natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
I 1976 forlod i Frankrig kun 9% kvinder ingeniørskolerne med afgangseksamen, hvorimod tallet i dag er pá 21%.
For instance, in France, in 1976, women only formed 9% of the graduates of the schools of engineering, whereas today there are 21%.
I de fleste EF-lande er der gjort en indsats for at motivere pigerne til at gå i gang med de naturvidenskabelige og tekniske uddannelser, hvilket er den eneste mulighed for pá et tidspunkt at opnå en rimelig fordeling af mænd og kvinder på arbejdsmarkedet og således skabe en anden opfattelse af arbejde, karrieremuligheder m.v.
And, in the majority of the Community countries, efforts have been made to encourage girls to take science and technical courses, the only way of obtaining a real gender mix in jobs in the future, which will in turn lead to a new conception of work, career, etc.
Kun sådan kan der for alle parter skabes bedre balance mellem arbejdsliv og fami I ie I iv.
The relationship between working time and family time should then become more balanced for all, men and women.
Kvindernes ændrede erhvervsmuligheder skyldes i det væsentlige, at de har fået bedre uddannelsesmuligheder i de seneste år, men de skyldes også, at kvinderne i højere grad har fået mulighed for selv at bestemme over deres egen krop, og at de i større eller mindre omfang, afhængigt af hvilket land de kommer fra, er blevet aflastet for en del af de opdragelsesmæssige og huslige forpligtelser.
The changes which have occurred in the working life of women are essentially attributable to the better training they have received in recent times, but also to achievements with regard not only to being able to have control over their bodies, but also to being relieved in part - to a greater or lesser extent depending on the country -of educational and domestic tasks.
I EF-landene er prævention i vidt omfang blevet en del af dagligdagen, selv om de unge i landbomiljøer og i de dårligst stillede befolkningslag endnu ikke systematisk er begyndt at bruge mere effektive metoder.
It can be said that today, in Europe, contraception has largely become a custom, even though, among the young, in rural environments and in the poorest strata of the population, recourse to the most effective methods is still not systematic.
I Frankrig sætter hvert år henved 6 000 mindreårige et barn i verden.
It must be pointed out in fact that in France, every year, nearly 6,000 minors give birth to a child.
I Spanien erklærer 49% af de 20-24-årige, at de aldrig har brugt præventive midler.
In Spain, 49% of 20-24 year-olds state that they have never used methods of contraception.
Abort er nu legaliseret i de fleste lande bortset fra Irland, hvor det stadig er forbudt, også i tilfælde af voldtægt og incest.
Abortion has been legalized in most countries, apart from Ireland where it is still prohibited, including in the case of rape and incest, but - a historical fact - last February the Supreme Court of Dublin authorized an adolescent who had been the victim of rape to have an abortion in England.
I februar i år har Højesteret i Dublin imidlertid tilladt en ung pige, der var offer for voldtægt, at få foretaget en frivillig svangerskabsafbrydelse i England.
It should be noted that Spain and Belgium still have restrictive legislation, since distress is not recognized as a reason to obtain an abortion (this was authorized only in cases of rape, danger to the health of the mother, malformation of the foetus).
I Spanien og Belgien har man en restriktiv lovgivning, idet social indikation stadig ikke anerkendes som grund til en frivillig svangerskabsafbrydelse (kun efter voldtægt, hvis der er fare for moderens helbred, eller hvis der er tale om et misdannet foster).
In Belgium, the new legislation was only passed in 1990 and not without difficulty, since King Baudoin abdicated temporarily - for just under forty-eight hours - in order not to
Foreningen af de to Tysklande var nær aldrig blevet en realitet pá grund af spørgsmålet om frivillig svangerskabsafbrydelse, og der skal i løbet af 1992 vedtages en fælles holdning for de gamle og nye delstater.
It is known that the unification of Germany nearly faltered on a single question, that of abortion and that a common position between the old and the new Länder has to be adopted between now and the end of 1992.
Ser man bort fra Irland, Belgien og Spanien samt visse tyske delstater, hvor det ofte af religiøse grunde er vanskeligt at få foretaget frivillig svangerskabsafbrydelse, bestemmer kvinderne i EF nu generelt selv, om de vil sætte børn i verden eller ej.
Apart from Ireland, Belgium and Spain, as well as a few German Länder where, on account of religious pressure, it is sometimes difficult to obtain an abortion, women are now mistresses of procreation throughout the Community.
De kan afhængigt af deres personlige og professionelle ambitioner sige: "Børn hvis Jeg vil, og når Jeg vil".
