natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
I 1987 tog Fællesskabet et informationsindsamlingssystem i brug, der fik navnet EHLASS (European Home and Leisure Accident Surveillance System — Det Europæiske Overvågningssystem for Ulykker i Hjemmet og i Fritiden).
Only sustained consumer demand for improved safety will ensure the dynamism of the process, by encouraging producers always to revise upwards the definition of 'best available' safety.
Informationer bliver registreret på datamater på skadestuerne i et repræsentativt udsnit af sygehuse i hele Fællesskabet.
Such progress leads in turn to redefinition of the 'best practical' safety level, on which the standard is based.
Når ordningen er fuldt udbygget, vil ca. halvfems sygehuse deltage. De sender hver måned deres informationer til Luxembourg, hvor de sammenlignes og analyseres.
From product safety to public health
Der er tidligere blevet indført lignende informationssystemer i Det Forenede Kongerige, Nederlandene og De Forenede Stater, og andre lande er fulgt efter.
Lethal products and serious accidents are the extreme cases, the priority concerns which are bound to preoccupy a consumer policy in the early stages of its development.
Det er imidlertid EF-Kommissionens opfattelse, at størrelsesordenen og den avancerede karakter af dens system vil sætte den i stand til at yde et enestående bidrag til forebyggelse af ulykker på verdensplan.
One of the difficulties faced by advocates of consumer welfare is that their cause has become identified with the great confrontations that characterized its rise to prominence in the 1950s and 1960s (Mr Ralph Nader versus the automobile industry, versus the advertising industry, etc.).
Det kan ske ved klart at anvise prioriterede områder for aktioner og give mulighed for at basere strategien på et pålideligt medicinsk dokumentationsmateriale frem for rene gisninger.
Consumer lobbyists and industry representa tives alike are apt to cling to that stereotype, to the detriment of each group's interests.
Informationsindsamlingssystemet dækker alle ulykker i hjemmet, hvad enten de skyldes produkter eller adfærd.
The truth is that, although there are still battles to be fought, consumer policy must be prepared to take on less dramatic issues, which are no less important for the welfare of consumers.
At indføre en sondring på overvågningsstadiet ville gøre opgaven mere kompliceret og begrænse værdien af informationen unødigt. Resultaterne lader sig derfor
In the field of safety, that means dealing with those risks that arise, not from a single consu-
ikke alene anvende til at imødegå farer ved varer og tjenesteydelser, men tillige til i almindelighed at nedbringe antallet af ulykker, som kunne have været undgået, uanset årsag.
mer transaction, but from the cumulative effects of certain habits of consumption: it entails in effect a concern with health as well as with safety.
Man behøver næppe at give nogen anden begrundelse for ønsket om at forhindre »private« ulykker, end at det vil formindske summen af menneskelig lidelse. Det indebærer imidlertid også uhyre potentielle økonomiske fordele i form af øget produktivitet (ulykker i den private sfære i Fællesskabet bevirker, at omkring tre millioner arbejdstagere hvert år må forsømme deres arbejde i perioder på sytten arbejdsdage i gennemsnit) samt lavere udgifter til det offentlige sundhedsvæsen.
We have already noted that the Community regulates the use of additives in food products: this regulation, like most of the safety measures of the Community and the Member States, is product-based, reflecting its origins in the concern to secure freedom of agricultural trade.
Sundheds- og socialsikringstjenester, som kan bruge færre midler på at behandle ulykker og koncentrere flere af deres ressourcer om egentlig sygdomsbehandling, er mere fordelagtige for forbrugeren som skatteborger.
The development of a fully-fledged consumer policy entails evaluating products and practices in all sectors of production in relation to the only valid touchstone: the health and safety of the individual consumer.
Programmer for ulykkesforebyggelse er sjældne inden for den offentlige udgiftspolitik, skønt der er mulighed for at forbedre livskvaliteten og spare penge på samme tid.
In that analysis the final judgement can be made only by the consumer.
Børn udgør helt naturligt en primær målgruppe for ulykkesforebyggende aktiviteter: halvtreds procent af alle hjemmeulykker implicerer børn og unge under nitten år.
Regulation can and must remove certain dangers, particularly in the early development of the policy, but the purpose thereafter must be to measure the risk rather than to remove it.
