natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Den væsentligste indsigelse, Europa-Parlamentet rejste i sin udtalelse fra begyndelsen af 1978, gik på, at det oprindelige forslags princip om frit lovvalg ikke kunne undgå at føre til, at private forsikringstagere kunne blive bundet af forsikringsaftaler, som var underlagt en lovgivning, de ikke kendte, og som måske ikke sikrede dem lige så godt som deres eget lands lovgivning.
Enormous interest attached to the Court action, which was rightly seen as the first major venture by the Community's judiciary into the area of financial services, and therefore of an importance extending well beyond mere insurance.
Dette blev ikke blot opfattet som en væsentlig svaghed i forbrugerbeskyttelsen, men
A large audience was present for the hearing, which took place over two days in November 1985.
Kommissionen accepterede dette argument og ændrede sit forslag, således at der blev sondret mellem store og små risici.
There was a surprising development at the end of the second day, when the Commission's advocate in the German case announced that the Commission did not intend its attack on German supervisory legislation to extend to compulsory insurance.
For mindre risici var det risikolandets aftalelovgivning, der skulle finde anvendelse, men kun indtil der var gennemført en harmonisering af aftalelovgivningerne, hvilket skulle ske hurtigt gennem et særskilt direktiv (som vi senere kommer ind på).
The best known com­pulsory insurance is third-party motor liability insurance, which is tightly controlled in all Member States and is made compulsory not in order to protect the policyholder, but for the sake of third-party victims of accidents, who of course themselves have no say in the choice of insurer.
Spørgsmålet om lovvalg var således meget omdiskuteret, men på møderne i en arbejdsgruppe i Rådet, der skulle behandle hele teksten, blev det snart klart, at det i realiteten ikke var det, der var det centrale spørgsmål.
Be that as it may, most of the initial press reports were seriously inaccurate, and it was only after some weeks that a common understanding developed of the true effects of the judgments.
Det centrale spørgsmål drejede sig derimod om selve begrebet fri udveksling af tjenesteydelser.
Even so, there remain to this day a number of significant points on which interpretations diverge sharply.
I dette synspunkt blev Kommissionen imidlertid kun bakket op af Det Forenede Kongerige og Nederlandene. Disse to lande har traditionelt givet adgang til fri udveksling af tjenesteydelser på deres eget område og har desuden mange eksportorienterede forsikringsselskaber.
The approach of the Court was to treat the case of the Commission ν Federal Republic of Germany as the focus for its major pronouncements, both on freedom of services in insurance as a whole and on the specific issues arising from the application of the coinsurance Directive.
Den holdning, de andre medlemsstater lagde for dagen, kan sammenfattes således: »Vi accepterer, at fri udveksling af tjenesteydelser er en traktatsikret rettighed, men vi kan ikke af den grund tilsidesætte vores pligt til at beskytte vore forsikringstagere, som næsten altid er den svage part i aftaler med forsikringsselskaber.
The judgments in the other three cases, which relate only to coinsurance, refer to the judgment in the German case and add nothing new except on comparatively minor points thrown up by the particularities of each country's legislation.
Denne pligt kan vi kun opfylde, hvis forsikringsselskabet er underkastet vores lovgivning, og vi kan kun håndhæve denne lovgivning, hvis forsikringsselskabet har koncession og forretningssted i vores land«.
(i) a requirement of establishment, in the context of the free crossfrontier provision of services, is the very negation of this Treaty-given freedom and is therefore contrary to Community law;
Læseren vil forstå, at denne konflikt var snævert forbundet med uenigheden om fortolkning af coassurancedirektivet, der blev vedtaget i et klima af misforståelser og mistænksomhed nogenlunde samtidig med, at man begyndte at drøfte forslaget til 2. skadesforsikringsdirektiv.
(ii) but insurance is in general a sensitive area, where the need for protection of the policyholder or insured person is such that, in the present state of Community law (that is, until we have further, more detailed, harmonization), the State where insurance services are being provided may impose on the insurer a requirement to be authorized; this authorization may be linked to a requirement to respect a large part of that State's supervisory rules, including those relating to:
Drøftelserne fortsatte i mange år i alle mulige arbejdsgrupper i Rådet.
(a) the constitution of technical reserves;
Ved mange lejligheder fik EF-landenes ministre selv forelagt uafklarede spørgsmål.
