natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
I de fleste lande dækker tallene de samlede aktiviteter hos medicinalfirmaerne, dvs. alle fremstillede produkter, hvad enten de sælges på hjemmemarkedet eller eksporteres.
- the wholesale price of medicines and appliances as laid down by the regulations governing the price of pharmaceutical products, less a discount of 0.1 % if the chemist dispenses over 1 500 prescriptions a month, rising to 2.7 % where the number of prescriptions dispensed is over 8 000; this tariff is laid down by the Government after consultation with the representatives of dispensing pharmacists;
For Danmarks og Det forenede Kongeriges vedkommende gælder tallene kun for hjemmemarkedet og kun for lægemidler, for hvilke der kræves recept.
- packaging costs at the rate of 2 1/2 pence per prescription;
I Det forenede Kongerige vedrører tallene lægemidler, der udleveres på recept, og som refunderes af den offentlige sygesikring (NHS) og fabrikeres af de største selskaber.
- an average fee of 24 1/2 pence per prescription that varies with the type of prescription in accordance with the scale fixed for pharmaceutical products, and depending on the service rendered (for exemple, fees for an emergency);
Rapportørerne har fremskaffet oplysningerne fra forskellige kilder (myndighederne i Frankrig og Storbritannien og medicinalindustrien i Belgien, Danmark og Italien).
- an allowance equal to 10.5 % of the wholesale price of the drugs and appliances sold before deduction of the above-mentioned discount of 0.1 to 2.7 %.
I del I-C var angivet størrelsen af udenrigshandelen med lægemidler.
Although made-up medicines represent a very small part of the total expenditure on pharmaceuticals in most countries, it is noted that the pharmacist's honorarium for these products is determined in various ways.
Det var derfor af interesse at få konstateret, om importen blev reguleret enten efter ensartede retningslinjer eller under hensyntagen til oprindelseslandet (andre EF-lande eller resten af verden).
In Luxembourg and Italy the Ministry of Public Health lays down "preparation fees", which are added to the cost of the raw materials and packaging.
Der findes ingen lovregler i Tyskland, Danmark eller Nederlandene, I Frankrig findes problemet i praksis ikke for specialiteter, da der praktisk talt ikke importeres nogen af disse på grund af de strenge regler for markedsføring af importerede specialiteter.
In Belgium these same honoraria are fixed by agreement between professional bodies representing the pharmacists and health insurance organizations.
Men i de tilfælde, hvor der importeres, er lovreglerne de samme som for indenlandske produkter.
In the Netherlands the health insurance organizations fix the sum which shall be reimbursed in the case of made-up medicines.
Der er altså ingen forskelle i reglerne.
Three systems of remuneration exist in other countries.
I Luxembourg gælder den samme regel, og prisen eksklusive merværdiafgift for importerede specialiteter, der er færdigpakkede, kan ikke overstige den pris - ligeledes eksklusive merværdiafgift - der gælder i oprindelseslandet, under hensyntagen til den officielle vekselkurs.
In Ireland the system is the same for patients who are not covered by general medical services : in addition to the retail price which includes a margin of 33 1/3 %, chemists receive 50 pence per prescription.
I Det forenede Kongerige kontrolleres priserne på importerede lægemidler på samme måde under fællesprogrammet for priskontrol med medicinalvarer som produkter, der er fremstillet i Det forenede Kongerige.
The most frequent case is the fee for delivering medicines outside normal working hours (after closing time, on Sundays and public holidays); this is paid in Italy, Belgium, France, United Kingdom, Luxembourg, Denmark and Germany.
Interne koncernafregningspriser kontrolleres for at sikre, at der kun tages hensyn til rimelige omkostninger og for at fjerne enhver forvridning, som kunne stamme fra en unormal stigning i de interne koncernafregningspriser.
In France and Italy provision is also made for special fees for dispensing dangerous or toxic drugs which have to be entered in special registers.
Italien har vedtaget særlige regler.
This system is practised in the United Kingdom.
Hvis der allerede på det italienske marked findes tilsvarende, allerede indregistrerede specialiteter, er det prisen for den italienske specialitet, der gælder.
In some cases pharmacists who handle only a limited number of prescriptions, but who are considered to provide a necessary service to the public, receive a special grant each year.
Hvis det derimod drejer sig om en specialitet, der endnu ikke findes, beregnes prisen på grundlag af den pris, der anvendes i oprindelseslandet, under hensyntagen til vekselkurser, toldafgifter og transport.
In other cases, in Scotland, the rate at which the allowance is calculated, normally 10.5 % of the wholesale price, increases progressively for pharmacies handling less than 1 000 prescriptions per month.