Opfattelsen af, at ethvert samfund har pligt til at beskytte børn, er så dybt forankret — og den sorg, som et barns lidelser eller død forvolder, så lammende — at det næppe er nødvendigt at fremkomme med en økonomisk begrundelse for foranstaltninger, der har til formål at beskytte børn.
Once the health and safety implications of the use of a product are analysed, the information must be conveyed as effectively as possible to the consumer, who may then assess the risks involved in his or her own patterns of consumption and decide whether to change them.
Men der findes faktisk tungtvejende økonomiske grunde: tabet af et ungt liv er ensbetydende med tabet for økonomien af mere end fyrre års potentielt produktivt arbejde; børneulykker medfører en forholdsmæssigt større belastning af sundhedsvæsenet osv.
'Consumer protection', as already noted, is a misnomer: the purpose is not so much to protect consumers as to give them the means of protecting themselves.
Den mest indlysende måde, hvorpå man kan anvende viden fra ulykkesanalyse, er regulering af salget af produkter med en uacceptabel risiko.
As long as Article 36 of the EEC Treaty gives Member States the right to restrict imports of each other's goods in order to satisfy essential health and safety requirements, the only practical way to outlaw such restrictions is to establish that the requirements in question are met by the health and safety regulations of each State: then it will no longer be legitimate for imports from a Community country to be refused by another Member State on health or safety grounds.
Et fællesskabsdirektiv af 19769) indeholder bestemmelser om forbud mod og begrænsninger i salg og anvendelse af opregnede stoffer og præparater, som betragtes som farlige.
The legislative strategy adopted by the Community since 1985 consists there fore of identifying essential health and safety requirements for products and groups of products and enshrining these requirements in Community directives, with which national regulations must comply.
Den oprindelige liste over stoffer, for hvilke der er fastsat regler om forbud eller begrænsninger (polykloreret bifenyl, PCT, vinylklorid i aerosoler) er igennem årene blevet udvidet til også at omfatte stoffer som TRIS i tekstiler, benzol i legetøj, asbest osv. I andre direktiver fastsættes sikkerhedskrav for specifikke grupper af produkter: levnedsmidler, medicinalvarer, kosmetik, elektrisk udstyr osv.
Under the Single European Act, which came into force in 1987, these directives are to be adopted by qualified majority vote in the Council of Ministers, not by unanimous agreement as before The first consumer legislation to be adopted in this way is the directive on toy safety, due for adoption in 1988, '° which follows the model we outlined in Chapter 2, imposing the requirement that toys be safe, but leaving the definition of specific safety standards to the confederation of national standardization organizations, CEN.
Fællesskabets myndighed til at forbyde bestemte produkter og ingredienser er af meget væsentlig betydning for at eliminere visse klart definerede risici, men forbud er et stumpt in strument, der kun er af begrænset værdi for forbrugernes velfærd i al almindelighed.
A directive of this kind is a flexible tool, doing away with the need for constant and laborious updating of Community legislation in line with technical developments.
For det første er proceduren for tilføjelse af nye stoffer til den »sorte liste« både langsom og besværlig.
Such sector-by-sector (or 'vertical') legislation can cover essential safety requirements for the products or categories of products in question.
Hver gang listen udvides, skal et nyt direktiv, der ændrer det oprindelige, gen-
We have already seen how the Community's activities in the field of safety are not limited to specific products: such measures as the systems for rapid exchange of information and for
') Direktiv 76/769, De Europæiske Fællesskabers Tidende L 262, 1976, s. 201
At the time of publication, the adoption procedure under Article 149 (2) of the EEC Treaty is not yet complete.
nemgå alle stadierne i Fællesskabets lovgivningsproces (forslag fra Kommissionen, høring af Det Økonomiske og Sociale Udvalg og Europa-Parlamentet, Rådets afgørelse).
monitoring of accidents are 'horizontal' in nature.
Dette tager alt for lang tid til, at det er muligt at reagere hurtigt og fleksibelt på farer, der pludseligt opstår på markedet.
There is also a directive of 1985 " which makes general provision for manufacturers' liability for defective products (see Chapter 4).
En anden komplikation skyldes, at det kun sjældent er hævet over enhver tvivl, at der bør nedlægges forbud.