(b) the representation of those reserves by appropriate assets;
Lige fra begyndelsen havde landene diametralt modsatte synspunkter.
(c) the localization of those assets;
Flertallet af medlemsstaterne holdt fast på krav om koncession, etablering og omfattende tilsyn i det land, hvori risikoen var beliggende, uanset hvem der tegnede forsikring mod hvilken risiko. Kommissionen og de to medlemsstater, der bakkede Kommissionen op, mente, at der ikke skulle stilles krav om etablering og koncession, og at det primært var hjemlandet, der skulle føre tilsyn, også her uanset hvem der tegnede forsikring mod hvilken risiko.
Case 220/83 Commission ν France [1986]; Case 252/83 Commission ν Denmark [1986]; Case 205/84 Commission ν Federal Republic of Germany [1986]; Case 206/84 Commission ν Ireland [1986].
Dette var i direkte modstrid med Kommissionens synspunkt, ifølge hvilket en sådan fortolkning af direktivet var i strid med selve Traktaten.
(d) the general and special policy conditions (and hence the nature and extent of the cover and the types of contract which may be sold);
På dette stadium skete der imidlertid noget helt uforudset, der kom til at sætte nyt skub i udviklingen i retning af et fælles forsikringsmarked.
(iii) but again, this need for protection is not the same in every case and there may even be cases where it is not needed at all; where this is so, there is no need for the authorization requirement and all that goes with it.
En forsikringsmægler i Bayern ved navn Schleicher havde i en årrække formidlet forsikringer af en række tyske pelsdyrhandleres lagre.
The above is obviously a considerable simplification of an intricate judgment.
Forsikringerne blev via en britisk forsikringsmægler tegnet i et antal forsikringsselskaber med hovedsæde i London, som ikke havde koncession i Tyskland.
It nevertheless gives what is essential for an understanding of what happened next.
En betingelse for at opnå en sådan koncession ville have været, at forsikringsselskaberne havde etableret et forretningssted i Tyskland. Schleicher havde derved overtrådt en specifik bestemmelse i den tyske lov om tilsyn med forsikringsvirksomhed.
It remains to be added that the Court gave the Commission victory in the coinsurance cases, attaching importance to the circumstances that the coinsurance Directive already existed, that it clearly established where competence for dealing with technical provisions and the assets represent ing them lay, that it provided for collaboration between the Member States, including procedures for dealing with difficulties that might arise, and last but not least, that it would only apply in cases where the policyholder would be in little need of protection, although the Court refused to place an interpretation on the definition of its scope which the Directive itself contained.
Det tyske forsikringstilsyn, BAV, reagerede med at pålægge Schleicher en bøde, som blev stadfæstet af en tysk domstol den 30. juni 1982. Schleicher appellerede sagen til en højere domstol, Kammergericht, med påstand om, at den pågældende lov var i strid med EØF-Traktaten, specielt artikel 59.
The Court had after all said that in insurance it was the narrow view of freedom of services that was to prevail. The destination State's rules were to be applied.
I den dom, der blev afsagt mod Schleicher den 22. april 1983, stadfæstede Kammergericht bøden og forklarede, hvorfor den ikke fandt det nødvendigt at forelægge sagen for EF-Domstolen til præjudiciel afgørelse.
What was particularly galling for the Commission was that, in addition to allowing Member States the possibility of imposing an authorization requirement on an insurer wishing to provide services in their territory and to oblige him to observe their rules on policy conditions, the Court gave them power to impose their own rules on technical provisions, the assets representing them and, worst of all, the localization of those assets.
De præmisser, der lå til grund for Kammergerichts afgørelse, kan kort sammenfattes således: Sigtet med den tyske forsikringstilsynslovgivning er generelt at beskytte alle forsikringstagere.
Some thought that the Court, whilst paying lip service to the principle of freedom of services, had laid down such stringent conditions that no practical use could be made of it for the foreseeable future.
Ifølge Kammergericht var det kun bestemmelserne om selskabernes finansielle solidaritet, der indgik i 1. skadesforsikringsdirektiv, og også andre medlemsstater havde vedtaget tilsvarende bestemmelser i henhold til dette direktiv.
The Court indeed offered the Commission hope in saying that there might be homecountry control where consumer protection arguments did not apply.
