natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Miljø- og forbrugerspørgsmål
Environment and consumers
Den fælles handelspolitik- udenrigshandelen
Common commercial policy and external relations
Institutionelle spørgsmål og budgetanliggender
Institutional and budgetary matters
Bilag til kapitel VIII
ANNEXES Annex to Chapter VIII
Opmærksomheden henledes på, at denne publikation er et uddrag af Den Almindelige Beretning om Den Europæiske Unions Virksomhed i 1994.
This publication is an extract from the General Report on the Activities of the European Union 1994.
Teksten har ikke undergået nogen ændring, hvilket indebærer, at henvisninger til 'denne beretning' er henvisninger til Den Almindelige Beretning 1994.
The text has in no way been modified: references to 'this Report/ should therefore be construed as references to the General Report 1994.
Fællesskabsretten
Community law1
retningssted skal medlemsstaterne vedtage visse bestemmelser vedrørende retsforholdet mellem forbruger og erhvervsdrivende.
Directive 85/577/EEC on contracts negotiated away from business premises2requires the Member States to enact rules governing the relationships between suppliers and consumers.
I sin dom af 14. juli3) anerkender Domstolen, at direktivets bestemmelser om forbrugerens fortrydelsesret er ubetingede og tilstrækkeligt præcise, og at en privatperson følgelig kan påberåbe sig sådanne bestemmelser under en sag for nationale domstole.
In Case C-914/923the Court of Justice acknowledged that the provisions of the Directive applying to the consumer's right to withdraw from a contract were unconditional and sufficiently precise for individuals to rely on them in the national courts.
Tilbage stod det ret væsentlige spørgsmål om disse bestemmelser kan påberåbes i en retssag mellem en forbruger og en erhvervsdrivende.
The fundamental question remained whether these provisions could be relied on in actions between individuals (the instant case was between a supplier and a consumer).
Ifølge Domstolens sædvanlige praksis 4) kan et direktiv, som der inden for de fastsatte tidsfrister ikke er truffet gennemførelsesforanstaltninger for, ikke være forpligtende for privatpersoner og derfor ikke som sådan påberåbes over for sådanne personer (ingen direkte »horisontal virkning«). Domstolen bekræftede Marshall-dommen ved at minde om, at den bygger på den bindende karakter, som direktivet har ifølge traktatens artikel 189, og som kun består over for »enhver medlemsstat, som det rettes til«.
The Court had already held4that in the absence of measures transposing a directive within the prescribed period the directive cannot on its own impose duties on an individual and cannot therefore be relied on in proceedings against him (absence of horizontal direct effect).
Den tilføjede, »at en udvidelse af denne praksis (der skal hindre, at en medlemsstat kan for bedre sin retsstilling ved ikke at efterkomme fællesskabsretten), så denne praksis også kommer til at omfatte retsforhold mellem private, ville være
Extending the rule to relations between individuals when its function is really to prevent Member States from taking advantage of their own breach of Community law would have the effect of empowering the Community to legislate for obligations directly incumbent on individuals, whereas that power is available only in areas where regulations may be made.
') Jf. endvidere kvartalsgennemgangen af Domstolens afgørelser i Bulletin for Den Europæiske Union: Bull. 3-1994, punkt 1.7.23; Bulk 6-1994, punkt 1.7.27; Bull.
Sec also the quarterly review of judgments in the Bulletin of the European Union: Bull.
10-1994, punkt 1.7.15 og Bull. 121994. 2) EFT L 372 af 31.12.1985. ') Sag C-914/92, Faccini Dori/Recreb.
10-1994, point 1.7.15; Bull. 12-1994. OJL 372, 31.12.1985.
4) Dom af 26. februar 1986, sag 152/84, Marshall.
Case 152/84 Marshall [1986] ECR 723.
Domstolen mindede dog om sin Marleasing-dom '), ifølge hvilken de nationale domstole, når de fortolker en intern ret - i overensstemmelse med medlemsstaternes pligt til i henhold til EF-traktatens artikel 5 at samarbejde loyalt med Fællesskabet -skal tage hensyn til direktivets ordlyd og formål for at fremkalde det resultat, direktivet tilstræber, og således overholde traktatens artikel 189.
COMMUNITY LAW the Community institutions by virtue of Article 5 of the Treaty, must, when interpreting a provision of national law, 'do so, as far as possible, in the light of the wording and the purpose of the directive in order to achieve the result pursued by [it] and thereby comply with the third paragraph of Article 189 of the Treaty'.
