natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
En udvidelse og senere styrkelse af EF gennem nye medlemslandes tiltrædelse vil være et positivt element i udviklingen og et yderligere skridt i retning af et mere vidtstrakt internationalt samarbejde.
The EEC is open to all forms of international cooperation, and this policy facilitates efforts to solve the problems arising in relations between trading countries and particularly in North-South relations.
166 Mælken : Det store hovedbrud for det europæiske landbrug
166 Milk : problem child of european agri culture
177 Foderstofpolitikken : kornsubstitutterne
177 Policy for animal feedingstuff s : the case of cereal "substitutes"
185 Den Fælles landbrugspolitiks bidrag til den økonomiske udvikling i Fællesskabet
185 The contribution of the common agricultural policy to the economic development of the Community
186 Veterinærlovgivningens udvikling
186 The development of veterinary legislation
MEKANISMER I DE FÆLLES MARKEDSORDNINGER FOR LANDBRUGET - ANIMALSKE PRODUKTER
MECHANISMS OF THE COMMON ORGANIZATION OF AGRICULTURAL MARKETS - LIVESTOCK PRODUCTS
Manuskript afsluttet i december 1981
Manuscript finished in December 1981
For at imødekomme et ofte fremsat ønske indeholder "Det grønne Europa" - i to numre - en kort beskrivelse af hovedmekanismerne i de fælles markedsordninger for de vigtigste landbrugsprodukter.
In response to many requests, Green Europe Newsletter is publishing - in two separate issues - short descriptions of the machinery of the common organizations marketing the leading agricultural products in the EEC·
Det drejer sig om en beskrivelse og ikke en økonomisk analyse af disse mekanismer, som - og dette må man gøre sig klart - er en følge af Fællesskabets afgørelser, der ofte er resultatet af kompromis'er mellem medlemsstaternes forskellige opfattelser og interesser.
The presentation is descriptive and no attempt is made to analyse in economic terms this machinery, which, it must be remembered, has been built up as a result of Community decisions many of which represent compromise arrangements between the differing approaches and interests of the Member States·
Oversigt
Table· of contents
A. Oversigt over mejerisektoren
I· The common organization of the markets in milk and milk products
B. Mekanismerne i den fælles markedsordning for mælk og mejeriprodukter
A· General picture of the milk products sector
A. Oversigt over oksekødssektoren
II· The common organization of the markets in beef/veal A· General picture of the beef/veal sector
B. Mekanismerne i den fælles markedsordning for oksekød
B· Beef/veal : the machinery of the common organi- zation
A. Oversigt over sektoren for fåre- og gedekød
A· Overall view of the sheep- and goatmeat sector
B. Mekanismerne i den fælles markedsordning for fårekød
B. Sheep- and goatmeat : the machinery of the common organization on t7
A. Oversigt over svinekødssektoren
B· Pigmeat : the machinery of the common organization
B. Mekanismerne i den fælles markedsordning for svinekød
V» The common organization of the markets in eggs and poultry
A. Oversigt over sektoren for æg og fjerkrækød
A» Overall picture of the eggs and poultry sector
B. Mekanismerne i den fælles markedsordning for æg og fjerkrækød
B· Eggs and poultrymeat : the machinery of the common organization
Bi lag: Oversigt over de vigtigste mekanismer i de fælles markedsordninger - animalske produkter
Annex : Main features of the common organizations of the markets - livestock products
Næsten den samlede landbrugsproduktion i Det europæiske Fællesskab er under lagt fælles markedsordninger.
Por marketing purposes, almost all the European Community's agricultural production comes under what are known as "common organizations·"
Efter at der blev indført fælles regler for fårekød i oktober 1980 er de eneste vigtige sektorer, der endnu ikke er om fattet af fælles markedsordninger, kartofler og alkohol. Forslag om disse to sektorer har i øvrigt i flere år været til drøftelse.
Since the Community's arrangements for sheepmeat entered into force in October 198O, the only important products still not accounted for are potatoes and alcohol, and some years have already been spent on discussion of these two sectors·
Markedsordningerne finder ensartet anvendelse i hele Fællesskabet, men er forskellige, alt efter hvilke produkter der er tale om. Der findes fire ho vedtyper af fælles markedsordninger, der tilsammen dækker mere end 95% af landbrugsproduktionen.
Applied on a uniform basis throughout the Community for each product, the management rules have special features varying according to the characteristics of the various products· There are four main types of common organization, covering altogether more than 95 % of agricultural production·
- Over 70% af produkterne er omfattet af en form for afsætnings- og pris garanti.