This measure provides for compensation for injury to consumers and in that way provides an incentive to manufacturers to improve safety standards.
Selve den kendsgerning, at et produkt er blevet bragt i handelen, betyder, at det angiveligt frembyder en eller anden fordel for køberen, som må afvejes mod risikoen.
It needs to be complemented by a more direct general measure to prevent defective products from going on the market in the first place.
Det er sjældent muligt helt at eliminere risikoen: eksempelvis anses asbest og DDT stadig for at være nødvendige til visse formål, hvor fordelen vejer tungere end faren.
Such a measure would at last fulfil the purpose stated in the first consumer action programme of 1975:
Der vil altid være behov for, at produkter, der frembyder en uacceptabel trussel, hurtigt kan fjernes fra markedet, men de fleste produkter, der mistænkes, kan aldrig uden videre opføres på den sorte liste.
'Goods and services offered to consumers must be such that, under normal or foreseeable conditions of use, they present no risk to health or safety of consumers.
I stedet kræver de, at der sker en klar evaluering af deres fordele og eventuelle risici, således at der kan træffes velovervejede beslutninger om, under hvilke omstændigheder det er berettiget at bruge dem.
There should be quick and simple procedures for withdrawing them from the market in the event of their presenting such risks.' '2
Uacceptable produktrisici må elimineres, således at forbrugeren kan opsøge markedet uden unødig frygt.
In 1987 the Council of Ministers asked the European Commission to draw up proposals for a general safety directive.
Det er ikke forbrugerpolitikkens opgave at sikre en hundrede procents beskyttelse, der hverken er mulig eller ønskværdig, men at udvikle et system for risikoevaluering, hvorefter den endelige beslutning kan træffes af en velinformeret og ansvarlig forbruger.
As envisaged by the Commission, such a measure would impose a general obligation on manufacturers, distributors and importers to market only products that are safe; it would also oblige them to carry out surveillance of the markets for their consumer products and to supply information, as well as to take action whenever serious and immediate consumer risks arise.
Dette fører til spørgsmålet om, hvad der udgør en »uacceptabel« risiko, som kan elimineres ved hjælp af regulering, inden det overlades til forbrugerne selv at vurdere andre farer.
There is wide agreement among governments, consumer organizations and legal experts that the Community needs such a directive.
For at kunne besvare det må vi nærmere overveje, på hvilken måde hensynet til personlig sikker hed indgår i forbrugernes købsbeslutninger.
The justification is the familiar one which is at the heart of EEC consumer policy: the need to secure adequate protection of the individual without erecting technical barriers to trade.
Kun i de mest ekstreme tilfælde fremtræder problemet vedrørende produktsikkerhed som et spørgsmål om liv eller død.
Governments, as they have become more aware of the dangers faced by the individual in private life and of the sound moral and economic reasons for diminishing them, have begun to enact general safety legislation.
Hvis et tilsætningsstof til levnedsmidler vides at være giftigt, eller en tekstilvare vides at indeholde et kræftfremkaldende kemisk stof, vil forbrugeren ikke have vanskeligt ved at bestemme sig til at skifte til et alternativt produkt.
This provides a framework for subsequent rapid response to risks, without the need to pass each time through all the stages of the legislative process.
Så enkelt er det sjældent at træffe en beslutning. I realiteten giver markedet ikke forbrugeren valget mellem to kategorier af produkter, hvoraf det ene er farligt og det andet risikofrit.
The United States and Japan have had such legislation since the early 1970s; inside the Community, half of the member countries have enacted it and four others are at various stages in the drafting of measures; similar laws have been prepared in other industrialized countries (Austria, Australia, Canada, Finland, Norway, New Zealand and Sweden).
Det er snarere et spørgsmål om varierende grader af risiko: alt hvad der kan købes, lige fra en medicinsk specialitet til en stige eller en blyant, er potentielt farligt i visse situationer.
The move towards legislation of this kind is obviously desirable from the consumer's point of view — except in so far as it threatens the completion of the internal market.
Beslutningen om at købe indebærer, at forbrugeren vurderer risikoen, afvejer den og andre ulemper mod de fordele, som produktet frembyder, og i lyset heraf overvejer, om han vil betale den forlangte pris.
