natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Af disse var flere efter et antal år på den europæiske dommerbænk fortrolige med kollegialt, anonymt dommerarbejde samt med Fællesskabets retssystem.
Several of them, after some years' service as members of a European court, were well versed in the collegiate and anonymous tasks of their office and in the legal system of the Community.
Disse havde alle siddet i Domstolen sammen med Lecourt, medens han endnu var menigt medlem.
All of them had been colleagues of Robert Lecourt when he was still an ordinary member.
Bemærkes må endvidere, at samtidig med at Lecourt blev retspræsident, indtog luxembourgeren Pierre Pescatore og belgieren Mertens de Wilmars deres pladser i Domstolen.
At the time when he became President of the Court, Pierre Pescatore, of Luxembourg, and Josse Mertens de Wilmars, of Belgium, began their terms of office.
Da dette team satte sig til rette, havde Domstolen endnu kun få sager til behandling hvert år.
When this team was assembled, the Court was not called upon to deal with many cases in any one year.
De i alt 36 sager fra 1967 fordeler sig med 4 på annullationssøgsmål, 9 funktionærsager og 23 præjudicielle forelæggelser.
A total of 36 cases in 1967 comprised 4 actions for annulment. 9 actions byCommunity officials and 23 references for a preliminary ruling.
Domstolens reaktion var at gøre en indsats for at sætte navnlig antallet af præjudicielle forelæggelser op.
The Court's reaction was to try to increase the number of references for a preliminary ruling.
Denne indsats og dens succes er udførligt omtalt andetsteds i dette essay.
Its efforts in this direction and the successful outcome are the subject of detailed comment below.
Som sagsmængden og varieteten i de problemer, der blev forelagt for Domstolen, tog til, kan man konstatere, at Domstolen under Lecourt efter et par års indkøring, hvorunder bl.a.
As the number of cases and the variety of issues brought before the Court increased, it is clear that, after very few years of preparation, in the course of which, among others.
Domstolens nuværende præsident. Hans Kutscher i 1970 efterfulgte sin landsmand Walter Strauss, begynder den i rask tempo at afsige en række af fortilfælde­skabende domme.
Hans Kutscher, who was to become President on the departure of Lecourl in 1976. succeeded his compatriot, Walter Strauss, in 1970, the Court, under Lecourt's Presidency, began to increase the pace at which its judgments were building up a body of caselaw.
Denne høje frekvens daler først, efter at Lecourt har forladt retten i 1976.
There was no sudden change in this process after President Lecourt left in 1976.
Dommene i sagen Van Gend en Loos og Costa mod ENEL, der er nævnt ovenfor''), udgør idag hovedhjørnestenene i den fællesskabsretlige opbygning.
The judgments in question together with those in the cases of van Gend en Loos and Costa v
Glemme må man dog ikke, at da de nye medlemslandes dommere, først skotten Lord Mackenzie Stuart, ireren O'Dalaigh og danskeren Max Sørensen, og i anden runde ireren O'Keefe. indtog deres pladser i Domstolen, gav de fleste ufortrødent deres bidrag til fortsættelsen af rækken af »fortilfælde« (se også nr. 59 f. ndf.).
When the judges from the new Member States, first Lord Mackenzie Stuart, a Scot, from the United Kingdom, O'Dalaigh, from Ireland, and Max Sørensen, from Denmark, and later, the Irishman. O'Keeffe. commenced their term of office at the Court, they too gave, so far as can be judged, their unstinted support to the furtherance of the work of building up case­law (see also point 59 et seq. below).
Her i 1980 er det utvivlsomt for tidligt at have andet end en fornemmelse af. at den inspirerede og inspirerende integrationsvilje, der prægede perioden indtil 1976, tildels er afløst af en attitude, der er præget af besindelse og reflektion.
It is obviously too soon to reach any conclusion other than the following: whereas the desire for integration, which was both the conse­quence and the source of inspiration, characterized the greater part of the 1970s, the mood is now, at least to some extent, one of taking stock of the position and drawing the appropriate conclusions.
Man overruler vel ikke i hobetal de lige nævnte »fortilfælde« med føderalis­tiske tendenser.
There is certainly no question of overruling the many federally­inclined precedents mentioned earlier.
Snarere finpudser man dem og tager stilling til. hvilke af de konse­kvenser, der kunne synes indeholdt i denne periodes store domme, man kan og bør føre ud i livet, og hvilke Fællesskabet ikke kan være tjent med. eller som man slethen ikke vil kendes ved.
