natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Domstolen udtalte, at ikke blot indeholder artikel 238 ikke hjemmel til at indføre en domstolsordning, som gør indgreb i trakta tens artikel 164 (om Domstolens opgave) og — mere generelt — i selve Fællesskabets grundlag, men at »en ændring af bestemmelsen i den af Kommissionen angivne retning ... af samme grunde ... ikke kan råde bod på, at aftalens domstolssystem er uforeneligt med fællesskabsretten« (punkt 72 i udtalelsen).
It is also worth quoting the reasons given by the Court in its 1975 opinion on trade policy jurisdiction, which found that Member States did not have the right to conclude trade agreements with nonEC countries in parallel to the Community: 'To accept that the contrary were true would amount to recognizing that, in relations with third countries, Member States may adopt positions which differ from those which the Community intends to adopt, and would thereby distort the institutional framework, call into question the mutual trust within the Community and prevent the latter from fulfilling its task in the defence of the common interest.'2
For at give EF-Domstolen mulighed for at løse sine stadig flere opgaver og imødegå risikoen for, at Domstolen bliver overbebyrdet, er det blevet foreslået at forenkle Domstolens procedure og oprette en eller flere specialiserede retter i første instans til behandling af tjenestemandssager, hvor EF-ansatte er involverede2), samt til behandling af andre tvister, hvor fastlæggelsen af de konkrete omstændigheder er af altafgørende betydning, således som det er
As so often, the Court's answer to the question is based on reason­ing about the general implications and logic of the integration pro­cess, and not on an exegesis of the specific provisions of the Treaty, in this case those of the chapter on common trade policy which are not very clear.
') Udtalelse 1/91 af 14.12.1991, EFT C 110 af.
Case 39/72 Commission ν Italy [1973] ECR 101, at p. 116 (paragraphs 24-25).
63 tilfældet i konkurrencesager.
63 which was now within the jurisdiction of the Community, the Member States could act only, the Court said, as trustees of the common interest and therefore were not entitled to take unilateral action.
Disse forslag er medtaget i den fælles akt, der på disse punkter ændrer de tre fællesskabstraktater.
The decisions of the Court on customs matters show the prominence of the principle of the unity of the common market in the Court's thinking.
I henhold til artikel 11 i den fælles akt kan Rådet på anmodning af Domstolen og efter høring af Kommissionen og Europa-Parlamentet i tilknytning til Domstolen oprette en ret, der som første instans skal træffe afgørelser i bestemte arter af sager, der indbringes af fysiske eller juridiske personer, idet der dog skal være mulighed for at appellere retsspørgsmål til EF-Domstolen.
For example, in a case decided almost 30 years ago, the Court held that the standstill provisions on intra­Community customs duties, i.e. the prohibition on Member States introducing new customs duties between themselves or increasing existing ones, was a funda­mental rule and that any possible exception must be clearly laid down and strictly construed.2
Herefter var det ikke længere nødvendigt at ændre Traktaten for at oprette en sådan førsteinstansret, der behandler tjenestemandssager, hvor EF-ansatte er involverede, eller andre tvister, f.eks. på konkurrenceområdet.
Similarly, the definition which the Court, following the Commis­sion, gave of the term 'charge having equivalent effect' to a customs duty showed a desire to eliminate pecuniary charges of any kind levied on goods from other Member States when they crossed the frontier, even if the charges were not protectionist.3
Denne har indledningsvis fået kompetence til at behandle sager, der indbringes af ansatte ved EF-institutionerne, sager, der vedrører EKSF-traktaten, samt konkurrencesager, der falder inden for EØF-traktatens område.
The case­law on competition matters, and particularly on the rela­tionship between the competition rules and intellectual property rights, is also relevant in this context.
Det blev samtidig bestemt, at Rådet, når Retten i Første Instans havde fungeret i to år, på Domstolens anmodning kunne udvide dens kompetence til også at omfatte dumping og statsstøttesager.
In its judgment in the Café Hag case, still cited because, although in Café Hag IF the Court changed its conclusions, much of the argumentation remains valid, the Court said that 'one cannot allow the holder of a trade mark to rely upon the exclusiveness of a trade mark right — which may be the consequence of the territorial limitation of national legislations — with a view to prohibiting the marketing in a Member State of goods legally produced in another Member State under an identical trade mark having the same origin'.
Domstolen har indgivet en sådan anmodning, som Rådet snarest skal godkende.
