natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Det er naturligvis ikke ønskeligt, at skatteunddragelsesproblemet forværres, hverken ud fra en rimelighedsbetragtning eller ud fra medlemsstaternes synspunkt, fordi de risikerer at miste skatteindtægter.
(i) the Directive of 28 June 1973,[the aim of which was to abolish discrimination in respect of the right of establishment and freedom to provide services;2
Direktivet af 24. juni 1988 fastsatte derfor, at Kommissionen skulle fremsætte forslag, der sigter på at fjerne eller formindske risikoen for forvridninger, skattesvig og skatteunddragelse som følge af forskelligheden i de nationale ordninger for beskatning af opsparing og kontrollen hermed (artikel 6, stk. 5).
(ii) the first banking coordination Directive, of 12 December 1977,3which was designed to facilitate the taking-up and pursuit of the business of credit institutions (or — to quote the preamble to the Directive — to 'eliminate the most obstructive differences between the laws of the Member States as regards the rules to which these institutions are subject');
Kommissionen har i medfør af denne bestemmelse fremsat to forslag30).
(iii) the Directive of 13 June 1983 on the supervision of credit institutions on a consolidated basis.4
Det første sigtede på at indføre en fælles kildeskatteordning for renter, der betales til valutaindlændinge i Fællesskabet, og forslaget opererer med en sats på 15% og åbner mulighed for fritagelser.
The results obtained were, however, very modest: a credit institution wishing to set up a branch in any Member State or to provide services without being established there had to be authorized to do so by the authorities in the host country, and the range of its activities could be limited by the laws of that country.
En sådan fælles kildeskatteordning har imidlertid ikke kunnet indføres på grund af modstand fra nogle medlemsstater.
In most Member States, authorization was also required for advertising such services, and a capital endowment was also required of branches.
Kommissionens andet forslag havde til formål at styrke det samarbejde mellem de nationale skatteadministrationer, der blev etableret ved direktiv 77/799/EØF af 19. december 1977, og som i det væsentlige er baseret på informationsudveksling.
The second banking coordination Directive, adopted by the Council on 15 December 1989,5 is designed to put an end to this situation, which is incompatible with the idea of an internal market since it should be as easy to carry out activities in other Member States as it is in one's own country.
Kun bestemmelserne i landets lovgivning kan være en hindring for en sådan informationsudveksling.
This Directive constitutes one of the cornerstones of a European financial area and will come into force on 1 January 1993.
Kommissionen er af den opfattelse, at arbejdet med at styrke indsatsen mod skattesvig bør ske inden for en bredere international ramme, enten på bilateralt grundlag, f.eks. med USA, Japan og EFTA-landene, eller på et passende multilateralt grundlag, f.eks. OECD.
OJ L 194, 16.7.1973; corrigenda in OJ L 320, 21.11.1973, and OJ L 17, 22.1.1974.
Det må imidlertid konstateres, at det er vanskeligt at finde en løsning på dette problem.
Shortly after the adoption of this Directive, the Court of Justice pointed out that freedom of establishment came into effect automatically at the end of the transitional period (i.e. on 1 July 1970) and that Article 52 of the Treaty was directly applicable.
Det er vigtigt at undgå, at de foranstaltninger, der træffes, ikke fremkalder kapitalflugt til tredjeland, ikke medfører rentestigninger og ikke resulterer i betydelige administrative byrder for de offentlige myndigheder eller for pengeinstitutterne.
It added that the directives provided for in the Chapter on the right of establishment had become superfluous with regard to implementing the rule on nationality but that these directives had not lost all interest since they preserved an important scope in the field of measures intended to make easier the effective exercise of the right of freedom of establishment (judgment of 21 June 1974 in Case 2/74 Reyniers).
Desuden begrænser reglerne om bankhemmelighed, der er meget stramme i nogle medlemsstater, samarbejdsmulighederne mellem medlemsstaternes kompetente myndigheder, og endelig bør der så vidt muligt tages hensyn til den interne ligevægt i indkomstskattesystemerne i de forskellige medlemsstater.
Similarly, in a judgment of 3 December 1974 (Case 33/74 Van Binsbergen) on freedom to provide services, the Court ruled that 'the first paragraph of Article 59 and the third paragraph of Article 60 have direct effect and may therefore be relied on before national courts, at least in so far as they seek to abolish any discrimination against a person providing a service by reason of his nationality or of the fact that he resides in a Member State other than that in which the service is to be provided'.
