natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Indledning tigelsen i Europa 1989, Kapitel 5, og Beskæftigelsen i Europa 1990, Kapitel 3, hvori der redegøres kort for nogle af resultaterne af disse undersøgelser).
these in the different Member States (see Employment in Europe, 1989, Chapter 5 and Employment in Europe, 1990, Chapter 3, where some of the results of these studies are summarised).
Industrien og industribeskæftigelsen er et af de vigtigste elementer i alle moderne økonomier.
Industry, and industrial employ ment, are at the heart of all modern economies.
Sektorens konkurrenceevne er afgørende ikke blot for EF-økonomiens styrke som helhed, men også for den aktivitet og beskæftigelse, den skaber eller finansierer i resten af økonomien, især i servicesektoren.
The competitiveness of the sector is crucial, not only for the strength of the Community economy as a whole, but also for the activity and employment it generates, or finances, in the rest of the economy, notably the services sector. tor.
Dette kapitel indeholder ikke yder ligere analyser af det indre markeds potentielle konsekvenser for be skæftigelsen.
This chapter does not attempt any further analysis of the potential consequences of the 1992 programme of measures on employment.
Det har derimod til formål at levere det nødvendige bag grundsmateriale for en vurdering af, hvilke virkninger det indre marked for industrivarer kan forventes at få, idet der redegøres detaljeret for fremstillingsindustriens nuværende placering i EF-landene og for, hvilke ændringer der er sket i løbet af 1980'erne.
Rather, it seeks to provide the necessary background against which the possible effects of completing the Internal Market in industrial goods can be judged by setting out details of the present location of manufacturing industry across the Community, and identifying how it has changed over the 1980s.
Der fokuseres ikke blot på, hvordan industriproduktionen og industribeskæftigelsen er fordelt mellem EF-landene, men også på, hvordan denne fordeling varierer og har varieret mellem regionerne in den for de enkelte lande.
The focus is not just on the distribution of industrial production and employment between Member States, but also on how this varies, and has varied, between re gions within countries.
Adgang til et stort marked uden interne opdelinger vil gøre det lettere at opnå stordriftsbesparelser, mens den skærpede konkurrence vil være til gavn for de mest effektive virksomheder og give dem mulig hed for at forøge deres markedsandel på bekostning af mere marginale producenter.
Access to a larger, less segmented, Internal Market will help economies of scale to be re alised, while the extension of competition will favour the more efficient firms, giving them an opportunity to increase their market share at the expense of marginal producers.
Alt dette vil få indvirkning på de samlede beskæftigelsesmæssige resultater i denne sektor.
All of this will affect the overall level of employ ment achieved in this sector.
Samtidig vil be skæftigelsen i de områder, hvor omkostningerne er lavest, blive stimuleret på bekostning af beskæftigelsen i de områder, hvor omkostningerne er høje, fordi pro duktionsomkostningerne vil få større vægt i konkurrenceprocessen. sen.
At the same time, to the extent that the costs of production will assume a greater weight in the competitive process, so will employment in low cost areas be favoured against em ployment in high cost areas.
Kapitlet begynder med en gennem gang af industribeskæftigelsens fordeling i EF, og hvordan den har ændret sig i 1980'erne; der redegøres for, hvilke regioner der har fået flere jobs i industrien i denne periode, og hvilke regioner der har mis tet jobs i industrien.
In this context, a major objective of the Internal Market programme is to stimulate increases in the efficiency of industry in the Community and to create a business environment which strengthens the ability of European companies to compete more effectively with other world producers, notably US and Japanese.
Der er foretaget en række undersøgelser af det indre markeds mulige virkninger for forskellige industrier.
A number of studies have been car ried out into the possible effects on different industries of the Internal Market programme.
Disse undersøgelser har til formål at afdække, hvilke sektorer der kan forventes at blive påvirket i særlig grad af de foranstaltninger, der indføres, og hvilken betydning disse foranstaltninger vil få i de forskellige EF-lande (se Beskæf
These have sought to identify the sectors which are likely to be especially affected by the measures introduced, and have examined the importance of
Virksomhederne vil derfor i højere grad blive presset til at skære om kostningerne ned, øge produktiviteten og rationalisere produktionen med deraf følgende virkninger for beskæftigelsen.
The chapter begins by examining the distribution of employment in industry across the Community and how it has changed during the 1980s, identifying the regions which have gained industrial jobs over this period and those which have suffered losses.
Det talmateriale, der er brugt i dette kapitel, er hentet fra rundspørger i industrien, i de enkelte EF-lande. Disse tal ajourføres af EF's Statistiske Kontor, og de landsdækkende tal lagres i CRO-NOS-databasen.