Der findes ingen regler, hvorefter der skelnes mellem import af lægemidler fra EF-lande og andre lande.
Similar provisions are in force in Italy and Denmark.
Der findes forskelle i størrelsen af de toldafgifter, der betales for de to kategorier, men dette gælder for alle produkter, ikke kun for lægemidler.
In Italy the public authorities subsidize rural pharmacists whose turnover is inadequate. At present 2 800 pharmacists are subsidized.
Endelig synes der ikke at være nogen klar prispolitik over for importerede lægemidler.
The subsidies depend on the number of inhabitants, under 3 000, and the receipts; but the amount of aid granted is not enough to encourage the opening of new pharmacies in the poorest areas.
Da Luxembourg ikke selv har nogen industri, importerer det færdigpakkede specialiteter.
The Danish system is more ingenious since it results in some redistribution between pharmacists.
Frankrig importerer på grund af lovgivningen næsten ingen af disse varer.
The pharmacists pay an amount between 3 and 9 % of a fixed turnover.
For de andre lande afhænger importen af den nationale medicinalindustris betydning, men den synes ikke at hænge sammen med betingelserne for fastsættelse af prisen for importerede lægemidler.
When their turnover exceeds the average turnover by a certain percentage they pay 40 % of the difference.
Grossisternes bruttoavance (1) i procent af lægemidlets detail pris inklusive alle afgifter er følgende:
(Repayment of excess profits by wholesalers is not obligatory in any of the Member States).
(1) Bortset fra i Det forenede Kongerige og Irland sælger grossister kun til hjemmemarkedet, og avanprocenterne gælder derfor kun for dette.
The public authorities do not regularly review the net profit due per prescription (in other word, remunaration of capital used, which has remained unchanged at 16 % since 1970).
Tyskland Luxembourg Det forenede Kongerige
In other countries the rebate is fixed by regulation.
7,4 til 9,2
This is the case in Germany and Italy.
Kun Tyskland havde, indtil 197 7, ingen lovgivning, der regulerede grossisternes avancer.
In Italy health insurance institutions receive a 16 % refund on galenical preparations for all pharmacists.
Fra 1978 har man fastsat en avanceramme på 12-21% af fabrikantens salgspris afhængig af produktets pris, men disse regler gælder kun for salg til apoteker.
In addition, only rural subsidized pharmacists must make an additional 5 % discount on specific drugs and 21 % on prepacked natural products.
I Irland findes der ingen regler. Grossisternes avancer fastsættes ved aftaler mellem branchen og sundhedsministeriet, men avancerne kan ikke ændres uden godkendelse fra priskontrol kommissionen.
In France dispensing pharmacists signed an agreement with the national health insurance scheme in 1968 to refund to them 2.5 % of the total of their sales to health insurance patients.
I Det forenede Kongerige er grossisternes avancer heller ikke fastlagt ved lov.
The system functioned only for a year and was replaced in July 1970 by one with a lower basic rate.
Sundhedsministeriet griber ikke ind i disse forhold undtagen i de tilfælde, hvor fabrikanten tilbyder grossisterne betingelser, der er væsentligt gunstigere end den tilladte ramme.
Today all that exists is a convention signed by friendly society dispensaries, guaranteeing a refund of 3 % to the health insurance funds.
I førstnævnte land fastsættes avancen ved brancheaftaler mellem frabrikanter og grossister.
For example, in Italy, even pharmacies in the country which receive a subsidy are obliged to make these repayments.
I Italien begrænses grossisternes avancer ikke direkte ved lovgivning, men gennem de garantier om en minimumsindtægt, der er givet apotekerne (se b) nedenfor), og ved overenskomster mellem de berørte parter inden for branchen og gennem Sundhedsministeriet.
As prices have been more or less frozen for the past decade, with profits held at a low level, the burden of paying back refunds to the health insurance funds has become heavier.
I Luxembourg, Frankrig og Belgien fastsættes avancen af økonomiministeriet. I alle tre lande udtrykkes den i procent, men i Belgien findes også en grænse i absolutte tal: Uanset prisen på produktet, må grossistens avance ikke overstige 73 bfr. pr. pakning.
Under the special system in force in Luxembourg dispensing pharmacists allow a discount of 3.4 % to beneficiaries under the worker's insurance scheme.
Avancerammerne synes at have været ret stabile mellem 1965 og 1975 undtagen i to lande, hvor de er faldet lidt (fra 6,95% til 6,40% i Italien).
