natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Det ses nemlig, at deri spidsen for disse repræsentationer altid ståren person af høj rang og med meget store erfaringer, og at der til dem er knyttet et betydeligt personale, hvilket gælder kule antallet af ansatte og deres kvalifikationer.
In practice, these missions are always headed by a very senior and experienced figure and maintain a large and well-qualified staff.
Beskikkelsen af repræsentationens chef og medlemmer er ikke undergivet nogen akkrediterings- dlergodkendelsesprocedurer inden for Fællesskaberne.
The appointment of the head and of the members of the mission is not subject to any accreditation or approval procedure on the part of the Communities.
De faste repræsentationers funktion er som udgangspunkt præcist fastlagt ved bestemmelserne i artikel 6 i Wienerkonventionen af 14. marts 1975, hvori det hedder:
At first sight, the function of the permanent representations is clearly defined if the provisions of Article 6 of the Vienna Convention of 14 March 1975 are applied. These state that:
»En fast repræsentations funktioner består bl.a. i: - at sikre udsenderstatens repræsentation ved organisationen, - at opretholde forbindelsen mellem udsendelsesstaten og organisationen, - at føre forhandlinger med organisationen inden for dennes rammer,
The functions of the permanent mission consist inter alia in: (i) ensuring the representation of the sending State to the organization; (ii) maintaining liaison between the sending State and the organization; (iii) negotiating with and within the organization; (iv) ascertaining activities in the organization and reporting thereon to the government of the sending State; (v) ensuring the participation of the sending State in the activities of the organization; (vi) protecting the interests of the sending State in relation to the organization; (vii) promoting the realization of the purposes and principles of the organization by cooperating with and within the organization.
Samtlige disse bestemmelser er anvendelige på medlemsstatemes faste repræsentationer ved Fællesskaberne.
Each of the above provisions applies to the permanent missions of the Member States to the Communities.
Den særlige karakter af medlemsstaternes faste repræsentationer ved Fællesskaberne følger af den rolle, som de faste repræsentanter (og den af dem afhængige struktur) spiller for Fællesskabernes interne funktion gennem »Coreper« og de hertil knyttede organer. ner.
However,the specific nature of the permanent missions of the Member States to the Communities is attributable to the part played by the permanent representatives (and the structure dependent on them) in the internal functioning of the Communities through the 'Permanent Representatives Committee' and its associated organs.
Dette henhører under Fællesskabernes institutionelle retsregler, og ikke under deres forhold til tredjelande.
This role is subject to the internal institutional law of the Communities and is not with in the province of external relations.
Spørgsmålet skal derfor ikke gøres til genstand for yderligere be handling her.
Consequently, no further mention will be made of it here.
Tredjelandes repræsentation
Representation of nonmember States
Fællesskabernes særlige karakter i forhold til andre organisationer træder klart frem både med hensyn til missionens funktion og de regler, der gælder for dens opretholdelse.
The specific nature of the Communities compared with other organizations is clearly shown in both the function of the mission and its conditions of establishment.
Wienerkonventionen af 14. marts 1975 fastlæggeren observatørmissions funktion som følger:
The abovementioned Vienna Convention defines the functions of the permanent observer mission as follows:
- at holde sig underrettet om organisationens aktiviteter og aflægge beretning herom til udsenderstatens regering og,
In point of fact, the essential role of an observer mission to an organization is to inform the sending State about the activities ofthat organization and, where appropriate, to in form the organization of the problems which its activities may create for the sending State.
- at fremme samarbejdet med organisationen og føre forhandlinger med den ne«.
Observer status generally allows members of the mission to attend meetings of the
Status som observatør gør det i de fleste tilfælde muligt for medlemmerne af missionen at være repræsenteret i organisationens organer og tage ordet i disse uden dog naturligvis at kunne deltage i deres beslutninger.
constituent organ of the organization and to speak, without of course being able to take part in the decision-making process.
Ved Fællesskaberne opretter tredjelande »faste missioner« (der kaldes »delegationer«, når det drejer sig om AVS-landene).
Nonmember States establish 'permanent missions' to the Communities (or 'delegations' in the case of ACP States).
Det ses således, at udtrykkene »observatører« og »observation« ikke indgår i Fællesskabernes terminologi.
The terms 'observers' and 'observation' have therefore been expunged from the Community vocabulary.
