natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
På det stadium, som udbygningen af nettet er nået til i dag vil de kommende investeringer i de fleste medlemsstater bestå af en række projekter af stort set samme størrelse.
In contrast, the centralization of the oil and gas industry in Italy around ENI has led to domination by two of the group's com panies, Snamprogetti and Salpem, on the engineering and works markets.
Tabellen nedenfor viser ud strækningen af det eksisterende transport og distributionsnet i de medlemsstater, hvor gasforbruget er størst.
An examination of a sample of contracts awarded in Italy reveals that these two companies and Nuovo Pignone, another ENI subsidiary operating on the compressor market, have a quasi-monopoly in large projects.
Dette giver reelt også et billede af investeringsfordelingen mellem de to undersektorer.
However, only a few com panies could supply this special equipment.
De største kontrakter vil formentlig blive indgået med henblik på en udbygning af den internationale transport. port.
The number of subsidiaries of firms in the ENI group operating outside Italy highlights their competitiveness.
For at åbne mulighed for at transportere gassen over endnu større afstande, har industrien arbejdet henimod en driftsform, hvor naturgassen fremdrives under stadig større pres, hvilket kræver, at stålet ikke alene er mere resistent, men også at rørerne har en større diameter og tykkere vægge — noget der navnlig er nødvendigt når rørledningerne føres igennem ufarbare områder (floder, sunde osv.).
To provide for gas transport over even greater distances, the industry has developed towards operation at increasingly high pressure, which requires more resistant steel and larger diameters and thicknesses, in particular for the crossing of difficult areas (rivers, sounds, etc.).
Det stål, der er nødvendigt for transport inden for Fællesskabet, er kulstofstål, der produceres af alle stålproducenter, og som opfylder de almindeligt anerkendte API-standarder, der er udarbejdet af American Petroleum institute.
The steels required for trans port within the Community are carbon steels produced by all steelmakers, which meet the commonly recognized API (American Petroleum Institute) standards.
I Fællesskabet findes der omkring 20 rørledningsproducenter, men næppe alle er i stand til at producere de tungeste produkter.
There are some 20 pipe manufacturers in the Community, al though they may not all be able to produce the heaviest products.
Dette har medført en stærk konkurrence. Mange af disse selskaber opererer også på det internationale marked.
The market is approaching maturity and future demand for extension of the system is unlikely to be on the scale of the 1970s, and 1980s.
Kun kompressormarkedet er ikke fuldstændig behersket af franske selskaber.
France has a relatively greater number of companies covering the market of GdF.
Sådanne selskaber er også velrepræsenteret på andre markeder.
Such firms are also well represented on other markets.
Nederlandene har en lignende kontraktopolitik.
The contracting policy in the Netherlands is similar.
Gasunie handler primært med sit datterselskab og olieselskaberne med andre nederlandske (HAK, NA-CAPO elier internationale selskaber (R.J. Brown).
Gasunie deals mainly with its subsidiary and the oil companies with other Dutch (HAK, NACAP) or International (R.J. Brown) companies.
I medlemsstater såsom Danmark, Irland, Spanien og Grækenland er antallet af foretagender derimod relativt beskedent og udbygning af rørledningsnettet sker ofte ved at lokale industrier går sammen med etablerede foretagender fra andre medlemsstater.
On the other hand, in Member States such as Denmark, Ireland, Spain and Greece the number of operators is relatively small and development is often by way of association between local industries and established operators from other Member States.
Det danske transportnet blev udviklet af Dancon-Hak, en sammenslutning af danske firmaer og det nederlandske Hakpijpleidingen, mens forholdet i Spanien er det, at nationale selskaber går sammen med selskaber fra Italien, Frankrig og Tyskland.
The Danish system was developed by Dancon-Hak, an association of Danish firms and the Dutch Hakpljpleidingen, while Spain is dis tinguished by associations between national firms and firms from Italy, France and Germany.
Dette samarbejde på tværs af landegrænserne er ikke nødvendigvis udtryk for åbenhed over for konkurrence, eftersom selskaber i lande, der selv har udviklet deres gasindustri, hidtil har kunnet nyde godt af stordriftsfordele.
This openness to cross-frontier co operation is not necessarily a sign of an open competitive approach, since the firms in countries that developed their gas industries in the past have already been able to benefit from economies of scale.
Men kun få selskaber kunne på den anden side levere dette specielle udstyr.
