natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
• Nedgang i behovet for bearbejdning på grund af bedre udforming af produktet og dets komponenter
Productivity and economic return
• Fremkomst af erstatningsmaterialer for metal og af nye fremstillingsprocesser.
Given the diversity of robots and the fact that they were introduced into manufacturing processes only recently, it is difficult to quantify the productivity or efficiency of robots in general.
') I virksomheder med mere end 20 beskæftigede. :) Jf. forklarende note nr. 6. s. 59.
Again, idle time is reduced considerably, in particular during machine-tool loading/unloading operations, as a result of the elimination of the safety precautions necessary for human operators.
') JIRA=Japan Industrial Robots Association, en sammenslutning af japanske robotproducenter oprettet efter tilskyndelse fra MITI.
Japan Industrial Robots Association, a manufacturers' fede
Men i dette afsnit gælder det en specifik behandling af
According to this definition, there were a total of 76 500 robots installed in Japan in 1980, as against 4 500 in the United States and 4 000 in western Europe.
4) Jf. forklarende note nr. 7, s. 59. 5) JIS - Japanese Industrial Standard.
ration founded at MITI's instigation.
Skøn over robotbestandene i forskellige lande
Estimated robot population in various countries
I alt f.i.
Total n.a.
') Tallene lavere som følge af en ændret definition.
It is also of interest to examine the dissemination of robots sector by sector.
:) OECD har hentet sine oplysninger fra forskellige kilder (BRA, BIPE.
Distribution of robots according to user industry
STT), hvis opgivelser ikke nødvendigvis er helt sammenlignelige.
Nevertheless, in order to make the comparison more realistic, these absolute figures concerning the robot population should be related to employment in industry.
Sveriges og i mindre grad Japans forspring i ud nyttelsen af robotter er altså stadig betydeligt.
The same applies in France, where 958 out of a total robot population of 2 010 in 1983 were installed in the motor-manufacturing industry; the proportions were probably similar in Italy.
Som helhed bekræfter denne tabel, at Fællesskabet har indhentet USA, og den særlig hurtige udbredelse af robotter i Tyskland siden begyndelsen af 80'erne fortjener at blive understreget.
The first four places in this classification are occupied by Community firms (it would, however, have been ineresting to include Volvo), three of which are German, which helps explain the rapid growth of the robot population in the Federal Republic of Germany.
) Beskæftigelsen i 1983 skønnet af Kommissionen. :) Kan ikke sammenlignes med de tidligere tal, se foregående tabel.
' Commission estimate for employment in 1983. 2 Not comparable with previous figures (see preceding table).
Denne sammenligning viser klart, at robotternes udbredelse i europæisk industri efter en forholdsvis
In first place among the latter came the firm Unimation — subsequently absorbed by Westinghouse - which in 1982 still held 32% of the
Det viser sig også interessant at undersøge robot ternes sektorielle fordeling.
The lead taken by Sweden and, to a lesser extent, by Japan, in the use of robots therefore remains significant.
Fordelingen af robotter efter brugerindustri (i %)
Distribution of robots according to user industry
Transportmidler heraf: - biler - andre Elektroteknik Maskiner Metalvarer Plastsprøjtestøbning Andet lait
Transport, including (¡) motor vehicles (ii) other Electrical Mechanical Metal products Injection moulding of plastics Other
Situationen for de europæiske producenter som endnu i 1982 havde 32% af det amerikanske marked, næsten 25% af det europæiske marked og omkring 15% af verdensmarkedet for robotter.
American market, nearly 25% of the European market and approximately 5% of the world market in robots.
I de første stadier af industrirobotternes udvikling var det især de uafhængige amerikanske producenter, som gjorde sig bemærket på verdensmarkedet for robotter.
Source: Frost & Sullivan. Nevertheless, the situation has changed since the middle of the last decade: Japanese production has developed rapidly under the impetus of coordinated action by MITI aimed at developing both the production of and the demand for robots in Japan (see p. 23).
Men siden midten af sidste årti har situationen været kendetegnet af en hurtig fremgang for den japanske produktion, presset frem af samordnede
In Europe, independent Scandinavian manufacturers such as ASEA and Trallfa, which have just concluded an important cooperation agreement
den dominerende rolle, bilindustrien spiller for efterspørgslen efter robotter, og den hast, hvormed industrien i Fællesskabet indfører dem, må dette fænomen få betydelige positive virkninger for produktionen i EF.
