natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Det ville være nødvendigt at gennemføre en minimumsharmonisering af tilsynsnormer, selv om nødvendigheden af at nå til enighed herom — ifølge hvidbogen — ikke måtte føre til, at de beslutninger, der allerede for længst burde være truffet, blev udskudt yderligere.
The other side of the coin is that industrial and commercial policyholders within those countries will correspondingly be denied the full benefits of the opening up of insurance markets during those periods.
Intet af dette lød ukendt, for det var helt på linje med, hvad Kommissionen havde søgt at føre igennem i forhandlingerne og i sagerne for EF-Domstolen.
The thresholds for separating large risks from mass risks apply also to determine the boundaries of the application of the coinsurance Directive, which is thereby integrated into the total scheme.
Medlemsstaternes regeringer reagerede på hvidbogen med et politisk initiativ, idet de nemlig vedtog Den Europæiske Fælles Akt (EF-pakken), som både ændrer og udvider Rom-Traktaten fra 1957.
Agreement on these main points was reached at a meeting of the Council of Ministers on 18 December 1987, at the very end of the Danish presidency.
Fællesaktens tekst var allerede vedtaget på det tidspunkt, hvor EF-Domstolen afsagde dom i forsikringssagerne, men den trådte først i kraft pr. 1. juli 1987.
The following German presidency was commendably determined that the Directive should be formally adopted during its term of office.
Denne Fælles Akt er udtryk for, at der var sket en ændring i det politiske klima i tiden mellem retssagernes begyndelse og EF-Domstolens dom.
This left no time for a revision of the text in which the wording could have been tidied up and a number of incoherencies removed that had crept in over the long years of discussion.
Tværtimod hedder det, at der for at nå målet skal iværksættes en lang række konkrete foranstaltninger på forskellige tidspunkter.
The second nonlife insurance coordination Directive in detail
Der er i stedet indført et system med kvalificeret flertal.
Title I: General provisions (in particular definitions)
Medlemsstaterne har fået tildelt stemmer på basis af deres størrelse, dog således, at der foretages en vægtning til fordel for de små lande.
Title II: Provisions supplementary to the first Directive (these reinforce and clarify certain provisions of the first Directive in order to provide a solid base for freedom of services and provide the definition of large risks)
F. eks. har Tyskland 10 stemmer, Belgien 5 og Luxembourg 2.
Title III: Provisions peculiar to the freedom to provide services
Når en beslutning vedtages med kvalificeret flertal, skal der være 54 af de i alt 76 stemmer for. Før Fællesakten trådte i kraft, kunne forslag vedrørende forsikringssektoren kun træffes med enstemmig tilslutning fra alle medlemsstater. Dette indebar, at et enkelt land permanent kunne blokere for et forslag, som alle de øvrige ønskede vedtaget, eller forlange en høj pris for at godkende det.
Title IV: Transitional arrangements (including in particular the steps by which Greece, Spain, Ireland and Portugal reach the full application of the provisions relating to large risks)
Overgangen til kvalificeret flertal betød en radikal ændring i forhandlingsprocessen.
We pick out below some of the main points in the individual articles.
At samtlige medlemsstater allerede fra forhandlingernes begyndelse således accepterer, at nogle af parterne kan have behov for særlige overgangsordninger, har gjort det meget lettere at nå til enighed.
That Article provides that '... restrictions on freedom to provide services ... shall be ... abolished ... in respect of nationals of Member States who are established in a State of the Community other than that of the person for whom the services are intended'.
Inden for forsikringssektoren såvel som inden for så mange andre områder er der nogle lande, der accepterer nødvendigheden af integrering, men som forståeligt nok er bange for, at udenlandske forsikringsselskaber vil løbe med de bedste forretninger, hvis deres egne, indenlandske forsikringsselskaber ikke får tid nok til at tilpasse sig.
This seems to indicate that for Article 59 to apply the insurer, as the provider of the services, and the policyholder, as the person for whom the services are intended, must be in different Member States.
Når det er muligt at tage hensyn hertil allerede fra begyndelsen, vil man lettere kunne undgå tidligere tiders alt-eller-intet-konfrontationer, hvor lande, som i virkeligheden kun havde brug for mere tid, fuldstændigt kunne blokere forslagene.
It does not give any ground for taking into account the situation of the risk, whatever that may mean, where that is separate from the situation of the policyholder.