Structure, ownership and control of the coal industry
Det skal bemærkes, at selskaber i lande, der har en høj udviklet gasindustri, ofte ar bejder sammen på de internationale markeder, således som det var tilfældet da det store jugoslaviske transportnet blev bygget.
It should be noted that the firms in countries that have highly developed gas in dustries often operate jointly on international markets as in the case of the develop ment of the large Yugoslav network.
Den nuværende overkapacitet har også medført, at der er blevet gennemført fusioner på tværs af landegrænserne.
Current overcapacity has also led to cross-frontier mergers.
En række af EF-leverandørerne på det nationale gas marked er med tiden blevet så konkurrence dygtige, at de får tildelt kontrakter i udlandet. det.
A number of Community suppliers in the natural gas market have attained sufficient competitiveness to win contracts across national frontiers.
I Tyskland domineres gasudvindingsmarkedet af ret få foretagender, der er specialiserede i større transportarbejder på land; et datterselskab af den største transportvirksomhed spiller en fremtrædende rolle i driften af rørledninger.
The production of peat, lignite and brown coal (46 million tonnes in 1986) is concentrated in Germany (68%), Greece (16%), Spain (9%) and Ireland (4%).
Datterselskabet deltager også i alle internationale transport projekter, hvori Ruhrgas er involveret.
Solid fuels account for about 30% of Com munity energy production.
Naturgasmarkedet i alle dets tre aspekter er underkastet indflydelse fra det offentliges side, enten ved at det offentlige ejer det pågældende foretagende eller regulerer mar kedet.
The markets for all three aspects of the natural gas business are subject to influence of the public authorities whether through ownership or through a structure of regulation.
Til forskel fra karbonhybridsektoren gælder dette ikke alene for udforsknings- og produktionsvirksomhed, men også for transport- og distributionsvirksomhed.
Unlike the hydrocarbons sector, this extends beyond the exploration and production activities to include the transport and distribution activities.
Industriens afhængighed af transportnettet vanskeliggør i høj grad mulighederne for at trænge ind på markedet og med en deraf
The dependence of the industry on the transmission network creates a substantial barrier to entry and a consequential reduction in the direct competitive pressures on operators.
Der foregår kun en ubetydelig samhandel mellem EF-landene, svarende til ca. 3% af Fællesskabets forbrug.
Intra-Community trade is very small, about 3% of Community consumption.
Størstedelen heraf er traditionelle leverancer af kokskul og koks fra Tyskland.
Most of this consists of traditional supplies of coking coal and coke from Germany.
Inden for brunkul og tørv er samhandelen mellem EF-landene ubetydelig.
There is little intra-Community trade in lignite, brown coal and peat.
Inden for forsyningsindustrierne findes der mange foretagender, der også er aktive inden for andre sektorer, der har med rørledningstransport at gøre.
In Spain, a method of awarding con tracts for coal supplies to power stations was agreed in 1986 which may conclude longterm contracts with the electricity producers at a reference price.
Kulindustrien består af både private, offentlige og halvoffentlige virksomheder.
The industry involves private, public and semi-public companies.
I Tyskland og Spanien er en stor del af kul producenterne private selskaber, og mange af dem er datterselskaber af større kulbrugere (stål- og elproducenter).
Thus much of the coal produced in Germany and Spain is extracted by private companies, several of which are subsidiaries of major coal users (steel and electricity producers).
I Belgien er den kulproduktion, der nu er tilbage, i hænderne på et halvoffentligt selskab, hvori staten er hovedaktionær.
In Belgium, the remaining coal production is in the hands of a semi-public company in which the State holds the majority of the capital.
I de øvrige kulproducerende lande er der normait tale om statsejede virk somheder.
In the other producing countries, public owner ship is general.
Afmatningen på markedet for nye rørledninger indebærer, at sådanne selskaber til stadighed er under et kommercielt pres, der uden tvivi vil medføre en vis rationalisering. Der er klart risiko for, at konkurrencen vil blive mere begrænset, eftersom et beskedent antal selskaber allerede opererer inden for visse specialiserede områder.
Although these agreements do not explicitly rule out the use of Community-produced coal from other countries, they do considerably restrict competition from imported coal and from other energy sources, thereby achieving the same result as those coal-producing Member States where the price of nationally produced coal is aligned on imported coal prices, the price difference being met directly from public funds.
