natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Det var tilfældet i det nordlige Frankrig, West Midlands og den nordvestlige del af Storbritannien, mange ste der i Belgien og dele af Nordtyskland samt Catalonien i Spanien, hvor der alle steder kunne registreres fald i beskæftigelsen i disse in dustrier på over 10% mellem 1980/81 og 1988.
Again this is true for most countries, the only exception being Denmark, where productivity growth measured in these terms was much higher in lowgrowth sectors than the Community average. Indeed, for lowgrowth industries, only Denmark, the UK and Italy showed any real apparent gain in productivity in this group of industries when measured in constant price ECU.
For så vidt angår lawækstindustrierne, hvor beskæftigelsen faldt
Increases in employment in manufacturing in the 1980s were largely confined to highgrowth sectors.
Der var således ikke nødvendigvis tale om ekspansion hverken i lavvækstsektorerne eller i højvækstsektorerne i de områder, hvor de i forvejen havde stor vægt.
Almost all parts of Germany, where highgrowth industries were important providers of jobs, showed an expansion in employment in highgrowth sectors between 1980/81 and 1988 (Map 132).
Mens størsteparten af de gamle in-
This was also true of Wales in the UK.
Arbejdskraftomkostningerne be står af to dele: Den løn, der betales til de ansatte samt de yderligere omkostninger for arbejdsgiveren ved at have personer beskæftiget.
However, in most other regions where an increase in employment occurred in these sectors over this period, highgrowth industries — and in deed manufacturing in general — accounted for a relatively small proportion of jobs.
Ændringer i beskæftigelsen i højvækstsektorer i industrien 1980/81-1987/88
Changes in employment in highgrowth sectors of manufacturing 1980/81-1987/88
Det forekommer mere rimeligt at medregne alle de elementer, der tilsammen udgør arbejdskraftomkostningerne, i stedet for blot at se på lønudgifterne.
In the case of the lowgrowth industries, where jobs decreased in all Member States apart from Den mark, a great many regions experienced a decline in employ ment in these lowgrowth sectors of more than 20% between 1980/81 and 1988.
Det vigtigste spørgsmål for en arbejdsgiver, der overvejer eventuelt at udvide sin arbejdsstyrke eller betale mere i løn, er de samlede omkostninger ved at beskæftige folk og ikke blot lønelementet.
This was true over almost all of France, much of Spain, a number of areas in Germany and Scotland, as well as the Netherlands, Belgium and Ireland, for which no consistent regional data are available (Map 133).
På samme måde in teresserer de ansatte sig — og det gælder både den faktiske og den potentielle arbejdskraft — ikke så meget for den bruttoløn, de kan få, som for, hvad de alt i alt har ud af at være beskæftiget, herunder og så ikkelønmæssige fordele i form af pensionsbidrag, sygeforsikring, socialsikring osv.
On the other hand, a number of areas in Southern and Central Italy, North ern Ireland and the North and East Midlands of England as well as Denmark, experienced an increase in employment in lowgrowth in dustries. Only in Southern and Central parts of Italy did these sectors account for more than 7% of total employment at the beginning of the period.
Kapitel 6 Beskæftigelsen i industrien: Et tiår med forandringer ligt lavere end EF-gennemsnittet i 1987 og også lavere end i Irland.
Chapter 6 Employment in Industry: a Decade of Change and countries such as Denmark — where nonwage labour costs are low — having comparatively high levels (see Employment in Europe 1990, Chapter 4).
gennemsnitlige arbejdskraftomkostninger også højere i mediumvækstindustrierne end i lavvækstindustrierne, selv om for skellen, bortset fra i Irland, er ret lille — ca. 5% for EF som helhed.
necessarily expand in areas where they were already important. While old industrial regions for the most part suffered a decline in manufacturing employment in both the most and least dynamic sectors, a number of regions where industry had not been of major importance in the past saw employment in manufacturing increase over this period.