The difficulty arises because the national measures, although broadly similar in approach, differ from each other in many important respects: some include services, some do not; the range of products covered varies according to the number in each country for which alternative, specific, legislation is provided; the conditions of use under which products must be safe are defined in various ways (normal conditions, conditions reasonably foreseeable by a professional etc.); powers to suspend the marketing of dangerous products also vary.
Evalueringen af risikoen foregår ikke isoleret.
The emergence in this
beskyttelse, kan gøre dette, medens den kunde, der har færre penge at give ud, kan bestemme sig til at leve med risikoen. Det enkelte individs frihed til at træffe sådanne beslutninger udgør en væsentlig bestanddel af det frie marked.
way of divergent safety legislation threatens to create a whole new set of barriers to the circulation of goods within the Community, in direct contradiction of the aim of creating a single market by the end of 1992.
Det ville være umuligt at give fuld sikkerhed i alle situationer ved hjælp af udstedelse af forskrifter - et forsøg herpå ville være at krænke den personlige frihed.
For the achievement ofthat aim, it is essential that general safety legislation be enacted at Community level rather than by individual governments.
I begge tilfælde bedømmer de den pågældende risikomargin som for lille til at være årsag til, at de må undvære at have bil.
Consumer policy must cross borders
Bestemmelsen af, hvad der udgør en acceptabel eller uacceptabel risiko, varierer alt efter forbrugerens økonomiske situation og hans lands velstandsniveau.
One important step towards proper coordination of consumer safety measures was the warning system introduced in 1984, under which any government which has decided to take urgent action to control the marketing or use of a product must inform the European Commission, which in turn informs the other Member States.
Dette giver vanskeligheder for Det Europæiske Fællesskab, der for øjeblikket må søge at forlige de synspunkter, som anlægges af lande med vidt forskellige økonomiske udviklingsniveauer. Man kan illustrere problemet ved at henvise til eksemplet ovenfor. En dag vil teknologiske forbedringer reducere udgiften til edb-styrede bremsesystemer, således at langt de fleste bilister vil have råd hertil.
Information about the reported risk is disseminated throughout the Community through various networks of contacts specializing in different categories of product, so that other occurrences of the same risk can be rapidly identified and action taken as national governments see fit.
I et eller to af de mere velstående lande vil der kunne opnås enighed om, at brugen af konventionelle bremser ikke længere er berettiget, eftersom det er så billigt at undgå den dermed forbundne risiko.
The information is not necessarily made available to the public: it may be kept secret if the government supplying it so requests and if this can be justified.
Disse lande ville så være rede til at vedtage sikkerhedsstandarder for motordrevne køretøjer, der indbygger den nye teknologi.
The system covers consumer products in general, including foodstuffs, but it excludes products for professional use and products such as medicines for which Community law already provides formal notification procedures.
Mindre velstående lande ville imidlertid være længere om at nå frem til samme enighed: også at pålægge dem at indføre de nye standarder for tidligt ville fratage mange af deres borgere muligheden for at eje en bil.
It has been used to good effect in such cases as serious outbreaks of food poisoning and the discovery of chemicals illegally added to wine, as well as providing the channels for gathering information following the nuclear disaster at Chernobyl in the Soviet Union in 1986.
Fællesskabet skal undgå forskelle med hensyn til tekniske standarder, der lægger hindringer i vejen for samhandelen mellem medlemsstaterne.
In a free market, such a flow of information is vital if serious consumer hazards are to be avoided without disrupting or distorting trade.
Hvordan kan det da forlige de indbyrdes modstridende krav, som stilles af velstående lande, hvor der forlanges meget strenge sikker hedsstandarder, og de mindre velstående lande, som sådanne standarder ville være alt for kostbare for og derfor faktisk ville forringe livskvaliteten?
Improvements are required: in particular, the Community countries must decide to what extent the information-gathering process can continue to be organized through national government channels.
Skal den mindre strenge standard være almindeligt gældende? Svaret er, at det er nødvendigt at gå på kompromis.
If consumer safety policy in the Community is to be based on agreed definitions of the essential requirements, then there is a need for some uniform assessment of reported risks in the light of those require ments.
Det ville være uretfærdigt at gennemtvinge et krav, som kun de rige har råd til.
