natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Den europæiske offentlighed har i flere år med interesse fulgt Fællesskabets forvaltning af markedet for frugt og grønsager.
For some years now, public opinion in Europe has been taking an interest in the Community's policy for managing the fruit and vegetables market.
De fleste forbrugere forbinder desværre udelukkende denne forvaltning med interventionsforanstaltningerne på markedet og identificerer den med urette med det pinefulde billede af bulldozere, der destruerer store mængder usolgte og uudnyttede frugter og grønsager.
Unfortunately, this management policy is identified by the majority of consumers with market intervention and wrongly evokes the distressing image of bulldozers destroying hundreds of kilos of unsold or unused fruit and vegetables.
Dette er en sensationel måde at fremlægge problemet på, der fanger offentlighedens interesse, men der oplyses ikke om de dybereliggende årsager -både af politisk, økonomisk og social art - der gør en sådan intervention nødvendig.
This over-dramatic presentation of the problem has caught the public's attention but ignores the underlying political, economic and social reasons for this type of intervention.
Dette billede fremkalder desuden en negativ reaktion hos den enkelte. For ham bliver tilbagekøb af frugt og grønsager ensbetydende med spild og social uretfærdighed i en verden, hvor praktisk talt halvdelen af menneskeheden er underernæret, og endog lider sult.
What is worse, it provokes a negative reaction in people; they see the withdrawal of fruit and vegetables from the market as synonymous with wastage and social injustice in a world where practically half the population is under-nourished or starving.
Denne reaktion er forståelig og man må imødegå den ved at fjerne de misforståelser og for domme, der er opstået på grund af ufuldstændig information.
Such concern is understandable and demands a response to clear up misunderstandings and prejudices due to lack of information.
Hvorfor er tilbagekøb nødvendige
Why withdrawal is necessary
For at forstå denne mekanisme til støtte af markedet og dens eksistensberettigelse må det anføres, at antallet af produkter, der er underkastet tiIbagekøbsordningen, er begrænset til elleve: otte slags frugter (æbler, pærer, ferskener, appelsiner, mandariner, citroner, druer til spisebrug og abrikoser) og tre slags grønsager (tomater, blomkål og auberginer).
In explaining why market support exists and how it works, it is important to mention that only eleven products are covered by the withdrawal system: eight kinds of fruit (apples, pears, peaches, oranges, mandarins, lemons, table grapes and apricots) and three kinds of vegetables (tomatoes, cauliflowers and aubergines).
Antallet af disse produkter er bevidst begrænset, og Europakommissionen agter ikke at inddrage andre produkter i ordningen.
The number of products is deliberately limited and the European Commission has no intention of adding to the list.
TiIbagekøbsmekanismen, sådan som den for tiden praktiseres i Fællesskabet, har følgende tre målsætninger:
The withdrawal system as applied in the Community has three objectives:
- at beskytte forbrugerinteresserne.
(i) to maintain farmers' incomes (ii) to ensure market stability (iii) to protect consumers' interests.
At garantere producenten en minimumsindkomst betyder at sikre ham en rimelig levestandard i forhold til andre landbrugssektorer og andre erhvervsgrene.
Guaranteeing a minimum income for producers means providing them with a fair standard of living compared with other farmers and people in other walks of life.
Især i sektoren for frugt og grønsager er producentens risiko for at miste sin fortjeneste stor. Markedet for frugt og grønsager har nemlig altid lidt under sæsonbetingede overskud, der på grund af den manglende mulighed for hurtig afsætning (eftersom det drejer sig om meget letfordærvelige varer) udløser et voldsomt fald i produkternes salgspris og dermed fører til tab for producenterne.
Fruit and vegetable growers, in particular, are exposed to a serious risk of losing all their profits: the fruit and vegetables market has always suffered from seasonal surpluses which, failing a rapid sale (the products are extremely perishable), cause selling prices to collapse and growers to lose all their profits.
Markedsstøttemekanismen griber sluttelig ind for at begrænse tabene, men på ingen måde for at kompensere for dem. Det er ikke meningen at tilskynde producenterne til at producere til intervention -dvs. uden at overveje, om produktet kan afsættes.
The purpose of the market support system is to limit such losses; it does not offer any compensation for them, so there is absolutely no incentive for growers to produce goods for intervention - i.e. regardless of their chances of being marketed.
For produkter, som der ikke kan findes anvendelse for, fordi de er letfordærvelige (mandariner), eller for hvilke høsten har været usædvanlig stor (æbler i høståret 1982/83), må det accepteres, at en del af de tilbage købte produkter ikke finder anvendelse.