Her udover mindede Domstolen om, at i de tilfælde, hvor det resultat, direktivet foreskriver, ikke kan opnås ad fortolkningsvejen, tvinger fællesskabsretten i kraft af Francovich-dommen2) under visse omstændigheder medlemsstaterne til at yde erstatning for privates tab som følge af den manglende gen nemførelse af et direktiv, når det drejer sig om et direktiv, der har til formål at give privatpersoner visse rettigheder.
Where the result prescribed by the directive cannot be achieved through an interpretation technique, the Court held in Francovich1that in certain circumstances Community law requires the Member States to compensate for damage sustained by individuals by reason of their failure to transpose a directive where its purpose is to confer rights on them.
Vedrørende nærværende sag konstaterer Domstolen, at dette netop er formålet med direktiv 85/577/EØF.
Such was the case of Directive 85/577/EEC in the Court's view.
Kommissionens kontrol med gennemførelsen af fællesskabsretten medførte, at den indledte 974 overtrædelsesprocedurer i 1994, mod 1 206 i 1993, og fremsatte 546 begrundede udtalelser mod 352 i 1993.
In the exercise of its duty to monitor the application of Community law, the Commission commenced 974 infringement proceedings in 1994, as against 1 206 in 1993, and issued 546 reasoned opinions (352 in 1993).
Som led i den nævnte kontrol blev der i 1994 indbragt 89 sager for Domstolen mod 44 i 1993.
The Commission referred 89 cases to the Court of Justice (44 in 1993).
Fordelingen på medlemsstaterne af disse sager var i 1994: Belgien 10; Danmark 0; Tyskland 5; Grækenland 17; Spanien 9; Frankrig 8; Irland 12; Italien 12; Luxembourg 6; Nederlandene 4; Portugal 5; Det For enede Kongerige 1.
The breakdown by country of cases referred in 1994 is as follows: Belgium 10, Denmark 0, Germany 5, Greece 17, Spain 9, France 8, Ireland 12, Italy 12, Luxembourg 6, Netherlands 4, Portugal 5, United Kingdom 1.
Domstolen afsagde 30 domme i 1994 i sager forelagt i henhold til EF-traktatens artikel 169 og fandt 29 gange medlemsstaterne skyldige i over trædelse af deres forpligtelser ifølge fællesskabsretten.
The Court of Justice gave judgment in 30 cases brought under Article 169 of the EC Treaty, giving judgment against Member States for failure to comply with their obligations under Community law on 29 occasions.
I årets løb blev 65 sa ger slettet af Domstolens register, fordi medlemsstaterne havde efterkommet fællesskabslovgivningen under proceduren.
In the course of the year 65 cases were removed from the Court's register where the Member State came into line with Community law while litigation was in progress.
Yderligere oplysninger om Kommissionens kontrol med gennemførelsen af fællesskabsretten findes i Kommissionens 12. årsberetning herom, der udkommer i begyndelsen af 1995. Den 11. årsberetning (1993), der blev
Fuller information on Commission monitoring of the application of Community law will be given in the 12th annual report on the subject, to be published early in 1995.
Dom af 13. november 1990, sag C-106/89, 24. almindelige beretning, nr. 1038.
The 11th report was adopted by the Commission on 30 March and was published in the Official Journal of the European Communities in June.2 joined Cases C-6/90 and C-9/90 [1991] 1-5357, Twentv-fifth General Report, point 1286. COM(94) 500; OJ C 154, 6.6.1994; Bull.
GENERELLE SPØRGSMÅL
In Case C-41/931
FÆLLESSKABSRETTEN
COMMUNITY LAW movement of goods.
Fortolkning og anvendelse af fællesskabsrettens materielle regler
It excluded all possibilities of exceptions from the rules governing free movement of goods from and to the overseas departments (Article 227(2) of the EC Treaty).
Frie varebevægelser og Toldunionen
Competition — State aids
Domstolen annullerede ved sin dom af 17. majx) Kommissionens beslutning, truffet på grundlag af traktatens artikel 100 A, stk. 4, om be kræftelse af de tyske bestemmelser om forbud mod PVC, idet de afviger fra bestemmelserne i Rådets direktiv 91/173/EØF2).
Case C-364/922concerned the recovery of route charges that SAT, an airline, refused to pay Eurocontrol on grounds that Eurocontrol was acting contrary to Articles 86 and 90 of the EC Treaty.
