natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Det er interessant at bemærke, at nogle aktieselskaber har overvejet at overgå til gensidige selskaber for at undgå truslen om at blive overtaget, medens nogle gensidige selskaber overvejer at blive aktieselskaber, fordi det vil sætte dem i stand til overtage andre selskaber og rejse den fornødne kapital til at drive forsikringsvirksomhed uden for deres nationale grænser.
It is interesting to note that some share companies have considered turning themselves into mutuais as an escape from the threat of being taken over, while some mutuais contemplate becoming companies with share capital because it will enable them to engage in takeovers and to raise capital for ventures outside their national borders.
For forbrugerne er der en risiko for, at disse manøvrer vil ende i et EF-marked, der domineres af nogle få store grupper, som når situationen har stabiliseret sig, vil være tilfredse med at sidde komfortabelt på deres markedsandele, hvorved forbrugeren måske vil stå tilbage uden flere reelle valgmuligheder end i dag, og uden at der er nogen, der interesserer sig for hans skiftende behov.
There is a risk for the consumer that these manoeuvres will end in a Community market dominated by a few big groups which, once the situation has stabilized, will be content to sit comfortably upon their market shares, leaving him with perhaps little more real choice and little more attention to his changing needs than he has now.
Forsikringsbranchens tendens til at skabe noget, der ligner karteller, som ikke nødvendigvis er nedfældet i formelle aftaler, må aldrig undervurderes.
The insurance industry's tendency to create cartel-like situations, which do not necessarily involve formal agree ments, should never be underestimated.
Sådanne markedsforhold på EF-plan er der heldigvis stadig lange udsigter til, men muligheden for, at de opstår, kræver, at forbrugerne må udvise den allerstørste årvågenhed, og det gælder både store og små forbrugere, de organisationer, der søger at repræsentere deres interesser, og frem for alt de selvstændige mellemmænd, der har den største interesse i at fremme et virkeligt konkurrencepræget og innoverende marked, da det er under sådanne forhold, at deres evner rigtig kommer til deres ret.
Such a state of affairs at Community level is fortunately still distant, but the possibility that it might come about calls for vigilance on the part of consumers, large and small, the associations which may seek to represent their interests and above all those independent intermediaries who have the greatest interest in encouraging the development of a truly competitive and innovative market, because it is in such conditions that their skills come to the fore.
Noget, der vinder mere og mere frem i dag, er udviklingen af tætte forbindelser mellem forskellige former for finansielle institutioner.
One development much remarked upon at the present time is the development of close relationships between different forms of financial institutions.
De traditionelle grænser mellem banker, investeringsselskaber, forsikringsselskaber og finansielle rådgivere er ved at gå i opløsning, siger man.
The traditional boundaries between banks, investment institutions, insurance undertakings and financial advisers are breaking down, it is said.
Uanset hvilke fordele og ulemper sådanne forandringer måtte bringe med sig, er det vigtigt at indse, at for så vidt angår forsikringsvirksomhed er der to særskilte, men ikke nødvendigvis modstridende tendenser, der gør sig gældende.
Whatever the advantages and disadvantages such changes may bring, it is important to realize that, as far as insurance is concerned, two separate but not necessarily conflicting tendencies are involved.
Den ene består i, at der oprettes finansielle grupper, hvor forskellige typer finansielle institutioner, herunder forsikringsselskaber og forsikringsagenturer, samles under et fælles ejerforhold.
One is the creation of financial groups in which different kinds of financial institutions, including insurance companies and insurance agencies, are brought under common owner ship.
Det indebærer ikke nødvendigvis nogen indbyrdes sammenknytning af de forskellige former for virksomhed, bortset fra, at man hvor som helst i gruppen vil have adgang til den fortjeneste, der skabes i dens forskellige afdelinger.
This does not necessarily involve any operational link at all, beyond the availability for use anywhere within the group of profits earned in any part of it.
Det stiller store krav til tilsynet, eftersom et dårligt resultat i én del af gruppen vil kunne medføre et kolossalt tab af tillid til en anden del, f.eks. et forsikringsselskab.
This is a challenge to supervision, because bad results in one part of the group, for example a banking company, may lead to a disastrous loss of confidence in another part, for example, an insurance company.
Banken og forsikringsselskabet er uden tvivl særskilte juridiske personer, hver med begrænset ansvar, og hver især underlagt et særskilt organs tilsyn, men det giver muligvis ikke
The bank and the insurance company are no doubt separate legal persons, each with limited liability, and each subject to supervision by a separate body, but this may not be enough to provide adequate safeguards.
