natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Det er klart, at handelspolitikken for landbrugsprodukter inden for de forskellige anvendelsesområder selvfølgelig må overholde den fælles landbrugspolitiks mårsætninger, herunder fællesskabspræferencen, og sikre, at denne politik fungerer korrekt.
It should, however, be borne in mind that in its various applications, the policy on trade in agricultural products must respect the objectives and the need for the proper operation of the common agricultural policy, particularly the Community preference.
Modsætningsvis er der sat grænser for den fælles landbrugspolitik ved EF's internationale forpligtelser.
The preference requirement is, in its turn, limited by the Community's international obligations.
Denne gensidige afhængighed indgår i den samlede balance.
These interdependent relationships fit into the overall equilibrium.
Den fælles landbrugspolitik og handelsforhandlingerne
The common agricultural policy and trade negotiations
Udgangspunktet
The problem at the outset
De fleste af de multilaterale forhandlinger, der er ført i GATT gennem de seneste tredive år, har vedrørt toldnedsættelser. Selv om landbrugsprodukterne altid er indgået i de pågældende forhandlinger på lige fod med industriprodukterne, må det konstateres, at toldændringer for landbrugsprodukter ikke har haft samme indvirkning på samhandelen.
A review of the various multilateral negotiations in GATT since the war brings out clearly that the main objective has been very much the reduction of customs tariffs; agricultural products have always been included in these negotiations along with manufactures.
Der fremsættes undertiden bemærkninger om, at der generelt inden for de forskellige landes landbrugspolitik ikke kun anvendes told til beskyttelse mod konkurrence, men, at der ligeledes gøres brug af en lang række indgreb, der ikke drøftes ved forhandlingerne, men som fortsat garanterer, at landbrugets udvikling er beskyttet mod virkningerne af en fri konkurrence på internationalt plan.
It has sometimes been pointed out that the agricultural policies pursued by the various countries seldom rely on customs duties as the only, or even the main, instrument of defence — the governments operate a wide range of schemes which, not being open to negotiation, continue to underpin the expansion of the home agricultural industry by sheltering it from the impact of free competition at
Endvidere har regeringerne i de forskellige lande mange og meget forskelligartede muligheder for at gribe ind på landbrugsområdet, og det er derfor ret vanskeligt at finde en forhandlingsmetode, der omfatter alle disse forskellige aspekter, således at man kan nå frem til resultater, der kan vurderes og sammenlignes kvantitativt med hensyn til toldindrømmelser.
Moreover, as the schemes and methods used for government intervention in agriculture vary very widely and are very numerous in the various countries, it is no easy matter to work out a method of negotiation which would cover all aspects and yet yield worthwhile result which would be comparable in quantitative terms for the purpose of assessing concessions.
Således foreslog EF i Kennedy-runden (der blev afsluttet i 1967) sine handelspartnere en forhandlingsmetode, der skulle skabe et bedre handelspolitisk samarbejde mellem de forskellige lande for dermed at øge samhandelen med landbrugsprodukter ; dette skulle ske gennem konsolidering af den førte støttepolitik og oprettelse af markedsordninger på verdensplan for de vigtigste landbrugsråvarer.
And yet the Community itself had made practical proposals for the achievement of a solution to the agricultural problem as soon as it was set up: it submitted to the other countries involved in the 'Kennedy Round' (concluded in 1967) a method of negotiation designed to introduce fuller cooperation as between agricultural policies for the purposes of boosting trade. The support policies pursued would be 'bound' and the world markets in main agricultural commodities organized.
EF foreslog således, at der blev indført en international landbrugspolitik, men eftersom forslaget blev fremsat i en periode med forholdsvis stort over skud på landbrugsprodukter, kunne det ikke finde tilslutning hos EF's handelspartnere. nere.
The Community's idea was that an international policy for agriculture should be implemented but the proposal was made at a time when there was no shortage of agricultural products and failed to elicit the endorsement of the other countries.
Disse forhandlinger endte dog med, at der blev indgået en international hvedeoverenskomst, der kan tages som udtryk for et første skridt fremad i retning af en omorganisering af verdensmarkedet.
However, at the end of the negotiation, an international agreement on wheat was concluded which represented a first step forward towards the reorganization of world markets.
I denne overenskomst indgik også en konvention om fødevarehjælp.
A food aid convention was attached to this agreement.
