natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Bevillingsmæssigt afviger specialundervisningen så afgørende fra den alminde­lige undervisning, at den forudsætter selvstændig analyse og politisk prio­ritering, eventuelt politisk angivelse af alternative løsninger.
As concerns funding, special education is so crucially different from general education that it postulates independent analysis and political priority, and perhaps a policy statement on alternative solutions.
Udgift pr. elev i finansåret 1975/76:
Expenditure per pupil, financial year 1975/76 ρ c
Gennemsnitsudgift pr. elev i skoleåret 1977­78: 129 000 BFR
BFR average per pupil in school year 1977/78, BFR 12S 000
Maksimalt elevtal og gennemsnitlig klassekvotient
Maximum number of pupils and average number of pupils per class
Almindelige klasser
Ordinary classes
Specialkl asser med svært handicap
Special classes with severe handicaps
Gennemsnit Maksimum
Average Maximum
Der er to væsentlige hensyn at tage ved formering af specialklasser.
Two essential factors must be considered in the structure of special classes.
Det ene er elevens tilegnelse af kundskaber og færdigheder.
One is the pupils' level of knowledge and ability.
Det andet er elevens so­ciale relationer.
The other is the pupils' social relationships.
Dette sidste hensyn forudsætter et overskueligt, men dog nuanceret miljø, d.v.s. 5-10 elever.
This last consideration postulates a surveyable but varied environment, i.e., 5 to 10 pupils.
Endvidere bør elevtallet afpasses efter arten og sværhedsgraden af de på­gældende elevers handicap.
Further, the number of pupils must be adjusted to the nature and degree of severity of the handicaps of the pupils concerned.
Klasser for fysisk handicappede (blinde, døve og bevægelseshæmmede) har lavere elevtal end klasser for psykisk hæmmede og psy­kisk afvigende.
Classes for the physically handicapped (blind, deaf, motor handicapped) have fewer pupils than classes for the mentally handicapped and mentally disturbed.
Det synes lettere at fastholde et revalideringssigte for fysisk end for psy­kisk handicappede elever.
It appears to be easier to maintain the objective of rehabilitation for the physically handicapped than for the mentally handicapped.
Undervisningspligt
Compulsory education
Undervisningspligten for handicappede falder i det store og hele sammen med landenes generelle undervisningspligt.
Compulsory education for the handicapped is as a rule the same as the countries' general compulsory education.
Nogle få afvigelser forekommer i Dan­mark , Tyskland, Frankrig og Nederlandene.
There are a few differences in Denmark, the Federal Republic of Germany, France and the Netherlands.
Danmark har undervisningspligt fra 7. til 16. år.
Denmark has compulsory schooling from the 7th to the 16th year.
For blinde er pligten til undervisning forlænget til 17. år og for åndssvage til 2l. år.
For the blind, compulsory education has been extended to the 17th year, and for the
Efter at den almindelige lovgivning om fortsat undervisning er udvidet til også at omfat­te handicappede, overvejes det fra 1980 at lade de generelle bestemmelser om undervisningspligt omfatte alle.
mentally retarded to the 21st year. Following the extension of general legislation on continued education to include the handicapped, arrangements for the general provisions on compulsory education to cover everybody from 1980 are under consideration.
De tyske delstater har som regel skolepligt fra 6. til 15. år (Berlin fra 6. til 18. år) og efterfølgende pligt til uddannelse i 3 år.
The German Lander in general have compulsory schooling from the 6th to the 15th year (Berlin from the 6th to the 18th year) and a subsequent obligation to train for three years.
Derudover har man hjemmel til at forlænge undervisningspligten på specialskoler.
In addition, there are provisions for extending compulsory education in special schools.
Hamburg nævner individuelle ordninger og Hessen, at børn kan optages på specialskoler fra deres 4. år.
Hamburg makes a reference to individual arrangements, and Hesse to the fact that children can be accepted into special schools from their 4th year.
