natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Men kan altså med sikkerhed hævde, at fagbevægelsen som helhed fortsat går kraftig ind for princippet om frie og omfattende kollektive overenskomstforhandlinger. linger.
These worker directors can be active trade unionists in the steel industry. It is to be assumed that they normally will be.
Gældende lov og praksis
In this form the scheme has not been running long enough for an estimate of its effects to be made.
Dele af Industrial Relations Aet 1971 (lov om arbejdsmarkedets forhold) blev udformet med henblik på at fremme effektive kollektive overenskomstforhandlinger samt for at bibringe processen og de resulterende aftaler en mere specifik retlig karakter.
As for the private sector, participation in the decision making bodies of a company or enter prise is almost unknown, being confined to a few special organizations such as the John Lewis Partnership, and the Scott Bader Common wealth.
regulation«), som blev drøftet i forbindelse med kollektive overenskomstforhandlinger.
companies though it does not oppose their appointment under existing law.'
«Konsultation betyder fælles undersøgelse og drøftelse af problemer, der er af interesse for både ledelse og arbejdstagere.
Similarly, the Stock Exchange has indicated opposition in principle to the election of directors by employees," and the Engineering Employers Federation has rejected the idea as being 'premature' and 'unacceptable'.'
Den indebærer, at der søges opnået gensidigt acceptable løsninger ved en reel udveksling af synspunkter og oplysninger.«
The City Company Law Committee has also indicated its opposition to the imposition at the present time of a legal requirement that all or some compa nies should have employee directors, preferring that companies should be left free to experiment with various forms of employee participation, and indeed should be encouraged to do so.6Similar views have been expressed by a British Institute of Management working party.' decisions.
Normalt gennemførtes konsultationer gennem samarbejdsudvalgene (works councils).
Specified decisions affecting the structure of the enterprise and appointments to the management board would require the consent of the employee representatives.
En ud vikling i større omfang går tilbage til første verdenskrig og den impuls, som udgjordes af betænkningerne fra den såkaldte "Whitley Committee i 1917 og 1918.
More over, these representatives would be responsible to trade union members in the firm rather than to shareholders or even the company.
Samarbejdsudvalgene kræves ikke oprettet ifølge lov, og de er sædvanligvis blevet oprettet som et resultat af ledelsens initiativ, men undertiden som et resultat af et fagforenings- eller arbejdstagerinitiativ, eller endog som et resultat af en kollektiv aftale. Man forsøgte tidligere at skelne skarpt mellem konsultationer gennem samarbejdsudvalget eller et andet organ og forhandlinger gennem fagf oreningssystemet med henblik på oprettelsen af kollektive overenskomster.
However at the TUC Congress, a resolution to adopt the final report of the General Council, which did not differ in its essentials from the interim report, was passed only together with another resolution rejecting the mandatory imposition of supervisory boards with worker directors, recognizing the primacy of collective bargaining and calling for a more flexible approach giving statutory backing to the right to negotiate on major issues such as forward planning of man power rationalization, but relating the control more directly to collective bargaining machinery.
Dette var hovedsageligt resultatet af, at fagforeningerne forestillede sig, at samarbejdsudvalget kunne bruges til at underminere deres position.
The passage of this resolution cast doubt upon the way in which policy in the labour movement as a whole would develop.
For så vidt angår fremtiden er Labour-rege-ringens stilling noget usikker.
The Liberal Party on the other hand is firmly in favour of shared control through the election of directors and works councils.
I 1973 krævede premierminister Wilson i en offentlig udtalelse »et system af valgte samarbejdsudvalg i fabrikker med mindst 100 ansatte«2), men Labourpartiet har ikke formelt forpligtet sig til at fremsætte forslag om medarbejderindflydelse.
For companies employing between fifty and two hundred per sons tnere would be a single board of directors, elected by workers and shareholders in equal proportions.
I sit nylige valgprogram lovede det blot »at gennemføre lovgivning med henblik på at fremme vore planer om en radikal udvidelse af industrielt demokrati«3).
For companies employing more than two hundred, there would be a supervisory board, directly elected by shareholders and employees in equal proportions, to appoint and supervise a management board."
TUC mener, at »der i almindelighed ikke vil være større brug for adskilte konsultationssystemer«, men at »alle forbedringer inden for industrielt demokrati bør baseres på en enkelt kommunikations kanal«4), dvs. fagforeningerne.
