den betragtede periode pá over 2 millioner kvinder og i antallet af kvinder i arbejde på lidt under 1,5 million. Arbejdsløsheden for kvinder reelt er fordoblet og udgør over halv delen af den samlede arbejdsløshed.
An increase is to be seen in the female labour force during the period considered of more than two million people and in the number of women employed of just under one and a half million, whereas women's unemployment has practically doubled and represents over half the total unemployment.
Der bliver derfor stadig færre i kategorien "andre" (ikke erhvervsaktive), der især omfatter hjemmearbejdende kvinder.
Consequently, the item "other" (than labour) is reduced, a reduction which primarily relates to women at home.
Nærmere oplysninger om arbejdssøgende findes i tabel 3.
Table 3 provides detailed information on "persons seeking work".
Bemærk det høje tal for kvinder, der ikke er i arbejde og den relative forskel i forhold til mænd.
The high figure for women not engaging in an economic activity (housewives) will be noticed, as well as the relative divergence in relation to men.
Ser vi på det kvalitative aspekt af kvindernes arbejde, viser tabel 4 (de er hvervsaktives fordeling efter køn og erhvervsgruppe), at mange kvinder er hårdt ramt af de store ændringer i produktionsstrukturerne i Italien, der fra at have en økonomi baseret pá landbrugs- og industriproduktion nu præges af en meget stor servicesektor.
As far as the qualitative aspects of women's work are concerned, table 4 on the percentage composition of employment by sex and occupational sector, shows the extent of women's involvement in the radical changes in the production structures of our country, which has converted from an agro-industrial economy to a stage characterized by the prevalence of the tertiary sector.
Af 10 udearbejdende kvinder arbejder ca. 7 i servicefagene, mindre end én i landbruget og lidt over 2 inden for industrien.
About seven out of every ten women employed are to be found in this sector, fewer than one in agriculture and just over two in industry.
Denne udvikling må betragtes som stort set positiv, også hvis man vurderer kvindernes arbejde ud fra et kvalitativt synspunkt, idet servicesektoren ganske vist omfatter en del rutinearbejde og jobs for ufaglærte, men dog også kvalificerede jobs bl.a. inden for den sociale sektor, hvor kvinderne er i flertal.
This trend can be considered to be positive overall, even from the point of view of the quality of female employment, in so far as, even though the tertiary sector groups together simple and routine jobs, it also and primarily covers activities termed as the "advanced tertiary sector" and of the social tertiary sector, in which women are in the majority.
Statistikkerne giver ikke grundlag for at tale om en reel kvalitativ forbedring af kvindernes arbejde til et højere niveau eller mere til betydningsfulde stillinger.
However, the statistics do not provide any conclusive evidence with regard to a real qualitative improvement in women's work in senior positions and grades.
Man hører ofte om eksempler herpå, men der er kun tale om enkelttilfælde af symbolsk værdi både i positiv og negativ betydning, der ikke muliggør, at man danner sig et helhedsindtryk.
There is a great deal of information on this subject, but it is episodic and principally refers to emblematic situations, either positive or negative, and this data does not allow an overall
Trods klare fremskridt er der således ingen tvivl om, at der stadig er mange og forskelligartede hindringer for kvindernes karriere. ere.
— 65 assessment to be made. Nevertheless, the conviction exists that despite undeniable progress, women's "careers" still come up against multifarious obstacles.
En tilbundsgående undersøgelse af fordelingen pá de forskellige områder inden for det offentlige efter køn, kvalifikationer og niveau i årene 1986 og 1987 bekræfter, at der er tale om en stigning i antallet af erhvervsaktive kvinder og især inden for det offentlige, samt at der stadig er få kvinder i lederstillinger.
A full survey of the percentage distribution of the various sectors of public office by sex, qualifications and grade for the years 1986 and 1987 confirms, on the one hand, the growing participation of women in the working world and especially in public office and, on the other hand, the fact that they are still few and far between in managerial posts.
I øjeblikket findes der kun to kvindelige departementschefer i ministerierne. erne.
At present, only two women hold the office of director general in ministries.
