natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Det var antageligt af væsentlig betydning for successen af domstolssamarbejdet i henhold til artikel 177. at Domstolen i mange år ikke afviste at behandle en præjudiciel forelæggelse.
A most important contribution to the successful cooperation between the Court of Justice and the courts of the Member States under the provisions of Article 177 is the fact that, for years, the Court did not refuse a request for a preliminary ruling.
Nok udtalte Domstolen, at forelæggelser, der tog sigte på at opnå fortolkning af intern ret eller folkeret, ikke kunne besvares af den under proceduren i henhold til artikel 17757), men samtidig anstrengte den sig for at identificere de fællesskabsretlige problemstillinger, der ofte alligevel var den indirekte anledning til. at spørgsmålet blev stillet, og besvarede dem5*). Skete det. at den nationale dommer bad Domstolen anvende fællesskabsretten på hovedsagens faktiske forhold, erklærede den sig rigtignok tillige for inkompetent.
The Court has, of course, made it clear that a question designed to elicit an interpretation of domestic law or of international law cannot be answered under the procedure laid down in Article 177.57At the same time, it has endeavoured to discover the situation underlying the issues of Community law, which is often the indirect reason why the question was refer­red, and has found an answer to them.58If the national court requests the Court of Justice to apply Community law to the issues of fact in the main action, the Court has, of course, also disclaimed jurisdiction.
Dog afviste den ikke sagen, men gav den nationale dommer alle de elementer vedrørende fortolkningen af fællesskabsretten, som den på sammenhængen i forelæggelsen forstod, at den nationale dommer havde nødig for selv at foretage subsumptionsprocessen59).
In such cases, however, it has not refused to enter­tain the request but has provided the national court with all the information regarding Community law which, in the circumstances of the case, it considers necessary to enable the national court to decide what rule to apply in the case before it.59
Til disse betragtninger skal føjes, at det først var i juni 1980, at Domstolen nægtede at tage stilling til et præjudicielt spørgsmål med den begrundelse, at vedkommende nationale dommer ikke var beføjet til at forelægge den sager6").
In this connection it should be noted that it was not until June 1980 that, on a submis­sion being made to it, the Court of Justice refused to give a preliminary ruling on the ground that the national court concerned was not entitled to make a reference to the Court. 6°
For det tredje har man i et ikke ringe antal sager argumenteret for. at det rejste spørgsmål var irrelevant eller så uproblematisk at løse, at den nationale dommer ikke burde stille det — og at det derfor burde afvises. Stedse har Domstolen dog udtalt, at
Finally, in an appreciable number of cases, it has been contended that the question sub­mitted lacked relevance or was so easy to answer that the national court ought not to have submitted it and that, it should, in consequence, be held to be inadmissible.
7/8-1978. pkt. 2.3.3 og 13. ") Dom af 1.12.1965. sag 16/65 (Schwarze). Sml.
Nevertheless, in a situation where the Court's ability to cope with its work is likely to collapse from the growing weight of preliminary submissions, it is reasonable to ask whether the Court should not take steps to discon­tinue hearing certain cases.
1965-68. s. 131 og dom af 4.2.1965. sag 20/64 (Albatros/Sopeco). Sml. 1965-68. s. 3.
The Court has, in fact, reserved the right not to answer a question of interpretation submitted for a preliminary ruling when the submission to the provisions to be inter­
Det er mere tvivlsomt, om Domstolen vil tage sagen af sin retsliste, såfremt den får kendskab til, at en højere national retsinstans under et kæremål har ophævet underinstansens kendelse om at forelægge 63).
Case 127/73 BRT v SABAM [1974] ECR 51. See, for example, Case 821/79 Benyahia; although the court of first instance had referred a question under Article 177, the Cour d'appel of Metz ruled that the reference was unnecessary and the Court of Justice removed the case from the Register.
Domstolen har selv forbeholdt sig muligheden for ikke at tage stilling til præjudicielle spørgsmål, når henvisningen til de bestemmelser, der skulle fortolkes, var åbenbart fejlagtig M).
prctcd is obviously misplaced.64It has, however, so far refused to reject an application for a preliminary ruling on such grounds.
Domstolens overvejelser er blot normalt ikke standset her. Vælger Domstolen at skærpe kravene til de nationale domstoles forudgående gennemarbejdning af sagerne samt at afvise disse, såfremt domstolene ikke lever op til fordringerne til arbejdsfordelingen mellem Domstolen og de nationale domstole, vil reformen ikke være kvalitativ men kun kvantitativ.
