natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Som regel er det dog medlemsstaterne selv, der skal fastlægge fælles skabsbestemmelsernes anvendelse i de en kelte tilfælde.
The task of the Court of Justice is to ensure that the law is observed in the interpretation and application of the Treaties establishing the Communities and the legal instruments adopted by the Council and the Commission.
Denne løsning, som er valgt i Traktaterne, har den fordel, at den europæiske retsordens endnu »fremmede« virkelighed over for borgerne fremtræder med den nationale retsordens autoritet og i dennes bekendte udformning.
Since it was set up, the Court has seen this task as involving not only the administration of justice but above all the shaping of
Det Europæiske Fællesskabs Domstol
Community law.
En retsorden kan kun have en varig karakter, hvis dens regler overvåges af en uafhængig myndighed. Hertil kommerved etfællesskab af stater, at de fælles regler — hvis kontrollen med disse overdrages til de nationale domstole — vil blive fortolket og anvendt forskel ligt fra stat til stat.
It is credited with having defined the principles on which the Com munity legal order rests, thereby providing the process of European integration with a firm foundation.
Den ensartede anvendelse af fællesskabsretten i allemedlemsstaterville dermed blive bragt i fare.
For this reason, the Court of Justice has been quite accurately described as 'an integrating factor of the highest order'.
Disse grunde førte allerede ved oprettelsen af EKSF til indførelsen af en EF-Domstol. Siden Grækenlands, Spaniens og Portugals tiltrædelse af EF består Domstolen af tretten dommere, som efterfælles overenskomst udnævnes af medlemsstaternes regeringer for en tjenesteperiode af seks år.
Under the Single European Art, the Council was empowered to set up, by a unanimous decision, a Court of First Instance to be responsible for dealing with certain classes of action.
Domstolen bistås af seks generaladvokater, hvis udnævnelse svarer til dommernes.
On 24 October 1988 the Council availed itself of this possibility and adopted a decision setting up such a Court.
Domstolens opgave er at værne om lov og ret ved fortolkningen og anvendelsen af Fælles-
It consists of 12 members who, in accordance with the rules of procedure, may also be called on to
13 dommere og 6 generaladvokater udnævnes af medlemsstaternes regeringer efter fælles overenskomst for et tidsrum af 6 år
Governments of the Member States appoint the 13 judges and six Advocates-General by common accord for a term of six years
DOMSTOLEN sættes af samtlige 13 dommere
Full court of 13 judges
2 afdelinger med 5 dommere
2 chambers with 5 judges
4 afdelinger med 3 dommere
4 chambers with 3 judges
— Traktatovertrædelser (Kommissionen mod medlemsstat)
Actions on grounds of failure to act (against Council or Commission)
— Passivitetssøgsmål (mod Råd eller Kom­mission)
Actions for failure to fulfil obligations under the Treaties (Commission ν Member State)
— En medlemsstats klage over en anden
References from national courts for preliminary rulings to clarify the meaning and scope of Community law
— Erstatningssager mod Fællesskabet
Actions by one Member State against another
— Sager forelagt af med­lemsstaternes domstole vedrørende
Claims for damages against the Community
Tvister mellem Fællesskabet og dets ansatte Klager inden for konkurrenceretten Klager inden for anti­dumpingretten Klager inden for kul­ og stålområdet
Staff cases Actions in the field of competition law Actions under anti-dumping law Actions under the ECSC Treaty
FÆLLESSKABET SOM RETLIGT FÆNOMEN baseret på de fundamentale værdibegreber, såsom frihed og lighed, og som bevares og virkeliggøres gennem lovgivningen. Denne forståelse er grundlaget for Traktaterne om Det Europæiske Fællesskabs Oprettelse.
those responsible for formulating Communi ty policies, but it also forms a link between the various occupational groups, which ultimately feel directly the practical effects of Community measures, and the European reality.
Den netop beskrevne forfatning for Det Euro­pæiske Fællesskab, og specielt dens funda­mentale værdier, kan kun gennem fælles­skabsret få liv og blive til virkelighed.
perform the task of an Advocate-General. The Court has jurisdiction in actions relating to the Staff Regulations of the Communities, competition law, anti-dumping law and matters covered by the ECSC Treaty.
Derfor er Fællesskabet også på tre måder et retligt fænomen.
The various types of proceeding and the responsibilities of the Court of Justice are described in more detail in the section on the Community system of legal protection.
Det er retsskabt, det er en retskil­de, og det er en retsorden.
Community law lives only in the judgments of the Court.