In other words, the Belgian trade mark owner could not prevent the sale in Belgium of a
Det kan siges, at alle de fortolkningsmetoder, der benyttes inden for folkeret ') og national ret, også anvendes inden for fællesskabsretten.
As the former President of the Court, Judge Kutscher, has pointed out, the systematic and teleological methods of interpreta­tion are hard to separate.2 The examples given above bear this out.
De i doktrinen anvendte udtryk til beskrivelse heraf varierer, og det vil falde uden for denne fremstillings rammer at søge at kaste nyt lys over dette spørgsmål. EF-Domstolens funktion og metoder vil blive belyst ved eksempler.
It invoked this principle in its early decisions relating to the Coal and Steel Treaty, and has also called it in aid in judgments establishing the direct effect under national law of instruments other than regulations.4
Da der her er tale om fortolkning af en rammetraktat, som pr. definition overlader institutionerne vide retsskabende beføjelser med henblik på gennemførelsen2), har Domstolen — ud over de tekniske regler, der findes i traktaten — udviklet de fundamentale principper, der ligger til grund for Fællesskabets opbygning.
The Community's governing institutions generally speaking cannot amend the Treaties on their own. The revision procedures provide not only for the institutions but also for all the Member States to be associated in such amendments.
Disse principper for Fællesskabets »økonomiske forfatning« (»Wirtschaftsverfassung«), som i stadig højere grad nærmer sig en politisk forfatning, er ledetråden i en omfattende retspraksis, der vedrører såvel gennemførelsen af den frie bevægelighed for varer og personer som iværksættelsen af de fælles politikker.
However, there is a procedure for autonomous revision by the institutions in the Coal and Steel Treaty, and in all three Treaties there are provisions that allow the institutions to amend them on specific points.
Det drejer sig om lig heds-, friheds-, solidaritets- og enhedsprincippet3).
All three Treaties also make provision for adapting them to new requirements consistent with their basic aims and subject to conditions.
') Jf. kapitel II. 2) Se J.-P. Jacqué: »Cours Florence«, op. cit., s. 273 ff.
' Case 6/72 [1973] ECR 215.
Lighedsprincippet — eller princippet om forbud mod forskelsbehandling — er grundlaget for selve Fællesskabets opbygning.
The conference would meet to approve the amendments and the resulting treaty was ratified by national parliaments and Heads of State.
Princippet er nedfældet i en grundlæggende bestemmelse (EØFtraktatens artikel 7) og afspejles i artiklerne vedrørende den frie bevægelighed for personer og varer.
The provisions regulating Treaty revision procedures are now replaced by Article N(l) of the Union Treaty, which broadly follows the old EEC Treaty procedure.
Ligebehandlingen af arbejdstagere, som flytter inden for Fællesskabet, samt af deres familie er frem for alt det område, hvor Domstolen har hævdet dette princip i et omfang, som uden tvivl kun har sit sidestykke mellem Nordisk Råds medlemsstater.
In the event of institutional changes to monetary provisions, the ECB will be consulted. Provision for this was originally made when the Single Act incorporated Article 102a in the EEC Treaty, but that Article now has a wholly different purpose.
Domstolen fastslog, at børn af italienske arbejdstagere i Frankrig og Tyskland skulle have ad gang til studielegater på samme betingelser som værtslandets egne arbejdstagere2).
Thus, it is the Member States that have the last word in the revision procedure, but the institutions play a large part in it.
Ligestillingen med statens egne borgere er således drevet meget vidt.
The question is whether amendments made to the Treaties without observing the prerogatives of the institutions are valid in Community law.
Det er ikke længere arbejdstagerne som sådan, der nyder godt af ligebehandling, men Fællesskabets borgere og deres familie.
The Coal and Steel Treaty was amended twice in this way, after the settlement of the Saarland question and by the 1957 Convention providing for a single Parliament and Court of Justice under the three Treaties.
Det er i retsteorien blevet påpeget, at Domstolen er gået så langt som det overhovedet er muligt ved en økonomisk fortolkning af traktaten4).
The amendments made to the EEC and Euratom Treaties, however, have followed the procedures prescribed in the articles.
Professor Jacqué henviser i den for bindelse til en studie af dommer Lenaerts, hvor denne i lyset af flere af Domstolens domme med rette understreger, at »lighedsprincippet i væsentlig grad bidrager til 'borgernes Europa', idet Fællesskabet — ud over en så fuldstændig markedsintegration som muligt — også — gennem de retsregler, det har skabt — tilsigter at sikre sine borgere rettigheder, der ikke længere har nogen synderlig relation til den økonomiske aktivitet«5).
