natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Selv når valutakursjusteringerne er foretaget, forsvinder problemerne for så vidt ikke, da følgerne af disse kursjusteringer i almindelighed slet ikke afspejles eller kun delvis afspejles i de fælles landbrugspriser udtrykt i national valuta.
Even if the parity adjustments are made, this does not solve all the problems; generally, the consequences of the parity adjustments are reflected only partly or not at all in the common prices expressed in national currency.
I tilfælde af en devaluering bør man undgå at forøge den generelle inflation eller fremme land brugsproduktionen.
Where a currency is devalued, it is important to ensure that general inflation is not fuelled and that agricultural production is not stimulated; where a currency is revalued, the authorities must bear in mind the impact on farmers' incomes.
Ved en opskrivning bør man tage hensyn til dens indvirkning på landbrugsindkomsterne.
The consequences of the exchange-rate adjustments are therefore in general cushioned by the introduction of'monetary compensatory amounts' (MCAs).
Følgerne af kursjusteringerne dæmpes i almindelighed ved, at der indføres monetære udligningsbeløb.
But it has been shown that while there is a reasonable case for MCAs in the short term, in the long term their induced effects are harmful.
bliver denne handlefrihed, der i forvejen er ringe.
They must therefore be eliminated, and the Community authorities have undertaken to do this.
Perioden siden efteråret 1981 har væset meget vanskelig for EMS.
Since the autumn of 1981, the EMS has been operating in difficult circumstances.
Inden for ni måneder, fra 5. oktober 1981 til 14. juni 1982 har der været foretaget tre ændringer af centralkurserne.
Within nine months, from 5 October 1981 to 14 June 1982, the central rates had to be realigned on three occasions.
Næppe havde Rådet den 17.-18. maj 1982 fået afskaffet de monetære udligningsbeløb på 2,9 points for Tyskland og 2 points for Nederlandene, før kursjusteringen den 12. juni tilintetgjorde dets bestræbelser.
The Council had just succeeded on 17 and 18 May 1982 in eliminating the MCAs of 2.9 points for the Federal Republic of Germany and 2 points for the Netherlands when the currency realignment of 12 June brought its efforts to nought.
Men hvis den økonomiske og monetære politik ikke kan skabe forudsætningerne for en større konvergens, vil ikke blot konkurrenceforvridningen og den tilskyndelse til svig, som de monetære udligningsbeløb indebærer, fortsat bestå, men det fælles landbrugsmarked vil også være definitivt opløst.
But if economic and monetary policies fail to create the conditions for greater convergence, not only will the competition-distorting effects and the incentives to fraud engendered by the monetary compensatory amounts continue, but the single common agricultural market will be broken up once and for all into separate fragments.
Hvis man ikke far etableret fælles politikker eller i det mindste gennemført en harmonisering af de politikker, der er bestemmende for den fælles landbrugspolitiks økonomiske vilkår, hæmmes den fælles landbrugspolitik således ikke blot i at udfolde sig, men den ender med at blive bragt i fare.
Thus, the lack of common policies, or at the very least, the absence of harmonization of the policies determining the economic context in which the common agricultural policy is ever more closely involved is liable not only to slow down the development of the CAP but also, in the long term, to pose a threat to it.
Men udover de politikker, der indvirker på den generelle økonomiske situation, findes der politikker, der er mere direkte forbundet med landbrugsvirksomhed, og som også langt fra har nået den integrationsgrad, som f.eks. landbrugsmarkederne har nået.
But in addition to the policies affecting the general economic context, there are policies more directly connected with agricultural activity which are also far from having achieved the degree of integration attained, for example, by the agricultural markets.
Denne situation har følger dels for landbrugsprodukternes indbyrdes stilling, dels for landbrugsprodukternes frie bevægelse.
This situation has an impact on the relative positions among themselves of agricultural producers and also, in general, on the freedom of movement of their products.
Følgerne for den fælles landbrugspolitik af, at de politikker, der er direkte forbundet med landbrugsvirksomhed, er ufuldstændigt integreret eller harmoniseret
Implications for the CAP of the imperfect integration or harmonization of the policies directly linked with agricultural activity
Det er især i de fælles markedsordninger, at integrationen inden for den fælles landbrugspolitik har fundet sted.
The focus of the integration drive under the CAP has been the common organization of the agricultural markets.
