natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Den opererer med et fast løntilskud svarende til den gennemsnitlige arbejdsløshedsydelse, hvis en ar­bejdsgiver ansætter vanskeligt placerbare arbejdsløse i højst to år (tre år i de nye delstater).
Income maintenance for the unemployed, which was initially introduced to support people over short periods of time while they were looking for a job or undergoing training, has increased substantially. Mass unemployment has
I Dan­mark har man indført en jobtil­budsordning for at hjælpe de langtidsledige (se kapitel 5).
Expenditure, however, varied widely between Member States, partly be cause of major differences in levels of unemployment.
I Spanien er der indført ansættel­sestilskud i form af 50­100% ned­sættelse af arbejdsgiverbidraget for virksomheder, der indgår en tidsbegrænset kontrakt på mellem ét og tre år med ældre arbejdstage­re eller langtidsledige, der modta­ger arbejdsløshedsydelse.
Between 1985 and 1993, total expenditure on such measures, adjusted for the change in unemployment, increased relative to GDP in most countries, the exceptions being the UK, Ireland, France, Luxembourg, Sweden and Denmark.
I Storbritannien indførtes i 1993/94 de såkaldte "work trials" for perso­ner, som har været arbejdsløse i over 6 måneder; ordningen går ud på at give dem mulighed for at ar­bejde tre uger i en virksomhed, uden at virksomheden skal betale noget for det, idet de pågældende personer fortsat modtager deres sædvanlige ydelser og desuden får
The scale of spending in 1993, adjusted for differences in the numbers unemployed, ranged from under 1% of GDP for each 5% of the
Kapitel 4 En mere effektiv arbejdsmarkedspolitik
Section 4 Improving the effectiveness of labour· market policy
Offentlige udgifter til uddannelse af arbejdsløse og personer i beskæftigelse i EU landene, 1985, 1990 og 1993
104 Public expenditure on labour market policies in the Union, 1985,1990 and 1993 work force unemployed in Greece and Spain to 4% in Austria (Graph 105).
_^_e_^»-^».^B-™ o Β E14 GR F A IRL DK D S
Public employment services
I Portugal har der siden 1993 været stillet øgede midler til rådighed til iværksættere.
The results of efforts to shift the balance towards active policy are somewhat mixed.
I Belgien blev det eksisterende program for iværk­sætterlån til arbejdsløse omlagt i 1993.
While expendi­ture on active measures was higher in relation to total labour market spending in 1990 than in 1985 in most Member States, the share de­clined in all but four Member States between 1990 and 1993.
Kapitel 4 En mere effektiv arbejdsmarkedspolitik indtjenings gelse og bedre muligheder.
Section 4 Improving the effectiveness of labour market policy market.
Vurdering af uddannel sesforanstaltninger fortsat modtage en vis procentdel af deres arbejdsløshedsydelse i op til tre år. I Frankrig blev støtten til arbejdsløse, som ønsker at oprette egen virksomhed eller overtage en eksisterende virksomhed, for nylig udvidet, og virksomheder op fordres til at yde lån til medarbejdere, der ønsker at starte for sig selv.
spending by the public sector and exclude private sector expenditure which may well have tended to in­crease in recent years with the trend towards privatisation of ser­vices previously performed by the public sector, with firms taking more responsibility for training, as described above, and with the en­ding of state monopolies on job placement in a number of countries.
Opretholdelse af tilskyndelsen til at arbejde
Substantial changes and some im­provements in public employment services have been made in several Member States in recent years, and in the majority of countries (8 out of the 14) expenditure was higher relative to GDP in 1993 than in 1985 when adjusted for the change in unemployment (Graph 107).
Arbej dsmarkedsprogrammerne er blevet evalueret ved hjælp af under søgelser både på mikroplan og på makroplan.
unemployed have been established.
