natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
En dyrlæge, som på egen hånd kan afgøre, at et dyr er uegnet til menneskeføde, deltager ved denne virksomhed i nogle lande i udøvelsen af offentlig myndighed osv.
In some countries, a doctor may have the task of making out an invalidity report which is binding on the public authorities; in these countries, this activity will be part of the exercise of official authority.
Endelig nåede man gennem en omhyggelig analyse af denne artikel frem til tre hovedelementer:
authority that an animal is unfit for consumption is. in some countries, taking part in the exercise of official authority when he does so. And so on.
— man må holde en bestemt virksomhed uden for det pågældende fag i sin helhed.
Close analysis of the wording eventually led to three essential conclusions: — the situation in this regard could be specific to a Member State;
En bestemt virksomhed kunne omfattes af undtagelsen, uden at dette derfor var tilfældet for faget i sin helhed; — deltagelsen i udøvelse af offentlig myndighed må forstås som en myndighed, der går ud over det almenretlige område, og som muliggør et myndighedsindgreb over for ejendele eller personer.
— it was necessary to distinguish a given activity from the whole of the profession concerned; the exclusion of an activity did not entail exclusion of the profession as a whole;
Forstået på denne måde bliver denne deltagelse i udøvelse af offentlig myndighed noget, der forekommer forholdsvis sjældent, selv i de liberale erhverv.
— taking part in the exercise of official authority was to be interpreted as a power falling outside the scope of ordinary law. one under which exceptional measures could be taken in respect of property or persons.
Det hænder ofte, at en udøver af et liberalt erhverv af myndighederne opfordres til som sagkyndig at udtale sig om et bestemt aspekt af et problem.
Interpreted in this way, activities connected with the exercise of official authority are quite rare, even for the professions.
Men derved gør han ikke andet end at stille sin faglige kompetence til tjeneste for det offentlige og deltager ikke derfor i udøvelse af offentlig myndighed.
It is common for the authorities to call upon a member of the professions, in his capacity as an expert, to give his opinion on some aspect of a problem, but in doing this he is merely making his technical competence available in the public interest without taking part in the exercise of official authority.
I de fleste tilfælde er ekspertens udtalelse ikke bindende for denne myndighed.
Expert opinions are not generally binding on the authorities that commission them.
Dermed er ikke sagt, at der ikke, alt efter de pågældende fag og medlemsstater, findes sådanne tilfælde af deltagelse i udøvelse af offentlig myndighed.
This is not to suggest that there are no cases of activities connected with the exercise of official authority, although they do vary from one profession and from one Member State to another.
I nogle af Rådets direktiver nævnes udtrykkeligt virksomheder, som er omfattet af artikel 55: f.eks. direktiv om mellemmænd i handelsforhold af 25. februar 1964, der udelukker artiklens anvendelse på auktionsholdere; eller direktiv om handel med fast ejendom af 12. januar 1967, som gør en undtagelse for jagtbetjente. tjente.
Activities covered by Article 55 are in fact mentioned specifically in a number of Council directives, such as that of 25 February 1964 on intermediaries in commerce, which is not applicable to auctioneers, or that of 12 January 1967 on real estate, which excludes gamekeepers.
Som afslutning på disse bemærkninger om deltagelse i udøvelse af offentlig myndighed skal der siges et par ord om den sondring, som må gøres mellem deltagelse i udøvelse af offentlig myndighed (artikel 55) og ansættelse i den offentlige administration (artikel 48).
In concluding these comments on the subject of participation in the exercise of official authority, it is necessary to draw attention to the distinction to be made between participation in the exercise of official authority (Article 55) and employment in the public service (Article 48).
Artikel 55 går ud på indehavelse af en lille del af den offentlige myndighed; artiklen vedrører selvstændig virksomhed, men den pågældende deltagelse kan udøves af en lønmodtager.
Article 55 is directed at the power to exercise official authority in some area; it is concerned with selfemployed activities, but it could be an employee who actually takes part in the exercise of authority.
I artikel 48 derimod, som handler om lønmodtagere, drejer det sig om stillingen for en tjenestemand i en offentlig administration, uden at denne stilling som sådan automatisk udgør en deltagelse i udøvelsen af offentlig myndighed.
Article 48 on the other hand, which is concerned with employees, is directed at the status of public servant, which does not ipso facto entail participation in the exercise of official authority.