■ FÆLLESSKABET ER RETSSKABT
Ancillary institutions
Dette er det afgørende nye, som kendetegner Fællesskabet i forhold til tidligere forsøg på at forene Europa.
Lastly, mention must be made of the Euro pean Court of Auditors, which was set up by the Treaty of 22 July 1975 and started work in Luxembourg in October 1977.
Magt og underkastelse er ikke anvendt som midler, men derimod retskraf­ten.
The Court of Auditors performs the task of examining whether all revenue has been received and all expenditure incurred in a lawful and regular manner, and whether the financial management has been sound.
Retten skal skabe det, som blod og jern ikke har formået at skabe i århundreder; for kun en enhed, der beror på det frie valg, har udsigt ti I en varig eksistens; en enhed, derer
The results of its activity are summarized after the close of each financial year in an annual report published in the Official Journal of the Euro pean Communities.
Begrebet »retskilde« har en dobbelt betyd­ning.
In addition to the abovementioned institutions proper there are a number of ancillary bodies.
I ordets oprindelige betydning dækker det årsagerne til retsreglernes opståen, dvs. motiverne til retsfastsættelsen.
The most important of these, because it is vested with general powers, is the Economic and Social Committee.
I denne be­tydning ville fællesskabsrettens retskilde væ­re den internationale solidaritet og viljen til at bevare freden og til at skabe et bedre Euro­pa gennem et økonomisk samarbejde; to for­hold, som EF kan takke for sin eksistens. I det juridiske sprogbrug forstås derimod ved be­
The Economic and Social Committee advises the Council and Commission on economic matters. It is a forum for such economic and social categories as manufacturers, farmers, carriers, employees, businessmen, small tradesmen and the professions.
oprindelse grebet »retskilde« retsreglernes og grundlag.
This makes the Community a legal reality in three different senses: it is created by law, it is a source of law, and it forms legal order.
Oprettelsestraktaterne fællesskabsret bestemmelserne også i detaljerne er ensarte­de for al le med lemsstater, dér bør de nationa­le forskrifter erstattes af fællesskabsretsakter, mens der, hvor denne nødvendighed ¡kke fo­religger, derimod bør tages behørigt hensyn til medlemsstaternes bestående retsordener.
The Community legislative system is therefore based on the principle that where the same arrangement, even on points of detail, must apply in all Member States, national arrangements must be replaced by Community legislation; but where this is not necessary, due account must be taken of the existing legal orders in the Member States.
EF's handlemuligheder
The Community' s range of tools
Nævnes skal først de tre oprettelsestraktater, herunder de dertil knyttede bilag og proto­koller, samt de senere tillæg og ændringer hertil, altså dokumenterne om oprettelsen af EF, som vi allerede har omtalt som grundla­get for EF's forfatning.
The first source of Community law in this sense is provided by the three treaties, with the various annexes and protocols attached to them, and their later additions and amendments: these are the founding arts which we already looked at when we discussed the Community's constitution.
Da dette er den direkte afmedlemmerne skabte ret, har begrebetρΛ/­ mær fællesskabsret vundet indpas i juridisk sprogbrug som betegnelse herfor.
Because the law contained in the treaties was created directly by the Member States themselves, it is known as primary Community legislation.
Som forfat­ningfastlæggerde i vid udstrækning kun EF's mål og de igangsættende organer, ligesom de indeholder en tidsplan for virkeliggørel­sen af målene.
This founding charter is mainly confined to set ting out the objectives of the Community, establishing its mechanisms, and laying down a timetable within which the objectives are to be achieved.
Ved disse dokumenter er der oprettet organer, som har ti I opgave i Fælles­skabets interesse at udfylde de forfatnings­mæssige rammer, og med henblik herpå er der tillagt organerne lovgivningsmæssige og administrative beføjelser.
It sets up institutions with the task of filling out the constitutional skeleton, in the interest of the Community as a whole, and confers on them legislative and administrative powers to do so.
Fællesskabsretsakterne som afledt fællesskabsret
The Community legal acts as secondary source of Community law
På denne baggrund udvikledes en række handlemuligheder, hvorved Fællesskabets organer kan påvirkede nationale retsordener i forskelligt omfang.
Against this background a range of tools was developed that allowed the Community in stitutions to work on the national legal systems in varying measures.
Den strengeste form er i denne forbindelse fortrængningen af natio­nale regler ved hjælp af fællesskabsbestem­melser.
The most drastic action is the replacement of national rules by Community rules.
