natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
I »Technics«-afgørelsen har den afvist en detailhandelsvirksomheds krav om levering, da det ikke kunne fastslås, at detailhandleren var afhængig af de pågældende mærker.
The arguments putforward by the applicants did not bear examination in the light of the facts.
Forbundsministeren for økonomi har forelagt en beretning om udviklingen på området vejledende priser.
However, these rules in no wayprevented effective price competition and price cutting.
Beretningen kommer til det resultat, at de i loven fastsatte kontrolmuligheder har stået deres prøve.
Manufacturers were free to set retail prices.
Et flertal af kommissionsmedlemmerne stiller sig kritisk over for den måde, hvorpå kartelretten hidtil et blevet anvendt på dette område.
Nor did the law preventthem from giving up part of their maximum permissible profit margin, notmatching or matching only in part competitors' price increases or grantingindividual rebates to wholesalers or retailers.
Efter flertallets opfattelse er de store aftageres præferencestilling, som er betinget af deres magt og størrelse, ganske vist en væsentlig årsag til koncentrationen, men der havde dog hidtil ikke været eksempler på dominerende stillinger inden for levnedsmiddelhandelen.
Lastly, there was nothing toprevent firms from actually exercising their rights as described above.
Ved fusioner af handelsvirksomheder undersøger Bundeskartellamt ikke blot, hvor dan fusionen påvirker virksomhedens stilling som sælger i forhold til forbrugeren, men også hvilke følger fusionen har for handelsvirksomhedens efterspørgsel hos leverandørerne.
The applicants could likewise not avoid responsibility for the arrangementsconcluded between them by referring to pressure allegedly exerted by the Dutchauthorities.
Kan det enten på udbudssiden eller på efterspørgselssiden fastslås, at virksomheden får en dominerende stilling, eller at dens dominerende stilling bliver forstærket, nedlægges der forbud mod fusionen.
The question whether and, if so, to what extent governmentinfluence on the conclusion of agreements could remove an agreement between
Bundeskartellamt betragter dog nu som tidligere små og mellemstore virksomheders samarbejde om indkøb som positivt i konkurrencemæssig henseende.
As regards concerted action between firms and the authorities in general, the Court stated that it was lawful provided it did not result in conduct contraryto Article 85.
I 1985 blev der ikke foretaget ændringer i den græske konkurrencelovgivning (lov nr. 703/77).
The Court considered that the arrangements under attack were alsolikely to affect trade between Member States.
Handelsministeren var enig i denne opfattelse og pålagde en bøde.
It was immaterial whether the parties to the agreement obtained thoseproducts from an independent third party or from undertakings belonging toone and the same group.
Klagen vedrørte et distributionsarrangement for pasta mellem Misko og Vanta.
The same applied to agreements concerning trademargins.
Skønt virksomhederne var to forskellige juridiske personer, var de i realiteten et enkelt foretagende med fælles administration, kontrol og interresser, idet produktion og distribution simpelthen var delt mellem dem.
The standardization of profit margins made it pointless for retailersto promote certain products, in particular imports, rather than others in returnfor special rebates.
Denne opfattelse blev godkendt af ministeren.
The bonus scheme affected trade between Member Statesif only because the price reduction was calculated on the basis of cigarettesimported from other Member States.
Skønt Swissair måske kunne anses for at have en dominerende stilling med hensyn til flyvninger til Schweiz, var dets adfærd ikke misbrug, da bureauet ikke fik en ufordelagtig stilling i sammenligning med dets konkurrenter.
Since, moreover, almost all Dutch manufacturers and importers were
Ministeren afviste den af Sunlight indgivne klage over, at UCAR misbrugte sin dominerende stilling ved at sælge under kostpris i den hensigt at tvinge sin konkurrent ud af markedet for batterier. Undersøgelsen viste, at priserne på UCAR's batterier trods betydelige rabatter til kunderne i virkeligheden var højere end de gennemsnitlige produktionsomkostninger.
107 party to the bonus scheme, themselves effecting most of the imports from other Member States, the total volume of which was very substantial, and since thebonus amounted to approximately 7% of retailers' profit margin, there couldbe no doubt as to the 'appreciable nature' of the agreement.
Artikel 1 supplerer således artikel 37 i en ordonnance fra 1954, i henhold til hvilken salgsnægtelse er lovlig, når det sker under henvisning til aftaler, der er godkendt, fordi de bidrager til det økonomiske fremskridt. Forpligtelsen til at meddele prislister og salgsvilkår — en forpligtelse, der hidtil kun påhvilede producenterne — er endvidere blevet udvidet til også at omfatte grossister og importører.
