natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Søster Juana protesterer over jesuittens opførsel og over, at han anvender skældsord for hendes handlinger, finder dem "uforenelige" med hendes status og kalder dem en "offentlig skandale".
The following day the Bishop incredulously said to her "that this case was the most memorable of its kind which had happened to him in his life", and he concluded by saying: "So, is it all really true?"
Den "tiende muse" begynder med at sige, at hun har ventet så længe pá, at der ville blive vist hende anerkendelse, men at hendes tålmodighed nu næsten er opbrugt.
He then added: "Do not be surprised if the change I find in you leads me to doubt".
Jeg har ikke gjort andet end at give efter for indstændige anmodninger fra ærkebispen, hele domkapitlet og priorinden.
News of the events spread. Many people came from far and wide and it was impossible to refuse visits from different authorities, which was very vexing both for myself and for His Excellency.
Mine "sorte vers" skriver jeg kun, når jeg er tvunget til det, og jeg betaler også dyrt for dem på grund af den misundelse, de vækker.
Finally, after six days, His Excellency granted me leave to enter the convent of the Sisters of Santa Chiara di Guamanga, the only nun's convent in the district and there, I donned the habit.
Med dette som udgangspunkt tager hun en yderligere bebrejdelse op, nemlig hendes rolle i den verdslige verden. "Når jeg er kommet til at stå på venskabelig fod med vicekongens hustru, er det fordi priorinden tvang mig til at være til stede den dag, hvor vicekongen og hans hustru kom på besøg".
I think that no-one in the city was absent from this event.
Det er kærligheden til studierne, som hun forsvarer så brændende.
The whole religious community was present, and she was embraced by the nuns and by all those present.
Kvinderne har en "rationel and" ligesom mændene.
She received the sacraments, recited her orations and was led in procession to the choir:
Søster Juana nægter at give sin tidligere skriftefader ret til at have indseende med sin opførsel, og fire gange fortæller hun ham, at det ikke vedkommer ham.
From Guamanga, Catalina set off for Lima, dressed as a nun on the order of the archbishop, and entered the convent of the Trinity:
Cruz", en tale, der den 1. marts 1691 - næsten ti år efter - stiles til et andet indflydelsesrigt medlem af gejstligheden, Don Manuel Fernández de Santa Cruz, biskop af Puebla, der havde skrevet under pseudonym.
I visited the Archbishop, don Julián de Cortázar, who asked me insistently to remain there in the convent of my Order. I replied that I had neither Order nor religion, and that I merely wished to return to my native land where I would do what I felt was best for my redemption.
Heri udtrykkes samme tankegang med hensyn til kvindernes stilling, og den samme slags argumenter fremføres.
Finally, in 1624, she left Tenerife and set off for Spain.
Hvad der adskiller de to skrifter
When she arrived in
Det gælder om at vise en betydningsfuld person, hvad en kvinde er i stand til, men dog at behandle ham med al den respekt, som man skylder en højtstående gejstlig.
After that, I went to Madrid and I stayed there for twenty days without being recognized.
Endelig har hun den frækhed at belære ham om hans hverv og at fortælle ham, at heller ikke han er så nem at holde ud
There, I was arrested by order of the vicar for reasons unknown, but the count of Olivares set me free.
("jeg har ved talrige lejligheder fundet
After countless escapades, she arrived in Pamplona and then in Rome for the Holy Year.
Deres adfærd yderst frastødende ..., men jeg fordømmer Dem ikke at den grund").
However, she was subsequently robbed in Piedmont and accused of being a spy, and she returned to Spain:
Den utrolige historie om Catalina af Erauso, skrevet af hende selv, er en af de mest rørende fra Amerikas historie.
Catalina's request was heard and, in 1625, she was assigned a life annuity of eight hundred escudos.
I en tid, hvor der ikke var plads til kvinder uden for ægteskabet eller klostret, opnår denne baskiske kvinde en frihed næsten svarende til en mands, ved at forklæde sig i tyve år.
For the services rendered by Catalina during her twenty years as a soldier, the King granted her the title of "Standard-bearer doña Catalina de Erauso".
Catalina levede på steder og i en tid, hvor småligheden sad i højsædet, men hun holdt fast ved sin uafhængighed og fortæredes efterhånden i modsætningen.
However, driven by anxiety, she moved on once again, leaving Madrid for Barcelona. From there, she took a ship to Genoa and then went to Rome:
Denne kvinde, der var kendt i Amerika og i hele Europa som "bannerførernonnen", havde et usædvanligt liv.
I kissed the feet of His Holiness Urban VIII and I briefly recounted as best I could the story of my life, of my adventures, of my sex and of my virginity.