Herefter følger de fællesskabsbe­stemmelser, ved hvilke Fællesskabets orga­ner kun indirekte påvirker medlemsstaternes retsordener. Med henblikpåreguleringaf en­kelttilfælde er der desuden mulighed for at træffe foranstaltninger over for en ved navn angiven eller nærmere defineret adressat.
Then there are Community rules by which the Community institutions act on the Member States' legal systems only indirectly.
Endelig er der også forudset sådanne retlige dispositioner, som ikke indeholder binden­de regler for medlemsstaterne eller fælles­skabsborgerne.
Lastly, provision was also made for legal acts that have no binding force, either on the Member States or on the citizens of the Community.
Disse grundformer for rets­akter findes i alle tre fællesskabstraktater.
These basic categories of legal act are to be found in all three Community treaties.
I den konkrete udformning og betegnelsen af de enkelte retsakter bestårder imidlertid for­skelle mellem på den ene side EKSF­Trakta­ten og på den anden side EØF­ og Euratom­Traktaterne.
There are differences in the actual form they take, and in their titles, between the ECSC Treaty on the one hand and the EEC and the Euratom Treaties on the other.
Medens EKSF­Traktateme kun gi­ver mulighed for at anvende tre former for retsakter— beslutninger, henstill inger og ud­talelser (EKSFT artikel 14), — er der i EØF­ og Euratom­Traktaterne givet mulighed for fem former for retsakter — forordninger, direkti­ver, beslutninger, henstillinger og udtalelser (EØFT artikel 189, Euratom T artikel 161).
The ECSC Treaty makes provision for only three types of legal act — decisions, recommendations and opinions (Article 14 ECSC); the EEC and Euratom Treaties provide for five forms — regulations, directives, decisions, recommendations and opinions (Article 189 EEC and Article 161 Euratom).
Dette skete i erkendelse af, at de allerede i forbindelse med Montanunionen udviklede retsakter ikke i tilstrækkelig grad ville kunne imødekomme behovene i forbindelse med EØF og Euratom.
The changes in the pattern arose because it was recognized that the forms developed for the ECSC would not adequately meet the needs of the EEC and Euratom.
Samtidig ville man med indførelsen af nye betegnelser undgå mang­lerne ved den begrebsmæssige udformning af retsakterne i EKSF­Traktaten.
The new titles were intended to avoid the conceptual shortcomings in the legal acts provided for in the earlier treaty.
Den ret, der opstår ved fællesskabsorganer­nes udøvelse af disse beføjelser i henhold til Traktaterne, kaldes den afledte fællesskabs­ret, Fællesskabets anden vigtige retskilde.
Law made by the Community institutions in the exercise of the powers conferred on them by the treaties is referred to as secondary legislation, the second great source of Com munity law.
Den ret er fastsat i et system af fællesskabs­retsakter, som måtte »opfindes« ved oprettel­sen af EF.
It covers a range of types of legislative act that had to be devised afresh when the Community was set up.
I den ne forbindelse optstod først og fremmest det spørgsmål, af hvilken art fæl­lesskabsretsakterne skulle være, og hvilke virkninger de skulle have.
It had to be decided first and foremost what forms Com munity legislation should take and what ef fects these forms should have.
Der måtte derfor tages hensyn til, at organerne på den ene side skulle være i stand til på virksom måde — dvs. uden at være afhængige af medlemssta­ternes gode vilje — at udjævne de forskelle samt ulige økonomiske, sociale og ikke mindst økologiske betingelser i medlemssta­terne, således at der kunne skabes de bedst mulige livsbetingelser for alle Fællesskabets borgere; på den anden side måtte der imid­lertid ¡kke ske større indgreb i de nationale retsorganer end højst nødvendigt. EF's sam­lede retsfastsættelsesordning er derfor præ­get af det princip, at hvor det er påkrævet, at
The institutions had to be able to align the disparate economic, social and not least environmental conditions in the various Member States, and do so effectively, thus without depending on the goodwill of the Member States, so that the best possible living conditions could be created for all the citizens of the Com munity; but on the other hand they were not
i det mindste ud fra en formel betragtning — mangler det karakteristiske kendetegn for en lov.
which it was intended should take place at a later date.
Artikel 161 • Forordninger • Direktiver
(Article 161)
• Beslutninger • Henstillinger • Beslutninger
• Decisions (general) 9 Recommendations • Decisions (individual)
• Henstillinger • Udtalelser
Regulations Directives Decisions Recommendations
Artikel 189 • Forordninger • Direktiver • Afgørelser/ beslutninger • Henstillinger • Udtalelser
Regulations Directives Decisions Recommendations
Som vi har set, omfatter det fæl les marked også landbruget og handelen med landbrugsprodukter (EØFT artikel 38, stk. 1.)
