natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Visse former for maskiner indgår dog ikke i denne kategori, nemlig: transportabelt udstyr på byggepladser, vaskemaskiner, maskiner til bearbejdning af træ og lignende materialer, presser, maskiner, der alene drives ved håndkraft, maskiner til medicinske formål samt endelig transportmidler og maskiner og andre apparater, der i sikkerhedsmæssig henseende er omfattet af andre direktiver, som f.eks. lavspændingsdirektivet for elektrisk materiel
However some categories of machinery are excluded from the scope: mobile site equipment, lifting equipment, machinery for working wood and similar materials, presses, machinery whose only power source is manual effort, machinery for medical use and finally means of transport and all machinery covered by other Directives, such as the Low-Voltage Directive for electrical equipment.
- foreslå egnede arbejdsmetoder, der gjorde det muligt inden for en snæver tidsramme at udarbejde en lang række indbyrdes samstemmende standarder.
(2) It had to propose suitable working methods for the production, in accordance with a demanding timetable, of a large number of consistent standards.
De »klassiske« metoder for standardisering, hvorefter man forfiner en tekst under en række møder i kommissioner af sagkyndige, der virker forholdsvis uafhængigt, gjorde det nemlig ikke muligt at opnå de resultater, man regnede med. Man er derfor gået således til værks, at man har etableret en slags »hierarki« mellem standarder af forskellige klasser og behandler specifikationerne vedrørende sikkerhed således, at man går fra
Conventional standardization methods whereby a standard is fine tuned at successive meetings of panels of experts operating relatively independently could not give the required results in this complex field. The plan is therefore to set up a sort of hierarchy between standards of different categories dealing with safety specifications ranging from the general to the particular: the more horizontal standards will deal exclusively with general specifications while others will cover certain aspects of safety such as lighting, noise or vibrations.
Atter andre standarder, der støtter sig på de foregående, skal handle om specifikationer for visse komponenter, der er af særlig betydning for sikkerheden, som f.eks. låseog beskyttelsesanordninger, elektroniske sikkerhedsanordninger mv.
The committee's work is not yet completed but it seems natural enough that horizontal standards should be given high priority in so far as the rest of the work is largely dependent on them.
Endelig vil der, som samlet resultat af disse overvejelser, blive givet standarder for specifikationer vedrørende større kategorier af maskiner.
In establishing priorities the ability of machine industry organizations to motivate their experts to draw up machine standards will also have to be borne in mind.
Det er en forudsætning for affattelsen af samtlige disse standarder, at der udarbejdes udkast hertil under hensyntagen til de traditionelle anskuelser i de forskellige lande, og opfølgningen af et sådant program er derfor en såre kompliceret opgave, hvilket forklarer, at programlægningsudvalget har sat sig et tredje mål, nemlig:
The programme is to be implemented and organized by the various CEN technical committees with financial support from the Community so as to ensure that by the planned date of entry into force of the Directive manufacturers and the competent authorities in the Member States have an adequate collection of European standards to ensure that the philosophy of essential requirements is uniformly interpreted through out the Community.
- at foreslå prioriteringer med hensyn til udførelsen af de forskellige arbejder på grundlag af så objektive kriterier som muligt.
If that condition is not met, there is a great risk of excessive use being made of voluntary systems for the certification of machinery by specialized bodies which in the absence of standards will arrive at their own interpretation of these essential requirements.
Udvalgets arbejde er endnu ikke afsluttet, men det synes, som om de tværgående standarder, som naturligt er, vil få en høj prioritet, eftersom de i vidt omfang er en betingelse for arbejdets fortsættelse.
There are already certification systems of this kind in some Member States and probably they will eventually form a unified European certification network.
Yderligere skal prioriteringen ske på grundlag af den evne, maskinfabrikanternes organisationer har til at motivere deres sagkyndige med hensyn til udarbejdelsen af standarder for maskiner.
This is clearly one of the most important issues in the European standardization policy for machine safety.
Sådanne systemer for attestering findes allerede i visse medlemsstater, og de vil givet til sin tid komme til at danne et sammenhængende europæisk net i forbindelse med udstedelsen af attester.