samme måde må det forventes, at hvis de ikkelønmæssige elementer ved et lovindgreb blev forhøjet, vil le de ansatte have fordel af det, under forudsætning af, at stigningen var ledsaget af en forøgelse af værdien af de ikkelønmæssige for dele (f.eks. i pensionernes værdi), og arbejdsgiverne ville sandsynligvis forsøge at holde lønstigninger ne på et minimum.
to exert upward pressure on pay to compensate. Similarly, if the nonwage elements were to be statutorily increased, then providing the increase were accompanied by a rise in nonwage benefits (in the value of pensions, for example), employees would be better off and employers would tend to limit wage increases which they were prepared to pay.
Arbejdskr aftomkostninger pr. enhed i industrien
Wages and Labour Costs in Manufacturing
Det er bemærkelsesværdigt, at i fem af de nordlige EF-lande — Tyskland, Nederlandene, Belgien, Frankrig og Danmark — ligger de gennemsnitlige arbejdskraftomkostninger pr. beskæftiget meget tæt på hinanden i medium- og lavvækstindustrierne.
On this basis, we would expect to find that wages were relatively high — in comparison with productivity — in countries where nonwage la bour costs were relatively low, and that they were relatively low in countries where nonwage costs were high.
På grundlag heraf kan man forvente, at lønningerne er forholdsvis høje sammenholdt med produktiviteten — i de lande, hvor de ikkelønmæssige arbejdskraftomkostninger er forholdsvis lave, og at de omvendt er forholdsvis lave i de lande, hvor de ikkelønmæssige omkostninger er høje.
As would be expected, average la bour costs per employee (i.e. wage plus nonwage costs) are much higher in manufacturing in the more developed parts of the Com munity than in the less developed parts.
I alle lande er de gennemsnitlige arbejdskraftomkostninger pr. be skæftiget — og de gennemsnitlige lønninger — højere i høj vækstsek torerne end i medium- og lavvækstsektorerne.
In terms of ECU, the average level was five times higher in Germany in 1987 than in Portugal and three times higher than in Greece (Graph 134).
For EF som helhed er forskellen over 20%, og i alle med lemslandene bortset fra Irland og Grækenland er der tale om en markant forskel.
(These differences do not reflect differences in real in come levels, or standards of living, because the pattern of prices is significantly different as between the two pairs of countries; adjusted for this, the difference in real wages between Germany and Portugal is reduced to around 3 times.)
I de fleste lande er de
The major exception is the UK, where
Sammenligner man mønstret i ar bejdskraftomkostningerne i industrien i hele EF med de tilsvarende niveauer for værditilvækst eller produktivitet pr. beskæftiget, viser det sig, at der generelt er en vis sammenhæng mellem de to faktorer, forstået på den måde, at de lande, hvor arbejdskraftomkostningerne er høje, generelt også har en forholdsvis høj værdi tilvækst pr. beskæftiget.
This, by and large, is what is observed in practice, with countries such as France or Belgium — where nonwage costs are high — having comparatively low levels of wages
Det er også i det store og hele, hvad der kan konstateres i praksis, idet lande som Frankrig og Belgien — hvor de ikkelønmæssige omkostninger er høje — har forholdsvis lave lønniveauer, mens lande som Dan mark — hvor de ikkelønmæssige arbejdskraftomkostninger er lave — har forholdsvis høje lønninger (se Beskæftigelsen i Europa 1990, Kapitel 4).
Labour costs are made up of two elements: the wages or salaries paid to employees and the additional em ployment costs which employers bear. The latter, in turn, comprise two elements: the statutory costs imposed by Government, in the form mainly of social insurance and pension contributions, and the less formal costs whether these be contributions to private pension schemes, customary bonuses, or similar payments.