- More than 70 % or the products are covered by arrangements providing guarantees, in one form or another, as regards disposal and prices·
For de vigtigste kornarter, sukker, mejeriprodukter, oksekød og siden 1980 fårekød anvendes der et interventionssystem, hvorved interven- tionsorganerne, når markedspriserne falder under et bestemt prisniveau, er pligtige til at opkøbe de mængder, der tilbydes dem, til denne pris med henblik på oplagring.
Por the main cereals, sugar, milk products, beef/veal, and, since 198O, sheepmeat, an intervention system is operated : whenever market prices fail to match a given price, intervention agencies must buy in, at that price, all quantities offered by storers.
For andre produkter - svinekød, visse frugter og grønsager, bordvin - har markedsstøtten i praksis form af mere fleksible foranstaltninger, såsom oplagringsstøtte, producentsammenslutningers tilbagekøb og støtte til de stillation.
The agencies sell them again when the market recovers or try to find another outlet, for example by export· For other products - pigmeat, certain fruits and vegetables, table wines - market support is based, in practice, on more flexible measures, like storage aid, withdrawals by producers* groups and distilla· tion aids·
Fællesskabets produktion mod de skiftende forhold på verdensmarkedet ved hjælp af for eksempel told eller importafgifter, der på en vis måde er en variabel told. Anvendelsen af dem begge kan eventuelt begrænses til visse perioder af året.
- Supplementary aids are granted to a number of products : durum wheat, olive oil, certain oilseeds, and tobacco· These aids, confined to products of which the Community consumes more than it produces, enable consumer prices to be kept relatively low while ensuring a minimum income
- Supplerende støtte ydes for en række produkter som hård hvede, olivenolie, visse olieholdige planter og tobak.
They may be combined with certain forms of price or disposi to producers· guarantees·
En fast støtte pr. hektar eller beregnet på grundlag af de producerede mængder anvendes kun for nogle få produkter, hvoraf produktionen er be grænset, for eksempel bomuldsfrø, hør, hamp, humle, silkeorme, frø og tørret foder.
Plat-rate aids paid by the hectare or by quantity produced are paid for only a few products the scale of production of which is small : cottonseed, flax, hemp, hops, silkworms, seeds, and dried fodder·
Men hvor forskellige de fælles markedsordninger for de forskellige produk ter end er, er målene, de grundlæggende principper og forvaltningen baseret på et og samme princip.
But however diversified the mechanisms of the common organizations for the various products, the objectives, the fundamental principles and management are all based on a single approach·
- en forøget produktivitet
- improved productivity,
- en rimelig indkomst for producenterne, især ved salget af deres produktion
- equitable incomes for farmers, mainly achieved through the sale of their production,
- markedsstabilitet og forsyningssikkerhed
- market stability and reliable supplies for the markets,
- rimelige priser for forbrugerne.
- reasonable consumer prices·
De fælles markedsordninger bygger på følgende principper:
The following principles are those underlying the common organizations :
Told, tilsvarende afgifter eller støtte, der foi— vrider konkurrencen, er afskaffet. Dette forudsætter endvidere indførelsen af fælles priser, harmonisering af de administrative, sundhedsmæssige og veterinære regler, fælles kvalitetsnormer samt stabile valutakurser;
- a single market is set up, i.e. products may be moved unhindered within the Community· Customs duties, equivalent charges or subsidies distorting competition are not allowed· This also entails the introduction of common prices, the harmonization of administrative, health protection and veterinary regulations, common quality standards, and stable currency parities;
- fælles økonomisk ansvar indebærer solidaritet mellem Fællesskabets for skellige områder og er en forudsætning for, at de fælles markedsordnin ger kan fungere i praksis. Dette søges tilvejebragt via Den europæiske udviklings- og garantifond for Landbruget (EUGFL).
­ common financial_res£onsibilitv_ is the practical expression of solidarity between the various regions of the Community and enables the common orga­nizations to be operated as such· The key instrument for this is the European Agricultural Guidance and Guarantee Pund (EAGGP)·
For visse landbrugsprodukter, som der findes et særlig stort overskud af, er der indført et finansielt medansvar for producenterne under forskellige former. Det drejer sig især om mejeri- og sukkersektoren.
For certain agricultural products of which surpluses build up easily — mainly milk products and sugar ­ the principle of the financial "co­responsibility" of producers has been introduced in various forms.