Strengt efter ordlyden er tjenestemanden ikke udelukket fra bevægelsesfriheden, fordi han eventuelt deltager i udøvelsen af offentlig myndighed, et begreb, der medfører den særlige stilling, vi har omtalt, og som ikke gælder for enhver, der er ansat i en offentlig administration, men fordi han er tjenestemand.
Strictly speaking, public servants are excluded from freedom of movement by virtue of their status as such, and not on the grounds of any participation in the exercise of official authority, a concept which implies the specific situation discussed above, which is not common to all public service employees.
Den betydning, man har tillagt denne artikel 55, synes at være mindsket med tiden.
It would seem that the importance attributed to Article 55 has diminished over the years.
Det betyder ikke, at traktatbestemmelsen har mistet sin juridiske gyldighed, men man synes at være enige om, at der ikke skal tales for meget om den, men at det overlades til medlemsstaterne at bedømme, om det er berettiget at benytte sig af denne artikel, idet Kommissionen dog naturligvis bevarer sin kontrolret, og Domstolen har det sidste ord.
Not that this provision of the Treaty has lost any of its legal validity, but there seems to be an agreement not to talk about it too much, leaving the Member States to judge whether recourse to this article is justified, while the Commission of course retains its right of supervision and the Court of Justice keeps the final say.
I de seneste direktiver har Kommissionen og Rådet givet afkald på at benytte en artikel til opregning af de former for virksomhed, som omfattes af artikel 55.
In the more recent directives, the Commission and the Council have not included any article enumerating activities excluded under the terms of Article 55.
Gensidig anerkendelse af eksamensbeviser (artikel 57, stk. 1)
Mutual recognition of diplomas (Article 57 (1))
Traktaten indeholder i artikel 57, stk. 1, følgende bestemmelse:
Article 57 (1) of the Treaty lays down that:
»For at lette adgangen til at optage og udøve selvstændig erhvervsvirksomhed udsteder Rådet på forslag af Kommissionen og efter høring af Forsamlingen med enstemmighed i løbet af første etape og derefter med kvalificeret flertal direktiver om gensidig anerkendelse af eksamensbeviser, certifikater og andre kvalifikationsbeviser«1).
'In order to make it easier for persons to take up and pursue activities as selfemployed persons, the Council shall, on a proposal from the Commission and after consulting the Assembly, acting unanimously during the first stage and by a qualified majority thereafter, issue directives for the mutual recognition of diplomas, certificates and other evidence of formal qualifications.'1
Når man ser bort fra procedurebestemmelserne, indeholder denne artikel to væsentlige elementer:
Apart from the procedural aspects, this article contains two essential features: — the statement of the objective in the first clause;
— angivelsen: »for at lette adgangen...«, som præciserer formålet, og — begrebet gensidig anerkendelse af eksamensbeviser, certifikater og andre kvalifi kationsbeviser.
— the concept of mutual recognition of diplomas, certificates and other evidence of formal qualifications.
a) Formålet: at lette adgangen
(a) The objective: facilitating access
Formålet er at lette adgangen til at optage og udøve erhvervsvirksomhed, dvs. adgang til erhvervsvirksomhed i et andet land end det, man er statsborger i, for vi må ikke glemme, at der her er tale om bevægelsesfrihed.
The objective is to make it easier to take up and pursue an occupation as a selfemployed person, this, since we are concerned here with freedom of movement, in a country other than one's country of origin.
Man vil lette denne adgang, hvilket fortæller os, at retsligt eksisterer den, og at der kun er tale om at fjerne de hindringer, som står i vejen derfor.
Since the aim. as expressed, is merely to make it easier to take up and pursue such activities, removing any obstacles that make it difficult, it is clear that the right to do so is already established.
Den gensidige anerkendelse af eksamensbeviser er ikke en betingelse for etableringsretten; det drejer sig kun om at gøre en allerede erhvervet ret mere effektiv.
The mutual recognition of diplomas is not a condition of the right of establishment; the intention is purely to give fuller effect to that which is already attained in law.
Formålet er i øvrigt i væsentlig grad fagmæssigt bestemt.
At the same time, the objective is essentially occupational.
Alt det, der gøres på området for den gensidige anerkendelse af eksamensbeviser, tager sigte på udøvelse af en faglig virksomhed.