133 Ændringer i beskæftigelsen i lawækstsektorer i industrien 1980/81-1987/88
Changes in employment in lowgrowth sectors of manufacturing 1980/81-1987/88
Som det kunne forventes, er de gen nemsnitlige arbejdskraftomkostninger pr. beskæftiget (dvs. løn plus ikkelønmæssige omkostninger) langt højere i industrien i de mere udviklede regioner i EF end i de mindre udviklede regioner.
There is a strong argument for look ing at the elements which make up labour costs together, rather than simply at wages and salaries.
Udtrykt i ecu var gennemsnitsniveauet i 1987 fem gange højere i Tyskland end i Portugal og tre gange højere end i Grækenland (Figur 134).
In effect, the prime concern of em ployers when considering whether to expand their workforce, or where to pitch pay levels, is the total costs of employing people and not merely the wage element.
(Disse forskelle afspejler ikke forskelle ne i realindkomstniveauer eller levestandard, fordi prismønstret er helt forskelligt mellem de to grupper af lande; korrigeres der for dette for hold, reduceres forskellen i realløn ninger mellem Tyskland og Portugal til ca. tre gange).
Similarly em ployees, both actual and potential, are concerned not so much with the gross wage that they are paid as with the total value to them of what they receive from being employed, including the non-monetary elements in the form of pension contributions, health insurance, so cial protection and so on.
Gennemsnitlig arbejdskraftomkostninger pr. beskæftiget i industrisektorerne i elleve EF­lande 1987
1987 labour costs per employee in manu­facturing were significantly less than the Community average in 1987 and lower than in Ireland.
Forskellene i produktivitet opvejer dog ikke helt forskellene i arbejds­kraftomkostninger.
It is notable that in five of the Northern countries, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, France and Denmark, average labour costs per employee are remarkably similar in medium­ and low­growth indus­tries.
Det gælder for Tyskland, Danmark, Belgien og Frankrig, hvor arbejdskraftom­kostningerne pr. enhed i 1987 lå over EF­gennemsnittet, men dog ikke så meget som de gennemsnit­lige arbejdskraftomkostninger pr. beskæftiget (Figur 135).
For high­growth industries the difference is slightly larger, ranging from around 27,000 ECU per employee in Denmark and France to 30,000 ECU in Germany.
Arbejdskraftomkostninger pr. enhed
Unit labour costs in sectors of manufacturing in ten Member States 1987
Arbejdskraftomkostningerne pr. enhed varierer dog langt mindre end arbejdskraftomkostningerne pr. beskæftiget mellem de forskel­lige lande og ligger for de fleste medlemslandes vedkommende in­den for en forholdsvis snæver mar­gin (fra ca. 60% til ca. 80% af værditilvæksten).
In most countries, the average level of labour costs is also higher in medium­growth in­dustries than in low­growth sectors although, apart from in Ireland, the difference is small — around 5% for the Community as a whole.
De vigtigste undtagelser i 1987 var Græken­land, hvor arbejdskraftomkostnin­gerne i lavvækstsektorerne tilsyneladende oversteg værditil­væksten, og Italien, Storbritan­nien og Spanien, hvor arbejdskraftomkostningerne pr. enhed generelt udgjorde mellem 50 og 60% af værditilvæksten; den mest bemærkelsesværdige undta­gelse var dog Irland, hvor arbejdskraftomkostningerne pr.
Comparing the pattern of labour costs in manufacturing across the Community with comparative le­vels of value­added per employee, or productivity, shows that there is some broad tendency for the two to be related, in the sense that countries where labour costs are high also tend to have relatively high levels of value­added per em­ployee. Accordingly, high rates of
Kapitel 6 Beskæftigelsen i industrien: Et tiår med forandringer vækst i praksis kun i begrænset omfang hænger sammen med gen­nemsnitslønningerne.
Chapter 6 Employment in Industry: a Decade of Change pay can in some degree be justi­fied by high levels of productivity.
enhed i de højteknologiske højvækstsektorer var ekstremt la­ve (mindre end 30% af værditil­væksten).
mediumgrowth sectors, is that profits per unit of valueadded were unusually high.