These amendments have been: the Treaty of 8 April 1965 merging the three Communities' executives (Council and Commission), the Treaties of Luxembourg of 22 April 1970 and Brussels of 22 July 1975 on the Parliament's powers in the budgetary process, the Treaty of Brussels of 10 July 1975 amending the Protocol on the European Investment Bank, and the Treaty of 13 March 1984 amending the European Community Treaties with respect to Green land.
Afskaffelsen af forskelsbehandling er uomtvisteligt et middel til at fremme den frie bevægelighed for personer og varer, men det fremgår af de nævnte eksempler, at Domstolen i sin retspraksis har sat sig ud over dette rent økonomiske kriterium og anvender et generelt ligebehandlingsprincip.
The detailed negotiations took place in two working parties, one of which, chaired by Mr Dondelinger, and otherwise largely a carbon copy of the Committee of Permanent Representatives, was responsible for preparing the ground for the ministerial talks on the Treaty amendments, and the other, the political committee chaired by Mr Mischo and composed of the heads of political affairs in foreign ministries, was in charge of negotiating the political cooperation provisions.
Frihedsprincippet er som bekendt essentielt for et Fællesskab, som er baseret på fri bevægelighed for varer, personer, tjenesteydelser og kapital.
Whatever role the national administrations might have played in these various Treaty amendments, in all cases the involvement of the Member States, and particularly the procedure for ratification by all Member States, was an important feature.
Gennemførelsen af det fælles marked forudsætter, at såvel offentlige som private foranstaltninger, der kan være til hinder for den frie bevægelighed, afskaffes.
This was made clear in the first half of 1987 when, because of the delay in Ireland's ratification, the entry into force of the Single European Act had to be postponed until 1 July 1987.2 However, the Irish referendum on the Maastricht Treaty turned out to be no more than a minor irritant when, on 2 June 1992, the Danish referendum yielded a 'No' vote.
Frihedsprincippets grundlæggende betydning har fået Domstolen til at fortolke undtagelserne fra dette princip meget snævert.
We have already referred (notably in the Preface) to the crisis that this sparked off.
Dette er således tilfældet for så vidt angår EØF-traktatens artikel 48, stk. 4, hvorefter bestemmelserne om den frie bevægelighed ikke gælder for ansættelser i den offentlige administration, og artikel 55, hvorefter reglerne om etableringsret ikke finder anvendelse i en stat på virk somhed, som i denne stat varigt eller lejlighedsvis er forbundet med udøvelse af offentlig myndighed.
What is relevant for this section is the legal and constitutional impact of the refusal by one or more Member States to ratify a Treaty amendment.
Domstolen har ikke fortolket artikel 48 strengt efter dens ordlyd, hvilket ville have ført til, at princippet om den frie bevægelighed ikke ville gælde for arbejdstagere, der er ansat i den offentlige administration.
Deference to the procedures for revision of the EC Treaties3 was, as we shall see, a key issue in the institutional debate set off by the European Parliament's initiative on European union in the early 1980s.
EF-Domstolen har bekræftet denne doktrin i to domme, der blev afsagt i sager om traktatbrud, der var anlagt af Kommissionen mod Belgien2).
The two signature dates are due to the fact that Denmark had made its signature dependent on the result of a referendum which had not yet taken place at the time of the Luxembourg signing on 17 February.
Hvad angår traktatens artikel 48, stk. 4, udtalte Dom stolen:
Greece and Italy also decided to postpone their signature until after the Danish referendum.
') Dom af 12.2.1974, sag 152/73, Sotgiu, Sml. 1974, s. 153.
These three countries therefore signed the Act at The Hague on 28 February 1986.
Sådanne stil­linger forudsætter nemlig, at indehaverne føler en særlig solidaritet med staten og at der består gensidige rettigheder og pligter, som er grundlaget for nationalitetsbåndet.«
Article 82 of the draft Treaty establishing the European Union proposed by Parliament provided:
I Reyners­s & gen skulle Domstolen tage stilling til rækkevidden af artikel 55 for så vidt angår advokaterhvervet.
'This Treaty shall be open for ratification by all the Member States of the European Communities.
Domstolen udtalte, at de for dette erhverv karakteristiske former for virksomhed ikke kunne sidestilles med udøvelse af offentlig myndighed, hvorfor man ikke kunne undtage advokaterhvervet som sådant fra anvendelses­området for kapitlet vedrørende etableringsret ')■
Once this Treaty has been ratified by a majority of the Member States of the Communities whose population represents two thirds of the total population of the Communities, the governments of the Member States which have ratified shall meet at once to decide by common accord on the procedures by and the date on which this Treaty shall enter into force and on their relations with the Member States that have not ratified.'