Målet er i meget vid udstrækning blevet nået for de landbrugsprodukter, der er anført i EØF-traktatens bilag II, og for hvilke der skal indføres en fælles landbrugspolitik.
The objective has been fully achieved for the agricultural products listed in Annex II to the EEC Treaty, for which a common agricultural policy must be introduced.
For tiden er næsten alle land brugsprodukterne i bilag II omfattet af en fælles markedsordning med undtagelse af kartofler og ethanol fremstillet af landbrugsprodukter.
At the present time, apart from potatoes and ethyl alcohol obtained from agricultural products, virtually all Annex II products have been brought under common organizations.
Den manglende harmonisering af visse nationale regler kan ramme enten landmandens produktion eller hans afsætning, men undertiden også begge dele.
Article 38 states that the common market must cover agriculture and trade in agricultural products. But while the common organizations constitute a remarkable achievement in terms of agricultural integration, they do not suffice by themselves to ensure complete freedom of movement of agricultural products or relative parity of treatment among farmers facing the markets: the lack of harmonization of certain national regulations can affect the farmer either as producer or as trader but also, sometimes in both respects.
Der tænkes her især på skatte- og afgiftspolitik, foranstaltninger med samme virkning som kvantitative restriktioner for vareudvekslingen og socialpolitik.
The policies concerned are essentially taxation policies, measures having effects equivalent to quantitative restrictions on trade, and social policies.
Skatte- og afgiftspolitik
Taxation policies
Den henhører under medlemsstaterne og er temmelig forskellig trods visse harmoniseringsbestræbelser, der er blevet kronet med held i visse tilfælde såsom merværdiafgiften.
These policies are the responsibility of the governments and continue to differ from country to country despite efforts to achieve harmonization which have been very successful in some cases, as for example VAT.
Selv om det er historien, der gennem århundreder har formet medlemsstaternes nuværende skatte- og afgiftsstruktur, skal det understreges, at skatte- og afgiftspolitikken er et effektivt middel til konjunkturregulering og omfordeling af indkomsterne.
Apart from historical considerations, which over the centuries have done so much to determine the tax ation structures of the Member States of the Community today, it should be remembered that fiscal policy remains a key instrument for controlling the economy and ensuring income redistribution.
Men da EF endnu ikke er en politisk, økonomisk og monetær union, er skatte- og afgiftspolitikken forskellig efter medlemsstat.
Now as there is still not a political, economic and monetary union at Community level, fiscal policy differs from Member State to Member State.
Man kan ganske vist indvende, at der er sådanne forskelle, men at landmændene i en og samme medlemsstat dog er i samme situation som andre erhvervsgrupper i samme medlemsstat.
It is true that while there are indeed differences, it can be argued that the farmers of any given Member State are on an exactly equal footing with that of the other 'economic agents' of this same Member State.
På den ene side er dette ikke rigtigt, for selv om ingen medlemsstat har en egentlig landbrugsbeskatning, findes der i hver medlemsstat visse foranstaltninger specielt for landbruget.
But even this is not really true; for while none of the Member States has a separate taxation scheme for agriculture, each of them does have certain special measures for farm ers.
På den anden side kan man ikke bestride, at en fælles landbrugspolitik, der især går ud på fælles priser, gør, at EFs landmænd ikke befinder sig i samme situation med hensyn til ejendoms- og personbeskatning, merværdiafgift og punktafgifter.
Secondly, it cannot be denied that a common agricultural policy, the key feature of which is common prices, leaves the Community's farmers in differing sit uations with regard to taxation of goods and persons, VAT and excise duties.
Ejendoms- og personbeskatning: Med hensyn til landbrugsejendomme er ejendomsskatten en af de skatteformer, hvor forskellen er usædvanlig stor, eftersom det drejer sig om en lokal skat, der er variabel i rum (fra en kommune til en anden) og tid (fra et år til et andet).
Taxation of property and persons: with regard to agricultural property, the land tax is one of the taxes which varies very widely, since it is a local tax, changing from locality to locality and over time, from one year to the next.
Arvereglerne og arveafgifterne varierer også efter medlemsstat. Dette er et særlig alvorligt problem for landbruget.
Inheritance laws and the relevant taxes also vary among the Member States, and this is a particularly serious problem in agriculture.
Det skal også bemærkes, at der findes en årlig formueskat i fem medlemsstater: Tyskland, Danmark, Frankrig, Luxembourg og Nederlandene.
