natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Artikel 18 og 19, der finder anvendelse, uanset om den stat, hvor tjenesteydelserne skal præsteres, har krævet tilladelse eller ej, indeholder bestemmelser om,
The single authorization concept raises two fundamental questions:
(i) at forsikringsselskabet, hvad enten der kræves tilladelse i den stat, hvor tjenesteydelserne skal præsteres eller ej, skal overholde de regler, der gælder i den pågældende stat, navnlig med hensyn til forbindelserne med forsikringstagerne (selv om reglerne kan lempes, når der er tale om store risici, uanset om selskabet er etableret i landet eller ej)
(i) how much more harmonization of present rules and practices will be needed in order to achieve the mutual recognition of standards on which the whole proposed system will rest?
(ii) at foranstaltninger, der skal sikre, at sådanne regler overholdes, først og fremmest afhænger af, at tilsynsmyndigheden i hjemlandet vil samarbejde (men hvis alt andet slår fejl, kan den stat, hvor tjenesteydelserne præsteres, selv tage sine egne forholdsregler).
(ii) what rules will the policyholder's State still be able to maintain?
Det vides endnu ikke, i hvor vidt omfang medlemsstaterne vil kontrollere de forsikringsselskaber, der dækker store risici.
(i) There are two main areas where further harmonization might be required.
De lempelser, der skal foretages, vedrører snarere foranstaltningerne til kontrol af, om reglerne overholdes, end selve reglerne.
The first is that of technical provisions, including not only their nature and valuation, but also the nature, spread and valuation for supervisory purposes of the assets representing them.
Selv når der er tale om store risici, kan man med rimelighed forvente, at forsikringsselskaberne følger de lokale bestemmelser om god forretningsskik samt de særlige tekniske krav, f.eks. udvidelsen af brand- og ejendomsforsikringer i Frankrig, der herved kommer til at omfatte naturkatastrofer.
Difficult points might be equalization reserves (there being no agreement on when they are needed or on how they should be calculated), the valuation of assets at cost or current value, and the admissibility, as assets covering technical provisions, of claims against reinsurers, unsupported by deposits held by the cédant insurer.
Det kan dog ikke udelukkes, at visse medlemsstater vil forsøge at gennemføre regler, som i praksis medfører en opsplitning af det enhedsmarked, der foreslås etableret i EF.
Some Member States have tight controls, usually to prevent abuses but sometimes also to facilitate price comparisons by permitting the marketing of only a limited number of standard products.
I henhold til artikel 22 sammenholdt med bilag 2 A og 2 B skal der føres statistikker og tekniske driftsregnskaber over de grænseoverskridende transaktioner inden for de forskellige klasser, hvor et forsikringsselskab udøver virksomhed i de enkelte medlemsstater.
(ii) On the second fundamental question, it must be clear that the exercise of supervision in the insurer's home State does not mean that none of the rules of the State where the risk is situated need be observed. Some will clearly apply.
Dette kan, ud fra et optimistisk synspunkt, betragtes som en hensigtsmæssig kontrolforanstaltning til makroøkonomiske formål, og, ud fra et pessimistisk, men måske mere realistisk synspunkt, ses som tegn på, at mange stater frygter, at ikke-etablerede forsikringsselskaber vil give anledning til illoyal priskonkurrence. Som det er tilfældet med så mange andre bestemmelser i direktivet, er også denne bestemmelse resultatet af et kompromis, der er indgået efter mindst ti års drøftelser.
The second banking Directive, often referred to as a model, mentions 'the power of host Member States to take appropriate measures to prevent or to punish irregularities committed within their territories which are contrary to the legal rules they have adopted in the interest of the general good' (second banking Directive, 89/646/EEC, of 15 December 1989, Article 21(5) — our italics).
I artikel 23 er det fastsat, at tilsynet med de tekniske reserver og reglerne for deres dækning ved hjælp af ækvivalente og kongruente aktiver samt deres lokalisering påhviler den medlemsstat, hvor tjenesteydelserne præsteres, såfremt denne stat kræver tilladelse, og påhviler etableringsmedlemsstaten i andre tilfælde.
What is the general good? It might be given wide significance in insurance, especially in the light of the Court judgment of 4 December 1986, where precisely this expression was used to justify the imposition of controls by the destination State.
