natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
I EU som helhed fik halvdelen af de mænd, der fandt arbejde i de fire år fra 1987 til 1990 efter at have været arbejdsløse, et midlertidigt job frem for et fast job, idet tallet varierer
In the subsequent period of recession, 1990 to 1994, all four countries experiencing any significant increase in
174 Tilgangen af tidl. arbejdsløse mænd til deltidsbeskæftigelse, 1987-90 og 1991-94
Growth of value-added and employment in nonmanufacturing in Member States, 1985-90
175 Tilgangen af tidl. uddannelsessøgende mænd til deltidsbeskæftigelse, 1987-90 og 1991-94
157 Growth of value-added and employment in nonmanufacturing in Member States, 199094
% af beskæftigede
6 Annual change (%)
% af beskæftigede inn
6 Annual change (%)
■ Deltid i % af beskæftigede 1:1992-94; D: ekskl. de nye delstater
D Value-added (lagged two quarters) ■ Employment
D Arbejdsløse, der fik deltidsjob ■ Deltid i % af beskæftigede 1:1992-94; D: ekskl. de nye delstater
D Value-added (lagged two quarters) ■ Employment
Β DK D GR E
E13 excludes GR.
Tidsbegrænsede og midlertidige ansættelseskontrakter forholdsvis lidt fra år til år (figur 176).
The data available on working time in the European Union are largely confined to average hours worked per week.
Som det kunne forventes på baggrund af det relative omfang af denne form for arbejde i de forskellige EU-lande, var den procentvise andel størst i Spanien, nemlig over 73%, men i Portugal var den også ca. 70% (figur 1771.
These leave out of account changes in the number of weeks worked per year, which could well have been important in recent years as more attention in a number of Member States has been focused on the issue of time off.
Midlertidig beskæftigelse kan betyde forskellige ting i forskellige EU-lande. Generelt sondrer man mellem dem, der har et midlertidigt job uden nærmere angivelse af jobbets nøjagtige varighed, og dem, der arbejder på en tidsbegrænset kontrakt.
Although data on average time worked per year are collected as part of the Community Labour Cost Survey, this takes place only periodically — every four years at present — and the results are published only with a lengthy lag (the full 1992 results are unlikely to be available until the end of 1995).
Da disse grupper kan være undergivet forskel lige institutionelle ordninger i EU-landene, er det vigtigt at notere sig de forskelle, der gælder for hver gruppe. pe.
Moreover, the results do not cover the whole economy but are limited to industry and a few selected services, excluding, in particular, the public sector.
Ifølge EU's Arbejdsstyrkeundersøgelse:
Changes in working-time
Den andel af de mænd, som fandt arbejde efter at have været under uddannelse, der startede med et midlertidigt job, var i EU som helhed stort set den samme som blandt dem, der tidligere havde været arbejdsløse, nemlig knap halvdelen (figur 178).
The data on average hours worked per week are collected as part of the annual Community Labour Force Survey.
I Tyskland var det dog over 70% af de mænd, som startede i beskæftigelse efter at have været under uddannelse, der fik et midlertidigt job, og i Frankrig var det 65% (figur 179). I disse to lande samt i Grækenland, Spanien og Portugal, hvor tallet også var over 60%, synes tendensen derfor at være, at en ung mands første job normalt vil være et job med en tidsbegrænset kontrakt eller en prøveperiode.
These relate both to actual hours worked during a particular week (the reference week) and the usual hours worked by respondents.
I samtlige EU-lande var det således ca. 30% eller endnu (1ère af de mænd, der begyndte at arbejde efter at have været under uddannelse, der startede med et midlertidigt job frem for et fast job.
The data on usual hours should indicate longer-term changes in working time.
kan et job betragtes som midlertidigt, hvis både arbejdsgiveren og arbejdstageren er indforstået med, at beskæftigelsens ophør afgøres af objektive forhold såsom en bestemt dato, færdiggørelse af en opgave eller tilbage venden af en anden arbejdstager, som har været midlertidigt erstattet.