Depending on their personal and professional aspirations, they can therefore say: "A child if and when I want one".
De europæiske kvinder kan nu også bedre end tidligere - i større eller mindre omfang - få hjælp til at få deres børn passet.
More than in the past - but still to very varying degrees - European women may also receive assistance for child care.
Det er et grundlæggende område, og der er stadig nok at tage fat på.
This is a fundamental area in which a great deal still remains to be done.
Længe har man faktisk ment, at børnene, indtil de var 6 år, havde det bedst hjemme.
Indeed, for a long time, it was considered that the family was the only conceivable structure for looking after children, up to the age of six years in any case.
Der er nu en tendens til at kræve, at staten delvis tager ansvaret for pasning af de små børn en del af dagen.
Now, there is a tendency to demand that the State takes over partly and looks after small children for part of the day.
Her spiller Frankrig en pionerrolle, idet udbygningen af vuggestuer er fortsat (selv om der stadig ikke er nok, var der i 1988 fem gange så mange som i 1972).
France is a pioneer in this respect since it has constantly developed nursery facilities (even though these are still manifestly inadequate, the number of places has been multiplied by 5 between 1972 and 1988).
Børnene kan gå i børnehave fra de er 3 år, og 95% af de 3-4-árige gør det.
From three years of age, children can go to nursery school and 95% of 34 year-olds have education provided for them in this type of institution.
De fleste skoler har kantiner, så eleverne kan spise på stedet.
The majority of schools have canteens, which allow the pupils to eat at school.
Det bør endvidere nævnes, at faderen og moderen efter en fødsel (eller adoption) kan tage forældreorlov i tre år med garanti for genansættelse, og at faderen eller moderen ved et barns sygdom har ret til 12 dages fravær om året.
It should also be specified that after a birth (or an adoption), the father and mother may take parental leave of three years with the guarantee of getting their jobs back and that, in the event of the illness of a child, the father or the mother is entitled to 12 days of absence per year.
Forældreorlov efter fødsel og fravær ved barns sygdom er nu ret udbredt i EF-landene.
These last two measures (parental leave after the birth and in the event of the illness of the child) are now fairly widespread in Europe.
I Portugal kan man være fraværende op til 30 dage om året for at tage sig af syge børn og i Forbundsrepublikken har man ret til 10 dage.
In Portugal, absence of up to 30 days per year is authorized to deal with sick children, in the Federal Republic of Germany, 10 days are granted.
I Spanien kan faderen få 4 af de 16 ugers barselsorlov, og orlov efter fødslen er pá et ar.
In Spain, the father can obtain 4 of the 16 weeks of maternity leave and leave following birth is one year.
Situationen er dog langtfra tilfredsstillende.
However, there are crying shortcomings.
I visse lande det beklageligvis stadig sådan, at der ikke er nogen motivation til at få børn, eller at moderen må holde op med at arbejde, når hun har fået børn.
First of all, in some countries, the situation is still deplorable in that it can in no way encourage couples to have children or leads to the mother giving up work.
I Det Forenede Kongerige har halvdelen af de kvinder, der sætter et barn i ver den, ingen ret til barselsorlov.
For instance, in the United Kingdom, half the women who give birth do not qualify for maternity leave.
Forældreorlov eksisterer ikke, og antallet af offentlige vuggestuer er faldet til halvdelen siden krigen.
There is no parental leave and the number of public day-nurseries has been halved since just after the war.
Men mangelen pá pasningsfaciI iteter er Ikke et specielt engelsk problem.
But the deficiency in child care facilities is not unique to the United Kingdom.
I stort set samtlige EF-lande mangler der vuggestuer, børnehaver og førskolefaciliteter.
The lack of day-nurseries, kindergartens and pre-school systems is deplored in practically all the countries.
Selv om børnene går i skole i Luxembourg og Nederlandene, skal de hjem og spise frokost. Det forhindrer naturligvis mange kvinder i at have fuld tidsjob, og det medvirker til at opretholde den manglende ligestilling.
It should be pointed out too that in Luxembourg and the Netherlands, even when children are in school, they must have lunch at home.
I Tyskland er man gået i gang med at undersøge mulighederne for at børn pá 3 âr kan komme i børnehave ... fra 1997. Hverken i Spanien, Portugal eller Italien er infrastrukturen god nok til at kunne aflaste familierne for en del af deres pasnings- og opdragelsesforpligtelser.
This prevents a large number of women from having a full-time job and keeps them in a position of inequality
Først og fremmest er det kvinderne, der bliver straffet, selv om de i øvrigt er lykkelige for at tilbringe mere tid sammen med deres børn.