In early August 1975, the Labour Government announced that legislation to put worker directors on the boards of private-sector companies is to be introduced during the Parliamentary ses sion of 1976 to 1977.
TUC accep terer imidlertid, at der kan forekomme vigtige undtagelser fra dette princip, f.eks. med hensyn til internationale selskaber i almindelighed og europæiske aktieselskaber i særdeleshed5).
In the meantime, a committee of inquiry has been set up to advise on how best to achieve this, given tne essential role of trade union organization in the process. At the same time, the Government will examine the role of the employees in relation to decision making in the nationalized industries.
Denne skelnen mellem forhandlinger og konsultationer har imidlertid altid været noget uvirkelig, og efter en nedgangsperiode i 50'erne er konsultationsprocessen igen begyndt at gøre sig gældende, idet man har taget skyldigt hensyn til fagforeningernes mistro til de for melle og adskilte mekanismer.
The Conservative Party while in office never announced its attitude to employee directors but it was reported that while not opposed to experiments, it was not in favour of general legislation prescribing employee directors, prefer ring in general the concept of works councils.'
Der, hvor fagforeningerne ikke er virksomme, kan der således stadig findes samarbejdsudvalg som repræsentation for arbejdstagerne som helhed, og de kan være sammensat på en række forskel lige måder.
As we have seen, in the last election the party opted for a duty to consult but with methods left open and flexible.
På den anden side, er der, hvor fagforeningerne er virksomme, en tiltagende tendens til, at de fælles konsultationer er baseret på fagforeningerne og til, at der i de tilfælde kun eksisterer en enkelt kanal for konsultationer og forhandling1).
The preference for consultation, as opposed to representation on the board, is consistent with attitudes expressed generally on the right, with certain limited excep tions.2Thus, the CBI has stated that worker directors should not be imposed on British
Observer, 18. marts 1973. 3) Labour Party Manifesto. Oktober 1974 s. 13. 4) Industrial Democracy, op. cit., s. 29. 5) Ibid, s. 3.
View, 1973.
være virksningsfulde uden at støde TUCx).
Share and profit participation
I det seneste konservative valgprogram2) lovede tioner. Dette har ført til den praksis, at fagforeningsfolk, som ikke længere er aktive eller i det mindste ikke er aktive i den pågældende industrigren, er blevet udnævnt.
Present law and practices substantial risk for workpeople if the result is that an employee's total savings are invested in one company; will do little to reduce real in equality of wealth; and cannot be applied to the public sector.
De udnævnte medlemmer er på ingen måde repræ sentanter for arbejdstagerne i virksomheden, men repræsenterer arbejdskraftens interesser i bredere forstand.
However, both the TUC and the Labour Party are investigating the possibility of a form of capital sharing at national level based on a national fund, possibly to be administered through the union movement.'
man at pålægge alle store og mellemstore firmaer en pligt til at konsultere arbejdstager repræsentanter om en lang række emner, der strakte sig fra disciplinære foranstaltninger og fremgangsmåder ved afskedigelse samt for anstaltninger vedrørende personaleindskrænkninger til arbejdsmetoder og ordninger vedrørende andel i overskud og aktier.
Official surveys carried out in 1912, 1920 and 1956' indicated that somewhat more than half of the schemes started had been abandoned due to lack of profit or to dissatisfaction and apathy among employees.2The average life for abandoned schemes was eight years and for continuing schemes twelve to fourteen years. Most schemes result from management initiative and are more in the nature of production incentive schemes than true programmes for participation.
Man ønsker at lade de enkelte metoder og fremgangsmåder være så fleksible som muligt.
The schemes remain for the most part firmly in the control of management and are for the ultimate benefit of the non-employed share holders.
Imidlertid er der for nylig i British Steel Corporation blevet indført et mere vidtrækkende system med henblik på udnævnelse af arbejder nes medlemmer i sammenslutningens enkelte bestyrelser.
The Conservative Party has not adopted profit and share participation as a part of its programme though it can be assumed that it is in no way opposed to schemes of a voluntary kind.
Systemet har ikke en lovmæssig baggrund og udgør i sin nuværende form en finjustering efter aftale mellem BSC-bestyrelsen og TUCs udvalg for stålindustrien.
Similarly, neither the CBI, nor the Stock Exchange nor employers' associations have either proposed any substantial developments or expressed opposition to existing practices.