Between 1985 and 1990, average hours worked per week declined in most Member States, contributing to the growth in the numbers in employment (see Part I and Box for a description of the data used).
Hvor det drejer sig om en arbejdskontrakt af begrænset varighed, er vilkårene for kontraktens ophør normalt anført i kontrakten.
Examining the most intense period of employment growth, 1987 to 1990, in more detail, average weekly hours usually worked in the economy as a whole declined in 10 countries, remained broadly unchanged in three — Greece, Luxembourg and Italy — and increased in another two — Sweden and the UK (Graph 158).
I EU som helhed gælder det, at i de fire år med recession fra 1991 til 1994 var den procentvise andel af dem, der bevæge de sig fra arbejdsløshed over i beskæftigelse, som startede i et midlertidigt job, den samme som i de fire foregående år.
There were, however, some differences in experience between sectors over this period.
Udviklingen i de enkelte EU-lande var dog mere uensartet.
In agriculture, average hours declined in most countries of the Union except Italy, Greece, Austria, Finland and Sweden, where they increased and Germany, where they remained unchanged (Graph 159).
I fire tilfælde — Danmark, Spanien, Frankrig og Irland — steg den procentvise andel, i Spanien ganske meget, nemlig til 85% og i Frankrig til næsten 50% fra 41%, mens den i Belgien forblev stort set uændret og i de øvrige lande faldt, endog ganske markant i Grækenland og Portugal, svarende til faldet i andelen af midlertidige job i økonomien gene relt.
In services, they were reduced in the majority of Member States — Denmark, the UK, Italy, Portugal, Sweden and Greece being the exceptions (Graph 160).
Resultatet er, at Arbejdsstyrkeundersøgelsen som midlertidigt beskæftigede også medregner arbejdstagere med sæsonarbejde, personer, der er ansat af et vikarbureau eller en virksomhed og udlånt til en tredjepart til udførelse af en arbejdsopgave, samt personer med specifikke uddannelseskontrakter.
In industry (which broadly corresponds to manufacturing in the analysis in Part I), however, average hours either in creased or remained unchanged throughout the Union, apart from in Denmark, Germany, Finland and Austria (Graph 161).
Tidsbegrænsede kontrakter er tilladt i alle EU-landene, og i 9 ud af de 12 lande gælder særlige regler for så danne kontrakter.
In practice, however, there are a number of problems with the data collected on actual hours which make it difficult to use them for measuring changes over time or, indeed, to estimate the numbers of hours worked during a given year.
Ser man på dem, der gik fra uddannelse over i beskæftigelse, steg den andel, der startede i et midlertidigt job, i EU som helhed til 53% i recessionsårene.
In particular, they include the effect of time off for holidays, time off for sickness, bad weather and other reasons unconnected with the state of economic activity.
Den procentvise andel steg i Spanien, Frankrig, Irland og Nederlandene, men specielt i Spanien, hvor tallet kom helt op på 83%', hvilket var næsten det samme som for den gruppe, der tidligere havde været arbejdsløse, hvorimod andelen faldt ganske kraftigt i Grækenland og Portugal, begge steder til under det halve.
Moreover, because they relate to a particular week in the year — usually between March and May depending on the country — the answers are not necessarily representative of the year as a whole and because the week in some cases changes from one year to the next, they are not necessarily reliable indicators of changes over time.
Men kun i Belgien, Luxembourg og Storbritannien var det under 40% af de mænd, der forlod uddannelsessystemet, som startede i et midlertidigt job i denne periode.
As a consequence, the usual hours worked data have been used in the analysis here.
Vikararbejde er til gengæld undergivet langt mere omfattende regler.
Analysis of the difference over the Union as a whole between the usual and actual hours worked data for 1993, chosen as a year when employment declined significantly, shows either that this is a very poor indicator of the effect of a low level of economic activity on working time or that depressed demand has a minimal impact on average hours worked.