Lastly, the Court rejected the NSO's argument that the Commission wasobliged to grant an exemption under Article 85(3) because the bonus schemecontributed to the maintenance of a network of specialist retailers in whichmanufacturers, consumers, and ultimately, the State, had a legitimate interest.It simply pointed out that the applicant's claim that the special rebate wasindispensable for the continued existence of specialist retailers was not substantiated.
I henhold til artikel 2 har de franske monopolmyndigheder i lighed med EF-Kommissionen mulighed for at vedtage fritagelsesforordninger til fordel for visse aftaler.
Nor had the applicant shown that similar rebates would not have beengranted without the agreement.
Formålet hermed — sammenholdt med det lempede forbud mod salgsnægtelse. jf. artikel 1 ovenfor — er at tilvejebringe retssikkerhed til gavn for de virksomheder, som indgår nye samarbejdsformer (som f.eks. franchiseaftaler, selektive distributionsaftaler m.v.).
The question whether the maintenance of anetwork of specialist sales outlets for tobacco products contributed per se tothe attainment of one of the objectives which could or should legitimately bepursued according to Article 83(3) was expressly left open by the Court.
De franske fritagelsesforordninger supplerer og træder altså ikke i stedet for den mulighed, der i dag står aben, og hvorefter en aftale i henhold til de nugældende regler efterfølgende kan erklæres for lovlig.
Itmust be inferred from the Court's earlier judgment in the Fedetab case' thatthe provision is no guarantee of the continued existence of the present, possiblyfar too large and therefore uneconomic, network of specialist retailers.
Artikel 89 i banklov nr. 84-46 af 24. januar 1984 er blevet ændret ved en lovbestemmelse, der er offentliggjort i den franske lovtidende af 12. juli 1985 i
Joined Cases 209 to 215 and 218/78 van Landewyck and Others v Commission [1980] ECR 3125.
Konkurrencen på markedet overvåges stadig meget aktivt for at konstatere, om der foreligger individuel konkurrencebegrænsende praksis.
If the ban on restrictive practices were to be implemented even in thiscase, the sale of the undertaking would—as the Court stressed—come tonaught.
Til eksempel kan således nævnes, at der i det første halvår af 1985 foretoges 1 064 kontrolbesøg, hvor man i 91 tilfælde gav en advarsel og i 165 tilfælde optog rapport.
Consequently, contractual non-competition clauses do not restrictcompetition, but help to strengthen it because they lead to an increase in thenumber of undertakings in the market.
Hvad angår kollektiv konkurrencebegrænsende praksis, er reglerne om forbud, iværksættelse og gennemførelse af kontrolundersøgelser nu blevet ændret for derved at etablere et regulært »konkurrencenet« mellem centraladministrationen og de eksterne tjenestegrene og med bistand af Brigades Interrégionales d'Enquêtes og Direction Nationale des Enquêtes.
On the other hand, non-competition clauses are compatible with Article 85(1)only where they do not overstep, with regard to their duration and theirmaterial and geographical scope, the limits of what is absolutely necessary.What those limits are can be determined only in the light of the particularcircumstances of each individual case.
Men den nye ordning skal også fungere ved hjælp af det net, der for hele det franske territoriums vedkommende er etableret mellem departementernes afdelinger for konkurrence- og forbrugerspørgsmål.
In the past, where a business has beensold together with its goodwill and know-how, the Commission has considereda five-year duration of the non-competition clause to be normally acceptable,and where only the goodwill has been transferred, a two-year limit has normallybeen applied, although a longer duration might be permitted in exceptionalcircumstances.
Antallet af kontrolundersøgelser er steget meget markant. Det er således praktisk taget fordoblet fra 1983 til 1984 (nemlig fra 57 til 107) og er allerede i første halvår af 1985 nået op på 84.
Since complex assessments of an economic nature are involved,the Commission enjoys a certain power of discretion.
Økonomi, finans- og budgetministeren har i perioden fra november 1984 til november 1985 vedtaget 18 beslutninger efter udtalelse fra det franske monopoltilsyn. Der blev i forbindelse hermed pålagt bøder på i alt 11 594000 FF.
Review by the Court islimited, therefore, to verifying whether the rules of procedure and the obligationto state the reasons on which the decision is based have been complied with,whether the facts have been accurately stated and whether there has been anymanifest error of appraisal or a misuse of powers.
Dernæst indeholdt udtalelsen et normativt element gående ud på, at selektive distributionsaftaler for luksusparfumer principielt er lovlige og angivende de vilkår, som distributionsaftalerne skal opfylde for at falde uden for det i artikel 50 indeholdte forbud.
