natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Den påser, at medlemsstaterne overholder de forpligtelser, som påhviler dem i medfør af Traktaterne og den afledte ret.
It determines in a particular case whether Member States are fulfilling their obligations under the Community's constitution and its legisla tion.
Endvidere skal den, efter anmodning fra en national domstol, tage stilling til fortolkningen af Fællesskabets regler eller til gyldigheden af
Finally, it decides questions of the interpretation of Community law or of the validity of acts of the Community institutions referred to it by national courts.
Det kan hævdes, at Domstolen i kraft af sin legalitetskontrol er beslægtet med en forfatningsdomstol, når den skal bedømme, om de af Rådets akter, der er retsakter, er i overensstemmelse med fællesskabs-
In its judicial review function, the Court can be likened to a constitutional court when it determines the conformity with Community law of legislation passed by the Council.
') Når EF-Domstolen f. eks. ændrer en kommissionsbeslutning, der erklærer en aftale for ugyldig i medfør af konkurrencereglerne.
On the other hand, when reviewing the legality of decisions of the Commission addressed to individuals its role is more like that of an administrative court.
) Der skal ikke her foretages en opregning af alle de former for søgsmål, som Domstolen kan få forelagt.
Also, individuals and other Member States can found other actions in national courts, for example for damages, on the judgment.
Opmærksomheden henledes dog på del vigtige erstatningssøgsmål, hvorefter personer, som har lidt skade som følge af en handling fra Fællesskabets side, kan opnå erstatning.
It must again be stressed, however, that the Court has no means of enforcing its judgment against the offending State. The Coal and Steel Treaty (Article 88) provided an embryonic sanction against Member States which failed to comply with the High Authority's decision finding the violation or with the Court's judgment upholding that finding.
Retsfællesskab
A Community governed by law
47 retten.
47 breach of its obligations.
Til gengæld har Domstolen snarere karakter af en forvaltningsdomstol, når den skal tage stilling til lovligheden af Kommissionens individuelle retsakter.
In the draft Treaty establishing the European union, Article 43 includes in the list of areas in which the jurisdiction of the Court should be extended by a new law a proposal for 'jurisdiction of the Court to impose sanctions on a Member State failing to fulfil its obligations under the law of the union'.
Da retsbrud både kan bestå i en ulovlig handling og en ulovlig passivitet fra institutionernes side, har Traktat erne indført et passivitetssøgsmål, hvorved en medlemsstat, en institution og i visse mere begrænsede tilfælde borgerne kan indstævne Rådet eller Kommissionen for Domstolen med henblik på at få fastslået, at vedkommende organ har gjort sig skyldig i retsstridig passivitet.
Such sanctions would be separate from the procedures under Article 44 of the draft Treaty to deal with serious and persistent violations of the provisions of the Treaty or of democratic principles or fundamental rights (Article 4(4)).
På linje hermed skal Domstolen ifølge Rom-Traktaterne -- i tilfælde af et søgsmål mod en medlemsstat - - efter anmodning fra Kommissionen (EØFTraktatens artikel 169) eller en medlemsstat (EØFTraktatens artikel 170) tage stilling til, om medlemsstatens adfærd er i overensstemmelse med fællesskabsretten.
Finally, the preliminary ruling procedure associates national courts with the Court of Justice.
Staten indstævnes ikke, før der har fundet en forudgående administrativ behandling sted, hvorunder Kommissionen forelægger sine standpunkter med henblik på at få medlemsstaten til at bringe sin ulovlige adfærd til ophør.
At the request of a national court, the Court of Justice will rule on the interpretation of the Treaty or legislation and on the latter's validity (Article 177 of the EEC Treaty).'
Hvis staten ikke retter sig efter Kommissionens anvisninger, kan Kommissionen indbringe sagen for Domstolen, som så konstaterer, om der er begået en overtrædelse.
National courts from whose decision on the case there is no appeal2 are bound to refer such an issue to the Court of Justice.
Domstolen kan ganske vist ikke annullere den nationale foranstaltning, der udgør en overtrædelse af fællesskabsret ten, men ved at følge Kommissionens udtalelse kan den ved sin dom give staten anvisning på, hvorledes den kan bringe den ulovlige adfærd til ophør.
Other courts may do so at their discretion. The preliminary ruling procedure is justified by the fact that owing to the direct enforceability of Community law in the Member States it is principally national courts that have to apply Community law.