Fri udveksling af tjenesteydelser inden for skadesforsikring
In its judgment in case 205/84 (the German decision), the Court recognized the existence of a problem but shied away from it.
2. skadesforsikringsdirektiv
In paragraph 23 of its reasoning it said:
Det var på denne nye baggrund, at Rådets arbejdsgruppe om økonomiske spørgsmål trådte sammen i begyndelsen af 1987 for at genoptage drøftelserne om forslaget til 2. skadesforsikringsdirektiv, som blev fremsat første gang i 1975, men som siden havde været genstand for langvarige drøftelser, uden at man var kommet ret meget videre indtil foråret 1985, hvor forhandlingerne blev afbrudt.
'Finally, it should be mentioned that since the scope of Articles 59 and 60 is defined by reference to the places of establishment or of residence of the provider of the services and of the person for whom they are intended, special problems may arise where the risk by the insurance contract is situated in the territory of a Member State other than that of the policyholder, as the person for whom the services are intended.
Det var lige fra begyndelsen helt klart, at EF-Domstolens domme havde gjort en ende på de hidtil skyttegravsprægede forhandlinger og skabt en meget mere gnidningsløs situation. Ingen af parterne kunne længere stå så stejlt på deres holdninger.
Article 2 of the Directive contains a definition of the expression 'Member State where the risk is situated' under which the risk will in certain cases be regarded as situated in a State which is neither a place of establishment nor a place of residence of the policyholder.
I teorien var der to alternative fremgangsmåder.
Artide 12 states that the provisions of Title III (provisions peculiar to the freedom to provide services) shall apply 'where an undertaking, through an establishment situated in a Member State, covers a risk situated, within the meaning of Article 2(d), in another Member State'.
Den ene gik ud på at følge den hidtidige kurs og søge én gang for alle at skabe den grad af fri udveksling af tjenesteydelser, der var mulig, gennem et enkelt direktiv.
The practical consequence of this can be illustrated by a simple example. A policyholder resident in Belgium may own a house in Germany in which he never resides.
Dette ville betyde, at man enten skulle gå i gang med en langvarig og vanskelig harmonisering af regler om masserisici (hvilket i EF-Domstolens jargon vil sige de tilfælde, hvor der må tages hensyn til forsikringstageren eller den forsikrede), indtil betingelserne for at indføre princippet om hjemlandstilsyn med gensidig anerkendelse af tilsynsnormer var til stede, eller også acceptere, at dette aldrig ville kunne opnås på dette område. Ingen var særlig begejstret for at slå ind på denne vej.
If he places the fire insurance of this house with an insurance undertaking established in Belgium, it can hardly be supposed that Article 59 of the Treaty would apply to the transaction, but the wording of the Directive is such that the provisions relating to freedom of services contained in it come into force.
Den kunne ikke undgå at føre til bitre og langtrukne konflikter om, hvad det overordnede mål skulle være inden for masserisici, samtidig med at man også ville skabe usikkerhed om definitionen af store risici, for hvilke Domstolen jo havde udtalt, at der allerede var mulighed for hjemlandstilsyn, i det mindste i det omfang, hvor coassurancedirektivet kunne finde anvendelse.
The somewhat bizarre result is that it is Germany and not Belgium which is in principle allotted the role of protecting the Belgian policyholder's interests against those of the Belgian insurer.
Der er derfor ikke noget mærkeligt i, at langt de fleste medlemsstater — opmuntret af Kommissionen — gik ind for, at man hurtigt fik udarbejdet en tekst, der både gav en definition på de tilfælde, hvor der ikke kunne være noget særligt behov for at beskytte forsikringstagerne, og fastlagde en liberal ordning for disse tilfælde, og på den anden side fastsatte detaljerede bestemmelser om masserisici i overensstemmelse med EF-Domstolens udtalelser om, hvilke foranstaltninger det var berettiget at træffe ud fra hensynet til forsikringstagerne. Meningen var så, at Kommissionen på et senere stadium skulle fremsætte særskilte forslag om, at princippet om hjemlandstilsyn også skulle gælde for masserisici.
It is worth noting at this point that the definitions make clear that the relevant factor at the insurer's end of the transaction is the location of the establishment from which the transaction in question was carried out.
Da man først havde besluttet sig for denne strategi, var det klart, at det vigtigste spørgsmål, der derefter skulle afgøres, var spørgsmålet om, hvor skillelinjen mellem store risici og masserisici skulle trækkes.
