natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Ifølge en række sagkyndige skyldes denne skovforøgelse, der i øvrigt især er sket i tidsrummet 196165 til 1977, ikke en systematisk skovplanlægning (med klare produktionsmål), men snarere øget braklægning.
But many experts attribute the latter — heavily concentrated in the period 1961-65 to 1977 — to an increase in fallowing rather than to systematic afforestation (with specified production targets).
Inden for tyve år (1965-1985) er arbejdskraften i EF-landbruget praktisk taget blevet re duceret til det halve.
In the space of 20 years (1965-85) the Com munity's agricultural labour force has de clined by almost one half.
Man kan således sige, at der i De Seks i tidsrummet 1958-1973 hvert minut var en landbruger, som ophørte med sin virksomhed (jf. figur 2).
In the Community of Six, for instance, between 1958 and 1973 it could be said that one farmer or farm worker left the land every minute (see Fig. 2).
Det må dog noteres, at den dyrkede jord, der har været til rådighed pr. landbrugsarbejder, er forblevet af forholdsvis ringe omfang trods den stærke nedgang i antallet af erhvervsaktive i landbruget.
Until the early 1970s the restructuring of agricultural employment was greatly facilitated, even encouraged, by a booming general economy, which attracted agricultural workers towards other industries growing rapidly and badly in need of labour, however unskilled. There was thus a combined push and pull effect.
Formindskelsen af det udnyttede landbrugsareal var således særlig udtalt mellem 196165 og 1977, men udviklingen er siden da blevet betydeligt langsommere, og den for mindskelse, der kan iagttages i dag, skyldes tilsyneladende især en øget anvendelse til infrastrukturer, og ikke braklægning.
Although the contraction of utilized agricultural area was significant between 1961-65 and 1977, it has slowed down since then and the present trend seems to be due more to the spread of infrastructures than to the withdrawal of land from production.
For øjeblikket overgår kun en meget ringe del af landbrugsarealerne til brakjord eller skov (de skovtilplantede arealer øges med 0,1% om året mod 1% i tidsrummet 196165 til 1977).
Only a very small fraction of agricultural land is now being fallowed or afforested (the rate of increase of wooded land is now 0.1% per year, compared with 1% during the period 1961-65 to 1977).
Samtidig med formindskelsen af landbrugsarealerne er der sket en produktionsintensivering, hvis omfang man kan danne sig et begreb om ved at betragte den gennemsnitlige forøgelse af gødningsforbruget pr. ha (gennemsnit for Vesteuropa); mellem 196971 og 1983 var denne udvikling på + 67% for kvælstofgødning, + 15% for fosfatgødning og + 19% for kaliumgødning.
The reduction in agricultural hectarage has been accompanied by an intensification of production, the scale of which is reflected in the rise in average consumption of fertilizer per hectare (figures for Western Europe): + 67% for nitrogenous fertilizers, +15% for phosphate fertilizers and +19% for potassium fertilizers between 1969-71 and 1983.
Indtil begyndelsen af 1970erne var omstruktureringen af landbrugsbeskæftigelsen i vid udstrækning lettet eller endog begunstiget af, at der generelt var tale om en periode med en stærk økonomisk udvikling, som tilskyndede landbrugsbefolkningen til at for lade deres erhverv til fordel for andre økonomiske sektorer, der var i fuld vækst, eller hvor der var en efterspørgsel efter arbejdskraft, også ringe kvalificeret arbejdskraft. »Push«- og »pull«-faktorerne virkede således sammen.
The levelling-out was particularly noticeable in countries which began restructuring early; countries or regions which began later are still showing a decline in the agricultural work-force, although the rate is less sustained than in the earlier period. All in all, the proportion of agricultural workers in the total labour force has declined in the past 25 years from 17% to 6% in the Community of Nine and from 46% to 20% in the three new Member States.
Siden den anden halvdel af 1970erne har denne tiltrækning til gengæld mistet sin kraft, og nedgangen i antallet af erhvervsaktive i landbruget er blevet svækket til næsten det halve (en gennemsnitlig årlig nedgang i beskæftigelsen i landbruget på 4,5% mellem
The rationalization of production has caused a sharp drop in demand for labour. Furthermore, the unsatisfactory growth of incomes for farmers who failed to adjust to the changes led many of them (or their children) to leave farming (or not to enter it) and to move towards the towns, where, traditionally, there was a greater likelihood of
Den omfattende anvendelse af kvælstofgødning sker generelt indenfor de land brugssystemer, der er fremherskende i den nordlige og nordvestlige del af Fællesskabet.