En anden dom indeholder følgende passus:
It wanted to initiate and draft the proposal and to keep control of the final text.
»Gennemførelsen af den størst mulige frie bevægelighed for van­drende arbejdstagere, som udgør et af Fællesskabets grundlag, er hovedformålet for traktatens artikel 51; de til gennemførelse af denne artikel vedtagne forordninger skal fortolkes i lyset af denne målsætning«2).
It did not want to tie the success of the project right from the beginning to the unanimous approval of the Member States of the Community.
Domstolen fremførte betragtninger af samme art for at imødegå en af en medlemsstat påstået ret til at fastsætte ensidige foranstaltnin­ger, fordi Rådet havde gjort sig skyldig i passivitet på et område, der henhørte under Fællesskabets enekompetence.
Our own view is that the revision procedures are mandatory, especially as regards the requirement to associate the EC institutions, and to prevent the Member States from altering the Community Treaties without doing so.
I en dom afsagt i en sag vedrørende en overtrædelse begået af en stat fremhævede Domstolen betydningen af dette solidaritetsprincip.
This is not a danger with the procedure suggested by Parliament, which has the advantage of conferring democratic authority on the initiative for amendment.
Hvis en stat ensidigt, i henhold til sin opfattelse af, hvad dens nationale interesser kræver, bryder ligevægten mellem de fordele og de forpligtelser, der følger af dens tilslutning til Fællesskabet, sættes derved medlemsstaternes lighed over for fællesskabsretten på
The commentary on the Union Treaty written by the lawyers who assisted the Parliament's Committee on Institutional Affairs proposes a solution that seeks to
Karakteristika spil, og der opstår forskelsbehandling af deres statsborgere og først og fremmest af borgerne i den stat, der sætter sig uden for fælles skabsreglen.
Special characteristics reconcile the procedure with the requirements of Article 236 and of international law. '
Undladelse af at overholde den forpligtelse til solidaritet, som medlemsstaterne har pålagt sig ved tilslutningen til Fælles skabet, griber ind i selve grundlaget for Fællesskabets retsorden« ').
The Union would only come into being after this relationship had been determined.2 The present Communities would then cease to exist by common consent of the two groups.
For at udelukke en med Fællesskabet parallel kompetence for med lemsstaterne til at indgå aftaler med tredjelande inden for den fælles handelspolitiks område udtalte Domstolen i sin udtalelse 1/75: »At anerkende en sådan kompetence ville være ensbetydende med at godkende, at medlemsstaterne i forhold til tredjelande kan indtage en holdning, der afviger fra, hvad Fællesskabet vil indtage, og ville derfor betyde, at det institutionelle samarbejde forstyrredes, at tillidsforholdet inden for Fællesskabet led skade, og at Fællesskabet forhindredes i at varetage sine opgaver til beskyttelse af de fælles interesser« 2).
J. H. H. Weiler and J. Modrall suggest another, constitutional, approach, more suited to the specific features of treaties concerned with integration and able to point to the precedents — also referred to by J.-P. Jacqué — of the adoption of the American (Philadelphia) Constitution and of the 1848 Swiss Constitution, in both of which cases the new constitution was not based on unanimous consent which the old constitution required for its revision.
Det er ved et ræsonnement, der bygger på argumenter, der knytter sig til selve rækkevidden af integrationsprocessen, at Domstolen løser det foreliggende problem, og ikke ved en fortolkning af de i øvrigt lidet detaljerede bestemmelser i traktatens kapitel om den fælles handelspolitik.
Weiler and Modrall take the view that a majority amendment of the Treaties of Rome and Paris could be justified on four conditions:
Domstolens retspraksis inden for toldområdet vidner som helhed om den betydning, som princippet om fællesmarkedets enhed har for Domstolens argumentation. mentation.
(iii) The Member States that opt out must have their rights under the old Community respected.
I en sag, der blev pådømt for mere end 30 år siden, udtalte Domstolen, at stand ¿-////-forpligtelsen inden for toldområdet, dvs. forbud-
To preserve the rights of the minority, the authors see no better solution than to allow the Union and the Community to coexist, at least as a transitional measure.
) Dom af 7.2.1973, sag 39/72, Kommissionen mod Italien, Sml. 1973, s. 101. )
This surely is the weak link in their otherwise appealing argument.