Efter Domstolens opfat telse »har Kommissionen således kun generelt beskrevet de tyske bestemmelsers indhold og formål og konstateret, at de var forenelige med artikel 100 A, stk. 4, og ikke gjort nærmere rede for de faktiske og retlige grunde til, at samtlige betingelser i artikel 100 A, stk. 4, i det pågældende tilfælde betragtes som opfyldt«.
SAT's main argument was that Eurocontrol's practice of fixing charges at different rates for equivalent services depending on the Member State and the year constituted abuse of a dominant position.
Den anfægtede beslutning blev således annulleret, fordi væsentlige formelle krav ikke var opfyldt, idet beslutningen ikke efterkom kravet om begrundelse som indeholdt i EF-traktatens artikel 190.
The Court of Justice accepted the argument put forward by the Commission and several Member States that, 'taken as a whole, Eurocontrol's activities, by their nature, their aim and the rules to which they were subject, were connected with the exercise of powers relating to the control and supervision of air space which were typically those of a public authority.
Hermed har Domstolen ikke udtalt sig om, hvorvidt de grundlæggende betingelser for anvendelsen af artikel 100 A, stk. 4, i det pågældende tilfælde var op fyldt.
They were not of an economic nature justifying the application of the Treaty rules of competition.'
Den har udelukkende fastslået, at den mulighed, som medlemsstaterne har ifølge denne bestemmelse, »er en undtagelse fra en fælles foranstaltning, hvis sigte er gennemførelsen af et af traktatens væsentligste mål, nemlig fjernelse af alle hindringer for varers frie bevægelighed mellem medlemsstaterne«.
An international organization such as Eurocontrol accordingly does not constitute an undertaking within the meaning of Articles 86 and 90 of the EC Treaty.
Domstolen udelukker den mulighed, at en medlemsstat, der vil påberåbe sig artikel 100 A, stk. 4, anvender sin nationale lovgivning, efter at Fællesskabets harmoniseringsforanstaltninger er trådt i kraft, men før Kommissionen har truffet sin beslutning; der ville i så tilfælde være tale om overtrædelse fra denne medlemsstats side.
On substantive matters, it asserted that the true value of a merger such as that in issue (takeover of part of Dan Air by British Airways) is to be assessed solely by reference to the business activities actually concerned by the takeover.
Domstolen traf den 9. august3) afgørelse om, at den »OD-særtold«, der opkræves i et oversøisk departement (OD) ved indførsel af varer fra en anden del af det franske territorium, dvs. når varen krydser en regional grænse, er identisk med en toldafgift, hvorfor den ikke er i overensstemmelse
The judgment in Case C-188/925settles an important issue concerning State aid, regarding the relationship between annulment proceedings and references for preliminary rulings raising the question of validity. The Court held that where a firm in receipt of State aid has not brought direct annulment proceedings under the second paragraph of Article 173 of the EC Treaty against
2) EFT L 85 af 9.4.1991 og 25. almindelige beretning, nr. 138. ')
Air France ν Commission [1994] ECR 11-121 (judgment given on 24 March).
Forenede sager C-303/93, C-407/93 til 411/93, René Lancry/Generaldirektoratet for Told.
OJ L 395, 3.12.1989; Twenty-third General Report, point 376. Textilwerke Deggendorf \ Germany [1994] ECR 1-833 (judgment given on 9 March).
FORTOLKNING OG ANVENDELSE AF FÆLLESSKABSRETTENS MATERIELLE REGLER
INTERPRETATION AND APPLICATION OF SUBSTANTIVE RULES OF COMMUNITY LAW
En tvist mellem Eurocontrol og luftfartsselskabet SAT drejede sig om opkrævningen af »en route «-afgifter, som SAT nægtede at betale, idet SAT gjorde gældende, at Eurocontrol havde tilsidesat traktatens artikel 86 og 90.
The action was between a regional electricity distributor and several local distributors and related to the equalization supplement charged by the regional to the local distributors to offset the extra costs incurred in bringing power supplies to rural areas.
SAT anførte bl.a., at Eurocontrols praksis, der består i, for samme ydelser at fastsætte afgifter, som bl.a. er forskellige fra stat til stat og fra år til år, måtte anses for misbrug af en dominerende stilling.
The questions for a preliminary ruling concerned the compatibility with Community law of exclusive purchasing and sales clauses in contracts between the two classes of distributor.