Den anden store runde i de multilaterale handelsforhandlinger, Tokyo-runden (der blev indledt i 1973 og afsluttet i 1979), betød en klar anerkendelse af landbrugets særlige stilling.
The second major round of multilateral trade negotiations, the Tokyo Round (started in 1973 and concluded in 1979), led to explicit recognition of the special nature of the agricultural sector.
Dette åbnede senere mulighed for oprettelse af en landbrugsgruppe i forbindelse med forhandlingerne.
This subsequently enabled an 'Agriculture' group to be set up within the negotiations.
Denne gruppes arbejde førte til, at der blev oprettet en international ordning for oksekød og en aftale om mælk og mejeriprodukter, ligesom der blev vedtaget en ny kodeks for eksporttilskuddene, hvilket er et område af særlig interesse for landbruget.
The work of this group led to the establishment of an international arrangement for beef/veal, an agreement on milk products and the adoption of a new code on export subsidies, of special interest in respect of agricultural products.
Hertil kommer en lang række bilaterale aftaler vedrørende forskellige landbrugspro dukter samt en liste over toldindrømmelser for en lang række andre landbrugspro dukter.
In addition, a number of bilateral agreements were signed for various agricultural products, and a list of tariff concessions concerning a wide range of other agricultural products was agreed.
Skulle det vise sig, at den nye ordning i forbindelse med en toldunion er til skade for et tredjeland, skal der ydes kompensation.
Should it be found that the new arrangements as a whole established by the customs union entail a disadvantage for non-membei countries, compensation must be provided.
Der er her tale om et indviklet og prekært problem, som EF først stod over for i forbindelse med sin oprettelse, senere i forbindelse med den første udvidelse og for ganske nylig i forbindelse med Grækenlands tiltrædelse.
This is of course a complex and a delicate operation which the Community had to carry through when it was set up, again after the first enlargement and recently when Greece joined.
De nuværende handelsordninger for import, således som de er fastlagt i den fælles toldtarif, er resultatet af de forskellige forhandlinger, der hidtil en ført.
The import arrangements shown in the Common Customs Tariff are the result of the various negotiations conducted so far.
Med hensyn til EF's forpligtelser betyder dette, at henved 70 % af landbrugsprodukterne importeres til bundne satser, og 20 % af denne handel til nultold.
The Tariff shows, for Community commitments, that nearly 70% of imports of agricultural products enter over bound duties, 20% of the total of this trade coming in duty-free.
Af varer, for hvilke der ikke gælder bundne satser, kan først og fremmest nævnes produkter med variabel importafgift, og importen af disse udgør ca. 22 % af EF's samlede landbrugsimport.
Among the products which are not bound, there are, in particular, the products subject to variable import levies, for which imports represent about 22% of all Community agricultural imports.
Det er allerede anført, at der er præsteret modydelser for den frihed, som EF har i denne forbindelse.
It has already been mentioned that the EEC has 'paid' for the freedom it enjoys in these areas by concessions in other areas.
EF's handelsforbindelser med tredjelande på landbrugsområdet
The Community's trade relations with nonmember countries in agricultural products
Et kompleks system af handelsaftaler
A complex web of trade agreements
De forpligtelser, der er resultatet af de multilaterale handelsforhandlinger (i form af toldindrømmelser over for alle ikke-medlemslande, internationale aftaler og bilaterale ordninger indført ved disse forhandlinger), udgør kun en del af de handelsmæssige forbindelser på landbrugsområdet, som EF opretholder med sine handelspartnere overalt i verden.
The commitments resulting from multilateral trade negotiations (in the form of tariff concessions of general application, international agreements and bilateral arrangements resulting from these negotiations) represent only part of the agricultural trade relations which the Community maintains with trading partners everywhere in the world.
Nedenfor følger nogle eksempler på disse forbindelsers indviklede art og forskelligartethed.
The number of these permanent contracts is very large and their range very wide.
Der er indgået bilaterale præferenceaftaler med de fleste lande omkring Middelhavet, enten i form af associeringsaftaler eller samarbejdsaftaler.
Preferential bilateral agreements have been concluded with most of the Mediterranean countries in the form of association agreements or cooperation agreements.
således, at de falder uden for EF's produktionsperioder.
Concessions in respect of agricultural products granted by the EEC include tariff reduction for fruit and vegetables timed as far as possible outside Community peak production periods.
