natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
) Ifølge de empiriske resultater (jf. ovennævnte arbejdsdokument nr. 35) er disse tærskler nået, nâr CR4 når op over 50%, når CRs når op over 70%, når Herfindahl-indekset ligger på over 10%, og når den oligopolistiske kerne består af et virksomhedsantal på under 10.
The Commission is awarethat this information, like all company statistics based on consolidated accounts, contain imperfections, particulary as regards the financial links between companies. Consolidation was basedon the following principles: full consolidation in the case of groups in which the parent companyhas its head office in the Community; partial consolidation in other cases.
) Kommissionen har offentliggjort disse undersøgelser i originaludgave i samlingen »Arbejdsdokumenter« eller i serien »Koncentrations- og konkurrenceudviklingen«.
Despite the diversity of the products manufactured, such a level of aggregation adequatelyensures that almost all the firms achieve the bulk of their sales in one of the eight sectors chosen.In no case do these correspond to specific markets.These studies are published in full by the Commission, either in the 'Working papers' collectionor in the 'Evolution of concentration and competition' series.
Resultaterne viser, at en meget lille del af det samlede antal virksomheder (0,4% i 1977) indtjener en meget stor del af den samlede omsætning ekskl. importen (52%) på fællesskabsmarkedet.
Industry breakdown of firms in the sample : Number of firms in absolute terms (N), their percentage (%)of the total number and theirpercentage share in the industry's turnover (T) in the Community of Nine m
Forkor­telse
NACE classification2
Maskiner, mekanisk udstyr, præcisionsinstrumenter
Mechanical and instrumentengineering
Træ­, møbel­ og papirindustri
Wood.furniture and paper
') Det samlede virksomhedstal i de enkelte brancher er estimeret.
1 The total number of firms per industry has been estimated.2 A number of firms carrying out related activities are sometimes included in the sample.
'1 Virksomheder med beslægtet aktivitet er i nogle tilfælde medtaget i stikprøven.
166 THE DEVELOPMENT OF CONCENTRATION both as regards the level of concentration reached and the trend observedand according to whether markets in question are fragmented or open to European or world competition.
Kilder: »Le Nouvel Economiste­, Eurostat: Industriens struktur og aktivitet — årlig undersøgelse.
They are also subject to the influence ofvarious exogenous factors, particularly in the shape of rules and regulations.
Beregninger foretaget af EF­Kommissionen.
General development of concentration in industry
KONCENTRATIONS- OG KONKURRENCEUDVIKLINGEN
The results obtained show that a tiny proportion of the total number of firms(0.4% in 1977) accounts for a very large share of the total turnover (52%) onthe Community market, excluding imports.
Omsætningskoncentationen i Fællesskabets industri: koncentrationsforholdstal (CR¡) og Herfindahl-indeks (H)
Concentration of turnover in Community industry:concentration ratios (CRj)and Herfindahl index (H)
I stikprøven
Iii the sample
I alle virksomheder i de otte brancher, som svarer til stikprøven
In ail eight sectors of the sample
Inden for hele forarbejdningssektoren i Fællesskabet (ni lande)
In the whole of manutacttiringindustry of the Community of Nine
indekser har været meget lav gennem hele tidsrummet 1973 til 1981 ; der er ikke noget overraskende ved dette resultat, idet de foretagne undersøgelser ikke har vedrørt et specifikt marked, men samtlige markeder for de otte undersøgte brancher under ét.
Over the entire period from 1973 to 1981, the concentration ratios and the Herfindahl index for the sample were relatively stable.
En sammenligning af disse koncentrationsforholdstal for delperioden 1973 til 1977 viser, at koncentrationsgraden for den samlede industri eller for alle virksomheder i de otte brancher næsten er nede på det halve af stikprøvens koncentrationsgrad.
During the 1975 recession, there was a significant increase in concentration in manufacturing industryas a whole and in the eight sectors examined, which squares with the trendalready revealed by analysis of Table 5.
Det kan for hele tidsrummet 1973 til 1981 konstateres, at udviklingen i stikprøvens koncentrationsforholdstal og Herfindahl-indeks har været karakteriseret af relativ stabilitet.
Overall, therefore, the four or 12 largest firms considerably increased theirmarket share during the 1975 recession at the expense of all other industrialfirms.
Under afmatningen i 1975 blev der registreret en kraftig stigning i koncentrationen inden for hele forarbejdningssektoren og i de otte nævnte brancher, hvilket svarer til den tendens, som allerede blev fremhævet i analysen af tabel 5.