Article 3 of the\Directive extends, or perhaps more correctly sharpens, the definition of 'establishment' by saying that any permanent presence of an undertaking in the territory of a Member State shall be treated in the same way as an agency or branch, even if that presence does not take the form of a branch or agency, but consists merely of an office managed by the undertaking's own staff or by a person who is independent but has permanent authority to act for the undertaking as an agency would.
Skulle det ske efter kvalitative kriterier, dvs. på basis af forsikringsklasser eller forsikringstagere? Eller skulle kriterierne være kvantitative, dvs. bero på størrelsen af individuelle risici, eller alle en forsikringstagers risici tilsammen, eller skulle de bero på størrelsen af de præmier, en forsikringstager betaler inden for en bestemt forsikringsklasse?
These words are taken verbatim from paragraph 21 from the Court's reasoning in its judgment in Case 205/84.
Eller skulle der benyttes andre kriterier, f.eks. om forsikringstageren er erhvervsdrivende?
Further remarks about the status of brokers and other intermediaries are to be found later in this booklet.
Bag disse noget tekniske spørgsmål lå et andet, væsentligere spørgsmål begravet.
Article 5 of the Directive gives the definition of large risks which has already been discussed above (and see Annex 1 to this booklet).
Dette spørgsmål stod i nogen tid hen i det uvisse.
The modest length of Article 6 belies the immensity of the discussions which preceded its adoption.
Fællesaktens budskab så ikke ud til at være trængt igennem til alle på de lavere forhandlingsniveauer og heller ikke i selve forsikringsbranchen. Nogle forsikringsfolk fandt det rimeligt, at en erhvervsdrivende forsikringstager for at kunne henregnes til kategorien »store risici« skulle have mindst 2000 ansatte i den medlemsstat, hvor den pågældende risiko var beliggende.
The first nonlife insurance coordination Directive entrusted to each Member State in which an insurance undertaking had an establishment the responsibility for seeing that the assets representing the technical provisions established under its competence were expressed or realizable in the same currency as the liabilities, subject to derogations which the Member State itself might determine.
En sådan tankegang lader ikke alene hånt om, hvad EF-Domstolen reelt havde udtalt, men var også i strid med forventningerne hos større erhvervskoncerner.
On the whole, Member States with strong currencies or which saw the wide international activity of their insurers as an advantage for the national economy took a broad view, whilst those which feared a run on their currency or which did not have internationally orientated insurance markets were much more restrictive.
Dette kunne ikke undgå at vække stærke reaktioner i erhvervslivet.
The coinsurance Directive had taken the argument a step further.
Erhvervslivet var længe om at vågne op til dåd, men da interessen først var vakt, viste det sig at være en stærk lobby.
Its Article 4(2) merely said that 'relaxation of the matching assets rule may be granted by the Member States in which the coinsurers are established in order to take account of the requirements of sound management of insurance undertakings'.
Erhvervsfolkene gjorde det helt klart over for Rådet og deres nationale regeringer, at forsikringer for dem var én blandt mange andre erhvervsomkostninger, hvor de var i stand til selv at træffe et rationelt valg. Hvis der skulle fastsættes tærskler — hvilket de ikke fandt indlysende, når der var tale om erhvervslivet — skulle de i hvert fald sættes lavt.
When the Directive was adopted, however, the Council formally called upon the supervising authorities of the Member States to join with the Commission in agreeing upon rules for the implementation of the matching principle, taking into account the requirements of sound management of insurance undertakings and excluding in particular speculative currency transactions and significant investments in a currency other than that of the liabilities represented, the latter criterion being assessed according to the nature of the risks and reserves concerned.
Denne kampagne virkede så meget desto mere effektivt, fordi den kom netop på det tidspunkt, hvor de nationale regeringer offentligt slog til lyd for, hvor vigtigt det var for erhvervslivet, at det indre marked blev gennemført inden udgangen af 1992.
Underlying this request was clearly the feeling that the hitherto existing divergences, where linked to freedom of services, might be the source of competitive advantages for some and currency disturbances for others.
Det springende punkt i forhandlingerne kom under det danske rådsformandskab i andet halvår af 1987.
Meetings were held and progress was made, but there always remained an unbridgeable gap.