We should also note the existence of an annual tax on wealth in five Member States : the Federal Republic of Germany, Denmark, France, Luxembourg and the Netherlands.
Dette system er ukendt i Nederlandene, Danmark og Det forenede Kongerige, hvor landmændene indkomstbeskattes på grund lag af en obligatorisk regnskabsføring.
But this system is unknown in the Netherlands, Denmark and the United Kingdom, where farmers are taxed on profits determined under the accounts they are required to keep.
Det irske skattesystem er også baseret på den faktiske indkomst, men omfatter betydelige fritagelser.
The Irish taxation system is also based on real income, but there are major exemptions.
Sådanne skattesystemer medfører naturligvis forskelsbehandling, især når de som f.eks. i Frankrig, Italien eller Belgien kan anvendes på moderne og forholdsvis betydelige landbrugsbedrifter. drifter.
Such systems in evitably entail disparities of treatment, particularly when they can be applied, as is, for example, the case in France, Italy or Belgium, to modern and relatively large farms.
Merværdiafgift: Med hensyn til momsen anvender medlemsstaterne også skønsmæssige ordninger, hvis formål er at refundere landmanden den afgift, som hans indkøb af varer og tjenesteydelser er belagt med, da han ikke er underkastet de forpligtelser, der normalt påhviler andre borgere.
The value-added tax (VAT): here too, the Member States use flat-rate devices the purpose of which is to enable the farmer to recover tax paid on purchases of goods and services whilst avoiding the obligations normally incumbent upon registered persons.
Syv medlemsstater ud af ti anvender denne fremgangsmåde, uden at den er obligatorisk.
Seven Member States out of 10 use this technique but not on a compulsory basis.
Kun Danmark og Det for enede Kongerige kender ikke til den.
Only Denmark and the United Kingdom do not have it at all.
I Grækenland er momsen endnu ikke indført. Den indføres pr. 1. januar 1984.
The VAT system is not yet operating in Greece, and is due to start only on 1 January 1984.
Takket være især det sjette momsdirektiv er der sket en betydelig harmonisering af bl.a. beregningsgrundlaget. Satserne er dog stadig meget forskellige fra medlemsstat til medlemsstat både med hensyn til priserne for landbrugsproduktionsmidler og priserne på landbrugsprodukter i produktionsleddet.
Thanks mainly to the sixth Directive on VAT, major progress in harmonization has been made with regard, in particular, to the basis of assessment; however, the rates still vary very widely from one Member State to another, both in respect of those charged on farm inputs and in respect of those applicable to 'farmgate' prices.
F.eks. varierede momsen for gødning den 1. januar 1982 fra 2% i Italien til 22% i Danmark.
For example, on 1 January 1982, the VAT rates for fertilizers ranged from 2% in Italy to 22% in Denmark.
Hvad angår land brugsprodukter, varierede satserne fra 0 % i Det forenede Kongerige for produkter generelt beregnet til konsum eller foder til 22 % i Danmark for alle landbrugsprodukter.
As for the farmer's output, under the normal arrangement, the rates varied from 0% in the United Kingdom for products generally intended for human or animal consumption to 22% in Denmark for all agricultural products.
Hvad angår den skønsmæssige ordning, som har til formål at give landbruget en skønsmæssig refusion af momsen på produktionsmidler, varierede de faste refusionssatser efter medlemsstat og efter produkt fra 20 % til 1 % (mere udførligt behandlet i tabel 14.1 og 14.2 i rapporten).
Under the flat-rate scheme, the purpose of which is to offset on a flat-rate basis the VAT costs borne on purchases of agricultural inputs, the compensatory flat rates varied from Member State to Member State and product to product from 20% to 1% (see Tables 14.1 and 14.2 of this report for more detail).
Disse forskellige satser og ordninger er dobbelt skadelige : dels ud fra et konkurrencesynspunkt i én og samme medlemsstat, dels ud fra et konkurrencesynspunkt for ét og samme produkt fra den ene medlemsstat til den anden.
This diversity in respect of rates and systems is harmful in two ways : in the first place, from the point of view of competition among products within a single Member State, secondly from the point of view of competition for a given product from one Member State to another.
For at afbøde denne ulempe er der ganske vist blevet indført en ordning med henblik på at udligne satsforskellene ved den interne EF-handel.
It is true that because of this disadvantage a system has been introduced offsetting differences between rates in intra-Community trade.
Punktafgifter: Mange skal skelne mellem punktafgifter, som landmanden skal betale, og punktafgifter på landbrugsprodukter.