In Germany, the possibility is being examined for children of three years of age to be admitted to kindergarten... from 1997.
Når børnene bliver større og ikke længere har brug, for at der hele tiden er en voksen i hjemmet, risikerer de kvinder, der er blevet hjemme, at komme til at betale meget dyrt for at have passet deres børn, mens de var små.
And neither Spain, nor Portugal, nor Italy offer sufficient structures suitable for relieving families of part of their activities of looking after, caring for and educating.
De risikerer arbejdsløshed og mindre interessant arbejde med dårlig løn.
It is therefore the women who are primarily penalized by these deficiencies, even though in other respects they are very happy to spend more time with their children.
Alt i alt risikerer de at ende med et arbejde, som symbolsk og materielt betales dårligere, end hvis de var blevet pá arbejdsmarkedet.
When the children are bigger and no longer need such constant presence at home, they are then liable to pay a very high price for the contribution made to their offspring during their early years: in unemployment, in downgraded work, in low wages, in total in an occupation where the symbolic and material rewards will be far less than if they had remained in work.
Bliver de skilt eller dør deres ægtefælle, støder disse kvinder pá store materielle vanskeligheder.
And in the event of divorce or widowhood, they come up against major financial difficulties.
Vi må nok konstatere, at de hjemlige forpligtelser, til trods for alt hvad der er sket pá dette område i de seneste 10 år, stadig ikke er ligeligt fordelt mellem mænd og kvinder.
It must finally be added that, despite the progress made during the past decade, domestic chores are not yet shared equally between men and women.
I Frankrig bruger kvinderne dagligt tre timer af deres fritid til husligt arbejde - også når de har erhvervsarbejde - hvorimod mændene kun bruger én time.
For instance, in France, even when they go out to work, women spend three hours on such activities, whereas men only give one hour of their time.
Sådan ser virkeligheden ud, til trods for kvindebevægelsernes indsats og for den pression, der har været udøvet mod dem, der overlader alt det daglige til ægtefællen.
And this is in spite of the feminists' campaigns, in spite of the social pressure designed to make those who leave their companion to earn the daily bread feel guilty.
Vi må med Jean-Claude Kaufmann konstatere, at "ligestillingen har det svært til hverdag, hvor alt peger i den modsatte retning, og det kræver en enorm bevidst indsats fra hele samfundet, hvis mænd og kvinder nogensinde skal fá samme muligheder.
It has to be admitted, as Jean-Claude Kaufmann states, that "The egalitarian idea comes up against the burden of reality which, on the contrary, encourages the strengthening of gender differentiation and it is only by an effort of will by an entire society, organized for action, that the inequality between men and women will not become greater.
Der findes ingen nemme løsninger, og problemerne lader sig ikke stille og roligt løse blot ved hjælp af Juridiske foranstaltninger eller sociale faci I iteter.(5)
It is not possible to be easily satisfied, to settle the problem calmly by legal measures or by increasing the number of social facilities" (5).
Skal fortidens spøgelser bekæmpes, skal den opdragelse piger og drenge får både i skolen og i hjemmet, hvor der altid har været en tendens til at bede pigerne og ikke drengene om at hjælpe med ved borddækning eller opvask, ændres radikalt.
To overcome this historical sluggishness, it is no doubt only still possible to count on new education, which would be given to boys and girls, both at school and in the families, where there has so far been a tendency to ask the girls rather than the boys to set the table or to wash up.
Sá længe fædre og mødre stadig holder fast ved de traditionelle mønstre, má man gå ud fra, at en kønsneutral værdi formidl ing er umulig.
But in so far as fathers and mothers still conform to old stereotypes, it can be thought that the egalitarian transmission of values is a good way from being achieved in full.
Der skal ske ændringer pá alle fronter, for modstanden er stærk, og der bliver ikke tale om et EF med lige muligheder for mænd og kvinder og med lige stilling, uden en kolossal indsats.
In fact, it is on all fronts that a change should be urged, since resistance is strong and Europe will not possess the desired mixture, the sole generator of equality, without very careful attention to these problems.
Endnu kan vi ikke i EF-landene sige med Elisabeth Bad inter "Der er ingen forskel"(6), til trods for at kvinderne i dag ikke længere skal svare til det billede, deres bedstemødre og i visse tilfælde deres mødre har videregivet, og at de i stadig højere grad viser, at de ønsker at være selvstændige.
For the time being, throughout the European Community, we cannot join Elisabeth Badinter in saying, "One is the other" (6), even if the women of today are far from reproductions of the image bequeathed to them by their grandmothers and some of their mothers and affirm their will for independence more and more.