Borgerne og de andre medlemsstater kan endvidere påbe råbe sig dommen til støtte for deres krav i andre sager, f.eks. erstatningssager ved de nationale domstole.
To avoid divergence between the national courts on points of Community law and to ensure uniform practice, the Treaties made arrangements, similar to those that existed in various forms under national law, for referral of points of Community law to a supreme court.
Det skal dog igen under streges, at Domstolen ikke råder over midler til gennemtvingelse af sin dom over for en medlemsstat, der ikke efterkommer dommen.
A national court faced with a question of the interpretation of Community law or of the validity of EC legislation or decisions may, or must, as the case may be, refer the question to the EC Court of Justice before giving final judgment.
EKSF-Traktaten (artikel 88) har indført et tilløb til en sanktion, hvis staten ikke efterkommer den af Den Høje Myndighed trufne beslutning, hvori det konstateres, at staten ikke har opfyldt sine forpligtelser, eller Domstolens dom, hvori dette stadfæstes.
The parties in the national proceedings, the Member States, the Commission and, if it adopted the legislation or decision in question, the Council are entitled to make submissions to the Court within a relatively short period (two months), so that all interested parties have an opportunity of putting their views on the issue to the Court without unduly prolonging the proceedings.
Den Høje Myndighed kan tilbageholde de beløb, som den måtte skylde staten, og kan bemyndige de andre medlemsstater til at træffe modforholdsregler eller gengældelsesforanstaltninger, der afviger fra Traktatens grundlæggende regler.
The task of the Court is to establish the meaning of the provisions in question or to determine the legality of the act. Its ruling is binding on the court that made the reference and on other courts, although these are entitled to refer further questions to the Court if they have doubts about the correctness of a ruling previously handed down.
En række problemer, der er opstået i forbindelse med gennemførelsen af visse domme, hvori der statueres traktatbrud, har givet anledning til, at man på ny har overvejet, om det var hensigtsmæssigt — inden for rammerne af Rom-Traktaterne - - at knytte sanktioner til de domme, hvori EF-Domstolen konstaterer, at en medlemsstat har begået traktatbrud.
Article 41 of the Coal and Steel Treaty assigns the Court sole jurisdiction to give preliminary rulings only on the validity of legislation. i.e. the highest courts of appeal (such as the House of Lords, Cour de Cassation, Conseil d'Etat), and also courts from whose decision in a given case there is no appeal (because of the amount at issue, for example).
Endelig bevirker den ordning, hvorefter der er adgang til at forelægge præjudicielle spørgsmål, at der mellem de nationale domstole og EF-Domstolen skabes et snævert samarbejde.
Besides the features described above, the Court of Justice differs from an international court of the traditional kind also in the aims it serves, its role and its relations with national courts.
EF-Domstolen skal efter anmodning fra den nationale ret tage stilling til fortolkningen af Traktaten eller institutionernes retsakter, såvel som til gyldigheden af disse (EØFTraktatens artikel 177) ')· En national ret, hvis afgørelser ifølge de nationale retsregler2) ikke kan appelleres, har pligt til at indbringe sagen for Domstolen, medens de øvrige retter har en fakultativ adgang hertil.
While the Court of Justice is not a federal court that is hierarchically above the individual state courts, the importance of its role in determining the legality of state or EC measures, its direct relations with national courts, and the access to it enjoyed by private individuals do make the Court into the central judicial authority of a community of nations engaged in a process of integration.
Denne ordning begrundes dermed, at det i første instans er den nationale ret, som skal bringe fællesskabsretten i anvendelse som følge af dennes direkte virkning.
The fact that this central legal authority exists has made the Court reject the possibility of Member States taking unilateral action against one another to defend their national interests in fields covered by the Treaties.
For at undgå divergenser mellem medlemsstaternes retspraksis og for at sikre en ensartet anvendelse af fællesskabsretten har Traktaterne indført ord ningen med præjudicielle søgsmål, som i forskellige udformninger også findes i de nationale retssystemer.
The Member States cannot take the law into their own hands, for the Treaties provide comprehensive means of legal redress. '
Når der for en national ret opstår et spørgsmål om fortolkning af fællesskabsretten eller om gyldigheden af institutionernes retsakter, kan eller skal retten — alt efter tilfældet -forelægge EF-Domstolen dette spørgsmål, før den tager stilling til sagens realitet.
