natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
To af disse tilsyneladende uforenelige målsætninger er ønsket om forøget konkurrence koblet sammen med større forbrugerbeskyttelse.
One such pair of apparently incompatible goals is the desire for increased competition coupled with greater consumer protection.
Inden for store dele af erhvervslivet er forøget konkurrence i sig selv den bedste form for forbrugerbeskyttelse.
Of course, in many areas of commerce increased competition is itself the best consumer protection.
Det er tilfældet, når køberen umiddelbart kan foretage en sammenligning af produkter og priser og selv bedømme, hvad han får for sine penge.
This will be so where the buyer can easily compare products and prices and can judge for himself what he is getting for his money.
Det er ikke så ligetil, når det drejer sig om forsikringer, hvor forsikringstageren betaler forud for nogle løfter, der er nedfældet i en kontrakt.
This is not so easy in insurance, where the policyholder pays money in advance in return for promises expressed in a contract.
Der rejser sig to problemer for forsikringstageren:
There are two problems for the policyholder:
(i) kontrakten er et juridisk dokument, som sædvanligvis udarbejdes af forsikrings selskabet, og som forsikringstageren kan have svært ved at forstå; med andre ord er det vanskeligt for ham klart at se, hvad han køber, og han kan ikke afprøve produktet på købstidspunktet (det gælder både for skadesforsikringer, hvor det ofte først er når skaden er sket, at forsikringstageren finder ud af, hvor godt eller dårligt han i virkeligheden er dækket, og for livsforsikringer, hvor den reelle værdi af opsparingselementet i en blandet kontrakt er meget usikker på købstidspunktet)
(i) the contract is a legal document, usually drawn up by the insurer, which the policyholder may reasonably have difficulty in understanding; in other words, it is hard for him to see clearly what he is buying and he cannot test the product at the moment of purchase (this is true for nonlife insurance, where it is often when a claim materializes that the policyholder finds out the true extent of his cover, and also for life insurance, where the true value of the savings element in a mixed contract is very uncertain at the time of purchase);
(ii) eftersom forsikringstageren ofte betaler for sin forsiking, længe før forsikringsselskabet afkræves at skulle opfylde sin del af den indgåede handel, må han sætte sin lid til forsikringsselskabets finansielle troværdighed; men han er sandsynligvis ikke i nogen god position til at kunne vurdere dette ved indgåelsen af kontrakten, og han kan under alle omstændigheder ikke være sikker på, at forsikringsselskabet også i fremtiden vil opretholde en høj finansiel standard.
(ii) because the policyholder pays for the insurance possibly long before the insurer may be called upon to meet his side of the bargain, he is relying upon the insurer's financial trustworthiness; but he is probably not well placed to judge this even at the time when he concludes the contract, and is certainly not at all able to ensure the maintenance of high financial standards by the insurer thereafter.
(i) kontrol med indholdet af forsikringskontrakter fører ofte til en standardisering, som reducerer antallet af udbudte produkter og modvirker nyskabelser
The interest of the State in intervening in the operation of the market is heightened by the common perception that insurance, both nonlife and life, benefits society.
Det betyder, at visse forsikringstyper gøres obligatoriske — et almindeligt kendt eksempel er bilejeres ansvarsforsikringer — men mere generelt har det i nogle medlemsstater givet anledning til en måske lidt vag forestilling om, at forsikringsvirksomhed ikke er et liberalt erhverv på lige fod med alle andre, men en slags privat forlængelse af det sociale sikringssystem, som staten naturligvis har en betydelig interesse i.
This leads logically to certain insurances being made compulsory — an example familiar to everybody is motor liability insurance — but in a more general way has given rise to a perhaps rather ill-defined feeling, more prevalent in some Member States than others, that insurance is not a market-place activity like any other but is a sort of private extension of social security in which the State properly maintains a close interest.
Denne funktion træder tydeligst frem i visse typer sygeforsikringer og pensionsforsikringer, men kan strække sig langt videre.
This is obvious in some forms of health insurance and insurance-based pension arrangements, but may extend well beyond.
Da der ikke er mange, der går ind for fuldstændigt frit spil for alle på forsikrings området, er det et område, hvor protektionisme nemt kan forklæde sig som forbrugerbeskyttelse.