Disse medarbejderbestyrelsesmedlemmer kan være aktive fagforeningsfolk i stålindustrien, og det må de normalt antages at ville være.
The CBI regards such schemes as desirable options which should not be made mandatory.
I denne form har systemet ikke været i kraft længe nok til, at dets virkninger kan bedømmes.
They also add a word of warning against the promotion of situations in which an employee has the bulk of his savings tied up in the company which employs him.4
Confederation of British Industry (CBI) har ligeledes angivet, at man går ind for at udvikle konsultationerne, men synes at være imod indførelsen af ethvert obligatorisk system, der vil kunne gribe forstyrrende ind i fast praksis for kollektive overenskomstforhandlinger3).
The Liberal Party is committed to a proposal that all employees should by law be entitled to share in company profits and capital.7Similar ideas have been put forward by several commentators for some years.
Hverken det konservative parti eller CBI har indtil nu anset samarbejdsudvalg eller bedrifts råd for mere end konsultative organer. Der har ikke været fremsat forslag om, at sådanne udvalg skulle have medbestemmelsesret.
Some have envisaged a scheme whereby the shareholders would be bought out gradually, leaving those working in the enterprise whether as managers or in some other capacity as joint owners.8Others envi-
For så vidt angår den private sektor, er repræ sentation i et selskabs eller en virksomheds beslutningstagende organer næsten ukendt, idet en sådan repræsentation er begrænset til nogle få særlige organisationer som f.eks. John Lewis Partnership og Scott-Bader Commonwealth. monwealth.
There have been exceptions to this general pic ture. Organizations have been constituted in a way which gives the employees the benefits of the ownership of shares both as regards profits and control.
Det liberale parti går ind for ideen om tvungent valg af samarbejdsudvalg i alle større virksom heder.
1Ministry of Labour Reports on Co-partnership of 1912 (Cd.
Disse udvalg skulle repræsentere alle arbejdstagere.
6496), 1920 (Cmd 544) and 1956.
De skulle kombinere konsultationer og forhandlinger med visse medbestemmelsesrettigheder4).
2Company Law and Capitalism, by T. Hadden, 1972, pp.423 to 427.
I 1973 forelagde fem ledende liberale parlamentsmedlemmer deres eget forslag til lov om samarbejdsudvalg for at give deres forslag eftertryk5).
1For detailed accounts see Participation in Industry, by Gordon Brown, 1972. 4industrial Democracy, op. cit., p. 36. s Industrial Democracy, op. cit., p. 35.
Gældende lov og praksis
Capital and
I den offentlige sektor har det siden den anden verdenskrig været almindelig praksis at sørge for, at bestyrelsen i nationaliserede industri virksomheder havde mulighed for, at en person med fagforeningsbaggrund blev medlem, og sådanne udnævnelser er blevet foretaget.
As for the future, the traditional type of profit and asset sharing scheme does not form part of the Labour Government's plans.
Man har samtidig normalt sørget for, at der ikke udnævnes personer, hvis interesser vil kunne påvirke udøvelsen af den pågældendes funk
It should be noted that in the opinion of the TUC, 'company-based schemes of co-ownership and profit sharing are discredited'."
indebære betydelige ændringer af selskabslovgivningen og af vedtægterne for nationaliserede industrier og offentlige tjenester1).
Company structure sage the shareholders becoming in effect fixed interest creditors, and again being gradually dominated by employee shareholders.'
Ved tagelsen af denne resolution sår tvivl om, hvorledes arbejderbevægelsens politik som hel hed vil udvikle sig.
However, in recent years, proposals have come from several quarters to make them members in some sense or other.
begyndende med de største, skulle have en todelt struktur, og hvor halvdelen af medlem merne i tilsynsrådet (supervisory board) udpegedes gennem fagforbundene.
The general law in force in the United Kingdom at the present time neither requires nor prohibits the setting up of a two tier system of administration for limited liability companies.
Hårdknudesituationer skulle løses ved hjælp af en formand med afgørende stemme, som valgtes i fællesskab eller som pertarne skiftedes til at stille.
The main requirements of the law are simply that all companies must have one director, that all public companies registered after 1929 must have at least two directors," and that any director (other than directors holding office for life in private companies on 1 July 1945) can always be removed from office by ordinary resolution on special notice at a general meeting of the share holders.'
Sådanne arbejdsbestyrelsesmedlemmer skulle være for pligtet til at handle i virksomhedens interesse, mens de samtidig tog særligt hensyn til deres vælgere.