The sharp drop in the agricultural labour force has been accompanied by a similarly significant drop in the number of farms and a concentration of land and production on holdings of 50 ha or more.
Den meget udbredte anvendelse af denne gødningstype har sammen med de forureningsproblemer, der skyldes koncentratio
However, these structural changes must not be overestimated. They have in no way changed the nature
Landbrugets andel i den samlede civile beskæftigelse
Share of agriculture in total civilian employment
Udsving i beskæftigelsen i landbruget
Trend of agricultural employment
Det Forenede Kongerige
United Kingdom Belgium Netherlands Germany
Kilde: Årsserier for beskæftigelsen, offentliggjort af De Europæiske Fællesskabers Statistiske Kontor og OECD.
Source: Employment data published annually by the SOEC and the OECD.
1960 og 1970 men kun 2,4% mellem 1980 og 1985).
etc.) which help to eke out their very low earnings from the land.
Stabiliseringen er særlig udtalt i de lande, hvor omstruktureringen af landbruget begyndte; i de lande eller regioner, hvor den blev indledt senere, er landbrugsbeskæftigelsen fortsat faldet, omend ofte i et mindre hastigt tempo end i det foregående tidsrum.
Emergence of new activities of the family farm in Europe. On the contrary, as a result of the technical progress in recent decades, one farmer and his family, or even a farmer on his own, can nowadays farm a much larger area than 20 or 30 years ago.
I alt er den erhvervsaktive landbrugsbefolknings del af den samlede erhvervsaktive befolkning i de sidste 25 år faldet fra 17% til 6% for De Ni og fra 46% til 20% i de nye medlemsstater.
None the less, the average size of a Community farm is still very small (13.9 ha in 1985, compared with 12.0 ha in 1970 for the Community of Ten).
Landbrug som deltidsbeskæftigelse og underbeskæftigelse i landbruget
In addition, Community surveys of farm structure show that there are many farms in the Community which fail to provide fulltime employment even for one person.
Deltidslandbruget med supplerende virk somhed i andre sektorer har især udviklet sig i de regioner, hvor den stedlige økonomiske struktur allerede var ret diversificeret.
Many studies stress the close link between changes in farm structure and incomes and the development of the regional economy.
I mange andre regioner med mindre fremskreden økonomisk udvikling har der været færre muligheder for at supplere landbrugsvirksomheden med anden lønnet beskæftigelse; at bedriften ikke giver fuldtidsbeskæftigelse afslører en skjult under beskæftigelse eller en »latent arbejdsløshed«. Fænomenet er ret udbredt, især i Fællesskabets middelhavsperiferi.
There is quite definitely a spillover effect: regional economic environment (by its capacity to absorb labour) has a major in fluence on structural change in agriculture, which sufficed in itself during the 1960s and 1970s to account for much of the growth of agricultural incomes (about 75% in the per iod 1965 to 1977 according to a study carried out for the Commission). '
Går man ud fra, at landbrugere, der arbejder mindre end halvdelen af et normalt arbejdsår på egen bedrift, og som ikke har anden lønnet beskæftigelse, repræsenterer en latent arbejdsløshed, henhører næsten en tredjedel af EF-landbrugerne under kategorien med »la tent arbejdsløshed«.
In 1985, 30% of farmers in the Community of Ten supplemented their farming activity with other activities, either on their own premises (farm tourism, processing and retail ing of farm products, crafts, etc.), or by offfarm employment on a part-time or fulltime basis.
Almindeligvis driver de bedrifter, der på grund af ringe størrelse ikke engang byder på halvtidsbeskæftigelse for en person.
In 75% of the cases, these other gainful activities accounted for more of the farmer's time than his actual farm work.
Der er her tale om en strukturel blokering, som forekommer særlig hyppigt i de ugunstigt stillede områder.
During the 1950s and 1960s, and even the 1970s, economic and cultural expansion was heavily concentrated in large urban areas and industrial centres.
Det må dog noteres, at en meget stor del af' de pågældende landbrugere er over 55 år (75% i Italien, 67% i Grækenland).
It was there that jobs and cultural enrichment were to be found.
De råder ofte over småydelser (pensioner mv.), der supplerer deres meget beskedne landbrugsindkomster. komster.
As a result, many people were obliged to leave the countryside or their region or even emigrate.
Erhvervsmæssig spredning af økonomien i landdistrikterne
This phenomenon is fairly widespread, especially in the Mediterranean parts of the Community.
