natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Domstolen har ligeledes ved dom af 29. juni 1988 6) statueret, at en procedureregel, der var blevet vedtaget efter den dom, hvori traktatbruddet var blevet konstateret, og som begrænsede mulighederne for at tilbagesøge gebyrer, der var blevet erlagt med urette, var uforenelig med fællesskabsretten. I Barradommen7), hvori det konstateredes, at den belgiske lov, der var blevet vedtaget i anledning af Domstolens afgørelse i Gravier-sagen om studieafgifter8), ganske
In Deville ν Administration des Impôts the Court held that subsequent to a Court judgment from which it followed that a particular piece of legislation was incompatible with the Treaty a national legislature could not adopt any procedural rule which specifically reduced the possibilities of bringing proceedings for recovery of taxes which were wrongly levied under the offending legislation.4Lastly, in Barra5the Court found that the Belgian Act passed following the Court's judgment in Gravier, concerning enrolment fees,6did nothing less than deprive students who had not brought an action for repayment before that judgment was delivered of the right to obtain repayment of enrolment fees unduly charged, and thus made it impossible to exercise the rights conferred in Article 7 of the EEC Treaty; the Court concluded that under Community law the Act could not be relied upon against those affected, and that the national courts were to refrain from applying it.
) Dom af 29.6.1988 (Deville, Bachy/Skatteadministrationen, sag 240/87); EFT C 199 af 29.7.1988. ) Dom af 2.2.1988 (Barra m.fl./Den Belgiske Stat og Ville de Liège, sag 309/85); EFT C 60 af 4.3.1988. ) Dom af 13.2.1985 (Gravier/Ville de Liège — Ville de Liège/den belgiske stat og det wallonske samfund, sag 293/83), Sml. 1985, s. 606.
Case 240/87: OJ C 199, 29.7.1988.
Kommissionens virksomhed førte til 73 sagsanlæg ved Domstolen, mod 61 i 1987.
Proceedings were brought before the Court in 73 cases (61 in 1987).
Hvad specielt sagsanlæggene angår, vedrørte 45 manglende overholdelse eller ukorrekt anvendelse af direktiver, medens 19 sager bl.a. vedrørte tilsidesættelse af EØF-Traktatens artikel 9, 30 og 75, som er grundlaget for de frie varebevægelser, der er af afgørende betydning for det fælles markeds funktion.
Of the cases brought before the Court, 45 concerned the non-implementation or incorrect implementation of directives, and 19 concerned infringements of Articles 9, 30 or 95 of the EEC Treaty, the basic provisions relating to free movement of goods, an essential element in the functioning of the common market.
Sagernes fordeling på de enkelte lande var følgende: Frankrig 10 (hvoraf 5 vedrørte direktiver), Forbundsrepublikken Tyskland 8 (hvoraf 5 vedrørte direktiver), Grækenland 14 (hvoraf 7 vedrørte direktiver), Belgien 10 (hvoraf 7 vedrørte direktiver), Irland 8 (hvoraf 6 vedrørte direktiver), Italien 14 (hvoraf 9 vedrørte direktiver), Nederlandene 3 (hvoraf 2 vedrørte direktiver), Danmark 3 (hvoraf 2 vedrørte direktiver), Spanien 1 og Luxembourg 2 (der begge udelukkende vedrørte direktiver). tiver).
To take each country separately, the Commission brought proceedings before the Court against Greece and Italy on 14 occasions each (7 and 9 respectively concerning directives), against Belgium and France on 10 occasions each (7 and 5 respectively concerning directives), against Germany and Ireland on eight each (5 and 6 respectively concerning directives), against Denmark and the Netherlands on three each (2 each concerning directives), against Luxembourg on two occasions and against Spain on one (all 3 concerning directives).
I en dom afsagt den 3. marts1) præciserede Domstolen patentbeskyttelsens rækkevidde. I henhold til den engelske patentlov kan enhver person for visse patenters vedkommende opnå tvangslicens på patentet med henblik på at udnytte opfindelsen i Det Forenede Kongerige mod betaling af en licensafgift.