Den holdning, som Kommissionen og flere medlemsstater forsvarede, sluttede Domstolen sig til i sin dom af 19. januar2), hvori det hedder: »Ud fra en helhedsbetragtning er Eurocontrols virksomhed som følge af sin art, sit formål og de regler, den er undergivet, knyttet til udøvelsen af beføjelser vedrørende kontrollen af og de politimæssige opgaver i luftrummet, som typisk er beføjelser, der henregnes til offentlig myndighed.
The Court held in relation to Article 85 that the long-term exclusive purchasing obligation had a restrictive effect on competition (isolating the national market) and had a substantial adverse effect on trade between Member States under the combined impact of a whole series of such arrangements covering the entire country.
Der er ikke tale om økonomisk virksomhed, som kan begrunde anvendelsen af traktatens konkurrenceregler«. Endvidere hed der det: »Følgelig er en international organisation som Eurocontrol ikke en virksomhed, der er omfattet af traktatens artikel 86 og 90«.
Moreover, the imposition of exclusive purchasing and sales clauses would be caught by Article 86 if the effect was that firms in the group concerned were linked to each other in such a way that they fully aligned their market strategies and as a result enjoyed joint dominance.
Med hensyn til realiteten bemærkede Ret ten, at der ved bedømmelsen af en sådan fusions reelle omfang, i det kon-
Account had to be taken for this purpose of 'the economic conditions in which the undertaking operates, in particular the costs which it has to bear and the legislation, particularly concerning the environment, to which it is subject', these being matters for the national courts.
) EFT L 395 af 3.12.1989 og 23. almindelige beretning, nr. 376.
Case C-320/91 [1993] ECR 1-2533; Twenty-seventh General Report, point 1136.
Dommen af 9. marts1) omhandler et væsentligt statsstøttespørgsmål, nemlig forholdet mellem et annulleringssøgsmål og en præjudiciel forelæggelse vedrørende en retsakts gyldighed.
In Case T-32/931the Court of First Instance held that this power of surveillance enjoyed by the Commission vis-à-vis the Member States necessarily entails the application of broad discretion, all the more so as, in exercising its powers, the Commission is bound by the Treaty to take into account the demands inherent in the particular tasks assigned to the undertakings concerned.
Domstolen fandt, at når en virksomhed, der modtager statsstøtte, ikke inden for den fastsatte frist har anlagt et direkte annulleringssøgsmål i henhold til traktatens artikel 173, stk. 2, til prøvelse af Kommissionens beslutning om, at en sådan støtte er ulovlig (når virksomheden havde fuldt kendskab hertil), er den afskåret fra at påberåbe sig ulovligheden af en sådan kommissionsbeslutning til støtte for søgsmål anlagt for en national domstol til prøvelse af den nationale forvaltningsakt, hvorved beslutningen er blevet gennemført.
Furthermore, it is up to the Commission to decide whether to take action by way of individual decisions or by directives consisting of general rules applicable to all Member States, bearing in mind the various forms of public undertakings in the Member States and the diversity and complexity of their relations with the government authorities. The Commission is therefore under no obligation to act, and a private undertaking which files a complaint concerning anti-competitive conduct may not bring an action against the Commission for failure to act when the latter refrains from taking action under Article 90(3)of the EC Treaty.
En dom af 27. april2) giver vigtige oplysninger om anvendelsen af konkurrencereglerne i elektricitetssektoren. Hovedspørgsmålet var blevet rejst af flere lokale el-distributionsselskaber, der havde klaget over, at et regionalt el-distributionsselskab opkrævede en udligningsafgift til dækning af ekstraudgifterne ved distribution af elektricitet i landdistrikter.
Cases C-382/92 and C-383/922both concerned worker representation in relation to the two Directives on workers' rights to be informed and consulted in the event of transfer of undertakings3and collective dismissals.4In the United Kingdom, worker representation traditionally depends on the employer's recognition of unions, so that an employer who recognizes no unions can escape his information and consultation duties.
Formålet med det præjudicielle spørgsmål var at få oplyst, om eksklusive købs- og salgsklausuler i el-distributionsaftaler, der forpligter lokale distributører over for regionale, er i overensstemmelse med fællesskabsretten.
The Court of Justice upheld the Commission's view, asserting that a worker representation scheme not dependent on the employer's will is necessary for compliance with the Directives; otherwise, the Directives would be nugatory.
Domstolen fastslog endvidere, at eksklusive købs- og salgsklausuler også falder under artikel 86, såfremt der foreligger en kollektiv dominerende stilling, dvs. at de pågældende virksomheder har så nære for bindelser indbyrdes, at de samordner deres adfærd på markedet.