If the Court of Justice decides to tighten up the requirements for prior, detailed consi­deration of cases by the national courts and to refuse requests for a preliminary ruling if those courts fail to make the necessary effort to achieve the requisite division of labour between themselves and the Court, the reform will affect volume but not quality.
Den vil ikke betyde ny jura, men kun en anden praksis, hvilket gør det lettere at overkomme forandringen.
It will not result in the development of new law, but in fresh case-law making it easier for the change to take place.
Mærkes bør det tillige, at forsvarerne for en bibeholdelse af den gældende afvisningspraksis overser, at artikel 177 indeholder hjemmel for en revision.
It is also worth noting that those who argue in favour of existing case-law on the question of admissibility tend to forget that Article 177 provides the legal basis for a revision of that caselaw.
Artiklen stiller nemlig som ovenfor anført som betingelse for, at Domstolen bliver kompetent, at der for den interne ret er »rejst et spørgsmål«.
It has already been pointed out that Article 177 requires, in order that the Court of Justice may have jurisdiction, the 'question' to be 'raised' before a court or tribunal of a Member State.
Det er ikke vanskeligt at påvise, at der sprogligt ikke er rejst et spørgsmål i tilfælde, hvor
It is not difficult to demonstrate that, within the meaning of those words, a question is not raised in the following circumstances:
2) der rejses et spørgsmål, der er så enkelt at besvare, at det omfattes af den interne dommers pligt som kommunitær dommer at afgøre det65).
The facts of the case provide insufficient ground for invoking Community law in order to settle the dispute.
Dette bliver navnlig af betydning, såfremt den nationale ret stiller spørgsmål vedrørende problemer, der en gang er afgjort af Domstolen66), samt i tilfælde, hvor reglerne er så klare, at de ikke behøver at fortolkes 67).
This would justify a refusal to entertain a request for a prelimi­nary ruling in cases where, for tactical reasons, counsel for one of the parties drew attention to the wide range of possibilities which Community law would open up in the case under consideration and the national court did not bother to take a decision, preferring to make an order of submission for a preliminary ruling to the Court of Justice.
Det vil efter forfatterens mening ikke gøre vold på ordvalget i artikel 177 at tillade Domstolen at
65 This is of importance in circumstances where the national court raises questions on issues which the Court of Justice resolved in a previous case 66 and in cases where the rules are so clear that they do not require interpretation.67
M) Dom af 30.1.1974, sag 127/73 (Den belgiske radio/SABAM). Sml. 1974, s. 51.
Most customs tariff cases fall into this category.
Da appelretten i Metz havde bestemt, at forelæggelse ikke var fornøden, selvom underretten havde forelagt et spørgsmål i henhold til artikel 177, besluttede Domstolen, at sagen skulle slettes al registret.
Another poss­ible advantage is that such an arrangement might enable the Court, in exceptional cir­cumstances, to set aside a case which, from a constitutional standpoint, was not ready for judgment when, at the instance of a private party, a national court is called upon to decide it.
M) Dom ar 19.12.1968, sag 13/68 (Salgoil), Sml. 1965-68. s. 553. 6S) Se Leks. dom ar 15.6.1976. sag 86/75 (EMI Records/CBS), Sml. 1976, s. 871.
Case 13/68 Salgoil [1968] ECR 453.
Ved at orientere sin afvisningspraksis i den foreslåede retning vil Domstolen åbenbart opnå en delvis skønsmæssig kontrol med, hvilke sager, der får lov til at lægge beslag på dens arbejdskapacitet og på dens tid.
The method suggested for enabling submissions of preliminary questions to be refused has something in common with the jurisdiction of the United States Supreme Court in certiorari proceedings, in which the court has a discretionary power to refuse to hear an appeal without necessarily having to state the grounds.
Måske er det tillige en fordel, at en sådan praksis gør det muligt for Domstolen i sjældne tilfælde at vise en sag fra sig, som forfatningsret ligt ikke er moden på det tidspunkt, den tilfældigvis på en enkelt borgers initiativ bringes op for judiciel afgørelse.
Although the exercise of discre­tion to refuse to give a ruling is expressly provided for by the law, the practice of refusing to hear cases in respect of which the law provides a right of appeal is part of judge-made law.69
Medens Supreme Court's skønsmæssige afvisningspraksis har udtrykkelig hjemmel i lov, hviler dens skønsmæssige afvisninger, hvor der er tale om en lovhjemlet appelret i dommen på dommerskabt ret 69).