Og forsikringsselskaber med hovedsæde i andre medlemsstater havde i henhold til de love, der var vedtaget til gennemførelse af 1. skadesforsikringsdirektiv, fri adgang til at etablere forretnings-
There were fears that a majority of States would want to set the boundaries so high that only a derisory proportion of total premium income would come above it.
steder i Tyskland, så der var i realiteten intet at klage over.
The White Paper and the Single European Act
Kammergericht udtalte — åbenbart med almindelig tilslutning — at hvis den gældende tyske lovgivning ikke var i overensstemmelse med artikel 59 og 60, var det ikke op til en national domstol at underkende den.
In March 1985, at the very time when discussions on the proposed second nonlife insurance coordination Directive were suspended, the Council of Ministers asked the Commission to draw up a programme for completing the internal market by the end of 1992.
Dermed havde den tyske domstol kastet handsken til Kommissionen, som var nødt til at tage den op.
Such harmonization, it said, particularly as regards the supervision of ongoing activities, should be guided by the principle of homecountry control.
Oprindelig havde den kun anlagt sag mod Tyskland i relation til gennemførelsen af coassurancedirektivet i tysk lovgivning og havde nok at gøre med tilsvarende sager mod Danmark, Frankrig og Irland.
The authorities of the Member State which was the destination of the service, whilst not deprived of all power, would have a complementary role.
Fra nu af blev Kommissionen imidlertid nødt til at angribe alle de bestemmelser i den tyske lovgivning, hvori der stilledes krav om, at et forsikringsselskab, som ønskede at dække en risiko beliggende i Tyskland, skulle have forretningssted og koncession i Tyskland.
There would have to be a minimum harmonization of surveillance standards, though — so the White Paper said — the need to reach agreement on this must not be allowed further to delay the necessary and overdue decisions.
Kommissionen var sikkert ikke særlig begejstret for at blive tvunget til at ændre sin strategi.
All this has a familiar ring, because it is just the line that the Commission had been trying to maintain in negotiations and before the Court.
Kommissionen regnede uden tvivl med at vinde disse sager og benytte dem enten til at styrke sin position i de forhandlinger om 2. direktiv, der stadig var i gang, eller til at anlægge andre retssager.
The governments of the Member States responded to the White Paper with political action. They agreed upon the text of the Single European Act, which both amends and adds to the Treaty of Rome of 1957.
Den havde altså valgt at gå forsigtigt til værks og kun tage ét skridt ad gangen.
Its text had already been agreed by the time of the Court judgments in the insurance cases, although it did not enter into force until 1 July 1987.
Denne forsigtige strategi blev ødelagt med Schleicher-sagen. Kommissionen blev nu nødt til at angribe over en bred front og skyde på alt og alle.
The Single European Act meant that between the initiation of the Court action and its conclusion in the judgments, the political climate had been transformed.
Selv livsforsikring, som er det område, hvor forbrugerbeskyttelsesargumentet havde størst slagkraft, blev bragt ind i billedet, fordi den tyske lovgivning, som Kommissionen nu påstod var i strid med Traktaten, fandt anvendelse på skades- og livsforsikring under ét.
The Single European Act officially enshrines the commitment of the Community to achieve the single internal market by the end of 1992, but does not provide that anything shall happen automatically by that date.
Som en overraskende konsekvens af Kommissionens sagsanlæg blev Rådets drøftelser vedrørende 2. skadesforsikringsdirektiv stillet i bero.
On the contrary, it accepts that a large number of individual measures, each with its own date of application, have to be taken to reach the objective.
Der var meget stort fremmøde ved retsmøderne, der fandt sted over to dage i november 1985.
The Act does, however, improve the decision-making process.
Alle fire sager blev behandlet under ét, og repræsentanter for ikke mindre end 8 medlemsstater blev hørt, eftersom Belgien og Italien intervenerede på de fire sagsøgte landes side, medens Nederlandene og Det Forenede Kongerige gik ind i sagerne på Kommissionens side.
For most of the measures required to bring about the internal market, including those concerned with the regulation of insurance, it is no longer necessary to have the unanimous agreement of all the Member States (taxation is an exception). Instead, there is a system of qualified majority voting.
Den bedst kendte form for lovpligtige forsikringer er ansvarsforsikring for motorkøretøjer, der er nøje reguleret i alle medlemsstater og er lovpligtig, ikke blot af hensyn til forsikringstagerne, men også af hensyn til skadelidte tredjemænd, der naturligvis ikke selv har noget at skulle have sagt med hensyn til valget af forsikringsselskab.