Forslag til Rådets direktiv om en fælles ordning for kildeskat af renteindtægter og forslag til Rådets direktiv om ændring af direktiv 77/799/EØF om gensidig bistand mellem medlemsstaternes kompetente myndigheder inden for området direkte skatter og merværdiafgift (EFT C 141. af 7. 6. 1989).
First Council Directive 77/780/EEC on the coordination of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to the taking up and pursuit of the business of credit institutions (OJ L322, 17.12.1977).
Helt frie kapitalbevægelser er ikke i sig selv nok til at nå den grad af finansiel integration, der er forudsætningen for et finansielt fællesmarked.
It will be able to carry out all the banking activities specified in a list annexed to the Directive provided that it is entitled to carry them out in its own country.
Hertil kræves, at der også sættes ind med foranstaltninger på andre områder.
These activities are defined very broadly and include in particular all forms of activity relating to securities (on the credit institution's own account or for that of customers), financial leasing and factoring.
- at pengeinstitutter og andre finansielle virksomheder har ubegrænset adgang til at tilbyde deres ydelser i andre EF-lande, enten ved at etablere sig i det pågældende andet land (oprette filialer eller kontorer) eller ved at præstere tjenesteydelser direkte fra hjemlandet
Activities covered by a banking licence but not included in the list will, for their part, continue to be subject to the normal arrangements (direct effect of the freedoms provided for in the Treaty but possibility open to Member States of retaining certain restrictions on grounds of public interest — see above).
- at brugerne af de finansielle tjenesteydelser er sikret en passende beskyttelse.
The harmonization achieved
Når en bruger hjemmehørende i ét EF-land benytter sig af de frie kapitalbevægelser til på eget initiativ at henvende sig til en finansiel tjenesteyder i et andet EF-land med henblik på at foretage en investering eller placering eller optage eller yde et lån, må han kunne gøre det på lige fod med brugerne i dette andet land.
The single banking authorization — or rather the mutual recognition of the authorization granted to a credit institution — is based on harmonization of the conditions for such authorization and of the requirements regarding prudential supervision.
Det er i så fald lovgivningen i dette andet land, der gælder, og hjemlandets lovgivning kan ikke yde ham nogen beskyttelse
This harmonization has been achieved partly by the second banking Directive and partly by other Directives.
Disse vanskeligheder skyldes, at enhver form for finansiel virksomhed er nøje reguleret i alle medlemsstater ud fra hensyn til almenvellet.
(i) the minimum capital required for the authorization of new institutions, which is in general ECU 5 million (Article 4);
EF-Domstolen har anerkendt, at medlemsstaterne som følge af visse tjenesteydelsers særlige karakter fortsat kan stille særlige krav til udbydelse af sådanne ydelser på deres område, så længe der ikke er gennemført en harmonisering på området"11).
(ii) the requirement that own funds must not fall below the amount of initial capital required (in the case of new institutions) or below the highest level of own funds reached after the date of notification of the Directive (in the case of existing institutions) (Article 10);
Kommissionens forslag til, hvordan den traktatfæstede frie etablering og frie udveksling af tjenesteydelser kan føres helt ud i livet på det finansielle område for derved at nå den ønskede integration, bygger på følgende fremgangsmåde:
(iii) monitoring of the suitability of the principal shareholders (Articles 5 and 11); (iv) the limitation on holdings in the non-banking sector (Article 12);
- harmonisering af de væsentligste elementer i tilsynsregler og -standarder
(v) the need for sound administrative and accounting procedures and adequate internal control mechanisms (Article 13(2)).
- gensidig anerkendelse af medlemstaternes lovgivning og tilsyn med finansielle virksomheder
Harmonization of the monitoring of the solvency of credit institutions, which constitutes one of the prime elements of prudential supervision, has been achieved by two Directives with which credit institutions have to comply by 31 December 1992:
31) I en dom afsagt i en sag inden for forsikringssektoren opstillede Domstolen følgende betingelser herfor: »Disse krav kan kun anses at være forenelige med Traktatens artikel 59 og 60, når det er godtgjort, at der i forbindelse med udøvelse af den pågældende virksomhed er tvingende grunde, som beror på hensynet til almenvellet, der gør sådanne restriktioner berettigede, at dette hensyn ikke allerede er tilgodeset i etableringslandct, og at samme resultat ikke kan opnås ved mindre restriktive regler« (Dom af 4. 12.