De traditionelle, aflønnede repræsentanter, agenter og mæglere trues, efterhånden som forsikringsselskaberne forsøger at få deres varer ud til offentligheden ad andre veje.
The traditional salaried representatives, agents and brokers find themselves under threat, as insurers seek other means of placing their wares before the public.
Banker finder man i enhver større gade, de har regelmæssig kontakt med deres kunder og indsigt i deres finansielle forhold.
Banks have premises in every high street, regular contact with their customers and insight into their financial affairs.
Institutioner, der yder pantsikrede lån, betjener deres kunder netop på det tidspunkt, hvor disse har foretaget en revurdering af deres finanser og har behov for forsikringer.
Institutions making loans on mortgage serve their customers just when the latter have reviewed their finances and need insurance.
Investeringsselskaber er også gunstigt placeret til at kunne sælge forsikringer sammen med andre tjenester.
Investment houses are also well placed to sell insurance along with other services.
I alle disse tilfælde er der på den ene side en række foretagender med god adgang til kunderne og på den anden side forsikringsselskaber, som efterlyser afsætningskanaler.
In all these cases there are, on the one hand, establishments with good customer access but expensive overheads and, on the other, insurers who are seeking outlets.
Det er naturligt, at de finder sammen, men det behøver ikke at medføre et fælles ejerforhold.
It is natural that the two should come together, but it does not follow that common ownership is needed.
Denne udvikling inden for distributionsmetoderne og andre nyskabelser, såsom »lavprissupermarkeder« for forsikringer og anvendelse af elektroniske kommunikationsmidler, fungerer bedst, når der er tale om standardiserede produkter, der kan sælges i store mængder.
These developments in distribution methods, and others such as across-the-counter hypermarket sales and the use of electronic means of communication, work best when standard ized products can be sold in large quantities.
Heldigvis vil der altid være plads til specialprodukter, som kræver velinformerede sælgere, og som muligvis vil gøre det muligt at skabe små nicher inden for forsikringsbranchen.
Fortunately, there will always be room for more specialized products, calling for knowledgeable distributors and possibly providing scope for 'niche player' insurers.
Udviskningen af grænserne mellem forsikringsbranchens og andre finansielle institutioners produkter er langt mere markant inden for livsforsikring end inden for skadesforsikring.
The blurring of the boundaries between the products of the insurance industry and those of other financial institutions is far more apparent on the life than on the nonlife side of insurance.
Grunden hertil er ligetil: Når et forsikringsselskab kaster sig ud i at tilbyde opsparings- og investeringsgoder, bevæger det sig uvægerligt ind på et område, hvor der er mange andre aktører.
The reason is plain: as soon as insurance undertakings venture into the business of providing savings and investment opportunities, they inevitably find themselves in an area where others are active.
Det er der intet nyt i: Der er en lang tradition for »blandede« livsforsikringspolicer.
There is nothing new about this: 'mixed' life policies have a very long history.
Men den omstændighed, at folk lever længere, er mere velstående og i det store og hele ikke har samme mulighed for eller interesse i at basere sig på statens sociale sikring, medfører, at der sammenholdt med den teknologiske udvikling er ved at opstå et hastigt ekspanderende marked for produkter, der indeholder et stort opsparingselement kombineret med en lille risiko.
Nevertheless, the fact that people are living longer, are more prosperous and on the whole less able or willing to rely on State social security combines with technical developments to create a rapidly expanding market for products in which a strong savings element is combined with a small measure of risk-bearing.
Det er på dette område, der sker den største vækst, og hvor forsikringsbranchen er begyndt at miste sin identitet.
It is here that the greatest growth is taking place, and here also that the insurance industry is beginning to lose its identity.
Det bør imidlertid ikke gøre os blinde for de utallige udviklingsmuligheder, der ligger i alle mulige former for forsikringsvirksomhed.
This should not, however, blind us to the strong potential for development shown by all kinds of insurance.
Forsikringsbranchen i Det Europæiske Fællesskab vil få bedre mulighed for at imødekomme den stigende og mere varierede efterspørgsel, når den får lov til at bevæge sig frit omkring på det »europæiske område«, der tales så meget om.
The insurance industry of the European Community will be better able to respond to increasing and more varied demands when it can move freely in the 'European space' of which there is so much talk.
Når alt kommer til alt, kan Fællesskabets institutioner imidlertid ikke gøre meget andet end at skabe rammerne for disse muligheder.