(also including their Japanese and American part ners) have been at the forefront of the world scene for several years, as can be seen from the following table:
Det har givet opsigtsvækkende resultater, som kan illustreres af denne sam menligning:
Percentage share of the Western European market in 1981
I den anden ende af skalaen finder man Storbritannien, hvor den andel af efterspørgslen, som dækkes af indenlandsk produktion, er steget fra 23% i 1980 til 34% i 1983. Men man må ikke glemme, at disse tal også om fatter amerikanske eller japanske robotter, fremstillet på licens i Europa.
Electrolux' (Sweden) Volkswagen (FRG) demand covered by domestic production increased from 23% in 1980 to 34% in 1983.
Trods fællesskabsproducenternes alt i alt endnu svage stilling giver frem komsten af en række europæiske fabrikanter og europæisk know-how på montageområdet (DEA og Olivetti i Italien, Bosch og Mantee (Siemens) i Tyskland, SCEMI (CGE) i Frankrig) anledning til at imødese fremtiden med en vis optimisme.
Although the overall position of Community manufacturers is weak, the emergence of a series of European manufacturers and European knowhow in the area of assembly — DEA and Olivetti in Italy, Bosch and Mantee (Siemens) in Germany, Scemi (CGE) in France -makes it possible to face the future with some optimism.
') Electrolux's interesser i robotbranchen en for nylig blevet overtaget af ASEA.
Since 1981, European producers have grown, notably in spot welding (Kuka in Germany, ACMA in France, Comau in Italy) with a strong showing by ASEA and a weakening of Unimation.
De skandinaviske fabrikanters store markedsandele er til dels en afspejlning af den meget udbredte anvendelse af robotter i disse lande, især i Sverige.
Instead of attempting to construct highly sophisticated — and therefore costly — robots that can carry out a large number of number of functions, the Japanese industry is concentrating its efforts on the development of modular structures and simple, fast and inexpensive robots (of the Scara type), each of which is capable of performing only a limited number of tasks, but can be combined in order to obtain the desired result.
Siden 1981 er de europæiske producenter trængt ind på markedet, navnlig inden for punktsvejsning (KUKA i Tyskland, ACMA i Frankrig, COMAU i Italien).
At the present time, Japanese robot exports remain scarce, since Japanese manufacturers appear to prefer trade agreements and, to a lesser extent licensing agreements, which involve less risk in a market that is still relatively limited and on which local presence (for maintenance purposes) is highly important.
Særlig stor har fremgangen været for ASEA, mens UNIMATION har haft tilbagegang.
Unless this situation is the result of a deliberate policy aimed at avoiding frictions in trade, there is still a genuine likelihood that competition from outside the Community will become much fiercer in the years ahead.
Selv om stordriftsfordelene endnu ikke har spillet nogen stor rolle for de europæiske fabrikanter, må det bemærkes, at den japanske industri efter samme fremgangsmåde som ved de numerisk styrede værktøjsmaskiner følger en strategi, der går ud på at nedsætte omkostningerne ved at gå over til seriefremstilling på grundlag af standardiserede moduler.
In spite of the foregoing, all the signs indicate that robot production in the Community has developed appreciably since that date, and this development can largely be associated with the more rapid introduction of robots in the European motor industry.
I stedet for at forsøge at bygge meget avancerede — og derfor dyre — robotter, som kan varetage mange forskellige funktioner, lægger den japanske industri vægt på at udvikle enkle, hurtige og billige robotter (som f.eks.
Community motor manufacturers are themselves largely responsible for the manufacture of these robots (which are intended for captive markets).
Scara) og på modulopbygningen.
The firms ACMA (a Renault subsidiary), Comau (a Fiat subsidiary) and Volkswagen can be mentioned in this connection.
Hvert modul dækker kun et begrænset antal aktiviteter, men ved at kombinere dem kan man opnå det ønskede resultat.
Given the dominant role of the motor industry in the demand for robots and the rapidity with which the Community industry is introducing them, this process should boost production within the EEC considerably.
For tiden er den japanske roboteksport endnu svag, idet de japanske producenter tilsyneladende foretrækker handelsaftaler og — i mindre grad — licensaftaler, som medfører færre risici på endnu forholdsvis begrænset marked, hvor lokal tilstedeværelse (vedligehold) er af største betydning.
As far as licensing is concerned, although many agreements have been concluded between European firms, on the one hand, and American and Japanese firms, on the other hand, one cannot fail to be struck by the virtual nonexistence of intraEuropean agreements.