Can uniform evaluation be provided by the governments themselves, whose assess ments are bound to be weighted by other considerations of national interest?
Men dette betyder ikke, at forbrugeren i det rige land får sin velfærd forringet.
Will the evidence to support the prohibition of a product not appear stronger to any government if imports rather than exports are affected?
For det første har denne forbruger langt mere at vinde ved gennemførelsen af Det Indre Marked end ved den »beskyttelse«, som ydes af en specifik lovgivning eller produktstandard.
Should the Community not be involved in assess ment of the risk from the moment it is suspected, rather than being called in only if and when the national authorities have decided to act?
For det andet er indførelsen af obligatoriske sikkerhedsstandarder ikke den eneste måde at beskytte forbrugeren på. Lad os for sidste gang vende tilbage til vor hypotese baseret på bilsikkerhed.
At the moment, the surveillance and enforcement of safety requirements is carried out by the Member States; it is national governments which authorize and control the marketing of products, in accordance with Community rules, where these exist; where Community law provides for product sampling and testing, it is the governments which collect the data (except in regard to meat hygiene).
Det er ikke nødvendigt for bilisten i det rige land, at man forbyder hans lokale bilforhandler at sælge importerede biler af ringere kvalitet.
In some areas of EEC policy the Community does employ its own inspectors, but a full Community control system for product hazards would be a major new departure.
Dette forudsætter dog, at salgsannoncerne for disse biler er ærlige, — at de indeholder en utvetydig angivelse af deres specifikationer, — at bilerne ikke er behæftet med mangler, der frembyder en usædvanlig fare under normal brug, — og at den eventuelle køber har let adgang til en objektiv analyse af fordelene ved henholdsvis den gamle og den nye teknologi.
Governments may decide that, for maximum efficiency and objectivity, they should consign to a supranational body the information-gathering and assessment functions associated with product safety.
Fremfor alt bør man holde sig for øje, at det ikke er ved en regulering, at man opnår reelle forbedringer med hensyn til sikkerhed og andre aspekter af produktkvalitet.
contrary, best exercised at national or local level.
Der er ikke behov for et marked, hvor producenterne hele tiden skeler til en sikkerhedsstandard, der kan accepteres som et absolut minimum.
In matters such as this, where there is a need for rapid responses to local problems, centralization of power at Community level would not make sense.
Det er ved at skabe sådanne markedsvilkår, at de mere velstående medlemsstater vil kunne sikre en konstant forbedring af sikkerheden, samtidig med at de bibeholder sikkerhedsstandarder som en væsentlig betryggelse for forbrugeren.
The level of government at which action is taken should always be the lowest level at which that action can be effective: it will always be for the national government or the local authority to respond immediately to emergencies.
I de fattigere lande eller i lande, hvor der af en eller anden grund er sket en meget langsom udvikling af forbrugerpolitikken, vil sikker hedsstandarden derimod — fordi den udgør mere af en udfordring for producenterne — anspore dem til at opnå forbedringer.
There must be independent Community assessment of the emergency and evaluation of the national action taken — but any correction judged necessary will have to take place after the event.
Nogle landes sikkerhedsstandarder kan muligvis ligge uden for fabrikanternes rækkevidde i andre medlemsstater — og følgelig være for strenge til at blive vedtaget som fællesskabsstandarder. Inden for rammerne af det marked, som standarderne er blevet fastsat for, er de imidlertid ifølge sagens natur tilbøjelige til at bevare status quo.
The potential benefits of a comprehensive product safety system are manifold: an increase in consumer confidence, with the knowledge that mechanisms exist to deal with dangers; the attendant spur to the economy, as supply and demand interact more efficiently; the improved competitiveness of European exports as they secure a reputation for safety.
De er baseret på sikkerhedsniveauer, som fabrikanterne allerede har opnået. De fremkommer pr. definition som følge af en eller anden enighed blandt de interesserede parter, en enighed, som producenterne antagelig inden for en overskuelig fremtid vil have uforholdsmæssigt stor indflydelse på.
The only price Member States will be asked to pay will be to give up the right unilaterally to refuse imports from each other by claiming that they are dangerous — in future such claims would be subject to impartial scrutiny, to ensure that the safety concern involved is a genuine one, according to the agreed criteria set down in the general safety directive.