De førstnævnte under søgelser analyserer virkningerne for den enkelte, mens de sidstnævnte drejer sig om foranstaltningernes virkninger på lønninger og beskæftigelse generelt.
As noted above, in Belgium, Local employment agencies (Agences locales pour l'emploi — ALE) were introduced in 1993 to place the un­employed persons in temporary jobs (see Section 2).
De hidtidige resultater er dog forbundet med stor usikkerhed og har i visse tilfælde været indbyrdes modstridende. Desuden refererer mange undersøgelser til nogle økonomiske forhold, der adskiller sig fra de nuværende, og det gør det endnu mere tvivl somt, om de er relevante i dag.
In Germany, spe­cial temporary employment agencies (START) have recently been introduced for the long­term unemployed and other people diffi­cult to place, modelled on the agencies with the same name in the Netherlands, which have achieved some success.
Tilskyndelsen til at søge job er in flueret af flere faktorer, bl.a. chancerne for at få et job og den måde, hvorpå arbejdsløshedsforsikringssystemet og de sociale beskyttelsesordninger generelt er udformet.
In Austria, the Public Employment Service Act of 1994 increased more decentralisation and legalised private placement agencies, while the training of staff was improved to provide a more professional service.
I denne forbindelse spiller det en rolle, både hvor stor kompensationen er (dvs. ydelsens størrelse i forhold til indkomsten fra et arbej de), og hvor længe man kan få ud betalt arbejdsløshedsydelser. Disse spørgsmål analyseres mere detaljeret i del III, kapitel 1 og i Social beskyttelse i Europa, 1995 (under udgivelse).
In Italy, the obligation on employers to notify all job vacancies to the public employ­ment service was abolished in 1995 and replaced by a requirement to notify after hiring someone. In
Re sultaterne har været blandede, idet nogle af undersøgelserne viste, at uddannelse havde en positiv virkning, mens andre viste det modsat te.
Reorganisation has taken place in Belgium, Germany and Austria, for example, while in the former two countries, special temporary employment agencies for the
En undersøgelse for nylig (udført af Regner i 1993) viste, at uddannel se havde en negativ virkning for de fleste grupper, muligvis fordi de, der modtager ydelser, mens de er under uddannelse, føler sig mindre tilskyndet til at søge job end de, som er tættere på at miste retten til ar bejdsløshedsydelser.
Distribution of public expenditure on active measures in Member States, 1993
Vurdering af direkte jobskabelsesforanstaltninger
I Employment services ■ Training D Youth D Subsidies D Disabled
Undersøgelser i flere lande har vist, at en mere intensiv vejledning og jobsøgningsbistand øger sandsynligheden for at finde et job, og det gælder specielt de langtidsledige.
The distribution of public expen­diture between different kinds of active measures varies sub­stantially between Member States (Graph 106).
I modsætning til andre aktive foran staltninger er der langt mindre risiko for, at deltagerne føler sig fastlåst i bestemte programmer og derfor ophører med aktivt at søge arbejde.
In Portugal, Belgium, the UK, Sweden, Germany, the Netherlands and Austria, expendi­ture on public employment services amounted to around 0.1% of GDP or more in 1993 for each 5% of the labour force unemployed, in Spain, Greece, Ireland, Denmark and Finland, to under 0.05%.
En undersøgelse af ar bejdsformidlingen i Sverige viste, at en langt større del af dem, som havde fået en intensiv vejledning, var i arbejde efter et års forløb end dem, der ikke havde fået denne ekstra hjælp.
Spending on youth measures was highest in Denmark, Ireland, Sweden and Portugal, where it varied from 0.5% of GDP (in this case unadjusted for unemployment) to over 0.7%.
Undersøgelser i både Stor britannien og USA har givet tilsvarende resultater.
In Greece and Austria, it was less than 0.1% (though it should be empha­sised that in some countries, youth measures are not separately distin­guished).
