natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Det Europæiske Fællesskabs politikker skal have et retsgrundlag i de grundlæggende Traktater, men dette er ikke ensbetydende med, at politikken i al evighed skal være begrænset til, hvad der udtrykkeligt er anført i disse Traktater.
Ministers. 8 Under the voting rules laid down in the Treaty of Rome, most European Commission proposals for market-opening measures — in which, as we have seen, consumer protection is closely involved — fell into the categories that required unanimous agreement among the Member States.
Det var en logisk følge af Rom-Traktatens bestemmelser, således som de er blevet udmøntet i praktiske foranstaltninger og i EF-Domstolens praksis, at Fællesskabet kom til at beskæftige sig med forbrugerpolitik — og dets indsats på dette område har fået øget status som følge af de nationale regeringers stigende interesse for forbrugerspørgsmål i sig selv.
This method of decisionmaking was inimical to the implementation of broad programmes, because any single item of Community legislation involved might be blocked on the whim of one government department in one Member State: the fact that the item involved was in itself of minor political importance only made it less likely that sufficient pressure would be brought to bear to get the veto removed.
Et spørgsmål om økonomi
The change in voting rules, implemented in the Single European Act, could have gone further.
Traktatens artikel 36 giver medlemsstaterne mulighed for at lægge hindringer i vejen for den frie varebevægelse med bestemte begrundelser, herunder »beskyttelse af menneskers liv og sundhed«.
However, the Single Act and the strong political commitment given to the internal market programme have the effect of confining the use of this 'veto' to the upper levels of decision-making.
EF-Domstolen har imidlertid ikke fortolket dette sådan, at de farer for sundheden, som kan opstå i forbindelse med forbruget af varer og tjenesteydelser, alene vedkommer de nationale regeringer: Disses rolle anses i så henseende som værende af rent foreløbig karakter.
The invocation of a vital national interest is a political matter, to be done by ministers at the stage in negotiations when their officials have sorted out the detail and presented them with clear choices to make.
Den ophører, når de nationale foranstaltninger overflødiggøres gennem vedtagelse af en fælles lovgivning på fællesskabsplan.
The effective power to block the process no longer lies with a junior ministry official in a Member State, who may see an objection from his own department's point of view but bears no responsibility for the overall outcome of negotiations.
Økonomi ske risici for forbrugeren falder også inden for Fællesskabets kompetenceområde.
Recent years have also seen a decided shift towards a more pragmatic approach to European integration.
Man har søgt at bestride rigtigheden heraf, men dersom man overlod den økonomiske beskyttelse af forbrugeren til nationale love af varierende indhold, ville der blive lagt hindringer i vejen for, at Fællesskabet kunne opfylde sin opgave i henhold til Traktatens artikel 2, nemlig at fremme »en harmonisk udvikling af den økonomiske virksomhed« såvel som »en varig og afbalanceret ekspansion«.
Formerly there was a tendency to pursue uniformity for its own sake: any decision that replaced a national law with a Community-wide requirement was seen as progress towards the 'ever-closer union among the peoples of Europe' mentioned in the opening words of the Treaty of Rome. However, the symbolic value of 'harmonization' eventually had to be weighed against the practical demands of the task in hand.
Traktatens artikel 100 bemyndiger Fællesskabet til at bringe medlemsstaternes love i overensstemmelse med fællesskabs kravene, hvor dette er nødvendigt for fællessmarkedets oprettelse og funktion.
Nowhere was the disparity between the two more evident than in the area of product standards, which is vital both to consumer protection and to the elimination of technical barriers to trade.
I artikel 235 fastslås det, at virkeliggørelsen af Fællesskabets mål ikke må hindres, blot fordi Traktaten ikke udtrykkeligt indeholder den fornødne bemyndigelse hertil.
Here the Community's achievements in setting uniform standards have been dwarfed by the huge volume of national technical regulations, which are being added to at a growing rate.
Fællesskabet har således vedtaget direktiver, der vedrører forbrugerbeskyttelse, længe inden det havde udformet en egentlig forbrugerpolitik.
Voting in the Council of Ministers is weighted as follows: France, Germany, Italy and the United Kingdom have 10 votes each; Spain 8 votes; the Netherlands, Belgium, Greece and Portugal 5 votes each; Denmark and Ireland 3 votes each; Luxembourg 2 votes.