Også Frankrig kan regnes med blandt lande, hvor handicappedes undervisningspligt kan afvige i varighed fra den almindeligt gældende, der går fra 6. til 16. år.
France also is among the countries in which compulsory education of the handicapped may differ in its duration from that generally applicable, which is from the 6th to the 16th year.
Den specialpædagogiske forskning tillægger foranstaltninger i førskolealde­ren en særlig betydning for integrering og revalidering.
In the field of integration and rehabilitation, research into special teach ing gives particular importance to arrangements at nursery school age.
Der tages i stigen­de grad hensyn hertil i alle lande.
In creasing consideration is given to this in all countries.
I Belgien kan handicappede børn følge en specialundervisning fra 3-års alde­ren, eventuelt tidligere på dispensation. Dette gælder dog ikke lettere psy­kisk hæmmede børn (2) og børn med specifikke indlæringsvanskeligheder (10), der fra 6-års alderen kan undervises i specialskoler.
In Belgium, handicapped children may attend special education from the age of three, perhaps occasionally even earlier, but this is not the case for slight mentally handicapped children (Table 2) and children with specific learning difficulties (Table 10), they may attend special schools from the age of six.
Danmark etablerer specialundervisning i børnehaveklasser svarende til, hvad skolevæsenet i øvrigt har pligt til.
Denmark is arranging for special education in kindergarten classes in accordance with the obligations resting upon the school system in general.
Der findes specialbørnehaver, især for særligt svagtbegavede, men så vidt muligt modtages handicappede i almindelige
There are special kindergartens, particularly for the mentally retarded, but the handicapped are as far as possible accepted into ordinary kindergartens.
Undervisnigspligtens indtræden og varighed
Commencement and duration of compulsory education
Saarland specialbørnehave
Ordinary compulsory education
I specialbørnehave
Kindergt. and guidance
1. mentalt retarderede 2. svagt­ begavede 3. socialt og emotionelt handicappede 4. sproghæmmede 5. døve 6. hørehæmmede
0 - 2 years = socio-medico action centres 2 - 6 years = normal or special kindergarden.
Ο Ο Ο Ο erhvervsoplæring
Protected workshop
Uddannelsen til børne­havepædagog er 3-årig.
practice.
Kliniske psykologer gennemgår 2 års praktisk efteruddannelse.
Clinical psychologists complete two years of further practical training.
Speciallærere underviser 24 timer ugentlig mod 27 i folkeskolens almindelige klasser.
Special teachers teach 24 periods a week, compared with 27 in ordinary classes in primary schools.
De aflønnes som andre lærere, idet dog statsskoler har højere løn­sats.
They are paid the same as other teachers, but State schools have higher salary scales.
Et stort antal konsulentfunktioner i folkeskolen giver mulighed for avancement.
A large number of consultant po sitions in primary schools provide opportunities for promotion.
Socialrådgiveres årsløn ligger omkring DKR 90 000, speciallæreres og konsulenters på 100 000-150 000 og skolepsykologers på 120 000-170 000.
The annual salary of a social adviser is about DKR 90 000, of special teachers and con sultants DKR 100 000 to 150 000 and of school psychologists DKR 120 000 to 170 000.
Der er betydelig mangel på speciallærere og planer om at udvide uddannelseskapaciteten, bl.a. ved oprettelse af nyt studium for tale-hørelærere ved Københavns Universitet.
There is a substantial shortage of special teachers, and it is planned to expend training capacity, inter alia by establishing a new course for speech/hearing teachers at Copenhagen University.
Tyskland har flere specialpædagogiske uddannelser.
The Federal Republic of Germany has several special training courses.
Bayern har uddannelser for lærere til specialskoler.
Bavaria has training courses for teachers at special schools.
Den 1. oktober 1978 træ­der en ny læreruddannelseslov i kraft.
On 1 October 1978 a new Law on Teacher Training became effective.
Studiet til lærer i specialskole for­udsætter studentereksamen. Det varer som regel 10 semestre.
Matriculation is necessary to study as a special school teacher.