I Storbritannien viste en evaluering af "Restart"-ord-ningen, at i det år, der fulgte efter "Restarf-samtalen, øgedes den samlede tid i arbejde, medens den samlede tid på arbejdsløshedsydelser faldt.
Expenditure on training amounted to 0.25%­0.4% of GDP for each 5% of unemployment in Ireland, Denmark, Germany and Sweden but less than 0.1% in Spain, Luxembourg and the UK.
I USA er det konstateret, at personer, som har fået en mere intensiv jobsøgningsbistand, har større chancer for at finde beskæfti-
Expendi­ture on job subsidies were of most importance in Belgium, Denmark, Finland and Sweden at over 0.5% of GDP in 1993 (again unadjusted for differences in unemployment).
De konkrete erfaringer med virkningerne af jobskabelsesforanstaltninger tyder på, at der kan være tale både om et ganske stort "spild"
Public Employment Services have potentially a central role in improv­ing the functioning of the labour
Kapitel 4 En mere effektiv arbejdsmarkedspolitik
Sweden, employment agencies were expanded in both 1994 and 1995.
(dvs. pengene er kun brugt effektivt, hvis de har skaffet en person i beskæftigelse, som ikke ellers ville have fundet et job) og "overvæltningsvirkning", (dvs. at de subsidierede job rent faktisk erstatter andre job eller tager arbejde fra folk i be skæftigelse).
The Employment Services in some countries, such as France and the Netherlands, have made efforts to establish relations with particular firms or sectors, in the former with several large national companies, in the latter with firms in the graphics industry and in health care.
Ved at målrette løntilskudsprogrammerne mod særligt vanskeligt stillede grupper skulle det dog være muligt at reducere disse virkninger.
In Germany, efforts have been made to increase contacts with small firms.
Evalueringer af ansættelsestilskud i Nederlandene viste, at spildeffekten og overvæltningseffekten var oppe på 70-90%, men det kan stadig være acceptabelt, hvis formålet er at omfordele arbejdsløsheden blandt folk.
In Denmark, the number of both unemployed and employees under­going training at any one time is among the highest in the Union. This has been boosted by training leave measures (as described in Section 2 above).
I Fin land kunne en undersøgelse af subsidieret beskæftigelse pege på flere positive aspekter, såsom øget motivation og større jobegnethed hos de arbejdsløse, der deltog i program met, men også nogle negative aspekter, såsom færre job end for ventet og anvendelse af tilskuddene til at finansiere job, som ville have eksisteret alligevel.
In Sweden, the proportion of the unemployed in training increased significantly at the beginning of the 1990s. In Finland, the number has doubled in the 1990s as unemployment has risen, those with no vocational qualifications, in particular, being encouraged to take a training course.
I Danmark vi ser undersøgelser af jobtilbudsordningen, at ca. 40% af deltagerne er i arbejde ét år efter at have afsluttet jobtilbuddet, men halvdelen af dem er hos en anden arbejdsgiver end den oprindelige.
In Germany, the unem­ployed and those threatened by unemployment are actively encour­aged to undertake vocational training or retraining.
Kapitel 5 En øget indsats for de grupper, der er hårdest ramt af arbejdsløsheden
107 Public expenditure on employment services in Member States, 1985,1990 and 1993
"Der skal inden for arbejdsmarkedspolitikken lægges stor vægt på bekæmpelse af langtidsledighed. Det er i den forbindelse nødvendigt at træffe forskellige arbejdsmarkedspolitiske foranstaltninger for at tilgodese de forskellige grupper af langtidsledige og disses behov".
Measures of job subsidy take a var­iety of forms, including: temporary jobs in the public sector; subsidies to private sector firms taking on someone who was longterm unem­ployed, and loans or grants for the unemployed to start up their own businesses.
"Den vanskelige situation, som arbejdsløse kvinder og ældre arbejdstagere befinder sig i, fortjener også særlig opmærksomhed."
