natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Selv ud fra et optimistisk skøn er det næppe tænkeligt, at det vil kunne vedtages før slutningen af 1991, hvilket betyder, at det måske vil træde i kraft i slutningen af 1993. Det vil lidt senere blive fulgt op af et tilsvarende rammedirektiv inden for livsforsikring.
The effect of such treatment would be that the policyholder would be deliberately abandoning the protection of his own State to put himself under the umbrella of the different rules applying in the country where the lifeinsurance undertaking was established.
Direktivforslaget om forsikringsaftaler
There were a number of reasons for thinking that such an opening should be made.
De argumenter, der blev fremført, gik på, at det efter nogle landes lovgivning er lettere for forsikringsselskabet at undgå at udbetale erstatning efter skader end i andre lande.
Although at present the laws of several Member States either prohibit their nationals from taking the initiative in entering into contracts abroad or considerably restrict this possibility, there are other States which permit it.
Forsikringsselskaber i lande, hvis lovgivning giver forsikringsselskabet denne mulighed på bekostning af forsikringstagerne, ville kunne tilbyde lavere præmier i en aftale, som deres lands lovgivning finder anvendelse på.
However, even if certain States wished to maintain the prohibition, they would find it difficult to monitor compliance with it once Council Directive 88/361/EEC of 24 June 1988 on the liberalization of capital movements is in force.
Den tilsyneladende prisfordel ville lokke forsikringstagere i andre lande til at tegne forsikring hos dette selskab.
It is hard to see what means a Member State could then adopt to prevent its citizens from simply buying life insurance abroad as and when they chose.
De lande, som var bekymrede over dette, havde således et dobbelt motiv til at stritte imod.
Over and above that rather negative reason was the need to allow life insurance, which is increasingly seen as a savings medium, to compete effectively with other savings instruments.
Dels ønskede de at tilgodese deres egne forsikringstageres interesser mod virkningerne af en forbrugerbeskyttelse, som de antog for at være utilstrækkelig, og dels ønskede de også at beskytte deres egne forsikringsselskaber mod illoyal konkurrence.
The crucial factor here was that Council Directive 85/611/EEC of 20 December 1985 on the coordination of laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to under takings for collective investment in transferable securities (Ucits) was to come into effect on 1 October 1989.
Kommissionen reagerede i 1979 ved at fremsætte et forslag til direktiv om forsikringsaftaler.
The Commission concluded that its proposal had to provide the possibility for policyholders to use their initiative in seeking life insurance in other Member States, where it would be subject to those States' rules, but that this had to be subject to many safeguards.
Formålet var at lette udøvelsen af retten til fri udveksling af tjenesteydelser ved at mindske de ovenfor beskrevne risikomomenter så meget, at de ikke kunne få større betydning.
The text of the proposal for a second nonlife insurance coordination Directive, made on 22 December 1988 and thus meeting the self-imposed deadline, reflected both its origins and its limited purpose.
Den centrale del af forslaget var bestemmelserne om forsikringstagerens oplysninger om risikoen ved aftalens indgåelse og virkningerne af utilstrækkelige oplysninger, efter at skaden er opstået.
Its structure followed closely that of the second nonlife insurance coordination Directive, from which indeed many provisions were taken over almost verbatim.
Netop på dette punkt var der størst forskelle mellem de enkelte landes lovgivninger.
This was particularly evident:
Som eksempler på de tre forskellige systemer, der for øjeblikket findes i EF, kan vi tage Det Forenede Kongerige, Frankrig og Tyskland.
(i) in Titles I and II, which like their nonlife counterparts contain provisions which amend and strengthen the relevant first Directive so as to provide a firm basis for the operation of freedom of services;
I Det Forenede Kongerige har forsikringstageren pligt til at afgive fuldstændige oplysninger om risikoen med angivelse af alle forhold, der kan få indflydelse på forsikringsselskabets risikovurdering, og disse oplysninger skal også afgives uopfordret.
(ii) in those parts of Title III (provisions specific to freedom of services) which describe the procedures to be followed respectively in those circumstances in which homecountry control applies (with no need for the insurer to be authorized in the State of residence of the policyholder) and those where the State of residence of the policyholder requires an authorization.