Som videreuddan­nelse efter lærereksamen er uddannelserne 2-årige.
Further education after teacher training diploma is for two years.
Der kræves for optagelse et pænt resultat til lærereksamen.
Good märkes in the teacher training diploma are required for acceptance.
Som hjælpepersonale uddannes socialpædago­ger.
Social educationalists are trained as auxiliary staff.
De anvendes fortrinsvis i forskoler for hørehæmmede, sprogligt retarde­rede, bevægelseshæmmede og åndssvage.
They are primarily employed in pre-schools for the hard of hearing, language retarded, motorhandicapped and mentally sick.
På specialskoler for bevægelseshæmmede og åndssvage ansættes endvidere ergoterapeuter og fysioterapeuter.
Ergotherapists and physiotherapists are also employed at special schools for the motorhandicapped and mentally sick.
I Berlin gennemgår speciallærere en 2-årig videreuddannelse efter lærereksa­ men.
In Berlin, special teachers undergo a two-year further education course after the teacher training diploma.
Der uddannes årligt 50 speciallærere.
Fifty special teachers a year are trained.
Deres ugentlige timetal er 2AV2.
Weekly teaching hours are 24.5.
Årslønnen opgives til DM 43 990.
Annual salary is given as DM 43 990.
Socialrådgivere har en 3-årig uddannelse ef­ ter adgangseksamen til universitetet. Årslønnen for disse personalegrupper er henholdsvis DM 32 500 og DM 40 450.
Social welfare officers undergo a three-year training course after entry examination to university.
Skolepsykologer gennemgår efter lærer­eksamen en 5 á 6-årig universitetsuddannelse.
School psychologists undergo a five to six year university course after teacher training diploma.
Deres ugentlige timetal er 20. Årslønnen er DM 46 330 stigende til DM 50 730.
Weekly teaching hours are 20.
Bremen uddanner speciallærere for henholdsvis åndssvage, sproghæmmede, elever med indlæringsvanskeligheder og elever med adfærdsproblemer (geistigbehinder­te, sprachbehinderte, lernbehinderte og verhalten gestörte).
Bremen trains special teachers for the mentally handicapped, the language handicapped, those with learning difficulties and the maladjusted (Geistigbehinderte, Sprachbehinderte, Lernbehinderte und Verhaltengestörte).
Studietiden er mindst 4 år.
The course lasts at least four years.
Optagelseskravet er adgangseksamen til universitet.
The acceptance requirement is university entrance examination.
Der uddan­nes årligt 40 speciallærere.
Forty special teachers are trained each year.
Deres ugentlige timetal er 26.
Their weekly periods are 26.
Hjælpepersonale gennemgår kortere uddannelser.
Assistance staff take shorter training courses.
Hamburg har speciallæreruddannelser svarende til de forskellige handicapom­råder.
Hamburg has special-teacher training courses corresponding to the various areas of handicap.
Der kan være tale om en egentlig universitetsuddannelse på 4 år eller en videreuddannelse på 2 år, i begge tilfælde efter læreruddannelse, der nor­malt varer 3 år og efterfølges af l/í års praktik.
This can be a university course of four years or further training of two years, in both cases after completion of teacher training, which is normally for three years and followed by one-and-a-half years of practical training.
Folkeskolelærere underviser 28 ugentlige timer, speciallæreren 26 ugentlige timer.
Primary school teachers have 28 weekly periods and spe cial teachers 26 weekly periods.
Lærerens årsløn op­gives til DM 18 264 stigende til 31 200, speciallærerens til DM 19 536 sti­gende til 35 772.
The teacher's annual salary is given as DM 18 264 rising to DM 31 200 and the special teacher's as DM 19 536 rising to DM 35 772.
Psykologistudiet er normeret til 46 år.
The psychology course has been standardized at four to six years.
Begyndelseslønnen opgives til DM 22 536 stigende til DM 35 784.
Starting salary is given as DM 22 536 rising to DM 35 784.