This may mean that very large firms are better than others at weatheringa recession; yet this finding would have to be confirmed by means of morethorough dynamic multicriteria analyses and be checked for other periods ofrecession.
Alt i alt forøgede således de 4 og de 12 største virksomheder under afmatningen i 1975 deres markedsandel betydeligt på bekostning af de øvrige industrivirksomheder. Dette
These additional analyses might reveal the reasons why large firmscan withstand cyclical fluctuations—reasons which may well include their market power, their financial strength and their ability to compensate for the effects of recession on certain markets by expanding output in other markets.
Denne hypotese bør imidlertid undersøges ved hjælp af mere dybtgående dynamiske analyser baseret på flere kriterier og efterprøves for andre afmatningsperioders vedkommende.
A more detailed analysis can be made by examining the situation and develop- ment of concentration in each of the eight sectors based on the concentration
En mere subtil metode er at undersøge koncentrationssituationen og -udviklingen i hver af de otte brancher ved hjælp af koncentrationsforholdstallene CR4 og CR12 og ved hjælp af Herfindahl-indekset') (tabel 7).
(Table 7).
Den kraftigste koncentration er registreret inden for brancherne kemi, elektroteknik/ elektronik og transportmidler.
The highest levels of concentration are noted in the chemicals, electrical andelectronic engineering and transport equipment sectors.
Disse resultater svarer til de oplysninger, der kan udledes af tabel 5, og som viser stikprøvens markedsandel i forhold til hele den pågældende branche.
These findings are consistent with those based on the' data in Table 5, which show the market shares ofthe sample in relation to the whole of the sectors concerned.
For så vidt angår koncentrationsudviklingen i de enkelte brancher, kommer tendenserne i tabel 7 til udtryk som variationer i Herfindahl-indekset i diagram A og B2).
With regard to the development of concentration in each sector, the trendsshown in Table 7 are reflected in the variations in the Herfindahl index plottedin Graphs A and B.2
For den samlede stikprøves vedkommende (diagram A) dækker Herfindahl-indeksets samlede stabilitet over modsatrettede forløb for de forskellige brancher, der indgår i det.
In the sample as a whole (Graph A), the stability of the Herfindahl index masksdifferences between the various sectors involved.
Koncentrationen er således tiltagende inden for brancherne transportmidler, elektroteknik/elektronik og kemi, men kraftigt aftagende inden for næringsmiddelindustri og tekstilindustri.
Thus, while concentration isincreasing in the transport equipment, electrical and electronic engineering andchemicals sectors, it is decreasing significantly in the agrifoodstuffs and textileindustries.
Dette tyder på, at der inden for stikprøven og således blandt de store virksomheder var tale om forskydning i markedsandelene.
This means that even within the sample itself, which is made up oflarge firms only, a redistribution of market shares is taking place.
Diagram B bekræfter den forøgelse af koncentrationen, som allerede blev registreret på grundlag af stikprøven i de tre brancher transportmidler, elektroteknik/elektronik og kemi.
Graph B confirms the increase in concentration already observed on the basisof the sample in the three sectors transport equipment, electrical and electronicengineering and chemicals; in each of the sectors examined (with the exceptionof transport equipment), Graph B again shows a sharp increase in concentration in 1975.
: stokkene på de specifikke markeder. ) diagram A viser koncentrationsudviklingen inden for stikprøven, og diagram B viser den faktisk registrerede udvikling inden for hver enkelt branche som helhed.
It should again be pointed out here that these measurements cannot be compared with thosemade on specific markets.Graph A shows the trend of concentration in the sample and Graph B indicates the trendactually observed in the whole of each sector.
Måling af omsætningskoncentrationen i hver af stikprøvens brancher (S) og i alle virksomheder i hver af disse brancher inden for Fællesskabet (ni lande) co m 21
Concentration of turnover in each sector of the sample (S) and in the whole of each of these sectorsin the Community of Nine o
Koncen­trations­forholdstal
Concentration ratio
KONCENTRATIONS­ OG KONKURRENCEUDVIKLINGEN
170 THE DEVELOPMENT OF CONCENTRATION
Diagrammer vedrerende Herfindahl-indekset i hver af stikprøvens brancher (A) og i alle virksomheder i disse brancher inden for Fællesskabet (ni lande) (B)
Graphs showing the Herfindahl index in each sector of the sample (A)and in the whole of these sectors in the Community of Nine (B)
173 i de brancher, som er omfattet af undersøgel
Page 173
Koncentrationsniveauet varierer stærkt, alt efter om der er tale om et marked, der er åbent for konkurrence på europæisk eller internationalt plan, eller om der er tale om et afskærmet marked.