It is equally rigid over time. The changes made between 1965-1975 were minimal and limited to certain countries (Germany, France, Italy).
Kun den italienske rapport angiver, at den særligt lave avance for grossisterne i Italien, som skyldes den hårde konkurrence inden for denne sektor, har medført en nedgang i antallet af grossister i de sidste ti år.
Consequently they have had little effect on the overall cost of drug consumption. In any case in all countries the system of remuneration means that there is almost no competition as far as the price of pharmaceuticals offered to patients or health insurance organizations is concerned.
Her har man ligeledes bedt om bruttoavancen i procent af detailprisen inklusive alle afgifter.
Five countries which formerly did not subject pharmaceutical products to indirect taxation do so today and, in 1975, such taxation existed in all the countries.
Italien Irland Frankrig Danmark Belgien Nederlandene Tyskland Luxembourg Det forenede Kongerige
The only exception used to be France, where until 1 July 1975, the taxation in force amounted to 17.6 % instead of the 6.54 % to which it has since been lowered.
I Nederlandene fastsættes de af brancheorganisationerne.
0 b) L 2 £ 2 i _ i B Ë i l Ë £ £ _ î § i îî
I Belgien er der imidlertid en dobbelt begrænsning, idet avancen ikke må overstige 31% af detailprisen og i absolut værdi ikke FB 250. I Tyskland og i Nederlandene er avancen degressiv.
The only exception seems to be Ireland, where wholesalers are obliged to pay a tax on the increased value of their stocks; curiously, the same rule does not apply to manufacturers themselves.
I dette system udgør de sidste to dele apotekerens bruttoaflønning, For at beregne denne, fastsætter de berørte parter - ministeriet for offentlig sundhed og social sikkerhed og apotekerforeningen ved periodiske undersøgelser - de reelle lønomkostninger og generelle drifsudgifter, samt en gennemsnitlig "nettoavance pr. recept", som fastsættes efter overenskomst.
In all countries in the Community, the pharmaceuticals which may be paid for in whole or part by health insurance schemes or health services are defined.
Der er altså tale om en aftalemæssig fremgangsmåde, hvis resultater periodisk revideres for at undgå, at de afviger for meget fra de mål, man forfølger.
In Belgium, Denmark, Italy and Luxembourg special, more detailed lists are maintained which specify those products which are covered by health insurance.
Skønt de magistrelt tilberedte lægemidler i de fleste lande kun udgør en lille del af lægemiddeludgifterne, må det bemærkes, at apotekerens avance for disse produkter bestemmes på forskellige måder.
In Germany a list is being prepared of minor drugs which are generally consumed in cases of light restriction of physical well-being which will not, or only under special conditions, be prescribed under health insurance.
I Luxembourg og Italien fastsætter sundhedsministeriet "honorarer for tilberedning", som lægges til prisen for råvarer og beholder.
In France and the Netherlands a list is maintained of what doctors are recommended to prescribe under health insurance.
I Belgien fastsættes de tilsvarende honorarer ved overenskomst mellem apotekerforeningen og sygeforsikringsorganisationerne.
In Germany a special list is also being prepared taking account of cost and efficacy to guide doctors prescribing under health insurance.
I Nederlandene er det de sidstnævnte, der fastsætter det beløb, der godtgøres for magistrelt fremstillede lægemidler, I Det forenede Kongerige fastsættes disse honorarer af regeringen.
The coverage of all these special lists varies considerably in content and presentation.
Til det grundbeløb, der gives for at ekspedere en recept, kan der undertiden lægges andet.
In seven of the nine countries, action is being taken to influence or regulate the prescribing patterns of doctors in an attempt to contain costs.
Der findes tre tilfælde i andre lande.
The two exceptions are Belgium and France.
Det første angår de ekstrahonorarer, der ikke modsvares af nogen bestemt ydelse, og som anvendes i Nederlandene, hvor sygeforsikringsinstitutionerne betaler apotekerne et fast årligt beløb på 21 000 gylden for de første 5 000 patienter, et fast årligt beløb pr. patient (15,20 gylden) og yderligere et beløb på 1,84 fl pr. recept.
While no action was being taken in France at the time of the study, a profile of doctors' prescribing patterns is being prepared for the first time. Any sanctions against excessive prescribing would have to be applied by committees representing all parties to health insurance at the local level where payments are made.
I Irland er systemet det samme for patienter, der ikke er dækket af den almindelige sygesikring.
In the seven countries where action is taken it forms part of the administration of health insurance (or in the case of the United Kingdom of the National Health Service).