For the rest, matters are largely left to be settled by the articles of association.
En lignende forpligtelse skulle pålægges de af aktionærerne valgte medlemmer.
In most cases, companies adopt the articles set out in Table A in the First Schedule of the Companies Act 1948, modified according to their particular requirements.
Tilsynsrådet skulle have det sidste ord ved afgørelser vedrørende strukturændringer i virk somheden som f.eks. fusioner og lukninger.
Table A provides that directors are initially to be appointed by the subscribers to the memorandum of association, and thereafter by the annual general meeting of shareholders, except in the case of casual vacancies which are to be filled by the remaining directors until the next annual general meeting.'"
I begyndelsen af august måned 1975 meddelte Labour-regeringen, at lovforslag gående ud på at indføre medarbejderrepræsentanter i bestyrelserne i selskaber inden for den private sektor vil blive forelagt i parlamentssamlingen 1976/77.
The Liberal Party has stated that 'employees must become members of their companies just as shareholders are, with the same clearly defined rights'.2The TUC has demanded 'a statutory obligation on companies to have regard to the interests of its workpeople as well as its share holders.3The most sophisticated development of the concept has been by a working party led by Professor Gower and sponsored by the Industrial Society.
I mellemtiden er der blevet oprettet en undersøgelseskommission, der skal rådgive om, hvorledes dette bedst kan gennemføres, tagende joy-bevægelsens ledende rolle i proces sen for givet.
Their proposal" is that the law should declare that employees of a company should be members of the company. As members, employees would enjoy as individuals the right to information on matters of consequence to them.
Samtidig vil regeringen overveje arbejdstagernes rolle i beslutningsprocessen i de nationaliserede industrier.
As a group, they would have the right to endorse the appointments of at least two directors and of liquidators in members' voluntary liquidations, and also to be represented at shareholders' meetings.
Som vi har set, opterede partiet ved sidste valg for pligt til konsultation, men i forbindelse med åbne og fleksible metoder.
These appointments can be revoked at any time subject to the terms of any agreement, and are also to terminate on the
Forkærligheden for konsultationer i modsætning til repræsentation i bestyrelsen er med visse begrænsede undtagelser i overensstemmelse med de standpunkter, der i almindelighed kommer til udtryk på højrefløjen5).
' Company and Community (1964) by P. Derrick and The Democratic Firm (1964), by N. Ross (Fabian Research Series).
Således har CBI udtalt, at medarbejdere som bestyrelsesmedlemmer ikke bør x) Labour Party Manifesto, september 1974, s. 13. 2) The Community and the Company, op. cit., s. 12-17. 3) Industrial Democracy, juli 1973.
Liberal Party Manifesto, February 1974. industrial Democracy, op. cit., p. 37.
Nærmere definerede beslutninger vedrørende virksomhedens struktur og udnævnelser til direktionen ville kræve samtykke fra arbejdstagernes repræsentanter.
A working group of the Labour Party industrial policy subcommittee has commented unfavourably on the idea of making employees members of the companies which employ them.7 left almost completely undefined. '
initiativer fra ledelsens side og har mere karakteren af produktionsfremmende ordninger end af virkelige programmer for delagtiggørelse.
The directors are further empowered to confer upon a managing director or directors extensive powers to such an extent that they can delegate for the time being the whole of their own powers.
City Company Law Com muée har ligeledes givet udtryk for modstand mod, at der på nuværende tidspunkt gennem føres et lovmæssigt krav om, at alle eller nogle selskaber skulle have arbejdstagere i bestyrelsen, idet man foretrækker, at selskaberne skal være frit stillet med hensyn til forsøg med forskellige former for medarbejderindflydelse, og at de bestemt bør tilskyndes hertil4).
Accordingly, the distinction between executive and non-executive directors does appear in English company laws, if only in Table A, and there is no provision in the law which prohibits the adoption of articles of association which implement the dualist system to a much greater degree.
Der har været undtagelser i dette generelle billede.
Present Practices insurance and in certain very large compa nies.
Nogle organisationer er blevet oprettet på en sådan måde, at arbejdstagerne har draget fordel af at eje aktier både med hensyn til udbytte og kontrol. Scott Bader Commonwealth, Landsman's (Co-ownership) Limited, Kalamazoo Ltd. og John Lewis Partnership er alle eksempler på denne type virksomhed9).