Hessen gør brug af følgende personalegrupper ved specialundervisningen: Spe­ciallærer, socialpædagog, psykolog og skolepsykolog.
Hesse makes use of the following staff groups in special education: Special teacher, social educationalist, psychologist and school psychologist.
I enkelte skoledistrik­ter ansættes til hjælp for læreren '"pædagogiske undervisningshjælpere", der er uddannet som børnehavelærer eller socialpædagog (Erzieher).
In some school districts, 'educational assistants' trained as kindergarten teachers or social educationalists (Erzieher) are employed to assist the teacher.
Speciallæreren gennemgår videreuddannelse på 2 år efter læreruddannelsen.
The special teacher taken a further education course of two years after teacher training.
Desuden er der et 4-årigt grundstudium med efterfølgende 18 måneders praktik.
There is also a four-year basic course with a subsequent 18 months of practical work.
Socialpædagogen har en 4-årig uddannelse, deraf 1 års praktik.
which one year is practical.
Den almindelige læreruddannel­se for grundskolen tager 3 år og for 8. - 12. klasse 4 år.
Ordinary teacher training for primary schools takes three years, and for secondary schools four years.
I begge tilfælde med en forberedelsestid på 18 måneder.
In both cases there is a preparation period of 18 months.
Skolepsykologer har såvel lærereksa­men som universitetseksamen i psykologi.
School psychologists have a teacher training diploma and a university degree in psychology.
Psykologiuddannelsen varer normalt 4 år.
Training in psychology normally takes four years.
Nordrhein-Westfalen har en 6-årig uddannelse til speciallærer, deraf 20 måne­ders praktik.
North-Rhine-Westphalia has a six-year training course for special teachers, 20 months of which are practical.
Uddannelseskapaciteten opgives til 700.
Training capacity is given as 700.
Speciallærernes ugent­lige timetal er 27.
The weekly periods for special teachers is 27.
Årslønnen ligger lidt over almindelig lærerløn.
Annual salary is a little above an ordinary teacher's salary.
Lærere til grundskolen har en 5-årig og lærere for 8. - 12. klasse en 56 årig ud­dannelse. Årslønnen varierer fra DM 37 000 - 43 000.
Primary school teachers take a five-year course, and teachers for classes 8 to 12 a five to six-year course.
Uddannelsen er yngst blandt EF's speciallæreruddannelser.
This training is the most recent among the EEC's special-teacher training courses.
Første eksamen efter de nye bestemmelser er afholdt i 1977.
The first examination under the new regulations was held in 1977.
Saar har ingen uddannelsessteder for lærere til specialskoler.
The Saarland has no training facilities for special school teachers.
Uddannelsen af speciallærere finder sted ved Institut for Specialpædagogik i Mainz (Rheinland-Pfalz).
Training of special teachers is at the Institute for Special Education in Mainz (Rheinland-Pfalz).
Schleswig-Holstein har en 4-årig uddannelse for speciallærere, deraf 27 ugers praktik og en 2-årig forpraktik.
Schleswig-Holstein has a four-year course for special teachers, of which 27 weeks are practical.
Der uddannes 120 speciallærere årligt.
120 special teachers are trained every year.
Deres ugentlige timetal er 27.
Their week ly periods are 27.
Årslønnen opgives til ca. DM 40 000.
Annual salary is given as about DM 40 000.
Lærere for hørehandicappede kan uddannes på 2-årigt universitetskursus efter en uddannelse til lærer i grundskolen eller hovedskolen.
Teachers for children with hearing handicaps take a two-year university course, following training as a primary school or secondary school teacher.
De skal have 1 års praktik.
They must have had one year's practical experience.
Der uddannes 2 sådanne speciallærere årligt.
Two such special teachers are trained each year.
Deres ugentlige timetal er 24.
Their weekly periods are 24.
Grund­skolens lærere har en 3-årig teoretisk uddannelse på pædagogisk højskole og en 2-årig praktisk uddannelse.
Primary school teachers take a three-year theoretical course at an educational college and two years of practical training.
