natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
De tal, man når frem til ved ovennævnte to metoder, nedsættes med en procentdel svarende til forholdet mellem de skader, der påhviler virksomheden efter afgivelse til genforsikring, og skadernes bruttobeløb; denne procentdel må dog ikke være under 50%.
The figures obtained under the two methods set out above are reduced by applying a percentage which represents the proportion that claims remaining to be borne by the undertaking after taking into account reinsurance ceded bear to the gross claims; the percentage applied must not however be lower than 50%.
I praksis anvendes normalt det beløb, der beregnes i forhold til præmierne (det første resultat).
In practice, the amount calculated by reference to premiums (the first result) is usually adopted.
For denne fond er der dog fastsat et absolut minimum: Uanset resultatet af ovennævnte beregning af solvensmargenen kan garantifonden ikke være lavere end et bestemt beløb, der er fastsat i direktivet, og som afhænger af forsikringsklassen. Dette beløb varierer fra 200 000 til 400 000 ECU.
This guarantee fund is however subject to an absolute minimum: whatever the result of the calculation set out above, the solvency margin may not be lower than an amount laid down in the Directive and which depends upon the classes of business.
I direktivet er det fastsat, hvilke foranstaltninger solvensmargenen ikke er tilstrækkelig:
The Directive lays down measures to be taken in the event of an insufficient solvency margin:
(a) såfremt egenkapitalen er lavere end den fastsatte solvensmargen, kræver til synsmyndigheden, at virksomheden fremlægger en genoprettelsesplan
(a) if the amount of own funds is lower than the prescribed solvency margin, the supervisory authority shall require the undertaking to submit a plan for the restoration of a sound financial position;
(b) såfremt egenkapitalen er mindre end minimumssolvensmargenen eller garanti fonden: kræver tilsynsmyndigheden, at virksomheden forelægger den en kortfristet finansieringsplan til godkendelse kan tilsynsmyndigheden begrænse eller forbyde den frie rådighed over virksomhedens aktiver.
(b) if the own funds fall below the absolute minimum solvency margin or the guarantee fund: the supervisory authority shall require the undertaking to submit a short-term finance scheme for its approval; the supervisory authority may restrict or inhibit the free disposal of the assets of the undertaking.
De bestemmelser, der gælder for EF-filialer af virksomheder i tredjelande, gennemgås senere.
The arrangements applying to branches within the Community of third-country undertakings are discussed in a later section.
Når et forsikringsselskab ansøger om tilladelse til at oprette sit vedtægtsmæssige hjemsted, et agentur eller en filial i en medlemsstat og udøve virksomhed inden for bestemte forsikringsklasser, skal det fremlægge en driftsplan, som bl.a. viser, at det vil være i stand til at opfylde de finansielle forpligtelser, som den pågældende stat vil pålægge det i kraft af direktivet.
When an insurance undertaking seeks authorization in a Member State where it wishes to set up its head office, or a branch or agency, and carry on business in particular classes of insurance, it has to present a scheme of operations designed principally to demonstrate that it will be able to meet the financial obligations which the State concerned will impose on it by virtue of the Directive.
Driftsplanen skal naturligvis være mere udførlig, hvis et forsikringsselskab ønsker at oprette sit vedtægsmæssige hjemsted, end hvis det blot vil åbne en filial.
The scheme of operations is naturally a fuller document for an insurer wishing to set up its head office than for one desiring only to open a branch.
I sidstnævnte tilfælde skal forsikringsselskabet dog forelægge den pågældende tilsynsmyndighed et certifikat, der er udstedt af tilsynsmyndigheden i den stat, hvor selskabet har sit vedtægtsmæssige hjemsted, og hvoraf det fremgår, at solvensmargenen er tilstrækkelig.
In the latter case, however, the insurer is required to present to the supervisory authority concerned a certificate, obtained from the supervisory authority of the State where the head office is situated, stating that the solvency margin is in order.
Værtslandet skal acceptere et gyldigt certifikat og kan ikke foretage yderligere undersøgelser af forsikringsselskabets solvensmargen eller pålægge det yderligere krav i så henseende.
The receiving State must accept a validly delivered certificate and cannot make further inquiries into the insurer's possession of the solvency margin or impose additional requirements in this respect.
Hvis forsikringsselskabets oplysninger er korrekte, kan den pågældende stat ikke nægte selskabet tilladelse.