In accordance with one of the fundamental principles of the common agricultural policy, i.e. financial solidarity, the European Community bears the cost of buying up products withdrawn from the market for subsequent sale or donation, wherever possible, to:
Det bør desuden anføres, at destruktion ikke, som mange tror, er en EF-intervention.
(i) economically disadvantaged social institutions, (ii) the distilling industry, (iii) farmers, for feeding to animals.
Den har altid eksisteret, selv om det har været under forskellige former, ikke blot i Det europæiske Fællesskabs lande, men også i andre markedsområder.
Destruction is not, as many people believe, an instrument of Community intervention. It has always existed, in one form or another, and not only in the countries of the European Community.
Hvad skal man nemlig stille op med en fordærvelig vare, der ikke finder nogen køber?
After all, what is to be done with a perishable product without a buyer?
Markedet for frugt og grønsager er vanskeligt at forvalte, og ti I b a g e k ø b s mekanismen, der har fungeret i Fællesskabet siden den 25. oktober 1966, har gradvis tilpasset sig de særlige krav, som dette marked stiller, til:
The fruit and vegetables market is difficult to manage and the withdrawal system which has been in force in the Community since 25 October 1966 has gradually been adapted to ensure:
- beslutningernes hurtighed for at der kan gribes effektivt ind, når der konstateres krise på markedet.
(i) flexible operation (ii) swift decision-making so that effective action can be taken when a market crisis develops.
Disse periodiske markedskriser har altid eksisteret på markedet for frugt og grønsager, der er karakteristisk ved sæsonbetingede produktionsudsving og meget letfordærvelige varer.
These periodical crises have always occurred on the fruit and vegetables market, which is characterized by seasonally variable output and extremely perishable products.
Høsten kan variere mærkbart fra år til år.
Harvests can vary appreciably from year to year.
Alt efter om vejrforholdene resulterer i en stor eller lille produktion, kan der opstå overskud af eller mangel på produkter.
Depending on the weather, a plentiful harvest or a poor one will produce a surplus or a shortage of products on the market.
En overskudssituation fremkalder sammenbrud i salgspriserne og samtidig et brat fald i producenternes indkomst.
A glut will cause selling prices to collapse and growers' incomes to fall suddenly.
Uheldigvis formindskes i handelsleddet de følgevirkninger, som en given markedssituation kan have i retning af et fald i forbrugerpriserne, og derved bremses indirekte en forbrugsstigning.
Unfortunately, the constraints of the trade limit the extent to which consumer prices can fall in response to a given market situation, and this curbs any increase in consumption.
Avancerne mellem engrosleddet og detailleddet burde bedre tilpasses markedssituationen for at fremme forbruget og sikre, at et fald i producentpriserne for frugt og grønsager kommer forbrugerne til gode.
The profit margins between the whole sale and retail stages should reflect the market situation more faithfully; this would stimulate consumption and allow the consumer to benefit from the fall in the price paid to the grower for his fruit and vegetables.
I almindelighed er problemet med sæsonbetingede overskud af midlertidig karakter og ofte begrænset til et bestemt område.
Seasonal surpluses are generally temporary and often limited to a particular region.
For tiden er der i EF under ét ikke overskud af frugt og grønsager.
At present, in the EEC as a whole, there is no surplus production of fruit and vegetables.
EF importerer hvert år fra tredjelande ca. 4 mio t frisk frugt, 2 mio t tropiske frugter og yderligere 2 mio t produkter, der er forarbejdet på basis af frugt og grønsager.
Each year the Community imports from third countries some four million tonnes of fresh fruit, two million tonnes of tropical fruit and another two million of processed fruit and vegetable products.
I EF­terminologi betyder "tilbagekøb", at visse produkter, der opfylder kvalitetskravene for at blive markedsført, men som ikke finder afsætning i den normale distribution, trækkes tilbage fra markedet.
With the same intention of limiting supply while improving quality, the European Commission decided on several occasions to increase the minimum size for large­fruited varieties of apple in the event of surplus produc­tion.
"At tilbagekøbe" betyder derfor ikke "at smide væk" og endnu mindre "at destruere".
Nonetheless, certain quantities of substandard fruit and vegetables may be wrongfully taken into intervention in spite of systematic spot checking by national inspection authorities.