(i) the Directive of 17 April 1989 on the own funds of credit institutions,1which determines the items that may be taken into account in calculating the own funds of such institutions; it distinguishes in principle between original own funds (capital and reserves), which are included without limit, and additional own funds, which may not exceed the former;
- hvilket tilsammen skal danne grundlag for indførelse af princippet om hjemlandskontrol, dvs. at tilsynet med alle den finansielle virksomheds aktiviteter under ét — uanset hvor i EF de udøves, og uanset om det sker via en filial eller direkte fra hjemlandet — skal udøves af det land, hvor den har sit hjemsted.
(ii) the Directive of 18 December 1989 on a solvency ratio for credit institutions,1 which fixes at 8% the ratio of a credit institution's own funds to its assets and off- balance-sheet items, weighted (from 0 to 100%) according to the level of risk involved (the standing of the counterparty).
Der er tale om en helhedsstrategi, der omfatter hele den finansielle sektor, herunder både banker, børser og forsikringsselskaber.
These two Directives are largely based on the results of the work carried out by the Basle Committee on banking supervision.2
Det første konkrete skridt blev taget i banksektoren, hvor Rådet på basis af disse principper i løbet af 1989 vedtog flere direktiver, som skal bane vej for et ægte enhedsmarked i denne sektor efter 1993.
The harmonization process should be taken still further by the transformation into directives of the Commission recommendations on monitoring and controlling large
På de to andre områder er arbejdet endnu ikke helt afsluttet.
4 exposures and on the introduction of deposit guarantee schemes.
Tilbageblik
Supervision
Allerede inden Kommissionen udsendte sin hvidbog, var der blevet taget visse skridt til at få tilnærmet EF-landenes banklovgivning.
This supervision covers in particular those institutions' observance of harmonized Community standards.
- direktivet af 28. juni 197332), som tog sigte på at afskaffe forskelsbehandling i forbindelse med etablering og udveksling af tjenesteydelser33)
Pending further coordination, the supervisory authorities in the host country will retain responsibility for monitoring the liquidity of the branches of credit institutions (Article 14).
- første bankdirektiv34) af 12. december 1977, der havde til formål at lette adgangen til at optage og udøve bankvirksomhed (som det hedder i et af direktivets betragtninger, drejede det sig om at »fjerne de mest forstyrrende forskelle i medlemsstaternes lovgivninger« for så vidt angår banklovgivningen)
Whatever authority is ultimately responsible, a number of the provisions of the Directive stipulate that there should be close cooperation between the supervisory authorities in the country of origin and those in the host country.
- direktivet af 13. juni 1983 om tilsyn med kreditinstitutter på et konsolideret grundlag33).
Such cooperation is of the greatest importance.
Resultaterne var imidlertid af ret beskedent tilsnit — hvis en bank ønskede at oprette en filial i et andet EF-land eller at tilbyde tjenesteydelser uden at være etableret i landet,
Finally, the second banking Directive states that 'without prejudice to the measures necessary for the reinforcement of the European Monetary System, host Member States shall retain complete responsibility for the measures resulting from the implementation of their monetary policies' (Article 14).
34 ) Rådets første direktiv om samordning af lovgivningen om adgang til at optage og udøve virksomhed som kreditinstitut
Since the second Directive provides for banking licences granted by the competent national authorities to be valid throughout the Community, the granting of a licence by a Member State to a subsidiary of a thirdcountry credit institution is likely to have an
måtte den først indhente tilladelse hertil fra det andet lands myndigheder, og dens virksomhedsområde kunne begrænses af dette lands lovgivning.
It was therefore necessary for all the Member States to adopt the same attitude to third countries, particularly as national reciprocity clauses were lapsing.
I de fleste medlemsstater skulle der også indhentes tilladelse til annoncering for sådanne ydelser, og desuden krævedes der indskudskapital for filialer.
Furthermore, in exchange for the opportunity given to thirdcountry institutions to operate free from obstacles on a banking market of the size of the Community — which has no parallel anywhere else — it was legitimate to wish to encourage third countries to liberalize their markets and at least to ensure that in those third countries Community credit institutions did not suffer discrimination compared with domestic institutions.