Instead, they are being refined, as efforts are made to determine which of the apparent implications of the leading cases of that period can and must be put into effect and which of them the Community cannot accept or, quite simply, wishes to ignore.
Sagen Macarthys mod Wendy Smith, som vil blive nærmere omtalt i nr. 40 ndf., er sandsynligvis et eksempel på sidstnævnte tendens. Medlemsstaterne har således i de første tredive år under Domstolens beståen beskikket men­of­affairs som dommere.
The case of Macarthys ν Wendy Smith, considered in point 40 below, is perhaps an illustration of the latter attitude.
Optællingerne viser os med andre ord, at kandidaternes exceptionelle generelle kompetence har vejet mindst lige så tungt for medlemsstaterne som deres »almindeligt anerkendte faglige kvalifikationer«.
In other words, it is clear that, as far as the Member States are concerned, the outstanding general ability of the candidates has been considered to be at least as important as 'recognized competence'.
Det kan være et tilfælde, men er det næppe.
It could be the result of chance but this is unlikely.
Når disse mænd som et anonymt dommerkollegium slog ind på en domstolskurs, der ikke glimrer ved at underordne traktatfortolkningen den til enhver tid herskende politiske stemning i medlemsstaternes hovedstæder, således som denne kan mærkes i Ministerrådet, kan det vel i virkeligheden ikke undre.
It is really not surprising that, sitting as a court whose deliberations are kept secret, the judges developed a series of precedents which can scarcely be described as interpreting the Treaties according to the political climate of the moment in the capitals of the Member States, as happens in the Council of Ministers.
De personlige forudsætninger har været til stede for, at et sådant team under en myndig og inspirerende chefs ledelse træffer afgørelser, der ser ud som »judicial activism«, som »gouvernement des juges« eller som »judicial policy-making«.
Indeed, the team contained the right people to enable it, under the leadership of a President of proven authority and vision, to take decisions which can be described as 'judicial activism', the work of a 'government of judges' or a form of'judicial policy­making'.
Om summen af domme ne eller enkelte af disse usurperer den repræsentativt demokratisk valgte lovgivers magt — eller hans » policy-making « ved repræsentanter i Fællesskabets Ministerråd — skal jeg ikke tage op her.
This is not the place to determine whether all or some of the judgments delivered encroach on the province of the legislators as democratically­elected representatives, or on the policy­making powers conferred on their representatives in the Council.
Hensigten har blot været at pege på, at med den besætning Domstolen har haft, må det i hvert fald ikke undre, såfremt kritik har lydt.
The object is merely to demonstrate that the character of those who have served as members of the Court makes it far from surprising that this aspect should have provoked criticism.
Dommerne og generaladvokaterne udnævnes for 6 år ad gangen, og genudnævnelse kan finde sted, jfr. EØFT artikel 167.
The judges and advocates­general are appointed for six years. They are eligible for re­appointment (Article 167 EEC).
Det er ofte sagt, at kun livsudnævnelse af Domstolens medlemmer kan sikre fuldstændig judiciel uafhængighed af den udøvende magt.
It is often said that only by appointing for life is it possible to make sure that the members of the judiciary are completely independent of the executive.
Når dommerne er udnævnt, vælger de for tre år ad gangen en præsident af deres midte (EØFT artikel 167, stk. 5).
When the judges are appointed, they elect the President of the Court from among their number for a term of three years (Article 167(5) EEC).
Han leder Domstolens arbejde.
He directs the work of the
Blandt en række vigtige judicielle funktioner, der er henlagt til præsidentembedet, kan man nævne beføjelsen til på en parts anmodning at beslutte at udsætte fuldbyrdelsen af retsakter, der er udstedt af Fællesskabets institutioner (jfr. Procesreglementet artikel 83).
Court. Among the important judicial functions attached to the office of President is that, on application by a party, he is empowered to suspend the operation of any Communitymeasure (Rules of Procedure, Article 83).
Generaladvokaterne har været omtalt flere gange i det foregående.
Reference has already been made to the advocates-general.
Deres funktion kræver at blive nærmere omtalt her.
Their function needs to be described in some detail.
Ifølge traktaten skal generaladvokaterne yde Domstolen bistand ved varetagelsen af dens opgaver.
Under the Treaty, it is the duty of the advocategeneral to assist the Court in the per formance of its task (Article 166 EEC).
Bistanden består i praksis først og fremmest i, at generaladvokaten grundigt gennemgår alle sagens problemer.