Because hardly anybody advocates a complete free-for-all in insurance, it is an area where protectionism may easily disguise itself as consumer protection.
Men samtidig bevirker forskellige opfattelser af den samfundsmæssige interesse og forskellige grader af statsindblanding, at det er vanskeligt at opnå en gensidig anerkendelse af standarderne medlemsstaterne imellem.
It is also true, however, that different perceptions of the public interest and different degrees of State intervention produce a situation in which mutual recognition of standards between Member States is hard to attain.
Desuden føler forsikringsselskaber i lande med en stram statslig kontrol sig uvægerligt dårligt stillet, hvis de skal konkurrere med forsikringsselskaber i lande med en mere lempelig eller mindre omfattende lovgivning.
Moreover insurers based in countries where State control is tight inevitably feel themselves at a disadvantage if they have to compete with insurers based in countries where regulation is less strict or less comprehensive.
Der er i nogle medlemsstater efterhånden ved at brede sig den opfattelse, at nogle af tidligere tiders stramme kontrolforanstaltninger har været for konkurrencebegrænsende og i praksis ikke yder nogen videre beskyttelse af de samfundsmæssige interesser.
The view seems to be growing in some Member States that some of the tight controls exercised in the past have been too restrictive of competition and are of little practical use in protecting the public interest.
Desuden lader det generelt til, at den brede offentlighed ønsker, at forsikringer skal være finansielt sikre, konkurrencedygtige på priser og produkter og lettere at forstå.
Furthermore, it seems to be generally felt that the public at large would like insurance to be financially secure, competitive in price and products, and easier to understand.
Men man risikerer, at der opstår en ond cirkel: Hvis staten skrider ind for at opnå et af disse mål, kan det blive vanskeligere at opfylde andre.
But there is a risk of a vicious circle: State intervention to achieve any of these goals may make it harder to reach at least one of the others.
Ikke alle former for forsikring er forbrugsprodukter, der købes af manden på gaden.
Not all insurance is a consumer product bought by the man in the street.
En betydelig del aftages af industri-, handels- og transportvirksomheder, forretnings folk, landmænd og små næringsdrivende som en del af deres forretningsaktiviteter.
A substantial part is taken out by industrial, commercial and transport enterprises, by professional people, by farmers and by small traders, as a necessary part of their business activity.
For dem er forsikring bare en omkostning mere, som repræsenterer en vigtig understøttelse af deres aktiviteter.
For them insurance is simply one more input, representing an essential underpinning of their activities.
I princippet er deres valg af forsikring blot en forretningsbeslutning mere.
In principle, their choice of insurance is just one more business decision.
Hvis de skal have mulighed for og endda tilskyndes til at sprede deres aktiviteter ud over hele Fællesskabet, forekommer det helt naturligt, at de også skal have adgang til et EF-dækkende udbud af forsikringer.
If they are to be allowed and indeed encouraged to carry on their business on a Communitywide basis it seems perfectly obvious that they should also have a Communitywide choice of insurance.
Men der må tages to forbehold i denne
But two reservations have to be entered.
Aktørerne på forsikringsmarkederne
The players in insurance markets
Forsikringsmarkederne består i hovedsagen af købere (forsikringstagere), sælgere (forsikringsselskaber) og mellemmænd (mæglere og agenter).
Insurance markets are essentially made up of buyers (policyholders), sellers (insurance undertakings) and intermediaries (brokers and agents).
Disse grupper har naturligvis deres egne meninger om målet med et indre marked for forsikringer.
These groups naturally have their own perceptions of the goal of a single internal market in insurance.
Deres interesser og ønsker bør tages med i betragtning, hvilket imidlertid ikke er nemt, da de ikke alle har samme mulighed for at være meningsdannende, og fordi hver af disse grupper er opdelt i forskellige undergrupper.
Their interests and aspirations ought to be taken into account. This is not easy, because they do not find it equally easy to form and convey opinions and because there are subdivisions within each group.
De fleste mennesker vil sandsynligvis være af den opfattelse, at det fælles marked bør konstrueres således, at det først og fremmest er forsikringstagerne, der tilgodeses.
Probably most people would consider that the common market should be constructed so as to benefit above all the buyers of insurance.
Vi har imidlertid allerede set, at ikke alle købere har samme interesser.