Kulmarkedet er præget af vertikale af taler mellem producenter og forbrugere.
The coal market is characterized by the existence of vertical agreements between producers and consumers.
Disse aftaler giver kulproducenterne en langsigtet afsætningsgaranti, der i princippet sætter dem i stand til at opretholde deres produktionskapacitet på længere sigt.
These agreements provide coal producers with a longterm guaranteed market enabling them, in principle, to maintain production capacities in the long term.
Samtidig eliminerer aftalerne i vid udstrækning konkurrence fra andre kulleverandører og andre energiformer.
At the same time, they largely rule out competition from other coal suppliers and other forms of energy.
Desuden giver de brugerne en garanti for sikre kulleverancer uanset udvik lingen på markedet, og for jern- og stålindustriens vedkommende (Hüttenvertrag i Tysk land) også uafhængigt af kortfristede variationer i aftagernes egen efterspørgsel.
They also provide users with a guaranteed supply of coal regardless of market fluctuations and, in the case of the iron and steel industry (Hüttenvertrag in Germany), regardless of short-term fluctuations in its own demand.
Disse aftaler indebærer imidlertid ofte, at priserne fastsættes på et niveau, der ikke nødvendigvis stemmer overens med den faktiske situation på markedet.
However, such agreements often mean that prices are fixed at levels which do not necessarily correspond to market realities.
I henhold til den tyske »Jahrhundertvertrag« skal elproducenterne således frem til 1995 aftage en mængde EF-kul svarende til ca. 460 mio tons kulækvivalenter.
Thus, in Germany, the Jahrhundertvertrag requires that electricity producers undertake to consume about 640 million tee of German coal until 1995.
Via en kompensationsfond, hvis midler kommer fra en elforbrugsafgift på 7,25% (Kohlepfennig), får el producenterne for 22 mio t kul om året re funderet prisforskellen mellem EF-kul og
A compensation fund financed by a 7.25% charge on electricity con sumption (Kohlepfennig) refunds to the electricity producers, in respect of 22 million tonnes a year, the price difference between Community coal and heavy fuel oil and, in respect of 11 million tonnes, the price differ ence between Community-produced and imported coal.
Det Forenede Kongerige
Belgium Germany Spain France United Kingdom
I Spanien blev der i 1986 indført en ordning for indgåelse af kontrakter om kul forsyninger til kraftværker, der åbner mulig hed for langfristede kontrakter med elproducenter til en referencepris.
There is a certain amount of specific equipment associated with the special characteristics of mining works. Further, there are particular requirements in connection with safety.
Hvis mineselskabernes produktionsomkostninger overstiger referenceprisen, kan de over for elproducenterne beregne sig et pristillæg for at få dækket forskellen mellem deres produktionsomkostninger og referenceprisen.
However, much of the equipment used is not sector-specific and supplies are available from a variety of sources, in cluding traditional equipment suppliers lo cated in the main producing countries.
Den merpris, elproducenterne betaler, kan de få refunderet via en fond, som elproducenterne bidrager til.
There is a certain amount of overlap with equipment and suppliers used in the oil and gas extraction industries.
I årene fra 1965 til 1986 blev der således brugt 50 000 mio ecu på støtteordninger og andre foranstaltninger til støtte for den løbende produktion, og dette beløb er steget væsentligt på det seneste.
Thus between 1965 and 1986, some ECU 50 billion was spent on aid schemes and other measures to support current production, and this figure has recently in creased significantly.
Mens gennemsnitsprisen på importeret kul i 1986 lå på ca. 50 USD/t (ca. 40 ecu), lå den gennemsnitlige kostpris for EF-kul på over 100 USD/t (ca. 80 ecu).
Whereas, in 1986, the average price for imported coal was about USD 50/tonne (approximately ECU 40), the average cost price of Community-produced coal was more than USD 100/tonne (approximately ECU 80)
I henhold til Kommissionens beslutning nr. 2064/86/EKSF om fællesskabsregler for statsstøtte til kulindustrien kan disse former for støtte kun godkendes, hvis de bidrager til virkeliggørelsen af et af følgende mål:
Commission Decision No 2064/86/ ECSC establishing Community rules for State aid to the coal industry allows the Commission to authorize such aids only where they contribute to the achievement of one of the following aims:
— åbning af nye anlæg, for så vidt de er økonomiske levedygtige
(ii) creating new capacities, provided that they are economically viable;
Inden for udvinding af fast brændsel er der navnlig tale om følgende former for le verancer og anlægsarbejder:
Equipment and works related to the solid-fuel extraction industries include:
Disse aftaler og praksis udgør en hindring for frie varebevægelser i kulsektoren, hovedsagelig inden for den enkelte medlems stat, men også undertiden mellem forskellige medlemsstater.