The data used in this chapter are taken from industry surveys conducted in each of the Member States.
Undersøgelserne dækker alle industrivirksomheder og mindre virksomheder, der beskæftiger mindst 20 personer, og hvis hovedaktivitet falder ind under en af NACE-industrikategorierne.
The surveys cover all industrial undertakings and small businesses employing at least 20 people whose principal activity falls under one of the NACE industrial categories.
Det betyder, at meget små virksomheder med under 20 ansatte ikke er medregnet i analysen.
This means that very small firms with less than 20 people employed are not included in the analysis.
Dette skulle ikke påvirke resultaterne i væsentlig grad, eftersom sådanne virksomheder kun tegner sig for en meget lille del af den samlede beskæftigelse og værditilvækst i de fleste industrier i EF.
This is unlikely to affect the results significantly since such firms account for only a very small proportion of total employment and valueadded in most industries in most parts of the Community.
Dernæst foretages der en række sammenligninger af værditilvæksten pr. beskæftiget og produktiviteten i forskellige industrier i EF.
Employment relates to the number of paid em ployees and so excludes the small number of selfemployed people in manufacturing.
Formålet er dels at finde ud af, om der overhovedet er et fælles mønster for resultaterne i de forskellige industrier i de enkelte lande, dels at afdække, hvorvidt de lande, som har høj produktivitet i én sektor (eller har de største stigninger), har tilsvarende gode resultater i andre sektorer.
Thirdly, it considers comparative levels of valueadded per worker and compares the productivity per formance in the different industries across the Community.
Beskæftigelsestallene vedrører antallet aflønnede arbejdstagere, hvilket udelukker det lille antal selvstændigt beskæftigede personer i industrien. strien.
This seeks to identify, on the one hand, how far there is a common pattern of performance in different industries in each of the countries and, on the other, how far countries which have high levels of productivity in one sector (or have achieved the largest gains) have similarly good performance in others.
Værditilvæksten er målt til faktorprisen, dvs. før skatter og tilskud.
Valueadded is measured at factor cost, i.e. before taxes and subsidies.
Arbejdskraftomkostningerne omfatter også ikkelønmæssige omkostninger.
Labour costs include nonwage labour costs.
Analyserne af situationen i de enkelte regioner er i højere grad baseret på tal for lønninger og vederlag end på de samlede arbejdskraftomkostninger, fordi disse er mere vanskeligt tilgængelige.
Data for wages and salaries rather than total labour costs are used for the regional analysis since the latter are not readily available.
Endelig gennemgås forskelle i løn niveauer og lønstigninger mellem de enkelte industrier, de enkelte medlemslande og de enkelte regioner.
There is some difference in classification as be tween the national and regional data insofar as at the national level the classification to NACE categories is according to the principal activity of the enterprise whereas at the regional level each local unit is classified according to its principal activity.
Formålet er ikke blot at vurdere, hvor store forskelle der er i arbejdskraftomkostningerne, men også at se, hvordan disse forskelle indvirker på produktiviteten.
Fourthly, it examines differences in wage levels and rates of pay in crease between industries, Member States and regions, not only in order to ascertain the scale of differences in labour costs as between different places, but also to see how these relate to variations in productivity.
Det te kan give et vist indtryk af, hvor stærkt virksomhederne føler sig tilskyndet til at flytte produktionen fra ét sted i EF til et andet af omkostningsmæssige hensyn, efterhånden som konkurrencen skærpes.
This can give some indication of the strength of the incentive for com panies to relocate production from one part of the Community to an other, for reasons of cost, as competition intensifies.
Der foreligger endnu ikke regionale tal for Portugal, Grækenland og Irland.
No regional data are yet available for Portugal, Greece or Ireland.
Luxembourg er ikke medtaget i analysen på grund af industri sektorens meget ringe omfang dér.
Luxembourg is excluded from the analysis because of the small size of its manufacturing sector.
Beskæftigelsen i fremstillingsindustrien i EF
Manufacturing Employment across the Community
De regionale tal vedrører 1981 og 1988 for Tysk land, Storbritannien, Frankrig, Italien og Danmark, og 1981 og 1987 for Spaniens vedkommende.
The regional data relate to 1981 and 1988 for Germany, the UK, France, Italy and Denmark and to 1981 and 1987 for Spain.
For Nederlandenes vedkommende er anvendt regionale tal for 1987, men da der ikke findes ensartede regionale tal for tidligere år, har man anvendt de nationale tal for 1980 og 1987 i de kort, der viser de regionale ændringer.