Det produkt, der tilbydes til intervention, skal opfylde de kvalitetsnormer, der er fastsat for frugt og grønsager til forbrug i frisk tilstand.
Because the volume of products to be checked is so great, Brussels is proposing the assistance of EEC experts in order to prevent irregularities.
For at formindske udbudet og dermed begrænse risikoen for intervention har Kommissionen i flere år ikke længere tilladt markedsføring af visse produk­ter af ringe kvalitet (dvs. den kvalitet, som forbrugeren sætter mindst pris på), bl.a. æbler, pærer, ferskener, mandariner, visse sorter appel­siner og i visse perioder citroner.
Up to now, very few irregularities have been notified. A small number of industries have processed, without authorization, products withdrawn from the market.
Denne kategori produkter anvendes til gengæld i forarbejdningsindustrien.
But this has never resulted in a financial loss for the Community.
Men visse mængder frugt og grønsager, der ikke opfylder kvalitetsnormerne, kan alligevel uberettiget tilbydes til intervention til trods for den syste­matiske stikprøvekontrol, der udelukkende foretages under de nationale kontrolmyndigheders ansvar.
The quantities of fruit and vegetables withdrawn from the market are rela­tively small: compared with total Community production of these goods, with­drawals represent just over 2% on average, while compared with total production of varieties eligible for intervention, ■*■ they have represented just over 4% on average during the last ten marketing years. However, an exceptional apple crop raised the figure to 7% in 1982/83.
Mængden af produkter, der skal kontrolleres, er så stor, at Bruxelles foreslår, at de nationale kontrollører bistås af EF­eksperter for at undgå uregelmæssigheder.
The volume of withdrawals is determined by the biological characteristics of the fruit and vegetables market, namely the wide variety and extremely short storage life of the products on offer.
Hidtil har antallet af meddelte uregelmæssigheder været ringe.
There was, for example, a record apple crop in 1982 exceeding 8.6 million tonnes (as against only 5 million tonnes in 1981).
Det drejer sig om et lille antal industrier, der uberettiget har forarbejdet tilbage­købte produkter.
In relation to the requirements of the European market (about 6.7 million tonnes of apples), the 1981 crop was poor and the 1982 crop too large.
Dette har i øvrigt aldrig medført finansielle tab for EF.
For this reason, the average volume of withdrawals for the 1982/83 marketing year was exceptionally high.
Hvornår foretager man ■tilbagekøb?
Who orders withdrawal?
Den mængde frugt og grønsager, der tilbagekøbes fra markedet, er forholdsvi < = begrænset: i forhold til EF's samlede produktion af disse produkter udgør tilbagekøbene, som det tidligere er sagt, i gennemsnit lidt over 2%, medens de i forhold til den samlede produktion af frugt og grønsager, der er omfattet af interventionsordningen (1), har udgjort lidt over 4% i gennemsnit i de sidste ti produktionsår.
It is the responsibility of producers' organizations to act promptly when local market conditions make a crisis look likely or when the crisis becomes apparent, so as to avoid a more serious price collapse.
En usædvanlig stor høst af æbler bragte dog denne procentsats op på 7% i produktionsåret 1982/83.
The orga­nizations withdraw from the normal distribution network products for which price quotations drop below a certain level because of a temporary surplus in supply.
Det tilkommer producentorganisationerne at gribe ind i tide, nar de lokale markedsforhold tyder på risiko for krise, eller når krisen er indtrådt, for at undgå et mere alvorligt prissammenbrud. Organisationerne tilbagekøber fra det normale distributionsnet de produkter, hvis noteringer - på grund af et midlertidigt for stort udbud - ikke når et vist pris niveau.
This activity, together with the centralization of supplies, forms an important part of the organizations' activity and they receive from the Community, via the Member State, compensation for the quantities withdrawn; the amount of compensation is equal to the intervention price paid to the producers less any profits accruing from subsequent use of the product.
EF yder dem desuden støtte til at udbygge deres aktiviteter, så de kan påvirke markedsudviklingen.
Furthermore, the Community grants aid to help them strengthen their network so that they can influence market trends.
I tilfælde af særlige produktions- og markedsforhold kan producentorganisationerne få tilladelse til at anvende en forebyggende interventionsordning for æbler og pærer.
In the case of apples and pears, producers' organizations may be authorized, in certain production and marketing situations, to undertake preventive withdrawals.
Forebyggende tilbagekøb har været anvendt siden 1979.
Preventive withdrawals have been authorized since 1979.