Quincey - og den store maler Pacheco fra Sevilla portrætterede hende ved hendes
He entreated me to continue to live an honest life and to avoid offending my fellow man, and always to bear in mind more than anything else the commandment of God, non occides - thou shalt not kill.
Hun vakte forargelse, men samtidig stor interesse. I 1625 skrev hun - sandsynligvis i Sevilla - sine memoirer, især med det formål at fá
Her story also caused a sensation in Rome and Catalina was even registered by order of the Senate of Rome in a book of honour as a privileged citizen of the city:
"en pension pá 500 pesos som indtægt fra jordbesiddelser", som ville give hende mulighed for at vende tilbage til Mexico under navnet Antonio af Erauso, hvor hun døde i 1650.
My case had become public dominion and I found myself surrounded by a huge crowd: distinguished personalties, princes, bishops, cardinals.
Pave Urban VIII havde givet hende en særlig tilladelse til fortsat at leve forklædt som mand.
Indeed, wherever I went, I found an open door...
Hun var blevet modtaget af kongen, men hendes berømmelse vanskeliggjorde hendes liv, da hun - inden hun for anden gang indskibede sig til Amerika - besluttede at offentliggøre sin livshistorie om en kvinde, der i over tyve år havde givet sig ud for at være en mand og levet sammen med personer af det modsatte køn uden nogensinde at blive opdaget.
After staying more than a month and a half in the city, without a moment's peace, she sailed from Ripa Grande to Naples, where she arrived on July 5 1626. Finally, she left definitively for Mexico where, in 1650, she fell ill on the road to Veracruz and died.
Hun var ikke engang blevet genkendt af sin far eller mor, og blev det heller ikke af sin bror, som hun genfandt på den anden side af havet og uforvarende dræber.
The people who had so admired her as "a great and brave spirit" erected a splendid sepulchre in her honour and sculpted on the tombstone an epitaph befitting her passion for independence.
Catalina måtte som mange andre piger i hendes alder gá i kloster, men til forskel fra dem flygtede hun:
In this respect, the work of Anna-Britta Hellbom is quite emblematic, La participación cultural de las mujeres. Indias y Mestizas en el México precortesia.no y postrevolucionario, Etnografiska Museet, Stockholm; 1965.
Ved at klæde sig ud i dette tøj gav hun efter for sit ønske om fysisk at identificere sig med faderens verden, magten og derigennem uafhængigheden.
This quotation and all those which followed are extracts from The story of the standard-bearer nun written by herself, Palermo, 1991.
Hun klippede sit hár udelukkende for at tage afstand fra og forkaste sin kvindelighed, der føltes som tyngende bagage fuld af begrænsninger og påbud.
Joaquin Maria de Ferrer, who is also Basque, had the book published for the first time in Paris in 1829.
Efter masser af oplevelser vendte hun tilbage til San Sebastian og derfra til havnebyen Pasajes, der I A knap 4,5 km derfra.
There are many translations of the work of Catalina de Erauso, and the "Revue des Deux Mondes" published an edition in 1930.
(...); jeg lod mig hverve som skibsdreng pá kaptajn
From a cultural point of view, it may be said that saints are the result of their society and of their epoch.
"Jeg ankom til byen Lima, hovedstad i det rige Peru, der har 102 byer og mange landsbyer, 28 bispe- og ærkeb¡spedømmer, 136 embeder som offentlig anklager samt repræsentanterne for kongemagten
The analysis of the personality of Rosa di Santa Maria through her life and through the influence which she exerted on her contemporaries reveals a woman with a dynamic and extraordinary spirit.
Efter at have boet i alle de større byer i Amerika - fra Cartagena til La Paz - og haft alle mulige oplevelser kommer hun til Guamanga i Peru, hvor hun efter en strid overfaldes og arresteres. Over for biskoppen, der støtter hende og taler med hende i cellen, afslører hun alt:
Towards the second half of the XVI century, the devotion of the people made it possible to start construction work on a considerable number of large churches and convents, the same buildings which gave Lima the monastic atmosphere which can still be felt in the old city today.
"Sandheden er, at jeg er en kvinde (...).
No-one would have expressed any surprise in 1578 at the suggestion of manipulation of people by spirits.
Jeg har draget rundt fra det ene sted til det andet, har indskibet mig og er gået i land igen, har drevet handel, begået drab, været i slagsmål, bedraget og spredt skræk blandt mine medmennesker for til slut at kaste mig for Deres Nådes fødder.