Lidt mere Europa vil være et plus for kvinderne, hvis det kan betyde endnu stærkere krav om ligestilling, og hvis informationerne kan cirkulere bedre.
In this respect, a "plus point" from Europe could be beneficial to women if that leads to
HENVISNINGER:
References:
SPD har den 30 august 1988 besluttet at indføre en kvote pá 40% kvinder i partiets ledende organer fra 1994 og 40% kvindelige valgkandidater fra 1998.
(2) On 30 August 1988, the SPD took the decision to introduce a quota of 40% women in the party authorities from 1994 and among the electoral candidates from 1998.
De Grønne har fastsat en kvote pá 50% kvinder.
The Greens, for their part, adopted a quota of 50% women.
For øjeblikket har SPD 26,8% kvinder i Forbundsdagen og Bündnis 90/De Grønne har 37,5%.
At present, in the Bundestag, there are 26.8% women among the SPD Members and 37.5% in the "Alliance 90/Greens".
I de "lovgivende" organer i disse to grupper (bestyrelserne) sidder der henholdsvis 35% og 55% kvinder. Kilde: Union interparlementaire, Les femmes et le pouvoir politique. I serien "Rapports et documents", nr. 19, Genève 1992, s. 69-72.
In the "legislative" bodies of these two groups (executive committees), they account for 35% and 55% respectively.
Herom Jf. Mossuz-Lavau (Janine) Sineau (Mariette) Enquête sur les femmes et la politique en France.
(3) On these effects cf. Mossuz-Lavau (Janine), Sineau (Mariette), Enquête sur les femmes et la politique en France.
Paris, P.U.F., 1983, 280 sider.
Paris, P.U.F., 1983, 280 p.
J.-C. Kaufmann er forfatter til La trame coniugale, analyse du couple par son linge.
J.-C. Kaufmann is the author of La trame conjugale, analyse du couple par son linge. Nathan, 1992, 216 p.
KVINDERNE I DET FORENEDE TYSKLAND af lederen af departementet for "FRÆJENPOLITIK" (kvindepolitik, i Forbundsministeriet for Kvinder og Ungdom), Hanna Beate Schöppe-Schi Hing.
WOMEN IN GERMANY UNITED AT LAST by Hanna Beate Schöppe-Schilling, Head of Department for "FRAUENPOLITIK" (women's policy, at the Federal Ministry of Women and Young People).
Ved slutningen af det 20. århundrede står Forbundsrepublikken Tyskland over for en enestående historisk udfordring. Foreningen af de to Tysklande og et snævrere europæisk samarbejde vil også få kolossal betydning for udviklingen på det kvindepolitiske område.
As this 20th century draws to a close, the Federal Republic of Germany must face up to a situation which is unique in history, with repercussions which are and will be considerable, precisely in the field of women's policy: Germany has been united, the progress of Europe will be achieved with closer cooperation.
Efter det første valg, der afholdtes i det forenede Tyskland, blev der i begyndelsen af 1991 oprettet et Forbundsministerium for Kvinde- og Ungdomsspørgsmål som afløser for det tidligere Forbundsministerium for Ungdoms-, Familie-, Kvinde- og Sundhedspolitik, under hvilket der i 1986 var blevet oprettet et departement for kvindepolitik.
At the end of the first elections organized in the united Germany, a Federal Ministry for Women and Young People was created at the beginning of 1991, to take over from the former Federal Ministry for Young People, the Family, Women and Health, in which the "Women's Policy" Department had been set up in 1986.
Det nye ministerium, der kan tage lovgivningsinitiativer, og som har fuld kompetence til at intervenere, tage initiativer og træffe afgørelse om suspension, kan også aktivt tjene kvindernes interesser.
Given the capacity to take legislative initiatives and with the full right to intervene, initiate and adjourn, this new Ministry is also able to play an active role in serving women's interests.
Denne udvikling viser generelt, hvilken betydning der efterhånden tillægges de kvindepolitiske aspekter i det politiske liv i Forbundsrepublikken.
This trend indicates the continuing growth in the importance attributed to women's policy as part of Government policy.
Udviklingen pá forbundsplan har i fuld i overensstemmelse med Forbundsrepublik kens struktur også manifesteret sig pá delstatsplan: hver delstat har et ministerium eller i det mindste et tilsvarende organ pá samme niveau.
In line with the federal structure of the Federal Republic of Germany, this trend at Federal level has also been accompanied by a trend at Land level: each Land has a ministry or, at the very least, an equivalent body at the level of the Land government.
Man har endvidere oprettet 1 070 kommunale instanser, og den første oprettedes i Köln i 1982.
