natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Medicinpriserne kontrolleres ikke direkte, men virksomhedernes fortjenester er underkastet kontrol og be grænsninger.
For drugs, prices are not controlled directly, but industry profits are subject to review and restraint.
I 1985 blev der udarbejdet en liste over medicin, der ikke måtte udleveres inden for rammerne af NHS-ordningen, men der var i næsten alle tilfælde tale om ikke receptpligtig medicin.
In 1985, a list of drugs not to be supplied under the NHS was introduced, though nearly all of them could be bought without a prescription.
De offentlige sundhedsudgifter var nogenlunde stabile i 1980'erne, men ventetiderne i de største byer er blevet længere.
Public expenditure on health was kept relatively stable during the 1980s, but waiting times in the main cities increased.
På grund af stram udgiftskontrol har Det Forenede Kongerige ikke alvorlige problemer med at begrænse om kostningerne.
Because of tight control over expenditure, the UK does not have a serious problem of containing costs.
Men lige så lidt som andre medlemsstater kan Det For enede Kongerige undgå stigninger i behandlingsomkostningerne.
Never theless, like other Member States, the UK cannot avoid the costs of health care increasing.
Her har de dog ikke ført til forøgelse af de offentlige udgifter, som i forhold til NU har været nogenlunde uændrede siden 1980, men til en mangelsituation og en stigende tendens til at til melde sig private sygesikringsordninger. ninger.
Here, however, it has not led to increases in public expenditure, which has remained much the same in relation to NE since 1980, but to shortages and an increased in centive for people to subscribe to private health insurance schemes.
Brugerbetaling er ikke meget benyttet i Det Forenede Kongerige.
Measures of cost-sharing are limited in the UK.
Selv om der opkræves et receptgebyr for medicin, er der tale om et fast beløb, som på grund af undtagelsesregler (navnlig gældende for pensionister og børn) kun opkræves for ca. 16% af de udstedte recepter.
Although there is a pres cription charge for drugs, this is flatrate and, because of exemptions (mainly for retired people and child ren), applies to only around 16% of prescriptions issued.
Der er brugerbetaling for tandpleje, men 30% af patienterne er undtaget, og de, der betaler, får et tilskud på ca. 25% af omkostningerne.
While people are charged for dental care, 30% are exempt and those who pay have about 25% of the costs subsidised.
Portugal et offentlige behandlingssystem i Portugal bygger på de
Portugal he public health care system in
Igennem årene har Portugal forsøgt sig med forskellige former for brugerbetaling.
Over the years, Portugal has exercised different methods of cost-sharing.
Systemet blev indført i 1981 med faste gebyrer for patientbesøg i hjemmene og konsultationer, dog med undtagelser for f.eks. ældre, kronisk syge, gravide kvinder og børn under ét år.
The system started in 1981 with flatrate charges for home and office visits, with exemptions for people such as the elderly, chronic sick, pregnant women and children under the age of one.
I 1982 blev gebyr systemet udvidet til at omfatte ambulant behandling og behandling på skadestuer.
In 1982, charges were extended to outpatient care and accident and emergency departments.
Patienterne, bortset fra dem med meget lave indkomster, skulle betale 10-50% af hospitalsregningerne, afhængig af indkomsten, 25% af prisen for portugisisk fremstillet medicin og 40% for uden landsk medicin plus et fast gebyr.
Patients, except those on very low incomes, were required to pay 1050% of hospital bills, depending on income, 25% of the cost of drugs manufactured in Portugal and 40% of the cost of those manufactured abroad plus a flatrate charge.
For visse operationer inden for rammerne af NHS er der lange ventelister, og i en række tilfælde er udbredelsen af ny teknologi blevet forsinket af omkostningshensyn.
For certain operations under the NHS there are long waiting lists and in a number of cases, the spread of new technology has been delayed by cost considerations.
Re geringen er under pres fra folk, der ønsker systemet forbedret, men principperne om en gratis sundhedstjeneste, hvortil alle har adgang, anfægtes ikke.
The government faces pressure to improve the system, but the principle of a free health service open to all is not under challenge.
Dette fører til, at der lægges større vægt på effektivitetsforbedringer, men det er tvivlsomt, om der kan samme principper som ovennævnte system.
This leads to increased emphasis on improving efficiency, though it is doubtful whether improvements can be made without in creasing expenditure.
Sundhedstjenesten driver of fentlige hospitaler og har ansat fuld tids praktiserende læger, som får løn for deres arbejde.