Hvis det efter en skade opdages, at oplysningerne var ufuldstændige på nogen som helst måde, der kunne have påvirket de vilkår, forsikringsselskabet tilbød, kan selskabet nægte enhver udbetaling af erstatning, også selv om oplysningsmanglerne ikke har nogen sammenhæng med skaden.
These parts of the proposal have not been much changed in subsequent discussion.
Dette gælder, uanset om der er nogen årsagsforbindelse mellem det uoplyste forhold og erstatningskravet eller ej.
Other parts have, however, undergone considerable modification, and it is necessary to give here a brief historical note.
I Tyskland afhænger det hele derimod af, om der er en årsagsforbindelse eller ej.
The Council did not wait but went ahead and examined the proposal in detail over numerous meetings.
Kommissionens forslag gik ud på, at man i hele EF skulle anvende det franske system, der er baseret på proportionalitet.
This political agreement had no procedural validity, since under the Treaty the Council cannot reach a valid 'common position' until it has Parliament's Opinion.
I alle tilfælde havde man søgt at nå frem til en løsning, der kunne sikre en ensartet behandling, hvilket var den eneste måde, hvorpå man kunne nå det overordnede mål, som jo er at lette den frie udveksling af tjenesteydelser. Samtidig blev disse ensartede regler sat på et sådant niveau, at man mente, de ville kunne sikre en tilstrækkelig forbrugerbeskyttelse.
The Commission therefore submitted an amended proposal, on 1 March 1990, which substantially, although not entirely, repeats the 'political agreement' text decided upon by the Council in the previous December.
Man må imidlertid ikke glemme, at der aldrig vil kunne blive universel enighed om, hvilket forbrugerbeskyttelsesniveau der er det ideelle. Der kommer et punkt, hvor vidtgående hensyn til dårligt informerede forsikringstagere kommer til at resultere i højere præmiesatser for alle, også for den almindeligt velorienterede forbruger, hvilket er urimeligt.
At the heart of the proposal is the 'own initiative' test, to which we have already referred.
Men der findes nok ikke to mennesker, der har nøjagtig samme opfattelse af, hvor dette punkt ligger.
On the other hand, if the insurer actively markets life insurance in another Member State, he comes under the supervisory rules of that State and must seek authorization.
Hovedmotivet i Kommissionens direktivforslag om forsikringsaftaler er dermed bortfaldet.
In consequence, the text now provides that Member States need not apply this part of the proposal until three years after the Directive as such has come into force.
Det ville nok stadigvæk være hensigtsmæssigt at have et forsikringsaftaledirektiv, der ville yde en dobbelt garanti på dette område.
If the Directive enters into force on 1 July 1993, this provision concerning brokers would thus not become compulsory until 1 July 1996.
Men resultaterne af de mange års spredte forhandlinger er ikke særligt opløftende, og det er nok tvivlsomt, om forslagene har nogen som helst realistisk mulighed for at blive vedtaget i deres oprindelige form.
Another reason may have been the belief that if the application of this provision were deferred for long enough, it would be overtaken by the life insurance framework Directive — of which more later — which would make it irrelevant.
Der findes også andre muligheder. Den ene er, at Kommissionen simpelt hen trækker sit forslag tilbage.
It was not easy to decide how much publicity an insurer may undertake in the policyholder's country without bringing himself into the 'active marketing' category.
Begrundelsen herfor skulle være, at forslaget ikke længere kan betragtes som nogen afgørende forudsætning for reel adgang til fri udveksling af tjenesteydelser og derfor heller ikke længere er nødvendigt for gennemførelsen af det indre marked.
In the amended proposal, the answer is: as much as he likes, provided he does not address communications to the prospective policyholder personally, and subject always to respect of the rules of the country concerned on misleading advertising.
En anden mulighed, som nogle medlemsstater finder tillokkende, er at ændre forslaget, således at dets hovedsigte bliver forbrugerbeskyttelse.
The policyholder exercising his own initiative will be able to choose any product on sale in the insurance markets of any Member State, subject to only one qualification.
Direktivforslaget skulle da ikke
The relevant text reads:
længere tage sigte på ensartet behandling i hele EF, men derimod fastsætte mindstenormer, som gav medlemsstaterne mulighed for at gå endnu længere og gennemføre en mere vidtgående forbrugerbeskyttelse.
insurer) 'unless it is contrary to public policy in the Member State of the commitment' (that is, the State of the policyholder) (our italics).