Med hensyn til andre produkter som f.eks. vin er toldnedsættelsen afhængig af, at referenceprisen overholdes.
For other products such as wine, the tariff reduction is linked with compliance with a reference price.
Med hensyn til afgiftsbelagte produkter (f.eks. olivenolie) er der et særligt system, som giver det eksporterende land en økonomisk fordel, idet det opkræver en eksport afgift svarende til nedsættelsen af den afgift, EF er gået med til.
For products subject to levies (for example olive oil) a special scheme is operated enabling exporting countries to enjoy an economic advantage by charging an export due equivalent to the reduction in levy granted by the EEC.
Generelle præferencer er karakteristiske for den autonome handelsordning over for udviklingslandene, som EF lagde sig fast på i forbindelse med De forenede Nationers Konference om Handel og Udvikling (UNCTAD).
The generalized preferences are the main feature of the autonomous trade arrangements established by the Community under the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD).
I denne ordning indgår en række toldnedsættelser for udviklingslandene, specielt for forarbejdede landbrugsprodukter.
For the developing countries, this system allows a fairly large number of tariff reductions mainly in respect of a number of processed agricultural products.
Af industrilandene har EF været først med at iværksætte en sådan ordning, der har været i kraft siden 1. juli 1971.
The Community led the developed world in implementing this arrangement as early as 1 July 1971.
Efter dette tidspunkt er der sket store fremskridt i retning af en udvidelse af listen over de produkter, der omfattes af denne ordning, specielt for så vidt angår tropiske produkter.
Considerable progress has been made since then in widening the range of agricultural products included in the system, especially as regards tropical products.
Endvidere er der truffet særlige foranstaltninger for de mindst udviklede lande ; de har nu en ordning, der ligger tæt op ad toldfri indførsel for forarbejdede og delvis forarbejdede produkter, samt for visse uforarbejdede produkter. ter.
Special measures have been introduced for the least-developed countries, who now enjoy arrangements approaching free access with zero duty for their processed and semi-processed products and for some unprocessed products.
I henhold til Lomé-konventionen (der er indgået med 61 udviklingslande) skal alle produkter, herunder landbrugsprodukter, kunne indføres toldfrit til EF.
The Lomé Convention (between the Community and 61 developing countries) allows the admission into the Community of all products, including agri cultural products, duty-free.
EF giver visse af de landbrugsprodukter, der omfattes af en fælles markedsordning og dermed af afgifter, en fordelagtigere behandling, idet afgiften nedsættes, hvilket giver de pågældende lande en økonomisk fordel.
For some agricultural products subject to common organizations based on levies, the EEC grants more favourable arrangements by a reduction in the levy conveying an economic advantage to these countries.
For oksekøds vedkommende indrømmer EF således inden for en årlig kvota på 30 000 t en nedsættelse på 90 % af importafgiften, og denne nedsættelse skal opvejes ved en tilsvarende afgift på eksport fra leverandørlandene.
Thus, for beef/veal, the Community grants a reduction of 90% of the Community levy for a limited annual quota of 30 000 tonnes; this reduction has to be offset by an equivalent export duty charged by the supplier countries.
Herved får de både en økonomisk og handelsmæssig fordel. Der sikres både en fortrinsstilling for Lomé-konventionens medlemsstater med hensyn til adgang til EF's marked og samtidig en beskyttelse af EF's interne priser.
The system gives these countries a commercial and an economic advantage.
De samme lande får i øvrigt fordel af EF's særlige system, der tager sigte på at stabilisere deres eksportindtægter, og som også gælder for en vis række landbrugspro-
In addition, the same countries enjoy in their relations with the EEC the benefit of a special scheme designed to stabilize export income (Stabex) which also covers a number of agricultural products. Protocol No 7 to the Second Lomé io
Overenskomsterne med EFTA-landene (European Free Trade Association) dækker EF's forbindelser med medlemmerne af denne organisation, efter Storbritanniens og Danmarks tiltrædelse af EF.
The agreements with the EFTA countries (European Free Trade Association) cover EEC relations with those countries which remained members of EFTA after the United Kingdom and Denmark joined the Community.
Disse overenskomster indeholder bestemmelser, der åbner mulighed for indførelse af gunstige ordninger for import af forarbejdede land brugsprodukter til EF.
They contain provisions allowing of the establishment of more favourable arrangements for imports into the EEC of processed agricultural products.