For the same reasons, the Treaties prohibit Member States from submitting disputes concerning the interpretation or application of the Treaties to any dispute settlement procedure other than those pro­vided for therein (Article 87 of the Coal and Steel Treaty, Article 219 of the EEC Treaty, and Article 193 of the Euratom Treaty).
Parterne i den nationale sag, medlemsstaterne, Kom missionen samt Rådet, hvis den pågældende retsakt hidrører fra dette, kan inden for en relativ kort frist (to måneder) fremsætte deres bemærkninger, således at alle de involverede parter har mulighed for over for Domstolen at give en redegørelse for sagen, uden at dette medfører en urimelig forhaling af sagsbehandlingen.
The importance of a judicial 'ringmaster' to arbitrate between States engaged in a process of integrating their economic and social systems has been pointed out.
Domstolens funktion er her at klarlægge indholdet af de bestemmelser, som den har fået forelagt til fortolkning, eller at tage stilling til gyldigheden af dem, dvs. deres lovlighed.
To conclude this brief survey of the Court's functions, it should be added that the Court has acquitted itself remarkably well of the responsibilities the Treaties assigned to it in this area.
Den dom, der afsiges, binder den nationale ret, som indbragte spørgsmålet, og binder endvidere andre retter, som dog stadig kan forelægge Domstolen spørgsmålet på ny, hvis de betvivler det velbegrundede i en løsning, som Domstolen tidligere er nået frem til.
Its dynamism, which has sometimes earned it criticism, contrasts with the lethargy of the Council as legislator, and very often it has been the Council's inaction that has led the Court to develop the principles that have reaffirmed the commitment to the Community's integrationist goals against the resistance of the Member States, and at the risk of misunderstanding, if not disregard.
Denne form for samarbejde medfører, at den nationale domstol bliver en fællesskabsdomstol.
Nor is its position easy vis­à­vis national courts, which are required to cooperate with it in ensuring that Community law is applied uniformly, but are also the ones responsible for applying that law.
') Ifølge EKSF-Traktatens artikel 41 har alene Domstolen kompetence til præjudicielt af tage stilling til gyldigheden af Den Høje Myndigheds afgørelser.
Charged with interpreting the law and determining the validity of Community legislation, the Court has no power to overturn decisions of national courts that are contrary to Community law or to say how Community law applies to the facts of a particular case. It is not a court of appeal.
Der er ganske vist ikke tale om en føderativ domstol, der hierarkisk er placeret over de nationale domstole, men den betydning, der tillægges legalitetssøgsmålet, dens direkte relationer til de nationale instanser og den stilling, der indrømmes borgerne, gør den til den interne domstol i et Fællesskab af stater, der er inde i en integrationsproces.
Such a provision would enforce the duty of national courts to cooperate with the Court of Justice in applying Community law more effectively than is possible using the infringement procedure.
Det er denne domstolskontrol, der bevirker, at EF-Domstolen har kunnet undgå at bringe princippet om gengældelse mellem medlemsstaterne i anvendelse inden for Fællesskabets retsorden.
If the European Parliament were to be made into a fullyfledged second legislative chamber, this would not reduce the importance of the role of the Court.
Medlemssta terne kan ikke tage loven i deres egen hånd, når Traktaten institutionaliserer en særdeles komplet søgsmålsadgang ').
It would in fact further increase its constitutional character, which is its main raison detre.
Det skal i den forbindelse bemærkes, at Traktaterne i overensstemmelse hermed forbyder, at tvister vedrørende deres fortolkning og anvendelse afgøres efter andre regler end dem, der er fastsat i henholdsvis EKSF-Traktatens artikel 87, EØF-Traktatens artikel 219 og Eura tomTraktatens artikel 193.
To enable the Court to perform its functions effectively and avoid its workload becoming unmanageable, proposals were made to simplify its procedure and to set up one or more specialized lower courts to decide cases brought by officials of the EC institutions against their employers and other cases in which fact-finding is very important, such as competition cases.'
Efter denne korte analyse af Domstolens funktion skal det afslutningsvis tilføjes, at den på fremragende måde har varetaget de opgaver, der er blevet den tillagt ved Traktaterne.
This made it unnecessary to amend the Treaties again to set up such a court of first instance to handle staff cases and other, for example competition, matters.
Domstolens dynamik, der til tider har givet anledning til kritik, står i kontrast til Rådets passivitet som lovgiver, og meget ofte er det netop Rådets passivitet, der har foranlediget Domstolen til at udvikle en retspraksis, der har til formål, trods medlemsstaternes eventuelle modstand, at bekræfte logikken bag integrationens målsætninger, med fare for at denne praksis - - selv om den følges — ikke forstås.