Community 'laws' in agricultural products (Article 38(1) EEC), as we have already seen.
Da vareudvekslingen på EF's fælles landbrugsmarked ikke længere finder sted inden for et bestemt land, hvordesamme regler gælder, men deri mod mellem købere og sælgere fra forskellige lande, kan den kun fungere upåklageligt, hvis der anvendes fælles regler i Fællesskabets samlede område.
In the common agricultural market, goods have to be traded not just inside one country in which the same rules apply, but between buyers and sellers in different countries, so that the market can operate smoothly only if com mon rules are in force throughout the ter ritory of the Community.
Dette kræver en fælles forvaltning, som centralt varetages af Fælles skabet, og i forbindelse med hvilken der ne top kan træffes sådanne foranstaltninger, som er nødvendige for at markedet kan fungere bedst muligt, og som gælder umiddelbart i alle EF's medlemsstater. Disse krav op fyldes imidlertid kun af forordningen.
This requires joint management centrally for the Community as a whole, and the measures needed for the operation of the market have to have direct force in all Member States.
For så vidt angår den generelle EKSF-beslutnings funktion og virkemåde, er Kommissionens indgriben på EF's fælles stålmarked et illustrerende eksempel.
The purpose and effect of the general ECSC decision is clearly illustrated in the way in which the Commission intervenes in the Community steel market.
Den siden 1975 ulmende krise i den europæiske jern- og stålindustri udviklede sig i 1980 til efterkrigstidens al-
The crisis that had been smouldering in the European iron and steel industry since 1975 grew in 1980 into the worst crisis since the war.
En anden grundlæggende tanke kommer her ligeledes til udtryk, nemlig bestræbelsen på at forbinde den nødvendige enhed med hensynet til de mange nationale særegenheder.
There was a collapse in demand for steel on the Community market and the world market, which led to a substantial fall in prices in the Community even though pro duction costs were rising.
Dette har bevirket en sådan forringelse af de europæiske stålvirksomheders finansielle situation, at der måtte befrygtes blivende skadevirkninger i stålindustrien.
European steel producers' financial position worsened so far that it was feared there would be lasting damage to the steel industry.
Direktiver og EKSF-henstillinger
This would have been a major blow to the attainment of
Det te er uden betydning for fællesskabsborgeren, så længe medlemsstaterne opfylder de res forpligtelser i henhold til fællesskabsretsakterne. Det er imidlertid til ulempe for fæl lesskabsborgerne, hvis vi rkel iggøreisen af de i direktivet eller EKSF-henstillingen tilsigtede mål ville være fordelagtig for dem, men de nødvend ige nationale gennemførelsesbe-
The legal acts that enable the Community in stitutions to encroach furthest on the domestic legal systems are regulations in the EEC and Euratom Treaties, and general decisions in the ECSC Treaty.
Det er rettet til alle eller enkelte medlemsstater, og for EKSF-hen-stillingens vedkommende desuden til virksomhederne i EF.
This makes them by far the most important legal acts in the Com munity.
Ved disse retsakter skal der ikke — som ved forordningen og den generelle EKSF-beslutning — skabes ny ensartet fællesskabsret for det samlede Fællesskab, men de begrænser sig derimod til at pålægge adressaterne at træffe sådanne beslutninger, som er nødvendigefor opnåelsen af et af Fæl lesskabet ønsket resultat.
Two features very unusual in international law mark them out: their Community character, which means that they lay down the same law throughout the Community, regardless of State borders, and apply in full in all Member States; and their direct ap plicability, which means that they do not have to be transformed into domestic law, but confer rights or impose duties directly on the citizens of the Community in the same way as domestic law; the Member States and their governing institutions and courts are bound directly by Community law and have to comply with it as they have to comply with domestic law.
FÆLLESSKABETS FORSLAGS- OG BESLUTNINGSPROCEDURE
This dangerous situation required direct adjustment of steel output, bindingon all steel firms, in order to restore the balance between supply and demand on the steel market.
Et forslags tilblivelsesfase
Directives and ECSC recommendations
Generaldirektorater den for medlemsstaten fastsatte gennemførelsesfrist nægte at betale afgiften under på beråbelse af direktivet.