Medmindre dette er et resultat af en bevidst politik med henblik på
In the last analysis, it should be borne in mind that of all types of advanced equipment, robots have attained the lowest level of maturity, and that this is therefore a highly volatile and rapidly expanding market on which no position should be taken for granted.2
Imidlertid tyder alting på, at produktionen af robot ter i Fællesskabet har udviklet sig mærkbart siden da, hvilket i vid udstrækning skyldes den accelererede indførelse af robotter i den europæiske bilindustri.
From a different standpoint, a remarkable example is provided by Italy, where robot production, which represented only 30% of domestic demand in 1975, rose to nearly 140% in 1979.
Det er da også i stor udstrækning Fælles skabets bilproducenter, der selv står for fremstillingen af disse robotter (som er bestemt for lukkede markeder).
Italian manufacturers succeeded in taking full advantage of a rapidlychanging market on which there are a large number of highly-specialized applications.'
Man kan i denne forbindelse nævne ACMA (datterselskab af Renault), COMAU (datterselskab af Fiat) og Volkswagen.
Such applications lend themselves well to individualized production, to which the structure of Italian industry is geared very effectively.
I betragtning af
At the other end of the scale, in the United Kingdom, the proportion of
) Jf. forklarende note nr. 7, s. 59.
' Listed in Explanatory Note 7. p. 59-60.
Udsigterne for efterspørgslen
These forecasts are set out in Table 3 in Annex III.
Forventningerne samler sig om en årlig vækst på dette marked som helhed på 25-30%, hvilket ikke forekommer urealistisk i betragtning af de tidligere vækstrater.
In general, forecasts for the total annual growth of this market range between some 25% and 30%, which does not appear unrealistic in view of previous growth rates.
Også her spiller definitionerne en betydelig rolle, og de forskelle, der eksisterer, på dette plan, forklarer for en stor dels vedkommende de uoverensstemmelser, ja ligefrem modsætninger, der optræder mellem de forskellige analyser omkring fleksible systemer.
Definitions play an important role here, as elsewhere, and the differences between them go a long way towards explaining the discrepancies — and even contradictions — that appear in the various studies on flexible systems.
Verdensmarkedet for robotter vurderes i øjeblikket til omkring 500 millioner dollars2). Indikationer
The current world robot market is estimated at approximately' USD 500 million.'
Vi vil i denne redegørelse benytte følgende defini tioner: indsamlet af OECD tyder på, at markedet i 1990 kunne nå op på:
In the rest of this paper we propose to use the following definitions.
Fleksibel celle: Sammensætning af flere værktøjsmaskiner (ofte standardmaskiner), som er indbyrdes forbundne, men arbejder i fast sekvens på grundlag af et driftsprogrm. I sin enkleste udgave består den af en værktøjsmaskine koblet sammen med en robot, men den kan også bestå af flere værktøjsmaskiner (sædvanligvis mindre end 5) med eller uden robot.
(ii) nearly USD 1 000 million in Europe; (iii) approximately USD 700 million in Japan.
I kvalitativ henseende kan forventes en betragtelig forøgelse i anvendelsen af robotter til montering, som følgende forventninger viser:
From a qualitative standpoint, a sizeable increase can be expected in the use of robots for assembly work, as witnessed by the following forecasts:
Fleksibelt produktionssystem (FMS): Ligesom cellen sammensat af flere maskiner, men med en programmelkapacitet, der tillader variabel og optimeret emneføring.
Spot welding Handling/loading and unloading of machines Surface treatment
neføring kræver et avanceret transportsystem, ofte bestående af selvstyrende køretøjer. Serierne er normalt på 50 til 2000 styk.
In comparison with a conventional line, on which a single workpiece is machined, the flexible line makes it possible to process a small family of workpieces, but the length of series remains large: between 1 000 and 10 000 workpieces.
Det er her, definitio­nerne får deres ikke blot teoretiske, men også praktiske betydning. Amerikanerne betragter fleksi­ble transferlinjer som FMS, mens japanerne er tilbøjelige til at bruge udtrykket FMS om alle tre typer af systemer og således systematisk benytter den bredeste definition.
importance: the Americans include flexible transfer lines in the FMS category, whereas the Japanese tend to group together the three types of system under the heading FMS, thereby systematically giving a broader interpretation.
Selv i Europa er eksper­terne ofte tilbøjelige til at betragte de (i antal maskiner) lidt større fleksible celler som FMS, selv om de ikke opfylder det efter vor opfattelse afgøren­de kriterium: optimeret, variabel emneføring.