For the Netherlands, regional data for 1987 are used, though since no consistent regional data exist for the earlier year, national data for 1980 and 1987 are used in the maps showing regional changes.
For Belgiens vedkommende har man overalt an vendt tallene for 1980 og 1987.
For Belgium, national data for 1980 and 1987 are used throughout.
For Storbritanniens vedkommende er de regionale ændringer mellem 1981 og 1988 baseret på NUTS-niveau I-regioner, mens tallene i de fleste øvrige tilfælde vedrører NUTS-niveau II-regio-ner.
For the UK, the regional changes between 1981 and 1988 are for NUTS level I regions whereas in most other cases the figures are for NUTS level II re gions.
Beskæftigelsen i fremstillingsindustrien har meget varierende be tydning i de forskellige EF-lande og i de forskellige regioner inden for de enkelte lande.
The importance of manufacturing industry employment varies significantly between Member States, and between different regions within them.
(Industrien, dvs. fremstillingsindustrien, er i dette kapitel defineret i begrebets sædvanlige betydning; det udelukker olieraffinering, der somme ti der medregnes, og det udelukker også bygge- og anlægssektoren og energi- og vandforsyningssektorerne, der sædvanligvis også medregnes i industrien. Begrebet omfatter
(Manufacturing in this chapter is defined as conventionally understood; it excludes oil refining which is sometimes included and it
Kapitel 6 Beskæftigelsen i industrien: Et tiår med forandringer under 30% af den samlede beskæf­tigelse), tæller med i denne gruppe.
However, they also included much of Denmark and parts of Southern Italy, where manufacturing employment was relatively low (accounting for less than 30% of the total).
Se den indrammede tekst vedrø­rende definitioner af de anvendte data).
See Box for definitions of the data used).
Blandt de regioner, som oplevede de største fald i beskæftigelsen i indu­strien i disse år, var store dele af Frankrig, Skotland, Nordvesteng­land og den nordvestlige og vestlige del af Spanien samt visse dele af Syditalien.
Regions which experienced the lar­gest reduction in jobs in manufacturing during these years included much of France, Scotland, North­West England and the North­West and West of Spain as well as part of Southern Italy.
Mange af disse regioner betegnes i dag som "regioner i indu­striel tilbagegang" og modtager støt­te fra strukturfondene.
Many of these regions are now classified as 'regions in industrial decline' and are in receipt of aid from the Struc­tural Funds.
Industribeskæftigelsen er særlig stor i Sydtyskland, Norditalien, West Midlands i England og dele af Nordspanien og Portugal.
Manufacturing jobs are particular­ly important in Southern Germany, Northern Italy, the West Midlands in England and parts of Northern Spain and Portugal.
I disse områder tegner industrien sig for over 40% af al beskæftigelse (jf· Kapitel 4, Kort 84).
In these areas, industry accounts for over 40% of all employment (see Chapter 4, Map 84).
Til gengæld er der langt færre jobs i industrien, målt i absolutte tal, i størsteparten af Sydeuropa, hvor industribe­skæftigelsen generelt tegner sig for under 25% af den samlede beskæf­tigelse.
On the other hand, jobs in in­dustry are fewer in number over much of Southern Europe where they generally account for less than 25% of total employment.
Den første er vanskeligheden ved at tilveje­bringe detaljerede, ensartede data for samtlige medlemslande og for de enkelte regioner inden for disse lande.
The first is the difficulty of establishing consistent data at a detailed indus­try level for all Member States, and for regions within those States.
Det mest omfattende sæt ensartede data er dem, der anven­des her, og som omfatter 18 NACE­niveau 2­industrier (de er opregnet i Figur 118).
The most comprehensive set of consist­ent data are those used here which cover 18 NACE level 2 industries (they are listed in Graph 118).
Der foreligger rime­ligt komplette tal for de enkelte lande for 1980 og 1987 og for de enkelte regioner for 1981 og 1987 eller 1988 (se den indrammede tekst).
Rea­sonably complete figures are available at the national level for 1980 and 1987 and at the regional level for 1981 and 1987 or 1988 (see Box).
Men alligevel er det nødven­digt at foretage visse skøn for at udfylde enkelte huller.