Så ledes er vikarbureauer rent faktisk forbudt i Grækenland, og i Spanien og Italien er der først for nylig truffet foranstaltninger til at ophæve for buddet mod vikarbureauer.
In this year, when it would be expected that such an effect should be at its greatest, the difference between usual and actual hours which is attributable to slack working amounted to an average of just three minutes a week over the Union as a whole.
Den grundlæggende forskel mellem de to typer beskæftigelse består i, at hvor der findes restriktioner for den maksimale varighed af de to typer beskæftigelse — og det er tilfældet i halvdelen af EU-landene — er den maksimale varighed af midlertidige kontrakter i mange tilfælde langt kortere, end det er tilfældet for tids begrænsede kontrakter.
In the years of recession, 1990 to 1994, average hours usually worked declined in all countries except Denmark and Greece, where they increased, and, significantly, in the Netherlands, which has the shortest average working week in the Union, where they remained unchanged.
På trods af, at det er en lidt større del af kvinderne end af mændene, der har tidsbegrænsede job, var den andel af de kvinder, der gik fra arbejdsløshed over i beskæftigelse, som fik et midlertidigt job, en smule mindre end for mændenes vedkommende i perioden fra 1987 til 1990.
This pattern of change reflects developments both in services, where usual hours declined throughout the Union except in these three countries, and in industry, where they remained broadly unchanged, apart from in these three countries and in Sweden, the UK and Portugal where they fell (by 1% or more).
I EU som helhed lå tallet på gennemsnitligt 42% i disse år (figur 180) og fulgte nogenlunde det samme variationsmønster EU-lande ne imellem som for mændenes vedkommende, idet tallet i
In agriculture, average usual hours fell everywhere, apart from in Spain, Finland and Luxembourg as well as in Denmark, where they increased, and in Italy, where they were unchanged.
176 Andelen af tidl. arbejdsløse, der fik midlertidigt job i EU, 1987-94
158 Average hours usually worked per week in Member States, 1987, 1990 and 1994
% af tidl. arbejdsløse
Number of hours
% af alle lønmodtagere
Number of hours
Både i Grækenland og Portugal samt i Belgien faldt tallet ganske kraftigt.
I NL S Ρ DK GR E15 E ASS 1993: D excludes new Länder
I dette tilfælde var det kun i Spanien og Portugal, tallet var over 50%, og blandt alle de øvrige EU­lande var det kun i Grækenland og Irland, det var over
NL DK S D Β UK E15 F A & S 1993; D excludes new Länder 160 Average hours usually worked per week in services, 1987, 1990 and 1994
179 Tilgangen af tidl. uddannelsessøgende mænd til midlertidig beskæftigelse i EU, 1987-90 og 1991-94
161 Average hours usually worked per week in industry, 1987,1990 and 1994
I % af arbejdstagere
Number of hours
180 Tilgangen af tidl. arbejdsløse kvinder til midlertidig beskæftigelse, 1987-90 og 1991-94
NL OK S UK D Β E15 SF ASS 1993; D excludes new Länder
181 Tilgangen af tidl. uddannelsessøgende kvinder til midlertidig beskæftigelse, 1987-90 og 1991-94
S NL DK D SF B A E15 F A S S 1993; D excludes new Länder exit from self­employment would be comparatively high during such periods, though this remains to be confirmed from the evidence.
% af lønmodtagere r% af tidl. arbejdsløse
Flows into and out of self­employment
I % af arbejdstagere^
The numbers of self­employed in the Union as a whole increased by around 2% a year between 1986 and 1990 when
% af tidl. uddannelsessøgende nu i beskæftigelse nu i beskæftigelse G Arbejdsløse, der fik midlertidigt job ■ Midlertidig beskæftigelse i % af lønmodtagere
What is less easy to judge is whether the rate of entry into self­employment is likely to increase or contract during these periods, since there are plausible arguments either way.