Dette kan forekomme at være en meget tillokkende løsning, men den er ikke uden risikomomenter.
The purpose of this reference to public policy is to ensure that, for example, a resident in Italy, where insurance against kidnapping and ransom is illegal, shall not be able to take out such insurance in the United Kingdom, where it is not.
For det første måtte et ændret forslag sandsynligvis sendes tilbage til Europa-Parlamentet til førstebehandling, hvilket ville forsinke selve vedtagelsen af forslaget og være spild af Parlamentets tid.
But some international lawyers consider that the test of public policy could lead to great uncertainty and that this provision needs to be re-examined.
Af endnu større betydning er, at forslaget, hvis det blev vedtaget, måske ville gøre mere skade end gavn.
The fate of this clause is important not just for the Directive but also as an indication of what may be provided in the forthcoming framework Directives.
Eftersom forslaget netop ikke tager sigte på ensartet behandling i hele EF, ville direktivet give sig udslag i permanente forskelle mellem de enkelte medlemsstaters forsikringsaftalelovgivninger, og det var jo netop disse forskelle, der blev betragtet som en fare, og som Kommissionens oprindelige forslag havde til formål at fjerne.
On the choice of contract law in general, the text lays down the basic rule that the applicable law shall be that of the country where the policyholder habitually resides, but admits some variations.
Dette problem vil måske kunne løses i forbindelse med det kommende rammedirektiv for skadesforsikring.
The question of the need for protection is clearly more complicated than in individual insurance, not only because the policyholder and the insured persons may have divergent interests, but very practically because they may even be established or resident in different countries (as would be the case with a multinational employer taking out group insurance for employees resident in a number of States).
Fri udveksling af tjenesteydelser på livsforsikringsområdet
The text provides that Member States need not apply the provisions concerning the exercise of 'own initiative' in group insurance cases related to employment until 31 December 1994 (a fixed date, regardless of when the Directive enters into force).
De erfaringer, man havde indhøstet i tilslutning til skadesforsikringsvirksomhed, viste, at det ville være nødvendigt at gå frem i to etaper.
On the treatment of composites (insurers combining nonlife and life insurance) the amended proposal takes a more liberal attitude than might have been expected, in view of the strict segregation imposed by the first Directive of 1979.
Under den anden etape ville man gennemføre en så vidtgående harmonisering, at der blev basis for gensidig anerkendelse af standarder, der kunne danne grundlag for hjemlandstilsyn for alle risicis vedkommende.
They may also actively market in other Member States where those States so permit, and may do so in all Member States until 31 December 1995, by which time conclusions will have been drawn from a projected review of the treatment of composites.
Desværre havde Kommissionen — hvilket kom til at svie til den selv — forpligtet sig til at følge en tidsplan, der ville være vanskelig at overholde. I programmet, der var vedføjet hvidbogen, som blev udarbejdet før EF-Domstolen afsagde de føromtalte
Where the insurer based in another Member State wishes to engage in active marketing, he will have to obtain authorization from the State concerned and comply with conditions which will not be very different from those which would apply if he were established there — as for mass risks under the second nonlife coordination Directive.
Efter en nærmere gennemgang af problemerne blev det klart, at end ikke dette mål kunne opnås fuldt ud. Forslaget til 2. livsforsikringsdirektiv, der blev vedtaget af Kommissionen den 22. december 1988, skulle således oprindeligt kun udgøre en del af første etape.
'Such authorization may not be refused on the grounds that some operations in the scheme of operations, which are subject in the Member State of establishment of the undertaking to supervision by the authorities responsible for the supervision of insurance undertakings, are not subject to such supervision in the Member State of provision of services.'
Et andet forslag, der skulle omfatte resten af første etape, skulle forelægges af Kommissionen et år senere. Hele denne tidsplan blev — som det senere vil fremgå — ændret på grund af efterfølgende begivenheder.
What this means in practice is that, for example, a French life company selling capitalization products (with no risk-bearing at all) in France, will be able to market them in Germany, where they are considered to be part of banking business for which German-based insurers may not receive authorization.
Det var endvidere planen, at der på et endnu senere tidspunkt skulle forelægges et direktivforslag med henblik på anden etape.