Finally, however, the Community institutions can do no more than provide a framework for opportunity.
Det er andre, der må udnytte dem.
Others have to use it.
Deres handlinger snarere end ord vil vise, om bestræbelserne har været umagen værd.
Their actions, rather than their statements, will show whether the endeavours have been worthwhile.
Definitionen af store risici i 2. skadesforsikringsdirektiv
The definition of large risks in the second nonlife insurance coordination Directive
2. skadesforsikringsdirektiv blev vedtaget den 22. juni 1988 og skal anvendes fra den 1. juli 1990.
The second nonlife insurance coordination Directive was adopted on 22 June 1988, and is due to be applied as from 1 July 1990.
Dette direktiv etablerer et fælles marked for de såkaldte store risici i EF's 12 medlemsstater.
What this Directive mainly does is to create a common market throughout the 12 Member States of the European Community for so-called large risks.
Forsikringsselskaber, der dækker store risici i en anden medlemsstat, behøver ikke nogen tilladelse til at udøve denne virksomhed i den pågældende stat (men de skal dog have tilladelse, også i forbindelse med store risici, såfremt de udøver virksomhed fra en filial eller et agentur i den pågældende stat).
Insurers covering large risks in another Member State will not need to be authorized in that State for that business (although they will still need to be authorized there, even for large risks, if they cover them from a branch or agancy located in that State).
Herved kan en forsikringstager med risici i samtlige medlemsstater få dem dækket ved en enkelt forsikringsaftale med ét forsikringsselskab, der er etableret i én medlemsstat.
This will, in particular, make it possible for a policyholder with risks situated in all the Member States to cover them under a single contract with just one insurer, established in just one Member State.
Det er derfor vigtigt at vide, hvad der i direktivet forstås ved en stor risiko.
It is therefore important to know what is a large risk for the purposes of the Directive.
Dette er et kompliceret spørgsmål af følgende to årsager:
This is complicated for two reasons.
For det første er udtrykket »store risici« temmelig misvisende.
Firstly, the term 'large risks' is rather misleading.
Der anvendes følgende to kriterier:
There are two kinds of criteria:
(i) risikoens art (med andre ord forsikringsklassen — f.eks. behandles brandforsikring anderledes end kreditforsikring)
(i) the nature of the risk (in other words, the class of insurance — fire insurance being differently treated from credit insurance, for example);
(ii) forsikringstagerens størrelse eller størrelsen af den gruppe af virksomheder, hvori forsikringstageren indgår — dette fastslås på grundlag af den samlede balance, omsætningen og antallet af beskæftigede; det er muligt at fastslå disse tre forhold, da de fleste større virksomheder i EF skal offentliggøre standardiserede regnskaber, således at man opnår de ønskede oplysninger.
(ii) the size of the policyholder, or of the group of companies to which the policyholder belongs — this is determined by three tests (balance-sheet total, turnover, number of employees); these tests are made possible by the fact that most larger traders in the EC have to publish accounts in a standard form which gives the required information.
For det andet er behandlingen af »store risici« opdelt i etaper over en bestemt periode for at mindske chokvirkningen. Denne etapevise behandling er ikke ens for alle risikoklasser (eller forsikringsklasser) eller for alle medlemsstater.
Secondly, large risks treatment is phased in over a period, to lessen the shock.
Det er først fra 1. januar 1999, at samtlige medlemsstater anvender de samme metoder til at fastslå ovennævnte tre forhold, og at den etapevise behandling vil være gennemført.
It is not until 1 January 1999, that all the Member States will apply the same tests and the phasing in will have been completed.
For at klarlægge dette vil vi først opdele medlemsstaterne i tre grupper:
To make sense of this, we will first divide the Member States into three groups:
A. Belgien, Danmark, Tyskland, Frankrig, Italien, Luxembourg, Nederlandene, Det Forenede Kongerige, dvs. de medlemsstater, hvor gennemførelsen vil ske hurtigst.