Where qualified majority voting applies, it is necessary for a measure to have 54 out of the total available 76. Before the entry into force of the Single European Act, proposals concerned with the regulation of insurance required the unanimous support of all the Member States.
Dommen blev først afsagt den 4. december 1986, og retslokalerne var også ved denne lejlighed fyldte. Dommene1) var lange, detaljerede og omhyggeligt formulerede, og da de forelå, kastede folk med vidt forskellig baggrund og vidt forskellige forventninger sig over dem, og de første reaktioner var da også meget forskellige.
Another feature of the Single European Act, which influences the way in which negotiations are conducted, is the formal recognition that not all Member States start from the same level of economic development and that some may need more time than others to reach the goals.
Uanset hvad der kan siges herom, er det en kendsgerning, at den første omtale i pressen i de fleste tilfælde var helt misvisende, og det var først efter et par ugers forløb, at man begyndte at forstå dommenes virkelige indhold.
The acceptance by all the Member States, right at the beginning of negotiations, that special temporary arrangements may be needed for some of the parties does much to facilitate agreement.
I dommene i de andre tre sager, der kun omhandler coassurance, henvises der til dommen i den tyske sag, og de indeholder intet nyt i forhold til denne, undtagen på relativt mindre væsentlige punkter, der skyldes særlige træk i de enkelte landes lovgivning.
A framework which enables this need to be respected from the beginning helps to avoid the all-or-nothing confrontations of the past, when States which really only needed more time might block proposals completely.
(i) Et krav om fast etablering som betingelse for fri udveksling af tjenesteydelser på tværs af landegrænserne er reelt udtryk for en udelukkelse af denne traktatsikrede ret og er derfor i strid med EF-retten.
The second nonlife insurance coordination Directive
(ii) Men forsikringssektoren er generelt et følsomt område, hvor der er et sådant behov for at beskytte forsikringstageren eller den forsikrede, at det på EF-rettens nuværende stade (dvs. indtil yderligere harmonisering har fundet sted) må være rimeligt, at det land, hvor forsikringsydelsen præsteres, kan stille krav om, at forsikringsselskabet skal have indhentet koncession i dette land; denne koncession kan gøres betinget af, at en væsentlig del af vedkommende lands tilsynsregier overholdes, bl.a. regler om:
It was against this new background that the members of the Council working party on economic questions met at the beginning of 1987 to resume discussions on the proposed second nonlife insurance coordination Directive, first launched in 1975 and discussed at great length but with little progress until the spring of 1985, when negotiations were broken off.
(a) oprettelse af tekniske reserver
It was at once apparent that the judgments had broken up the trench warfare of the previous negotiations and had created a much more fluid situation.
(b) disse reservers dækning ved godkendte aktiver mod
The extreme positions previously adopted by both sides were clearly no longer tenable.
') 220/83 Kommissionen mod Frankrig, 252/83 Kommissionen mod Danmark, 205/84 Kommissionen Forbundsrepublikken Tyskland, 206/84 Kommissionen mod Irland, Sml. 1986.
One would have been to continue along the old road of trying to bring about whatever ultimate and final degree of freedom of services was possible by means of a single directive.
(d) almindelige og særlige forsikringsvilkår (og dermed også forsikrings dækningens art og omfang og arten af de forsikringsaftaler, der må tilbydes).
On this scenario, it was to be understood that the Commission would bring forward proposals to enable homecountry control to be extended to the smaller cases at a later stage, as a separate operation.
(iii) Dog må det samtidig fastslås, at dette behov ikke er lige stort i alle tilfælde, og at der endog kan være tilfælde, hvor et sådant behov overhovedet ikke gør sig gældende; i så fald er der ingen grund til at stille krav om koncession og hvad deraf følger.
Once this strategic decision had been made, it was clear that the main question to be settled was where the dividing line was to be drawn between large risks and mass risks (as the small cases were to be known).
Med ovenstående har vi naturligvis simplificeret indholdet af den meget komplicerede dom betydeligt.
Or should they be quantitative, being related to the size of individual risks, or the total size of all the risks covered by a given policyholder, or the volume of premiums paid by a policyholder in a particular class of insurance?
Det giver imidlertid den nødvendige baggrund for at forstå, hvad der derefter skete.