A major part of public procurement in the railway sector goes on civil engineering and other works projects.
— anlægsarbejder over og under jorden, strukturer
Despite the ten dency for the network of secondary lines to decline, major renewal of main lines has been undertaken in many places.
— kompressorer, pumper, rørledninger og ventilationsanordninger
containers which are operated across railway company boundaries.
— telekommunikationsudstyr, computere, sikkerhedsudstyr.
Although the share of combined transport is still comparatively low, there are important investment plans in this area in some countries.
Men selvom særlig erfaring måtte være nødvendig for at udføre arbejdet uden driftsforstyrrelser, har mange selskaber gjort den erfaring, at det er muligt at udlicitere arbejdet.
However, although special experience may be required to carry out work without inter rupting the system, the experience of several companies shows that it is feasible to con tract works out.
Endvidere har det forhold, at større arbejder til udbygning af infrastrukturen til tider medfinansieres af regeringen (TGV) og til andre tider gives i koncession til private foretagender (Euro-tunrelen) betydet, at flere store anlægskontrakter har kunnet udbydes i licitation, som specialiserede uden landske foretagender har vist interesse for.
Furthermore, major infrastructure developments, sometimes cofinanced by government (TGV), sometimes awarded as concessions to private developers (Eurotunnel), have been a major source of large works contracts, attracting the interest of specialized contractors across national frontiers.
Sådanne projekter giver store muligheder, når markederne til sin tid liberaliseres.
Such projects provide important po tential for the future opening of markets.
Jernbanesektoren er for så vidt angår afgivelse af indkøbsordrer, en meget vigtig sektor: i 1985 tegnede jernbanerne sig for omkring 15% af al den internationale transporttrafik i Fællesskabet. Jernbanernes an del er imidlertid for nedadgående.
As a source for supplies contracts, the railway sector is very important: in 1985 it accounted for about 15% by volume of all international transport traffic in the Com munity.
Kulindustrien er domineret af konces sionerede mineselskaber, der i kraft af deres ejerforhold er kendetegnet ved afsætningsaftaler, beskyttelse mod import og omfattende direkte statsstøtte, og som er underlagt stats lig indflydelse med hensyn til deres kontrakt politik.
Demand for locomotives is relatively small: 84 locomotives were purchased in the Community in 1987, compared to some 500 in the USA. Current demand is mainly for the replacement of existing stock by new higher-technology systems such as the TGV in France, the ETR450 in Italy and the class 91 locomotive in the United Kingdom.
Ud fra regeringernes synspunkt kan det være rimeligt at yde statsstøtte til frem me af bestemte politiske mål, men det er ikke nogen grund til at begrænse konkurrencen mellem leverandørerne.
In specifying the locomotive to be provided, the purchases may take account of alternative traction systems, mechanical parts and subassemblies such as bogies, braking systems and electronic controls.
Jernbanesektoren - struktur, ejerforhold og kontrol
As a result, there are a large number of different systems and designs in operation throughout the Community, perhaps as many as 50 different classes of locomotive.
International godstransport ad jernbane faldt med omkring 9% i perioden fra 1980-1985, mens godstransport ad landevej steg med 18%.
International freight movements by rail decreased by about 9% between 1980 and 1985, while road traffic increased by 18%.
Dette fald i jernbanetransporten, der i et vist omfang skyldes den stadige tilbagegang inden for industrier, der traditionelt har nære forbindelser til jernbanerne, såsom stålindustrien, har medført en nedgang i den samlede park af rullende materiel.
This decline in traffic, which to some extent is explained by the continuing recessions in industries with close traditional links to the railways, such as steel, is reflected in a de crease in the total park of rolling stock.
Men trods denne overkapacitet bliver der stadig afgivet nye ordrer med henblik på modernisering — f.eks. nye ordrer på specialiserede togvogne eller specialiceret rullende materiel til nye TGV-net.
However, despite this overcapacity, some new orders continue to be placed to cope with modernization, as for example new demands for specialized wagons or special rolling stock for new high-speed networks.