Denne ansvarsfordeling var uundgåelig, i betragtning af at direktivet generelt bygger på principperne i EF-Domstolens domme.
The mere abolition of an authorization in that State does not solve the problem.
Spørgsmålet blev afgjort, efter at Domstolen havde afsagt sine domme, og man kunne derfor ikke ignorere, at Domstolen havde godkendt hjemlandskontrol med tekniske reserver (uden harmoni-
It hardly seems possible, on the most optimistic estimate, that it could be adopted much before the end of 1991, which would suggest that it might come into force at the end of 1993. We shall see that it is to be matched a little later by a companion in the field of life insurance.
sering) i forbindelse med anvendelsen af coassurancedirektivet, og at hele Domstolens ræsonnement byggede på hensynet til forbrugerbeskyttelse og ikke på potentielle uligheder i konkurrencevilkårene.
We have already seen in our discussion of the origins of the second nonlife insurance coordination Directive that the prevailing view in the 1970s was that freedom of services would only be meaningful if there was free choice of contract law, the effect of which would be that, at least for mass-risk business, the insurer would normally make acceptance of the law of his own home State one of the terms on which business was offered.
Kommissionen måtte dog sørge for, at der hurtigt ville blive fremsat forslag til fælles regler for tekniske reserver, selv i forbindelse med store risici.
It was further thought that this would lead to competition between contract laws and that business would tend to gravitate, unfairly, towards the insurers of those countries whose laws offered least protection to the policyholder.
Artikel 25 omhandler et meget ømtåleligt emne — nemlig præmieafgifter.
The reasoning was this: under some national laws it is easier for the insurer to avoid making payment in the event of a claim than under others.
I henhold til sjette momsdirektiv er forsikringstransaktioner ikke momsbelagt. Men mange medlemsstater pålægger dem i stedet præmieafgifter eller andre parafiskale afgifter.
An insurer whose home law tips the balance in favour of the insurer and against the policyholder in this way will be able to offer lower premiums in a contract which provides for the application of this law.
Det Forenede Kongerige opkræver ikke præmieafgifter, og der var således stor sandsynlighed for, at præmierne ville blive dirigeret hertil.
They wished to safeguard the interests of their policyholders against the effects of supposedly inadequate consumer protection, and at the same time they wished to protect their own insurance industry against unfair competition.
En anden løsning var at anvende moms. Ved en undersøgelse blev det fastslået, at ingen af disse løsninger ville være særlig heldige.
The Commission responded to these preoccupations by bringing forward in 1979 a proposal for a Directive on insurance contracts.
De stater, der ikke eller kun i ringe omfang opkræver præmieafgifter, var ikke indstillet på at opkræve dem, medens de stater, der får væsentlige indtægter af sådanne afgifter, ikke havde råd til at opgive dem.
Its purpose was to facilitate the exercise of the right to freedom of services by reducing to negligible proportions the dangers described above.
Man ville ikke kunne kompensere for dette ved at hæve momssatserne; da forsikringsvirksomhed er af særlig økonomisk art og stort set består i at indtjene og omfordele penge, må en eventuel moms på bruttopræmier være særligt lav.
This was to be done by harmonizing certain main features of insurance contract law applying to most of the classes of nonlife insurance.
Hverken harmonisering af præmieafgifter eller indførelse af moms ville fjerne samtlige problemer. Der findes også skattelignende afgifter, dvs. en eller anden form for afgifter, der opkræves på samme måde som præmieafgifter, men som i stedet for at indgå i statskassen anvendes til forskellige statsanerkendte organer, som f.eks. brandvæsenet, Røde Kors, m.fl.
The heart of the proposal was contained in those articles dealing with the declaration of the risk by the policyholder when the contract is concluded and the consequences that an insufficient declaration would have when a claim arose.
Der er betydelige forskelle mellem medlemsstaterne på dette område, og ethvert forsøg på at harmonisere eller afskaffe disse afgifter ville støde på kraftig modstand.
This was where there was most divergence between national laws.
Til sidst blev det vedtaget, at den medlemsstat, hvor risikoen består, har ret til selv at pålægge forsikringsaftaler præmieafgifter (herunder skattelignende afgifter) og at opkræve dem ved egen hjælp, uanset om det forsikringsselskab, der dækker risikoen, er beliggende i den samme eller en anden stat.