Job subsidies are rela­tively important in Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Finland and Spain and increased substantially in the latter four countries between 1990 and 1993 (Graph 109).
Erfaringerne viser, at langtidsledighedsproblemet ikke løses alene ved at skabe øget beskæftigelse.
In most Member States wage sub­sidies are targeted at certain categories of worker, especially the longterm unemployed and young people.
Ved udarbejdelsen af støtteforanstaltningerne må der tages hensyn til forskelle i alder, køn og uddannel-
In Germany, the 'productive labour promotion' scheme was introduced in the new Lander in 1993 and subsequently extended to
Kapitel 5 En øget indsats for de grupper, der er hårdest ramt af arbejdsløsheden sesniveau.
Section 4 Improving the effectiveness of labour market policy
En række initiativer for nylig har fokuseret på rådgivning og jobplacering, og sådanne aktiviteter har vist sig at være effektive i flere EU-lande.
Public expenditure on training for the unemployed and employed in Member States, 1985, 1990 and 1993
Kapitel 5 En øget indsats for de grupper, der er hårdest ramt af arbejdsløsheden
■ Expenditure on unemployed per 5% unemployed
I Storbritannien er der for nylig foretaget visse omstruktureringer for at gøre administrationen af erhvervsvejledningstjenesten mere fleksibel, og der er planer om yderligere ændringer.
- 0.6 other parts of the country to provide a flat­rate wage subsidy, equal to the average level of unemployment benefit, for taking on hard­to­place unemployed for a maximum period of two years (three in the new Lan­der).
I Frankrig opererer man med klasser på erhvervsskolerne, hvor unge, der er fyldt 14 år, forberedes på arbejdslivet.
In Denmark, the 'job offer' scheme has been set up to help the long­term unemployed (see Section 5 below).
Der er udviklet forskellige ordninger i EU, for at integrere de unge på arbejdsmarkedet, især gennem til bud om oplæring og arbejdserfaring, ofte i form af lærlinge- og praktikantkontrakter.
In Spain, recruitment sub­sidies in the form of a rebate of 50­100% of employers' social con­tributions have been introduced for firms providing fixed­term contract jobs for 1­3 years to older people or the long­term unemployed receiv­ing benefits.
F.eks. findes der i Frankrig forskellige former for beskæftigelses- og uddannelseskontrakter, som giver unge mellem 16 og 25 år mulighed for at veksle mel lem arbejdspraktik og uddannelse i korte perioder på mellem to og otte måneder eller længere uddannelseskontrakter af op til to års varig hed.
In the UK, 'work trials' were introduced in 1993/4 for people who had been unemployed for more than 6 months enabling them to work for three weeks in a company without it paying any­thing, the people concerned continuing to receive their usual benefits as well as travel and meal expenses.
I Finland indførtes i 1994 et program for perioden 1994—1996, som hvert år skal sikre 30.000 arbejdsløse unge en erhvervsuddannelse og øge antallet af lærlingepladser, men også skaffe flere tilskynde flere unge til at vælge denne mulighed. I Irland skal oprettelsen af TEASTAS — the Irish National Certification Authority — medvirke til at højne erhvervsuddannelserne status, og the National Council for Educational Awards — NCEA — (som skal omstruktureres som et underorgan under TEASTAS) har udviklet en evalueringsstruktur, der skal være operationel fra 1995/96, og som skal sikre anerkendelse af tidligere oplæringsperioder og kursusforløb.
In Finland, the subsi­dised employment system was modified in 1995 with the purpose partly of making it possible to com­bine employment subsidies more effectively with employment ser­vices, rehabilitation and training.
Ligestilling af erhvervsfaglige og mere almene og akademiske uddannelser
The number of subsidy schemes was reduced from 19 to 5 and local employment offices were given more freedom of action.
— det skal sikres, at både den boglige linje og den erhvervsfaglige linje giver adgang til de videregående uddannelser;
In Sweden, there are various forms of wage sub­sidy including temporary public employment and recruitment sup­port.