Since the charges were un popular most of them were abolished by the incoming government in 1983 and, despite legislative changes in 1986 to allow them to be applied, they have not been reintroduced since.
Medicin sælges af private apoteker, og private laboratorier anvendes med henblik på diagnoserne. serne.
The aim of the reform implemented by the government in 1991 was to introduce market forces into the Na tional Health Service.
På grund af gebyrerne faldt efter spørgslen betydeligt.
For services provided by the private sector, this is more difficult.
Da gebyrerne var upopulære, blev de fleste af dem
In the case of drugs provided by the private sector, around 10% are free of charge and for the remainder the patient has to pay either 20% or 50%,
Kapitel 7- Behandlingssystemer i fællesskabet
Chapter 7 - Systems of health care in the Community which, it is claimed, hits the elderly and the chronically ill.
40.000 LIT) og diagnoser (højst 100.000 LIT).
For dental services, patients pay a large part of the cost.
afskaffet af den nyvalgte regering i 1983, og trods lovændringer i 1986, som igen gjorde det muligt at opkræve dem, er de ikke blevet genindført.
health services to give regions more power and to improve effectiveness of local health authorities.
For så vidt angår medicin leveret af den private sektor er ca. 10% gratis, mens patienten skal betale 20% eller 50% af prisen for resten, hvilket hævdes at ramme de ældre og de kronisk syge.
The intention is for regions to receive a fixed budget for providing health services and exceeding this means raising charges or local taxes.
Selv om der findes en begrænset liste over medicin, hvortil der ydes tilskud fra den nationale sundhedstjeneste, er den ikke meget værd i bestræbelserne på at begrænse omkostningerne, da mange nye og kostbare produkter bliver optaget på listen, når de dukker op på markedet.
Although there is a restricted list of drugs available from the NHS, this is of limited effectiveness in containing costs since many new and expensive drugs are included when they appear on the market.
et italienske system finansieres både over skatterne (47%) og
Italy he Italian system is financed
Endvidere viser erfaringen, hvor vanskeligt det er for politikerne at indføre om fattende gebyrer.
T both by taxes (47%) and by so cial security contributions (53%).
Der er dog en større reform undervejs, som skal decentralisere sundhedstjenesterne for at give regionerne større beføjelser og for bedre de lokale sundhedsmyndigheders effektivitet.
However, it has similar features to those in the other countries reviewed above, since it also covers the whole population.
Meningen er, at re gionerne skal tildeles et fast sundhedsbudget, således at overskridelser af budgettet fører til højere gebyrer eller lokalskatter.
Health care expenditure has increased steadily over the past decade.
ved bidrag til den sociale sikring (53%). Men på visse punkter ligner systemet det, der findes i ovennævnte lande, da det ligeledes dækker hele befolkningen.
At the end of 1992, it was agreed to begin an experimental scheme start ing in 1995 to introduce market forces into the system, in the form, first, of patients paying the full cost of treatment and then being reimbursed at a fixed rate by the NHS and, secondly, of the establishment of private funds to purchase services from the NHS or the private sector.
Behandlingsudgifterne er vokset støt i løbet af de sidste ti år.
The intention is that these will be financed partly by NHS contributions and that they will compete with each other for subscribers.
For næsten al medicin, der ordineres inden for rammerne af den nationale sundhedstjeneste — bortset fra den såkaldte livsvigtige medicin — beta ler patienterne 40% af prisen plus et fast gebyr. Ca.
For nearly all drugs prescribed under the NHS — except the socalled lifesaving drugs — patients pay 40% of the cost plus a flatrate charge.
11989 blev der indført et gebyr på 30% (dog højst 30.000 LIT) for visse diagnostiske ydelser som f.eks. røntgenfotografering, og på omtrent samme tidspunkt blev der indført gebyrer for speciallægekonsultationer og kurbadophold.
In 1989, a charge of 30% (up to a maximum of 30 000 Lire) was introduced for certain diagnostic procedures like X-rays, and around the same time charges for specialist visits and spa treatment were introduced.
(Men det daglige gebyr, der blev indført for hospitalsophold, blev mødt med modstand og blev trukket tilbage.)
(However, the imposition of a daily charge for stays in hospital met resistance and was withdrawn.)
Sundhedsministeriet fastsætter bud gettet for hver enkelt region og provins, og regeringen kan fastsætte me dicinprisen og antallet af beskæftigede i sundhedssektoren samt disses løn.
The Ministry of Health determines the budget for each region and province and the government has the power to fix the price of drugs and to decide the number of people employed — or contracted — in the health sector as well as their pay.