De politiske realiteter har imidlertid af to grunde nødvendiggjort et mere direkte engagement fra Fællesskabets side over for forbrugeren.
The development of a more efficient strategy has been based on a landmark judgment of the Court of Justice of the European Communities.
Den ene var forbrugerbevægelsens stigende indflydelse i Europa.
In 1976 a German importing firm found it could not market French 'Cassis de Dijon' liqueur in the Federal Republic, because German law required that fruit liqueurs contain at least 32% alcohol (Cassis de Dijon has 15 to 20%).
Den anden var det behov, man følte for at iværksætte et nyt fremstød for den europæiske integration gennem en snævrere inddragelse af den enkelte borger i processen.
The firm's complaint was referred to the European Court (which is the ultimate arbiter of EEC law).
I deres bestræbelser for at anslå tonen for den udvidelse af Fællesskabet, der skulle finde sted et par måneder senere, understregede de, at en effektiv indsats på det sociale område har samme betydning som gennemførelsen af Den Økonomiske og Monetære Union.
The Court found that the minimum-alcohol standard set by the German authorities had the effect of a quantitative restriction on imports, excluding as it did liqueurs produced under different national requirements.
Fællesskabsinstitutionerne fik pålagt at udarbejde et program bestående af konkrete foranstaltninger, som sigtede mod »at styrke og koordinere foranstaltninger til forbrugerbeskyttelse«.
The German specifications did not serve a purpose that was 'in the general interest and such as to take precedence over the requirements of the free movement of goods, which constitutes one of the fundamental rules of the Community'. The judges affirmed that:
Opmærksomheden rettedes på ny mod Rom-Traktatens erklære de mål om »stadig at forbedre deres folks levevilkår og beskæftigelsesforhold«.
'There is... no valid reason why, provided they have been lawfully produced and marketed in one of the Member States, alcoholic beverages should not be introduced into any other Member State...'.
Traktaten havde allerede givet et retligt grundlag for de forbrugerpolitiske aktiviteter.
This was not to say that all obstacles to trade resulting from disparities between national marketing regulations were to be outlawed: such obstacles must be accepted:
Nu udvidede erklæringen på topmødet i 1972 den pågældende sætning i præamblen således, at den kunne danne et solidt politisk grundlag for fællesskabsaktioner til fordel for forbrugerne.
'... in so far as those provisions may be recognized as being necessary in order to satisfy mandatory requirements relating in particular to the effectiveness of fiscal supervision, the protection of public health, the fairness of commercial transactions and the defence of the consumer'. 10
I september 1973 nedsattes Den Rådgivende Forbrugerkomité, der bestod af repræsentanter for Kontoret for De Europæiske Forbrugerorganisationer (BEUC), Komitéen for Familieorganisationer ved De Europæiske Fællesskaber (Coface), Det Europæiske Fællesskab af Brugsforeninger (Eurocoop) og Den Europæiske Faglige Samarbejdsorganisation (EFS) sammen med uafhængige eksperter. Det program med konkrete foranstaltninger, som stats- og regeringscheferne havde anmodet om, blev udarbejdet og forelagt Ministerrådet.
It meant that the free movement of goods within the European Community did not have to await the establishment of common standards for each individual product; goods were to be traded freely as long as they complied with the standards of one Member State; the only national regulations that could be used to block imports from another Community country were those that satisfied essential requirements, particularly in regard to taxation, health, fair trading and the defence of the consumer.
Det blev vedtaget den 14 april 1975 som »Det Europæiske Økonomiske Fællesskabs første program for en politik vedrørende forbrugerbeskyttelse og -oplysning« 6). 1975-programmet indeholdt den erklæring om sikring af forbrugernes rettigheder, som fællesskabsretten hidtil havde savnet.
The Community's futile efforts to harmonize the full range of standards for traded products were seen to be unnecessary: the only regulations that needed harmonization were those designed to satisfy the essential ('mandatory') requirements referred to in the judgment.
Der blev opregnet fem rettigheder: retten til beskyttelse af sundhed og sikkerhed, retten til beskyttelse af økonomiske interesser, retten til hjælp ved skader, retten til oplysning og undervisning og retten til repræsentation.
In the field of consumer protection, for instance, the Community could now concentrate its efforts on defining and enforcing basic health and safety standards for groups of products.
Det andet program7), som blev vedtaget i 1981, indeholdt en bekræftelse af disse fem rettigheder og lagde særlig vægt på spørgsmålet om forholdet mellem pris og kvalitet.