Even in Europe, experts often tend to regard the larger flexible manufacturing cells (i.e. those comprising a larger number of machines) as flexible manufacturing systems, even if they do not fulfil what is in our view the decisive criterion, namely that the routing of workpieces must be optimized and variable.
Produktivitet og økonomisk udbytte
Productivity and economic return
Her varierer forholdene for de forskellige systemty­per.
The situations vary according to the type of system concerned.
De fleksible celler er nu blevet rentable nok til, at der kan opnås en betydelig nedskæring af enheds­omkostningerne, op til omkring 25%.
This shows how advanced equipment makes it possible to combine productivity and flexibility in order to arrive at the partly or fully automated manufacture of small series, which becomes feasible for the first time.
Det af­gørende element i denne nedskæring er de for­mindskede udgifter til arbejdskraft.
Another feature of this type of flexible system, and above all of the FMS, is its capacity to operate unattended, sometimes for about 10 hours.
Også her kan man notere sig, at der i starten må bindes store midler.
The latter aspect is extremely important in the case of equipment that often has to be operated continuously, 24 hours a day.
Ved at sammenstille disse definitioner med defini­tionerne på avancerede værktøjsmaskiner og robot­ter får man en oversigt over alle eksisterende muligheder for bearbejdning set i forhold til pro­duktivitet og fleksibilitet.
Flexible manufacturing cells have now attained a high degree of profitability and make it possible to reduce unit costs appreciably, possibly by some 25%.
Et andet kendetegn ved disse fleksible systemer, især ved FMS, er deres autonomi, som gør, at de i visse tilfælde kan arbejde uden overvågning i en halv snes timer. Dette forhold har stor betydning for udstyr, som ofte skal fungere i døgndrift.
The main reason for this saving is the reduc­tion in labour costs.
Ovenstående tre definitioner er anført i rækkefølge efter, hvor store serier de kan forarbejde, og ikke i rækkefølge efter systemernes kompleksitet — og dermed pris.
The preceding three definitions have been presen­ted in increasing order of the size of machining series, but not in increasing order of systems com­plexity and therefore cost.
Det må bemærkes, at FMS med dets meget avancerede programmel er det mest kom­
It is at this level that defini­tions take on not only theoretical, but also practical
Her må analysen nuanceres betydeligt.
The analysis has to be much more subtle.
De tekniske beregninger giver ofte spektakulære resultater, som det illustreres af nedenstående sammenligning.
Technical calculations often quote spectacular results, as illus­trated in the following comparison:
Sammenligning mellem fabrikken Yamasaki i Minokamo (4 indbyrdes forbundne FMS) og el traditionelt anlæg med samme kapacitet
Comparison of the Yamazaki Factory at Minokamo (four interconnected flexible manufacturing systems) with a traditional plant of the same capacity
Konv. anlæg 90
Conventional plant
195 170 heraf — arbejdere — værkførere (tilsyn) Bearbejdningstid (dage) Grundareal (nr)
Manufacturing time Surface area (m2)
Denne modulopbygning muliggør en øget standardisering af styringselementerne og i mindre grad af de mekaniske elementer og dermed en nedbringelse af prisen på en transferlinje med op til 25%.
Modular design makes for greater standardization of the control components and, to a lesser extent, of the mechanical components and therefore reduces the cost of a transfer line by up to 25%.
Hertil kommer de allerede nævnte fordele ved dette udstyrs større alsidighed.
To this are added the benefits deriving from the greater versatility of this equipment, which have already been mentioned.
Men faktisk er der stadigvæk ofte tekniske problemer med emnehåndtering, værktøjsstyring, maskinernes og programmellets pålidelighed, og deres antal forøges eksponentielt med systemets kom pleksitet.
with the complexity of the system, concerning workpiece handling, tool control, machine reliability and software.
Desuden skal der blot en faldende ef terspørgsel efter slutproduktet til, for at systemet kun kan fungere i toholds — i stedet for treholdsdrift (16 timer i stedet for 24), hvilket med ét slag gør systemet langt mindre rentabelt.
Furthermore, a fall in the demand for the finished product suffices for it to be necessary to continue operating the system on the basis of only two shifts instead of three (16 hours instead of 24 hours a day), thereby considerably reducing its profitability.
Disse forhold tilsammen gør, at uden skattemæssige tilskyndelser eller andre statslige indgreb er rentabiliteten ved FMS endnu i de fleste tilfælde temmelig marginal.