Everything being done in the field of mutual recognition of diplomas is concerned with the right to pursue an occupation.
Det kan ikke bestrides, at gennem den gensidige anerkendelse af eksamensbeviser kommer man ind på undervisningsområdet i almindelighed, og vi skal senere komme tilbage til dette, men dette område berøres kun subsidiært og ligesom ufrivilligt og kun i det omfang, hvor denne gensidige anerkendelse af eksamensbeviser er en absolut nødvendig bestemmelse for at lette bevægelsesfriheden.
The subject of mutual recognition of diplomas clearly impinges upon the whole field of' education in general, a point to which we shall revert, but reference to this aspect has been no more than incidental, seemingly involuntary, being confined to its relevance to the approach to mutual recognition of diplomas seen as an essential prerequisite for the promotion of freedom of movement.
b) Gensidig anerkendelse af eksamensbeviser
(b) Mutual recognition of diplomas
Fremfor noget andet bør man her begynde med at præcisere indholdet af disse vendinger.
We must begin here by defining our terms.
et adgangsdokument til et studium, et kandidatbevis, godkendelse af en afhandling, en attest for praktiktid.
They therefore include, in addition to diplomas, documents giving the right of admission to courses, certificates of courses undergone, certificates con firming acceptance of a thesis, or certificates of experience.
De kan, alt efter tilfældet, tages i betragtning enkeltvis eller samlet. Derimod kan der i denne forbindelse ikke tages hensyn til en tilladelse til at drive virksomhed, en faglig titel, en vandelsattest, en aldersattest eller lignende, dvs. ethvert »bevis«, som ikke vedrører uddannelsen.
They are considered either separately or collectively, depending on circumstances.
Da man almindeligvis bruger den forenklede form »gensidig anerkendelse af eksamensbeviser», har nogen troet, at der alene var tale om eksamensbeviset, og rejste straks indvendinger.
Because of the general use of the abbreviated formula 'mutual recognition of diplomas', some people gained the impression that only diplomas were to be taken into consideration and immediately raised objections.
Eksamensbeviset er ikke alt, sagde de; det der fremfor alt har betydning, er den faglige dygtighed.
They maintained that the main requirement was for evidence of professional competence, and that a diploma told only part of the story.
Og det er rigtigt, og det er da også sådan, at ifølge medlemsstaterne lægges der især vægt på den teoretiske og praktiske uddannelse.
This is correct, and it is also true that the relative emphasis in training placed on theory and practice varies from one Member State to another.
Men det er ikke umuligt at tage hensyn til dette, i hvert fald delvis, i en afgørelse om gensidig anerkendelse af eksamensbeviser, hvori der kan indgå betingelser om prøvetid eller praksis, og endog et egnethedscertifikat, som det er tilfældet med statseksamen i Italien.
However, it is not impossible to take account of this, at least partially, in a decision on the mutual recognition of diplomas in which periods of probationary training or practical training, or a certificate of competence, play a part, as in the case of the Italian State examination. tion.
Eftersom vi nu ser tingene ud fra afgørelser truffet på internationalt regeringsplan, skal vi her kun beskæftige os med de uddannelsesbeviser, som anerkendes af staterne.
Since we are concerned here with decisions at intergovernmental level we shall confine ourselves to evidence of formal qualifications recognized by States.
Man skal være opmærksom på, at der i traktaten benyttes udtrykket »gensidig anerkendelse« og ikke tales om noget dermed ligestillet, derfor heller ikke om akademisk ligestilling.
It is important to note that the Treaty uses the expression 'mutual recognition', and makes no reference to equivalence, and certainly not to academic equivalence.
Sprogbrugen er altså meget specifik, og hvis man ikke gør sig dette klart, kan det føre til alvorlige misforståelser.
Fail ure to appreciate the specific meaning of this term can lead to serious misinterpretations. tions.
I traktaten tages der sigte på, at regeringerne gensidigt anerkender de uddannelsesbetingelser, de kræver for at give adgang til erhvervet, for at sikre sig, at dets udøvere fra andre medlemsstater, der kommer til dem for at optage virksomhed, giver de samme garantier for tilstrækkelig uddannelse. I dette ligger der et samlet og et dobbelt synspunkt:
The intention of the Treaty is that the governments of the Member States should mutually recognize the training standards that they respectively stipulate for eligibility to practise so as to ensure that a member of the professions wishing to practise in a Member State other than that in which he has qualified is able to provide adequate evidence of training.