Freedom of trade could then be established on the basis that all the various national standards would offer the essential protection which had formerly justified interference with imports.
Begge programmer ledsagedes af specifikke forslag fra Kommissionen vedrørende lovgivning, forskning og pilotprojekter, høringsprocedurer samt støtte til forbrugerorganisationernes virksomhed.
Under this new approach, endorsed by the Council of Ministers in May 1985, the Community institutions need not concern themselves directly in the detail of technical specifications for product characteristics. These may be left to the European standardiza-
Ikke alene træder den økonomiske nødvendighed af at tilpasse produktionen til forbrugernes behov mere tydeligt frem: Forfatnings- og lovgivningsmæssige ændringer har gjort det muligt at gå hurtigere frem.
There remain doubts about the readiness, in practice, of the countries with the highest health and safety norms to accept imports certified as 'EEC standard' by States that have been accustomed to lower levels of protection.
Den Europæiske Fælles Akt, som har fået virkning fra den 1. juli 1987, ændrer Rom-Traktaten for at muliggøre fjernelsen af en række nationale lovgivningsmæssige handelshindringer ved beslutninger med kvalificeret flertal i Fællesskabets Ministerråd 8).
In the area of foodstuffs, medicines and cosmetics, the European Commission is examining the possibility of setting up a agency along the lines of the United States' Food and Drug Administration, which would certify products for the Community market.
I henhold til Rom-Traktatens afstemningsregler skulle de fleste kommissionsforslag til foranstaltninger, der har til formål at skabe fri adgang til markederne — som hele spørgsmålet om forbrugerbeskyttelse snævert er forbundet med — vedtages enstemmigt af medlemsstaterne.
In other areas the problem may be overcome by harmonizing the certification procedures of the Member States, thus assuring consumers accustomed to high levels of protection that the standard to which an imported product is certified — though it may be lower than the national standard — is fully complied with.
Forbrugerpolitikken var således sårbar over for »veto-mentaliteten«: Ethvert forslag kunne blokeres af selv den mest bagatelagtige indsigelse, som fremsattes af ét enkelt land.
Still, whatever difficulties may arise, the process of European integration can no longer be seen as one of adding more and more detailed legislation to the Community statute book, as though every technical directive were a step towards European Union.
Anvendelsen af denne metode i beslutningsprocessen modvirkede gennemførelsen af bredt anlagte programmer, fordi hvert enkelt punkt i den pågældende fællesskabslovgivning kunne blokeres, hvis det passede blot ét regeringsdepartement i én medlemsstat.
The Community's legislative machinery can now concentrate on essentials — and the essentials, as the Court of Justice confirmed, include the defence of the consumer.
Den kendsgerning, at det pågældende punkt i sig selv kun var af ringe politisk betydning, gjorde det blot endnu mindre sandsynligt, at der ville blive lagt tilstrækkeligt pres på den pågældende medlemsstat for at få vetoet fjernet.
In this way, more than 30 years after the signature of the Treaty of Rome, the European Community has arrived at a point where decisions in regard to the key consumer concerns of health and safety are crucial to furtherance of the Treaty's economic objectives.
Selv når ingen udtrykkeligt gjorde brug af denne magt til at blokere lovgivningen, tjente dens blotte eksistens til at forhale beslutningsprocessen.
The inescapable link between consumer policy and economic growth has never been so directly presented.
Imidlertid har Den Europæiske Fælles Akt og den stærke politiske forpligtelse, der ligger i programmet for det indre marked, den virkning, at brugen af dette »veto« begrænses til beslutningsprocessens øverste niveauer.
It would be wrong, however, to see consumer protection as some kind of brake on the process of developing the large internal market.
Påberåbelsen af en vital national interesse kan kun foretages af ministre på det stadium under forhandlingerne, hvor deres embedsmænd har afklaret detailspørgsmålene og forelagt dem et klart valg.
The opposite is true: inadequate consumer protection hampers the market as seriously as any technical barrier to trade, making consumers suspicious of certain new products and processes that may offer real benefits in terms of quality, price, choice, etc.
Den effektive magt til at blokere processen ligger ikke længere hos en underordnet ministeriel embedsmand, der kan tænkes at anlægge sit eget departements snævre betragtninger på spørgsmålet om indsigelse, men som ikke har noget ansvar for det samlede forhandlingsresultat.