Case 42/84, not yet reported.Decision of 12 December 1983, OJ L 376, 31.12.1983; Thirteenth Competition Report (1983), points 86to 88; see also Decision of 26 July 1976, BASF/Reuter, OJ L 254, 17.9.1976; Sixth Competition Report(1976), points 60 to 63 and 137 to 139.
I den første udtalelse nåede det franske monopoltilsyn til den konklusion, at den praksis, som de ovennævnte fælles indkøbscentraler havde fulgt, kunne falde ind under artikel 50 (konkurrencebegrænsende aftaler) eller under bestemmelserne i artikel 50 in fine (om dominerende stilling). Men konkurrencebegrænsende aftaler eller dominerende stilling).
In the Remia/Nutricia case, the Court held that the Commission decisioncontained no errors of law; the finding as to the applicability of Article 85(1)to the non-competition clauses at issue — which were of ten and five years'duration — had been correct and the request for an exemption under Article85(3) had been refused on sufficient grounds.
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110 COMPETITION POLICY TOWARDS ENTERPRISES
Parterne trak herefter den ene sag tilbage, mens den anden kunne gennem føres.
§ 5 — Competition rules and the protection ofindustrial and commercial property
902), om rejsearrangørers og rejsebureauers virksomhed samt dennes afhængighed af brancheforeninger inden for turisterhvervet (PL. 2601).
The Pharmon v Hoechst judgment 2sheds light on the scope of the guarantee of the continued existence ofpatent rights contained in Article 36.
I denne omhandlede periode er der ikke foretaget nogen ændring af lovgivningsmæssig art på konkurrenceområdet i Italien.
The Community systemof competition did not allow the improper use of rights under any nationaltrade mark law in order to frustrate the Community's law on cartels.
Men i 1985 er der dog blevet vedtaget en række storhertugelige og ministerielle bekendtgørelser vedrørende forbrugerpriser, der direkte berører forbrugernes interesser.
The agreementcontained only obligations and disadvantages from Segers's point of view,because it required him:
Loven om restriktiv handelspraksis (lov af 17. juni 1970) er ikke blevet ændret i 1985.
(i) to restrict the use of his 'Toltecs' trade mark in Germany to the sale of acertain type of tobacco;
123 skal fastsættes ved bekendtgørelse, skal vertikal prisbinding kunne erklæres ikke forpligtende. Dette lovforslag blev den 18. december 1985 forelagt parlamentets andetkammer.
(iii) to refrain from advertising the fact that his tobacco was suitable orrecommended for cigarette rolling.
Desuden behandles et lovforslag, som skal udvide lovens anvendelsesområde til de liberale erhverv: myndighederne skal så vidt muligt afstå fra at føre indkomstpolitik over for udøvere af liberale erhverv.
In fact, BAT's sole purpose was tocontrol and, in the last analysis, prevent the marketing of tobacco producedby Segers on the German market.
Direkte indgreb bør kun finde sted som sidste udvej.
BAT's entire conduct towards Segers servedthat purpose.
Det skal først konstateres, om der kan opnås ligevægt mellem udbud og efterspørgsel og dermed også acceptable indkomstforhold ved hjælp af bl.a. konkurrencepolitik. rencepolitik.
By contriving a conflict involving trade mark law in order tointerfere with the conditions of competition BAT had misused its powers underthat law.
Trods negativ udtalelse fra Kommissionen for økonomisk konkurrence, er det blevet besluttet at forlænge den almindelige, obligatoriske mindsteprisordning for hvidt krystalsukker med tre år.
On these grounds the Court was able to find that Article 85(1) had beeninfringed, without having to examine the question at issue between the partiesto the proceedings as to whether there was a serious risk of confusion betweenthe 'Toltecs' and 'Dorcet' trade marks and as to which criteria—those laiddown by national law or those laid down by Community law—should applyto the assessment of that risk.
Beslutningen om forlængelse blev truffet, fordi man frygtede uro på grund af »underbudssalg« og på grund af de kraftige tilskyndelser til en strukturel styrkelse af den selvstændige handel, som for tiden finder sted i denne erhvervsgren.
While the applicant, supported by the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany, submitted that the risk of confusionbetween two trade marks could be assessed only according to the criteria ofappraisal applied by domestic law, the Commission took the view that notevery liberal interpretation of that concept either by national courts or in thecontext of delimitation agreements between trade mark proprietors was coveredby Article 36, since that provision allowed only such restrictions as wereessential for the purpose of protecting the specific subject-matter of the trademark.