Selv om det ikke kan bestrides, at tredjelandes missioner spiller en passiv og aktiv oplysende rolle, er det udelukket, at de kan gøre det internt ved deltagelse i beslutningerne i organerne.
Whereas the missions of nonmember States undeniably perform both an active and passive information role, they may not do so 'from the inside' by participating in the de liberations of the various organs.
Deres virke er således i egentlig forstand »eksternt« i forhold til organisationen. Derfor minder dette virke mere om den eventuelle ambassades end om en observatørmissions.
Their activity is thus truly 'external' in relation to the organization, and this explains why they resemble more a traditional embassy than an observer mission.
Pågrund af de betydelige traktatlige beføjelser, der er tillagt Fællesskaberne-beføjelser, der som oftest udøves på medlemsstaternes vegne - tjener et tredjelands mission først og fremmest til at opretholde forbindelse med Fællesskaberne med henblik på forhandlinger med dette (væsentligst på handelsområdet).
Moreover, in view of the wide-ranging contractual powers conferred upon the Communities - generally exercised for and in place of those of their Member States - the main value of the mission for a nonmember State is to maintain links with the Communities for the purposes of, or with a view to, negotiations with it (principally in the commercial field).
Dette er endnu et træk, som - uden sammenligning i øvrigt - giver forbindelsen med Fællesskabet karakter af forbindelse med en stat.
This is a further characteristic which, relatively speaking, brings relations with the Communities closer to relations with a State.
b) Betingelser for oprettelse af en mission
(b) Conditions for the establishment of a mission
Oprettelse af en observatørmission ved en international organisation er ikke en ret, der uden videre tilkommer en stat.
A State has no right to establish an observer mission to an international organization.
Oprettelsen forudsætter nemlig, at staten - eller eventuelt et retssubjekt af anden art - har opnået anerkendelse som iagttager ved organisationen, hvilket igen forudsætter en beslutning truffet i organisationens kompetente organer. ner.
In practice, the prerequisite is that the State - or possibly a subject of a different kind - has been accepted as an observer to the organization which, in turn, is dependent on a decision by the competent organs ofthat organization.
Når en sådan status er opnået, antages det imidlertid, at vedkommende tredjeland ikke behøver at opnå organisationens samtykke til etablering af en mission eller til beskikkelse af dennes chef.
Once this status has been acquired, however, the nonmember State is not required to obtain the organization's consent for the actual formation of its mission or for the appointment of its head.
Den meddeler blot denne beskikkelse til generalsekretæren (eller generaldirektøren) for organisationen.
It is merely required to notify this appointment to the Secretary-General (or the Director-General) of the organization.
Det påhviler herefter missionens chef at tilstille denne sin akkreditering (').
It is then incumbent on the head of the mission to submit his credentials to the Secretary-General or Director-General.'
(') Artikel 9, 10 og 15 i Wienerkonventionen af 14.3.1975. Ved FN sker der ikke »akkreditering«, se Leo Gross, The U.N. and the role of Law.
Articles 9, 10 and 15 of the Vienna Convention of 14 March 1975.
Derimod har staternes praksis haft en meget stor indflydelse på Fællesskabernes praksis. sis.
On the other hand, Community practice has been strongly influenced by national practice. tice.
Som regel minder oprettelse af en mission ved Fællesskaberne nemlig meget om den akkrediteringsprocedure, der benyttes af staterne, idet tredjelande på forhånd skal indhente Fællesskabets godkendelse af selve oprettelsen af en mission (').
Generally speaking, the establishment of a mission to the Communities closely resembles the accreditation procedure used by States, in that nonmember States must first obtain the agreement of the Community on the actual principle of establishing a mission.' sion.'
Staten indhenter herefter officielt Fællesskabernes godkendelse af den person, den ønskerat udnævne som chef for missionen.
The next stage is that the State unofficially seeks the Communities' agreement on the person proposed to head the mission.
Når denne godkendelse foreligger, påhviler det vedkommende at tilstille Fællesskaber ne sin akkreditering.
Once this agreement has been given, the prospective head has to submit his credentials.
Kommissionen har først og fremmest under indflydelse af EKSF's praksis, der tillagde Den høje Myndighed eneret til repræsentation over for tredjelande (2) og ifølge sit ønske om at fastholde sin stilling på dette område med Rådets samtykke (3) spillet hovedrollen på den passive gesandtskabsrets område.