Samtidig med den stærke nedgang i antallet af erhvervsaktive i landbruget er der også sket en ret udtalt nedgang i antallet af bedrifter og en vis koncentration indenfor jord- og produktionsfordelingen til fordel for bedrifter på 50 ha eller derover. Disse strukturændringer må dog ikke overvurderes.
Since the early 1970s, however, the situation has changed gradually and the diversification of rural economies has emerged as a new determining factor.
Således har de på ingen måde ændret EF-bedrifternes karakter af familiebrug.
Industrial employment also increased in rural areas of France as a result of the implementation of regional policy.
Tværtimod kan en landbruger og hans familie, eller endog en landbruger alene, i dag drive arealer, som er klart større end for tyve til tredive år siden, takket være de seneste årtiers tekniske fremskridt.
In Germany, a fairly balanced geographical distribution of economic activity undoubtedly helped to stimulate strong growth of part-time farming, supplemented by offfarm work, often providing distinctly higher earnings than those derived from farming.
Det gennemsnitlige areal pr. bedrift er dog forblevet ret beskedent for Fællesskabet som helhed (13,9 ha i 1985 mod 12,0 ha i 1970 for De Ti).
Almost half the farms in Germany are run on a part-time basis.
Nye former for virksomhed
Introduction of new industries
I 75% af tilfældene repræsenterede disse an dre former for lønnet virksomhed en større andel af landbrugernes beskæftigelse, end landbruget gjorde.
However, a very large pro portion of these farmers are over 55 years of age (75% in Italy, 67% in Greece) and often draw small incomes of other types (pensions,
dvs. sektorer, hvor der er sket omfattende arbejdspladsnedlæggelser i de seneste år.
facturing and service industries have often been subsidiaries or branches of large com panies with headquarters in the main cities.
Men der er også væsentlige undtagelser fra denne generelle tendens, således i Frankrig, i Sydtyskland og i Nord- og Midtitalien, hvor små og mellemstore virksomheder med høj specialisering er blevet anlagt i landdistrikter med fortsat stigende beskæftigelse.
Attracted by a plentiful work-force, cheaper building sites and the availability of numerous investment incentives, etc. provided by the authorities, they were set up irrespective of any direct link with the existing social and economic fabric; their ability to weather a crisis of any sort was poor, and many have not survived.
I 1950erne og 1960erne, ja endog i 1970erne, kunne den økonomiske ekspansion og den kulturelle udvikling i høj grad stedføres til de store bysamfund og de store industricentre.
In addition, there are a number of obstacles and difficulties arising from the economic environment.
Det var disse steder, beskæftigelsen skulle findes, og det var her, en kulturel udfoldelse var mulig. Det betød ofte, at det var nødvendigt at forlade det hjemlige land distrikt, regionen og måske endog landet.
The problem was further compounded by the fact that industrial employment in rural areas is too often based on labour-intensive, low-skill industries such as textiles, clothing, leather and footwear, where there have been many lay-offs in recent years.
Men siden begyndelsen af 1970erne har for holdene gradvist ændret sig, og differentieringen i landdistrikternes økonomi er blevet en ny faktor, der må tages i betragtning.
The lack of suitable support services, which could offset other handicaps to some extent, is by far the biggest problem.
For Italiens vedkommende blev over 60% af de nye arbejdspladser i 1970erne skabt i landdistrikter. Beskæftigelsen i industrien er ligeledes vokset i landområderne i Frankrig under indvirkning fra regional politikken.
While employment in the service sector has shown a sharp rise in rural areas, there are major differences between the types of jobs created in urban and rural areas.
I Tyskland har en ret afbalanceret geografisk for deling af den økonomiske virksomhed uden tvivl fremmet den stærke udvikling af del tidsbedriften, hvor landbrugsvirksomheden suppleres med beskæftigelse udenfor bedriften, hvilket ofte giver langt større indtægter end landbrugsindkomsterne. Næsten halvdelen af de tyske landbrugsbedrifter er deltidsbedrifter.
Whereas undertakings set up in urban areas are generally aimed at supplying productive services, i.e. services to other undertakings, thus contributing to an increase in the local economy's overall production capacity, undertakings in rural areas tend to concentrate on consumer services.2Moreover, when new consumer services and services to the general public are introduced in rural areas, they tend to be mass-marketing services or bottom-of-the-range public services.
Visse af disse, f.eks. mindre metalindustri, har i begyndelsen ud viklet sig som leverandør til landbruget; an dre industrier har især udnyttet råvarer fra landbrug eller skovbrug.