Dette direktiv udgør en af hovedhjørnestenene i bestræbelserne på at skabe en europæisk finanssektor, og det skal træde i kraft pr. 1. januar 1993.
Two distinct situations were envisaged in the Directive (Article 9).
Direktivet bygger på princippet om en enhedstilladelse gældende i hele EF (artikel 5), således at ethvert kreditinstitut, der har fået meddelt banktilladelse i ét EF-land, herefter kan etablere filialer eller tilbyde tjenesteydelser i et hvilket som helst andet EF-land uden at skulle ansøge om tilladelse hertil.
(i) Where a third country 'is not granting Community credit institutions effective market access comparable to that granted by the Community to credit institutions from that third country', the Commission may ask the Council for 'the appropriate mandate for negotiation with a view to obtaining comparable competitive opportunities for Community credit institutions.'
Der bliver adgang til at udøve alle de former for bankvirksomhed, der er opført på et bilag til direktivet, forudsat at den pågældende bank har tilladelse til at udøve disse aktiviteter i sit hjemland.
(ii) Where 'Community credit institutions in a third country do not receive national treatment offering the same competitive opportunities as are available to domestic credit institutions and the conditions of effective market access are not fulfilled', the Commission may initiate negotiations with the country concerned in order to remedy the situation.
Disse former for bankvirksomhed er meget bredt defineret og omfatter bl.a. også alle værdipapirforretninger for egen eller kunders regning, samt leasing og factoring.
It may also decide, in accordance with a given procedure and for a given period of time, that the competent authorities of the Member States should limit or suspend their decisions regarding requests for authorizations and the acquisition of holdings originating from the third country in question.
Med andet bankdirektiv blev følgende elementer harmoniseret:
The decision taken in 1988 to liberalize capital movements completely within the Community was, of course, bound to have a major impact on the conduct of monetary policy and the management of the European Monetary System (EMS) (see Section 2.3.3).
- mindstekrav til bankens egenkapital — normalt 5 mio ECU (artikel 4) — som betingelse for at få meddelt tilladelse
To the extent that a consensus had been reached on the need to continue to pursue the objective of exchangerate stability, which the Member States participating in the EMS had set themselves, the new situation arising from the Directive of 24 June 1988 necessitated the adoption of certain measures to reinforce economic and monetary cooperation.
Rådets andet direktiv om samordning af lovgivningen om adgang til at optage og udøve virksomhed som kreditinstitut og om ændring af direktiv 77/780/EØF, (direktiv 89/646/E0F, EFT L 386 af 30. 12.
Admittedly, notable progress had already been made towards greater convergence of the economic policies of the Member States participating in the EMS, thereby reducing the causes of strains within the system.
- krav til egenkapitalen under udøvelse af bankvirksomhed — den må ikke falde til et beløb under den krævede startkapital (nye kreditinstitutter) eller til under det maksimumsbeløb, der er nået efter direktivets ikrafttrædelse (kreditinstitutter oprettet før direktivets ikrafttrædelse) (artikel 10)
Against this background, the liberalization of capital movements presented a challenge, given the attendant risk of greater volatility.
- begrænsning af bankens interesser i virksomheder uden for den finansielle sektor (artikel 12)
Under such circumstances, attempts to avoid frequent realignments and to stabilize exchange rates may call for greater intervention and hence appropriate funding mechanisms.
- krav om god administrativ og regnskabsmæssig praksis og fyldestgørende interne kontrolprocedurer (artikel 3, stk. 2).
In order to guard against capital movements, interest rates may have to be adjusted more rapidly and more substantially.
Harmoniseringen af solvenstilsynet med bankerne, der er et af de vigtigste elementer i banktilsynet, blev gennemført ved to direktiver, som træder i kraft pr. 31. december 1992:
The approach adopted at the time was a pragmatic one: while ever closer coordination of monetary policies was being sought, the temporary disequilibria, which could result from deficiencies in such coordination, were tolerated and attempts made to remedy them by reinforcing EMS procedures and instruments.
- direktivet af 17. april 1989 om kreditinstitutters egenkapital37), der fastsætter, hvilke elementer der må medregnes til bankers egenkapital.