It should also be noted that, without legal justification in any legislative instrument, the Supreme Court of Canada has, in the matter of appeals, recently developed a practice which bears a close resemblance to that of the United States Supreme Court.7()
I samme forbindelse kan man ligeledes anføre, at Højesteret i Canada for nylig uden nogen form for udtrykkelig hjemmel i en lovbestemmelse har skabt en praksis, som er snævert forbundet med US Supreme Court's7 < )).
In all probability, the Court of Justice took an initial step towards the evolution of a denial-of-reply case-law in the Foglia case.
Domstolen tog muligvis — men langtfra sikkert — et første skridt i retning af at udvikle en afvisningspraksis. der fortjener dette navn, i Foglia-sagen. hvor en italiensk producent og eksportør af vine samt en selvstændig transportfører gik sammen om at konstruere en kontrakt, hvis formål var at få rejst tvivl om nogle franske importafgifters forenelighed med fællesskabsretten for italiensk forum — i stedet for fransk forum, hvor sagen ville være endt, såfremt transportføreren efter at have betalt afgifterne søgte disse tilbage under en sag mod de franske toldmyndigheder.
There an Italian wine merchant and an inde­pendent carrier had entered into a contract with each other for the purpose of bringing the question of the compatibility of French taxes on imports with the provisions of Community law before an Italian, rather than a French court which would have been called upon to hear the case if, after paying the taxes, the carrier had claimed to be reimbursed in the course of proceedings against the French customs authorities.
Der forelå ikke oplysninger i sagen, der underbyggede den franske lovgivnings traktatmæssighed.
None of the submissions in the case provided any confirmation of the compatibility of French law with the Treaty.
Det er snarere sværere at forsvare resultatet i Foglia-sagen.
It is, indeed, more difficult to argue that the decision in the Foglia case is well founded.
I samme åndedrag burde man måske anføre de sager, hvor Domstolen vel har besvaret et stillet spørgsmål, men har været utilsløret kort for hovedet.
While on the subject, mention should, perhaps, be made of cases where the Court of Justice has answered the preliminary question submitted to it but has done so with manifest brevity.
Afvisningspraksis og udvidelsen af antallet af dommere og generaladvokater er to sider af samme problemstilling, nemlig spørgsmålet om. hvordan Domstolen kan løse de kapacitetsproblemer, som de alt for mange sager rejser.
A method whereby certain references for a preliminary ruling might be held to be inadmissible, and an increase in the number of judges and advocatesgeneral are two sides of the same coin: how can the Court cope with the inflated volume of cases brought before it?
™) Jfr. f.eks. bestemmelsen i artikel 4 i protokollen af 1971, der tillægger Domstolen kompetence til at fortolke Bruxelles-konventionen al 28.9.1968 vedrørende retternes kompetence m.m.
The argument against the method suggested here is that it would upset the relationship of trust and cooperation which, almost without exception, exists today between the Court and the courts of the Member States, especially the lower courts.
6'*) Se vedrørende USA f.eks. Novak. Rotunda og Young Constitutional Law 1978. s. 30-36. særligt s. 31-33.
One particular proposal.
7") I Canada skyldes dette navnlig udviklingen siden ændringen al Section 36 i Supreme Court Act.
In the case of Canada, this is, in particular, the consequence of changes which have occurred since the amend­ment of Section 36 of the Supreme Court Act. Case 104/79 Foglia ν Novello [1980] ECR 745.
Jeg tænker her på et måske meget fransk forslag om at forbeholde de store lande i Fællesskabet tilsammen to gange så mange pladser som de små lande tilsammen.
very possibly from France, was that the major countries of the Community should, as a group, occupy twice as many seats as the group of smaller countries.
Man må betragte dette forslag som et forsøg på at politisere udnævnelserne, selvom det formelt imødekommer Domstolens anmodning om en forøgelse af antallet af dommere, hvilken anmodning Domstolen fremsatte i sommeren 1978 på et tidspunkt, hvor dommernes og generaladvokaternes arbejdsbyrde var på randen til at sprænge Domstolens arbejdskapacitet på grund af det stadigt voksende antal sager.
This proposal must be regarded as an attempt to politicize the appointments, even though, strictly speaking, it was made in response to the request rightly made by the Court with a view to increas­ing the number of its members and submitted in the summer of 1978, when the burden of work on the judges and advocatesgeneral was, in consequence of the steady growth in the volume of cases, endangering the Court's ability to cope with them.
Hvis Domstolen havde anet, hvilken modtagelse dens anmodning ville få, må man formode, at den aldrig havde fremsat det.
Presumably it would not have made its request if it had had any doubts about the way in which it would be received.