KONKURRENCEPOLITIKKEN OVER FOR VIRKSOMHEDER
112 COMPETITION POLICY TOWARDS ENTERPRISES of the right to bring an action for infringement of the patent.
Vedtægter og bestemmelser for dette to-trins selvregulerende system vil blive undtaget fra den britiske konkurrencelovgivning, men Director General of Fair Trading (DGFT) skal aflægge beretning om virkningerne på konkurrencen og Secretary of State for Trade and Industry skal tage dette i betragtning ved afgørelse af, om vedtægter eller vedtægtsændringer skal godkendes.
The defendant, supported by the Commission andsix Member States, underlined, on the other hand, the peculiarities of acompulsory licence compared with a licence freely granted: the lack of a truecontractual relationship between the patent proprietor and the licensee, thelack of consent on the part of the patent proprietor to the marketing of theprotected product, the fact that a compulsory licence was essentially intendedto meet the special needs of a Member State, and the fact that it was in thenature of a penalty.
Dette er en bestemmelse, som indgår i regeringens pakke af foranstaltninger til fremme af afreguleringen af bustrafikken.
These circumstances stood in the way both of equating acompulsory licence with a contractual licence and of extending the rights underthe compulsory licence.
I henhold til Competition Act 1980 har DGFT tilendebragt en undersøgelse vedrørende et forlags (Holmes McDougall Ltd) nægtelse af at modtage annoncer indeholdende prisoplysninger i to af dets specialtidsskrifter om bjergbestigning og vandreture.
The Court concurred on balance with the second view. It pointed outthat a compulsory licence deprived the patent proprietor of the possibility ofdetermining freely the conditions under which he marketed his products, andin particular of the right of first placing the product on the market, whichshould allow him to obtain the reward for his creative effort.
Da et andet specialmagasin også førte en lignende annoncepolitik fandt DGFT det urimeligt at skride ind mod det ene forlag og forsøger nu at råde bod på de konkurrencebegrænsende virkninger på anden måde.
The patentproprietor must therefore be allowed to prevent the importation and marketingof products manufactured under a compulsory licence in order to protect thesubstance of his rights. In this connection it was immaterial under whatconditions the compulsory licence was granted.
I februar offentliggjorde MMC en rapport4) om Ford Motor Company's politik om ikke at give licenser til fremstilling eller salg i Det forenede Kongerige af visse
It made no difference whether,for instance, the national authorities had imposed an export ban, whether thelicensee was required to pay royalties to the patent proprietor or whether thelatter had accepted or refused such royalties.
125 karrosserireservdele til Ford-motorkøjetøjer. MMC bekræftede DGTF's konstatering1), af, at Fords praksis var konkurrencebegrænsende og konkluderede, at den stred mod den offentlige interesse.
2 them, namely the Binon/AMP judgment and the Ford judgment, were concerned with selective distribution systems involving press publications andmotor vehicles; the third judgment, ETA Fabriques d'Ebauche v DK Investmentand Others,3had to do with guarantee clauses in exclusive distribution agreements.
For at råde bod på situationen, henstillede MMC, at den lovbestemte periode for beskyttelse af design eller copyright for så vidt angår karrosseriplader skulle reduceres til 5 år.
Selective distribution systems for press publications
I henhold til RTP Act indledtes der procedurer mod aftaler vedrørende lukning af spillelokaler og vejbelægningsmaterialer.
The Binon v AMP judgment is understandable only against the background of the Belgian market in newspapers and periodicals and the marketingconditions in Belgium.
Restrictive Practices Court gjorde ind sigelse mod en aftale mellem medlemmerne af Society of West End Theatre vedrørende billetsalgsagenturers forretningsbetingelser, rabatter, reservationsgebyr og annoncering.
The structure of that market is characterized by the factthat a large majority of domestic, and almost all foreign, publishers haveentrusted the distribution of their products to a single specialized distributionagency, AMP, who also carries on business at the retail level.
Tilsagn blev afgivet om ståltrådshegn, gasfyrede centralvarmekedler2), rabatter til grossister i avissektoren.
In 1976 thepublishers, in collaboration with AMP, introduced a selective distributionsystem which entrusted the task of approving retail outlets to regional consultative committees on which the business circles concerned (publishers, wholesalersand retailers) were represented.
Nye og lempeligere regler for advokaters annoncering blev i marts indført af Law Society of Scotland i lighed med de regler, der i oktober 1984 indførtes af Law Society of England and Wales, dog med den undtagelse, at fjernsynsavertering også vil blive tilladt i Scotland.