I tillæg til detailprisen, der indeholder en avance på 33 1/3%, modtager apotekerne 50 pence pr. recept.
In Denmark the health insurance agencies make spot checks on prescriptions.
Det andet tilfælde angår det eventuelle ekstraarbejde, der kræves af apotekeren.
Participating doctors can in theory be fined for excessive or unnecessary prescribing, but fines are,in practice, hardly ever applied.
Det hyppigste tilfælde er honoraret for udlevering af medicin uden for de normale åbningstider (om natten, på sønog helligdage); det forekommer i Italien, Belgien, Frankrig, Det forenede Kongerige,Luxembourg, Danmark og Tyskland.
In Ireland the prescribing rates of doctors participating in the General Medical Services covering 37 1/2 per cent of the population are analysed annually, and doctors with high rates of prescribing are interviewed. This procedure is believed to be effective.
I Frankrig og Italien har man ligeledes særlige honorarer for udlevering af farlige og giftige stoffer, for hvilke der skal føres særlige registre.
No legal sanctions backed up this procedure until 1978. In Luxembourg consulting doctors and pharmacists employed by health insurance check payments for prescriptions.
I det tredje tilfælde modtager apotekere en speciel ydelse med det formål at opretholde apoteker i rimeligt omfang overalt i landet.
In the Netherlands the Council of sickness insurance funds employs inspectors who try to persuade doctors to replace expensive medicines by cheaper ones of the same quality.
Dette kan være vanskeligt i tyndt befolkede og fattige egne.
The purpose is to convince doctors to follow the recommendations set out in "Regeling en Klapper".
Når antallet af patienter til et apotek - og dermed omsætningen - er lille, kan problemet løses på to måder.
This provides the inspectors with criteria by which to assess unduly expensive prescribing.
Enten fastsætter myndighederne en ret høj avance, som vil gøre det muligt for et lille landapotek at overleve, men som til gengæld medfører et for stort overskud for byapoteker med et stort eller voksende befolkningsunderlag, eller også kan avancen sættes på et lavere niveau og til gengæld gives så ekstra vederlag til hjælp til apoteker med en lav omsætning.
In both Germany and the United Kingdom the average, prescribing cost of each general practitioner is calculated and compared with that of the average for doctors practicing in the area.
Dette system anvendes i Det forenede Kongerige.
In Germany the system also extends to each type of specialist.
I nogle tilfælde får apotekerne en årlig godtgørelse, hvis de kun ekspederer et begrænset antal recepter, men anses for at yde en nødvendig service for befolkningen.
The doctor who exceeds the average by 20-30 % in Germany is informed of the fact and asked to explain what appears at first sight to be excessive prescribing.
Subsidierne afhænger af indbyggertallet, der skal være under 3 0 00, og af apotekets indtægter; men den givne støtte er ikke stor nok til at fremme oprettelsen af ny apoteker i de fattigste områder.
These doctors visit general practitioners whose prescribing cost per patient on his list is significantly above the average of other doctors in the same area and discuss their prescribing with them and offer advice.
Apotekerne betaler et beløb på mellem 3 og 9% af en vis omsætning.
The Regional Medical Officer reports to the Headquarters of the Department on the advice given to the doctor.
Når omsætningen overstiger denne gennemsnitlige omsætning med en vis procentdel, betaler de 40% af forskellen.
If, in a subsequent analysis of the doctor's prescribing, it appears that the advice has not been taken this can lead to the opinion of the Local Medical Committee being sought.
På den anden side modtager nogle apoteker med en lav omsætning støtte.
These Committees, elected by all the general practitioners in the area, can recommend that a proportion of the doctor's remuneration is withheld.
Detailhandlernes fastsatte avancer kan blive nedskåret, hvis de får pålagt at foretage tilbagebetalinger til sygeforsikringerne eller den offentlige sygesikring.
It has not, however, been necessary to take a case to the Local Medical Committee during the past four years.
(Der findes ikke i noget medlemsland regler om, at grossisterne skal foretage tilbagebetalinger).
The Regional Medical Officer himself is not involved in any disciplinary procedures; his role is to act as adviser to the doctor in many fields including prescribing.
Det britiske system er baseret på et forsøg på at skabe en balance mellem forfaldne og foretagne betalinger.
In Italy what a doctor can prescribe under the health insurance schemes is laid down in the Health Care Handbook which contains a list of proprietary medicines compiled and brought up to date periodically (new products being added and obsolete entries eliminated) by the Ministry of Health, through an appropriate committee.
De offentlige myndigheder ændrer ikke regelmæssigt nettoavancen pr. recept (med andre ord, aflønning af den anvendte kapital, som uforandret har været 16% siden 1970).