For så vidt angår oksekød er EF over for Schweiz, Østrig og Sverige gået med til en særlig afgiftsordning, der giver disse lande en økonomisk fordel.
In addition, the Community has conceded a special levy scheme in favour of Switzerland, Austria and Sweden in respect of beef/veal, the effect of which has been to give these countries an economic advantage.
En bilateral aftale med Jugoslavien indeholder bestemmelser om justering af importafgiften i EF for babybeef for så vidt angår en fast årlig mængde.
A bilateral agreement with Yugoslavia allows for the adjustment of the EEC import levy on baby-beef, for a fixed annual quantity.
Der er for nylig indgået aftaler vedrørende fårekød, og de bliver for tiden suppleret med en halv snes tredjelande.
Agreements on sheepmeat have recently been concluded with about 12 nonmember countries and additions to these agreements are now being made.
Disse aftaler indeholder en forpligtelse for de eksporterende lande til selv at begrænse deres eksport til EF til bestemte mængder, mod at EF giver en gunstigere importbehandling end fastsat i de fælles markedsordninger. ninger.
They contain voluntary restraint commitments for specified quantities, entered into by the countries exporting to the EEC, against an EEC concession of more favour able treatment of imports than that which would normally be the effect under the common organization.
Der er indledt forhandlinger vedrørende maniok bl.a. med Thailand og Indonesien for at afklare problemet med importen til EF, der gennem de seneste år har nået et omfang, der indebærer en fare for EF's marked for korn. Der gælder en forholdsvis liberal importordning for maniok, og dette produkt anvendes mere og mere af EF-producenterne til erstatnig for foderkorn.
Negotiations on manioc — the main exporters of which to the Community are Thailand and Indonesia — are now being conducted with a view to settling the problem of imports into the EEC of this product, which in recent years have grown large enough to jeopardize the Community cereals market: manioc, which comes into the Community over relatively lov/ barriers, is being used more and more by European livestock farmers as a substitute for feed grain.
Fællesskabets eksportpolitik for landbrugsprodukter
The Community's export policy with regard to agricultural products
EF-landene har en lang tradition for eksport af landbrugsprodukter, og de leverer en stor del af forsyningerne på verdensmarkedet.
Events in the economic history of the last ten years in particular show that this is a role the Community must retain if the problems posed by the expansion of the world population, especially in developing countries, are to be solved.
Den appel, der ofte lyder fra de store internationale organisationer, der tager sig af levnedsmiddel- og landbrugsproblemerne for dermed at afhjælpe mangelen på uundværlige varer, støtter dette synspunkt.
The major international organizations working in the food and agriculture field have often stressed the need to avoid the emergence of shortages of essential goods, and this supports the view that the Community must remain a food exporter.
Både i betragtning af denne udvikking i verdens behov og EF's selvforsyningsgrad på en lang række områder inden for landbruget, kan eksporten af landbrugspro dukter ikke undgå at blive et vigtigt element i den fremtidige fælles landbrugspolitik.
As world requirements develop and as the Community has achieved a degree of self-sufficiency in regard to a number of agricultural items, exports of agricultural products will in the future become an important factor in ensuring the continuity of the common agricultural policy.
Denne udvikling vil sandsynligvis blive ledsaget af en tilnærmelse mellem de interne priser og priserne på verdensmarkedet.
At the same time, the gap between internal prices and world market prices will probably get narrower.
EF's handel med landbrugsprodukter med resten af verden er vokset støt i årenes løb. Handelsbalancen for landbrugsprodukter udviser dog et samlet under skud, som i 1979 var på 24,9 mia ECU og på 22,7 mia ECU i 1980.
The Community's trade in agricultural products with the rest of the world has grown steadily over the years, but there has been an overall deficit on the agricultural trade balance, which was 24 900 million ECU in 1979 and 22 700 million ECU in 1980.
Det største underskud er over for udviklingslandene med 9,6 mia ECU (i 1980), heraf 5,8 mia ECU over for de latinamerikanske lande og 3,6 mia ECU over for lande under Lomé-konventionen.
The largest deficit is that on trade with the developing countries — it was 9 600 million ECU in 1980, of which 5 800 million ECU were accounted for by Latin America and 3 600 million ECU by the Lomé Convention countries.