In all cases, if the information supplied by the insurer is in order, the State concerned cannot refuse authorization.
Det skal navnlig bemærkes, at der ikke skal tages hensyn til de »økonomiske behov«.
In particular, there is no 'economic need' test to be overcome.
Hvis tilladelsen afslås, eller den pågældende stat ikke har behandlet ansøgningen inden seks måneder, kan forsikringsselskabet få sagen prøvet ved de nationale domstole.
In the event of a refusal, or a failure by the State concerned to deal with an application for an authorization within six months, the insurer has a right to apply to the national courts.
Da direktivet blev vedtaget, betegnede det et stort skridt fremad.
At the time, the Directive represented a considerable achievement.
Det skal dog understreges, at det ikke løste alle problemer og endog skabte en række vanskeligheder for fremtiden.
It is nevertheless important to realize that it left some problems unsolved and even created certain difficulties for the future.
Dette vil tydeligt fremgå senere i denne tekst, men det vil være hensigtsmæssigt at komme lidt nærmere ind på det her.
Some of these will become apparent in later parts of this text, but it may be useful to indicate one or two points here.
Direktivet skulle ikke omfatte fri udveksling af tjenesteydelser.
The Directive was not intended to deal with freedom of services.
Ikke desto mindre er det beklageligt, at det indeholder en række udtryk, som er dårligt defineret eller ligefrem selvmodsigende, og som har skabt tvivl om, hvorvidt direktivet kan danne grundlag for regler for fri udveksling af tjenesteydelser.
It is all the same a matter of regret that it used certain expressions in an ill-defined or even apparently contradictory way, which left doubt about the nature of the base it created for later work on freedom of services.
Med dette direktiv er der heller ikke gjort bestræbelser på at indsnævre forskellene mellem de medlemsstater, der gennemførte en væsentlig »materiel kontrol« med policebetingelser, præmier osv., og de medlemsstater, der foretrak at overlade disse spørgsmål til markedskræfterne.
The Directive also did nothing to narrow the gap between those Member States which applied substantial 'material control' over policy conditions, premium rates and so on and those which thought that such matters were better left to market forces.
I direktivet er der specielt fastsat følgende: »Den nuværende samordning er ikke til hinder for medlemsstaternes anvendelse af bestemmelser, som for alle forsikrings virksomheder foreskriver krav om godkendelse af almindelige og specielle forsikrings betingelser i policerne, tariffer samt alt andet materiale, der er nødvendigt for den normale udøvelse af tilsynet«.
Indeed, the Directive specifically states that 'these coordinating measures do not prevent Member States from enforcing provisions requiring, for all insurance undertakings, approval of the general and special policy conditions, tariffs and any other document necessary for the formal exercise of supervision'.
Tilsynet kan derfor fortsat være af forskelligt omfang og forskellig art på de nationale markeder.
The nature and degree of supervision could thus continue to differ substantially from one national market to another.
Det todelte kontrolsystem med talrige tilladelser har dog gjort det vanskeligt for forsikringsselskaberne blot at forestille sig, at man kan nøjes med en enkelt tilladelse, der gælder for hele EF, og som omfatter både etablering og tjenesteydelser på tværs af grænserne, dvs. en tilladelse af samme art som omhandlet i andet bankdirektiv.
Above all, however, the two-tier system of control, with multiple authorizations, has made it hard for the insurance world even to begin thinking in terms of a single Communitywide authorization, covering both establishment and crossfrontier services, of the kind now ushered in by the second banking Directive.
Hermed være ikke sagt, at man aldrig når så langt — for, som det senere vil fremgå, er dette netop Kommissionens officielle mål — men inden for forsikring kan det kun ske som sidste etape i en lang og besværlig rejse.
This is not to say that such a point can never be reached — indeed, as we shall see later, its attainment is now the official policy of the Commission — but in insurance it can only be envisaged as the last stage in a journey with many steps.
I 1981 forelagde Kommissionen Rådet en rapport om direktivets virkninger, og denne rapport var udarbejdet på grundlag af medlemsstaternes besvarelser af et spørgeskema.
In 1981 the Commission submitted a report to the Council on the effects of the Directive, based on replies to a questionnaire sent to the Member States.
Af rapporten fremgik det især, at alle adspurgte mente, at det stadig var for tidligt at drage endelige konklusioner.