Even then, some estimation is necessary to fill missing values. (In
Industrier inden for fremstillingssektoren
The major questions addressed below concern the kinds of manufacturing activity which are located in different parts of the
En analyse af de forskellige former for fremstillingsaktiviteter i EF
Job gains and losses in manufacturing in the 1980s
Stigningen i værditilvæksten i industrisektorerne i otte EF­lande (B, DK, D, E, F, I, NL, UK) 1980­87
Growth of valueadded in sectors of manufacturing in eight Member States (B, DK, D, E, F, I, NL, UK) 1980-87
] Fodtøj og beklædning _BAR_
_BAR_ Menufaclure non-metallic mineral products \
I løbet af 1980'erne, nærmere be­stemt mellem 1980 og 1987, faldt beskæftigelsen i industrien mar­kant i EF.
Over the 1980s, or more especially between 1980 and 1987, employ­ment in manufacturing fell significantly in the Community.
Hvis man undtager Grækenland, for hvilket der ikke foreligger nogen data, var det sam­lede fald i beskæftigelsen i indu­strien ca. 16,5% eller 4,4 mio. jobs i alt.
Ex­cluding Greece, for which there are no data, the overall decline in manu­facturing jobs amounted to some 16.5%, or 4.4 million in total num­bers.
Med undtagelse af Danmark, som oplevede en stigning på 4%, kunne alle lande registrere et fald i denne periode fra 7% i Tyskland og 9% i Portugal til 23% i Spanien og hele 27% i Storbritannien.
With the exception of Denmark, which enjoyed an increase of 4%, all countries experienced a fall over this period, ranging from 7% in Germany and 9% in Portugal to 23% in Spain and a massive 27% in the UK.
Indu­stribeskæftigelsen er steget mar­kant i Spanien siden 1987, så man nu er tilbage på 1980­niveauet.
Manufacturing employment has increased markedly in Spain since 1987, enough to get back to the 1980 level of employment.
Anden iransport
¡Rubber and plastics _BAR_
På regionalt plan inden for de en­kelte EF­lande var der dog tale om store forskelle i udviklingen i indu­stribeskæftigelsen i denne periode.
At a regional level within Member States, however, changes in em­ployment in manufacturing were very uneven over this period.
Men også størsteparten af Dan­mark og store dele af Syditalien, hvor industribeskæftigelsen var forholdsvis lav (repræsenterende
Areas which experienced a net gain in jobs included a number of the strong in­dustrial regions of Southern
Kapitel 6 Beskæftigelsen i industrien: Et tiår med forandringer sive aktiviteter såsom fremstilling af lædervarer, mere kapitalinten­sive aktiviteter såsom instrument­industrien og mere basale produkter såsom næringsmidler og drikkevarer, for hvilke markedet kan forventes at vokse støt, men dog ikke særlig kraftigt.
Growth of value­added in industry in the Community particular, for one or two countries, one or two NACE categories are ag­gregated in the official data and they have been sub­divided, largely on the basis of the relative split elsewhere.) building, or highly labour­intensive industries producing relatively un­sophisticated products, such as Clothing, Footwear and Wooden furniture.
køretøjer og elektrisk udstyr og husholdningsapparater (Figur 118).
Industries with the highest growth, i.e. those showing an increase in value­added of more than 60% be­tween 1980 and 1987, include products such as Office equipment, Chemicals, Motor vehicles and Electrical equipment and applian­ces (Graph 118).
Disse industrier har ikke blot et marked i kraftig vækst og fortsat udsigt til stærkt stigende efter­spørgsel, men de anvender gene­relt også de mest avancerede og mest kapitalkrævende produk­tionsprocesser.
These not only enjoy a buoyant market and have a continuing prospect of high growth in demand, but they also tend to involve the most advanced and the most capital­intensive processes of production.
Af prakti­ske hensyn er de 18 industrier op­delt i tre grupper på grundlag af stigningen i værditilvæksten (i ECU i løbende priser) mellem 1980 og 1987.
In order to simplify, the 18 industries have been put into three groups according to their growth in value­added (in ECU at current prices) between 1980 to 1987.
(På grund af problemer i relation til talmaterialet er stig­ningen i værditilvæksten kun ud­regnet for 8 medlemslande, som dog tegnede sig for noget mere end 90% af den samlede værditilvækst i EF i industrisektoren i 1987.
(Be­cause of data problems, value­added growth is calculated only for 8 Mem­ber States, though these accounted for well over 90% of total Community value­added in manufacturing in 1987.
Medregning af de øvrige fire lande, Irland, Grækenland, Portugal og Luxembourg, ville derfor næppe betyde nogen større forskel i resul­taterne).
The inclusion of the other four countries, Ireland, Greece, Portugal and Luxembourg, would therefore be unlikely to make much difference to the results.)