Udfaldet af forhandlingerne, som der redegøres nærmere for i bilag 1, er udtryk for et bemærkelsesværdigt kompromis, hvor alle følte, at de havde opnået noget, samtidig med at resultatet alligevel blev meningsfuldt og brugbart.
The speed with which agreement was reached on the present Annex 1 to the second Directive in the course of negotiations after the Court judgments, which did not themselves treat this question at all, bears remarkable witness to the change in climate.
Transportforsikring i alle dens forskellige afskygninger, herunder også ansvarsforsikring og godsforsikring, anses for at være særligt egnet til liberalisering, fordi disse forsikringer traditionelt har været åbne for international konkurrence i de fleste lande, og fordi de erhvervsdrivende her er vant til at træffe hurtige beslutninger på et internationalt marked.
Article 7 contains the rules on the choice of contract law, meaning in this context the law to be applied to the interpretation of the contractual relations between the parties, as opposed to supervisory or regulatory law.
Dette ser ud til at stemme helt overens med Domstolens tankegang — for det afgørende er jo forsikringstagerens evne til at varetage sine egne interesser i forhandlinger med forsikringsselskabet, og her er det forsikringstagerens status og finansielle situation, der tæller.
Because many States could not accept that this principle should apply to insurance, the Convention was expressly stated not to apply to insurance contracts governing the cover of risks situated within the Community.
Ud fra dette synspunkt er det rimeligt, at hvis forsikringstageren er en virksomhed, der tilhører en koncern, må kriteriet gå på hele koncernen.
Many States wished to start from the quite different principle, already enshrined in their national legislation, that the law of the country where the risk is situated (or perhaps where the policyholder is resident, where this is different) should always be applied.
De kriterier, der skal gælde, når den i direktivet fastsatte overgangsperiode er udløbet, findes allerede i fjerde og syvende direktiv om årsregnskaber.
Underlying this insistence was the belief that in most cases the relationship between policyholder and insurer was very unequal, the latter normally offering contracts in a ready-made format and able to expend more money, time and expertise in the event of any dispute.
Forsikringstagere, som disse direktiver finder anvendelse på, vil ikke have nogen vanskeligheder ved ud fra de senest offentliggjorte årsregnskaber at vise, om de opfylder kriteriet eller ej.
Some States also considered that in the case of, for example, property insurance the interests of third parties, who could have no part in the choice of the contract law, would frequently be affected.
Disse kriterier skal indføres gradvis. I de fleste medlemsstater sættes tærsklerne i begyndelsen dobbelt så højt, som det vil være tilfældet efter udgangen af 1992 (således at dette årstals psykologiske virkning bibeholdes). For Grækenland, Spanien, Irland og Portugal er overgangsperioden meget længere, dog ikke så lang for Spanien som for de
Article 7 represents a careful compromise between the views of these States and those of the other States which would have been happy for the Convention to apply.
I løbet af denne overgangsperiode vil disse landes forsikringsselskaber kunne udnytte fjernelsen af barrierer i andre medlemsstater, men vil samtidig fortsat nyde en vis beskyttelse inden for deres eget lands grænser. Som den logiske konsekvens heraf vil erhvervsdrivende forsikringstagere i disse lande imidlertid ikke i fuldt omfang kunne udnytte liberaliseringen af forsikringsmarkederne i denne periode.
Beyond that, it recognizes that policyholders' circumstances differ and that this must be taken into account when deciding how much freedom of choice shall be given.
Den skillelinje, der er trukket mellem store risici og masserisici, er også afgørende for, hvornår coassurancedirektivet finder anvendelse, og dette direktiv integreres således i det samlede system.
The possibility that an insurer may trap a policyholder in a contract law which is inappropriate to the latter's circumstances is thus sharply reduced.
Disse hovedpunkter blev der opnået enighed om på et ministerrådsmøde den 18. december 1987, lige før det danske formandskab udløb.
The above rules seem simple enough in principle, but the Article does not leave it at that.
Det tyske formandskab, der fulgte efter, satsede prisværdigt på, at direktivet blev formelt vedtaget under dets formandskab.
There are various circumstances in which the mandatory rules of a particular State may or must be applied.
Desværre var der flere procedurevanskeligheder, der skulle overvindes, og man var desuden nødt til at give Parlamentet tre måneder til dets andenbehandling.
These provisions, which have for the most part been imported from the Rome Convention, have led some observers to think that the Article will be difficult to interpret and give rise to legal uncertainty.