— man ønsker at udskyde det endelige valg mellem en boglig og en erhvervsfaglig linje så længe som muligt;
It was recently decided to target the latter at the long­term unemployed (see Section 5).
I Finland og Sverige er de ældste klasser i skolesystemet udformet til at give plads for alle unge, der for­lader det obligatoriske skoleforløb.
Most Member States have measures aimed at encouraging un­employed people to start up their own business by being able to capi­talise or continue receiving unemployment benefit. Such
Kapitel 5 En øget indsats for de grupper, der er hårdest ramt af arbejdsløsheden drag i det første år, medens bidragene nedsættes til 75% i det andet år og 50% det tredje år.
Section 4 Improving the effectiveness of labour market policy measures have existed since the 1980s, except in Austria, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands.
I Sverige har alle ret til en sådan almen uddannelse, og kommunerne er forpligtet til at tilrettelægge disse uddannelsesforløb i overens stemmelse med de unges ønsker.
In Sweden, a study of the Employment Services found that a much larger proportion of those who had received intensive counselling were in work after a year than those who had not received extra help.
Desuden er gymnasie- og erhvervs skoleuddannelserne blevet udvidet med et tilbud om et tredje års er hvervsfaglig uddannelse.
In the UK, evaluation of the 'Restart' scheme found that, over the year following the Restart interview, the time spent working increased and the time drawing benefit declined.
I Finland sikrer et system med tilskud til gymnasieskoler og erhvervsskoler, at der er de fornødne økonomiske ressourcer til at optage alle unge, der ønsker det.
In the US, people who had received more intensive job search assist ance were found to have better employment and earnings prospects. pects.
Gennemsnitsalderen i den europæiske befolkning som helhed er stigende, og de traditionelle hold ninger til ældre og deres rolle i samfundet er ved at ændre sig.
income support and incentives to work.
Der er stadig flere i pensionsalderen, der gerne ville fortsætte med at arbejde.
In the UK, for example, 'in-work' benefits in the form of Family Credits have been introduced to increase the incomes of low-paid workers relative to what they receive when unemployed.
Hovedparten af arbejdsmarkedsforanstaltningerne i EU-landene tager sigte på de unge og de lang tidsledige, men der er et klart behov for at tage øget hensyn til de ældres ønsker.
The scheme, however, is limited to those with dependent children, though extension to single people is at pres ent being considered.
De mange nye erhvervsuddannelsestilbud overalt i EU har været med til at nedbringe ungdomsarbejdsløsheden.
In 1992, the minimum hours of week worked was reduced from 24 hours a week to 16, a change which seems to have increased the number of people taking up such jobs.
Flere EU-lande opererer desuden med økonomiske incitamenter til arbejdsgiverne for at få dem til at ansætte unge.
In Ireland, 'Family Income Supplement' is payable to low-paid workers with families, providing they work at least 20 hours a week.
Foranstaltninger til fordel for unge
Evaluations of active measures
I flere EU-lande, herunder Østrig, Belgien, Tyskland og Frankrig, er der tegn på en vis udvikling i denne retning. I Østrig har man begrænset mulighederne for førtidspension.
In Germany, the period for which the unemployed becoming selfemployed can continue to receive benefits was extended from 10 to 26 weeks in 1994 and the ceiling on the amount was abolished.
I Tyskland er arbejdsløse over 50 år berettiget til et tilskud på op til 75% af lønnen, hvis de får et job af 5—8 års varighed.
In Portugal, increased funding has been made available for business start-ups since 1993.
I Portugal har man øget tilskuddene til langtidsledige over 45 år, der starter egen virksomhed.
In Belgium, the existing programme of start-up loans for the unemployed was reorganised in the same year.
I Spanien skal arbejdsgiverne betale 75% mindre i sociale bidrag for midlertidige kontrakter, der indgås med arbejdsløse over 45 år.