We have already seen, however, that not all the buyers have the same interests.
Det er de større erhvervskunder, der er mest bevidste om deres fælles interesse, og som har bedst mulighed for at blive hørt.
It is the larger industrial and commercial buyers who are most conscious of their common interest and who most readily find means to express it effectively.
Det er sværere for private borgere — om end de sammenlagt udgør en langt mere talstærk gruppe af forsikringstagere — at mobilisere sig i forsikringsspørgsmål.
Private citizens, although taken together forming a vastly more numerous class of policyholders, do not easily mobilize themselves into action on insurance matters.
Andre påtager sig så at tale for dem.
Others take it upon themselves to speak for them.
Det kan være deres valgte repræsentanter i de nationale parlamenter og Europa-Parlamentet, regeringer og — inden for den nationale administration — tilsynsmyndigheder og endelig forbrugerorganisationer.
These include their elected representatives in national parliaments and the European Parliament, governments and, inside the national administrative structure, supervisory authorities, and finally consumer associations.
Ingen af disse er ideelt placeret til at kunne varetage de private forsikringstageres interesser i forhold til de interesser, der gælder for de andre aktører på markedet.
None of these is ideally placed to stand up for the interests of private citizens, as policyholders, against the interests of the other players in the market.
Parlamentarikere, regeringer og embedsmænd skal lytte til alle parter og påvirkes måske mest af dem, der fremfører deres sag stærkest.
Parliamentarians, governments and administrators have to listen to all sides and may be most influenced by those that present their case most forcefully.
Forbrugerorganisationerne har ikke denne ulempe, men de repræsenterer nok de mere bevidste og veluddannede private forsikringstagere, som har mindst brug for statens beskyttelse.
Consumer associations do not suffer this disadvantage, but perhaps represent the more aware or sophisticated private policyholders, who are least in need of State protection.
Det kan måske også siges at være en skam, at forbrugerorganisationerne på både nationalt plan og EF-plan i det store og hele ikke hidtil har lagt lige så mange ressourcer i at undersøge forsikringer og andre finansielle ydelser som i at afprøve forskellige produkter.
It is also perhaps a pity that consumer associations at both the national and Community level have on the whole not devoted as much resources in the past to the investigation of insurance and other financial services as they have to the testing of goods.
Forsikringsselskaberne er bestemt meget bedre organiseret som pressionsgruppe end de øvrige aktører på forsikringsmarkederne.
The insurers are certainly much better organized as a pressure group than the other players in the insurance markets.
Men selv de har ikke altid kunnet blive
There are probably two main reasons for this.
enige om, hvad et fælles marked bør betyde for dem.
In general, in all countries, larger companies have seen themselves to be better placed than smaller ones.
De har ikke altid givet indtryk af, at de med iver ser frem til det forfriskende pust af forøget konkurrence.
It may however be wondered whether, considered as a group, intermediaries have a common set of interests at all.
Som tidligere nævnt kan forsikringsselskaber, der hører hjemme i lande, hvor den statslige kontrol begrænser deres frihed til at træffe rent forretningsmæssige dispositioner, med al mulig god grund føle, at de uberettiget stilles ringere end andre, hvis de på grund af EF-initiativer pludselig bliver bragt i en situation, hvor de skal konkurrere med forsikringsselskaber, der er underlagt færre restriktioner.
Contact between the insurer and the prospective buyer may be made directly, without the services of an intermediary — as when the buyer makes direct contact with the insurer, the insurer uses direct mail advertising or a sales force is directly employed by the insurer and forms an integral part of its staff.
Det andet forhold vedrører ikke nationale forskelle, men selve forsikringsvirksomhedens art. Det er normalt inden for enhver gren af erhvervslivet, at handlende, der konstant tilbyder lave priser, må dreje nøglen om.
As a second possibility, the insurer may make sales through agents who are independent in the sense that they are not employees, but who are nevertheless tied to the insurance undertaking in such a way that they represent its interests and not those of the buyer.
Det samme gælder inden for forsikringsbranchen, men med den forskel, at det uundgåelige resultat kan være meget længere undervejs, fordi de væsentligste produktionsomkostninger (dækning af erstatningskrav) afholdes længe efter, at salgsindtægterne (præmier) er indgået.