1:1992-94; D: ekskl. de nye delstater
It might be expected, therefore, that the rate of
Ω Uddannelsessøgende kvinder, der fik midlertidigt job ■ Midlertidig beskæftigelse i % af lønmodtagere 1:1992-94; D: ekskl. de nye delstater
Data from the Community Labour Force Survey, specifically on what the self­employed were doing one year before, enable
Β DK D GR E F IRL I
tion, averaged 7V
1991-94 begge former for job, kan det betyde, at der her et tale om dobbelt usikker beskæftigelse.
In the four subsequent years of recession and declining employ­ment, inflows averaged 13%, significantly higher than in the preceding four years.
len kun i Storbritannien var mindre end en tredjedel, og blandt de øvrige EU­lande kun i Belgien og Luxembourg under 40%.
Since the numbers of self­employed declined over this period, outflows were even higher, averaging 14% a year, almost twice as high as over the growth period.
Blandt de kvinder, som begyndte at arbejde efter at have været erhvervsinaktive af andre årsager, steg den andel, der startede i et midlertidigt job, også i EU som helhed, nemlig fra 16,5% til 22% mellem de to perioder. Det var dog kun i Spanien, Frankrig, Luxembourg og Nederlandene, tallet steg markant.
Some proportion, however, may also have merely altered their employment status, doing the same job as before but as a self­employed person rather than as an employee, so perhaps relieving a firm of some of the costs of employ­ment and increasing their flexibility.
Både i Belgien, Tyskland og Storbritannien samt i Grækenland og Portugal faldt det.
From the data there is no way of knowing how widespread such a change in status
Overlapningen mellem midlertidig beskæftigelse og deltidsbeskæftigelse
Flows into and out of self­employment
I 1992 var 13% af midlertidige job for mænd i hele EU deltidsjob (figur 184), hvilket er en langt større del end for de faste jobs vedkommende (under 4%).
The clear conclusion, therefore, is that the fall in self­employment during the recession period was the result of a substantial rise in the rate of exit, reflecting perhaps a marked increase in business failures.
Der var dog tale om store forskelle mellem EU­landene.
This more than offset the increase in the rate of entry into self­employment.
Selv om de to former for beskæftigelse er gennemgået sepa­rat i det foranstående, vil en stor del af de midlertidige job i praksis også være deltidsjob.
A further conclusion is that government efforts to induce more people to become self­employed seem to have met with some
182 Andelen af andre erhvervsinaktive kvinder, der fik midlertidig beskæftigelse i EU, 1987-94
163 Inflows into selfemployment by previous status in the Union, 1987-94
183 Tilgangen af andre erhvervsinaktive kvinder til midlertidig beskæftigelse, 1987-90 og 1991-94
162 Inflows and outflows from selfemployment in the Union, 1987-94
% af lønmodtagere
. % selfemployment In previous year
187 Beskæftigelsen i de enkelte NACE-sektorer (2 decimaler) i EU, 1994
165 Average inflow into and outflow from selfemployment in the Member States, 199094
Grupper af NACE-sektorer
% selfemployment In previous year
Fremstilling af tekstiler, beklædning, læder og lædervarer, fodtøj
E11 Β DK D GR E Excluding I; D excludes new Länder
Fremstilling af træ, trævarer, kork; fremstilling i.a.n.
dates from 1991 (in the other countries, the significant rise occurred in 1992), part of the growth may be related to unification.
Fremstilling af næringsmidler, drikkevarer og tobaksprodukter
The rise was particularly marked in Belgium, Denmark, Germany and Portugal, in all of which the rate of inflow more than doubled over this period as compared with the earlier one.
Fremstilling af basismetaller og metalprodukter, bortset fra maskiner
The fall in the proportion of those becoming self­employed who were formerly unemployed between the years before 1990 and
Koks, olieprodukter, nukleart brændsel
166 Average inflows into selfemployment by previous status, 1987-90
Brydning af uran- og thoriummalme, fremstilling af koks, raffinerede olieprodukter og nukleart brændsel
167 Average inflows from unemployment, inactivity, waged employment 1991-94
195 Stigningen i arbejdskraftens produktivitet og de reelle arbejdskraftomkostninger i
the years after is also common to most Member States, the only exceptions being Denmark and the Netherlands (Graphs 166 and 167).