On none of these markets doesthe dominant group achieve a turnover of more than 18% of the national market.
Desuden gør hver enkelt branches heterogene fremtræden det vanskeligt systematisk at identificere den med et bestemt referencemarked, selv om de udvalgte brancher er defineret mere præcist end i den foregående analyse.
The situation is somewhat different in France where, despite the atomisticstructure of pubishing houses, the four largest groups account for 70% of sales,with two of them each having more than 25% of the national market.
De højeste koncentrationsforholdstal optræder i brancherne telekommunikation (CR4 =
The other sectors studied show lower concentration ratios: such is the case with
Situationen er en noget anden i Frankrig, hvor de fire største forlagskoncerner trods forlagsbranchens atomistiske struktur tegner sig for 70% af omsætningen, og to af dem har hver over 25% af branchens nationale omsætning.
In the paper processing, agricultural machinery and motor vehicle parts sectors, the barriers to entry are lower than those referred to above, which mayexplain the low concentration ratios observed: the proximity of manufacturersto consumers makes for an unconcentrated structure of these sectors; diversityof demand and demand renewal because of the specific needs of users, encour-
') Det undersøgte marked dækker Belgien, Frankrig, Italien, Det forenede Kongerige og Forbundsrepu blikken Tyskland.
The market considered covers Belgium, France, Italy, the United Kingdom and the Federal Republic of Germany.It might be interesting in this regard to compare the concentration ratios with the criticalthresholds laid down in the United States in the 'Anti-Trust Merger Guidelines' already mentioned.
2) Det kunne i denne sammenhæng være interessant at sammenligne koncentrationsforholdstallene med de kritiske tærskler, som ¡følge nævnte Anti-Trust Merger Guidelines anvendes i USA.
Given that the European market is comparable in size to the American market and assumingthat the figures quoted related to reference markets, a merger in the sectors in question wouldhave been challenged by the Department of Justice.
De irske forlags produktion tegner sig værdimæssigt for under 1% af de britiske forlags produktion. ) De hidtil foretagne undersøgelser omfatter kun de engelsk-, fransk- og nederlandsktalende markeder.
The output of Irish publishers represents less than 1%, in value terms, of the output of UnitedKingdom publishers.The studies so far carried out cover only the English-, French- and Dutchspeaking markets.It was not possible to calculate the concentration ratios with precision here.
I brancherne papirforarbejdning, landbrugsmaskiner og dele til automobiler er barriererne for indtrængen udefra lavere end i de førnævnte brancher. Dette kunne forklare de registrerede moderate koncentrationsforholdstal.
172 THE DEVELOPMENT OF CONCENTRATION age specialization and provide scope for a larger number of manufacturers;furthermore, neither economies of scale nor rules and regulations relating tostandards constitute major barriers to entry.
Koncentrationen er tiltagende inden for papirfremstilling, elektro- og maskinindustri og dele til automobiler; tendensen synes at være stabil inden for telekommunikation, rensemidler og bøger. Derimod er koncentrationen aftagende inden for landbrugsmaskiner og papirforarbejdning.
Concentration has tended to increase in the paper manufacture, motor vehicleand motor vehicle parts sectors; there appears to be little change in the telecommunications, detergents and book sectors, while concentration is decreasing in the agricultural machinery and paper processing sectors.
I det andet tilfælde bestræber automobilproducenterne sig på at øge stordriften og reducere udgifterne til komponenter ved at gøre dem indbyrdes udskiftelige samt at begrænse antallet af underleverandører, hvilket forklarer den øgede koncentration i branchen for dele til automobiler.
In the case of sectors inwhich concentration is diminishing, this trend again appears to be due mainly tothe specialization of manufacturers in response to users' diversified demand;this trend also appears to be reinforced by the pressure exerted by new entrantsinto the Community market from nonCommunity countries.
For så vidt angår de brancher, hvor koncentrationen er aftagende, er den vigtigste forklaring på denne udvikling øjensynlig også her, at producenterne specialiserer sig som reaktion på brugernes uensartede efterspørgsel.