Man kan skelne mellem priser, hvis vigtigste mål er at regulere Fællesskabets interne marked (indikativpriser, orienteringspriser, interventionspriser ...) og priser, der hovedsageligt skal sikre beskyttelsen og fællesskabspræferen cen over for tredjelandsmarkeder (tærskelpriser, slusepriser ...).
Some prices are fixed with the main objective of controlling the Community's internal market (target prices, guide prices, intervention prices, etc·) while others have the main aim of ensuring Community protection and prefe­rence vis­à­vis external markets (threshold prices, sluicegate!prices, etc·)·
Da der ikke findes en fælles europæisk valuta, fastsættes disse priser i ECU, en fælles regningsenhed, der kun kan fungere ved stabile pariteter mellem medlemsstaternes valutaer. Den manglende stabilitet i valutakurserne har med ført et forskelligt prisniveau i de enkelte medlemsstater.
In the absence of a single European currency, the prices are denominated in ECUs, the common unit of account, which, if it is to be used properly, presupposes stable parities between the Member States' currencies· Because no such stability has been achieved in practice, price levels are in fact not the same in the various Member States·
På grund af forholdene på valutamarkederne siden 1969 har det været nødvendigt at indføre "monetære udligningsbeløb" (MUB) for at udligne virkningen af
Following the currency difficulties which have occured since 1969ι the authorities have had to introduce "monetary compensatory amounts" (MCAs) to offset, between the various Member States, the impact on the common prices of variations in currency exchange rates· By means of this device, the principle and system of common prices, and with them the principle of the single market, can be kept intact, so that as and when the relation­ships between the currencies become more stable,it will be possible to re­vert automatically to a more fully integrated market· The European Monetary System (EMS), set up in 1979, has enabled the MCAs then existing to be re­duced quite sharply·
MUB gør det muligt at opretholde princippet om og ordningen med fælles priser og dermed enhedsmarkedet og skaber således mulighed for en automatisk tilbagevenden til et mere integreret marked, når forholdet mellem de nationa le valutaer igen bliver mere stabilt.
Under the agricultural policy, a single system for trade across the common external frontiers has been introduced· This system has replaced all the schemes operated by the Member States, including quantitative restrictions· Its aims are :
- at beskytte Fællesskabets landbrugspriser mod import til lavere priser og
- to protect Community agricultural prices against imports at lower prices, and
- at sætte Fællesskabets landbrugsproducenter i stand til at konkurrere på verdensmarkedet.
- to enable Community operators to participate in world trade, but of course international obligations are at the same time complied with.
De væsentligste instrumenter i forbindelse med samhandelen med tredjelande kan opdeles i følgende tre kategorier: afgifter og/eller told ved indførsel på den ene side og restitutioner ved udførsel på den anden side.
The main instruments used for the implementation of the external trade arrangements are only three in number : import levies and/or customs duties, and export refunds·
Landbrugsafgifterne, der fastsættes på grundlag af det prisniveau, der skal opretholdes i Fællesskabet, tager sigte på at neutralisere virkningen af pris udsvingene på verdensmarkedet og dermed stabilisere EF-markedet. Afgiften er en variabel afgift, men dens funktion kan ikke sammenlignes med toldens.
The levies, related to the prices to be maintained within the Community, are designed to neutralize price fluctuations on the world market, and thus to stabilize the EEC markets· The levy is a variable charge and its role cannot be compared with that of the customs duty· If products from non-member countries are offered for import at the common frontier at prices falling short of those fixed by the Community, a levy bridges the gap·
Hvis produkter fra tredjelande importeres til EF's område til priser, der ligger under Fællesskabets, opkræves der en afgift, der er lig med forskellen.
If world supply prices exceed the threshold prices, the Community also has power to charge levies on its own exports in order to prevent European agricultural products being drained out on to the world markets and in order to ensure reasonable prices for Community consumers·
Hvis udbudspriserne på verdensmarkedet ligger over tærskelpriserne, kan Fæl lesskabet pålægge sin egen eksport en afgift for at undgå en massiv eksport af
The export refunds are theoretically "refunds" of the import levies· They are designed to bridge the gap between the internal Community prices and world market prices, so that Community agricultural products can in fact be sold on world markets·
Endvidere bistår rådgivende komiteer, der består af repræsentanter for for skellige erhvervskategorier (producenterne, industrien, handelen, arbejdsta gerne, forbrugerne), Kommissionen ved forvaltningen af landbrugsordningerne.