It emerges from these facts that in the absence of tax incentives or other government measures, the profitability of FMS is still fairly marginal in the majority of cases.
Den definitionsmæssige forvirring gør det vanskeligt at tolke statistikkerne over fleksible systemer, især når der skal foretages internationale sammen ligninger.
The confusion surrounding definitions makes it difficult to interpret statistics relating to flexible systems, particularly when comparing different countries.
Nedenstående tabel, som viser udviklingen i antallet af FMS-systemer i Europa, Japan og USA, præsenteres altså med alle mulige forbehold.
The following table, which traces the evolution in the number of FMS systems in Europe, Japan and the United States, is therefore presented with major reservations.
Tallene, som her er taget fra en igangværende undersøgelse, der udføres for Kommissionens regning stammer fra forskellige kilder, og er i øvrigt baseret på en FMS-definition, som også omfatter de større fleksible celler.
The figures, drawn from a study in progress on behalf of the Commission, have been taken from various sources. Moreover, they are based on a definition of FMS which also encompasses the larger flexible cells.
Det system kan enten bestå af et centrallager, hvor selvstyrende vogne under kontrol af centraldatamaten henter de dele, der er behov for, i lagerets forskellige afdelinger, eller af en række små lagre. Ud over de fordele, derer knyttet til FMS, giver det automatiske lager store gevinster med hensyn til præcision, lager kontrol, grundarealbehov samt med hensyn til sikkerhed og færre beskadigede emner.
To conclude, it should again be stressed that all benefits of FMS do not necessarily lend themselves to conventional financial analysis, since account should be taken of aspects such as the competitive edge gained as a result of the reduction in delivery times, the reduction in the number of human errors and therefore the improvement in the quality (and in particular the manufacturing tolerances) of the finished product.
( ) Forbundsrepublikken Tyskland. ') ufuldstændige tal.
This evolution could be broadly broken down into three phases:
• Amerikansk forspring i begyndelsen af 70'erne
(i) the initial lead taken by the Americans at the beginning of the 1970s;
• Opsigtsvækkende japansk gennembrud fra 1975 og fremefter
(ii) the spectacular breakthrough by the Japanese from 1975 onwards;
• Forceret europæisk indsats for at indhente det forsømte siden begyndelsen af 80'erne.
(iii) the intense effort made by the Europeans since the beginning of the 1980s with a view to making up lost ground.
Hvad angår transferlinjerne, foregår der for tiden en omfattende og hurtig udskiftning af konventionelle linjer med fleksible.
As far as transfer lines are concerned, a trend is currently under way towards the rapid, large-scale replacement of traditional lines by flexible lines.
I Europa var i 1982 kun 10% af linjerne fleksible, mens halvdelen af de nye ordrer i 1984 gjaldt fleksible linjer.
In Europe in 1982, only 10% of lines were flexible, whereas half of all new orders in 1984 were for flexible ones.
Transferlinjerne benyttes især i bilindustrien.
Transfer lines are used above all in the motor industry.
Vi har ikke kendskab til statistik over de fleksible cellers fordeling på sektorer.
The Commission does not possess any statistics on the sectoral distribution of flexible cells.
For FMS-systemernes ved kommende giver nedenstående tabel, som er baseret på en international stikprøveundersøgelse, et indtryk af, hvordan de er fordelt på industrigrenene.
As far as FMS is concerned, the following table gives an insight into the distribution of flexible manufacturing systems among the various branches of industry, on the basis of an international sample.
Da offentlige incitamenter har stor betydning for FMS-systemernes rentabilitet, er det japanske gen nembrud og den senere accelererede udvikling i Europa forbundet med en omfattende statslig stimuleringspolitik (jf. bilag II).
Given the importance of government incentives in determining whether FMS is profitable, the Japanese breakthrough and, more recently, the accelerated pace of development in Europe are associated with the major stimulation policies implemented by governments, which are analysed in Annex II.
Der findes ikke tilsvarende tal for de fleksible celler og transferlinjer.
There are no comparable figures for flexible cells and transfer lines.
Ofte tales om hundrede eller endda tohundrede FMS-systemer i Japan, alt efter hvilke mere eller mindre brede definitioner, der benyttes.
Mention is often made of a figure of 100 or even 200 flexible manufacturing systems in Japan, according to the scope of the definitions assigned thereto.
Situationen for de europæiske producenter
Situation of European manufacturers flexible manufacturing systems installed in Italy), there are several major manufacturers (Comau, Olivetti, Berardi, Mandelli and SAIMP), who have been highly successful on the European market.