For lærere i 8. - 12. klasse er den teoretiske uddannelse normalt 4-årig.
For teachers in classes 8 to 12 theoretical training is normally for four years.
Gennem kortere uddannelser rekrutteres faglærere, socialpædagoger, fysioterapeuter og ergoterapeuter.
Vocational teachers, social educationalists, physiotherapists and ergotherapists are recruited by means of shorter courses.
Logopædi betragtes som delvis pædagogisk fagområde.
Logopaedics are considered as to some extent an educational field.
I efterfølgende oversigt er det forsøgt at sammenfatte oplysninger om perso­naleuddannelser ved specialundervisningen i Forbundsrepublikken Tyskland.
The following table attempts to summarize information on staff training courses for special education in the Federal Republic of Germany.
Uddannelserne varierer ikke så meget mellem forbundslandene, som skemaet kun­ne give indtryk af.
Training courses do not vary as much between the Länder as the diagram may suggest.
Der er to hovedformer:
There are two types:
1. læreruddannelse suppleret med 2-årig speciallæreruddannelse,
1. teacher training, supplemented by two years of special teacher training;
2. den direkte speciallæreruddannelse på 4 år efterfulgt af praktik (indfø­ring i skolepraksis).
2. the direct special teacher training course of four years, followed by a practical period (introduction to school practice).
Enkelte lande har begge uddannelser andre kun en af dem.
A few Länder have both forms of training; others only one of them.
Frankrig skelner mellem speciallæreruddannelser i undervisningsministeriets forretningsområde samt uddannelser ved universiteter og private institutio­ner.
France distinguishes between special-teacher training courses within the field of the Ministry of Education and training courses at universities and private institutions.
Speciallæreruddannelser i undervisningsministeriets område kan søges af lærere med nogle års praksis.
Special-teacher training courses within the field of the Ministry of Education can be applied for by teachers with a few years' practical experience.
For lærere med den almindelige 2-årige ud­dannelse efter studentereksamen findes et 2-årigt studium, hvoraf første år er teoretisk og andet år overvejende praktisk.
Teachers with ordinary two-year training following matriculation can take a two-year course, the first year being theoretical and the second year predominantly practical.
Der kan vælges mellem 8 stu­dieretninger.
There is a choice between eight sub jects.
Den studerende oppebærer løn under uddannelsen. For lærere, der skal arbejde med specialundervisning, herunder erhvervsuddannelse, til­rettelægges et modulopbygget speciallærerstudium.
The teacher destined to work in special education at secondary level which includes vocational training follows a module-structured special-teaching course.
Modulerne har skiftende længde - efter handicap - fra 2 uger op til 1 år og omfatter såvel teori som praktik.
The modules are of varying length - depending upon the handicap -from two weeks to one year, and cover both theory and practice. In addition,
Sundhedsministeriet har hidtil uddannet lærere til egne institutioner (1 blindeskole og 4 døveskoler).
Acceptance conditions for training
Talelæ­rere er paramedicinsk personale med en 3-årig uddannelse fra et universitet.
Special educational staff
Studiet omfatter 620 timer, deraf 100 timer praktik.
Duration of study incl. practice
(UKL 3 307 til 5 384) med tillæg på UKL 245.
(a) Special teacher for:
Logopæder uddannes i den me­dicinske sektor. Deres uddannelse varer 3 år.
DK: teacher training cer tificate with 1. special education
Det drejer sig om 10 - 15 speciallærere årligt.
1 1/2 years with two special subjects.
Luxembourg mang­ler ikke speciallærere.
Supplementary subjects for one term each.
Optagelsesbetingelser til uddannelse
3. socially and emotion ally handicapped;
Br: min. 4 år 4 uger Ha: 2 år X år
6. blind and weak-sighted;
8. elever med specifikke indlæringsvanskeligheder
8. pupils with specific learning difficulties;
2 år i ar a) tillægsstudium 2 år 3+4+8+b a i Rheinland­Pfalz a+b ^ lektor i skole for høre­hæmmede
4 years, 1 1/3 years _LS: 25 1/2 years, 38 weeks NW: 6 years 2 years SL: 4 years 1 1/2 years SH: 6 years 2 years 5 years 1 year senior master in schools for the hard of hearing
1 år 1/3 praktik 2 år vej­ledn.