Stigende arbejds­kraftomkostninger i industrien ninger pr. beskæftiget i forhold til værditilvæksten pr. beskæftiget i disse industrier i hver af de ti lan­de, for hvilke der foreligger tal for 1987.
unit labour costs to be relatively low in high-growth, capital-intensive industries, despite their high aver­age wages per worker.
Det faktum, at de mere eller mindre gør det, viser, at selv om der er visse undtagelser, er der en for­holdsvis tæt sammenhæng mellem de to størrelser.
In effect, the difference in the level of productivity between these groups of industries is sufficiently large to more than compensate for higher rates of pay.
I Irland afspejler dette den for­holdsvis høje fortjeneste pr. enhed værditilvækst, som de multinatio­nale selskaber indkasserer.
In Ireland, this reflects the rela­tively high level of profit per unit of valueadded earned by the multinational companies.
Det er i denne henseende bemærkelses­værdigt, at i de traditionelle lavvækstindustrier i Irland, hvor de multinationale selskaber ikke har nogen fremtrædende position, svarer arbejdskraftomkostninger­ne pr. enhed — lidt over 60% — til niveauet i Spanien og ligger såle­des ikke ret langt under EF­gen­nemsnittet.
It is notable in this respect that in the traditional lowgrowth industries in Ireland, where multi-nationals are not important, unit labour costs, at just over 60%, are similar to those in Spain and not all that much below the Community aver­age.
Figuren viser også, det helt klart er i højvækstsektorerne i medlems­landene, at de gennemsnitlige ar­bejdskraftomkostninger (og lønninger) og produktiviteten er høj.
There is some tendency for labour costs per unit of valueadded in manu­facturing (i.e. labour costs per employee expressed as a ratio of valueadded per employee) to be higher in countries where labour costs are also relatively high.
Følgen er, at arbejdskraftom­kostningerne pr. enhed værditil­
This is the case for Germany, Den­mark, Belgium and France, where in 1987, unit labour costs were above the Community average, al­though by much less than average labour costs per employee (Graph 135).
Mellem 1980 og 1987 steg de gen­nemsnitlige arbejdskraftomkost­ninger pr. beskæftiget i industrien, målt i ecu i løbende priser, med ca. 60% eller der omkring i EF som helhed.
This is done in Graph 136, which plots the values for average labour costs per employee against valueadded per employee in these industries in each of the 10 countries for which data are available for 1987.
Der var dog markante for­skelle både mellem EF­landene indbyrdes og mellem industrierne.
Clearly if the relationship held perfectly, in the sense of produc­tivity differences fully offsetting differences in labour costs, the
I Italien f.eks. var stigningen ca. 90%, da man undlod at justere kur­sen på den italienske lire i overens­stemmelse med de forholdsvis høje stigninger i de italienske lønninger — hvorved man tilsyneladende satte den italienske industri i en
There is, however, a remarkably uniform tendency across the Com­munity for unit labour costs to be higher in low-growth, labour-in­tensive industries than in other industries, despite the low level of average labour costs per employee in these sectors. Similarly there is an equally systematic tendency for
Arbejdskraftomkostninger og produktivitet i industrisektorerne
Labour costs and productivity in sectors of manufacturing
Arbejdskraftomkostninger pr. beskæftiget ( 000 ECU) bU æ Lavvækstsektorer □ Mediumvækstsektorer π
.abc ur costs per employee (1000 ECU)
20 40 60 80 Værditilvækst pr. beskæftiget (1000 ECU)
Nevertheless, unit labour costs vary much less than labour costs per em­ployee as between countries and, for most Member States, lie within a comparatively narrow range (from around 60% to 80% of value-added).
I forbindelse med en yderligere un­dersøgelse af sammenhængen mel­lem arbejdskraftomkostninger og produktivitet kan man se på de me­re detaljerede data for de 18 NA­CE­industrier hver for sig i medlemslandene.