In Allen and Hanburys ν Generics (UK) the Court clarified the degree of protection afforded by patents.
Domstolen statuerede endvidere, at EØF-Traktatens artikel 30 og 36 er til hinder for, at de kompetente administrative myndigheder pålægger licenstageren vilkår gående ud på, at et produkt, der er omfattet af et »licensberedskab«-klausulret patent, ikke må indføres fra andre medlemsstater, når myndighederne ikke kan afslå at give licens til en virksomhed, der fremstiller og markedsfører produktet på det nationale marked.
The Court also held that Articles 30 and 36 of the Treaty prohibited the competent administrative authorities from imposing on a licensee terms impeding the importation from other Member States of a product covered by a patent endorsed 'licences of right' where those authorities could not refuse to grant a licence to a firm which would manufacture the product in the national territory and market it there.1
På et præjudicielt spørgsmål, der blev forelagt i sag nr. 158/862), udtalte Domstolen, at EF-retten ikke var til hinder for en lovgivning (i det foreliggende tilfælde dansk lov), der gav en ophavsmand ret til at modsætte sig udlejning i Danmark af videokassetter med det pågældende værk, som med ophavsmandens samtykke var blevet solgt i Det Forenede Kongerige, hvis lovgivning ikke tillagde en ophavsmand en sådan ret.
In Warner Brothers and Metronome Video ν Christiansen the Court ruled that Community law did not stand in the way of Danish legislation which allowed the holder of the copyright in a cinematographic work to make the hiring out of video cassettes of the work in Denmark subject to his permission, even though they had been put on sale with his consent in the UK, whose legislation did not permit him to prevent hiring out.
Formålet med den pågældende
It was designed to ensure for all authors a satisfactory remuneration on the specific market in the hiring out of video cassettes, which was distinct from the market in their sale.2 2
I sag nr. 45/87 ') bragte Domstolen for første gang EØF-Traktatens artikel 30 i anvendelse på indgåelse af offentlige bygge- og anlægskontrakter.
In Case 45/87 Commission ν Ireland the Court for the first time applied Article 30 of the EEC Treaty to a public works contract.
I særdeles hed gælder det, at den omstændighed, at en offentlig bygge- og anlægskontrakt er at betragte som en tjenesteydelse, ikke indebærer, at eventuelle heraf følgende handelshindringer er undtaget fra EØF-Traktatens artikel 30, på grund af den generelle karakter af de i denne artikel indeholdte forbud.
Given the general character of the prohibitions which Article 30 laid down, the fact that a public works contract constituted a supply of services did not mean that any obstacles which it placed in the way of imports were outside the scope of Article 30. 1
Traktatens artikel 30 og 86 er til hinder for en national lovgivning, hvorefter enkeltdele til automobilkarosserier kan opnå mønsterbeskyttelse, således at indehaveren af denne ret er beføjet til at modsætte sig, at tredjemand fremstiller de pågældende enkeltdele.
In Cicra and Maxicar ν Renault3 and Volvo ν Eric Veng (UK) Ltd4 the Court had been asked to rule on the compatibility with Articles 30 and 86 of the EEC Treaty of national law governing intellectual property which protected component parts of car bodywork and entitled the owner of the protective right to prevent third parties from manufacturing them.
3) Dom af 5.10.1988 (Ocra og Maxicar/Renault, sag 53/87); EFT C 284 af 8.11.1988. ")
Case 53/87: OJ C 284, 8.11.1988.
Dom af 5.10.1988 (AB Volvo/Erik Veng (UK) Ltd, sag 238/87); EFT C 281 af 4.11.1988.
Case 238/87; OJ C 281, 4.11.1988.
Den franske Kassationsdomstol forelagde EF-Domstolen spørgsmålet om, hvorvidt EØF-Traktatens artikel 37, 85, 86 og 90 finder anvendelse på en national ordning, hvorved der meddeles enekoncession i form af et kommunalt monopol til udførelse af visse former for bedemandsvirksomhed1).