Nevertheless, it must be stressed that each such arrangement has been agreed voluntarily and can of course be freely amended subject only to the limitations which those concerned have placed upon themselves.
Disse undtagelser har haft karakter af frivillige eksperimenter og betragtes ikke i almindelighed som særligt lærerige fortilfælde med henblik på lovgivningen for selskaber med begrænset ansvar i al almindelighed.
Furthermore, it should perhaps also be observed that in most companies the effectiveness of the guarantee provided by the non-executive director can be exaggerated.
Det liberale parti går derimod kraftigt ind for en fælles kontrol gennem valg af bestyrelsesmedlemmer og samarbejdsudvalg. I selskaber med mellem 50 og 200 ansatte bør der kun være en bestyrelse valgt af medarbejdere og aktionærer med lige mange medlemmer fra hver side.
There are practical limitations on the capacity of the non-executive directors to act independently of the executive directors, deriving in many cases from their minority position, their dependence on those who can in fact secure a majority at a general meeting, and lack of time and informa tion.4Many non-executive directors in smaller companies are in fact appointed to provide special expertise such as expert accounting advice and are not there to exercise control at all.'
I selskaber med mere end 200 ansatte bør der være et tilsynsråd, valgt direkte af aktionærer og arbejdstagere med lige mange medlemmer fra hver side. Dette udnævner og fører tilsyn med en direktion6).
Moreover, except for the largest compa nies, the non-executive director is often not an objective outsider, but a friend and colleague of the executive directors, particularly of the Chairman."
For så vidt angår fremtiden, indgår den traditionelle type ordninger vedrørende andel i overskud og aktier ikke i Labour-regeringens planer.
Most companies in the United Kingdom have not felt the need to constitute formally a two tier system of organization.
Det bør bemærkes, at efter TUCs mening, »er selskabernes egne systemer vedrørende medejendomsret og overskudsdeling mis krediteret«10).
But most have adopted articles to a great extent similar to those contained in Table A, and have appointed a managing director.
1972, s. 423 til 427.
The Board of Directors, op. cit., p. 12.
lertid kommet forslag fra flere sider om at gøre dem til deltagere på den ene eller anden måde.
system.' However, this proposal was made in the context of the debate on employee participation and as we have also seen, the recent TUC Congress resulted in doubt being cast on the way in which policy in the labour movement will develop in this respect.
Det liberale Parti har udtalt, at » arbejdstagerne må blive parthavere i deres selskaber ligesom aktionærerne og med de samme klart definerede rettigheder«6).
The Conservative Party while in office indicated that it was not convinced that the two tier board was particularly suitable in the British context.
TUC har forlangt »en lov bestemt forpligtelse for selskaber om at tage hensyn både til dets medarbejdere og til dets aktionærer«7).
The party indicated a somewhat greater liking for a requirement that non-executive directors sit on the boards of all companies above a certain size.2
og finansieret af Industrial Society. Gruppens forslag8) går ud på, at det af loven bør fremgå, at arbejdstagerne i et selskab er selskabsdeltagere.
The CBI,-' the Stock Exchange," the Law Society's Standing Committee on Company Law,' the City Company Law Committee6and the British Institute of Management's Study Group on Company Affairs,7have all issued statements opposing the general imposition by law of a two tier sys tem.
Som deltagere vil hver enkelt arbejdstager nyde godt af retten til at få oplysninger om spørgsmål, der er af betydning for dem. Som gruppe vil de have ret til at godkende udnævnelsen af mindst 2 bestyrelsesmedlemmer og af likvidatorer ved frivillige likvidationer.
However, development of the role of the non-executive director is regarded more favour ably by a broad range of interest groups in the business and financial worlds including the CBI and the Stock Exchange, though the precise manner in which this role should be developed is often left somewhat vague.
De vil ligeledes være berettiget til at blive repræsenteret på generalforsamlingen.
In 1971, a private member's Bill which would have made it obligatory for larger companies to appoint a minimum number of non-executive directors who would make an annual report to the shareholders failed to pass through Parliament."
Det konservative parti har ikke optaget udbytteog aktiedeling i deres program, selv om det antagelig på ingen måde er modstander af ordninger på frivillig basis.
1The Community and the Company, op. cit., p. 13.
CBI betragter sådanne ordninger som ønskelige valgmuligheder, der ikke bør gøres obligatoriske.
2Company Law Reform, Department of Trade and Industry. Cmnd.