The problem was rather knowing whether the spirit was an "angel of lights" or an "angel of darkness". At the time, Italian painters like Bitti were giving form and colour to the persistent visions which were part of the ethos generated by the religious imagery of Lima.
Den fromme bisp, der indtil dette skriftemål, dvs. indtil kl. 1, havde siddet åndeløs, uden at åbne munden, uden at blinke og lyttet til mig, og som - efter at jeg var færdig - blev siddende uden at sige noget, græd sine modige tårer."
These graphic catechisms, which were more efficient and perhaps less dangerous instruments for popular evangelisation than books, were to be seen everywhere on public buildings, churches and even on houses.
Vantro fortalte biskoppen hende dagen efter, at "for ham var et tilfælde af denne art det mest bemærkelsesværdige, han havde hørt om i sit liv", og han sluttede med at spørge: "Er det virkelig alt sammen sandt?" Og så tilføjede han:
In fact, the same fervour which led people to visit temples or to represent mystical subjects in paint or in print also inspired a sense of ineffable curiosity for the Holy Scriptures and for texts which were considered as a threat to the guardians of dogma and doctrine, in that they would tend to lead the sensitivity of the faithful astray from the path of orthodoxy.
"Det er ikke så mærkeligt, hvis jeg har min tvivl med hensyn til noget, der I så høj grad går ud over det sædvanlige".
Rosa di Santa Maria has thus been relegated to hagiography and to popular legend and has never been the subject of a critical study.
Catalina svarer: "Hvis Deres Excellence gerne vil overvinde denne tvivl, er jeg rede til at lade mig undersøge af en jordemoder."
All the biographers of Rosa insist on her predestination for sainthood from her earliest childhood.
"Det ser ud til, at min historie er blevet afsløret, og myndighedernes besøg kunne ikke hindres, derfor blev både jeg og Hans Nåde bedrøvede.
Indeed, when the time came for Rosa to progress from maidenhood, she had to confront the wedding plans of her family, who hoped to marry her off for social advancement, according to the tradition of the time.
Endelig, efter at der var gået seks dage, lod Hans Excellence mig indtræde i Santa Chiara de Guamanga-søstrenes kloster, som var det eneste kloster på stedet, og dér iførte Jeg mig nonneklæder. Hans Nåde forlod huset ved min side, og udenfor ventede en stor folkemængde os.
By refusing the suitor chosen by her parents, she condemned herself to pay a dear price for her dissidence: insults, humiliation, mockery, both from her parents and from her brothers, as well as whippings and other maltreatments.
(...) kunne vi ikke komme ind; så snart folk fik nys om det, var den fuld."
The only concession she made was to don the habit of the "third Dominican order", which meant committing herself to a personal religious compromise.
Hele menigheden var til stede; hun blev omfavnet af nonnerne og de andre tilstedeværende, modtog sakramentet, fremsagde sine bønner og blev ført i procession til koret:
This condition was given the ambiguous title of "beata" (blessed), a rather dubious category which required women to devote themselves to the service of God and which at the same time meant they were no longer under the authority of the male laity.
"Rygtet om denne begivenhed spredtes overalt, og de, der havde kendt mig før, og de andre over hele Amerika, som før eller senere fik kendskab til min historie, undredes såre."
From this time onwards, therefore, Rosa was known in Lima as the "blessed one", a title which she sometimes regarded as mockery or as an insult.
Fra Guamanga tog Catalina klædt som nonne til Lima, efter ærkebispens ordre og indtrådte i Treenighedsklostret:
However, the confusing connotation of the title implied a model of piety and devotion which gave the "blessed" sister an aura of grace.
"Dér blev jeg ca. to år og fem måneder, indtil der kom besked fra
The whole city was no doubt well informed of the mystical passions which assailed Rosa and of the atrocious suffering which she imposed upon herself.
Spanien om, at jeg ikke var og aldrig havde været nonne, der havde aflagt sit løfte; straks blev det lovet mig, at jeg måtte træde ud af klostret til alle søstrenes store mishag, og snart begav jeg mig pá vej til Spanien (...).
However, we may wonder whether the people believed that sainthood was the product of such uncompromising discipline or vice-versa.
Jeg fortsatte min rejse til Santa Fe de Bogotá i riget Nueva Granada og besøgte ærkebispen, don Julián de Cortázar, som indtrængende opfordrede mig til at blive i min ordens kloster.
As we shall see, the answer is to be found not only in the biography of Rosa but also in the different people who have sought to follow her example, people like Maria de Oliva, who belonged to that class of women who are disdainfully referred to as bachilleras (know-alls): it was said that the bachilleras were very fond of courtly literature and tales of chivalry, because in these stories it was men who begged and threw themselves at the feet of women.