The rules for the use of the Health Care Handbook and the agreements between the insurers and the various health authorities also determine the quantities which may be prescribed and dispensed.
De opnår i stedet den ønskede ligevægt ved at tilpasse honorarerne og/eller godtgørelsen; nettoavancen betales ikke separat, men er inkluderet i honorarerne og godtgørelsen.
Doctors and pharmacists are bound to apply these provisions; any prescriptions which do not conform are dispensed entirely at the patient's expense.
I førstnævnte land betaler den lovfæstede sygeforsikring apotekeren lægemidlets salgspris efter fradrag af en lovfastsat rabat på 7% (nedsat til 5% fra 1978).
Those doctors whose performance is open to criticism are called in to be interviewed (summoned by letter) and finally, in cases where these efforts prove useless, referred to appropriate committees.
I Italien modtager sygeforsikringsinstitutionerne en 16% tilbagebetaling fra alle apoteker for galeniske præparater.
The INAM, for example, has a committee in every
Derudover skal landapoteker, der modtager støtte, give yderligere 5% rabat på medicinske specialiteter og 21% på færdigpakkede naturprodukter.
province, chaired by the president of the Medical Association and made up of six doctors representing the Ministries of Labour and of Health, the INAM, the employers, the workers and the medical profession.
I Frankrig undertegnede apotekerne i 1968 en overenskomst med den nationale sygeforsikringskasse, ifølge hvilken de forpligtede sig til at tilbagebetale denne 2,5% af beløbet for deres salg til de forsikrede.
At INAM's request, the Commission examines the case referred to it and can take the following steps : discharge, formal warning, suspension from practice for up to two years or permanently.
Denne fremgangsmåde anvendtes kun i et år og blev fra juli 1970 erstattet af en nedsættelse af bruttoavancen.
The steps taken concern only the relations between the doctor and INAM and in no case affect the former's private practice, since steps concerning the latter can be taken by only the Council of the Medical Association.
I dag består der kun en overenskomst med de gensidige apoteker, efter hvilken disse yder en tilbagebetaling på 3% til sygeforsikringskasserne.
The doctor can appeal against the Provincial Committee's decision to an appropriate Central Committee.
Endelig kan man bemærke det særlige rabatsystem, der gælder i Luxembourg, hvor apotekerne yder de forsikrede i henhold til sygeforsikringen en rabat på 3,4%.
In the Netherlands an office indirectly under the control of government (KOAGG) approves all advertisements before publication.
Sammenfattende kan siges, at strukturen i apotekernes indtjening ligger ret fast, idet den bestemmes enten som en procentdel af varernes pris eller som et samlet vederlag fastsat ved aftale som i Det forenede Kongerige.
In Ireland sales promotion conditions are imposed as part of the licensing of products by the Department of Health acting on the advice of the National Drugs Advisory Board.
Følgelig har de kun haft ringe virkning på de samlede udgifter til forbruget af medicinalvarer.
In addition, the industry operates a voluntary code of marketing practice.
I alle tilfælde betyder aflønningssystemet i alle lande, at der næsten ingen konkurrence er med hensyn til prisen på de lægemidler, der tilbydes patienterne og sygeforsikringsorganisationerne.
A special committee set up by the industry with a legally qualified chairman, who is also a pharmacist, adjudicates on complaints that the code has been broken.
Tal, der belyser skattebyrden i de forskellige lande ved begyndelsen og slutningen af perioden 1966-1975, er vist på s. 8 i kapitel 1.
In Italy the "labels" (and accompanying illustrated brochures) of proprietary medicines have to be approved by the Ministry of Health at time of registration of when subsequent amendments make this necessary.
Alt efter hvilket land, det drejer sig om, gælder tallet enten for skat på omsætningen eller merværdiafgiften.
In Belgium regulations specify that all advertising material or technical and scientific information relating to a particular product must be honest, truthful and susceptible to proof.
På det sidste har der været en tendens hen mod samordning af de forskellige nationale systemer.
It must be strictly consistent with the details submitted at the time of applying for registration of the product.
Alt i alt er beskatningen på lægemidler ret lav.
However, this obligation does not apply to reminder advertising in which the brand name is mentioned.
Den eneste undtagelse var tidligere Frankrig, hvor beskatningen indtil 1. juli 1975 var på 17,6% i stedet for de 6,54%, den siden er blevet sænket til.
In Denmark the Law requires all advertisements to be sober and factual and not to give an exaggerated, incomplete, misleading or deceptive picture of the medical product.