In the sectors inwhich there is little change in the level of concentration, this may well be duedirectly to the nature of the competition encountered.
Denne tendens synes ligeledes at blive forstærket af en tilgang af nye producenter fra tredjelande på EF-markedet.
§ 3 — Analysis of competition intensity and competitiveness
§ 3 — Analyse af konkurrencens intensitet og af konkurrenceevnen
THE DEVELOPMENT OF CONCENTRATION
Som allerede understreget kan der ikke drages definitive konklusioner vedrørende den faktiske konkurrences intensitet, fordi de specifikke markeder af relevans for de brancher, som indgår i stikprøven, er så uensartede og så mangfoldige.
As has already been stated, the multiplicity and diversity of the aggregate specific markets in the industries making up the sample are such that no definitiveconclusions can be drawn on the intensity of effective competition.
Analysen på grundlag af målestokke for koncentrationen kan dog suppleres med nogle målestokke for dominansen.
Nevertheless, the analysis carried out on the basis of measures of concentration can besupplemented by applying measures of dominance.
Det skal her undersøges, om der findes grupper af store virksomheder, som klart skiller sig ud fra andre virksomheder med hensyn til styrkepositionen på markedet, men hvis markedsandele derimod er i indbyrdes ligevægt.
The question being looked at here is whether there is any group of large firmswhich stands out clearly from the others because of their market power, butwhose market shares are mutually balanced.
En sådan oligopolistisk kerne findes ved beregning af en målestok for dominans: det udvidede Herfindahl-indeks og Linda-indekset, hvis værdier inden for stikprøven figurerer i tabel 8.
Any such oligopolistic nucleusmay be detected by calculating the two measures of dominance, the enlarged Herfindahl index and the Linda index, the values for which in respect of thesample are set out in Table 8.
Det udvidede Herfindahl-indeks er også en målestok for dominans, som kan anvendes til at bestemme den oligopolistiske kerne — frem for alt i situationer, hvor en eller to virksomheder har en dominerende markedsstilling.
The enlarged Herfindahl index is a measure ofdominance which can be used to determine the oligopolistic nucleus, even insituations in which one or two firms hold a dominant position.
Værdierne i det udvidede Herfindahl-indeks viser for tidsrummet 1973 til 1981, at én virksomhed har dominerende markedsstilling i næringsmiddelindustrien og tekstilindustrien, medens to virksomheder har dominerende markedsstilling i papirbranchen.
The values for the enlarged Herfindahl index show that, throughout the period1973-81, a single firm was in a dominant position in the food and textile industries, while two firms held a dominant position in the paper industry.
I de øvrige brancher er det antal virksomheder, som udgør den oligopolistiske kerne, både større og mere varieret. Maskinbranchen og transportmiddelbranchen har udviklet sig i hver sin retning, idet den oligopolistiske kerne er blevet større i førstnævnte branche, men mindre i sidstnævnte.
In theother industries, the number of firms making up the oligopolistic nucleus wasboth higher and more variable; of particular note is the difference of trendbetween the mechanical engineering industry, where the oligopolistic nucleustended to expand, and the transport equipment industry, where it tended tocontract.
Resultaterne fra den oligopolistiske strukturanalyse alene er ikke tilstrækkelige til at bedømme konkurrencesituationen. Hertil bør der yderligere tages hensyn til de målestokke for koncentrationen, som viser virkningerne fra virksomheder, der ikke tilhører den oligopolistiske kerne.
In assessing the state of competition, however, account must be taken not onlyof any oligopolistic structure that may be detected, but also of the measures ofconcentration which reflect the influence of firms not belonging to the oligopolistic nucleus.
Hvis man sammenstiller udviklingen i den oligopolistiske kerne (tabel 8) og udviklingen i koncentrationen (diagram A), kan der konstateres divergerende tendenser, som kan give et fingerpeg om konkurrencens intensitet.
A look at the development of oligopolistic nuclei as shown in Table 8 and thedevelopment of concentration as shown in Graph A reveals that there are differences of trend which might shed light on the intensity of competition.
Eksempelvis kan det forhold, at en virksomhed fortsat har dominerende markedsstilling i tekstil- og næringsmiddelbrancherne, samtidig med at koncentrationen i disse brancher falder, betyde, at de øvrige virksomheders markedsandele efterhånden nærmer sig den dominerende virksomheds markedsandel.