- har en positiv psykologisk virkning på prisniveauet
The intervention price paid at the time of withdrawal, for ordinary or preventive intervention, depends on the characteristics of the product.
- letter afsætningen af de tilbagekøbte produkter
In the case of apples, for example, a difference of 55% was observed between the withdrawal price of the pilot product* and the withdrawal price of some small-fruited varieties.
- formindsker interventionsudgifterne, idet tilbagekøbspriserne i begyndelsen af høståret er lavere end tilbagekøbspriserne i resten af markedsføringsperioden.
Product with defined characteristics, used for fixing basic and buying-in prices.
For æbler f.eks. er det konstateret, at afstanden mellem tilbagekøbs­prisen for ledeproduktet (1) og tilbagekøbsprisen for visse sorter med små frugter var på 55%.
Table I - Quantities (tonnes) of fruit and vegetables withdrawn from the market, ι
(% produktion) ' Grækeniand medregnet . (6 maneder)
1982/83 (% of total production)
Ordningen med tilbagekøb af frugt og grønsager har samme målsætning som den fælles landbrugspolitik, nemlig:
The underlying objectives of the withdrawal system for fruit and vegetables are the same as those of the common agricultural policy, namely:
- at støtte producenternes indkomst
(i) to maintain producers' incomes; (ii) to ensure market stability; (iii) to protect consumers' interests.
Støtte af producenternes indkomst
To maintain producers' incomes
At støtte indkomsten betyder, at producenterne garanteres en minimumsindkomst for de vigtigste produkter.
Maintaining incomes means guaranteeing the producers a minimum income from their main products.
Det er den pris, som EF betaler til gengæld for indførelsen af et fælles EF-marked, liberaliseringen af samhandelen med tredjelande og forsyningssikkerheden. sikkerheden.
This is the price the Community pays for the existence of a single Community market, for the liberalization of trade with non-member countries and for the need to ensure regular supplies.
TiIbagekøbsordningen gør det muligt at undgå et fald i aktiviteten i landbrugssektoren ved at købe de mængder, producenten ikke kan afsætte, til ca. 50% af den normale salgspris.
The withdrawal system enables activity in this branch of agriculture to be maintained by ensuring that the producer receives about 50% of the normal price for any quantities which he is unable to market.
At støtte landbrugsindkomsten betyder derfor ikke, at producenternes tab finansieres, idet interventionsprisen ikke kan dække produktionsomkostningerne.
Maintaining agricultural income does not mean covering producers' losses; the intervention price does not cover all the production costs.
Således tilskyndes der ikke til at producere frugt og grønsager uden hensyn til, at deres afsætningsmuligheder på markedet er ringe.
So there is very little, if any, incentive for growers to produce fruit and vegetables without regard for the chances of disposing of them on the marke t.
Statistikken bekræfter dette: producenterne har tendens til at sprede deres produktion uden derfor at forøge omfanget af produkter, der kan omfattes af interventionsforanstaltninger.
This is confirmed by the figures: producers tend to diversify their production without increasing the volume of products eligible for intervention.
Det konstateres således, at den samlede produktion af frugt i EF mellem de tre år 1973-1975 og udgangen af årtiet (1978-1980) steg med 2,6%, hvoraf kun 0,8% vedrører produkter, der er om fattet af tiIbagekøbsordningen, medens 1,8% vedrører produkter, der ikke ydes prisgaranti for, men som åbenbart har bedre afsætningsmuligheder på markedet.
Total production of fruit in the Community between 1973-75 and 1978-80 rose by 2.6%; within this increase 0.8% consisted of products covered by the withdrawal system and 1.8% of more easily marketed products not covered by any price guarantee.
Producenterne er i øvrigt klar over, at det ikke er formålstjenligt at forøge tilbagekøbene, for så vidt EF's Ministerråd ved fastsættelsen af landbrugspriserne i begyndelsen af hvert produktionsår tager hensyn til udviklingen i tilbagekøbene.
Market stability is achieved mainly by strengthening the position of producers' organizations and by obliging, in some circumstances, nonmembers to apply some of the rules of these organizations so that action can be taken as and when necessary in response to a given market situation. tion.
Dette er så meget mere nødvendigt, som der fortsat består forskelle i afsætningsstrukturerne Fællesskabets ti lande imellem.
This approach is dictated by the different marketing structures in the ten countries of the Community.
For at råde bod herpå besluttede EF's Ministerråd fra den 1. juni 1984 at forhøje den finansielle støtte til oprettelsen af nye producentorganisationer, der stiller oplagrings-, forarbejdnings- og markedsføringsfaciliteter til rådighed for deres medlemmer.