But the fact that many farmers operate on a flat-rate basis means that equalization n
afgifterne på brændstof til traktorer og landbrugsmaskiner.
The first group mainly covers taxes on fuels used by tractors and agricultural machinery.
Som Kommissionen imidlertid understregede det den 24. februar 1982 i sit svar på skriftlig forespørgsel nr. 1872/81 fra Isidor Früh, medlem af Europa-Parlamentet, er afgiftfritagelsen for brændstof til landbruget næsten generel.
But, as the Commission stressed on 24 February 1982 in its reply to Written Question No 1872/81 from Mr Früh, Member of the European Parliament, exemption from excise duty for agricultural fuels is in fact almost universal.
Fritagelsen er i øvrigt forståelig, eftersom afgiften ikke må ramme produktionen, men kun det endelige forbrug.
Such exemptions are in fact normal, since the duty should not affect production but only final consumption.
Et særligt problem opstår i forbindelse med brændsel til opvarmning af drivhuse, og problemet bliver mere komplekst som følge af andre konkurrenceforvridende elementer, der er større end afgiftsproblemet, bl.a. prisdannelsen for olieprodukter og prispolitikken for naturgas.
A special problem arises, however, in respect of heating fuels used for hothouses, where the problem is made more complex because of the need to take into account other distort ing factors which are more important than the problem of excise duties, including the question of the actual pricing of oil products and that of natural gas tariffs.
Det ville være illusorisk at tro, at en harmoniseret afskaffelse af punktafgifterne kan løse problemerne på vinmarkedet, men det ville være lige så fejlagtigt at antage, at sådanne forskelle i afgiftsatserne ikke har nogen virkning på vinforbruget i de enkelte medlemsstater.
It would be wrong to imagine that harmonization downwards of excise duties would solve the difficulties besetting the wine market, but it would be just as wrong to imagine that such differences in excise duty rates do not affect the consumption of wine in each of the Member States.
1. august 1981 udgjorde den samlede beskatning af cigaretter i den mest efterspurgte prisklasse i procent af detailsalgsprisen fra 56,2 % i Grækenland til 87,7 % i Danmark. Hvis man ser bort fra Grækenland, hvor EF-ordningen blev indført pr. 1. januar 1981, ligger Luxembourg lavest med 63,5%.
On 1 August 1981, the total tax borne by cigarettes of the price category most in demand represented a percentage of the retail price ranging from 56.2% for Greece to 87.7% for Denmark.
Det kan vanskeligt benægtes, at en sådan beskatningsforskel påvirker gennemtrængningsevnen på markederne.
The impact of such a difference in taxation on the interpénétration of the markets cannot be denied.
I øvrigt skrev Kommissionen den 18. februar 1982 i sin rapport til Europa-Parlamentet: »Det er bemærkelsesværdigt, at der, til trods for afskaffelsen af toldafgifter ved handel inden for EF og gennemførelsen af to afgiftsharmoniseringsetaper, ikke er noget egentligt EF-marked for cigaretter«.
On 18 February 1982 in its report to the European Parliament, the Commission conceded: 'It is striking that, notwithstanding the abolition of customs duties for intra-Community trade and the implementation of two stages of excise harmonization, there is no true Community market for cigarettes'.
Et vigtigt område er harmoniseringen af veterinærlovgivningen (·).
Legislation in the various countries differs on, for example, fertilizers, pesticides, technical standards for tractors and agricultural machinery, etc.
Dette område er vigtigt, da det både vedrører beskyttelse af folkesundheden og dyrs sundhed, men også fordi det berører den frie vareudveksling.
Thus, a given pesticide may be accepted in one Member State but prohibited in another, so that the farmers in the two countries are operating in different conditions.
Med henvisning til en særlig restriktiv national veterinærlovgivning kan en medlemsstat lukke sine grænser for ind førsel af produkter fra f.eks. en anden medlemsstat, hvor der findes særlige avlsmetoder i husdyrbruget, eller hvor der er udbrudt en epizooti.
One important domain is veterinary legislation. (l) This field is important from the twofold angle of the protection of human health and the protection of animal health, but also because of its implications for freedom of trade: by using particularly drastic veterinary legislation of its own, a Member State can in effect close its frontiers to imports of products from, for example, another Member State where special methods of stock-raising are used or in which outbreaks of animal disease have occurred.