Finally, it is worth noting that the political agreement provides that Spain, Greece and Portugal shall have extended deadlines for applying many of the major provisions, and not just those relating to group insurance or brokers.
Det vil bestå i et rammedirektiv for livsforsikring som modstykke til rammedirektivet for skadesforsikring.
In the case of Greece and Portugal, the deferment extends until 31 December 1998.
Forslaget til 2. livsforsikringsdirektiv
The pensions fund Directive
Problemet i forbindelse med anvendelsen af EF-Domstolens dom i sag 205/84 gjorde sig ikke gældende på samme måde inden for livsforsikring som inden for skadesforsikring.
The decision to deal with group insurance in the second life insurance coordination Directive detaches it from the other methods by which private occupational pensions and other employee benefits are provided.
I sidstnævnte tilfælde er der normalt tale om et arbejds- eller ansættelsesforhold mellem forsikringstageren og de forsikrede personer.
There are in fact many kinds of pension fund in the Community which are used as a vehicle for the provision of similar services.
Det typiske tilfælde er, at en arbejdsgiver eller en pensionsfond tegner livsforsikringer med henblik på at sikre medarbejdere pension og andre goder.
They operate in many, but not all, respects similarly to insurance companies and in many Member States are subject to at least part of the legislation applicable to life insurance undertakings.
Umiddelbart udgør denne kontrakttype en parallel til erhvervslivets skadesforsikringer, idet det i denne kategori er nemt at identificere forsikringstagere, som ikke har behov for beskyttelse.
The Commission recognized the problem. Towards the end of 1989, when it had accepted the inclusion of group insurance in the second life insurance coordination Directive, it announced that it intended to make a proposal dealing specifically with pension funds.
Men så enkelt er det ikke. Domstolen omtalte behovet for at beskytte »forsikringstageren eller den forsikrede person«.
The objectives will be:
Ved gruppeforsikringer vil forsikringstageren og de af en given forsikring dækkede personer ikke være identiske, og de vil således ikke nødvendigvis have samme interesser.
(ii) restrictions on the crossfrontier investment (within the Community) of the assets of pension funds must be kept to the strict minimum necessary for prudential reasons;
I mange lande findes der en bestemt lovgivning — eventuelt en udvidelse af den sociale sikring eller af arbejdsmarkedslovgivningen — som tager sigte at beskytte arbejdstagernes eller de pensioneredes rettigheder snarere end forsikringstagerens interesser.
(iii) there must be freedom for investment fund managers to provide their services across frontiers (in so far as life insurance companies may provide this service, this activity will be covered by the pensions fund Directive and not by the life insurance Directives).
En anden relevant faktor var, at det ikke kun er via gruppeforsikringer, at arbejdsgiverne kan sikre deres medarbejdere pension og andre goder.
Fulfilment of these objectives should make it possible to create a 'European pension fund', the idea apparently being that an employer or group of employers should be able to
Af alle disse grunde mente man, at spørgsmålet vedrørende gruppeforsikringer måtte undersøges nærmere, før der kunne fremsættes et forslag.
establish a fund at a location of their choice anywhere within the Community and use it to provide employee benefits (especially retirement pensions) for all their employees wherever they may live or work within the Community.
Men tiden pressede på, og politisk set var det vigtigt at få fremsat et forslag inden udgangen af 1988.
It would be quite outside the scope of the Directive to change the nature and levels of social security provision, which vary greatly between the Member States.
Tiden skulle vise, om der hurtigt kunne gøres noget med henblik på individuelle livsforsikringer.
It also appears that the Directive will not cover non-funded forms of private occupational provision (meaning book reserves and arrangements of the pay-as-you-go type), which are widely used in some Member States.
Ifølge EF-Domstolens dom kan ingen seriøst gå ind for, at en medlemsstat, hvori en potentiel forsikringstager er bosiddende, skulle give afkald på et krav om koncession og ledsagende kontrol svarende til det, der gælder for masserisici i henhold til 2. skadesforsikringsdirektiv, dersom et forsikringsselskab, der ikke er etableret på statens område, ved ethvert middel aktivt søger at markedsføre livsforsikringer på vedkommende lands område.
Its effects will therefore be somewhat limited, since it is in general taxation that primarily determines whether group insurance, a self-standing pension fund or some other mechanism is used to provide private occupational benefits.