In practice, this assistance consists mainly of making a thorough examination of the issues raised by the case before the Court.
Primære, sekundære og mere fjerntliggende løsningsmodeller bliver herved ofte analyseret, anbefalet eller forkastet.
In so doing, the advocategeneral frequently explores, recommends or rejects a variety of possible solutions.
Af største værdi for fællesskabsretten er det, at generaladvokaterne tillige ofte redegør for ældre kommunitær og national retspraksis.
It is of the utmost importance that he should, at the same time, take account of the precedents, both in Community and in national law.
Deres retssammenlignende studier af medlemssta ternes ret er ikke mindre betydningsfulde.
Equally important is the advocate-general's comparative study of the legal orders of the Member States.
Som sagsmængden er vokset, navnlig siden begyndelsen af 1970erne, er kravene til quorum dog jævnligt blevet reduceret.
Because the volume of cases has increased, especially since the early 1970s, the quorum required for preparatory inquiries into and judgment on a case has been steadily reduced.
Sidst blev i slutningen af 1979 gennemført den i dag gældende bestemmelse i Procesreglementet, hvorefter det i praksis er hovedreglen, at en sag afgøres af en af Domstolens tre afdelinger.
Finally, at the end of 1979, the article of the present Rules of Procedure under which the majority of cases are in practice heard by one of the three Chambers of the Court, came into force.
Plenum-behandling er nu en afgørelsesform, der er forbeholdt de vigtige sager.
Only the most important cases now come before the full Court.
Den skrevne fællesskabsret kræver ikke, at medlemmerne af Domstolen skal have statsborgerskab i et medlemsland. I praksis forholdes der, som om statsborgerskab var foreskrevet.
Community law does not require a member of the Court to be a national of one of the Member States.
de store medlemsstater, der har haft indstillingsretten til to embeder. De har i reglen »haft« en dommer og en generaladvokat hver. Såfremt hvert land skulle have en dommer, og dersom man ville have et ulige antal dommere samt er par generaladvoka­ter, måtte de store vel ifølge sagens natur besætte flere pladser end de små lande, men hvor mange flere?
Since the Court was established in 1952. due regard has been paid to the major Member States, who have been entitled to nominate two members of the Court which, as a rule, has meant that each has 'had' one judge and one advocate-general.
Afsnit III — Proceduren ved Domstolen
Section III — The procedure before the Court of Justice
Procesreglementet består af rundt regnet hundrede forskellige artikler. De fleste er kortfattede. De er også relativt enkle.
There are over a hundred articles in the 'Rules of Procedure'.
Skønt bestemmelserne i Procesreglementet må have haft navnlig franske procedureformer som deres umiddelbare forbillede, må man retfærdigvis sige, at retsplejen for Domstolen ikke er nævneværdigt formalistisk.
Their provisions must have been closelymodelled on specifically French procedural requirements. In all fairness, however, it must be conceded that the procedure before the Court of Justice is not excessively for mal.
Det er hovedreglen — hvad sprogregimet angår — at hver sag har sit processprog.
It is a rule that each case must have its 'language of the case', which is chosen by the applicant.
Dette vælger sagsøgte. I sager mod en medlemsstat, mod en borger hjemmehørende i en medlemsstat, samt i præjudicielle spørgsmål er processproget landets officielle sprog.
In cases based on an action against a Member State or against a natural or legal person having the nationality of a Member State and in proceedings for a preliminary ruling, the language of the case is the official language ofthat State.
Domstolen kan dog bevilge undtagelser.
The Court can, however, authorize derogations from this rule.
Den normale procedure i et direkte søgsmål består af en skriftlig del. der så langt er den vigtigste; desuden er der en mundtlig del. Denne er oftest ganske kortvarig.
In direct actions, the normal procedure comprises a written stage and an oral stage and, of the two, the written stage is by far the more important.
Endelig kan der ske bevisførelse.
The Court may, in addition, order a measure of inquiry.
Sagt med andre ord er det reglen, at man vinder, respektive taber, en sag under skriftvekslingen.
It is fair to say that, as a general rule, a case is won or lost on the basis of the written exchanges.
Det sidste led i den mundtlige forhandling består i. at generaladvokaten oplæser sit forslag til afgørelse.
The final stage of the oral procedure is reached when the advocategeneral delivers his opinion.
Rettens afgørelser og faktums betydning
The decisions of the Court and its treatment of the facts
Det er et slående træk ved den måde, hvorpå Domstolen redigerer sine domme, at de faktiske forhold, som måtte være forelagt den i sagen, ganske vist gengives i dommens præmisser, men gengivelsen er yderst koncis og begrænset til det strengt nødvendige.