The main point to emerge was that all those asked thought that it was still too early to draw firm conclusions.
De ændringer, der er sket siden direktivet trådte i kraft, kan kun til dels tilskrives direktivet.
Changes that had occurred since the introduction of the Directive could only partly be attributed to it.
F.eks. har EF-virksomhederne åbnet flere filialer i andre medlemsstater, men de har også oprettet flere datterselskaber (og dette kan ikke tilskrives direktivet).
For example, more branches of Community undertakings were being opened in other Member States, but so were more subsidiaries (a phenomenon which could not be attributed to the Directive).
I nogle medlemsstater var der sket en klar nedgang i antallet af forsikringsselskaber, men dette skyldes i højere grad, at der i disse lande var behov for tilsyn med samtlige forsikringsaktiviteter, end at virksomhederne havde svært ved at opfylde kravene til solvensmargenen.
An apparent reduction of the number of insurers in certain Member States appeared to result primarily from the need in those countries for all insurance activities to be supervised, rather than from difficulties undertakings might have had in meeting the solvency margin requirements as such.
Nu hvor det er muligt at betragte sagen på længere sigt, viser det sig, at det kun er få, der stiller spørgsmålstegn ved, at solvensmargenerne er ønskelige og effektive.
Now that it is possible to take a longer view, it appears that few question the desirability and efficacy of the solvency margin arrangements.
Men mange af de punkter, der ikke er taget stilling til i direktivet, har siden været kontroversielle.
But many of the points left open by the Directive have been a subject of controversy ever since.
De fleste af disse problemer er blevet løst efter fælles overenskomst, normalt med hjælp fra Kommissionen. Der var imidlertid en af disse vanskeligheder, som var umulig at rydde af vejen, samtidig med at den fik stadig større økonomisk betydning.
usually with the help of the Commission.
Det drejede sig om den korrekte behandling af turistassistanceorganisationer, som mod forudgående betaling forpligter sig til at yde praktisk assistance til personer, som kommer i vanskeligheder under fravær fra bopælen.
This was the question of the correct treatment to be applied to tourist assistance bodies which, in return for an advance payment, undertake to provide practical assistance to people who get into difficulty whilst away from home.
Denne slags organisationer fandtes allerede, da direktivet blev vedtaget, men var på det tidspunkt bedre kendt i nogle medlemsstater end i andre.
Such organizations were already well established when the Directive was adopted but were at that time much better known in some Member States than others.
Siden da er deres aktiviteter blevet almindeligt kendt i hele Fællesskabet og har bredt sig til områder, der ligger ud over egentlig turistassistance.
Since then, their activity has become familiar throughout the Community and has extended into areas going beyond mere tourist assistance.
Det afgørende spørgsmål var at få fastslået, om denne aktivitet skulle betragtes som forsikring. Hvis den skulle, så gjaldt 1. direktiv, hvilket ville betyde, at virksomheden ikke måtte udøve andre aktiviteter, som ikke angik forsikring, og ville være underlagt de finansielle krav i 1. direktiv, men ville på den anden side kunne drage fordel af de procedurer, der er fastsat i det direktiv, hvis den skulle ønske at åbne filialer i andre medlemsstater.
The essential question was simply to know whether the activity was to be regarded as insurance.
Situationen tilspidsedes, da en sådan virksomhed, som havde hovedkvarter i en medlemsstat og dér blev betragtet som en forsikringsvirksomhed, forsøgte at oprette en filial i en anden medlemsstat, som var af den opfattelse, at der ikke var tale om forsikringsvirksomhed, og at 1. direktiv derfor ikke fandt anvendelse.
Matters came to a head when one such undertaking, having its headquarters in one Member State and treated there as an insurer, sought to establish a branch in another Member State which took the view that the activity was not insurance and that the first Directive therefore did not apply.
Tilsynsmyndighederne bad Kommissionen om at udarbejde et forslag til et direktiv, som kunne løse problemet.
The supervisory authorities invited the Commission to make a proposal for a Directive which would resolve the matter.
Selve ordlyden af 1. direktiv var ikke til stor hjælp, idet der gennem hele teksten henvises til forsikringsvirksomhed uden en definition af dette begreb.
The wording of the first Directive itself gave little help, referring throughout to the activity of insurance without defining that term.