In Ireland, the 'back-to-work allowance' scheme enables the unemployed (including out of work self-employed) to take up work and retain a percentage of their benefit for up to three years.
I Sverige er det planen at indføre et løntilskud på det halve af lønomkostningerne for langtidsledige over 60 år.
In France, assistance to the unemployed who create or take over a business was recently extended, and firms are encouraged to lend money to em ployees who start up on their own.
I Sverige er erhvervsuddannelsestilbuddene til de unge blevet udvidet, ved at man har øget gymnasieskolernes kapacitet, så de har plads til alle, der ønsker at forlænge deres grunduddannelse med et tredje år.
Evaluation of labour market programmes has taken the form of both micro and macro studies, the former attempting to assess the effects on individuals, the latter those on wages and employment generally.
Desuden er antallet af uddannelsespladser på universiteterne øget.
The results obtained have been subject to a high degree of uncertainty and have sometimes been conflict ing.
I Finland er antallet af uddannelsespladser på de erhvervsfaglige ud dannelser for nylig blevet forøget med hovedvægten lagt på lærlingeuddannelser som et middel til at nedbringe ungdomsarbejdsløsheden, og der er oprettet særlige arbejdsformidlingstjenester for de unge.
Moreover, many studies relate to economic conditions which are different from those which obtain now which raises questions about the relevance of the results.
Flere EU-lande opererer med jobgarantiprogrammer for unge arbejdsløse. I Nederlandene giver dette program alle unge, der har været arbejdsløse over seks måneder, ret til et job.
The incentive to look for a job is determined by several factors, one of which is the availability of work, another of which is the design of the unemployment benefit system and social protection arrangements in general.
I Danmark er de kommunale forvaltninger forpligtet til at give alle unge (under 25 år) et aktiveringstilbud, når de pågældende har modtaget bistandshjælp i 13 uger.
In this context both the re placement rate (ie the level of payment relative to income when in work) and the duration of benefit play a role.
I Belgien er der indført permanente beskæftigelsesgarantiprogrammer for unge. I den flamske region er unge, der har været ar bejdsløse meget længe (unge under
These issues are examined in more detail in Part III, Section 1 and in Social Protection in Europe, 1995 (forthcoming).
I en række EU-lande, bl.a. Grækenland, Belgien, Frankrig, Finland og Portugal opererer man med et til skud for at tilskynde arbejdsgiver ne til at ansætte unge.
In Sweden, a number of studies of the effects of training on subsequent earnings have been carried out with mixed results, some find ing positive effects, others negative.
I Belgien er arbejdsgivere, der ansætter unge under 26 år, som har været arbejdsløse i over seks måneder, således helt fritaget for at betale sociale bi
A recent study (by Regner in 1993) found that training had negative effects for most groups, possibly be cause those receiving benefits while being trained have less incentive to look for a job than those whose benefits are close to being exhausted.
Kapitel 5 En øget indsats for de grupper, der er hårdest ramt af arbejdsløsheden
Another study concluded that training raises the employ ment probability of participants by around 5%, which seems to be smaller than the effect of intensive job counselling.
Del III Analyse af udvalgte arbejdsmarkedsspørgsmål
The most recent study from the Swedish National Labour Market Board found a significant effect both on salary and the probability of finding a new job.
Analyse af udvalgte arbejdsmarkedsspørgsmål
Studies in several countries have shown that intensified counselling and job search assistance tend to improve the likelihood of finding a job, especially as regards the longterm unemployed.
Arbejdskraftomkostninger, sociale bidrag og beskæftigelse
Unlike other active measures, there is much less risk that participants will find themselves locked into programmes and so reduce their job search
Kapitel 1 Arbejdskraftomkostninger, sociale bidrag og beskæftigelse
Section 4 Improving the effectiveness of labour market policy and labour market standpoint is at present being undertaken.