The main exceptions in 1987 were Greece for lowgrowth sectors, where labour costs apparently ex­ceeded value-added, Italy, the UK and Spain, where unit labour costs were broadly between 50 and 60% of value-added, and, most notably, Ireland, where unit labour costs in high-growth, high-technology sec­tors were extremely low (under 30% of value-added).
Det har man gjort i Figur 136, hvor man har markeret værdierne for de gen­nemsnitlige arbejdskraftomkost­
The counterpart of this in the latter four countries, but especially in Ireland in high- and
I de fire øvrige lande, hvor dette ikke var tilfældet, var forskellen i stigningstakten i arbejdskraftom­kostningerne mellem de tre grup­per af industrier i øvrigt forholds­vis lille — under 5%.
Growth of Labour Costs in Manufacturing change rate mechanism of the EMS and experienced some depreciation of their currencies), average labour costs went up by less than 50% in current ECU terms over this period (Graph 137).
forholdsvis ugunstig omkostnings­mæssig situation over for konkur­rencen fra producenter fra andre lande.
points in the graph would lie along a straight line from the origin.
I den anden ende af skalaen finder vi Spanien, Belgien og Stor­britannien (to af disse lande var ikke med i EMS­valutakursmeka­nismen og oplevede en vis devalue­ring af deres valutaer), hvor de gennemsnitlige arbejdskraftom­kostninger steg med mindre end 50% i løbende priser i ecu i denne periode (Figur 137).
The fact that they more or less do so indicates that, while there are some exceptions, the two magnitudes are reasonably close­ly related.
Sammenholder man stigningstak­terne i arbejdskraftomkostninger­ne med stigningen i værditilvæk­sten pr. beskæftiget person — eller produktiviteten — kan man kon­statere, at arbejdskraftomkostnin­gerne pr. produceret enhed i indu­strien faldt i perioden mellem 1980 og 1987.
There is a marked tendency, therefore, for indus­tries with relatively high average labour costs also to have relative­ly high levels of value­added per employee.
På trods af disse forskelle var stig­ningerne i de gennemsnitlige ar­bejdskraftomkostninger pr. beskæftiget i de fleste industrier i størsteparten af EF­landene no­genlunde lige store over disse syv år.
Despite these differences, for most industries in most countries, the in­crease in average labour costs per employee was of a similar order over these seven years.
Også mønsteret i stigningerne mellem de forskellige grupper af industrier var meget ensartet.
What was also similar was the pattern of increase as between the groups of industries.
Men i den første gruppe på seks lande var der flere, der kunne regi­strere markante forskelle i stignin­gerne i arbejdskraftomkostninger­ne mellem de tre industrigrupper.
Between 1980 and 1987, average la­bour costs per employee in manufacturing, measured in current ECU terms, increased by around 60% or so in the Community as a whole.
I den ene ende lå Portugal, hvor stigningen i højvækstsektorerne var to tredjedele større end i lawækstindustrierne, hvilket be­tød, at gennemsnitslønningerne i højvækstsektorerne steg med over 7% om året mere end i lavvækst­sektorerne.
For Italy, for example, the rise was around 90%, as the exchange value of the Lira failed to be adjusted in line with comparatively high rates of Italian wage increases — so seem­ingly putting Italian industry at a comparative cost disadvantage when competing with producers from other countries.
Mindre ekstremt, men dog stadig signifikant, var forskel­len i stigningstakterne mellem høj­
On the other hand, for Spain, Belgium and the UK (two of which were outside the ex­
I seks af de ti medlemslande steg arbejdskraftomkostningerne pr. beskæftiget — eller den gennem­snitlige lønstigningstakt — mere i
The graph also shows that it is in­variably in the high­growth sectors in Member States that average la­bour costs (and wages) and productivity are high.
Der var dog store forskelle mellem medlemslandene.