In the meantime, 1070 municipal bodies have also been set up, the first being in 1982 in Cologne.
I 1991 afholdtes den første konference for kvindelige ministre, hvori deltog forbundsmlnisteren og de kvindelige ministre fra delstaterne.
In 1991, the first conference of women ministers was held and attended by the Federal Minister and the women ministers of the Land.
Den udvikling, der startede i 1989 i den offentlige forvaltning, er nu slået igen nem, idet kvindepolitik opfattes som et horisontalt område, der stort set berører samtlige andre politiske områder.
The trend started in 1989 in the institutional sector in this way achieved its objective: women's policy is seen as a horizontal sector, which affects almost all the other policy areas.
Det juridiske grundlag for kvindepolitikken skabtes allerede i 1949 i artikel 3 i Grundloven, og de kvindepolitiske aspekter tillægges stadig større betydning i Forbundsrepublikken.
Women's policy, with its legal foundation recognized as early as 1949 in article 3 of the Constitution, is today a factor which is constantly present and of growing importance in the Federal Republic of Germany.
Til det første parlament i den forenede Forbundsrepublik valgtes 136 kvindelige medlemmer (20,7%), dvs. 56 flere end i den foregående ellevte Forbundsdag, hvilket er en stigning på 70%.
The first Parliament of the united Federal Republic of Germany saw the election of 136 women members (20.7%), i.e. 56 more than in the previous eleventh Bundestag, which represents a 70% increase.
Kvinderne udgør mellem 8,8% og 29,9% af de valgte til de I statspar lamenterne.
The proportion of women in the Land parliaments varies between 8.8% and 29.9%.
I de politiske partier er antallet af aktive kvinder ligeledes steget konstant i de sidste tre år.
In the political parties, the number of militants has also been constantly rising in recent years.
Både CDU (det kristelige demokratiske parti) og FDP (det liberale parti) vil på basis af en frivillig indsats yde deres bidrag til ligebehandling af mænd og kvinder på alle niveauer i partiet.
Both the CDU (Christian-Democrat Party) and the FDP (Liberal Party) wish to achieve, through voluntary commitment, equal treatment of men and women at all levels of party organization.
SPD (det socialdemokratiske parti) mener derimod, at indførelse af faste kvoter er den mest effektive måde at sikre flere kvinder pá alle niveauer i partiet.
The SPD (Socialist Party), on the other hand, sees the most effective instrument to
ARBEJDSLIVET
WORKING WORLD
Siden 1983 er kvindernes andel af det samlede antal socialsikrede erhvervsaktive steget støt, og den nåede op på 40% den 3. oktober 1990.
Prior to the unification of the Federal Republic of Germany, the percentage of women in the total insured labour force has risen constantly since 1983 and exceeded 40% on 3 October 1990.
Af fem nyoprettede stillinger er tre blevet besat med kvinder.
Of five new jobs created, three were occupied by women.
De offentlige myndigheder har gjort sig umage både for at udvide udbuddet af stillinger til unge kvinder og for at fremme kvindernes genindpasning på arbejdsmarkedet ved f.eks. at ændre loven om arbejdsformidling m.v., som gør det lettere for de mødre, der ønsker at genoptage deres erhvervsarbejde, at fá økonomisk hjælp til er hvervsuddanneI se.
The public authorities endeavoured, on the one hand, to extend the range of professional occupations available to young women and, on the other hand, to encourage the reincorporation of women into the labour force, for example by amending the law on vocational advancement, which allows mothers returning to work to benefit more easily from financial assistance for vocational training or apprenticeship premiums.
Der er desuden iværksat særlige pilotprogrammer (25 mio. DM pá fem år), der har ført til oprettelse af 17 informationscentre for kvinder, der ønsker igen at komme ud pá arbejdsmarkedet. Der kan endvidere i henhold til disse programmer udbetales oplæringsstøtte til arbejdsgiverne, hvis de ansætter kvinder på ubestemt tid og samtidig sørger for, at de erhverver kvalifikationer på arbejdsstedet eller i løbet af arbejdstiden.
There are also specific pilot programmes (25 million DEM over five years), which led to the creation of 17 information centres for women returning to work and provide for the payment of apprenticeship subsidies to employers who recruit women in this situation for an indefinite period and ensure that they receive training in-house or during working hours.
I eks-DDR var der 90% kvindelige lønmodtagere (herunder pensionister, som stadig var erhvervsaktive pá deltidsbasis).
In the former German Democratic Republic, the rate of women employed was 90% (including pensioners who, parallel to their retirement, engaged in parttime work).