For example, in the textile and agri-food industries, the continued presence of afirm in a dominant position despite the decrease in concentration in the sectorcould mean that, over time, the gap between the market shares of the otherfirms and that of the dominant firm was narrowing.
Beregning af det antal virksomheder, som udgør en oligopolistisk kerne, ved hjælp af målestokke for dominans: det udvidede Herfindahl-indeks (EH) og Linda-indekset (L)
Determination of the number of firms forming an oligopolistic nucleususing measures of dominance: enlarged Herfindahl index (EH) and Linda index (1.)'
') Hvis der ikke er angivet nogen værdi for indeks L, skyldes dette, at det ikke har været muligt at beregne Linda-kurvens minimum.
Where no value is given for the Linda index, this means thatit is not possible to calculate the minimum of the Linda curve.
Beregningsmetoden for det udvidede Herfindahl-indeks og Linda-indekset er beskrevet i det tidligere nævnte arbejdsdokument nr. 35.
For the methodology of the enlarged Herfindahl indexand the Linda index, see Working Paper No 35 referred to earlilier.
Alt taget i betragtning er det vanskeligt at konkludere noget om strukturelle forskydninger, som har positiv eller negativ indvirkning på konkurrencen, uden noget dybtgående kendskab til disse brancher.
Overall, it would appear difficult to conclude that there have been shifts instructure that intensify or weaken competition without a thorough knowledgeof the industries concerned.
Dette betyder ikke, at metoder baseret på målestokke for koncentration og dominans er værdiløse, men de bør benyttes i en mere begrænset sammenhæng, der omfatter det enkelte referencemarked.
This should not cast doubt on the validity of anapproach based on measurements of concentration and dominance, but it doesmean that such measurements must be used in the more restricted frameworkof the individual markets under consideration.
Undersøgelsernes resultater
The findings of the studies
Det har som led i undersøgelsesprogrammet været muligt at foretage en dybtgående undersøgelse af konkurrencens intensitet og af konkurrenceevnen i de udvalgte brancher.
The programme of studies allowed detailed examination of the intensityof competition and competitiveness in the industries selected.
Det er en mere kompleks opgave at fastlægge konkurrenceevnen i en given branche end at foretage en generel bedømmelse af konkurrencesituationen, idet der kan
Determiningcompetitiveness in a given industry is a more complex task than making anoverall assessment of the state of competition because competitiveness is liableto vary from one sector to another or from one Member State to another.Nevertheless, a number of trends regarding competitiveness can be identified1taking the following categories of factors into account:2
177 være store variationer fra delbranche til delbranche og fra medlemsstat til medlemsstat.
(ii) factors relating to costs and prices (wages and salaries, capital costs);
— faktorer, som bestemmer produktionens størrelse (ressourcer i form af arbejdskraft, kapital, råstoffer og infrastruktur); — faktorer, som vedrører omkostninger og priser (løninger, kapitalomkostninger); — faktorer, som bestemmer bytteforholdet; — faktorer, som bestemmer produktionsfaktorernes udnyttelse og effektivitet (bran che- og regionsfaktorer, markedets og virksomhedernes struktur, produktiviteten, managementkvaliteten).
(iii) factors determining the use and effectiveness of the factors of production(industry and regional circumstances, market structures and companystructures, productivity, quality of management).
Resultaterne af Kommissionens undersøgelsesprogram har gjort det muligt at foretage en mere detaljeret undersøgelse af konkurrencens intensitet og af konkurrenceevnen i brancher, der er meget forskelligt stillet med hensyn til såvel koncentrationsgradens niveau som den registrerede udvikling heri, alt efter om der er tale om afskærmede markeder eller markeder, der er åbne for konkurrence på europæisk eller internationalt niveau.
The results of the Commission's programme of studies enabled a more detailedexamination to be carried out of competition intensity and competitiveness inindustries marked by very different situations as regards both the level of concentration reached and the trend observed, depending on whether the marketswere fragmented markets or markets open to European or world competition.
Selv om undersøgelsernes resultater omfatter en række faktorer, der forklarer konkurrencens intensitet og konkurrenceevnen, har visse af disse faktorer generel række vidde og er fælles for flere brancher. Blandt de eksogene faktorer skal fremhæves de negative følgevirkninger af visse institutionelle rammebestemmelser.
Although the results of the studies highlight a multitude of factors explainingcompetition intensity and competitiveness, some of them are general in theirscope and are common to several sectors: most striking among the exogenousfactors are the harmful effects of certain institutional arrangements.