Advisory committees, bringing together representatives from the various interests concerned (producers, processors, dealers, paid workers, consumers), also assist the Commission in the management of the agricultural markets· kets·
I. DM FÆLLES MAHKEDSORDHIffG FOR MÆLK OG MEJERIPRODUKTER
I. THE COMMON ORGANIZATION OF THE MARKETS IN MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS
Mælkeproduktionen spiller den største rolle i Fællesskabets landbrug og tegner sig for 20% af landbrugsproduktionen.
Milk production is the most important branch of Community agriculture, accounting for 20 % of agricultural production.
Kvægopdrættet (dvs. mælke­ og kødproduktion tilsammen) tegner sig for i alt over 35% af landbrugsproduktionen. Over 1,8 mio landbrugsbedrifter i Fællesskabet, dvs. mere end 1 bedrift ud af 3, producerer mælk.
Cattle farming altogether, i«e· milk production plus beef/veal, represents more than 35 % of agricultural production· More than 1,8 million Community holdings, or more than one in three, producè milk·
Mælkeproduktionen finder især sted på små og mellemstore bedrifter, idet 55% af de mælkeproducerende bedrifter har mindre end 10 køer. Mælkepro­duktionen nåede ca. IO5 mio t i 198O og stiger med ca. 2% om året.
Most milk is produced by small or medium-sized farms : 55 % of dairy farms have less than ten cows· Milk production reached about 105 million tonnes in 198O and increases by about 2 % per year.
En stadig større del af denne mælk (93% i 1979) behandles på mejerier, og mængden af mælk, der passerer gennem mejerierne, vokser med 2­3% om året.
A growing proportion of this milk (93 % in 1979) is processed by dairies, and the quantity of milk sent to dairies in increasing by 2 to 3 % per year.
Antallet af malkekøer er nogenlunde konstant (ca. 25 mio), men'mælkeud­byttet pr. ko er i stadig stigning.
However, the number of dairy cows is fairly stable (about 25 million), the increase in production being almost entirely due to improved yields·
Der er overskud af mælk og mejeriprodukter i Fællesskabet.
The Community produces more milk and milk products than it consumes.
Forbruget af mejeriprodukter pr. indbygger er, hvis man ser bort fra ost og visse friske produkter, stagnerende til trods for et reelt prisfald og indfø­relsen af særlige foranstaltninger til fremme af forbruget, især af smør. Da folketallet i Fællesskabet vokser meget langsomt, stiger det samlede forbrug af mælk og mejeriprodukter kun med en ringe årlig procentsats (0,5%).
Consumption per head of milk products, with the exception of cheeses and certain fresh products, has tended to mark time despite the decline in real prices and special consumption incentives, for example for butter· As the Community's population is increasing only very slowly, total consumption of milk and milk products shows only a very low annual percentage increase (0.5 fo).
Opkøb af smør og skummetmælkspulver til intervention er af afgørende betydning for at støtte priserne på mejeriprodukter. Lagrene af skummet­mælkspulver og smør i Fællesskabet er dog blevet nedbragt betydeligt.
The prices of milk products cannot be supported unless butter and skimmedmilk powder are bought in· However, Community stocks of these two products have of late been scaled down to much more manageable proportions than in the past.
B. Mekanismerne i den falles markedsordning for mælk og mejeriprodukter
Milk and milk products ; the machinery of the common organization
I henhold til de generelle bestemmelser for den fælles landbrugspolitik er der i grundforordningen fastsat en prisordning, en interventionsordning til støtte af det interne marked og en ordning for samhandelen med tredjelande. Endvidere kan der træffes afgørelse om supplerende foran staltninger for at støtte og stabilisere mejerisektoren.
Implementing the general principles of the common agricultural policy, the basic regulations have established a price system, an intervention system (designed to support the internal market) and arrangements for trade with non-«iember countries· Additional measures are designed to support and sta­bilize the milk sector.
- indikativprisen for mælk,
- target price for milk,
De kan endvidere fastsættes i to etaper.
- threshold prices·
a) Indikativpris for mælk
These prices normally enter into force on 1 April, i.e. at the beginning of the milk year, and lapse on 31 March the following year.
Med henblik på at sikre et vist prisniveau for produktionen fastsættes der en indikativpris for mælk, frit leveret forarbejdningsvirksomhed.
To underpin farmgate prices, the Community fixes a target price for milk delivered to dairies· This is the price of milk which Community policy seeks to ensure, for all milk sold by farmers during the milk year, covering outlets on the Community market and external markets.