— det er nødvendigt, at de samlede uddannelsesbetingelser bidrager til en faglig forberedelse, som er tilstrækkelig under hensyn til den udøvendes opgaver og ansvar;
— first, to ensure that training standards as a whole make for adequate professional preparation having regard to the tasks and responsibilities to be undertaken;
— det er nødvendigt, at den uddannelsessøgendes indsats kan sammenlignes for at undgå uheldige forvridninger, som kan opstå, hvis en udlænding hurtigere kan få adgang til at optage og udøve en virksomhed end en statsborger eller den stats borger, der kan se sin interesse i at søge uddannelse i et naboland for at spare et år eller to i forhold til sine landsmænd.
— secondly, to ensure that the overall standards of performance demanded of stu dents are comparable, so as to avoid the distortions that would arise if foreign nationals could qualify to practise in a given Member State in a shorter time than it took nationals of the country concerned, or if studying in a neighbouring Member State presented the advantage of gaining one or two years on one's compatriots.
Endelig kan det siges, at det virkelig drejer sig om en vis ensartethed i værdien af uddannelsesbetingelserne, men der gøres skår i denne ved en global sammenligning.
Finally, some equivalence of training standards is involved, but it is attained by overall comparison.
Akademisk ligestilling af eksamensbeviser
Academic equivalence of diplomas
Den »akademiske« — eller man kunne sige den »materielle« — ligestilling af eksamensbeviserne har til formål at sætte den studerende i stand til i et land at fortsætte studier, som er påbegyndt i et andet.
The purpose of 'academic' or 'material' equivalence of diplomas is to enable students who have commenced studies in one country to continue them in another.
Man vil forstå, at en sammenligning af det undervisningsafsnit, der allerede er gennemgået i hjemlandet, med det tilsvarende afsnit i værtslandet må gå langt videre, når der er tale om gensidig anerkendelse.
Clearly, comparison of the course already undergone in the country of origin with that in the host country needs to be much more thorough here than in the case of mutual recognition.
Det drejer sig her om enkelthederne i læseplanen, metodikken og universitetets faciliteter.
Curricula, methodologies and university facilities have to be compared.
Sådanne aftaler om akademisk ligestilling indgås mellem universiteter, som er bedst placeret til at bedømme dem.
Agree ments on academic equivalence have been concluded between universities, which are in the best position to judge.
Regeringerne kan i givet fald stadfæste sådanne aftaler ved at give dem »almindelig retsvirkning«, dvs. supplere dem med retten til at optage og udøve virksomhed, hvilket ikke altid nødvendigvis ligger i selve disse aftaler.
Governments can, where appropriate, ratify such agree ments and give them additional standing by adding the 'civil effect', i.e. the right to practise, which the agreements themselves do not necessarily confer.
I visse medlemsstater er der universiteter, som kan tildele udlændinge eksamensbeviser på akademisk grundlag: disse beviser godtgør en uddannelse, som på alle punkter svarer til den, landets egne statsborgere har gennemgået, men de har ikke almindelig retsvirkning, dvs. indebærer ikke ret til at optage og udøve virksomhed.
Universities in some Member States can award purely academic diplomas to foreign nationals on completion of training which is identical in every respect with that received by their own nationals, but such diplomas have no 'civil effect', i.e. they do not confer the right to practise.
Da denne bestemmelse udelukkende var begrundet i hensynet til den studerendes nationalitet, drejede det sig i virkeligheden om en begrænsning, der som enhver anden restriktion har måttet ophæves efter Domstolens afgørelser.
Since such arrangements are in fact based on the sole criterion of the student's nationality, they represent a restriction and, as such, have had to be abolished, in so far as they affect nationals of Member States, in deference to the judgments of the Court of Justice.
Uden for Romtraktatens anvendelsesområde findes en række bilaterale og multilaterale aftaler, som berører Fællesskabets medlemsstater med hensyn til optagelse og udøvelse af erhvervsvirksomhed.
Member States of the Community are party to various bilateral or multilateral agree ments concerned with practice in the professions, these agreements having no con nection with application of the Treaty of Rome.