Kombineret transport har på den anden side vist en stigende tendens.
Combined transport has, on the other hand, tended to increase.
I samtlige lande foretages sådan transport som containertransport og i 6 af landene også som hucke-pack-transport. Ved containertransport for stås containere, der transporteres i togvogne,
It is carried out in all Member States through container tran sport and in six of them also by 'piggyback' transport.
Jernbanesektoren er det mest oplagte eksempel, hvor der findes et nationalt de facto monopol inden for de undtagne sektorer.
A number of reasons have been suggested. On the one hand, despite the scale of the overall order, it was parcelled out in small lots to a series of national suppliers, thereby losing the potential economies of a long production run.
Samtlige jernbanemyndigheder af en vis størrelse er meget tæt knyttede til deres regeringer, der normalt støtter dem finansielt, og som underkaster dem en nøje regulering — ikke mindst med hensyn til fastsættelse af takster.
Further, a considerable measure of freedom was left to purchasers within the overall design concept, with the result that interoperation was made difficult. Finally, in the course of maintenance, there was a tendency to replace common components with specifically national components.
Forskellene i standardsporvidden (Irland, Spanien og Portugal har en anden sporvidde end resten af Europa) samt for skelle i læsseprofiler (de britiske dimensioner er mindre end på kontinentet), og forskellige elektroniske system betyder, at der mellem medlemsstaterne består fundamentale for skelle.
Differences in standard track gauges (Ireland, Spain and Portugal differ from the rest of Europe), loading gauges (UK dimensions are more constrained than those of continental operators) and electrical systems constitute fundamental differences between Member States.
Men der findes dog allerede en betydelig grad af indbyrdes kompatibilitet og et samarbejde mellem jernbanemyndighederne, hvilket er nødvendigt for at sikre, at der ikke sker afbrydelse, når passagerer og gods transporteres ad jernbane over landegrænserne, og der er både basis for, og et ønske om, fælles standarder.
Nevertheless, there is al ready a considerable degree of compatibility and cooperation between railway authorities, indispensable for ensuring uninterrupted transport by rail across borders for passengers and freight, and there is both scope and demand for standards.
Der findes således allerede i dag et stort antal ISO-standarder.
Indeed, a significant number of ISO standards already exist.
Hvad angår træksystemer arbejder selskaberne med forskellige systemer med deraf følgende kompatibilitetsvanskeligheder.
The Community railway equipment in dustry, which is heavily dependent on dom estic orders, is currently operating far below optimal capacity.
Følgelig findes der i Fællesskabet en lang række forskellige systemer og de signs — måske op til 50 forskellige lokomotivklasser. tivklasser.
A figure of the order of 50% capacity utilization is widely quoted. Further, production runs are typically well below optimum levels, a situation which no doubt results from the multiplicity of classes and designs of rolling stock and locomotives.
Hvad angår kombineret transport, der er en transportform i vækst, er det her uomgængeligt nødvendigt at udvikle fælles standarder.
The area of combined transport, as a growth area, inevitably calls for the develop ment of common standards.
Selv om der allerede er sket visse fremskridt i så henseende, er det nødvendigt med en yderligere standardisering.
Although some progress has already been made in this area, further development is called for.
Kraner og tungt løftemateriel er vigtigt for at sikre en hurtig omladning af containere i terminaler.
Thus cranes and heavy lifting appliances are important for rapid transhipment of containers in terminals.
pæiske Transportmaterielforening) udarbejdede deres egne fælles specifikationer uden at afvente de officielle CEN-standar-der, der trådte i kraft i begyndelsen af 1988.
Yet their manufacturers, (united in the European Federation of Handling Industries) established common specifications of their own, without awaiting the official CEN standard that en tered into force at the beginning of 1988.
Dette synes at underbygge påstanden om, at markedet fordrejes på grund af statsstøtte.
This gives some credibility to the suggestion that the market is distorted by State aids.
Men det forbliver dog en kendsgerning, at der kan opnås betydelige besparelser, hvis man udspiller flere producenter mod hinanden. Hvad containervogne angår har der været tilfælde, hvor den højst bydende forlangte priser, der var dobbelt så høje som dem, der blev tilbudt af den lavest bydende EF-virksomhed.
However, the fact remains that there are extensive economies to be made from shopping around.
Hvad angår leveringsdatoer var der lige så store forskel le.
The same wide distribution applies to delivery dates.