Derfor bør det undersøges, om faren er reel, eller om den blot er et middel til at beskytte en indenlandsk produktion mod udenlandsk konkurrence.
There is a need, on such occasions, to assess whether the danger is a real one or whether the main purpose is not to protect a home industry from outside competition.
Offentligheden får undertiden kendskab til problemets omfang, når der opstår iøjnefaldende sager såsom »svinekrigen« mellem Tyskland og Nederlandene på grund af trikiner, lukning af Det forenede Kongeriges grænse for kyllinger og æg fra andre medlemsstater som følge af New castle-disease, lukning af Italiens grænse for indførsel af kalve fra Nordeuropa osv.
The public is sometimes aware of the importance of the problem when spectacular cases occur like the 'pork war' between the Federal Republic of Germany and the Netherlands in connection with trichinosis, the closure of the United Kingdom frontier to chickens and eggs from other Member States because of New castle disease, or the closure of the Italian frontier to imports of veal from the north of Europe, etc.
Ud over disse sager, som massemedierne har bragt ud til offentligheden, findes der mange andre tekniske eller lovgivningsmæssige forhindringer, der i lige så høj grad er foranstaltninger med samme virkning som kvantitative restriktioner for vareudvekslingen.
Apart from these cases well publicized by the media, there are many other technical or legislative obstacles which constitute measures with effect equivalent to quantitative restrictions on trade.
I en periode, hvor miljøproblemerne antager et vist omfang, kan det, at der ikke findes nogen fælles politik på dette område f.eks. medføre nye nationale foranstaltninger, hvis EF ikke hurtigt griber ind.
For example, at a time when environmental problems are assuming considerable importance, the lack of a common policy in this field is a golden opportunity for the Member States to push through national legislation if the Community authorities do not act promptly.
Alle disse eksempler beviser, at man står over for komplekse sager af teknisk art og af stor økonomisk betydning. Eksperternes arbejde er langvarigt og vanskeligt. Eksemplet med un dersøgelsen afvandindholdet i frosset fjerkræ, der varede over 10 år, beviser det.
A recent example brought home to the public the scale of this question, when a case which may have seemed minor or even futile in fact was found to mask powerful economic inter-
(') Dette emne er indgående behandlet i kapitlet »Veterinærlovgivningens udvikling« i »Rapport 1981 om landbrugets stilling i Fællesskabet.
(·) This subject has been dealt with in detail in the 1981 Agricultural Report in a chapter entitled 'The development of veterinary legislation ' (p. 35).
Den er pr. definition et af de klareste udtryk for en stats politiske filosofi og et af vidnesbyrderne om den nationale solidaritet.
The social policies are, by definition, one of the essential ways in which the political philosophy of a State is expressed, a major aspect of national solidarity.
Det kan derfor ikke overraske, at det sociale område er et af de områder, hvor integrationsbestræbelserne har de vanskeligste betingelser.
Consequently, it is not surprising that the social field is one of the fields in which progress towards integration has been slower.
Der er dog alligevel blevet nogle væsentlige resultater på dette område, hvor der endog er vist EF-solidaritet.
Substantial successes have, however, been achieved in this field, in which there has indeed also been some degree of Community solidarity.
Det er ikke her muligt at give en oversigt og endnu mindre en analyse heraf.
This is not the place for a description, much less for an analysis.
Det ville også være for kedeligt at nævne de forskellige former for social dækning, EF's landmænd er omfattet af, eller finansieringsordningerne for socialsikringen inden for landbruget.
It would also take too much space to give details of the social security cover available to Community farmers or the mechanisms for financing social security in agriculture.
Man bør dog understrege, at også på dette område befinder EF's landmænd sig i meget forskellige situationer alt efter medlemsstat.
But it should be stressed that in this field as well, the social security available to a farmer varies very much according to the Member State in which he is farming.
Forholdet mellem landmændenes sociale bidrag og de lovbestemte ydelser til landmændene giver et fingerpeg om denne forskel.
An indication of this disparity is given by the ratio between contributions paid by farmers and statutory benefits for farmers.
Ifølge en undersøgelse foretaget af generaldirektoratet for sociale anliggender i 1975 og 1977 udgjorde statens finansiering 98% i Irland, medens den kun var 14% i Nederlandene.
According to a study made by the Commission's Directorate-General for Social Affairs in 1975 and 1977, central government participation was 98% in Ireland, but only 14% in the Netherlands.