These differences between services are now tending to become more marked, in particular at the expense of the lessfavoured outlying rural areas.
De fleste af disse virksomheder i landdistrikterne er imidlertid af beskeden størrelse, og de er derfor til en vis grad økonomisk skrøbelige.
Alongside the large industrial plants, the es tablishment and development of which call for major outside investment, there are many quite small firms, often with a high added value, which already boast a long rural tradition.
Mange af dem er iværksat med personlige midler (tilvejebragt af virksomhedslederen, hans familie eller små, tæt sammensluttede persongrupper), hvilket betyder, at virksomhedernes finansielle grundlag ofte er ret snævert.
Some of them, such as smallscale metalworking workshops, originally developed as suppliers to agriculture, where as others mainly used the raw materials supplied by agriculture or forestry.
Endvidere gælder, at selv om virksomhedsledernes udgangsideer er gode, har mange af disse ledere kun ringe erfaring med virksomhedsdrift.
However, many of those direct links with agriculture have now withered away, leaving only the attachment of the businessmen concerned to the rural society into which many of them were born.
Den erhvervsmæssige spredning af landdistrikternes økonomi er dog ikke uproblematisk.
The diversification of the rural economy has been a basic feature of rural society's development in the past 15 to 20 years.
Ofte er denne virksomhedstilførsel sket uden direkte forbindelse med den eksisterende økonomiske og sociale struktur, og mod standsdygtigheden i tilfælde af krise har været ringe, hvilket ofte har ført til fiasko.
The reduction in agriculture's relative economic importance, in terms of employment and share of regional product, has been observed almost everywhere.
En OECD-undersøgelse af den offentlige forvaltning af landdistrikterne '), understreger navnlig følgende: den betydelige (geografiske og socio-kulturelle)
The changes did not, however, occur at the same time, with the same intensity or at the
') OECD: »Gestion publique rurale« (offentlig forvaltning af landdistrikterne), Paris 1986, s. 45-46.
In many cases the start-up capital was found by the owner, his family or a small, closely knit group, often resulting in a narrow capital base.
Fællesskabets periferi, navnlig i Middelhavsområdet, er fortsat tynget af et landbrug, som ofte er dårligt struktureret, og som er besværet af naturbetingede ulemper, eller de er mærket af deres geografiske beliggenhed (afstand til store forbrugscentre).
same speed. Many of the Community's out lying areas, in particular its Mediterranean regions, are still adversely affected by poor agricultural structures and suffer from natural handicaps or simply their geographical location (remoteness from the major consumer centres).
afstand til beslutningscentrene; mangelen på risikovillig kapital; vanskelighederne med adgang til information og teknologisk innovation, mangelen på relevante tjenesteydelser; mangelen på en integreret økonomisk struktur (forbindelser mellem virksomheder ne og muligheder for gruppering — »økonomisk isolation«).
It is in these areas, however, that most of the agricultural holdings fail to provide fulltime employment for even one person, and that the concealed unemployment in agriculture is very common. Accordingly, agriculture's continuing importance in those regions should be interpreted not as a sign of successful specialization of a given industry in the large European economic area, but rather as evidence of a failure to reform structures to meet changed needs.
Samtidig er det i disse regioner, at hovedparten af landbrugsbedrifterne end ikke udgør fuldtidsbeskæftigelse for en enkelt person.
(ii) the beginnings of an urban exodus, due to the increasing interest of towndwellers in the countryside, which offers a less polluted environment, pleasanter landscape, low rents, houses to renovate, land for building, and a better quality of life in general.
Fænomenet »skjult« arbejdsløshed forekommer i vid udstrækning her.
This trend is accounted for by economic factors (lower cost of living, tax benefits) and a changing way of life.
Derfor er den vægt, landbruget bevarer i disse områder, ikke tegn på en succesfuld sektorspecialisering i et EF-enhedsområde for økonomien, men snarere tegn på en betydelig strukturel forsinkelse.
The improvement of rural infrastructure in many regions, es pecially transport and (tele)communications, has also played a part, along with a sharp increase and improvement in commuter services between home and work; an increasing number of well-to-do elderly people and early-retired workers attracted by a pleasanter environment and easier opportunities for leisure activities have chosen to make their homes in rural areas;
De økonomiske forandringer modsvares af forandringer i landdistrikternes befolkning.
Economic change has been accompanied by changes in the rural population.
Ændringerne i af- og tilvandringen giver, et første indtryk af omfanget af disse forandringer. dringer.
Differences in the pattern of migration provide some evidence of the scale of change.