A striking feature of the way in which the Court draws up its judgments is that the facts submitted in a case are set out in the grounds of judgment and in terms which are as concise and brief as possible.
Domstolens opmærksomhed synes således koncentreret om den rene jura. om reglerne og disses ordlyd, kontekst og formål.
Thus the Court seems to concentrate exclusively on the points of law, the rules which apply and their wording, context and spirit.
Hvad dette betyder kan utvivlsomt bedst belyses ved en retssammenlignende undersøgelse, hvis enkelte bestanddele hentes fra henholdsvis dansk og amerikansk forfatningsret.
There has been a marked tendency to isolate the different versions of the facts, and their reconciliation, from the statement giving the grounds of judgment.
Der anførte kan man illustrere ved at sammenligne Domstolens tendens til legalisme og begrebsjurisprudence med US Supreme Court's realisme og værdi­ og interesseafvej­ning, der i praksis er nært sammenknyttet med det fænomen, der kaldes et »Brandeisbrief«.
These comments can be illustrated by comparing the tendency shown by the Court of Justice to concentrate on the legal position and a framework of precedents with the realism and the weight attached to values and interests which are so marked in the case-law of the Supreme Court of the United States, whose attitude owes much to the phenomenon known as the 'Brandeis brief.
Advokat Brandeis fremlagde første gang, inden han selv blev udnævnt til føderal højesteretsdommer, sin senere så berømte form for sagsdokumentation i sagen Muller ν Oregon (1908).
Before attorney Brandeis was appointed a judge of the Federal Supreme Court, he had, in the form which was later to become famous, for the first time submitted a whole series of documents in support of his con­tention in the case of Muller ν Oregon (1908).
Problemet heri var, at Oregon ved lov havde fastsat en maksimal daglig
The case concerned the adoption by the State of Oregon of a law fixing the maximum working day for women at 10 hours.
arbejdstid for kvinder på ti timer. Brandeis argumenterede for, at Oregon ikke herved krænkede kravet om equal-protection-of laws i forfatningens 14th Amendment, selv om han erkendte, at én lov, der forskelsbehandler hele grupper eller klasser af ens tilfælde (arbejdsgivere eller kvindelige ansatte) ifølge gældende ret normalt ikke tilbyder equal protection og derfor er ugyldig.
Brandeis argued that, in adopting the law, Oregon was not infringing against the require­ment of 'equal treatment' under the laws laid down by the 14th Amendment of the Constitution, although he conceded that a law which discriminated between groups or classes of the same kind (e.g. male and female employees) could not, under the laws in force, normally afford equal protection and was on that account voidable.
Dog hævdede han, at når kvinder faktisk levede under fysiske og sociale vilkår, der var forskellige fra mænds, måtte en legal forskelsbehandling de lege ferenda være lovlig.
In spite of this, he contended that where, in reality, women lived in different physical and social condi­tions from men, difference of treatment under the law should, de legeferenda, be deemed lawful.
Til støtte for at lade den omstridte Oregon-bestemmelse hjemle en særstilling, fremlagde Brandeis en bindstærk dokumentation, som byggede på sociologi, på lægevidenskab, på oplysninger om andre lovgiveres praksis og på udfaldet af opinionsundersøgelser; og fik Supreme Court med sig !
To ensure that the State of Oregon's contested provision achieved recognition as a special case, Brandeis produced a wealth of documentation dealing with sociology, the medical sciences, legal comparative information and the results of opinion polls. The Supreme Court agreed with him.
Siden da anvendes denne type bevisførelse, der i daglig tale kaldes et »Brandeis-brief«, almindeligt i amerikansk forfatningspraksis.
Ever since, the submission of this type of evidence, known as a 'Brandeis brief', has been general in American constitutional practice.
Dets største betydning er dog i sager, hvor en delstats regering ved hjælp af omfattende redegørelser for praktiske forhold, ved statistiske oplysninger, ved andet talmateriale eller ved hjælp af sociologiske, økonomiske, psykologiske, undervisningsmæssige og politologiske analyser o. lign. søger at godtgøre, at dens lovgivning kræver forfatningsmæssig undtagelsesbehandling; eller ligefrem at den herskende udlægning af forfatningens bestemmelser på et givet område er utidssvarende.