In Bodson ν Pompes Funèbres des Régions Libérées the Court of Justice had been asked by the French Court of Cassation to examine the applicability of Articles 37, 85, 86 and 90 of the EEC Treaty to a national system granting exclusive municipal monopolies in certain funeral services.
Domstolen tilføjede dog, at hvis kommunerne rent faktisk havde pålagt deres koncessionshavere et sådant prisniveau — idet kommunerne ellers ville meddele koncessionen til andre foretagender end de nævnte virksomheder, hvis disse ikke havde accepteret at opkræve de særdeles høje priser, så ville en sådan praksis fra de offentlige myndigheders side kunne betragtes som en foranstaltning, der er forbudt i henhold til EØF-Traktatens artikel 90, stk. 1.
The Court added, however, that if the level of those prices had in fact been imposed by the municipalities on their licensees, in the sense that they would not have entrusted 'outside funeral services' to the firms if the latter did not agree to charge particularly high prices, that practice on the part of public authorities had to be regarded as a measure prohibited by Article 90(1).1
Domstolen har taget stilling til, om EØF-Traktatens artikel 5 sammenholdt med artikel 3, litra f), og artikel 85 var til hinder for nationale regler, hvorefter indrømmelse af skattefritagelse for indtægter af opsparingsindskud2) var betinget af overholdeisen af bestemte maksimale rentesatser og præmier.
In Van Eycke ν ASPA the Court had to rule on the compatibility with Article 5 of the EEC Treaty, in conjunction with Articles 3(f) and 85, of national regulations setting maximum interest rates and premiums for savings deposits which had to be complied with in order to qualify for a tax exemption.
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INTERPRETATION AND APPLICATION OF THE SUBSTANTIVE RULES
En dom afsagt af Domstolen den 27. september i den såkaldte »cellulose«­sag1) vedrørte spørgsmålet om Kommissionens kompetence til at gribe ind over for internationale karteller, der udelukkende er etableret i tredjelande, men som har konkurrencebegrænsende virkninger inden for fællesmarkedet.
In the 'Wood pulp' case the Court delivered an initial judgment con­cerned with the Commission's power to police restrictive practices which were organized entirely outside the Community but which had restrictive effects within the Community.
Domstolen har i en række domme præciseret rækkeviden af den i Gravier­dommen2) udviklede retspraksis.
In several judgments the Court developed its findings in Gravier.3
En sådan lovbestemmelse medfører nemlig, at udenlandske EF-studerendes adgang til højere uddannelse udelukkes, når først den pågældende kvota på 2% er nået, mens en sådan begrænsning ikke finder anvendelse på indenlandske studerende.
Once the 2% quota had been reached, this clause effectively excluded from higher vocational training students who were nationals of another Member State, whereas there was no similar restriction on domestic nationals. *
Domstolen fastslog, at selvom støtte til studerendes underhold udgør en »social fordel« i henhold til artikel 7, stk. 2, i Rådets forordning 1612/68 af 15. oktober 1968 om arbejdstageres fri bevægelighed4), er den heraf følgende ligebehandling dog begræn set til de EF-arbejdstagere, der er arbejdsløse, og som ønsker at blive omskolet med henblik på at erhverve nye faglige kvalifikationer, eller de arbejdstagere, der frivilligt har opgivet deres arbejde i værtslandet for at videreføre deres studier på heltidsbasis, forudsat at disse studier har tilknytning til det tidligere arbejde.
The Court ruled that while maintenance grants were 'social advantages' within the meaning of Article 7(2) of Council Regulation No 1612/68 on freedom of movement for workers within the Community,2the equality of treatment prescribed by that Regu­lation was confined to unemployed Community workers seeking to retrain in order to acquire a new occupational qualification, or those who had freely left their work in the host State in order to devote themselves to full­time studies, provided the studies were linked with the previous work.