Accordingly, the Council of Ministers of the EEC decided to increase, as from 1 June 1984, the financial aid granted for the setting up of new producers' organizations which offer their members facilities for storing, processing and marketing their products.
En særlig opmærksomhed vil desuden blive rettet mod indgangspriserne for produkter, der indføres fra tredjelande.
Furthermore, special attention will be given to the entry prices for products imported into the Community from non-member countries.
Målet er at undgå illoyal konkurrence fra produkter, der tilbydes til unormalt lave priser, der ligger under EF's interne salgspriser, hvilket for årsager uligevægt på markedet og nødvendiggør indgreb i form af tilbagekøb.
The aim is to prevent unfair competition from products offered at abnormally low prices which undercut selling prices within the Community, causing market imbalances and necessitating intervention in the form of withdrawals.
Beskyttelse af forbrugerinteresserne
To protect consumers' interests
Det er ikke nok at tilbyde forbrugeren et stort udvalg af produkter.
It is not enough to offer the consumer a wide variety of products.
Disse produkter skal også udbydes konstant på markedet til rimelige priser.
The products must also be available on the market at all times and at reasonable prices.
Dette indebærer, at en tilstrækkelig forsyning opretholdes, da forbrugerne i modsat fald vil opleve en forhøjelse af detailpriserne.
This involves maintaining an adequate level of supply, without which consumers would be faced with a rise in retail prices.
Men dette er kun muligt, hvis man accepterer tidsbegrænsede overskud og hermed interventioner på markedet i form af tilbagekøb.
But this is possible only if we accept the idea of occasional surpluses and market intervention via the withdrawal system.
Det spørgsmål, som forbrugeren stiller sig, er følgende: Hvilke økonomiske virkninger har udgifterne til tilbagekøb for produktets detailpris?
The question for the consumer is "what effect does the withdrawal cost have on the retail price of the product?"
Da den tilbagekøbte mængde er ringe i forhold til EF's samlede produktion, kan det fastslås, at omkostningerne ved tilbagekøb har en ubetydelig ind virkning på forbrugerpriserne.
Since the quantities withdrawn are so small compared with total EEC production, the cost of withdrawal may be said to have a negligible effect on consumer prices.
Når produkterne er trukket ud af den normale omsætning, skal de ifølge EF-reglerne anvendes til andre formål, for at samfundet kan få mest mulig gavn af dem, uden at de positive virkninger af interventionen dog svækkes.
Once they are withdrawn from the normal distribution network, products must be used, according to Community rules, for other purposes so that the community as a whole can derive maximum benefit from them, without the positive effects of intervention being cancelled out.
Produkterne kan så anvendes til forskellige formål, hvoraf de vigtigste er
The products may therefore be disposed of in various ways; above all they are made available:
De sociale institutioner, der gratis modtager produkter i frisk tilstand, er velgørende institutioner, skoler, fængsler, feriekolonier, hospitaler og alderdomshjem. Desuden modtager også økonomisk dårligt stillede personer produkter.
Social institutions to which the products may be given unprocessed include charity organizations, schools, prisons, children's holiday camps, hospitals, old people's homes and organizations for the poor.
Med undtagelse af druer til spisebrug, som der ikke har været tilbagekøb af, omfatter gratis uddeling af friske produkter alle de frugter og grønsager, der leveres til intervention.
There have been free distributions of all types of products taken into intervention, except table grapes for which there have been no withdrawals yet.
For auberginer f.eks., der blev tilbagekøbt for første gang i høståret 1982/83, udgjorde den gratis uddeling 89,61% af den samlede intervention.
Aubergines, for example, were withdrawn for the first time during the 1982/ 83 marketing year and free distribution accounted for 89.61% of all the quantities bought in.
Det er vanskeligt fuldstændigt at udnytte mulighederne for uddeling i frisk tilstand på grund af to faktorer:
It is difficult to take full advantage of every opportunity to distribute fresh produ'ce, on account of two factors:
Tiden, hvordi man hurtigt skal transportere produkterne til modtagerne, medens de stadig er friske.
Time is important because the products will not be fresh unless they are delivered swiftly to the user.
Afstanden, for så vidt det er vanskeligt at tilbyde produkter til modtagere langt fra det sted, hvor interventionen foretages.
Distance matters because it is difficult to supply products to users far from the place of intervention.