I modsætning hertil er de indu­strier, der havde den laveste vækst i denne periode med en stigning i værditilvæksten på under 30%, regnet i løbende priser, enten de tunge industrier i tilbagegang så­som stålindustrien og værftsindu­strien, eller de stærkt arbejdskraftintensive industrier, der fremstiller forholdsvis enkle produkter, såsom beklædning, fod­tøj og træmøbler.
By contrast, the industries showing the lowest growth over this period, with an increase in value­added of less than 30% in current price terms, are either heavy industries in decline, such as Steel and Ship­
Industrisektorer med de højeste og laveste stigninger i værditilvæksten i otte EF­lande 1980­87
Highest and lowest valueadded growth sectors in manufacturing in eight Member States 1980-87
I l_ ■ j ι ι ι ι ι Sektorer nod højeste stigning
Highest growth sectors Lowest growth sectors
Faldet i beskæftigelsen i medi­umvækstindustrierne svarede til faldet i lavvækstindustrierne; i tekstilindustrien var der tale om et fald på 24%, hvilket var mere end i fire af de industrier, der indgår i sidstnævnte gruppe.
Changes in employment between 1980 and 1987 reflected changes in value­added, in the sense that the industries in which output grew most were also the industries in which employment declined least.
Det største fald i beskæftigelsen fandt dog sted i sværindustrien (stål), hvor stig­
Indeed, the only industry to show an increase in job numbers over this period was Office equipment where the rise was around 17% (Graph 120).
Kapitel 6 Beskæftigelsen i industrien: Et tiår med forandringer ningen i værditilvæksten var den mindste overhovedet, og hvor det samlede antal jobs faldt med 38% mellem 1980 og 1987.
Chapter 6 Employment in Industry: a Decade of Change ranged from 6% for Rubber and plastics to 17% for Motor vehicles, reflecting the significant gains in productivity made in car production during these years.
I samtlige lande var lawækstindustriernes andel i in­dustribeskæftigelsen væsentligt højere end deres andel i værditil­væksten.
the manufacturing workforce than the share of value­added they gener­ated.
I Spanien, Portugal og Grækenland, stod disse industrier for næsten 40% af beskæftigelsen af industrien i 1987, mens tallet i Irland og Nederlandene var under 25%.
In Spain, Portugal and Greece, these industries were responsible for nearly 40% of employment in manu­facturing in 1987, while in Ireland and the Netherlands, the figure was below 25%.
større vægt end i andre mindre ud­viklede EF­lande, og forskellen er endnu mere udpræget med hensyn til lavvækstindustrierne, som er endnu svagere repræsenteret, især med hensyn til værditilvækst.
munity as a whole, the industries included in the high­growth group accounted for just under half of total value­added produced by the manu­facturing sector in 1987 and 40% of employment.
Det­te afspejler det forhold, at der fin­des en omfattende multinational højteknologisk produktion, som har stor betydning for den irske økonomi, mens der er relativt fær­re traditionelle industrivirksom­heder end andre steder.
In the Netherlands and Germany, however, these in­dustries were responsible for more than a half of value­added and slightly less of employment, while in Greece they accounted for only 25% of value­added and 20%­ of jobs and in Spain for 40% of value­added and 30% of employment (Graphs 121 and 122).
Men bortset fra denne in­dustri var der kun få industrier i nogen af landene, der udviste stig­ning i beskæftigelsen overhovedet i disse år. Kun i Danmark, Tysk­land og Nederlandene steg beskæf­tigelsen i mere end fire industrier.
The decline in employment in me­dium­growth industries was similar to that in low­growth ones, with textiles showing a reduction of 24%, larger than four of the indus­tries included in the latter group.
I to lande, Frankrig og Belgien, kunne der kun registreres stigning i en enkelt industri (kontorudstyr), og i to lande, Storbritannien og Spanien, faldt beskæftigelsen i samtlige sektorer.
The biggest decline in employment, however, occurred in Metal produc­tion (steel), where the rise in value­added was the smallest of all and where the total number of jobs fell by 38% between 1980 and 1987.
Generelt kan man derfor sige, at de mere avancerede højvækstindu­strier har større vægt i den nordli­ge del af EF end i den sydlige, mens det omvendte er tilfældet for de arbejdskraftintensive lavvækstin­dustrier.
In general terms, therefore, the high­growth, more advanced industries tend to be more important in the North of the Community than in the South while, for the low­growth, la­bour­intensive industries, the reverse is the case.
Der er dog to undtagelser fra denne hovedregel.
There are, how­ever, two exceptions to this generalisation.