If it is found, when a claim arises, that the declaration was insufficient in any way that might have affected the terms offered by the insurer, the latter may avoid any payment and settlement of the claim, even if the deficiency in the declaration is unrelated to the event giving rise to the claim.
Der er derfor ikke tale om harmonisering men om ligebehandling, således at forsikringsselskaberne behandles ens, uanset om de er etableret i landet eller ej.
A claimant may thus in theory find payment refused because he failed to declare something which, as a layman, he had no reason to believe interested the insurer, even when the undeclared circumstance has no material link with the claim.
Dette løser problemerne i teorien; men i praksis er der stor risiko for, at det går galt.
In France in a similar situation the claimant would receive that proportion of the full amount claimed that the premium (paid on the basis of the insufficient declaration) bore to the higher premium that would have been required if the insurer had been in possession of a complete declaration.
De enkelte medlemsstater vil anvende deres egne metoder, og det bliver ikke let for et forsikringsselskab, der er etableret i ét land men præsterer tjenesteydelser i alle de
This applies regardless of whether there is a material link between the undeclared circumstance and the claims.
øvrige, at følge de rette procedurer i alle tilfælde.
In Germany, on the other hand, everything depends upon the presence or absence of this link.
Desuden er der fare for, at skattemyndighederne i deres iver for at undgå selv det mindste indtægtstab vil anvende opkrævningsmetoder, som vil afskrække forsikringsselskaber, mellemmænd eller forsikringstagere fra at indgå aftaler på tværs af grænserne. Lægges der åbenlyst hindringer i vejen for sådanne transaktioner, vil det bestemt kunne anses for en overtrædelse, men det kan være vanskeligt at trække grænsen.
Thus if it was stated, in the declaration of the risk for an insurance against theft, that a particular door was always locked, and this was not in fact true, then if the thief came in through the unlocked door the policyholder would receive nothing on his claim, whereas if the thief entered through a window the insurer would pay out the full amount.
Kort sagt kan man betragte dette som et af de områder, hvor medlemsstaternes velvilje og samarbejdsmetodernes effektivitet vil stå deres prøve.
The Commission's proposal was that the proportional system, as used in France, should be generalized throughout the Community.
Ved artikel 26 integreres coassurancedirektivet i 2. skadesforsikringsdirektiv.
This, the key provision of the proposal, may be regarded as typical of the others.
For det første afgrænser denne artikel coassurancedirektivets anvendelsesområde til store risici som defineret i 2. direktiv.
In every case a solution was sought which would provide uniform treatment, this being the only way in which the main aim of facilitating the exercise of freedom of services could be achieved.
Coassurancedirektivet er derfor fortsat relevant, hovedsageligt fordi det regulerer forholdet mellem den ledende assurandør og de øvrige coassurandører, der kan være undergivet tilsyn i forskellige stater.
At the same time, this uniform treatment was fixed at a level that was considered likely to guarantee adequate consumer protection.
Virkningerne af 2. skadesforsikringsdirektiv
It must be borne in mind that there is no such thing as a universally accepted ideal level of protection for policyholders.
2. skadesforsikringsdirektiv betegner et væsentligt gennembrud, fordi det — dog med visse forbehold, som vi allerede har nævnt — etablerer det EF-marked for skadesforsikring, som Kommissionen længe har tilstræbt.
There comes a point at which the protection given to the careless policyholder has the effect of pushing up the premium rates for all, including those who are careful, to an unreasonable extent.
Dette er ganske vist kun tilfældet for de såkaldte store risici.
But no two people are likely to have exactly the same idea of where this point is situated.
Ingen kan sige med sikkerhed, hvor store præmieindtægter eller hvor stor en andel af erhvervskunderne inden for forsikringer, de repræsenterer.
As we have seen, the second nonlife insurance coordination Directive contains a choice of law provisions intended to remove the danger that a policyholder might be caught unawares in the traps presented by an unfamiliar law.
Men de fleste små erhvervsvirksomheder er sandsynligvis ikke relevante i denne forbindelse.
The main motivation underlying the Commission's proposal for a Directive on contracts has thus been taken away.
Ikke desto mindre havde man ventet, at grænseoverskridende udveksling af tjenesteydelser ville have været mest udbredt inden for de store risici af rent kommercielle årsager.
It would no doubt still be useful to have a contracts Directive, even for this original purpose, on the grounds that a double safeguard would be provided.