Apart from cases in which an ECSC recommendation is addressed directly to a Community firm, directives and ECSC recommendations do not confer direct rights and duties on Community citizens, as they are addressed solely to the Member States.
Retsfastsættelsesproceduren inden for EF stemmelser enten slet ikke udstedes eller kun udstedes i mangelfuld udformning.
Citizens acquire the relevant rights and duties only when the directive or recommendation is incorporated into domestic law by the responsible authorities in the Member State.
For at imødegå disse ulemper har EF-Domstolen fastslået, at fæl lesskabsborgeren også di rekte kan påberåbe sig direktivets eller EKSF-hen-stillingens bestemmelser.
But there would be disadvantages for the citizen where a Member State does not take the necessary implementing measures to achieve an objective set in a directive or ECSC recommendation that would benefit him, or where the measures taken are inadequate.
Dette kan dog kun ske under forudsætning af, at den ¡direktivet fastsatte gennemførelsesfrist er udløbet, og at fællesskabsretsaktens bestemmelser er affattet så klart, at der ikke i forbindelse med den nye udformning af indholdet er overladt nogetskøn til medlemsstaterne.
The Court of Justice has refused to accept these disadvantages, and has ruled that in such cases Community citizens can in voke the directive or recommendation directly.
Et sådant tilfælde ville foreligge, hvis et direktiv foreskrev, at en medlemsstat skul le afskaffe en bestemt af gift, og medlemsstaten undlod at opfylde denne forpligtelse rettidigt.
This is true only after the time the directive allows for incorporation into national law has expired, and provided the relevant provision is worded clearly enough to leave the Member States no discretion to determine the effect of the measures to be taken.
I så fald kunne fællesskabsborgeren, hvis han havde interesse i afgiftens afskaffelse, efter udløbet af
These tests would be satisfied for example where a directive required a Member State to abolish a particular tax, and the
Udstedelsen af fællesskabsinstitutionernes bindende retsakter sker normalt efter for slagsproceduren.
The second form of binding Community legislation is the directive, which appears in the ECSC Treaty as the recommendation.
Denne er bestemt af en ar bejdsdeling mellem EF's Kommission og Råd.
How this is to be done is a matter for the addressee.
I korte træk indebærer denne procedure, at Kommissionen fremlægger forslag, og at Rådet beslutter.
The reasoning behind this form of legislation is that it allows in tervention in domestic legal and economic structures to take a milder form, and in particular enables Member States implementing the Community rules to take account of special domestic circumstances.
Inden Rådet kan træffe beslutning, er der imidlertid forskellige faser, som skal gennemløbes, og under hvilke ikke alene Kommissionen og Rådet, men også Eu ropa-Parlamentetog Det Økonomiske og So-
The drafts men of the treaties here proceeded on the assumption, surely correct, that the farreaching changes in national arrangements needed to implement the treaties often made it advisable to leave it to each State, which is naturally in the best position to know its own circumstances, to judge how its own re quirements could best be reconciled with the needs of the Community.
ringsfrihed (jf. EØFT artikel 54, stk. 2).
Member State failed to comply with its obligation within the time allowed.
Rådet kan selvfølgelig også her beslutte at høre det te udvalg i andre end de i fællesskabstraktaterne fastsatte ti Ifælde.
A citizen who would benefit from the abolition of the tax could invoke the directive and refuse to pay, once the time allowed for implementation had expired.
dale Udvalg kan komme til orde, alt efter retsaktens indhold.
The legislative process in the
Proceduren indledes af Kommissionen, som tager initiativet og udarbejder et forslag om den fællesskabsforanstaltning, der skal træffes (den såkaldte initiativret).
Binding legal instruments of the Community institutions (regulations and directives) are enacted at the end of a legislative process that begins with a proposal.
Dette sker på en kommissærs ansvar i den af Kommissionens tjenestegrene, der er ansvarlig for det sagsområde, som bestemmelserne skal vedrøre, ¡det denne tjenestegren også ofte indhenter råd fra nationale sagkyndige.
This process rests on a division of labour between the Commission and the Council. Put very briefly, the Commission proposes and the Council disposes.
Det her udarbejdede udkast, som fastlægger den pågældende foranstaltnings indhold og form i enkeltheder, drøftes mellem kommissionsmedlemmerne og ved tages i sidste ende med simpelt flertal. Som »Kommissionens forslag« tilstilles dette Rådet sammen med en udførlig begrundelse.
But before the Council actually reaches a decision there are various stages to be completed in which, depending on the subject of the measure, it may also come before the European Parliament and the Economic and Social Committee.