The decisions now to be taken on health and safety standards offer an opportunity to begin restoring trust between supplier and customer: in that way both sides may approach the market with a clear view of where their interests lie and where those interests overlap.
Tidligere var der en tendens til at tilstræbe ensartethed for enhver pris.
The mutual advantage thus clearly defined is the essence of an efficient and beneficial market.
Danmark og Irland har hver 3 stemmer, og Luxembourg har 2 stemmer.
Some rights of the individual and the consumer are elementary citizen's rights and would require no economic justification.
Et kvalificeret flertal kræver 54 stemmer.
Most, however, can be translated into economic terms
Tilsvarende organisationer i Frankrig og Det Forenede Kongerige havde præsteret lige så mange9).
— and this is important, because the Community's scope for action is mainly economic.
Udviklingen af en mere effektiv strategi er blevet baseret på en skelsættende dom afsagt af De Europæiske Fællesskabers Domstol.
The Treaty of Rome clearly commits the Community to improving the lot of the individual, but the framework it provides for consumer policy is an economic one.
Domstolen fandt, at de tyske myndigheders standard for mindsteindhold af alkohol havde samme virkning som kvantitative indførselsrestriktioner.
Action is justified in terms of the effectiveness of the common market, which in turn is justified by the need to improve living conditions for all.
Samling af Domstolens Afgørelser, s. 649 (Cassis de Dijon).
A legal base framed in economic terms is still the most appropriate.
Det ville dog være forkert at betragte forbrugerbeskyttelse som en slags hæmsko for det store indre marked.
To know what one is buying: that is the essential right of the consumer in the free market.
Faktisk er der modsatte tilfældet: Utilstrækkelig forbrugerbeskyttelse hæmmer markedet lige så alvorligt som nogen teknisk handelshindring.
It is also the precondition for an efficient market, in which goods and services which meet consumer requirements can find their customers.
Den gør forbrugerne mistænksomme over for visse nye produkter og processer, der kan frembyde virkelige fordele med hensyn til kvalitet, pris, valgmuligheder osv. De afgørelser, som nu skal træffes om sundheds- og sikkerhedsstandarder, åbner mulighed for at genopbygge tillidsforholdet mellem udbyder og kunde.
Equipped with the fullest possible knowledge of the product or service on offer, the potential user can make a clear decision to purchase, or not to.
På den måde kan begge sider tage stilling til markedet med et klart overblik over, hvad der tjener deres interesser bedst, og hvor disse interesser er sammenfaldende.
If denied such knowledge, the consumer's best weapon is distrust: he or she will approach the market with suspicion.
Den klare gensidige fordel er kernen i et effektivt marked.
This lack of confidence inhibits the market.
Nogle af individets/forbrugerens rettigheder er elementære borgerrettigheder og kræver ingen økonomisk begrundelse.
There will always be risks in the market-place.
Et retsgrundlag, som er affattet i økonomiske vendinger, er stadig det mest formålstjenlige.
Consumers who know what they are buying have the best protection there is.
Anden del
Chapter 3
Fjernelse af psykologiske handelshindringer
Physical safety — how much protection?
At vide hvad det er, man køber: Det er forbrugerens væsentlige rettighed på det frie marked.
The first step to restoring customers' confidence must be to assess the true extent of the risks they face.
Det er tillige forudsætningen for et effektivt marked, hvor varer og tjenesteydelser, der opfylder forbrugerens behov, kan finde aftagere.
In 1987 the Community brought into service an information-gathering system known as Ehlass (European home and leisure accident surveillance system).
Udrustet med den størst mulige viden om det produkt eller den tjenesteydelse, som udbydes, kan den potentielle bruger træffe en klar beslutning om enten at købe eller lade være.
Information is computer-recorded at the casualty departments of 58 hospitals in 11 Member States (data on the situation in the Federal Republic of Germany comes from household surveys).
Dersom forbrugeren afskæres fra muligheden for at få en sådan viden, er hans eller hendes bedste våben mistillid: Han eller hun vil nære mistro til markedet.
Similar information schemes had earlier been adopted by the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and the United States; other countries have followed suit.
Risici af begrænset karakter, som lader sig vurdere klart, vil imidlertid ikke virke afskrækkende på forbrugeren med den fornødne omtanke.
The results are therefore useful not only in coping with dangers posed by goods and services offered for sale, but also in generally reducing the number of avoidable casualties, whatever their cause.