Visse internationale organisationer — FN eller især Europarådet — har oprettet konventioner om ligestilling af eksamensbeviser.
Certain international organizations — the United Nations or more particularly the Council of Europe — have drawn up conventions on the equivalence of diplomas.
Europarådet har især oprettet følgende tre vigtige konventioner: — Konvention om adgang til universiteter af 20 april 1954; — Konvention om studieperioder ved universiteter af 18. september 1957; — Konvention om universitetsgrader af 14. december 1959.
— the European Convention of 18 September 1957 on the Equivalence of Periods of University Study;
Desværre udgør disse aftaler kun sjældent beslutninger om gensidig anerkendelse af eksamensbeviser i Romtraktatens betydning og sådan, som vi har karakteriseret dem i det foregående, dvs. i hovedsagen aftaler vedrørende »slutresultatet« af uddannelsen, der giver tilladelse til at optage og udøve den pågældende virksomhed.
Unfortunately, such agreements seldom constitute decisions on the mutual recognition of diplomas within the meaning of the Treaty of Rome according to the interpretation
Den eneste aftale, der os bekendt indeholder en beslutning om gensidig anerkendelse af eksamensbeviser i traktatens forstand, er aftalen af 15. oktober 1959 mellem Belgien og Frankrig om udøvelse af virksomhed som arkitekt.
Most such agreements are in fact concerned with one stage only of training (secondary education, admission to university, a candidature, etc.) or with specific knowledge (such as languages), but do not in themselves confer eligibility to practise.
Man kunne være fristet til også at nævne en aftale mellem Frankrig og Storbritannien, der ligeledes vedrører arkitektvirksomhed.
The only agreement that we know of which constitutes a decision on mutual recognition of diplomas within the meaning of the Treaty is the agreement on practice in the architectural profession signed between Belgium and France on 15 October 1954.
Dette ville imidlertid være en fejltagelse, da der her ikke er tale om en bilateral aftale vedrørende vilkårene for arkitektuddannelsen mellem de to lande, men om en bekendtgørelse fra det franske kulturministerium af 22. juni 1964, som ensidigt anerkender ligestilling mellem den franske arkitektuddannelse og en enkelt type af engelske eksamensbeviser, nemlig de, der udstedes af »The Architectural Association«.
The temptation to add an agreement between France and Britain, also concerned with the architectural profession; is to be resisted, since in fact it is not a bilateral agreement between the two countries on the conditions of training for architects, but an order issued on 22 June 1964 by the French Minister for Cultural Affairs unilaterally recognizing equivalence between the French training for architects and British diplomas of one type only, those awarded by the Architectural Association.
Man må altså fremhæve den særlige karakter af en beslutning om gensidig anerkendelse af eksamensbeviser i medfør af Romtraktaten i forhold til disse bilaterale og multilaterale aftaler.
It is therefore necessary to draw attention to the specific nature of a decision on mutual recognition of diplomas pursuant to the Treaty of Rome as distinct from such bilateral and multilateral agreements.
De multilaterale aftaler træder først i kraft, efter at de er blevet ratificeret af et vist antal kontraherende stater.
Multilateral agreements come into force only after they have been ratified by a certain number of contracting States.
I de fleste tilfælde har de karakter af almindelige erklæringer, hvis konkrete gennemførelse er afhængig af senere udvalgs arbejder.
They usually consist of declarations of a general nature, practical application of which depends on the results of subsequent work done in committee.
Aftaler og konventioner er ofte ledsaget af supplerende bestemmelser, som begrænser deres rækkevidde betydeligt.
Agreements and conventions are often conditioned by supplementary provisions which diminish their scope to an appreciable extent.
Således indsniger der sig f.eks. i nogle aftaler restriktive bestemmelser, der gør det muligt for de kontraherende stater at undlade at gennemføre dem på grund af de økonomiske forhold i en bestemt sektor; efter andre aftaler kommer de ikke de kontraherende staters egne statsborgere til gode; ofte gælder aftalen kun for en maksimumskvota af personer, der kan benytte sig af den.
For instance, some agreements will contain limiting provisions under which contracting States can be released from their obligations on the grounds of the economic situation in a given sector; others exclude the nationals of the contracting States themselves from the benefit of their provisions: very many restrict benefit of their provisions to a maximum quota of persons.