These agents may be part-time and carry on the insurance agency as an ancillary to another activity, as when lawyers or garages sell insurance, or they may be insurance agents as a fulltime business. They may sell the products of more than one insurer, although if they do these will usually be in different, non-competing, classes.
I mellemtiden kan alle deres konkurrenter være blevet tvunget af presset på markederne til enten at nedsætte deres priser til et urentabelt niveau eller trække sig ud af markedet.
They may furthermore be restricted by the terms of the agency agreement to a particular geographical area.
Hvis vi ser på udviklingen i et globalt og historisk perspektiv, er det netop derfor, at der er en tilbagevendende tendens til karteldannelser inden for forsikringsbranchen.
Essentially, however, an agent will always in any particular transaction be acting for the insurer and not for the policyholder.
Forsikringsselskaber fra de medlemsstater, der traditionelt har givet erhvervslivet størst frihed, og som har været åbne over for den internationale konkurrence, har vurderet, at de var i den bedste position til at drage fordel af de nye muligheder og havde mindst at frygte fra en forøget konkurrence.
Ideally, he may be thought of as completely independent of both insurers and policyholders and as making his living out of matching the needs of the latter against the offers of the former.
Aktieselskaber har undertiden følt sig truet af overtagelser.
If he does not act in their best interests, he should ultimately be driven out of business.
Gensidige selskaber derimod, som er beskyttet mod overtagelser, har undertiden været af den opfattelse, at en international ekspansion vil være vanskeligere for dem.
It has to be added that in the real world these divisions are not always clear-cut and there are, as so often in life, many grey areas.
Efter forsikringstagerne og forsikringsselskaberne er der en tredje gruppe, hvis interesser skal tages med i betragtning, nemlig mellemmændene.
It is the larger and technically better equipped firms of brokers which, of all the groups we have examined, see the greatest opportunities in the single market.
Forsikringer kan i teorien sælges på tre måder.
Such brokers have every interest in making the single market work.
Kontakten mellem forsikringsselskabet og den potentielle køber kan ske direkte — dvs. uden brug af en mellemmand — som for eksempel når køberen tager direkte kontakt med forsikringsselskabet, når forsikringsselskabet reklamerer ved hjælp af »direct mail« eller har sælgere ansat direkte som en integrerende del af sit personale.
They are moreover found in all Member States, although much stronger in some than in others.
En anden mulighed er, at forsikringsselskabet sælger sine produkter gennem agenter, der er selvstændige i den forstand, at de ikke er direkte ansat af forsikringsselskabet, men ikke desto mindre er knyttet til selskabet på en såden måde, at de varetager selskabets og ikke køberens interesser.
Once we move away from the area of large risks, we find bigger differences between the Member States. In most of them, brokers play little or no part in the distribution of insurance for small businesses and private households, which is left to agents and direct sales.
Disse agenter arbejder i visse tilfælde på deltid
In those countries where brokers are strong in this field, they would like to make use
Afhængigt af deres kontrakt kan agenternes virksomhed desuden være begrænset til et bestemt geografisk område.
Agents for their part naturally hope that the companies with which they are associated will be able to maintain or increase their market share in their home areas, and inevitably see increased competition as a potential threat.
Primært er det imidlertid sådan, at i forbindelse med en bestemt transaktion vil agenten altid repræsentere forsikringsselskabet og ikke forsikrings tageren.
All in all, therefore, intermediaries find it difficult to speak with one voice and to organize themselves as an effective pressure group on single market issues.
Den tredje kategori består af mæglerne.
Nonlife insurance, life insurance and reinsurance
De kan ideelt set betragtes som personer, der er fuldstændigt uafhængige af både forsikringsselskaber og forsikringstagere, og som lever af at matche sidstnævntes behov med førstnævntes tilbud.
When we think of creating a common market in insurance, we should not forget that we are not dealing with a single coherent activity, but rather with a family of related businesses.
Det skal tilføjes, at i virkelighedens verden kan der ikke altid foretages denne klare skelnen, og der er som så ofte her i livet mange uklare områder.
Nonlife insurance, as a means of protection against risk, is carried on in very much the same way throughout the world, and in most of its manifestations is not easily subsituted by services provided by other financial institutions.