On 24 October 1988 the Council took the decision to set up such a court.2The new Court of First Instance will have jurisdiction in staff cases, appeals under the Coal and Steel Treaty, and in competition cases under the EEC Treaty.
Domstolens stilling er ikke den allerletteste hvad angår forholdet til medlemsstaterne, der påberåber sig at være »Traktatens fædre«, som om dette gav dem ret til at underkende dens principper og mål.
After the Court has been operating for two years, the Council may extend its jurisdiction to dumping and subsidy cases.
Domstolens stilling er heller ikke altid lige let over for de nationale retsinstanser, der skal samarbejde med den for at sikre en ensartet anvendelse af fællesskabsretten, og som netop har til opgave at sikre fællesskabsretten en sådan anvendelse.
Article 12 of the Single Act also empowers the Council, acting unanimously at the request of the Court of Justice and after consult ing the Commission and the European Parliament, to amend the
') Dom af 13.11.1964. forenede sager 90 og 91/63, Kommissionen mod Storhertugdømmet Luxembourg og Kongerigel Belgien, Sml. 1964. s. 555.
2 the Community institutions and their staff'. Decision 88/591 /ECSC, EEC, Euratom, OJ L 319, 25.11.1988, p. 1.
EF-Domstolens opgave er ikke helt entydig, fordi den i forholdet til staterne og institutionerne, nødvendigvis i stadig højere grad må fremstå som en domstol af denne art. På denne baggrund er det forståeligt, at man i artikel 43 i udkastet til traktat om oprettelse af Den Europæiske Union har bestemt, at EF-Domstolens kompetence skal suppleres, således at den også har kompetence til at omstøde en national sidsteinstansdom og sende den tilbage til ny behandling i tilfælde af, at indbringelse for EF-Domstolen af et præjudicielt spørgsmål afvises eller en af EF-Domstolen truffet præjudiciel afgørelse tilsidesættes.
It is a pity the opportunity was not taken to extend the Court's jurisdiction to agreements between Member States in the fields covered by Article 220 of the EEC Treaty, so as to end the sterile argument that always surrounds the question of conferring jurisdiction in these fields on the Court.' A declaration on this subject appended to the Single Act is very vague.
De nationale domstoles pligt til at samarbejde ville således på mere adækvat måde kunne sanktioneres end ved en traktatbrudsprocedure.
Nor has any action been taken to increase the authority of the Court's judgments by giving it a power of sanction.
Disse forslag er medtaget i Den Fælles Akt, der på disse punkter ændrer de tre fællesskabstraktater.
Its approach is 'systematic' or 'teleological', i.e. according to the purpose of the provision (although in practice the two methods are virtually indistinguishable).
Herefter var det ikke længere nødvendigt at ændre Traktaten for at oprette en sådan førsteinstansret, der behandler tjenestemandssager, hvor EF-ansatte er involverede, eller andre tvister f.eks. på konkurrenceområdet. det.
These basic values of the economic constitution of the Community are a common theme or leitmotiv running through the Court's case-law, both on the achieve ment of free intra-Community trade and personal mobility and on the implementation of common policies.
Fortolkningsmetoder
The interpretation of Community law
Rådet kan -- når den nye ret har fungeret i to år -- udvide dens kompetence til også at omfatte dumping- og statsstøttesager.
It is enshrined in a basic provision (Article 7) of the EEC Treaty and is reflected in the articles on free movement of persons and goods.
Endvidere kan Rådet i henhold til artikel 12 i Den Fælles Akt med enstemmighed på anmodning fra EF-Domstolen og efter høring af Kommissionen og Europa-Parlamentet ændre bestemmelserne i afsnit III i EF-Domstolens statut vedrørende rettergangsmåden.
The equal treatment of people who move to another part of the Community for employment purposes and of their families is the area in which the Court has affirmed this principle most consistently, to a degree probably only equalled among the member countries of the Nordic Union.
Det er beklageligt, at man ikke benyttede sig af lejligheden til at udvide EF-Domstolens kompetence til også at omfatte fortolkning af traktater og konventioner, der indgås mellem medlemsstaterne på de i Traktatens artikel 220 nævnte områder, for derved at undgå de formålsløse stridigheder, som tildeling af kompetence til EF-Domstolen på disse områder2) altid giver anledning til.