194 Stigningen i arbejdskraftens produktivitet og de reelle arbejdskraftomkostninger i fremstillingsindustrien i EU landene, 1985-90 fremstillingsindustrien i EU landene, 1990-94
As for the Union as a whole, the main cause of the growth in inflows into self­employment in most Member States was an increased movement of people from waged jobs.
• Årlig variation (%)
Flows into part­time work
Ser man bort fra landbruget, hvor det er forholdsvis vanske­ligt at måle den ugentlige arbejdstid, var det kun i 5 af de 12 EU­lande (dvs. eksklusive Østrig, Finland og Sverige, for hvilke der ikke foreligger data), at mønsteret i den normale arbejdstid for lønmodtagere i industri og servicefag tilsam­men ændrede sig markant mellem 1987 og 1994 (figur 198­209 for mændenes vedkommende og figur 210­221 for kvindernes vedkommende). Det var følgende lande:
This ranged from over 50% of women moving into work from being unemployed taking up a part­time job in the Netherlands and the UK and over 40% in Belgium and Germany to 15% in Spain and only just over 10% in Greece and Portugal (Graph 169).
I de følgende fire år steg de gennemsnitlige reelle arbejdskraftomkostninger i EU endnu mindre — med kun ca. 0,5% om året — og ca. 1% mindre end stignin­gen i arbejdskraftens produktivitet (figur 197).
Though the figures are broadly in line with the relative importance of part­time working across the Union, the relationship between the two is by no means uniform.
Arbejds­kraftomkostningerne steg også mindre end produktiviteten i otte af EU­landene, idet undtagelserne var Belgien (kun ganske lidt), Nederlandene — ligesom i den foregående periode — Luxembourg og Portugal, som det også var tilfæl­det inden for fremstillingsindustrien. I denne periode steg arbejdskraftomkostningerne i sektorerne uden for fremstillingsindustrien i både USA og Japan mere end pro­duktiviteten.
In particular, whereas in Denmark and the Netherlands, the proportion moving into part­time jobs was slightly less than the share of part­time in total employment, in Belgium, Germany, France and Ireland, it was much higher, partly reflecting the growth of part­time work over this period, though partly indicating that for those who had been unemployed, there was a disproportion­ately higher chance of finding a part­time job than a full­time one.
Fordelingen af de udførte arbejdstimer i EU­landene
As indicated in Part I, part­time working has grown markedly in most parts of the Union over the period since 1990 in particular.
Danmark, hvor det normale antal arbejdstimer for fler­tallet af de mandlige og mange kvindelige fuldtidsansat­te, faldt fra 39 timer om ugen i 1987 til 38 timer i 1990 og 37 timer i 1994, kombineret med et vist fald i andelen af kvindelige deltidsbeskæftigede, der arbejdede mellem 20 og 24 timer om ugen;
The aim here is to examine the growth of part­time employment in more detail by focusing on those people who found a part­time job after being unemployed or economically inactive, either because they were still at school or in further education or because they had interrupted their working careers for various reasons (in the case of women especially, to take care of young children).
Den andel af arbejdstagerne, hvis arbejdstid adskiller sig fra den normale ugentlige arbejdstid, har i mange EU­lande kun ændret sig ganske lidt i den seneste halve snes år. De
The specific point at issue concerns the proportion of those taking up employment who moved into a part­time rather than full­time job and how far this tended to increase as the Union economy went into recession.
Tyskland, hvor det normale antal udførte arbejdstimer for de fleste fuldtidsbeskæftigede mænd og kvinder faldt
The Community Labour Force Survey provides some answer to this question since, as indicated above, it includes details of what respondents were doing one year earlier.