Som en af de vigtigste konsekvenser må nævnes, at erhvervskoncerner med risici overalt i Fællesskabet nu vil kunne forsikre sig gennem en enkelt forsikringsaftale, hvis de ønsker det, uden at være henvist til komplicerede og omkostningskrævende transaktioner på tværs af grænserne.
However, the results of discussions spread over many years are not encouraging and it must seem doubtful whether the proposal stands any realistic chance of being adopted in its original form.
Værtslandet skal fortsat føre kontrol med masserisici, og dette betyder, at der kun i ringe omfang forventes grænseoverskridende transaktioner inden for masserisici.
The Commission could well think that it has enough on its hands with measures that are vital to the construction of the internal market and must rid itself of inessential and controversial proposals.
Dette kunne Kommissionen ikke være tilfreds med. Den var i høj grad indstillet på at sikre fuldstændig fri udveksling af tjenesteydelser, baseret på hjemlandstilsyn, også for masserisici.
Another possibility, which attracts some Member States, is that the proposal should be recast so as to make consumer protection its main aim.
Den erklærede derfor, at den snarest muligt ville fremsætte forslag til den harmonisering, der var nødvendig for at sikre gensidig anerkendelse af standarder (dvs. standarder, der tager sigte på at beskytte forsikringstagerne), hvilket vil muliggøre hjemlandstilsyn med masserisici.
Those who take this view think that the proposal should no longer set out to achieve uniform treatment throughout the Community but should instead lay down minimum standards, from which Member States would be free to advance further in the direction of greater consumer protection.
For det første de tekniske reserver, og dette vil ikke blot sige reservernes art og værdiansættelse (det vanskeligste spørgsmål er utvivlsomt udligningsreserverne, idet der hverken er enighed om, hvornår
In the first place, an amended proposal would probably have to go back to the European Parliament for a new first reading, which would delay the proposal itself and use up valuable parliamentary time.
Forslaget til rammedirektiv for skadesforsikring
Although the judgment of the Court in Case 205/84 applies to life as well as nonlife insurance, it was necessary for the Commission to wait until the second nonlife insurance coordination Directive was well on the way to adoption before it could begin work on a companion proposal for life insurance.
Kommissionen kunne ikke være tilfreds med den situation, der fulgte af det andet samordningsdirektiv for skadesforsikring.
Experience on the nonlife side demonstrated that it would be necessary to proceed in two stages.
Den var fortsat fast besluttet på at sikre fuldstændig fri udveksling af tjenesteydelser på grundlag af hjemlandstilsyn, og dét for både masserisici og store risici.
First, a separation would have to be operated between those cases where Member States would be justified in applying the whole gamut of their national rules for the protection of policyholders and insured persons resident in their territory, and those other cases where such protection was not justified; a measure adopted at this first stage would then apply destinationState control to the first category and homecountry control to the second, as was done in the second nonlife insurance coordination Directive.
Den erklærede derfor, at den snarest muligt ville fremsætte forslag til den harmonisering, der var nødvendig for at skabe grundlag for gensidig anerkendelse af standarder (dvs. standarder til beskyttelse af forsikrings tagerne).
Then at a second stage, enough further harmonization would be brought about to permit the mutual recognition of standards on which homecountry control for all risks could be based.
Den 27. november 1989 bebudede Sir Leon Brittan, næstformand for Kommissionen, at det fremover ville være Kommissionens politik at tilvejebringe fri udveksling af tjenesteydelser med hjemlandstilsyn i så stor udstrækning som muligt ved hjælp af princippet om udstedelse af »én enkelt EF-dækkende koncession« (som på et andet område var ved at blive indført i 2. bankdirektiv 89/646/EØF af 15. december 1989).
Unfortunately for itself, the Commission had committed itself to a timetable which would be difficult to respect. In the programme annexed to the White Paper — drawn up before the Court judgments of 4 December 1986 — it was envisaged that a single proposal on freedom of services in life insurance would be presented by the end of 1987.
Det betyder, at et forsikringsselskab, der er hjemmehørende i Fællesskabet, kun behøver én tilladelse — som udstedes af hovedkontorets hjemland — til at udøve sin virksomhed overalt i Fællesskabet.
The delay occasioned by the timing of the judgments and the subsequent negotiations on the second nonlife insurance coordination Directive led the Commission to change the deadline to the end of 1988.