It held, for example, that the right of the children of workers who have moved to another EC country (migrant workers) to receive the same general education there as the children of nationals of that country should be extended to access to provision for the rehabilitation of handicapped children—who, because of their handicap, have never been employed.2It decided that the children of Italians working in France and Germany should be eligible for grants for higher education on the same terms as the children of nationals.3It also held that reductions for large families formed part of the social benefits that should be available to the families of migrant workers as much as to nationals, despite the fact that such reductions were not part of the worker's terms or conditions of employment or indeed linked to employment in any way.4Thus, equivalence to the position of nationals is taken a very long way.
En meget vagt affattet fælleserklæring vedrørende dette spørgsmål er vedføjet Den Fælles Akt.
Equal treatment is no longer a right of people as workers or members of the families of workers but as Community nationals.
Det kan siges, at alle de fortolkningsmetoder, der benyttes inden for folkeret3) og national ret, også anvendes inden for fællesskabsret ten.
The equality principle is closely linked to the second principle, the principle of freedom.
Domstolen anvender dels en fortolkning, som bygger på den sammenhæng, hvori bestemmelsen findes — den såkaldte systematiske metode — og dels en teleologisk, dvs. formålsbestemt fortolkning, men en sondring mellem disse metoder er dog næsten umulig.
However, as we saw in the examples given above, the Court leaves behind this purely economic basis to assert a general principle of equality of treatment. ment.
De i doktrinen anvendte udtryk til beskrivelse heraf varierer, og det vil falde uden for denne fremstillings rammer at søge at kaste nyt lys over dette spørgsmål. EF-Domstolens funktion og metoder vil blive belyst ved eksempler.
Freedom is an essential value in a Community based on free move ment of goods, services and capital and personal mobility.
Disse principper for Fællesskabets »økonomiske forfatning« (»Wirtschaftsverfassung«) er ledetråden i en omfattende retspraksis, der vedrører såvel gennemførelsen af den frie bevægelighed for varer og personer som iværksættelsen af de fælles politikker.
This is the case, for instance, with Article 48(4) of the EEC Treaty which excepts employment in the public service from the rule that jobs should be open to nationals of other EC countries, and Article 55 under which nationals of other EC countries may be excluded from access to trades or professions 'connected, even occasionally, with the exercise of official authority'.
Det drejer sig om ligheds-, friheds-, solidaritets- og enhedsprincippet2).
It decided that 'taking account of the fundamental nature, in the scheme of the Treaty, of the principles of freedom of movement and equality of treatment of workers within the Community, the exceptions made by Article 48(4) cannot have a scope going beyond the aim in view of which this derogation was included.
Princip pet er nedfældet i en grundlæggende bestemmelse (EØFTraktatens artikel 7) og afspejles i artiklerne vedrørende den frie bevægelighed for personer og varer.
'removes from the ambit of Article 48(1) to (3) a series of posts which involve direct or indirect participation in the exercise of powers conferred by public law and duties designed to safeguard the general interests of the State or of other public authorities.
Ligebehandlingen af arbejdstagere, som flytter inden for Fællesskabet, samt af deres familie er frem for alt det område, hvor Domstolen har hævdet dette princip i et omfang, som uden tvivl kun har sit sidestykke mellem Det Nordiske Råds medlemsstater. stater.
Such posts in fact presume on the part of those occupying them the existence of a special relationship of allegiance to the State and reciprocity of rights and duties which form the foundation of the bond of nationality. '
Domstolen fastslog, at børn af italienske arbejdstagere i Frankrig og Tyskland skulle have adgang til studielegater på samme betingelser som værtslandets egne arbejdstagere4).
In the Reyners case, the Court was asked to rule whether the legal profession fell within Article 55.
Den har også fastslået, at rabatter til børnerige familier indgår i de sociale goder, som de vandrende arbejdstageres familier kan stille krav om på samme betingelser som dem, der gælder for statens egne borgere, skønt rabatter til børnerige familier ikke har forbindelse med beskæftigelsesvilkårene, og end ikke med nogen form for arbejde5).
It said that the most typical activities of the legal profession were not connected with the exercise of official authority, so that the legal profession could not as such be exempted from the rules on freedom of establishment, i.e. the freedom to set up in business in another EC country.3
Ligestillingen med statens egne borgere er således drevet meget vidt.
In another judgment the Court put the matter thus :