Den regionale sundhedsplanlægning er underkastet centralforvaltningens kontrol.
Planning of health care at there gional level is subject to central government control.
Dog er det yderst vanskeligt at begrænse om kostningerne, til dels fordi budgetter ne ligger langt under det niveau, som regionerne og provinserne skønner nødvendigt.
Containing costs, however, poses great difficulty partly because budgets are set substantially below the levels considered necessary by the regions and provinces.
Der blev indført ansættelsesstop, hvilket
General practitioners and specialists are employed by there gional health authorities and usually work in clinics, at least in cities and larger villages.
Selv om der opkræves et gebyr for tandbehandling, beløber det sig kun til 10% af honoraret for privat be handling, mens der kun opkræves et mindre nominelt beløb for briller.
While the Italian system contains a number of interesting ideas for containing costs, because of lack of control over budgets the measures introduced do not work as they should.
Kapitel 7 - Behandlingssystemer i fællesskabet sektor.
Chapter 7 - Systems of health care in the Community
budgetkontrol, idet det ikke fremmer omkostningsbevidstheden.
Greece small fixed-rate fee for outpatient care and admission to hospital.
rækenland har et offentligt be handlingssystem, som også er
reece has a public health care system which is also partly in
Ligesom Spanien har Grækenland øget de offentlige udgifter for at for bedre behandlingssystemet, men det er ikke lykkedes for landet at indføre mekanismer til begrænsning af om kostningerne.
Like Spain, Greece has increased public spending in order to improve the health care system, but has not yet succeeded in introducing mechanisms which might contain costs.
Selv om regeringen principielt kontrollerer udgifterne, er disse vokset støt i årenes løb, særlig efter at systemet blev udvidet til at omfatte alle i 1986.
Although government has control in principle over expenditure, this has risen steadily over the years, especially after the system was extended to cover everyone in 1986.
Mens antallet af sengepladser til akutte tilfælde ikke er steget meget i hospitalssektoren, er den gennem snitlige indlæggelsestid blevet korte re, hvilket giver plads til flere patienter, men dette har dog ikke kunnet forhindre længere ventelister.
While in the hospital sector, the number of acute beds has not increased significantly, the average length of stay has been reduced, so allowing more patients to be accommodated, though not by enough to prevent increases in waiting lists.
delvis forsikringsbaseret.
Cost containment in health insurance systems
Der synes ikke at være nogen effektiv budgetkontrol, selv om det er regeringen, der kontrollerer priserne og fastsætter bidragsniveauet og honorarernes størrelse.
There seems to be no effective budget control, though central government controls the prices of drugs, decides on the level of contributions and the fees to be paid for treatment.
Selv om der er en begrænset liste over, hvilken medicin der må sælges, betales apotekerne i praksis for den medicin, de ordinerer.
While there is a restricted list of available drugs, the pharmacies are paid in practice for whatever they prescribe.
Omkostningsbegrænsning inden for sygesikrings systemer em medlemsstater — Belgien,
ive Member States — Belgium,
Budgetstramninger begrænser an vendelsen af nyt udstyr og indførelsen af nye behandlinger i den offentlige sektor.
Budget constraints limit the use of new equipment and the introduction of new forms of treatment in the public sector.
Om nødvendigt kan der dog kontraheres med privathospitalerne om behandlinger, hvilket mod virker de tilsigtede omkostningsbegrænsninger.
If required, however, these can be contracted from private hospitals, which defeats the objective of containing costs.
Medicinpriserne kontrolleres ved at holde dem på ni veau med råvarepriserne, hvilket har medført de laveste priser i Fællesskabet bortset fra Portugal.
Drug prices are controlled by keeping them in line with raw material costs, which has led to the lowest prices in the Community, except for Portugal.
Alle lægebehandlinger bortset fra medicinen — for hvilken der opkræves et 40% gebyr, dog kun af folk i arbejde — er gratis.
All medical treatment except drugs — for which there is a 40% charge, but only for those in employment — is free of charge.
Den regering, der kom til magten i 1981, iværksatte en ambitiøs plan til forbedring af behandlingssystemet i Grækenland, som førte til et større antal hospitaler og flere behandling scentre i landdistrikterne.
The government which came to power in 1981 introduced an ambitious plan to improve health care in Greece, which resulted in an expansion of hospitals and a large number of new rural health centres.