Det er det ukendte, der skaber frygt og lammer handlekraften.
There is every reason to believe that dramatic results can be achieved.
Fjernelsen af frygt er forbrugerpolitikkens opgave.
The Ehlass scheme has already provided useful indications of the scale and nature of accident risks.
Det indebærer, at nogle farer må fjernes.
It appears, for instance, that the number of home and leisure accidents in the Community may be much lower than was originally estimated — perhaps about the same as the number of accidents at work.
Fremfor alt betyder det dog, at risiciene må identificeres, så at forbrugerne selv kan afgøre, om de ønsker at acceptere dem eller ej.
There is also evidence that, while many accidents are related to the use of a product, in most cases it is misuse of the product, rather than any defect in it, which is the cause.
Fysisk sikkerhed — hvor meget beskyttelse kræves der?
Instead they require that their advantages and potential dangers be clearly evaluated, to enable sound decisions to be taken as to the circumstances in which their use is justified.
I 1987 tog Fællesskabet et informationsindsamlingssystem i brug, der fik navnet EHLASS (European Home and Leisure Accident Surveillance System — Det Europæiske Overvågningssystem for Ulykker i Hjemmet og i Fritiden).
The phrase 'consumer protection' is misleading, in so far as it implies policy makers can or should assume responsibility for consumers.
Informationer bliver registreret på datamater på skadestuerne på 58 hospitaler i 11 medlemsstater (data om situationen i Tyskland kommer fra husstandsundersøgelser).
The consumer confidence which is essential to a healthy market is not fostered by diminishing consumer responsibility.
Der er tidligere blevet indført lignende informationssystemer i Det Forenede Kongerige, Nederlandene og De Forenede Stater, og andre lande er fulgt efter.
Unacceptable product risks must be eliminated, so that the consumer may approach the market without excessive fear; thereafter the task of consumer policy is not to ensure 100% protection (which is neither possible nor desirable), but to develop a system of risk evaluation under which the final decision can be taken by a wellinformed and responsible consumer.
Det er imidlertid EF-Kommissio-nens opfattelse, at størrelsesordenen og den avancerede karakter af dens system vil sætte den i stand til at yde et enestående bidrag til forebyggelse af ulykker på verdensplan.
This raises the question of what constitutes an 'unacceptable' risk, which may be eliminated by regulation before consumers are left to assess lesser dangers for themselves.
Det kan ske ved klart at anvise prioriterede områder for aktioner og give mulighed for at basere strategien på et pålideligt medicinsk dokumentationsmateriale frem for på rene gisninger.
To answer it, we must consider more closely the way concern for personal safety enters into the purchasing decisions of consumers.
Informationsindsamlingssystemet dækker alle ulykker i hjemmet, hvad enten de skyldes produkter eller adfærd.
If a food additive is known to be poisonous or a fabric to contain a carcinogenic chemical, the consumer will have little difficulty in deciding to switch to an alternative product.
At indføre en sondring på overvågningsstadiet ville gøre opgaven mere kompliceret og begrænse værdien af informationen unødigt.
The decision is rarely so simple. In reality the market does not present the consumer with two categories of products, the one dangerous and the other risk-free.
Resultaterne lader sig derfor ikke alene anvende til at imødegå farer ved varer og tjenesteydelser, men tillige til i almindelighed at nedbringe antallet af ulykker, som kunne have været undgået, uanset årsag.
The decision to buy involves assessing the risk, measuring it and other disadvantages against the benefits offered and, in that light, considering whether to pay the price demanded.
Der er al mulig grund til at tro, at der vil kunne opnås iøjnefaldende resultater.
The risk is not evaluated in isolation.
Alene den kendsgerning, at hjemmet har afløst arbejdspladsen som det sted, hvor de fleste personskader indtræffer, vidner om de resultater, som er opnået af fagforeninger, arbejdsgivere og regeringer omkring problemet med ulykker på arbejdspladsen.
The individual's freedom to make such decisions is an essential component of the free market; it would be impossible to prescribe for safety in all situations — to attempt to do so would infringe personal liberty.
Man behøver næppe at give nogen anden begrundelse for ønsket om at forhindre »private« ulykker, end at det vil formindske summen af menneskelig lidelse.
An example: the wealthy motorist may insist on having a car that is equipped with an advanced safety feature in the braking system.