Den udgør den mælkepris, som det med fællesskabspolitikken tilstræbes at sikre producenterne for den samlede mælkemængde, de sælger i løbet af mejeriåret, under hensyntagen til afsætningsmulighederne på Fællesskabets marked og på verdensmarkedet.
Thus the target price is an objective but not a guarantee· It applies to milk with a fat content of 3·7 i» · It is expressed in ECU, to be converted into national currencies at the agricultural conversion rates ("green rates")· b) Intervention prices
Indikativprisen udgør derfor et mål, men ikke en garanti.
The intervention prices contribute to the achievement of the target price.
Den gælder for mælk, der indeholder 3,7% fedtstof.
The intervention agencies, operating in each Member State , must buy in all products offered to them at the intervention price.
Denne pris udgør normalt markedsprisernes nedre grænse og garanterer således producenterne et vist indkomstniveau.
These prices are normally the lower limit of market prices and thus guaran­tee a minimum income to farmers.
Ordningen gælder for smør og skummetmælkspulver, og den åbner mulighed for afsætning af 2 bestanddele, der indgår i mælken.
As the scheme works for butter and skimmedmilk powier it provides an out­let for the two components of milk.
For Italien, hvor produktionen af ostene Grana-Padano og Parmigiano-Reggiano er grundlæggende for mejerisektoren, er der endvidere fastsat interventionspriser for disse oste med henblik på at yde samme garantier som den, der ved interventionsforanstaltningerne ydes smør og skummetmælkspulver i de øvrige medlemsstater.
For Italy, where production of Grana-Padano and Parmigiano-Reggiano cheeses represents the basis of the dairy products sector, intervention prices for these cheeses are also fixed in order to provide comparable support in Italy to that provided by interven­tion measures for milk and skimmedmilk powder in the other Member States.
Interventionspriserne ligger ikke på et sådant niveau, at mejerierne kan betale producenterne en mælkepris, der helt når op på indikativprisen, for de mængder, som mejerierne tilbyder til intervention.
The intervention prices do not enable the dairies, in respect of the quan­tities they have sent to intervention, to pay farmers a price for their milk fully matching the target price.
Men priserne på de øvrige produkter (konsummælk, friske produkter, ost) på markedet bevirker i almindelighed, at de priser, der faktisk betales mælkeproducenterne, nærmer sig indikativprisen.
But the prices obtained for the other pro­ducts (liquid milk, fresh products, cheeses) on the markets are such that in general the prices actually paid to the milk producers are close to the target price.
De er endog undertiden højere (når der er stor efterspørgsel efter et bestemt produkt), men oftest ligger de en smule under.
They may even exceed this price where demand is heavy for a given product but more often they are a little below it.
På et marked med permanent overproduktion er interventionsprisen i sidste ende afgørende for markedsprisen og dermed for den mælkepris, producenterne får.
On a market bur­dened by permanent over-production, the intervention price eventually de­termines the market price and, consequently, the farmgate price, i.e. what the farmer actually gets.
Interventionspriserne for smør og skummetmælkspulver fastsættes under hensyn til et vist værdiforhold mellem mælkens fedt- og proteinindhold.
The intervention prices for butter and skimmedmilk powder are designed to take account of a certain value relationship between fat content and protein content of milk.
På grundlag af en pris på mælk med 3,7% fedtstof er dette forhold for tiden 55/45 (fedtstof/proteiner).
On the basis of a price for milk with fat content of 3·7%ι the fat/protein ratio is now 55/45· When common prices were first fixed, i.e. for the 1968/69 milk season, the ratio was still 70/3O.
Ved den første fastsættelse af de fælles priser, dvs. for mejeriåret I968/69, var dette forhold 70/3O.
Applied at the external frontier of the Community in respect of imports, the threshold prices are a protection mechanism enabling the prices on the in­ternal market to be brought near to the target price whilst allowing of adequate supplies through imports should there be a shortage or danger of shortage (fuller details are given on this point at paragraph 3, concerning trade).
Tærskelpriserne, der anvendes ved import fra tredjelande, udgør en beskyttelse og tager sigte på, at priserne på det interne marked kan nærme sig indikativprisen for mælk, samtidig med at forsyningen af markedet sikres ved import i tilfælde af knaphed eller ved fare derfor (nærmere redegørelse under pkt. 3 "Ordning for samhandelen").
— or by supporting milk as a raw material by intervention for cheeses or drinking milk (milk for schools).