Det er et ganske afgørende problem, at der mangler relevante tjenesteydelser, som eventuelt delvis kunne udligne de andre handicap. Selv om beskæftigelsen i servicesektoren er blevet øget stærkt i landdistrikterne, er der dog fortsat betydelige forskelle mel lem byområder og landdistrikter, for så vidt angår arten af de arbejdspladser, som er blevet skabt. »Medens virksomhederne for tjenestydelser, der oprettes i byområder, ge nerelt sigter på at levere produktive tjenesteydelser, dvs. tjenesteydelser til andre virk somheder, som således bidrager til en for øgelse af den samlede produktionskapacitet for den lokale økonomi, har virksomhederne for tjenesteydelser i landdistrikterne tendens til at koncentrere sig om forbrugstjenesteydelser...« ').
(iii) the gradual diversification of rural econ omies, either by the decentralization of certain industries or, at least in some regions, an impressive surge of activity by a host of smallscale local entrepreneurs, whose initiatives have completely changed the economic geography of their area.
Med hensyn til sidstnævnte (forbrugstjenesteydelser, persontjenesteydelser) er deres udbygning i landdistrikterne endvidere især samlet om markedsmæssige tjenesteydelser og offentlige tjenesteydelser af mindre kvalificeret art.
This is amply illustrated by developments in all the central Italian provinces, where former share-croppers have managed to convert to crafts and small building and engineering businesses, bring ing a revolution set in train by people whose imagination knew no bounds once outside the confines of farming.2
I 1960erne og begyndelsen af 1970erne var afvandringen fra landbruget til de store byog industricentre endnu et ret generelt fænomen.
In the 1960s and the early 1970s, the drift from the land, i.e. the movement of rural population to the major urban and industrial centres, was a fairly widespread phenomenon.
Det kom i statistikkerne til udtryk i en hurtig befolkningsvækst i industriområderne og en omfattende af- og tilvandring på tværs af regionerne, dvs. fra landdistrikterne til industriområderne.
Statistically, this · was reflected in large-scale migrations from rural to industrialized regions and rapid population growth in the industrialized regions.
Afvandringen fra landbruget til de store by samfund fortsætter i dag endnu i Grækenland og i visse områder i Italien (Mezzogiorno), Spanien, Portugal og Frankrig (Massif Central). I andre landdistrikter har man der imod siden midten af 1970erne set et omslag i affolkningstendensen2).
The movement persists to this day in Greece, some parts of Italy (Mezzogiorno), Spain, Portugal and France (Massif central), but in other rural regions there has been something of a reversal of the trend, ' especially since the second half of the 1970s.
Denne udvikling synes at have forbindelse med følgende:
This develop ment seems to be associated with:
— en faldende interesse for de traditionelle store by- og industricentre, der ofte selv er hårdt ramt af en økonomisk og strukturel
In France, a recent study by Segesa3illus trates impressively how the country has changed from a situation in which rural exodus was a generalized phenomenon between 1962 and 1968, involving long-distance migration throughout western France, to a situation in which people are moving into
Men udviklingen er ikke sket samtidigt over alt, og heller ikke med samme intensitet eller i samme tempo. Mange af regionerne i
There is also a tendency in many rural regions for former émigrés (or their children) to return home after acquiring non-agricultural skills and accumulating a small capital, which they are prepared to invest in their home region; special issue of Pour, June 1985.
afvandring fra byerne og endog regional af vandring i det nordøstlige Frankrig (jf· kort 1).
Map 1 From rural exodus to urban exodus France
Kort 1 Fra afvandring fra landdistrikterne til tilvandring til byerne del franske eksempel oo 00
Urban attraction insufficient to absorb rural exodus
Tilvandring til landdistrikterne og til byerne
Rural and urban attraction
Tilvandring til landdistrikterne større end af vandring fra byerne
Rural attraction exceeding urban exodus
Tilvandring til landdistrikterne kan ikke op suge afvandring fra byerne
Rural attraction insufficient to absorb urban exodus
De viser udviklingen fra en situation med næsten generel afvandring fra landdistrikterne, der har medført vandringer over store afstande i hele det vestlige Frankrig, til en situation med tilvandring til landkommunerne i forbindelse med en afvandring fra byerne, der i det nordøstlige Frankrig har udviklet sig til en regional afvandring.
They show how the situation has changed from practically generalized rural exodus, involving long-distance migration throughout western France, to attraction of urban émigrés into rural communes, assuming the proportions of regional exodus in the north-east quarter of France.