Den tekst, der blev vedtaget, er et alt for tydeligt bevis på, hvor nyttig en sådan revision ville have været.
Let it be hoped that experience will prove these fears groundless.
Det 2. skadesforsikringsdirektiv
We have noted that the judgment in the German case (205/84) does not cover compulsory insurances.
Direktivet er opbygget således:
In view of the variety of possible circumstances it is not surprising that the provisions of Article 8 are not simple.
Afsnit II: Supplerende bestemmelser til første direktiv (disse bestemmelser skærper og klarlægger en række bestemmelser i første direktiv med henblik på at skabe et solidt grundlag for den frie udveksling af tjenesteydelser, ligesom de indeholder en definition af store risici).
Other provisions of Title II of the Directive are designed to modify, clarify and strengthen certain regulatory provisions of the first Directive in order to provide a structure which will accommodate crossfrontier operations as well as those undertaken within the boundaries of a single State.
Afsnit III: Særlige bestemmelser vedrørende fri udveksling af tjenesteydelser.
Title HI contains the provisions relating specifically to freedom of services.
Afsnit IV: Overgangsbestemmelser (herunder de forskellige faser, som Grækenland, Spanien, Irland og Portugal skal gennemgå, før de kommer til at anvende bestemmelserne om store risici fuldt ud).
Article 12 defines its scope. This is narrower than that of the first Directive, which in turn excluded certain insurance operations and undertakings.
Afsnit V: Afsluttende bestemmelser (heri er det bl.a. fastsat, at medlemsstaterne skal ændre deres nationale bestemmelser i overensstemmelse med direktivet inden 18 måneder fra meddelelsen af direktivet, dvs. senest den 30. december 1989, og at disse nationale bestemmelser skal anvendes højst 6 måneder efter, dvs. senest den 30. juni 1990).
It is important to realize, however, that exclusion from the Directive, or from Title III, does not mean that rights given by the Treaty itself do not apply to the operations or undertakings concerned.
I det følgende vil vi behandle nogle af hovedpunkterne i de enkelte artikler.
The Directive lays down measures intended to facilitate the exercise of the rights but does not create the rights themselves.
Artikel 2, 3 og 12 omfatter tilsammen, hvad man i direktivet forstår ved fri udveksling af tjenesteydelser.
In other cases an exclusion from the scope of Title III has special technical justifications and is stated to be subject to review not later than 1 July 1998.
Dette falder ikke helt sammen med definitionen i Traktatens artikel 59, hvori det er fastsat, at »... restriktioner, der hindrer fri udveksling af tjenesteydelser
The most important such exclusion, compulsory motor insurance, has already been the subject of a proposal for a separate Directive.
... afskaffes ... for så vidt angår statsborgere i medlemsstaterne, der er bosat i et andet af Fællesskabets lande end modtageren af den pågældende ydelse«.
Artide 13, an obscurely worded provision, contains all that results from the arguments on the so-called 'cumul' question, which had been the subject of much impassioned argument in the months following delivery of the judgment in the German case (205/84).
Dette tyder på, at artikel 59 kun finder anvendelse, når forsikringsselskabet, som leverandør af tjenesteydelserne, og forsikringstageren, som modtager af de pågældende ydelser, er bosat i hver sin medlemsstat.
Certain remarks made by the Court could be interpreted as meaning that an insurer, having his head office in State A and a branch in State B, could never cover a risk in State Β under freedom of crossfrontier services but would always have to use the branch.
Der tages således ikke hensyn til, hvor risikoen består, når der er tale om et andet land, end det land, hvor forsikringstageren er bosat.
This would be left to smaller companies or, quite probably, subsidiaries established within just one State of the Community of parent concerns situated outside the Community altogether.
Disse problemer er ikke blevet drøftet under retsforhandlingerne ved Domstolen, hvorfor Domstolen ikke vil undersøge dem i forbindelse med denne sag.
Much of Title III is devoted to the administrative procedures to be adopted when an insurer wishes to provide crossfrontier services in another State for the first time in a particular class of insurance.
Den følgende undersøgelse angår derfor kun forsikringsaftaler om dækning af risici, der befinder sig i samme medlemsstat som forsikringstageren (herefter benævnt 'modtagerstaten').«
This treatment falls into two classes, according to whether destinationState control or homecountry control is to apply, following the Court judgments.