Or should other criteria be used, such as the business capacity of the policyholder himself?
For Domstolen havde jo udtalt, at der inden for forsikringssektoren skulle anlægges en snæver fortolkning af begrebet fri udveksling af tjenesteydelser.
Indeed, an idea emanating from sources in the insurance industry was that in order to put himself in the 'large risk' class, an industrial or commercial policyholder would need to have at least 2000 employees in the particular Member State where a risk to be insured was situated.
Det var lovgivningen i den medlemsstat, hvori ydelsen præsteres, der skulle finde anvendelse.
This would have meant that even a very large multinational company, bigger and more powerful that any insurance undertaking, would be deemed to be in need of protection against an insurer if it wished to cover a risk in a country where it had less than 2000 employees.
Denne situation kunne ganske vist ændres gennem en yderligere harmonisering, der kunne bane vej for hjemlandstilsyn på basis af gensidig anerkendelse af tilsynsnormer, men på baggrund af de hidtidige forhandlinger tydede alt på, at en sådan harmonisering ville blive en meget langsommelig proces.
Such an idea not only showed scant regard for what the Court had said, but also ran counter to what the representatives of larger trading and industrial concerns expected.
Enhver, der beskæftigede sig med forsikring, var klar over, at det under disse omstændigheder sjældent ville være attraktivt for et selskab at tilbyde forsikring i andre EF-lande uden at være etableret dér.
If there had to be thresholds, which they did not consider self-evident in the industrial and commercial sphere, then they should be kept low.
Mange mente, at Domstolen, samtidig med at den foregav at håndhæve princippet om fri udveksling af tjenesteydelser, i realiteten havde opstillet så restriktive betingelser herfor, at denne ret ikke i overskuelig fremtid ville kunne udøves i praksis.
This campaign was all the more effective because it came just at the time when national governments were giving great publicity to declarations on the importance of completing the single internal market for industry and commerce by the end of 1992.
Men i virkeligheden havde Domstolen givet Kommissionen et vist håb ved at udtale, at princippet om hjemlandstilsyn kunne gælde i de tilfælde, hvor hensynet til forbrugerne
The outcome, set out in detail in Annex 1 of this booklet, is a remarkable compromise which gives something to everybody whilst yet arriving at a meaningful and workable result.
I marts 1985, netop på det tidspunkt, hvor drøftelserne om forslaget til 2. skadesforsikringsdirektiv blev stillet i bero, anmodede Ministerrådet Kommissionen om at udarbejde et program for gennemførelse af det indre marked inden udgangen af 1992.
As regards the main categories of fire and other property damage, general liability and miscellaneous pecuniary loss, tests are applied which have to do with the capacity of the policyholder and not the size of the risk itself.
I overensstemmelse hermed fremlagde Kommissionen i juni 1985 en detaljeret og meget omfattende hvidbog, hvori den ikke blot redegjorde for, hvad der skulle gøres, men også hvordan og hvornår.
This appears to be in line with the thinking of the Court: what matters is the ability of the policyholder to look after his own interests in negotiations with the insurer, and here it is the standing and financial capacity of the policyholder that count.
Noget af det vigtigste ved dette program var rent faktisk, at det fastlagde en tidsplan for iværksættelse af alle de forskellige konkrete foranstaltninger, der skulle træffes for at nå målet.
It is appropriate, on this view, that where a company buying insurance belongs to a group, it is the power of the group that is taken into consideration.
Foranstaltninger vedrørende finansielle tjenesteydelser i almindelighed og forsikring i særdeleshed indtog en fremtrædende plads.
The criteria to be applied when the transitional periods provided in the Directive have elapsed are already found in the fourth and seventh Directives on company accounts.
Dette betød, at de kompetente myndigheder i hjemlandet skulle have hovedansvaret for tilsynet med finansieringsinstitutter, og at det var hjemlandsmyndighederne, som alle de fornødne oplysninger skulle indgives til.
For Greece, Spain, Ireland and Portugal the phasing in extends over a much longer period, although not as long for Spain as for the other three.
Myndighederne i den medlemsstat, hvori ydelsen præsteres, skulle spille en subsidiær rolle, men dog have visse beføjelser.
During this transitional period the insurers established in those countries will be able to take advantage of the lowering of barriers in other Member States but will benefit from a measure of extended protection within their own borders.