UK legislation was found to be defective in that employers were not required to consult worker representatives with a view to reaching an agreement, as the Directives require.
Dette punkt skal undersøges af den nationale domstol.
And there were no effective penalties in the event of failure to consult workers' representatives.
Domstolen erkendte endvidere, at el-distributionsselskaber, både regionale og lokale, er betroet almennyttige opgaver, idet de »til enhver tid,
After recalling that the Member States were free to allow access to the profession of dentist on the basis of qualifications obtained in non-member countries, the Court held in Cases C-319/92 and C-154/935that recognition of
FORTOLKNING OG ANVENDELSE AF FÆLLESSKABSRETTENS MATERIELLE REGLER
INTERPRETATION AND APPLICATION OF SUBSTANTIVE RULES OF CO.MMUNITY LAW
473 til ensartede priser og i de ønskede mængder skal sørge for en uafbrudt elforsyning til hele koncessionsområdet, dvs. til samtlige forbrugere og lokale distributører, på vilkår, der kun kan variere efter objektive kriterier, der gælder for alle kunder«.
445 a foreign qualification by one Member State did not commit the other Member States to recognizing it.
I henhold til EF-traktatens artikel 90 skal offentlige virksomheder og virksomheder, som er indrømmet særlige eller eksklusive rettigheder, overholde EF's konkurrenceregler. Ifølge artikel 90, stk. 3, er det Kommissionens opgave at påse, at denne bestemmelse overholdes og, såfremt det er påkrævet, meddele medlemsstaterne passende direktiver eller beslutninger.
On 24 March the Court of Justice gave judgment in Case C275/92,1 holding that in view of their specific cultural and social features the individual Member States retained discretionary powers to take measures determining the organization of lotteries, the volume of the stakes and the allocation of their proceeds.
Det fremgår af den dom, som Retten i Første Instans afsagde den 27. oktober 1994 '), at Kommissionens tilsynsret over for medlemsstaterne nødvendigvis indebærer udstrakte skønsbeføjelser, idet Kommissionen ifølge traktaten ved anvendelsen af disse bestemmelser skal tage hensyn til de særlige opgaver, som disse virksomheder er betroet.
While such measures might constitute restraints on interstate freedom of movement of services by imposing restraints on the activities of service providers in other Member States, it is for the Member States to decide whether the activities of a lottery should be restrained or even prohibited, provided only that they are not discriminatory.
Det følger deraf, at Kommissionen ikke er forpligtet til at handle, og en virksomhed, der klager over, at en of fentlig virksomhed ikke overholder konkurrencereglerne, kan derfor ikke anlægge undladelsessøgsmål mod Kommissionen,hvis denne ikke træffer af gørelse på grundlag af EF-traktatens artikel 90, stk. 3.
The Court of Justice held2that the freedom to provide services secured by Treaty Articles 59 and 60 precluded Member States from requiring firms based in another Member State and performing services in their territory, and lawfully and habitually employing non-member country nationals for the purpose, to obtain work permits from immigration authorities and pay the attendant costs.
Arbejdstagernes frie bevægelighed, sociale bestemmelser
In Case C-23/933
En sag indbragt for Domstolen drejede sig om arbejdstagerrepræsentation, som fastsat i de to direktiver til varetagelse af arbejdstagernes ret tigheder i forbindelse med virksomhedsoverdragelser2) og kollektive afskedigelser*); direktivernes formål er at sikre, at arbejdstagerne bliver informeret og hørt.
In van Binsbergen4 it had held that a Member State cannot be denied the right to take measures to prevent the exercise by a person providing services whose activity is entirely or principally directed towards its territory of the freedoms guaranteed by the Treaty for the purpose of avoiding rules which would be applicable to him if he were established within that Member State.
I Det Forenede Kongerige afhænger arbejdstagernes repræsentation i virksomhederne traditionelt af, at arbejdsgiverne frivilligt anerkender fagforeningerne, hvilket skal forstås således, at hvis en arbejdsgiver ikke anerkender en fagforening, har han ingen informations- og hø-
It followed that, in the field of television broadcasting, a Member State could regard as a domestic broadcaster a broadcasting body which established itself in another Member State in order to provide services there which were intended for the territory of the first Member State, since the aim of such a measure was to prevent organizations which established themselves in another Member State from being able, by exercising the freedoms guaranteed by the Treaty, wrongfully to avoid obligations under national law.
Ligeløn er en forpligtelse i henhold til EF-traktatens artikel 119.
Article 119 of the EC Treaty imposes the principle of equal pay for men and women.