Deri lå det på linje med den praksis, der blev fulgt i de fleste medlemsstater og faktisk i hele verden, hvorefter afgørelsen af, hvorvidt en særlig aktivitet skal anses for forsikring eller ej, hovedsagelig afhænger af myndighedernes praksis og diverse retsafgørelser.
In this it merely followed the practice adopted in most Member States and indeed throughout the world, where determination of the question whether a particular activity does or does not amount to insurance is largely left to administrative practice and the decisions of the Courts.
I den pågældende sag bestod den vigtigste hindring i, at selv om aktiviteten bar præg af forsikring, afveg de anvendte teknikker imidlertid fra dem, der anvendes inden for traditionel forsikringsvirksomhed.
In the case in point the stumbling block was that, although the activity contained characteristics of insurance, the techniques employed differed from those of traditional insurance.
Selve præstationen bestod typisk i en naturalydelse, ofte med anvendelse af virksomhedens eget materiel og personale — der kan her anføres det meget omtalte eksempel med hjemtransport af en nødstedt familie med et fly, som stilles til rådighed af assistanceorganisationen.
The benefit itself typically consisted of a service provided in kind, often using the material and staff of the undertaking itself - one thinks of the well-publicized example of the repatriation of a disaster-struck family in an aircraft supplied by the assistance organization.
Derved må assistanceorganisationen formodes ikke at føle sig særlig tilskyndet til at afsætte tekniske reserver til dækning af materielle skader, men vil på den anden side være forpligtet til at eje eller gennem underentreprise organisere et omfattende kommunikationsnet foruden køretøjer, fly og andet udstyr, der skal anvendes under de mest forskelligartede redningsoperationer og betjenes af et veluddannet personale, hvoraf nogle formentlig skal være lægeuddannede.
Thus the assistance organization might apparently have little cause to create technical provisions of a financial nature to meet pecuniary claims, but would on the other hand be obliged to own or arrange by subcontract an extensive communications network, as well as vehicles, aircraft and other equipment to be used in the most diverse rescue operations and backed by appropriately trained stafr, some of whom might need medical qualifications.
Selv om automobilklubber og lignende organisationer ikke skal have koncession til forsikringsvirksomhed, kan foretagender, som har en sådan godkendelse, imidlertid beskæftige sig med de aktiviteter i forbindelse med vejhjælp og hjemtransport, som normalt varetages af automobilklubberne. Tekstens snørklede formulering viser, at den er resultatet af et omstridt kompromis.
and similar bodies are not required to be authorized as insurers, undertakings which are so authorized may engage in the roadside assistance and get-you-home operations commonly practised by the clubs.
Ikke alle er lige tilfredse med resultatet.
Not everybody is happy with the result.
Assistanceorganisationer, som oprindelig begrænsede sig til at hjælpe turister og rejsende, tilbyder nu ofte — i det mindste i visse lande — en lignende form for praktisk assistance, når ulykken indtræffer på bopælen. Gemt væk i artikel 15 i direktivet ligger der en fakultativ bestemmelse, som dækker denne situation.
Assistance organizations which originally confined their activities to helping tourists and travellers now often, at least in some countries, provide a similar sort of practical assistance when disaster strikes at home.
Den giver de medlemsstater, der ønsker det, lov til at behandle sådanne aktiviteter som en form for forsikring, der kan sidestilles med turistassistance, men lægger ikke tvang på de stater, som på grund af manglende erfaringer endnu ikke mener, at de er rede til at tage dette skridt.
This allows those Member States which wish to do so to treat such activities as a kind of insurance similar to tourist assistance, but does not constrain those States which through lack of experience do not feel ready for this step.
Assistance — hvad enten der er tale om turistassistance eller assistance i den bredere betydning i henhold til artikel 15 (hvor den behandles som forsikring) — er indarbejdet i 1. direktiv som en særskilt forsikringsklasse (klasse 18).
Assistance, whether tourist assistance or the wider kind envisaged in Article 15 (where treated as insurance) is integrated into the first Directive as a new separate class 18.
Det bemærkes imidlertid kryptisk i artikel 15, at denne klassifikation »på ingen måde berører de i bilaget til første direktiv fastsatte klassificeringsmuligheder for de former for virksomhed, der klart henhører under andre forsikringsklasser«.