Ved dom af 27. septembers) statuerede Domstolen, at medlemsstat A i henhold til ligebehandlingsprincippet har pligt til at give arbejdstagere, der er statsborgere i medlemsstat B, men som er bosiddende på medlemsstat A's område
In Matteucci the Court held that the principle of equality of treatment meant that a worker living in Member State A, but having the nationality of Member State B, had to be eligible for scholarships to pursue studies in another Member State C on the basis of a cultural agreement between States A and C, even though under the agreement the scholarships were available only to nationals of the two Member States party to it.
2) Dom af 27.9.1988, (Kommissionen/Belgien, sag 42/87); EFT C 277 af 27.10.1988.
The Court said this interpretation of Article 77 of Council Regulation No 1408/71 on social security schemes for
Domstolen fandt ikke, at denne fortolkning af artikel 77 i forordning 1408/71 om social sikkerhed for vandrende arbejdstagere2) er i strid med den i »Pinna«-dommen3) fastlagte retspraksis.
429 migrant workers1 was not in contradiction with its findings in Pinna.2
Domstolen bemærkede bl.a., at ydelser til skolesøgende børn normalt var knyttet til det sted, hvor den pågældende familie var bosiddende.
Allow­ ances for schooling expenses in particular were generally linked to the social environment, and thus to the place of residence of the person concerned.3
Ved dom af 26. april4) erklærede Domstolen, at en nederlandsk ministeriel bekendtgørelse (»kabelregeling«), der forbyder spredning via kabel af radio- og tvprogrammer udsendt fra andre medlemsstater — når disse programmer indeholder reklamer, der specielt er rettet til den nederlandske befolkning, eller undertekster på nederlandsk — var uforenelig med fællesskabsretten.
In Bond van Adverteerders ν Netherlands State the Court ruled that the 'Kabelregeling' a Dutch ministerial order prohibiting cable distribution of radio and television programmes broadcast from other Member States which contained advertisements intended especially for the public in the Netherlands, or subtitles in Dutch, was incompatible with Community law.
Et sådant forbud er i strid med den i EØF-Traktatens artikel 59 foreskrevne fri udveksling af tjenesteydelser, fordi det er til hinder for, at virksomheder, der driver kabelanlæg, og som er etableret i en medlemsstat, kan sende tv-programmer, der transmitteres fra andre medlemsstater.
The prohibition constituted discrimination contrary to the freedom to provide services pre­scribed by Article 59.
Ifølge Domstolen kunne hensynet til den offentlige orden ikke påberåbes som justifikation for en sådan diskrimination.
In particular, it prevented the operators of cable networks in a Member State from relaying televised programmes broadcast from other Member States.
Den præjudicielle sag 81/87 vedrører det generelle problem om konsekvenserne af, at et selskab, der er stiftet i overensstemmelse med en medlemsstats
In the Daily Mail case the Court had to consider the consequences where a company incorporated in one Member State transferred its central management and control to another Member State.
432 FÆLLESSKABSRETTEN
Social provisions
Men sådanne direktiver er endnu ikke blevet vedtaget, ligesom der heller ikke er indgået konventioner herom.
It followed that the employees concerned were not entitled to waive the rights conferred on them by the Directive, and that these entitlements could not be diminished even with their consent.2
I en dom afsagt den 10. februar2) udtalte Domstolen, at den ved Rådets direktiv 77/187 af 14. februar 19873) sikrede beskyttelse af arbejdstagere, der berøres af en virksomheds overdragelse, er af offentligretlig karakter, således at parterne i en arbejdskontrakt ikke ved aftale kan fravige bestemmelserne heri.
In Ledoux, which concerned the temporary importation of vehicles, the Court held that where a company car registered in France was imported into Belgium for professional purposes by the frontier-zone worker who used it, the fact that the user was a Belgian resident did not deprive the importation of its temporary character, and the importation was therefore exempt from VAT.
Ifølge Domstolen medfører dette, at de pågældende arbejdstagere ikke kan give afkald på de rettigheder, der er tillagt dem ved direktivet, og en forringelse af disse rettigheder er ikke tilladt — og dette uanset om arbejdstageren måtte give samtykke hertil.