Influenced by ECSC practice, under which the High Authority has sole responsibility for representation abroad,2and prompted by its desire to assert itself in this field, the Commission, with the Council's agreement,3 originally played the dominant role con cerning the passive right of legation.
Indtil 1966 blev missionschefernes akkreditiver- efter et ceremoniel af statslig type - alene tilstillet formanden for Kommissionen.
Until 1966, the credentials of heads of mission were presented solely to the President of the Commission in a State-type ceremonial.
Siden denne dato har det derimod på grundlag af en ny aftale mellem de to institutioner (4) været bestemt, at akkreditiver samtidig skal tilstilles både formanden for Kommissio nen og den fungerende formand for Rådet.
Since then, however, there has been a new agreement between the two institutions,4 under which credentials must be submitted simultaneously and separately to the Presi dent of the Commission and to the President-in-Office of the Council.
Ved denne lejlighed blev ceremoniellet for enklet i et vist omfang.
With this new agreement, the ceremonial was simplified.
Denne udvikling, der først og fremmest skyldes interne faktorer, bevirker ikke nogen ændring i procedurens karakter, idet denne fortsat er den samme som gælder for akkreditering af en udenlandsk mission (5).
This change, which was brought about en tirely by internal factors, has in no way altered the procedure which is still that of accrediting a foreign mission.5
Tredjelandenes missioner ved Fællesskaberne nyder diplomatiske privilegier og immuniteter i medfør af artikel 17 i protokollen om Fællesskabernes privilegier og immunite ter.
The missions of nonmember States to the Communities enjoy diplomatic privileges and immunities by virtue of Article 17 of the Protocol on the Privileges and Immunities of the Communities.
I denne bestemmelse hedder det, at den medlemsstat, på hvis område Fællesskaber nes hovedsæde befinder sig, indrømmer de af tredjeland hos Fællesskaberne akkrediterede repræsentationer sædvanlige diplomatiske privilegier og immuniteter.
This article states that the Member States on whose territory the Communities have their seat shall grant the diplomatic privileges and immunities stem ming from common law to the missions of nonmember States accredited to the Communities.
Der er her tale om et egentligt tredjemandsløfte, som staterne i givet fald kan påberåbe sig.
This is an actual provision for third parties of which the nonmember States are, where appropriate, entitled to take advantage.
(4) Aftale af november 1966 mellem Kommissionen og Rådet i medför af EØFT og EKSFT.
Commission/Council Agreement of November 1966 under the EEC and EAEC Treaties.
H Kommissionen udgiver en årbog for »Det diplomatiske korps, der er akkrediteret De europæiske Fælles skaber«.
The Commission publishes a yearbook of the 'Diplomatic Corps accredited to the European Communities'.
Det bemærkes, at tredjelandenes missioner ved Fællesskaberne temmelig ofte består af de samme personer og navnlig har samme chef som demissioner, der er akkrediteret kongeriget Belgien.
Note that the missions of nonmember States to the Communities are often composed of the same persons and especially the same head as the missions accredited to the Kingdom of Belgium.
Repræsentation hos medlemsstaterne
Representation in Member States
Fællesskaberne har ikke noget repræsentationsorgan hos deres medlemsstater.
There is no organ representing the Communities in their Member States.'
Det er den faste repræsentation ­ der er et statsorgan ­ der spiller rollen som det vigtigste mel­lemled, når Fællesskabet retter henvendelse til en medlemsstat (')·
The perman­ent representation - an organ of the State - acts as principal intermediary for the Com­munity with the Member State.
Der er således ikke tale om en rolle, der udelukker andre, idet medlemsstaterne akcep­terer, at der findes et helt net af direkte forbindelser mellem Fællesskabernes institutio­ner (særlig Kommissionen) og de nationale myndigheder (2).
This is not an exclusive role, however, as the Member States accept a whole series of direct relations between Community institutions (in particular, the Commission) and national authorities.2
EKSF har udøvet aktiv gesandtskabsret hos Det forenede Kongerige.
The ECSC exercised an active right of legation in the United Kingdom.
I medfør af en ud­veksling af breve mellem formanden for Den høje Myndighed og Det forenede Kongeri­ges Repræsentant ved EKSF blev der oprettet en delegation for førstnævnte i London.