SKOLE OG ARBEJDE
EDUCATION AND WORK
For skolens vedkommende er 1962 et vigtigt år, fordi der da indførtes obligatorisk skolegang indtil det 14. år.
As far as education is concerned, an important date is that of the creation of compulsory middle school education up to the age of 14 years (1962).
Dette betød ikke kun, at det gennemsnitlige uddannelsesniveau hævedes betydeligt, men det fik samtidig en multiplikatoreffekt pá de unges søgning til højere undervisning og universiteter.
This measure allowed not only a significant rise in the average level of education of citizens, but also had a multiplier effect on the attendance of young people at secondary schools and universities.
Dette kom hovedsagelig pigerne til gavn.
It is mainly girls who have benefited from these effects.
Den betydelige forskel mellem mænds og kvinders uddannelse har således været udlignet i nogle år.
The considerable gap between the participation of women and men has now been caught up for some years.
Erhvervsvalget interesserer i dag både piger og drenge.
The choice of a career is now of equal interest to boys and girls.
Skolerne er blevet opfordret til at tage forskellige initiativer på forskellige niveauer og inden for de forskellige fag for reelt at ligestille kønnene i underv isningen.
Various initiatives have been proposed to the schools of various grades and disciplines with a view to education offering true equality.
I øjeblikket er problemet snarere at få de unge til at vælge studier, der giver reelle og konkrete beskæftigelsesmuligheder, og der må på skolerne gives til strækkelig og systematisk information om arbejdsmarkedet.
Under present conditions, it appears that the problem to be solved primarily concerns the guidance of young people towards choices and programmes of study offering real, concrete possibilities of jobs, particularly through adequate, systematic information in schools concerning the job market.
I denne forbindelse vælger pigerne ofte uddannelsestyper, der fører til Jobs, der med rette eller urette vurderes som mere forenelige med deres fremtidige fami I iepligter, som f.eks. undervisning, eller som forbindes med sider af tilværelsen, der betragtes som feminine, som f.eks. socialarbejder eller psykologi. Dette er frustrerende og udsigtsløst.
In this context, the choices of girls guided towards the types of schools associated with occupational activities considered, rightly or wrongly, to be more "compatible" with their future family tasks, such as teaching, or linked to attitudes considered to be "feminine", such as social assistance or psychology, are in reality frustrating and offer no future.
Man kan imidlertid ikke sige, at kvinderne er uden uddannelse, når de søger arbejde.
For all that, it cannot be said that women present themselves on the job market uneducated.
Tværtimod må det konstateres, at de som følge af deres stilling i samfundet generelt er bedre forberedt kulturelt end deres mandlige kolleger.
On the contrary, it has to be said that, in view of the position they occupy, they are generally better prepared from the cultural point of view than their masculine colleagues.
I tabel 5 (rapporten fra arbejdsministeriet om gennemførelsen af lov nr. 903 i 1987), der er udarbejdet pá grundlag af oplysninger fra ISTAT, ses antallet af personer i arbejde og antallet af jobsøgende fordelt på køn og efter uddannelsesart.
Table 5 (concerning the report by the Ministry of Labour on the application of act no.
1978 (hvor lov nr. 903 trådte i kraft) er sammenlignet med 1987, hvor denne lov havde været gældende i 10 år.
903 for the year 1987), drawn up on the basis of ISTAT data, shows the percentages of persons employed and persons seeking work, broken down by sex, level of studies and comparing the year 1978 (entry into force of act no. 903) with the tenth year of its application.
Det ses, at uddannelsesniveauet både for erhvervsaktive og Jobsøgende er væsentligt ændret i dette årti.
As can be seen, during this decade, there have been profound changes in the section relating to the level of education of both employed persons and persons seeking work: there is a reduction in the percentages "without school certificate" and an increase in the percentage of workers in possession of a certificate of secondary education, but above
Der er sket et fald i de ufaglærtes antal og en stigning i antallet af arbejdstagere med en mellemuddannelse, men især med en videregående uddannelse og akademisk uddannelse.
66 all in the numbers of those with certificates of an advanced level of secondary education and university degrees.
Denne positive udvikling er imidlertid mere markant for kvinder end for mænd, ¡sær blandt arbejdssøgende.