The same applied where the vehicle was used for private purposes, if non-professional use formed part of the employee's remuneration, in view of the fact that it was provided for in the contract of employment.4
Skattespørgsmål
Equal treatment for men and women
Domstolen har statueret, at en national lovgivning, i henhold til hvilken overtrædelse af reglerne om moms straffes hårdere ved import end ved overdragelse af varer inden for landets grænser, er uforenelig med Traktatens artikel 95, såfremt forskellen ikke står i et rimeligt forhold til forskellen mellem de to typer af overtrædelser, og kan således bringe den fri udveksling af varer inden for Fællesskabet i fare4).
In Case 318/86 Commission ν France the Court held that the French system of separate recruitment according to sex for appointment to the staff of the external departments of the prison service and the five corps in the
') Dom af 27.9.1988 (Daily Mail og General Trust PLC/finansministeriet, sag 81/87); EFT C 277 af 27.10.1988.
OJ L 61, 5.3.1988; Tenth General Report, point 265.
3) EFT L 61 af 5.3.1977; Tiende Almindelige Beretning nr. 265.
Case 299/86 Criminal proceedings against Drexl: OJ C 74, 22.3.1988. Case 127/86 Ministère Public and Ministre des Finances du Royaume de Belgique v Ledoux: OJ C 211, 11.8.1988.
FORTOLKNING OG ANVENDELSE AF FÆLLESSKABSRETTENS MATERIELLE REGLER 433
INTERPRETATION AND APPLICATION OF THE SUBSTANTIVE RULES
Denne løsning gælder også, dersom køretøjet benyttes til private formål, når noget sådant er forudset i arbejdskontakten som en del af den pågældendes vederlag.
The Court found that this transparency did not exist in the present case: separate quotas for men and women were laid down for each recruitment competition, and the percentages were not governed by any objective criteria laid down in legislation or regu­lation.
Lige muligheder for kvinder og mænd
Common agricultural policy and fisheries
Den pågældende ordning giver således hverken Kommissionen, de nationale domstole eller de berørte perso ner mulighed for at verificere, om den procentuelle kvotefordeling rent faktisk stemte overens med de specifikke former for erhvervsudøvelse, der er omhandlet i direktivets artikel 2, stk. 2.
This was true even where the legislation was directed both to objectives of agricultural policy and to other objectives; Article 38(2) gave precedence to specific provisions in the agricultural field over general provisions relating to the establishment of the common market.s
) om henholdsvis forbud mod anvendelse af visse stoffer med hormonal virkning og om mindstekra-
The judgments in Fediol are the first judgments as to substance in the field of anti-subsidy duties.
') Dom af 6.7.1988 (Anklagemyndigheden og Kongeriget Belgiens Finansminister/Y. Ledoux, sag 127/86);
They provide useful clarification of the concept of a subsidy justifying the imposition of countervailing duties under Community
*) EFT L 382 af 31.12.1985; Nittende Almindelige Beretning, nr. 203.
OJ L 382, 31.12.1985; Nineteenth General Report, point 203.
5) EFT L 84 af 27.3.1986; Tyvende Almindelige Beretning, nr. 196.
OJ L 84, 27.3.1986, Twentieth General Report, point 196. OJ C 74, 22.3.1988.
IV-2 vene til beskyttelse af burhøns, var lovlige.
COMMUNITY LAW law in conjunction with the GATT Anti-dumping Code.
Denne løsning er nødvendig, selv om de pågældende EF-bestemmelser — foruden at forfølge landbrugspolitiske mål — også forfølger andre mål, fordi EØF-Traktatens artikel 38, stk. 2 foreskriver, at specifikke landbrugsrelevante bestemmelser har forrang for generelle bestemmelser vedrørende Fællesmarkedets oprettelse. telse.