As they extend and renew their range of products, computer manufacturers are faced with the problem of ensuring that products carrying their mark are able to communicate with each other.
Dette viser klart et af de vigtigste forhold, der står på spil inden for den europæiske standardiseringspolitik på det sikkerhedsmæssige område inden for maskinbranchen.
This is a sort of logical infrastructure serving as a permanent reference system for design of new products and guaranteeing interworking of hardware designed according to it.
Fabrikanterne af edb-udstyr har i takt med udviklingen og fornyelsen inden for deres branche stået over for problemet om deres materiels egnethed til indbyrdes kommunikation.
In the 1970s the major users, starting with the PTT research centres, especially in Europe, also studied this concept of general network architecture, seeing it as a promising way of facilitating access by hardware of different makes to the same telecommunications network.
Herved forstås en form for logisk infrastruktur, der danner en stående referenceramme for konstruktionen af nye produkter, og som gør det muligt at få materiel, der er udformet efter denne struktur, til at arbejde sammen.
At that time the CCITT and ISO experts proposed a general model of data com­munication protocols known as the OSI (open systems interconnection) model, and also called the seven-layer model.
Yderligere begyndte også de store brugere af edb-udstyr, først og fremmest post- og telegrafvæsenernes forskningsafdelinger i 70'erne at interessere sig for denne almindelige netværkstruktur, idet de heri så en mulighed for at lette tilslutningen til et bestemt telekommunikationsnet af materiel fra forskellige fabrikanter.
In layman's terms these seven layers correspond to various stages in information processing (information bits) and are designed so that if two systems are compatible layer by layer they can automatically communicate with each other.
Derfor foreslog CCITT's og ISO's sagkyndige i 70'erne en almindelig standardisering af protokollerne for udveksling af informationer, kaldet OSI-modellen (Open Systems Interconnection) eller syvlagsmodellen.
If two people in two different countries A and Β are to be able to write to each other the postal administrations must agree on a number of things such as the physical carriage of the mail from A to Β and the address coding, and the writer must also use a reference system (signature, etc.) enabling the addressee to identify him and of course a language which the addressee can understand.
Disse syv lag svarer populært sagt til forskellige etaper i behandlingen af informationer (»informationsbits«) og er opbygget således, at hvis to systemer er kompatible lag for lag, kan de kommunikere indbyrdes efter deres konstruktion.
Thus to construct a model of the postal system four layers would be used, for each of which compatibility would have to be established between the systems of the two countries so as to enable information to go from A to Β and to be used.
For at gøre dette begreb forståeligt for folk, der ikke har indsigt i edb, kan man drage en tænkt parallel til den internationale posttjenestes virkemåde.
These compatability procedures will of course be different for mail sent by the conventional post and mail in the form of a telegram since a letter sent from country A by the conventional post cannot be received in Β in the form of a telegram.
For at to parter kan korrespondere pr. brev mellem to lande, A og B, må postmyndighederne træffe aftale om en række forhold, som f.eks. hvorledes brevene befordres fra A til B og adressekoder, ligesom afsenderen må anvende et henvisningssystem (underskrift mv.), der gør det muligt for modtageren at se, hvem han er, samt naturligvis også et sprog, han forstår.
It is therefore necessary to add to the standards for the general modelling of the infor­mation processing system, which contain numerous options (conventional letter or telegram, etc.) more specific standards known as functional standards which specify the options to be adopted for a particular service, such as the telegram.
Hvis man således ville konstruere en model af postsystemet, ville der blive tale om fire lag, og for hvert enkelts vedkommende ville det være nødvendigt at gøre systemerne i de to lande kompatible for at sende oplysninger fra A til B og kunne udnytte dem.
Interworking of hardware designed in conformity with these functional standards is therefore possible, which is the main objective of standardization.
Disse krav til kompatibiliteten er naturligvis forskellige, efter som man ønsker at sende posten ad traditionel vej eller benytte telegram, idet et almindeligt brev, der sendes fra A, ikke kan modtages i B i form af et telegram.
At the beginning of the 1980s, however, there was a big gap between the concept of a theoretic model of this kind, which had the advantage of being independent of technological choices, and the availability of the stock of operational standards that were needed if it was to be effectively put into practice.