Af de grupper, vi her har gennemgået, er det de store og teknisk set bedst udstyrede mæglerfirmaer, der ser de største muligheder i det indre marked.
The choice is usually between insuring a risk and bearing the whole or part of it oneself (self-insurance).
De beskæftiger sig med større erhvervskunder eller sammenslutninger med store internationale ansvarsrisici; det vil med andre ord sige netop de kunder, der selv med den største iver afventer det indre marked for forsikringer og ser frem til at kunne drage fordel af det.
Commercial and industrial groups and business or professional associations may have the option of forming captive insurance companies or mutual insurance associations, instead of going to an outside insurer working in an unrestricted market, but these solutions are themselves forms of insurance, and the captive or mutual body that is set up will employ the same techniques as an ordinary commercial insurer.
Disse mæglere har enhver interesse i at få det indre marked til at fungere. Desuden findes de i alle lande, om end mere i nogle end i andre.
Because nonlife insurance has these characteristics, it is easy to imagine a homogeneous Communitywide market.
Når vi bevæger os væk fra de store risici, finder vi større forskelle medlemsstaterne imellem.
Life insurance, on the other hand, is a concept with less clear boundaries.
I de fleste af dem spiller mæglere en lille eller slet ingen rolle i forbindelse med salg af forsikringer til små virksomheder eller private husholdninger, som er overladt til agenter og direkte salg.
As an insurance against the risk of premature death it is very like nonlife insurance, but in all other forms it contains savings or investment elements which may become preponderant.
I de lande, hvor mæglerne står stærkt på dette område, ønsker de at kunne gøre brug af de internationale muligheder, men er usikre på, om de vil være i stand til det.
It occupies a space between social security and the pure savings media provided by other financial institutions, but the size and shape of this space varies from one Member State to another.
Hvad angår agenterne, håber de naturligvis, at de selskaber, som de er tilknyttet, vil kunne bevare eller forøge deres markedsandel på hjemmefronten, og agenterne anser uundgåeligt den forøgede konkurrence for at være en potentiel trussel.
When we think of creating a single market in life insurance, do we imagine that the nature of life insurance and the space it occupies will be the same everywhere throughout the Community, or do we foresee that the boundaries will be separately determined by law as well as by practice in each State?
Skadesforsikring, livsforsikring og genforsikring
Reinsurance and retrocession present a quite different picture.
Når vi tænker på at oprette et fælles marked for forsikringer, må vi ikke glemme, at det ikke drejer sig om én sammenhængende aktivitet, men snarere om en hel familie af beslægtede forretningsaktiviteter.
The extent to which they are practised and the ways in which they are conducted vary from one Member State to another, but for reasons which remain entirely within the bounds of insurance.
Som hovedopdeling skelnes der mellem skades-
A common market in reinsurance presents no conceptual difficulties, but the relations between the Community and the rest of the world in this most international of activities may need more attention.
Vejen mod målet
Progress towards the goal
I overensstemmelse med 1961-programmet blev de første konkrete foranstaltninger truffet inden for genforsikring og retrocession.
In accordance with the plan in the 1961 programme, the first concrete endeavour was made in reinsurance and retrocession.
Ved direktiv 64/225/EØF af 25. februar 1964 ophævedes begrænsningerne i etableringsfriheden og den frie udveksling af tjenesteydelser på dette område.
Council Directive 64/225/EEC of 25 February 1964 removed barriers to establishment and provision of services in this field.
Direktivet bekræftede stort set de faktiske forhold, for der var i forvejen kun få begrænsninger i den indirekte forsikringsvirksomhed, der i modsætning til direkte forsikring var undergivet ringe kontrol i de oprindelige seks medlemsstater. Man skal dog ikke undervurdere direktivets betydning som værn mod et eventuelt senere tilbageskridt.
Since few such barriers existed and these activities, unlike direct insurance, were subject to little control in the original Six, this did little more than confirm an existing position, although its usefulness in preventing any subsequent backsliding should not be underestimated.
Genforsikringsvirksomhed udøves både af specialiserede genforsikringsselskaber og af forsikringsselskaber, der fortrinsvis beskæftiger sig med direkte forsikring.
Reinsurance is carried on both by specialist reinsurers and also by what are primarily direct insurance undertakings.