Jeg svarede ham, at jeg hverken havde orden eller religion, og at jeg kun ønskede at vende tilbage til fædrelandet, hvor jeg ville gøre, hvad der forekom mig bedst for min frelse."
Certainly, women were condemned to suffer in silence. In this respect, the discretion of Rosa appears to be more an imposed social restriction than a form of asceticism.
Endelig indskibede hun sig i 1624 til Spanien på Tenerifa. Da hun ankom til
The example of Rosa did not go unobserved in a devout city where piety is considered as an eminently feminine attribute.
"Begav jeg mig til Sevilla for 15 dage, holdt mig så vidt muligt skjult og undgik dem, der stimlede sammen for at se mig klædt i mandetøj.
Little by little, religious life came to be considered by more and more women in Lima as a means of escaping from burdensome domestic duties and from marital authoritarianism.
Efter mange tildragelser ankom hun til Pamplona og Rom til det hellige år, men dernæst bliver hun plyndret i Piemonte og beskyldt for at være spion, hvorfor hun vender tilbage til Spanien:
The Inquisition set about destroying any symptom of dissidence and also sought to preserve the inexorable status of woman.
Rådet for Amerika, hvor jeg skulle forelægge de dokumenter, Jeg endnu havde fra alle mine rejser."
Their sin was quite simply that they adopted an excessive form of orthodoxy in a time of mystic extremism and radical fervour fuelled by certain forms of reading, iconography and traditions which we must take into account.
Men uroen fik hende igen t i I at flytte; denne gang fra Madrid til Barcelona.
Women saints and the alumbradas (the illuminated) did not appear by chance.
Han var overrasket over at høre alt dette og gav mig ædelmodigt lov til at fortsætte mit liv forklædt som mand, idet han anbefalede mig for fremtiden at leve ærligt og oprigtigt og undgå at krænke min næste, men altid først og fremmest at holde mig Guds bud for øje: du skal ikke slå ihjel."
While Rosa di Santa Maria was adored at alters and Bartolomé Murillo was immortalizing her in his famous painting depicting the ecstasy of the saint, her close friends had started in the prisons of the Santo Uffizio to inflict upon her a torment which, to a great extent, was instrumental in her death.
"Min historie blev offentligt kendt, og mange omgav mig: betydningsfulde personer, fyrster, biskopper, kardinaler; hvor Jeg end gik hen, fandt jeg dørene åbne ..."
Archivio General de Indias, Seville Archivio General de Santo Domingo Archivio General dei Gesuiti, Rome Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Rome
Et fænomen i den peruvianske kolonihistorie, der hidtil kun har været genstand for fromme overvejelser, men ikke for nogen saglig videnskabelig analyse, var det store antal helgenskikkelser, der i det korte tidsrum fra 1580 til 1620 optrådte i Lima.
According to the logic which said that women were more imperfect than men, certain characteristics were associated with women which depicted them as irrational beings.
Ud fra et kulturelt synspunkt var de et produkt af deres samtid og samfundet.
Furthermore, the people of the time still harked back to the idea inherited from classical times of the four humours.
Marias personlighed set på baggrund af hendes liv og den indflydelse, hun havde blandt sine samtidige, viser os da også en aktiv og usædvanlig kvinde.
In contrast, a woman's right to sexuality was confined to marriage and, in general, female sexuality was considered as dangerous.
Det vil føre for vidt at opregne den uendelige række mirakler, der berettes om, undertiden i form af overnaturlige tegn med anvisning af, hvor der skulle grundlægges en by eller rejses en kirke eller med direkte indgriben fra Jomfru Marias eller helgeners side for at sikre conquistadorernes herredømme.
It means, in fact, that the honour of the family rested upon the shoulders of the person who was regarded as morally the weaker person, an irrational creature who was an easy prey to temptation - which, moreover, she embodied to an extent.
Takket være indbyggernes fromhed kunne man hen¡mod
It was the responsibility of the woman to protect the honour of the family by her moral conduct.
16. århundrede indlede opførelsen af talrige større kirker og klostre, kort sagt alle de bygninger, der gav Lima det klosterpræg, som endnu i dag er karakteristisk for den gamle by.
This whole ethos led many families among the elite to shut their daughters up in a convent, sheltered from the world, until the time when they could be married off.
Det kunne ikke overraske nogen i 1578, hvor ånderne blandede sig i menneskenes anliggender, at problemet var at finde ud af, om man befandt sig over for en
I have placed her in the monastery of the Encarnación (in Potosí, present-day Bolivia) and I am saving her little by little until I can marry her1.