Man må derfor supplere de almindelige standarder inden for det almindelige postsystem, der rummer adskillige valgmuligheder (almindelige breve, telegrammer, mv.) med mere specifikke edbstandarder, der kaldes funktionelle standarder, og som specificerer de valgmuligheder, der skal benyttes af en bestemt tjeneste, f.eks. telegraftjenesten.
The gap was made all the greater by the fact that some large computer manufacturers had no faith in the future of this approach and preferred to continue developing their own pattern of architecture which had the advantage not only of continuity but also of allowing a 'captive market' approach to sales that was possible either because of the size of the manufacturer or because of the existence of large domestic public procure-
Løsningen af problemet vanskeliggjordes yderligere ved, at visse store edbmaterielkonstruktører ikke troede på, at denne løsning havde nogen fremtid for sig, og foretrak at videreudvikle deres egne strukturer.
This situation could have led to the classical 'chicken and egg' syndrome if 1982 had not seen the emergence of an unusual combination of interests in favour of implementing a programme for the production of the standards needed for the OSI system:
- Inden for rammerne af Esprit-programmet var 12 europæiske edb-konstruktører nået til den slutning, at vejen til deres egen udvikling gik over deres forskellige produkters mulighed for at virke sammen, og fra dette synspunkt var OSI-modellen det bedste fælles sprog
(a) under the Esprit programme, 12 European computer manufacturers reached the conclusion that development would be impossible unless their various products were able to work compatibly and for that purpose the OSI model offered the best common language;
- EF ønskede inden for teletjenesterne oprettet et europæisk område, hvorpå der skulle anvendes fælles standarder ved offentlige udbud og inden for telekommunikationsnettene for at sikre en teknisk økonomisk sammenhæng på det europæiske marked. OSI-modellen var velkommen i denne henseende, eftersom den ligeledes kunne danne en international referenceramme, der bl.a. rummede mulighed for en dialog mellem Europa og USA
(b) the European Community was anxious to establish a European IT area in which common standards would be applied for public procurement and telecommunications networks so as to guarantee the economic and technical cohesion of the European market; the OSI model was therefore welcomed as it also provided an international reference system allowing dialogue between Europe and the USA;
- Der blev etableret et eksemplarisk samarbejde mellem de tre organisationer.
(d) excellent cooperation between CEN, Cenelec and CEPT.
For at omsætte denne nye politik til praksis nedsatte de et fællesudvalg, der fik navnet ITSTC (Information Technology Steering Committee), og som bestod af lige mange repræsentanter fra hver organisation. Udvalget fik til opgave at udarbejde og senere føre tilsyn med gennemførelsen af politikken til udvikling af funktionelle standarder.
To implement this new policy the three bodies set up a joint committee, the Information Technology Steering Committee (ITSTC) with an equal number of representatives from each of the organizations, the function of which was to design and then monitor the implementation of the development policy for functional standards.
De vigtigste redskaber for denne politik blev skabt på mindre end et år. Det drejer sig om følgende:
The main instruments of this policy were developed in less than a year:
- Formel vedtagelse i Europa af de ISO standarder, der beskriver grundlaget for OSI-systemet, og som er opført i et dokument, der revideres løbende og kaldes »HD 40001«.
(a) the formal adoption by Europe of ISO standards describing the bases of the OSI system; these standards are catalogued in a regularly updated document known as HD 40001;
Sideløbende med tilvejebringelsen af disse redskaber har en række arbejdsgrupper begyndt at udarbejde de første funktionelle standarder, der blev formelt vedtaget allerede i sommeren 1986.
(e) while these instruments were being established, a number of working parties started to prepare the first functional standards which were formally adopted in the summer of 1986.
En fortegnelse over disse standarder findes i bilag 4.
They are listed in Annex 4.
Den aktive udvikling af den europæiske politik skabte imidlertid på ny interesse for OSI-modellen på internationalt plan.
As a reaction to the affirmation of the role of user organizations in the USA, similar organizations were formed or strengthened in Europe.