Vedrørende betydningen af dette princip, se Dagtoglou, op. cit., s. 42.
See on this subject the author's article, 'Principes de base et modalités d'action de l'Union européenne', [1985] Call. dr. eur., pp. 530 et seq.
Man kan også nævne retspraksis i forbindelse med konkurrence og specielt i forholdet mellem denne og bestemmelserne vedrørende industriel ejendomsret.
This procedure is contained in Article 95, third and fourth paragraphs.
Domstolens dom i den såkaldte Café Hagsag er betydningsfuld i så henseende.
The extent of the amendments to the Treaty that can be made under the procedure is narrowly circumscribed.
Selv om Domstolen skiftede mening i den senere Café Hag II-sag3), skal dommen omtales, fordi dens begrundelse stadig er af interesse.
The revision may not conflict with the early provisions of the Treaty containing the basic rules of the common market in coal and steel or change the constitutional balance.
Her henviste Domstolen til selve ånden i traktatens artikel 86 samt til dens opbygning og ordlyd, såvel som til traktatens systematik og målsætning med henblik på at afgøre, om udtrykket »misbrug af dominerende stilling på fællesmarkedet« også omfatter strukturelle ændringer i en virksomhed ved koncen-
The proposals are submitted to the Court, which has full power to assess all points of fact and law. If the Court finds that they conform to the Treaty, the European Parliament is asked to approve them.
') Dom af 13.11.1964, sag 90 og 91/63, Kommissionen mod Belgien og Sml. 1954-1964, s. 555.
For adoption, a double majority is required: three quarters of the votes cast and two thirds of the Members of Parliament.
') Dom af 1.7.1969, forenede sager 2 og 3/69, Sociaal Fonds voor de Diamantarbeiders, Sml. 1969, s. 49.
This was in 1960 when a new paragraph 2 was added to Article 56 of the ECSC Treaty on retraining and re-employment aid for redundant coalminers and steelworkers, in order to deal with the rapid contraction of the coal industry that was then taking place. '
Se dom af 17.10.1990, sag C-10/89, Sml. I 1990, s. 3711. ')
In the Euratom Treaty, the whole of Chapter VI on supplies was to be reviewed after a certain period (Article 76).
Dom af 3.7.1974, sag 192/73, Sml. 1974, s. 731.
However, in all these cases the power of amendment is limited to particular provisions or chapters.
) Fortolkningsmetoder vurderet af en dommer ved Domstolen, i Møde mellem Repræsentanter for Domstole og Universiteter, 27.-28.9.1976, Luxembourg, s. I. 40.
The provisions in question are the first and second paragraphs of Article 95 of the Coal and Steel Treaty, Article 235 of the EEC Treaty and Article 203 of the Euratom Treaty.
Domstolen henviser også ofte til det såkaldte »nyttevirkningsprincip«, ikke alene med henblik på at give tvetydige eller ligefrem selvmodsigende formuleringer mening, men også for at give trakta ternes regler størst mulig effektivitet. Domstolen har allerede an vendt dette princip i sin retspraksis på EKSF-området, men for eksempel også til støtte for sin retspraksis, hvorefter også andre retsakter end forordninger kan have direkte virkning 2).
Article 95, first and second paragraphs, of the Coal and Steel Treaty is a blanket provision for action required in unforeseen circumstances in order to achieve the aims of the Community, as defined in the initial articles of the Treaty, in relation to the common coal and steel markets.
Som hovedregel kan Fællesskabets institutioner ikke selv ændre traktaternes regler.
Article 235 of the EEC Treaty must be quoted in extenso because of the importance of this provision:
Ifølge traktatændringsproceduren skal foruden institutionerne også samtlige medlemsstater deltage. For så vidt angår EKSF-traktaten findes der dog en autonom ændringsprocedure, og i de tre traktater findes der særlige bestemmelser, der åbner mulighed for at ændre dem på enkelte punkter.
'If action by the Community should prove necessary to attain, in the course of the operation of the common market, one of the objectives of the Community and this Treaty has not provided the necessary powers, the Council shall, acting unanimously on a pro posal from the Commission and after consulting the European Parliament, take the appropriate measures."
Endvidere findes der i hver af de tre traktater bestemmelser, ifølge hvilke der kan ske en vis tilpasning af traktaten, såfremt det viser sig påkrævet, og det sker under overholdelse af de grundlæggende mål samt af visse i traktaterne fastsatte betingelser.
Article 203 of the Euratom Treaty differs from Article 235 of the EEC Treaty only by the omission of the words 'in the course of the operation of the common market'.