Changes in average labour costs per employee in sectors of manufacturing in ten Member States
Ser man på yder­punkterne, ændredes arbejds­kraftomkostningerne pr. enhed i industrien næsten slet ikke i Tysk­land i denne periode, mens de faldt med over 15% i Storbritannien (med 10% i mediumvækstsektorer­ne og med helt op til 20% i lav­ og højvækstsektorerne) og næsten li­ge så meget i Spanien.
In six of the ten Member States, labour costs per employee — or average rates of pay increase — in high­growth industries went up be­tween 1980 and 1987 by more than in other sectors.
Modstykket hertil er, at fortjenesten pr. enhed værditilvækst i disse to lande steg betydeligt i disse år.
In these six coun­tries also, the increase in labour costs in medium­growth industries was greater than that in low­growth sectors.
I hvert fald en del af forklaringen bag disse ændringer ligger i det forholdsvis vigende aktivitetsni­veau i industrien i begyndelsen af perioden, nemlig 1980, hvilket i sig selv bidrog til at reducere fortje­nesten, bl.a. fordi en væsentlig del af arbejdskraftomkostningerne på kort sigt generelt ligger fast og vanskeligt kan nedbringes i takt med produktionen.
On the other hand, in the first group of six countries, several Member States showed marked differences in the labour cost increases between the three industry groups. At the extreme, in the case of Portugal, the increase in high­growth sectors was two­thirds higher than in low­growth industries, implying that average wages in the former went up by over 7% a year more than in the latter.
Dette gælder i mindre omfang for de øvrige lande.
Less extremely, but still significant, the difference in rates of increase between high­ and low­growth sectors in Spain and Belgium was over 3% a year and in the UK and Italy, over 2% a year.
I syv af de otte medlemslande, for hvilke man kan beregne ændrin­gerne, faldt arbejdskraftomkost­ningerne pr. enhed mellem 1980 og 1987 mere i højvækstsektorerne end i andre dele af industrien, og i Danmark — der er den eneste und­tagelse — var forskellen meget lil­le. Det var kun i Nederlandene og
The rates of increase in labour costs when related to the rise in value­added per person employed — or productivity — imply that unit la­
Frankrig, der overhovedet var tale om en mærkbar stigning i arbejds­kraftomkostningerne pr. enhed i denne periode (Figur 138).
Changes in unit labour costs and productivity in sectors of manufacturing in eight Member States 1980-87
Man kan foretage en tilsvarende form for analyse for at undersøge sammenhængen mellem ændrin­ger i de gennemsnitlige arbejds­kraftomkostninger og ændringer i værditilvæksten pr. beskæftiget.
Taking the extremes, unit labour costs in manufacturing hardly changed at all in Germany over this period, while they declined by over 15% in the UK (by 10% in medium­growth sectors and by as much as 20% in low­ and high­growth sectors) and by almost as much in Spain.
Ændring i arbejdskraftomkostninger pr. beskæftiget (1000 ECU)
Change in labour costs per employee (1000 ECU)
Ændring i værditilvæksten pr. beskæftiget (1000 ECU)
0 20 40 Change in valueadded per employee (1000 ECU)
Mangel på ensartede og dækkende tal gør det vanskeligt at undersøge
It is possible to cany out a similar kind of analysis as above in order to examine further the relationship between changes in average labour costs and changes in value­added per employee.
Selv om disse forskelle i et vist om fang nok afspejler variationer med hensyn til, hvor stor en vægt hen holdsvis højtløns- og lavtlønsindustrierne har i de enkelte regioner, finder man tilsvarende store forskel le mellem de enkelte industrisektorer.
Plotting the changes in the two variables between 1980 and 1987 for the 18 NACE industries in each country for which data are available indicates a reasonably close association between the two (Graph 139).
Man kan dog ikke være helt sikker på, at man her sammenligner ensartede størrelser, også selv om talmaterialet er mere detaljeret.
In most cases, therefore, average la bour costs per employee went up by more in industries in which valueadded per employee increased by a relatively large amount than in sectors where productivity growth was relatively low.