This positive trend is nevertheless far more marked for women than for men, particularly among those seeking work.
Selv om målet endnu Ikke er nået for så vidt angår skole- og erhvervsuddannelse, kan man dog ikke sige, at det er et lavt uddannelsesniveau, der er en væsentlig hindring for gennemførelsen af ligestilling.
Even though the goal post has not yet been reached in the field of education and vocational training, it cannot be said that the lack of education is a fundamental obstacle to the achievement of equality.
Til forskel fra de andre undersøgte områder er der ikke inden for politik og samfundslivet i øvrigt tale om nogen væsentlig udvikling i retning af større I igest i I I ing.
With regard to social and political life, contrary to the other fields analyzed above, there is no significant evidence which would suggest a real turn-round towards equality.
Socialt og politisk har der været skift mellem perioder med intens deltagelse og perioder med mangel pá interesse.
Political and social life has experienced moments of intense participation, followed by abandonment.
Der er imidlertid især blevet vedtaget en del love til fremme af medbestemmelse. Der er f.eks. tale om love om medbestemmelse i skolernes forvaltningsorganer og senest om borgernes og sammenslutningers del tagelse i lokalt selvstyre.
For all that, a large number of instruments, particularly of a legislative nature, have been adopted to promote the participation of citizens: these range from laws setting up school management bodies to new possibilities available for contribution by citizens and their associations through the recent Local Autonomy Act, to the legislation governing and enhancing the value of voluntary service.
Generelt er kvinders engagement i samfundslivet mærkbart og betydeligt på basis niveauet.
On the whole, it can nevertheless be affirmed that participation by women in social life is on the whole significant and important at the basic level.
Især er der en særlig massiv deltagelse fra kvindernes side i frivillige organisationer, der ifølge nogle vurderinger i Italien omfatter ca. 7 mi I-I ioner mennesker.
In particular, the presence of women in voluntary associations which, according to certain estimates, represents nearly 7 million people in Italy, is on a particularly large scale.
Derimod er kvinderne absolut utilstrækkeligt repræsenteret i højere stillinger inden for politik og administration, selv om der her dog også er gjort klare fremskridt (tabel 6).
On the other hand, the presence of women in positions of responsibility in the political and administrative life of the country is totally inadequate, even though certain progress has been made (table 6).
Kvindernes repræsentation både i deputeretkammeret og i senatet i de sidste ti lovgivningsper¡oder giver en ide om udviklingen I kvindernes deltagelse i samfundslivet. Der var således under den foregående periode 81 kvinder i deputeretkammeret og 21 kvindelige senatorer (se tabel 7 vedrørende de seneste valg).
The information concerning women elected to both the Lower Chamber and the Senate during the past ten parliaments, gives an idea of the development in this presence, which reached a maximum during the last parliament with 81 women members and 21 senators (see table 7 for the most recent elections).
Fru Nilde lotti var formand for deputeretkammeret under sidste lovgivningsperiode, der afsluttedes i april 1991.
Mrs. Nilde lotti was President of the Lower Chamber during the last parliament, which ended in April 1991.
For første gang siden 1975 har der været én kvindelig minister i regeringen. Det er mig, der har haft den ære at være arbejdsminister.
There was a woman member of Government, in the role of Minister for the first time since 1975: it was I who had that honour as head of the Department of Labour.
I de lokale forvaltninger tegner kvinderne sig kun for 8,5% af samtlige valgte.
In local government, women elected still only represent 8.5% of the total.
Der er 242 kvindelige borgmestre, dvs. 3,3%, 2 784 kvindelige viceborgmestre (7,8%) og 9 222 kvindelige kommunaI rådsmedlemmer (9,2%).
There are 242 mayoresses, i.e. 3.3%, 2,784 deputy mayoresses (7.8%) and 9,222 women councillors (9.2%).
Erobringen af poster, der på den ene eller anden måde indebærer magtudøvelse, er et væsentligt mal pá vejen til ligestilling.
As can be seen, the conquest of positions associated with the exercising of power is the true objective on the road to equality.
Udarbejdet pá grundlag af oplysninger fra ISTAT
Based on ISTAT data
Jobsøgende (i tusind personer) åL
Persons seeking work (in thousands)