1 year 1/3 practice, 2 years guidance teacher training certificate
NL : erhvervsgymnasier Ir: lærer + 2 års praksis
NL: higher continued education
> efteruddannelseskurser for 100 lærere årligt EW: 5 og 6 : læreruddan.
E/W: 5 and 6: teacher training certificate
1 år videreuddann. 1­4 år studium
1 year further training 1 to 4 years study course
Til sammenligning:
3 1/2 to 4 years IRL: 3 years
DK: studentereksamen eli.
DK: matriculation or equivalent
1. almindelig lærer i yngre klasser
1. ordinary teacher in younger classes;
BRD : eksamen fra alminde­ligt gymnasium eller erhvervsgymnasium praktik 18 mdr. i nogle delstater + 1 år
ordinary or equivalent vocational high 4 1/2 - 6 years school level, such as practice 18 months; matriculation in some countries + 1 year
2. almindelig lærer i ældre klasser
2. ordinary teacher in older classes;
Bfl: almindelig lærer­eksamen giver kom­petence til speci­alundervisning .
F: secondary schools: higher secondary
Fr: folkeskole: student 2 år (1 års teori, hvoraf gymnasium: skoleembeds· 1/3 er praktisk + 1 års eksamen eller lærer­praktik)
2 years (l year theory, 1/3 instruction, 1 year practical) school: licence or teacher training cer tificate
Personale ved skolepsykolo­gisk rådgivning:
Staff at school-psychological consultation:
1. skolepsykolog lærereksamen + praksis
L: staff groups other than teachers are trained in other countries
2. anden psykolog studentereksamen σι
2. other psychologist
NL og I_r: ingen skole­psykologer.
School psychologists take a two-year university course, following the teach er's diploma, and five years' teaching practice.
46 år, evt. + yderligere praktik
This is a three—year in—service course.
■J undervisningserfaring
The present number of special teachers is about 32 000.
Nederlandenes læreruddannelse har en varighed på 3 år.
The Netherlands' teacher training course lasts three years.
En trediedel af de lærere, der ansættes på specialskoler, har suppleret basisuddannelsen med speciallæreruddannelse, men i øvrigt lægges der vægt på praksis.
One-third of the teachers employed at special schools have supplemented their basic training by special-teacher training, but in general practical experience is more im portant.
Det ugent­lige timetal for undervisning er 26. Årslønnen ligger omkring 53 000 gylden.
The weekly teaching periods are 26.
Psykologer og øvrige personale ved specialpædagogisk rådgivning uddannes på universitetsniveau, socialrådgivere dog på særlige skoler.
Psychologists and other personnel in specialteaching guidance are trained at university level; social advisers, however, are trained in special schools.
Skolepsykologer er ikke indarbejdet i det nederlandske undervisningssystem.
School psychologists are not part of the Netherlands' educa tion system.
I England og Wales skal lærere ved specialundervisning have almindelig lærer­uddannelse.
In England and Wales, teachers in special education must have completed ordinary teacher training.
Lærere, der underviser blinde eller hørehæmmede børn skal have en videreuddannelse, og andre lærere inden for specialundervisningen opfor­dres til også at videreuddanne sig.
Teachers for blind children or children with impaired hearing must usually have obtained a further qualification, and other teach ers in special education are encouraged to do so.
Specialuddannede lærere får højere løn, og lærere i specialskolen får derudover et ekstra tillæg.
Special-trained teachers receive a higher salary, and in addition teachers at special schools receive an extra payment.
Årslønnen varierer efter kvalifikation og anciennitet fra ca. UKL 3 000 til ca. 6 500.
The annual salary varies according to qualifications and seniority from about UKL 3 000 to about UKL 6 500.