The Court accepted that in the present state of the common commercial policy such a mechanism might be justified under certain conditions which it specified. But neither of the Council Regu­lations which the Commission had challenged in these proceedings did satisfy those conditions, and the Court annulled them both.2
To domme, der blev afsagt i sag 187/85 og sag 188/852), er de første materielle afgørelser, der er blevet truffet vedrørende anti-subsidieafgifter. I dom mene redegøres der for, hvilke former for subsidier der kan medføre indførelse af udligningstold på grundlag af EF-lovgivningen sammenholdt med GATT's antidumpingkodeks.
In ISA and Others ν Commission the Court found that the Commission was obliged to use the more flexible procedure of Article 58(3) of the ECSC Treaty, under which its proposals can be rejected only if the Council, acting unanimously, decides otherwise, in order to terminate, in part, the quota system in the steel industry.
Domstolen fastslog, at begrebet subsidier skal forstås således, at der foreligger en direkte eller indirekte byrde for de offentlige myndigheder, og at subsidierne specielt kommer den pågældende sektor til gode.
The Court stressed that the partial termination of the quota system contributed to the progressive restoration of normal conditions of competition, an objective the Commission had a duty to achieve under Articles 5 and 8 of the Treaty.3
Domstolen har fastslået, at en opdeling af et fællesskabskontingent i nationale kvoter inden for rammerne af systemet med generelle toldpræferencer var ulovlig på grund af den fordrejning af samhandelen, som en sådan opdeling ville kunne medføre3).
In Saarland ν French Minister for Industry the Court put a broad construction on the requirement laid down in Article 37 of the Euratom Treaty that the Commission must deliver its opinion on any plan for the disposal of radioactive waste.
Domstolen erkendte dog, at en sådan mekanisme under visse omstændigheder — som Domstolen angår præcist — kan være berettiget på det stadium, hvor den fælles handelspolitik for øjeblikket befinder sig.
The Court said that the provision was intended to enable the Commission to avert the risks of radioactive contamination.
Men Domstolen fandt, at ingen af de to rådsforordninger, som Kommissionen havde forelagt Domstolen til prøvelse, opfyldte disse betingelser, og annullerede dem derfor.
It was essential, therefore, that the Commission's opinion, and particularly any suggestions made in it, be studied thoroughly by the Member State concerned.
') Dom af 23.2.1988 (Det Forenede Kongerige/Rådet, sagerne 68/86 og 131/86); EFT C 74 af 22.3.1988. 2) Dommene af 14.7.1988 (Fédération de l'industrie de l'huilerie de la CEE (FEDIOL)/Kommissionen,
The Court concluded that if the opinion was to be fully effective it had to be known to the Member State before the disposal of radioactive waste was authorized.4
3 sagerne 187 og 188/85); EFT C 215 af 17.8.1988. )
Cases 187/85 and 188/85 EEC Seed Crushers and Oil Producers Federation (Fediol) ν Commission: OJ C 215, 17.8.1988. OJ C 284, 8.11.1988.
FORTOLKNING OG ANVENDELSE AF FÆLLESSKABSRETTENS MATERIELLE REGLER 435
INTERPRETATION AND APPLICATION OF THE SUBSTANTIVE RULES
I sag 279/863) forkastede Domstolen navnlig det argument, hvorefter den fornødne repræsentation inden for Det Økonomiske og Sociale Udvalg skulle sikres både på europæisk og nationalt plan.
In CIDA and Others ν Council the Court rejected the argument that representation within the Economic and Social Committee had to be guaranteed both at European and at national level.
Domstolen udtalte, at Rådet i henhold til EØF-Traktatens artikel 195 har vidtgående skønsbeføjelser. Herudover fastslog Domstolen, at det — på grund af udvalgets begrænsede antal pladser — var udelukket, at alle elementer inden for de enkelte socio-ehvervskategorier blev repræsenteret af statsborgere for hver enkelt medlemsstat.
The Council enjoyed a wide measure of discretion in applying Article 195 of the EEC Treaty, and in view of the limited number of seats available there was no way that all the elements from every category of economic and social activity could be represented by nationals from each of the Member States.J