Following the intervention of the Belgiancompetition authorities, the system of collective approval set up in 1983 wasabolished and replaced by a different set of rules giving AMP virtual controlover the opening of new retail outlets.
MMC fandt, at Prosper de Mulder Group havde et monopol for så vidt angår levering af spildprodukter fra slagterier, og DGFT er blevet anmodet om at opnå tilsagn med hensyn til virksomhedens prispolitik og at søge tilsagn om, at den ikke vil føre en diskriminerende indkøbspolitik samt at den vil underrette DGFT om sine hensigter med hensyn til erhvervelse af firmaer i denne markedssektor.
The questions put by the court making the reference were directed atestablishing, firstly, whether the practice of newspaper and periodical publishersof distributing their products exclusively through a single distribution agencyand of entrusting to the latter their resale according to certain common criteriainfringes Article 85, and, secondly, whether the distribution system applied onthe Belgian market, which provides for a selection of retailers on the basis ofqualitative and quantitative criteria and entails various other restrictions, iscompatible with Article 85.
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114 COMPETITION POLICY TOWARDS ENTERPRISES
DGFT afgav udtalelse til ministeriet om 192 fusioner og planlagte fusioner og ministeriet henviste fire sager til MMC.
The Court answered the first question in the affirmative.
Af disse er en bortfaldet efter at den påtænkte fusion (Imperial Group PLC/Permaflex Ltd) blev opgivet. MMC afgav rapport om 6 sager; Dee Corporation PLC/Brooker McConnell PLC1), British
If a set ofagreements between a specialized newspaper and periodical distribution agencyand a large majority of domestic and a number of foreign publishers in the lastanalysis leaves the approval of retail outlets to the discretion of the agency orof a body set up by it within the framework of the agreements, this is no longera case of independent, but of contractual parallel conduct on the part of thepublishers, to which Article 85(1) is applicable.
I alle tilfælde konkluderede MMC, at fusionerne ikke var i strid med den offentlige interesse. Der afventes rapporter om to foreslåede fusioner (British telecom PLC/Mitel og McCorquodale/Richard Clay).
It is sufficient, for Article 85 to be applicable,that an agreement continues to produce its restrictive effects after it has formallyceased to be in force.
) Cmnd 9458, marts 1985.
This would be a clear case of discrimination.
Konkurrencepolitik med hensyn til statsinterventioner over for virksomheder
The Court remarkedthat it was for the national court to judge the nature of the contractual relationbetween the publishers and the distribution agency.
') Støtte til sektorerne Iransport, landbrug og fiskeri, er for første gang specielt behandlet i rapporten om konkurrencepolitikken.
Joined Cases 25 and 26/84, not yet reported.Decision of 16 November 1983, OJ L 327, 24.11.1983; Thirteenth Competition Report, points 96 to 98.
Selv om den omstændighed, at antallet af afmeldte tilfælde er faldet og støtten er blevet ydet til nye sektorer, endvidere indicerer, at konkurrenceevnen er blevet forbedret på fællesskabsplan, synes det dog for tidligt heraf at konkludere, at statsstøtte er i aftagende, sålænge disse tendenser ikke har givet sig klart udslag i en hertil svarende nedgang i støttens omfang.
They necessarily had to leavecertain matters to be decided later by the manufacturer, especially as regardsthe choice of models to be delivered.
Det skal bemærkes, at anvendelsen af proceduren efter artikel 93, stk. 2, så ofte som det har været nødvendigt, i henhold til de retsprincipper, EF-Domstolen udviklede i 1984 i en dom, afsagt i sagen vedrørende den belgiske tekstilstøtteordning1), ikke har givet sig udslag i et stigende antal endelige negative beslutninger.
Admission to the Ford dealer networkimplied acceptance by dealers of Ford-Werke's existing and future supplypolicies.
Dette viser for det første, at proceduren i henhold til EØF-traktatens artikel 93, stk. 2, giver Kommissionen mulighed for at foretage en dybtgående undersøgelse uden nødvendigvis at resultere i vedtagelsen af en beslutning, hvori der nedlægges forbud.
Consequently, the termination of deliveries formed an integral part ofthe selective distribution system employed by Ford.
Det synes også at afspejle en tendens i retning af, at medlemsstaterne ikke længere i samme omfang som hidtil foreslår støtteprojekter, der er uforenelige med det fælles marked.
Owing to its marketpartitioning effect, it had rightly been adduced by the Commission as a decisivereason for refusing to grant an exemption. *