A. the majority, which go fastest: Belgium, Denmark, Germany, France, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, United Kingdom;
B. Spanien, der begynder langsomt og derpå sætter tempoet i vejret.
B. Spain, which starts slowly and then speeds up;
C. Grækenland, Irland og Portugal, hvor gennemførelsen vil tage længst tid.
C. Greece, Ireland and Portugal, which take longest.
Derpå opdeler vi risiciene i tre kategorier, alt efter art:
We then divide the risks into three categories, according to their nature:
(i) transport: Dette omfatter fly- og skibsskrog samt jernbaners rullende materiel (men ikke landkøretøjer), godstransport (uanset transportmidlets art), ansvar i forbindelse med brug af skibe og fly (herunder førerens ansvar)
(i) transport: this includes hulls of ships and aircraft and railroad rolling stock (but not road vehicles); goods in transit (irrespective of the form of transport); all liability arising out of the use of ships and aircraft (including carrier's liability);
(ii) kredit- og kautionsforsikring (herunder forsikring mod skyldnerens insolvens, eksportkredit, salg på afbetaling, hypotekforsikring, landbrugsforsikring og alle former for kaution)
(ii) credit and suretyship (including insurance against debtor's insolvency, export credit, instalment credit, mortgages, agricultural credit, and all forms of suretyship);
(iii) de vigtigste forsikringsklasser inden for ejendoms- og ansvarsforsikring, herunder brand og anden skade på fast ejendom, almindelig ansvarsforsikring (ansvar, der ikke vedrører brug af skibe, fly og landkøretøjer) samt diverse økonomiske tab.
(iii) the main property and liability classes, including fire and other damage to property, general liability (all liability other than liability arising out of the use of ships, aircraft and road vehicles), miscellaneous financial loss.
Hvad der ikke er medregnet under disse kategorier kan under ingen omstændigheder betragtes som en stor risiko (medmindre der gennemføres en ny lovgivning).
Anything excluded from these categories cannot qualify as a large risk in any circumstances (unless new legislation is enacted).
De kategorier, der ikke er medregnet, omfatter ulykkes- og sygeforsikring, retshjælpsforsikring, rejseforsikring samt alle former for forsikring af motorkøretøjer (der er dog fremsat forslag om, at begrebet »store risici« også anvendes inden for forsikring af motorkøretøjer, men dette forslag er endnu ikke vedtaget).
The excluded categories comprise accident and sickness insurance, legal expenses insurance, tourist assistance and all kinds of motor vehicle insurance (but a proposal, not yet adopted, has now been put forward to introduce the large risks concept into motor insurance).
Vi skal nu undersøge, hvorledes disse tre risikokategorier behandles i hver af de tre grupper af medlemsstater.
We then go on to see how each of these three categories of risks is dealt with in each of the three groups of Member States.
I de efterfølgende afsnit udtrykkes tallene i mio. ecu.
In the sections which follow, figures are expressed in ecus.
Ecuen er den europæiske valutaenhed.
The ecu is the European currency unit.
Udtrykket »forsikringstagere« omfatter også en gruppe af virksomheder, hvori forsikringstageren indgår.
Where criteria apply to a policyholder, this is to be understood as including, where appropriate, a group of companies to which a company taking out insurance belongs.
Dette skyldes, at et lille datterselskab af Shell eller Philips kan forekomme svagt og hjælpeløst betragtet alene, medens situationen forholder sig meget anderledes, når selskabet betragtes som en del af den store virksomhedsorganisation.
The idea is that although a small subsidiary of Shell or Philips may look weak and helpless on its own, it appears very different when seen as part of the organization it belongs to.
Ved en gruppe forstås derfor en gruppe af virksomheder eller andre foretagender, som skal udarbejde konsoliderede regnskaber (i henhold til Rådets syvende direktiv om selskabers regnskaber — 83/349/EØF — som indeholder komplicerede definitioner).
A group, for this purpose, is a group of companies or other bodies for which consolidated accounts have to be drawn up (by virtue of another piece of Community legislation: the seventh Directive on company accounts, Directive 83/349/EEC, which contains its own complicated definitions).
A. Størstedelen af medlemsstaterne
A. 77ze majority States
Ved »store risici« forstås:
'Large risks' means:
(i) transport: alle transportrisici, fra den 30. juni 1990, uden yderligere betingelser
(i) transport: all transport risks, from 30 June 1990, without further conditions;
(ii) kredit- og kautionsforsikring: alle kredit- og kautionsrisici, fra den 30. juni 1990, forudsat at de vedrører virksomhed, der udøves af forsikringstageren
(ii) credit and suretyship: all credit and suretyship risks, from 30 June 1990, provided that they relate to a business carried on by the policyholder;
(iii) de vigtigste forsikringsklasser inden for ejendoms- og ansvarsforsikring: Her bliver det kompliceret! Hvorvidt risikodækningen for denne kategori skal betragtes som »store risici« eller ej, afhænger af:
(iii) the main property and liability classes: here it becomes complicated!