Det vil kunne oprette filialer eller sælge forsikringer på tværs af grænserne, eller kombinere disse to metoder, uden at skulle ansøge om yderligere tilladelser fra de andre medlemsstater.
Clearly it would be impossible to accomplish both stages of the work by that date, but the hope was entertained that at least a proposal covering the first part might be presented by then.
Den EF-dækkende koncession rejser to grundlæggende spørgsmål:
This scheme, we shall see, has been modified by later events.
(i) Hvor stor en harmonisering af de nuværende regler og praksis vil være nødvendig for at opnå den gensidige anerkendelse af standarder, som hele systemet hviler på?
This will be the proposal for a life insurance framework Directive which will be the counterpart of the nonlife insurance framework Directive.
(ii) Hvilke egne regler vil forsikringstagerens stat stadig kunne opretholde?
The proposal for a second nonlife insurance coordination Directive
Det første vedrører de tekniske reserver, hvilket ikke blot vil sige deres art og værdiansættelse, men også — af hensyn til tilsynet — arten, spredningen og værdiansættelsen af de aktiver, der medgår til dækning af de tekniske reserver.
In the first place, there appeared to be a natural separation between, on the one hand, individual insurance taken out by a private person in respect of his own life or the life of someone close to him (usually a member of his family) and, on the other hand, group or collective insurance.
Der vil her kunne opstå vanskelige spørgsmål med hensyn til udligningsreserverne (da der ikke findes nogen aftale om, hvornår der er behov for dem, eller hvorledes de skal beregnes), vurderingen af aktiver til anskaffelsespris eller nutidsværdi, og hvorvidt tilgodehavender hos genforsikringsselskaber, der ikke er støttet af depoter, som indehaves af det cederende forsikringsselskab, kan antages som et aktiv, der dækker reserverne.
In the latter case there is usually some sort of business relationship between the policyholder and the lives insured. The typical case is that of an employer or pension trustee who uses a life insurance contract as a means of securing pensions and other benefits for the employees.
Nogle medlemsstater fører en meget streng kontrol, normalt for at forhindre misbrug, men også for at gøre det nemmere at sammenligne priser ved kun at tillade markedsføring af et begrænset antal standardprodukter.
In many States there is specific legislation, possibly an extension of social security or employment law, the purpose of which is to safeguard the rights of employees and pensioners rather than the interests of the policyholder.
Andre steder er der langt større tillid til kontraktfriheden.
Another relevant factor was that group insurance is not the only way in which employers may provide pensions and other occupational benefits for their employees.
Så også på dette punkt står vi over for at skulle forlige — i et indre marked — øjensynligt modstridende målsætninger, nemlig forbugerbeskyttelse og den størst mulige valgfrihed for forbrugerne.
The risk therefore existed that action on insurance alone might produce unacceptable distortions of competition between the different types of provision.
(ii) Med hensyn til det andet af ovenstående to spørgsmål skal det gøres klart, at det faktum, at det er forsikringsselskabets hjemland, der fører tilsynet, ikke betyder, at ingen af reglerne i det land, hvor risikoen består, skal overholdes.
For all these reasons, it was felt that group insurance needed more examination before a proposal could be made.
De kan spille en stor rolle inden for forsikringsvirksomhed, navnlig i lyset af Domstolens afgørelse af 4. december 1986, hvori netop dette udtryk blev anvendt til at berettige værtslandets ret til at føre tilsyn.
In a sense the problem was easy, since if any policyholders may be said to need protection, it must surely be those who commit their long-term savings and the security of their families to the care of a lifeinsurance undertaking.
Problemet løses ikke ved blot at ophæve kravet om, at der skal søges om tilladelse i den pågældende stat. Der er risiko for, at der opstår stor juridisk usikkerhed, hvis ikke værtslandets beføjelser defineres tydeligt.
In view of the Court's judgment, nobody could seriously suggest that the Member State where a potential policyholder is resident should be obliged to forego an authorization requirement, and attendant controls similar to those laid down for mass risks in the second nonlife insurance coordination Directive, where a life insurance undertaking not established in its territory actively seeks, by whatever means, to market life insurance there.
Det vil måske være det vigtigste spørgsmål at få afklaret i forbindelse med det kommende direktiv.
This situation could of course be changed, as in nonlife insurance, by a subsequent harmonization, but that would have to wait until later.