Mellem 1981 og 1988 steg antallet af hospitalslæger med 60% og antallet af sygeplejersker med 88%, mens lønningerne blev sat op for at gøre det attraktivt at arbejde i den offentlige bourg og Nederlandene — har of fentlige behandlingssystemer, der så vel i teori som i praksis er baseret på forsikringsprincipper.
Between 1981 and 1988, the number of doctors in hospitals increased by 60% and the number of nurses by 88%, while salaries were increased to make employment in the public sector attractive.
I disse lande er forsikringsgiverne adskilt fra dem, der leverer ydelserne, hvilket fører til en anden måde at gribe spørgsmålet om omkostningsbegrænsning an på.
Since the aim was to provide free health care for everyone, more than a third of private hospital beds were transfered to the public sector in 1988, the system of reimbursement was made less generous and an attempt was made to prevent doctors from engaging in private practice.
Der skal findes måder, hvorpå det
The reforms, however, were only partially successful.
Det spanske system viser de typiske ulemper ved at have en centraliseret
The Spanish system shows the typical disadvantages of one where budget control is centralised, in that there are few incentives to take account of costs.
Kapitel 7 - Behandlingssystemer i fællesskabet at fremme ordineringen af erstatningspræparater.
The system of control in Belgium has, however, not succeeded in hold ing health care expenditure constant in relation to NE over the past de cade.
kan sikres, at bidragene er tilstrækkelige til at dække udgifterne, selv når mange ikke er i arbejde.
The government also determines the eligibility of hospitals and the services provided for payment.
Belgien a. 99% af indbyggerne i Belgien
In France, as in Belgium, around 99% of people are covered by the
Da Frankrig har større behandlingsudgifter i forhold til NU end nogen anden medlemsstat, ligger såvel re geringen som sygekasserne under et stærkt pres for at begrænse omkostningerne.
The finance available for public hospitals is limited by a system of global budgets introduced in 1983, under which targets for total hospital spending in France are fixed with the aim of increasing efficiency.
Honorarerne er genstand for forhandling med forsikringsgiverne.
Waiting lists, however, have not increased since the gap between demand and supply has been filled by private hospitals.
Selv om de offentlige hospitaler finansieres af sygekasserne, skal deres budgetter godkendes af sundhedsministeriet.
Because these charge on the basis of services provided and days spent in hospital, costs have not been contained to any significant extent.
Da bidragene ikke er tilstrækkelige til at dække udgifterne, betaler regeringen ca. 40% af omkostningerne.
The remaining 10% or so of people are covered by around 15 smaller funds.
Belgien har et kompliceret brugerbetalingssystem, som i det væsentlige går ud på ikke at refundere hele ud giften til en behandling.
To contain costs, a quota for beddays in hospitals was introduced in 1983 and since 1990 this has been calculated on the basis of full utilisation as regards each area of specialist treatment.
Lavindkomstgrupperne er fritaget fra beta ling eller betaler med en lavere sats, mens selvstændige betaler det fulde beløb uden refusionsmulighed — undtagen i de særlige (højrisiko-) til fælde, hvor de er omfattet af den of fentlige sygesikring.
As a result, the number of hospital beds has fallen significantly and hospitals have been encouraged to rationalise their services and transfer beds to longterm care.
Det gebyr, de fleste reelt betaler, er et fast beløb for så vidt angår hospitalsbehandling og konsultation af en praktiserende læge, og gebyret reguleres årligt efter prisindekset.
While this has not caused any increase in wait ing lists, it seems to have led to most hospitals making losses.
For tandpleje betaler patienterne 25% af udgifterne. Medicin er inddelt i seks kategorier, hvori der betales mellem 25% og 100% af udgifterne, mens der er et fast gebyr for medicin, der tilvirkes af apotekere. re.
In the case of drugs, there is a recommended list of products and the prescribing of generics is encouraged.
Centralregeringen har en stor indflydelse på udgifterne, idet den kontrol lerer hospitalerne ved hjælp af en plan over, hvor mange sengepladser og hvor meget udstyr der er behov for på regionalt plan.
Since 1991, the government has fixed at the beginning of each year the rate at which private hospital spending can increase.
Også hospitalsgebyrer, apotekeravancer og medicin priser kontrolleres, mens aftaler mellem sygekasserne og behandlerne skal godkendes af regeringen.
Services, however, are not controlled under the French system and their proliferation has caused expenditure to increase relative to NE.
Centralregeringen har såvel stor ind flydelse på sundhedsudgifterne som beføjelse til at fastsætte bidragssatserne.