Efter det franske forslag skulle antallet af dommere efter Grækenlands, Spaniens og Portugals tiltrædelse af Fællesskaberne forøges til 21.
The French proposal would have increased the number of judges to 21 after the accession to the Communities of Greece, Spain and Portugal.
Det er et betænkeligt stort antal og langt højere end det, som Domstolen havde anmodet om i sit memorandum af 1978.
It is a disturbingly high number and far higher than the figure which the Court suggested in its 1978 memorandum.
At sætte antallet af dommere i vejret til 21, ville have skæbnesvangre følger, navnlig for Domstolens autoritet, sammenhængen i dens virke, respekten for dens hemmelige voteringer. Domstolens prestige m.v.
Among the disastrous consequences of raising the number to 21 is the effect it would have on the authority of the Court, its unity of purpose, the confidentiality of the deliberations and voting, and its prestige as an institution.
Kollegier med et for stort antal medlemmer er sjældent dynamiske.
A committee of too many members is unlikely to show much initiative and cohesion.
Mere alvorlig er risikoen for, at Domstolens integritet og uafhængighed kommer under indflydelse af forsøg på at beskikke nye medlemmer af Domstolen blandt personer, som man i regeringskredse mener at kunne have tillid til med hensyn til den adfærd og den indstilling, de vil vise under afstemningerne. Man har allerede i historien set eksempler på denne form for politisering af domstolene.
A greater danger is that the Court's integrity and independence may be compromised by attempts to appoint new members of the Court from among people whom those in power in a Member State believe they can trust to do the right thing when it comes to taking deci­sions and to the vote.
En delvis udskiftning af medlemmerne af Domstolen, som den der er tale om her, synes mig utvivlsomt egnet til at volde mere ubodelig skade, end hvad den her foreslåede afvisningspraksis vil kunne anrette.
A one-sided system, such as the one in question, of appointing new members of the Court is, in my view, likely to cause more lasting damage than the method suggested on the subject of admissibility.
Man må foretrække, at Domstolen ved selvdiciplin løser kapacitetsproblemerne.
It is better to let the Court solve its workload problem and carry out its heavy responsibilities by applying its own internal discipline.
Medlemssta ternes bistand kan gå hen at blive et skæbnesvangert favntag (*).
Assistance from the Member States may be the kiss of death.*
E. Afgørelser, hvorefter der erklæres ugyldighed i medfør af EØFT artikel 177
E. Declaration of invalidity under Article 177 EEC
Ugyldighedsgrundene er ikke meget forskellige fra dem, der indeholdes i artikel 173, stk. 1, I lang tid bestod der stor usikkerhed med hensyn til retsvirkningerne af en erklæring om ugyldighed i medfør af artikel 177.
The grounds on which an act may be declared invalid are scarcely any different from those set out in the first paragraph of Article 173. For a long time, there was considerable uncertainty regarding the effect of a finding of invalidity under Article 177.
I modsætning til artikel 176, der slutter sig til artikel 173, er artikel 177 tavs angående retsvirkningerne af en afgørelse, der fastslår ugyldigheden af en retsakt, og som er afsagt efter artikel 177.
Unlike Article 176, which relates to Article 173, Article 177 is silent on the effect of a ruling that an act is invalid within the meaning of Article 177.
Domstolen har lidt efter lidt udfyldt dette hul i traktaten.
The Court gradually contrived to remedy this omission.
I nogle afgørelser af 19. oktober 1977 har den åbnet mulighed for analogisk anvendelse af artikel 176.
In decisions dated 19 October 1977, it created an opening for the application by analogy of Article 176.
I en afgørelse af 15. oktober 1980 (Providence agricole de la Champagne mod ONIC)72) synes den ligeledes at anse analogisk anvendelse af artikel 174 for mulig.
In a decision dated 15 October 1980, in Providence agricole de la Champagne ν ONIC12 the Court seems to believe that Article 174 can also be applied by analogy.
(·) Redaktionsnote : Ved to beslutninger at 30. marts 1981 (EFT L 100 ar 11.4.1981, s. 20 og 21). der er begrundet med »Domstolens arbejdsbyrde«, har Rådet øget antallet al dommere fra 10 til 11 og antallet af
Editor's note. By two decisions dated 30 March 1981 (OJ L 100, 11.4.1981) the Council raised the number of judges from 10 to 11 and of advocatesgeneral from 4 to 5, on the ground of'the volume of work at the Court of Justice'.
72 generaladvokater fra 4 til 5. )
Thus, the fatal problem, here dealt with by the author, was happily eschewed.