ISO søgte for sit vedkommende at udbygge begrebet den funktionelle standard, men især visse betydelige brugere i USA (General Motors, Boeing og offentlige indkøbere gennem NBS, National Bureau of Standards, der er ansvarlig for udarbejdelsen af specifikationer ved indkøb for forbundsstatsmyndighederne) påtog sig at udarbejde funktionelle standarder (»profiles«), der passede til deres egne behov, for derefter at forpligte deres leverandører til at over holde dem.
EMUG (European MAP Users Group) for industrial equipment, Ositop for office systems, RARE for research, etc. and it became apparent that Europe needed a single forum in which all these sectoral interests could be expressed under conditions that would further strengthen and speed up standardization.
Således er begrebet »Workshop« efterhånden opstået i USA med henblik på udarbejdelse af profiler.
Thus EWOS was set up as an informal association of seven organizations (listed in Annex 5) with the purpose of drawing up documents to be incorporated in the standardizing process at international or European level and allowing balanced discussion with the equivalent bodies in the United States and shortly Japan.
Arbejdet her foregår i en mindre formaliseret ramme end inden for den officielle standardisering.
Verification of conformity and certification in IT
Samtlige sagkyndige, der er berørt af et emne, samles her for i takt med den teknologiske udvikling at nå frem til en teknisk koncensus med henblik på valget af de muligheder, som ligger inden for OSI's standarder.
The concept of OSI functional standards originated from an analysis of the need for compatible working of products; these standards will be credible only if the products claiming to conform to them can effectively interoperate, which is why testing and certification is so important in a field in which innovation is ever present.
Som et udslag af brugerorganisationernes større rolle i USA opstod der lignende organisationer eller skete der en styrkelse af de eksisterende organisationer i Europa, som f.eks.
From the outset of the OSI work, the Commission of the European Communities provided financial backing for the establishment of operational testing services to verify conformity with functional standards.
EMUG (European Map Users Group) for udstyr til industrien, OSITOP for kontorautomatisering, RARE for forskningen, mv., samt ligeledes et behov for et enkelt sted, hvor man kunne samles og føre en dialog, hvor disse forskellige synspunkter af interesse for sektorerne kunne komme til udtryk under sådanne omstændigheder, at standardiseringen kunne blive yderligere styrket og fremskyndet.
Two successive calls for tender were issued (CTS 1 and CTS 2: Conformance Testing Service 1 and 2) with the twofold objective of developing test centres open to the public and establishing technical cooperation between the bodies concerned so as to avoid divergences from one country to another re-emerging in the verification of conformity.
Sideløbende med denne aktivitet, hvori der i dag er involveret ca. 15 organisationer i Europa, har CEN/CENELEC/CEPT bestræbt sig på at oprette et system med gensidig anerkendelse af attester udstedt i de forskellige lande.
Alongside that activity now involving some 15 bodies in Europe, CEN/Cenelec/CEPT busied itself with providing arrangements for mutual recognition ensuring that certificates issued in different countries were equivalent.
ITSTC har i denne ånd udarbejdet et memorandum, der specielt vedrører spørgsmål om attestering (nemlig MIT 03), der blev vedtaget af de tre organisationer i 1987.
The ITSTC prepared a memorandum on those lines dealing specifically with certification questions (M-IT-03) and this was adopted in 1987 by all three organizations.
Den operationelle gennemførelse af dette system med gensidig anerkendelse, som i øvrigt skulle vedrøre samtlige sider af attestering for produkter til teletjenesten, og altså ikke blot de, der hører under OSI, skulle kunne ske i 1988 samtidig med udviklingen af de første prøvningslaboratorier, der kan benyttes af publikum inden for OSI.
This system of mutual recognition, which should also cover all aspects of IT product certification and not only OSI aspects, should become operational in 1988 at the same time as the first OSI testing services open to the public are developed.
Efter at have læst denne korte redegørelse for standardiseringen i Europa: Hvad den er, hvem der skaber den, og hvorledes den bruges og vil blive brugt, vil læseren have forstået, at den er en forudsætning for, at den nye metode, der er blevet vedtaget for den tekniske harmonisering af lovgivningerne, kan gennemføres med held.
This survey of standardization in Europe, what it is, what it does, how it is and will be used, shows that the success of the European approach to the technical harmonization of laws depends upon it.
Man må dog ikke tro, at de europæiske bestræbelser på standardisering vil kunne afsluttes med udgangen af 1992, hvor gennemførelsen af det store indre marked skal være til ende.