Its greatest value, however, is in cases where, with the help of an exhaustive recital of the facts, statistical information and other data or with the help of studies in the field of sociology, economics, psychology, education, political science, etc., the government of one of the states of the Union seeks to establish that its laws should be allowed to derogate from the constitution or even that, in a particular field, the generally accepted interpretation of the constitution no longer accords with reality.
Og hvad mere er, siden da har præmisserne til dommene klart afspejlet, hvad et Brandeis-brief er, og dets betydning for fortolkningen af retsreglerne.
Furthermore, the grounds of judgments have, ever since, clearly reflected the facts put forward in the form of a Brandeis brief and their importance in the interpret­ation of laws.
Derimod undgår Domstolen normalt i begrundelsen af sine domme at inddrage kontroversielle og komplicerede oplysninger om de sociale, økonomiske og politiske forhold i medlemsstaterne. Dette gælder endog i tilfælde, hvor parterne har fremlagt de nødvendige oplysninger.
In contrast to this, the Court of Justice of the European Communities usually refrains from including in its statement of the grounds of judgment any controversial or merely complicated information regarding the social, economic or political situation in the Member States, even when the parties have supplied the necessary material.
Det er til sammenligning med sagsførelsen ved den danske højesteret rammende blevet sagt, at man vinder en sag på tre ting : faktiske oplysninger, faktiske oplysninger og faktiske oplysninger.
This may be compared with the procedure before the Danish Supreme Court (Højesteret) where, it has been rightly said, three things win a case for you: evidence of the facts, evidence of the facts and, again, evidence of the facts.
Sperlingskassesagerne er et eksempel på, at en regering (den danske) har afgivet et indlæg, der havde karakter af et Brandeis-brief.
The case which came before the Court of Justice of the European Communities in rela­tion to fishing in the Norway pout box provides an example of a government, in the event the Danish Government, putting in an application on the lines of a ' Brandeis brief.
Man finder ingen gengivelse af nogen del af dette i præmisserne til dommene.
Its contents do not appear in the grounds for the Court's decisions.
Dette viser sig højst i Domstolens bemærkning om, at Det forenede Kongerige ikke havde kunnet føre bevis for, at dets forbud mod det omstridte fiskeri var nødvendige, hvorimod den danske regering havde påvist, at dette ikke var tilfældet "').
The only trace of it is the observation made by the Court that the United Kingdom had failed to prove that the contested national measures prohibiting fishing were necessary, whereas the Danish Government had shown that they were not.I0
I den såkaldte fårekødssag redegjorde den franske regering for de alvorlige og uacceptable sociale og økonomiske følger, der ville komme ved en pludselig ophævelse af organisationen af det franske marked for fårekød. Domstolen angav i præmisserne til sin dom. at den ikke underkendte betydningen af disse forhold, men tog dog ikke senere hensyn til dem ").
In the 'sheepmeat' case, the French Government pointed out the serious and unaccept­able social and economic consequences which would follow sudden abolition of the organization of the French market in sheepmeat.
Undtagelsesvis tager Domstolen hensyn til den konkrete situation i det foreliggende tilfælde, og dette endda således, at det går som en rød tråd gennem præmisserne til dommen. Det var det, der skete i sagen Defrenne II '2).
Exceptionally, the Court pays regard to the factual context of a particular case and does so in unmistakable terms throughout the grounds of judgment.
Under hensyntagen til de betydelige økonomiske skadevirkninger, som en fortolkning, der tillagde artikel 119 tilbagevirkende kraft til 1962 eller 1973, udtalte Domstolen, at dens afgørelse ikke kunne påberåbes med tilbagevirkende kraft længere end til dommens dato.
Both those who cri­ticize and those who defend the Court can agree on that, it must be borne in mind that in so far as interpretation of constitutional provisions involves policy­making this is wholly or partly obscured to the extent that the relevant economic, social or political consider­ations are developed only in part or not at all.
Under denne synsvinkel synes den i artikel 177 omhandlede procedure på forhånd mindre egnet end den procedure vedrørende overtrædelser af traktaten, som omhandles i artikel 169 og 170(senr. 27 og 29 ndf.).
From this standpoint, the procedure laid down in Article 177 EEC appears a priori to be a less suitable means of redress than the procedure under Article 169 and 170 for breaches of the Treaty (see points 27 and 29 below).
Domstolen voterer og afgør sagerne for lukkede døre.
The Court discusses and reaches its decision on cases in judicial conference with only the judges present.
Eventuelle dissenser må ikke offentliggøres.
No difference of opinion may ever be divulged.