(a) forsikringstagerens størrelse
(a) the size of the policyholder,
Første etape (30. juni 1990 — 31. december 1992): Forsikringstageren skal overskride grænserne for mindst to af følgende tre kriterier:
First stage: 30 June 1990 to 31 December 1992: the policyholder must exceed the limits of at least two of the following three criteria:
- gennemsnitligt antal beskæftigede i regnskabsåret: 500.
- average number of employees during the financial year: 500.
Anden etape (fra 1. januar 1993): Forsikringstageren skal overskride grænserne for mindst to af følgende tre kriterier:
Second stage: from 1 January 1993: the policyholder must exceed the limits of at least .two of the following three criteria:
- gennemsnitligt antal beskæftigede i regnskabsåret: 250.
- average number of employees during the financial year: 250.
(a) Indtil den 31. december 1992 behandler Spanien ikke nogen risici som »store risici« (bortset fra visse risici, der henhører under coassurance, som er omfattet af en særskilt ordning).
(a) Until 31 December 1992, Spain treats no risks as 'large risks' (except certain risks covered under coinsurance, which are subject to a different regime).
(ii) kredit- og kautionsforsikring: jf. A (ii) ovenfor
(ii) credit and suretyship: as under A. (ii) above;
(iii) de vigtigste forsikringsklasser inden for ejendoms- og ansvarsforsikring: jf. A (iii) ovenfor, bortset fra de talmæssige grænser, der er fastsat således:
(iii) the main property and liability classes: as under A. (iii) above, except that the thresholds to be applied are as follows:
- fra 1. januar 1993 til 31. december 1994: Grænserne vælges frit af Spanien
- from 1 January 1993 to 31 December 1994: thresholds freely chosen by Spain;
- fra 1. januar 1995 til 31. december 1996: de samme grænser som for første etape under A (iii) ovenfor (undtagen når forsikringsaftalen, der dækker risikoen i Spanien, også dækker risici i en eller flere andre medlemsstater; i så fald gælder de grænser, der er fastsat for anden etape under A (iii) ovenfor)
- from 1 January 1995 to 31 December 1996: the thresholds of the first stage set out under A. (iii) above (except where the insurance contract covering the risk situated in Spain also covers a risk or risks situated in one or more other Member States; in such a case, the thresholds of the second stage set out under A. (iii) apply);
- fra 1. januar 1997 anvendes i alle tilfælde de grænser, der er fastsat for anden etape under A (iii) ovenfor.
- from 1 January 1997, the thresholds of the second stage set out under A. (iii) above apply in all cases.
For disse tre lande gælder samme ordning som for Spanien undtagen med hensyn til de vigtigste forsikringsklasser inden for ejendoms- og ansvarsforsikring, for hvilke der er fastsat følgende:
For these three countries, the regime is the same as for Spain, except as regards the main property and liability classes, where it is as follows:
(i) fra 1. januar 1993 til 31. december 1994: Grænserne vælges frit af det pågældende land
(i) from 1 January 1993 to 31 December 1994: thresholds freely chosen by the country concerned;
(ii) fra 1. januar 1995 til 31. december 1998: de grænser, der er fastsat for første etape under A (iii) ovenfor (undtagen i tilfælde, hvor forsikringsaftalen foruden risikoen i en af de pågældende medlemsstater også omfatter en risiko i en eller flere andre medlemsstater; i så fald anvendes de grænser, der er fastsat for anden etape under A (iii) ovenfor)
(ii) from 1 January 1995 to 31 December 1998: the thresholds of the first stage set out under A. (iii) above (except where the insurance contract covering the risk situated in any one of the countries concerned also covers a risk situated in one or more other Member States; in such a case, the thresholds of the second stage set out under A. (iii) apply);
(iii) fra 1. januar 1999 anvendes i alle tilfælde de grænser, der er fastsat for anden etape under A (iii) ovenfor.
(iii) from 1 January 1999, the thresholds of the second stage set out under A. (iii) apply in all cases.
Præmier betalt i EF­landene Præmier i alt (skades­ og livsforsikring) — 1987 mio. USD
Premiums originating in Member States of the European Community Total premiums (non-life and Ufe combined) — 1987 million USD
Tyskland Det Forenede Kongerige Frankrig Italien Nederlandene Spanien Belgien Danmark Irland Portugal Grækenland Luxembourg lait
FR of Germany United Kingdom France Italy Netherlands Spain Belgium Denmark Ireland Portugal Greece Luxembourg Total