Such was the aim of the decisions taken by the Community central bank governors at their monthly meeting on 8 September 1987.
- direktivet af 18. december 1989 om solvensnøgletal for kreditinstitutter38), hvor forholdet mellem et kreditinstituts egenkapital og dets aktiver og ikke-balanceførte poster (med en risikovægtning fra 0-100%) fastsættes til 8%.
They agreed to exploit the existing possibilities for making more active, more flexible and better coordinated use of the available instruments, namely intervention, exchangerate variations within the fluctuation bands and interest rates.
Disse to direktiver bygger i vid udstrækning på Basel-komitéens arbejde med banktilsynsspørgsmål39).
With a view to promoting more effective use of those instruments, the Committee of Central Bank Governors strengthened the procedure for the joint monitoring of economic and monetary situations and policies in order to arrive at common assessments of both the cyclical position and appropriate policy responses.
) og indførelse af indskydergarantiordninger
The objective of economic and monetary union
), som Kommissionen tidligere har vedtaget henstillinger om.
Furthermore, the lack of budgetary policy convergence and the deficiencies in coordinating economic and monetary policies leave the system exposed to the shocks that could stem from largescale speculative movements, even in the absence of any divergence in fundamentals.
Hele tilsynet med bankerne — dvs. inklusive disses filialer og grænseoverskridende aktiviteter — sorterer under hjemlandets myndigheder (artikel 13 i andet bank direktiv).
Besides the fact that there is increasingly less autonomy for monetary policies, the very effectiveness of the monetary policy instruments available to the central banks is being jeopardized by the complete liberalization of capital movements coupled with the freedom to provide financial services.
Der er bl.a. tale om tilsyn med bankernes overholdelse af de harmoniserede EF-normer.
In a truly integrated financial area, therefore, there would not appear to be any choice ultimately but to establish an economic and monetary union.
Indtil yderligere samordning har fundet sted, er det dog fortsat værtslandets tilsynsmyndigheder, der skal føre tilsyn med likviditeten i filialer af kreditinstitutter oprettet i deres land (artikel 14).
As a result of the much closer economic interdependence of the Member States, the single market will reduce their freedom of manoeuvre, with each country being increasingly exposed to developments in other Community countries.1
Uanset hvem der i sidste instans har ansvaret på dette felt, fastsættes det i flere af direktivets bestemmelser, at der skal bestå et nært samarbejde mellem hjemlandets og værtslandets myndigheder. Dette samarbejde er meget vigtigt.
Establishment of such a union will also bring out the full potential benefits of the single market, making both the latter and the capital market more efficient, boosting the overall productivity of the economy and reducing the Community's sensitivity to fluctuations in third currencies.
Endelig hedder det i andet bankdirektiv (artikel 14) at »med forbehold af de foranstaltninger, der måtte være nødvendige for at styrke Det Europæiske Monetære System, bevarer værtslandet det fulde ansvar for de foranstaltninger, der iværksættes som led i dets pengepolitik«.
Adoption of a single currency will further augment these benefits.1Not only will it eliminate transaction and information costs and reduce the scope for price distortions between national markets, but its dynamic effects should also yield major economic gains.
EF-markedet er et af verdens mest åbne markeder.
However, such a development is feasible only if accompanied by an adequate convergence of economic policies.
I henhold til Rom-Traktatens artikel 58 betragtes datterselskaber oprettet i en medlemsstat af kreditinstitutter fra tredjelande som EF-virksomheder, så snart de er oprettet.
Parallel progress towards economic and monetary integration is essential if the inevitable culmination of the Community integration process — economic and monetary union — is to be achieved.
De har som følge heraf overalt i EF samme rettigheder som indenlandske virksomheder, bl.a. med hensyn til etablering og udveksling af tjenesteydelser.
At its meeting in Hanover in June 1988, the European Council was unanimous in pointing out that, in adopting the Single Act, the Member States had confirmed the objective of progressive realization of economic and monetary union.
Filialer af kreditinstitutter fra tredjelande har derimod ikke samme rettigheder, eftersom de ikke er selvstændige juridiske enheder.
It entrusted to a committee chaired by Mr Delors and made up of the central bank governors, who took part in a personal capacity, and three other eminent persons the task of studying and proposing concrete stages leading towards economic and monetary union.