Tilbage var dog spørgsmålet om, hvorvidt der var mulighed for at anvende princippet om hjemlandstilsyn inden for EF, når forsikringstageren selv tager initiativet til at tegne en livsforsikring i en anden medlemsstat.
In a true internal market it must be just as possible for a life insurance undertaking to market the full range of its products actively throughout the Community as for policyholders to seek them out on their own initiative.
Dette ville medføre, at forsikringstageren frivilligt giver afkald på den beskyttelse, som han ville få i sit eget land, for så i stedet at blive omfattet af de forskellige regler, der gælder i det land, hvor livsforsikringsselskabet er etableret.
As in nonlife insurance, this will call for enough harmonization to enable each Member State to accept that the product control exercised in every other Member State is sufficient to ensure the necessary protection of its own residents.
Der var mange grunde til at mene, at en sådan ordning skulle indføres.
In life insurance, the nature of such control has a more fundamental effect upon the products which the insurer can put on the market than in nonlife business.
Selv om den nuværende lovgivning i en lang række medlemsstater enten forbyder indenlandske borgere at tage initiativ til at tegne forsikring i udlandet eller i betragteligt omfang begrænser en sådan mulighed, er der dog andre stater, som tillader noget sådant.
This is particularly true of those kinds of life insurance where the investment or savings element predominates.
Men selv om visse medlemsstater måtte ønske at opretholde forbuddet, kan det blive vanskeligt at overvåge dets overholdelse, når først direktiv 88/361/EØF af 24. juni 1988 om liberalisering af kapitalbevægelserne er trådt i kraft.
Some Member States regard life insurance as a financial or investment product in competition with others and needing therefore a high degree of freedom to innovate if it is to attract the public.
Det er svært at forestille sig, hvilke midler en medlemsstat kan tage i anvendelse for at forhindre, at dens borgere frit tegner livsforsikringer i udlandet.
Those countries where controls are strictest tend on the other hand to place greater emphasis upon the protection element, although there too public preference is shifting.
Rent bortset fra denne negative grund var der rent faktisk et behov for at åbne mulighed for, at livsforsikring, der i stadig højere grad er et opsparingsmiddel, kan konkurrere effektivt med andre opsparingsordninger.
The difficulty of securing mutual recognition of standards against the background of such divergent attitudes and methods is heightened by a problem inherent in life insurance everywhere.
Den afgørende faktor var her, at direktiv 85/611/EØF af 20. december 1985 om samordning af love og administrative bestemmelser om visse institutter for kollektiv investering i værdipapirer (investeringsinstitutter) skulle træde i kraft den 1. oktober 1989.
This is the difficulty of explaining to the policyholder what it is he is really buying, especially when part of the return which he may reasonably expect consists of participation in profits (bonuses), on the amount of which there can be no certainty.
I henhold til dette direktiv kan en gensidig fond, en »unit trust« eller et lignende foretagende sælge alle deres forskelligartede indenlandske investeringsprodukter i hele Fællesskabet på grundlag af en godkendelse meddelt af hjemlandet alene, således at det ikke er nødvendigt med en ny godkendelse fra destinationslandets side.
These problems will have to be dealt with in the forthcoming life insurance framework Directive, which, like the similarly named nonlife Directive which will precede it, will introduce the concept of a single licence (or single authorization).
Livsforsikringsselskaber ville i konkurrencemæssig henseende blive stillet meget ringe, hvis potentielle
It is expected that the Commission will adopt the necessary proposal towards the end of 1990 or early in 1991; it is impossible to forecast when the Directive will come into force, beyond saying that it will inevitably be well beyond 31 December 1992.
Teksten til forslaget til 2. livsforsikringsdirektiv, der blev forelagt den 22. december 1988 — dvs. inden for den fastsatte frist — afspejler ikke alene de direktiver, det er baseret på, men også dets begrænsede formål.
(i) taxes on premiums, unknown in some Member States, are applied by others at different rates and on different bases;
Strukturen følger nøje den, der er anvendt i 2. skadesforsikringsdirektiv, hvorfra en lang række af bestemmelserne er overtaget næsten ordret. Det er især tilfældet i
(ii) tax relief for premium payments is given in most Member States, but under different rules, which usually discriminate against non-established insurers;