However, it would be a mistake to believe that 1992, the target date for the large internal market in Europe, will see the end of the European standardization effort.
Fortegnelsen over europæiske standarder kan ikke på dette tidspunkt blive lige så fuldstændig som visse nationale fortegnelser allerede er, selv om en række europæiske standarder vil være til rådighed i 1992. Og selv om dette var tilfældet, er standardiseringen typisk en aktivitet, som man hele tiden må »være over«.
It is impossible that the collection of European standards could by that time be as complete as certain national collections are at present, even though many European standards will be available by then.
En standardisering er kun effektiv, hvis den udvikler sig i takt med den tekniske og økonomiske udvikling.
It can only be effective if it keeps abreast of technology and the organization of the economy.
Med andre ord: Selv om 1992 utvivlsomt er et år, der er sat som mål for at bevise den nye metodes og standardiseringens effektivitet, er opbygningen af et virkeligt indre marked et arbejde, der kræver lang tid og mange yderligere bestræbelser.
In other words, although 1992 is undoubtedly a target date for improving the efficiency of the new approach and the use of standardization, the construction of a genuine internal market is a long and exacting task on which work will have to be continued.
I øvrigt afhænger den nye metodes succes tillige af, at man har en rationel og effektiv organisation for udstedelse af attester i Europa.
Then again, the new approach will not be successful unless certification is rationally and efficiently organized in Europe.
De igangværende arbejder, der har til formål at nærme de forskellige parter på dette område til hinanden, for skridt for skridt at skabe et klima, hvor man har den gensidige tillid, der er nødvendig for anerkendelse af prøvninger og udstedelse af attester, er et forehavende af største betydning i denne henseende.
The current efforts to bring together all those involved in certification so as gradually to build up a climate of confidence conducive to the mutual recognition of tests and certifications is an undertaking of vital im portance.
Hvad angår udstedelse af attester, findes der nemlig ingen struktur, der kan sammenlignes med CEN's. Ordningerne for udstedelse af attester i de forskellige europæiske lande har talrige former, og systemerne er langt mere forskelligartede end inden for standardiseringen.
There is no certification structure in Europe comparable to CEN: certification activities in the different European countries are organized in many different forms and the systems are far more diversified than is the case for standardization.
De må således tilnærmes indbyrdes, og der må fastsættes fælles kriterier med hensyn til udstedelse af attester for at skabe de forudsætninger, der er nødvendige for, at alle parter kan samarbejde.
It is therefore essential to harmonize them and to define common criteria for certification so as to create conditions conducive to cooperation by all.
Som konklusion må det fastholdes, at bestræbelserne på at opbygge Det Indre Marked på området for standardisering og udstedelse af attester ikke må betragtes som et ønske om, at Europa skal blive sig selv nok.
Finally, it must be emphasized that the efforts to build an internal market for standardization and certification should not be seen as reflecting a desire on the part of Europe to shelter behind its own frontiers.
Europæisk standardisering og attestering skal tværtimod allerede fra begyndelsen betragtes som redskaber til gavn for verdenshandelens udvikling. Europas virke skal så ofte som muligt baseres på standarder og idéer, der er udformet på internationalt plan og indrettes efter GATT's kodeks vedrørende tekniske handelshindringer.
Quite to the contrary, European standardization and certification have from the outset been regarded as tools that should contribute to the development of world trade: European activities are whenever possible based on concepts developed at international level and they abide by the GATT Code on technical barriers to trade.
I øvrigt vil den internationale handel have gjort et stort fremskridt, når det bliver muligt at bringe et produkt på markedet med kun én attest, der er gyldig i samtlige de tolv EF-lande.
The point should also be made that the use of private tools such as standardization or certification in preference to detailed and inevitably rather finicky regulations is a deregulation method that, if well devised and not carried to extremes, is bound to benefit all those involved in business activity in whatever way.
Den frygt (eller de ikke udtalte forhåbninger), som nogle nærer for, at Europa skal trække sig ind i sig selv, er således helt ubegrundet.
The fears (or secret hopes of some) that Europe will fall back behind its frontiers are therefore completely unfounded.