196 Stigningen i arbejdskraftens produktivitet og de reelle arbejdskraftomkostninger uden for fremstillingsindustrien i EU landene, 1985-90
As also indicated above, however, this kind of infor­mation can sometimes be unreliable since it depends on respondents' power of recall.
197 Stigningen i arbejdskraftens produktivitet og de reelle arbejdskraftomkostninger uden for fremstillingsindustrien i EU landene, 1990-94
Nevertheless, as in the case of self­employment, the results for individual years indicate a fair amount of stability in the answers given, so that the likely margin of error ought not to be large.
Irland, hvor det normale ugentlige timetal for en meget stor del af både mandlige og kvindelige lønmodtagere faldt fra 40 til 39 timer; det skete først og fremmest i pe rioden fra 1990 til 1994, og Irland er et af de få lande, hvor ændringerne var koncentreret til denne periode;
For those who had been in education or training, over the Union as a whole, there was also a slightly greater probability during this period of taking up a part­time job than in the case of those who had been unemployed.
Nederlandene, hvor det normale antal ugentlige arbejdstimer for en stor del af de mandlige fuldtidsbeskæftigede og for nogle kvinder synes at være steget mellem 1990 til 1994 fra 38 timer til 40 timer, men denne ændring er kombineret med en vis stigning i andelen af deltidsarbejdende; dende;
Around 39% of women in the Union moving from education or training into work found part­time rather than full­time employment in the years 1987 to 1990 (Graph 170).
Portugal, hvor der var tale om et kraftigt fald i den procentvise andel af både mænd og kvinder, der arbejdede 45 timer om ugen eller mere; ændringen fandt først og fremmest sted i perioden fra 1990 til 1994.
However, while the proportion of those moving from education or training into part­time work over this period was much higher than in respect of those moving
I de øvrige EU-lande har der kun været ganske små ændringer, men generelt har der været en tendens til kortere arbejdstid.
In the growth period from 1987 to 1990, around a third of all women in the Union who took up work after being unem­ployed moved into a part­time rather than a full­time job (Graph 168).
- 50 timer eller mere om ugen — på trods af tendensen til en lidt kortere arbejdsuge lidt længere nede på fordelingskurven. kurven.
This is slightly more than the average share of
Den normale ugentlige arbejdstid for lønmodtagere i industri og servicefag i EU landene, 1987,1990 og 1994
169 Flows of unemployed women into parttime jobs, 1987-90 and 1991-94
100 af arbejdstagere
Share of other inactive women who found parttime jobs in the Union, 1987-94
Antal timer om ugen
Flows into temporary employment
Antal timer om ugen
Men entering temporary jobs
Den normale ugentlige arbejdstid for lønmodtagere i industri og servicefag i EU landene, 1987,1990 og 1994
177 Flows of unemployed men into temporary jobs, 1987-90 and 1991-94
100 J % af arbejdstagere
Previous'y unemployed
I % af arbejdstagere
Previous'y unemployed
Antal timer om ugen
Women entering temporary jobs
213 Kvinder ­ Grækenland a' arbejdstagere a' arbejdstagere
Over the Union as a whole, the figure averaged 42% during these years (Graph 180), following a similar pattern
Antal timer om ugen
Excluding I
215 Kvinder ­ Frankrig af
180 Flows of unemployed women into temporary jobs, 1987-1990 and 1991-94
Den normale ugentlige arbejdstid for lønmodtagere i industri og servicefag i EU landene, 1987,1990 og 1994
this case, only in Spain and Portugal was the figure above half, and elsewhere in the Union, only in Greece and Ireland above a quarter (Graph 183).
216 Kvinder - Irland
% to 22% between the
100 J % af arbejdstagere
183 Flows of other inactive women into temporary jobs, 1987-90 and 1991-94
Antal timer om ugen
Motor vehicles
J % at arbejdstagere
Non-metallic mineral products
100 J % af arbejdstagere η 100
Coke, oil products, nuclear fuel
Antal timer om ugen
A. SF, S - no regional data liable