Since France spends more on health care in relation to NE than any other Member State, there is high pressure on both the government and the in surance funds to contain costs.
Indkøb af større udstyr, hospitalsudgifter og læge- og tandlægehonorarer skal godkendes.
All health care providers work on a contractual basis, doctors, dentists and private hospitals (which accounted for 35% of beds in 1989) being paid fees, negotiated with the insurers, for services supplied.
Regeringen bestemmer ligeledes, hvilke hospitaler og behandlinger der kan ydes til skud til.
Although public hospitals are financed by the insurance funds, their budgets have to be approved by the Ministry of Health.
Men det belgiske kontrolsystem har ikke kunnet holde sundhedsudgifter ne på et uændret niveau i forhold til NU i de seneste ti år.
Belgium has a complicated system of cost-sharing, which works essentially by not reimbursing patients in full for the cost of treatment.
Frankrig som i Belgien er ca. 99% af indbyggerne omfattet af syge
The charge effectively paid by most people is a fixed amount in the case of hospital treatment and :onsultation with a general practi:ioner, and this is increased annually in line with the cost of living.
Men ventelisterne er ikke vokset, eftersom hullet mellem udbud og efterspørgsel er blevet udfyldt af privathospitaler.
Central government has considerable influence over expenditure through its control over hospitals by means of
Resultatet er, at antallet af hospitalssenge er faldet betydeligt, og hospitalerne er blevet tilskyndet til at indføre rationaliseringer og overføre sengepladser til de langvarige behandlingsformer.
Doctors are free to go into private practice anywhere in France and the only restrictions applied are to the number of students entering medical school, which halved between 1975 and 1989.
Selv om dette ikke har ført til længere ventelister, synes det at have medført tab for de fleste hospitaler.
There are no restrictions on the drugs and treatments general practitioners and specialists can pres cribe and patients are free to choose their doctor.
Med hen syn til medicin findes der en liste over anbefalede produkter, og man søger sikringssystemet.
Under certain circumstances, doctors have the right to charge patients an additional charge
Kapitel 7 - Behandlingssystemer i fællesskabet stigningssats for udgifterne til privat hospitaler.
Chapter 7 - Systems of health care in the Community over and above the fee agreed with health insurers and this has pushed up prices by 20-30%.
Men deres ydelser kontrolleres ikke efter det franske system, og udgifterne er vokset i forhold til NU.
(The relative value of points was changed in 1987, for example, to reduce payments for diagnoses and to encourage medical treatment.)
citeres, således at sygekasserne ikke har deres egne hospitaler og ikke an sætter lægerne.
Cost containment is, therefore, up to the funds, though health care providers are also expected to contribute.
Læge- og tandlægehonorarer er genstand for forhandlinger mellem sygekasserne og regionale lægesammenslutninger.
The Federal government can only influence costs by legislative action or by moral persuasion, which complicates the matter.
Ca. halvdelen af hospitalerne er of fentlige, og de fleste af de resterende er almennyttige institutioner.
Like in Belgium, the French system works by reimbursing patients for the charges they have paid.
Patienterne kan stort set selv vælge deres læger, som har ansvaret for hospitalshenvisninger.
For drugs, patients are either fully reimbursed (30% of drugs) or have effectively to pay 30% of the cost (45% of drugs) or 60% (25%).
Der tilbydes ingen for mer for ambulant behandling.
For hospital care, there is a small fixed daily charge, while for dental care, the charge is 20-25% of the cost of treatment.
Da hospitalerne som regel ikke må yde ambulant behandling, finder der endvidere ofte indlæggelser sted, som i virkeligheden ikke er nødvendige, blot for at få penge fra sygekasserne.
There is little control over the number of doctors — those who can prove competence have to be ad mitted by medical associations.
Der er ej heller tilstrækkelig motivation til at benytte alternativer til hospitalsbehandling, hvorfor man ge bliver på hospitalerne, selv om anbringelse på plejehjem ville være såvel mere hensigtsmæssigt som billigere.
Doctors can be prevented from entering certain areas only if there is obvious oversupply (a general restriction to admit new doctors only where there is clear need was found unconstitutional by the Federal Constitutional Court in 1960).
Afalle disse grunde har hospitalsudgifterne haft en tendens til at vokse voldsomt — med 8% i 1991 og 10% i de første seks måneder af 1992.
Expenditure on the general practitioner service rose by 7% in 1991 and by 10% during the first six months of 1992 — consider ably more than insurance fund in come — partly due to an increase in the number of doctors.