Under the terms of an exchange of letters between the President of the High Authority and the Un­ited Kingdom representative to the ECSC, an ECSC delegation was established in Lon­don.
Chefen for denne delegation blev akkrediteret den britiske regering og ikke dronningen. Det synes imidlertid ikke, som om denne forskel medførte, at han fik en særlig behand­ling. Chefen for EKSF's delegation blev ligestillet med en ambassadør.
The Head of the Delegation was accredited to the United Kingdom Government and not to the Court of St James.
Navnlig i betragtning af denne praksis blev det i slutningen af 50'erne alvorligt overvejet at etablere delegationer efter samme mønster for de tre Fællesskaber ved visse stater, særlig Det forenede Kongerige og USA.
This practice gave rise to serious proposals at the end of the 1950s to establish similar delegations of the three Communities to a number of States, in particular the United Kingdom and the United States.
På forslag fra EØF's og EKSF's Kommissioner traf Rådene en principbeslutning herom den 1. og 2. februar 1960.
The Council, acting on proposals from the EEC and EAEC Commissions, took a deci­sion in principle along these lines on 1 and 2 February 1960.
Dette initiativ er imidlertid aldrig blevet gennemført til trods for en pression, der denne gang udøvedes af Europa­Parlamentet, som for sit vedkommende fandt, at De europæi­ske Fællesskaber i kraft af deres status som folkeretlige juridiske personer havde både aktiv og passiv gesandtskabsret (3).
This initiative never materialized however, despite pressure from the European Parlia­ment which took the view that the European Communities enjoyed both an active and passive right of legation by virtue of their international legal personality.3
C) Kommissionen kan oprette »presse­ og informationskontorer« i medlemsstaterne med disses samtykke.
The Commission may, with the agreement of the Member States, establish Press and Information Offices in those States.
Disse kontorer, der har til formål at informere publikum i staterne om Fællesskabernes virke, kan ikke hverken efter deres funktioner eller retlige stilling sidestilles med »ambassader«.
The role of these offices isto inform public opinion in the Member States about the Communi­ties' activities but they may not be treated as embassies from either the operational or statutory points of view.
Kommissionen vedtager et forslag, som eraf særlig vigtighed, erdet ønskeligt, at den på passende måde ta­ger kontakt med medlemsstaternes regering gennem de faste repræsentanter, uden at denne procedure dog berører Kommissionens ret til at tage initiativer i medfør af traktaten«.
In order to inform the Member States about the initiatives taken by the Commission, paragraph 1 of the Re­solution of 29.1.1966 adopted by the Extraordinary Council in Luxembourg (known as the 'Heptalogue' or seven-member Council) stipulated that: 'Before adopting a proposal of special importance, the Commission should make the appropriate contacts with the governments of the Member States through the intermediary of the permanent representatives without such procedure prejudicing the right of initiative which the Com­mission derives from the Treaty'.
Denne beslutning er blevet udtryk­keligt godkendt af Kommissionen.
This resolution was never formally accepted by the Commission.
Siden da har Kommissionen dog (med Rådets stiltiende godkendelse i form af budgetmæssige bevillinger til deres drift) oprettet delegationer i visse stater ('), der almindelig vis behandler dem som staternes diplomatiske korps.
Since then, however, the Commission (with the implicit approval of the Council be cause the necessary budget funds were authorized) has established delegations in a number of States' which generally afford them the same treatment (see p.36) as the di plomatic missions of States.
Med hensyn til den aktive gesandtskabsret består der dog fortsat en forskel, idet stater nes diplomatiske missioner repræsenterer dem i alle henseender, medens Kommissionens missioner naturligvis kun kan behandle sager, der hører under dennes beføjelser.
From the standpoint of the active right of legation, there is a difference, since the diplomatic missions of States represent them in all aspects of their activity, whereas Commission delegations are naturally restricted to matters within Community competence.
Medlemsstaterne overlader for deres vedkommende kollektivt visse diplomatiske funktioner til den mission inden fair-deres egen kreds, som i et givet øjeblik har formandskabet for Fællesskabernes råd.
The Member States, in turn, collectively entrust a number of diplomatic functions to the mission of whichever country is holding the presidency of the Council of the Communities at a given time.
Dette gælder bl.a. spørgsmål, der henhører under »det politiske samarbejde«.