Sag 4/79, Sml. 1980, s. 2823.
Case 4/79 [1980] ECR 2823.
Ved sin analogislutning fandt Domstolen det muligt at bestemme, at ugyldigheden i medfør af artikel 177 af visse monetære udligningsbeløb i den foreliggende sag først skulle have virkning fra dommens dato, hvilket vil sige, at beløb, som var inddrevet og betalt før domsafsigelsen, ikke kunne søges tilbage.
declared void should take effect only from the date of the judgment, which meant that previous recoveries and payments were unassailable.72"
Annullations- og undladelsessøgsmål
Action for annulment and action for failure to act
Det er i fremstillingen i § 2 konstateret, at borgerne som en følge af transformationen af proceduren ifølge artikel 177 råder over stærkt udvidede muligheder for at få deres ankepunkter angående medlemsstaternes manglende eller mangelfulde efterlevelse af deres fællesskabsforpligtelser fremført for Domstolen.
As stated in the previous paragraph, as a result of procedural developments in the application of Article 177, a wide variety of methods became available to plaintiffs who wanted their complaints in an action relating to the failure, wholly or in part, of a Member State to fulfil its Community obligations to be brought before the Court of Justice.
Artikel 177 anvendes formentlig som anført i betydeligt videre omfang end traktatfædrene nogensinde forestillede sig.
As already indicated, Article 177 is probably much more widely used than the draftsmen of the Treaty ever imagined.
I kontrast hertil har borgernes stærkt begrænsede søgsmålsadgang i henhold til artiklerne 173, stk. 2 (om annullationssøgsmålet) og 175, stk. 3 (om passivitetssøgsmålet) derimod ofte givet anledning til kritik. Kritikken har undertiden været endog særdeles engageret, og Domstolens praksis er ligefrem blevet kaldt »retsnægtelse« 73).
On the other hand, the very limited extent to which private persons may bring an action as provided for in the second paragraph of Article 173 (action for annulment) and the third paragraph of Article 175 (action for failure to act) has frequently been criticized, sometimes so strongly that the practice of the Court has been described as a 'denial of justice'.73
Historisk set er annullationssøgsmålet i fællesskabsretten umiddelbart udgået fra annullationssøgsmålet mod ulovlige administrative retsakter, som dette kendes i flere af medlemsstaternes nationale retssystemer, og ganske særligt fra de franske sager mod forvaltningen for kompetenceoverskridelse.
Historically, the action for annulment in Community law has its immediate origin in the action for annulment of an illegal administrative act, as recognized by the national law of several Member States, including France, where it is known as the action for ultra vires.
Annullationssøgsmålet kan derfor betragtes som et middel til at kontrollere såvel traktatmæssigheden af Fællesskabets »lovgivningsakter« som lovligheden af mere underordnede, konkrete og generelle retsakter samt som et middel til at afgøre visse kompetencestridigheder mellem institutionerne.
It can be regarded as a means of redress which makes it possible to review both the compatibility with the Treaty of the Community's normative acts which are 'legislative' in character and the validity of specific and general acts of lower rank and, in addition, as a means of resolving conflicts of powers between the institutions.
Passivitetssøgsmålet er nært beslægtet hermed.
The action for failure to act is closely related to an action for annulment.
Almindeligvis behandles i litteraturen desuagtet annullations- og passivitetssøgsmålet i hvert sit afsnit.
As a rule, learned commentators treat the two actions separately.
Det vil ikke ske her. idet det standpunkt må tages, at de eksisterende forskelle mellem formuleringerne i artikel 173, stk. 2. og artikel 175 stk. 3. drejer sig om detaljer, ikke om hovedlinjer.
Here the distinction will be overlooked, since the differences between the second paragraph of Article 173 and the third paragraph of Article 175 are a matter of detail rather than of substance.
Det væsentlige er fælles, nemlig at begge retsmidler tager sigte på at overkomme en ulovlig retstilstand.
Both pro­visions have the same main objective, which is to put an end to a situation of illegality.
I det første tilfælde er denne tilvejebragt ved en retsakt, der søges ophævet. I det sidstnævnte tilfælde er formålet at opnå en retsordre om at bringe en ulovlig passivitet til ophør. Da Domstolen i sin praksis har bygget bro over formuleringsforskellen og søgsmålsadgangen ultimo maj 1980 i realiteten er den samme i henhold til de to regler74). skal dette spørgsmål ikke yderligere diskuteres på dette sted.
In the first case, the situation arises from an act which it is sought to annul; in the second, the aim is to obtain a judicial injunction putting an end to an illegal failure to act.