Foreløbig fik de tilbagevendende visioner, der leverede materiale til den religiøse forestillingsverden i Lima, form og farver af italienske malere som Bitti.
Women who stayed single remained under the guardianship of their father until they died...
De offentlige bygninger, kirkerne og endog husene blev fyldt med disse grafiske katekismer, som var mere effektive formidlere af kristendommen - og måske mindre farlige - end bøger.
Consequently, women could not undertake any transaction, acquisition, sale, etc., without the legal authorization of their husband or father. Nonetheless, once given this authorization, they could enjoy all their legal freedoms.
Den samme inderlighed, der fik folk til at gå i kirke eller lave religiøse malerier eller stik, lá således også bag deres overordentlige nysgerrighed med hensyn til de hellige skrifter, herunder tekster, der af vogterne af dogmerne og doktrinen betragtedes som trusler, fordi følelserne løb af med de troende, og de
Although the husband was entitled to administer the dowry, he was nonetheless obliged to repay the total value thereof in the event of the dissolution of the marriage or to provide for the restitution of the dowry in his will. The husband was expected to pledge his own present and future possessions in order to safeguard those of his wife.
Sagn- og helgenfiguren Rosa de Santa Maria er aldrig blevet underkastet en kritisk undersøgelse. Alle, der har skrevet hendes biografi, påstår, at hun var forudbestemt til at blive helgen fra sin tidligste barndom.
In addition to this, the husband-to-be would very often give his future wife a certain sum of money - called the deposit - which was directly incorporated into the dowry.
¡det den gerne så hende fordelagtigt gift, som traditionen bød.
In practice, this sum was paid when the dowry was received.
Til hendes families store overraskelse og på trods af disse fysiske trusler gik
This voluntary deposit was often cited as the recompense given by the husband for the "purity of extraction and virginity of his wife".
Rosa ikke med til at blive gift og heller ikke med til at blive lukket inde i det kloster, som de tilbød hende som alternativ, og hun accepterede kun at iklæde sig den
If the wife died without bearing offspring, the family could even claim from the husband payment of the sum corresponding to the dowry and the deposit which had been given.
"tredje dominikanerordens dragt", hvorved hun indgik et personligt religiøst kompromis. Hun blev så, hvad man med et tvetydigt navn kalder "beate" (lægsøster), en tvivlsom kategori af kvinder, der var viet til
Even if the dowry was designed as a way of helping the young couple to embark on their new life together, it is also important to emphasise the function of the dowry as a guarantee for the woman in the event of widowhood or abandon.
Guds tjeneste og samtidig unddraget den verdslige mandlige myndighed. Fra det øjeblik blev Rosa kendt i Lima som "la beata", en betegnelse, hun undertiden opfattede som drilleri og fornærmelse.
Within the couple, the husband and the wife retained separate rights of ownership, together with the right to dispose freely of their property.
På trods af usikkerheden omkring ordets bibetydninger lå der imidlertid fromhed og hengivenhed til grund for det, og det antydede en vis ynde.
As the system of inheritance was bilateral, children inherited in parallel from their father and mother.
Det gjaldt Maria da Oliva, der tilhørte den klasse af kvinder, som med foragt kaldtes "bachilleras" (blåstrømper).
The law gave the wife an undeniable economic superiority over the children with regard to any potential entitlements.
Det sagdes, at de var store beundrere af høvisk litteratur og ridderromaner, fordi det i dem var mændene, som bønfaldt kvinderne og kastede sig for deres fødder.
One can thus imagine the important status of the widow when, as was often the case, she became the executrix of the will of her husband.
Ud fra denne synsvinkel forekommer Rosas diskretion os mere at være en pålagt samfundsmæssig restriktion end et asketisk træk.
Although this situation was more a feature of the middle and upper classes (who were able to afford a dowry for their daughters), it also affected the lower classes in situations which involved any form of property (house, shop, land...).
Hendes ekstaser, skrifter og mirakler blev ikke udelukkende betragtet som en opfordring til fordybelse, men tolkedes først og fremmest som et eksempel til efterfølgelse.
This explains why unaccompanied single women were at first forbidden to emigrate.
Vi står således over for talrige tilfælde af overdreven fromhed, hvor de pågældendes demonstrative rettroenhed
To allow a man to stay for longer than three years, the wife who was still living in Spain had to renew her authorization:
Ikke gjorde dem til helgener, men muliggjorde en personlig valgmulighed og at flygte fra mændenes herredømme.
I want you to send me an authorization for four years; you must do this at town council, specifying that, since I am here (in America) for your interest and for mine, you give me your authorization and that it is your wish to grant me this authorization2.