This is particularly true of questions concerning 'political cooperation'. peration'.
Den uskarpe karakter af kompetencefordelingen inden for Fællesskabet kan medføre kompetencekonflikter mellem Kommissionens delegerede og den delegerede for den stat, der har formandskabet.
The ill-defined distribution of powers within the Community can lead to conflicts in the allocation of duties between the Commission delegate and the delegate of the State holding the presidency.
Kommissionens delegation i et tredjeland oprettes efter, at vedkommende land har meddelt samtykke eller i det mindste efter rådslagning givet udtryk for, at det ikke vil modsætte sig en sådan oprettelse.
A Commission delegation to a nonmember State is established once the State in ques tion has given its agreement or at least registered no opposition after having been con sulted.
Den missionschef, der beskikkes (efter at Kommissionen officielt har indhentet udtalelse fra vedkommende stats regering angående sit valg) sender et introduktionsbrev til udenrigsministeren.
The Head of Mission designate (after the Commission has unofficially sought the opinion of the government of the State concerned about the appointment) sends a letter of introduction to the Minister for Foreign Affairs.
Dette brev underskrives af formanden for Kommissionen eller det medlem af denne, der varetager forholdet til tredjelande.
This letter is signed by the President of the Commission or the Member responsible for external relations.
Der er således tale om en mindre højtidelig akkrediteringsprocedure end den, der an vendes af staterne indbyrdes, fordi missionscheferne som regel sender deres akkreditiver til statschefen.
The accreditation procedure is therefore less formal than the one used among the States themselves since the Heads of Mission generally submit their credentials to the Head of State.
AVS-landene udgør et særligt tilfælde. Her er det nemlig ved en bestemmelse i protokollen til Lomé-konventionen (protokol nr. 2, artikel 31 ) fastslået, at der oprettes dele gationer for Kommissionen.
The ACP States are a special case in that a provision of a protocol annexed to the Lomé Convention (Article 31 of Protocol No 2) provides for the establishment of Commission delegations.
Disse delegationer spiller ikke blot rollen som sædvanligt forbindelsesled, men deltager tillige i gennemførelsen på stedet af Fællesskabernes politik i forhold til disse stater.
Not only do these delegations play the usual role of liaison but they also help 'on the ground' with the implementation ofCommunity policy towards these States.
De res væsentligste funktion i denne henseende er at kontrollere den rigtige gennemførelse af projekter, der finansieres af Den europæiske Udviklingsfond (EUF)·
Their es sential role in this respect is to oversee the proper execution of projects financed by the European Development Fund (EDF)·
FælJesskabernes delegationer ved tredjelande nyder privilegier og immuniteter.
The Community delegations to nonmember States enjoy privileges and immunities.
ter, og da FN's og dens hjælpeorganers privilegier og immuniteter hviler på multilaterale aftaler, bilaterale overenskomster og ensidige statsakter, er disse privilegier og immuniteter blevet indrømmet Fællesskabets delegationer ved udtrykkelige bestemmelser.
In view of the continuing reluctance to accept that there is an unwritten rule obliging all States to grant privileges and immunities to missions and also that the privileges and immunities of the United Nations and its specialized agencies are based on multilateral conventions, bilateral agreements and unilateral acts of the States concerned, express provisions have ensured that these privileges and immunities have been granted to the Commission delegations.
Alt efter tilfældet følger de af bestemmelser, der er aftalt mellem den pågældende stat og Fællesskabet (Japan, Chile og ACP-staterne) eller af en ensidig akt (').
They are the result either of an agreement between the State concerned and the Community (e.g. Japan, Chile, ACP States) or of a unilateral act.'
På grund af disse forskelle i henseende til det retlige grundlag kan der forekomme mindre variationer i omfanget af de indrømmede privilegier og immuniteter (2). Man kan ikke desto mindre gå ud fra, at disse som helhed betragtet stemmer overens med den sædvaneret vedrørende privilegier og immuniteter, der har dannet sig lidt efter lidt.
In view of the diverse nature of these legal bases, there may be differences in the extent of the privileges and immunities granted.2 Nevertheless, they are, on the whole, consis tent with the common law on privileges and immunities which has gradually developed.
Reglerne finder således anvendelse på missionens lokaler, dens arkiver, meddelelser og repræsentanter.
They therefore apply both to the mission staff and to its premises, archives and communications.