Underskuddet over for industrilandene andrager 12,3 mia ECU, heraf 6,1 mia ECU over for De forenede Stater, 1,3 mia ECU over for Canada og 550 mio ECU over for Australien.
The deficit on trade with industrialized countries was 12 300 million ECU, of which 6 100 million ECU on trade with the United States of America, 1 300 million ECU on trade with Canada and 550 million ECU on trade with Australia.
Underskuddet over for statshandelslandene ') andrager 790 mio ECU.
The deficit on agricultural trade with the State-trading countries (*) was 790 million ECU.
EF's landbrugsimport fra tredjelande er steget fra 24,4 mia ECU i 1973 til 42,2 mia ECU i 1980, dvs. en stigning på 73 %, der fordeler sig således :
EEC agricultural imports from nonmember countries rose from 24 400 million ECU in 1973 to 42 200 million ECU in 1980, with an increase of 73%, of which:
Industrilande Udviklingslande Statshandelslande
+ 68.9 countries Developing countries
') De østeuropæiske lande (inkl. USSR) samt Cuba, Vietnam, Mongoliet, Kina og Nordkorea.
(') Countries of Eastern Europe (including USSR) and Cuba, Vietnam, Mongolia, People's Republic of China and North Korea.
Udviklingslandenes handelsproblemer har i den seneste tid været genstand for stadig stigende interesse i det internationale forum.
Problems connected with trade with the developing countries have been attracting more and more attention in the various international organizations.
Det vil derfor være på sin plads i denne sammenhæng at foretage en kort analyse af EF's ordning for import af land brugsprodukter fra disse lande.
A summary, given below, of the arrangements applied by the Community to imports of agricultural products from these countries is illuminating.
Importen sker generelt uden kvantitative begrænsninger. Den beløb sig i 1979 til et samlet beløb på 19 815 mio ECU (= 100 %), heraf
In 1979 the total value of these imports — generally free of quantitative restrictions — was 19 815 million ECU (= 100%), of which
— til nultold ifølge FTT + præferenceordning — til positiv told — med afgift
(i) at nil CCT duty + preferential arrangements (ii) at positive duties (iii) attracting levies
For så vidt angår afgiftspligtige produkter bør det bemærkes, at der hovedsagelig er tale om korn, ris, sukker og oksekød. EF's import heraf i 1979 fra udviklingslandene (bortset fra AVS-landene) var som følger : oksekød : korn : ris : sukker :
With regard to the leviable products, it should be noted that these are mainly cereals, rice, sugar and beef/veal, imports of which into the Community in 1979 from the developing countries (other than ACP countries) were as follows: beef/veal: cereals: rice: sugar:
131 mio ECU 227 mio ECU 80 mio ECU 184 mio ECU (herunder Indien ifølge AVS-ordningen).
131 m ECU 227 m ECU 80 m ECU 184 m ECU (including India under the ACP arrangement)
Ovennævnte tal viser, at EF's ordning for import af landbrugsprodukter fra udviklingslandene er ret liberal og åben, idet den eneste beskyttelse generelt består i told, hvis gennemsnitlige størrelse er forholdsvis beskeden.
These figures make it clear that the EEC arrangements for imports of agri cultural products from the developing countries are relatively liberal and open, the only general protection being represented by customs duties, the average incidence of which is low.
Følgen heraf er, at EF's import fra udviklingslandene er i kraftig stigning.
A result of this is that Community imports from the developing countries have been rising sharply.
Udviklingslandenes andel i EF's import er ligeledes i stigning.
The developing countries' share in all Community imports has also been improving.
Den fælles landbrugspolitik har formået både at opfylde de interne målsætninger, der er afstukket for denne i Rom-traktaten, og at yde og fortsætte med at yde et vigtigt bidrag til den internationale handel med landbrugsprodukter.
The common agricultural policy, while pursuing the internal objectives set for it by the Treaty of Rome, has made and is continuing to make a major contribution to the development of world trade in agricultural products.
EF's velvillige indstilling over for enhver form for internationalt samarbejde kan ikke undgå at lette bestræbelserne på at finde løsninger på de problemer, der trænger sig på mellem partnerne i verdenshandelen, specielt i forholdet mellem nord og syd.
The trade relations forged in a large number of ways, some of them quite new, with various groups of countries bear witness to the political will in the Commun ity to press forward the expansion of agricultural products in trade whilst respect ing legitimate mutual interests and at the same time giving special attention to the interests of the developing countries.