But Article 15 remarks cryptically that this classification 'shall in no way affect the possibilities for classification laid down in the annex to the first Directive for activities which obviously come under other classes'.
Bag denne bestemmelse ligger det forhold, at hvad der er indlysende for den ene medlemsstat måske ikke er helt så indlysende for den anden.
This hides the fact that what is obvious to one Member State may not be quite so obvious to another.
F.eks. mente en stat, at ikke blot hospitalsbehandling, men også transport til hospitalet burde falde ind under sygeforsikring, medens andre mente, at det naturligt faldt ind under den nye klasse 18, måske navnlig i tilfælde hvor selve hospitalsbehandlingen dækkes af en social sikringsordning.
One State, for example, was concerned that not merely hospital treatment but also transport to hospital should come under sickness insurance, whilst for some others it would more naturally fall within the scope of the new class 18, especially perhaps where the hospital treatment itself would be covered by a social security arrangement.
Dette problem klares imidlertid i artikel 15, idet det videre hedder, at »et agentur eller en filial ikke må nægtes godkendelse alene med den begrundelse, at de i denne artikel omhandlede former for virksomhed er klassificeret anderledes i den medlemsstat, på hvis område virksomheden har sit vedtægtsmæssige hjemsted«.
Article 15 is however able to cope even with this, as it goes on to remark that 'it shall not be possible to refuse authorization to an agency or branch solely on the grounds that the activity covered by this Article is classified differently in the Member State in the territory of which the head office of the undertaking is situated'.
Et spørgsmål, som blev drøftet meget inden vedtagelsen af direktivet, angik den form for tilsyn, der skal føres med virksomheder, som beskæftiger sig med »assistanceforsikring«.
One matter which was much debated before the adoption of the Directive was the kind of supervision to be applied to undertakings carrying on 'assistance' insurance.
Da de normalt præsterer de fleste ydelser i form af naturalydelser fremfor konstantydelser, behøver de sædvanligvis ikke at afsætte særlig store tekniske reserver, selv om man ikke må glemme, at selv om de ikke yder
Since such bodies will usually provide most of their benefits in kind rather than in cash, they will generally not have to constitute very substantial technical provisions, although it must not be forgotten that even when they do not provide cash directly to insured parties they may have to pay for bought-in services.
kontantydelser direkte til de sikrede parter, skal de måske betale for købte tjenesteydelser.
whether the divergences in practice which the Directive itself permits will give rise to such difficulties that new measures will be called for.
Kan man forvente af forsikringstilsynsmyndigheder, som ikke har nogle tidligere erfaringer med kontrol af sådanne aktiviteter, at de skal kunne tage ansvaret herfor, når direktivet træder i kraft?
This is an area of economic activity which has been subject to further rapid development even since the Directive was adopted.
Direktivet undlader at tage stilling til dette spørgsmål.
Council Directive 8713441EEC of 22 June 1987 on legal expenses insurance
Direktivet trådte i kraft den 1. januar 1988.
The first nonlife coordination Directive deliberately left certain loose ends to be tied up later.
Det er fastsat, at Kommissionen inden udgangen af 1990 skal aflægge rapport til Rådet om de vanskeligheder, der følger af anvendelsen af direktivet, og i givet fald forelægge forslag med henblik på at bringe disse vanskeligheder til ophør.
In Article 7(2), it is provided that 'pending further coordination, which must be implemented within four years of notification of this Directive, the Federal Republic of Germany may maintain the provision prohibiting the simultaneous undertaking in its territory of health insurance, credit and suretyship insurance or insurance in respect of recourse against third parties and legal defence, either with one another or with other classes'.
Det bliver interessant at se, om de forskelle i praksis, som direktivet tillader, giver anledning til så store vanskeligheder, at der må træffes nye foranstaltninger.
These three German specialization requirements, which had no counterpart in other Member States, created distortions because the German specialist companies practising insurance in these classes could establish themselves freely in other Member States, whilst the composite companies found in those other States could not carry on their combined business in Germany.
Der er her tale om et område, hvor udviklingen er gået meget stærkt lige siden direktivet blev vedtaget.
If they wished to carry on a full range of business there, they were put to the trouble and expense of creating separate subsidiary companies to engage in the classes subject to the specialization requirement.
Rådets direktiv 87/344/EØF af 22. juni 1987 om retshjælpsforsikring
The three German specialization requirements have different historical origins.