natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
') Den europæiske Domstols dom af 19.12.1975, Tørkopicringsmaskiner. sag 38/75, Domssml. 1975, s. 1439 (1451). 2) Dom af 8.12.1970, Deutsche Bakels, sag 14/70, Domssml. 1970, s. 1001.
(3) Uniform application of the CCT Nomenclature
Den omstændighed, at FTT-nomenklaturen er omgivet af et koordinatsystem på internationalt plan, berører på ingen måde den praktiske nødvendighed af at sikre en ensartet anvendelse af denne FTT-nomenklatur. De vanskeligheder, man kan komme ud for i så henseende, skyldes nødvendigheden af, at nomenklaturen følger den stadige, teknologiske udvikling og ændringerne i det vareudvalg, som indgår i samhandelen.
In a sense Article 177 of the Treaty of Rome confers jurisdiction for the purpose of ensuring the uniform application of the CCT Nomenclature on the Court of Justice, which is required to rule on the interpretation of Community tariff provisions whenever called upon to do so by a court or tribunal in a Member State.1 In practice only very few cases of disagreement on interpretation ever get brought before the Court ; most are settled at administrative level or by the adoption of regulations.
På en vis måde er det Romtraktaten, som i henhold til artikel 177 har fastsat kompetencen til at sikre en ensartet anvendelse af FTT-nomenklaturen.
Under the Customs Union this vital administrative function devolves largely on the Commission, which has a variety of approaches open to it.
Det er således EF-Domstolens opgave at give en retsgyldig fortolkning af bestemmelserne i Fællesskabets toldtarif, når en national ret anmoder den derom ').
Firstly, it publishes constantly updated explanatory notes which supplement those of the Customs Cooperation Council where necessary.
I praksis er det en ret begrænset del af uoverensstemmelser vedrørende for tolkningen, som giver anledning til retssager ved Domstolen.
In addition to this basic activity there is a continual need for ad hoc decisions to settle cases of disagreement in interpretation of the CCT for specific types of goods.
I de fleste tilfælde løses disse spørgsmål på administrativt plan og ved hjælp af forord ninger.
Each case is examined in detail by the Committee on CCT Nomenclature ; the Commission then records a unanimous opinion, which is published in the form of a 'classification slip'.
Efter EØF-Toldunionens institutionelle system er denne vigtige forvaltningsopgave i det væsentlige overladt til Kommissionen.
If the Committee fails to reconcile the differing inter pretations, or a legally binding decision is necessary for some other reason, the Commission adopts a classification regulation in accordance with the procedure laid down in Council Regulation (EEC) No 97/69 of 16 January 1969.2
Denne benytter en række forskellige foranstaltninger og procedurer i opfyldelsen af dette hverv.
III — The economic role of the Common Customs Tariff
For det første har den udarbejdet og ajourfører løbende forklarende bemærkninger, som i fornødent omfang supplerer det sæt forklarende bemærkninger, der allerede er udarbejdet af Toldsamarbejdsrådet.
The structure of the CCT and the continuous back-up work done by the various bodies responsible for seeing that it is applied uniformly throughout the Community combine to make it an invaluable instrument of policy which in terms of effectiveness can be regarded as a model for most of the other regional integration schemes being tried out elsewhere.
Ved siden af dette grundmønster skal der til stadighed udføres et mere punktvist arbejde.
But it is unlikely that such an instrument could ever have been forged had it not been primarily designed as a key regulator of trade with the rest of the world.
Dette går ud på at løse konkrete spørgsmål om divergerende fortolkninger af FTT med hensyn til bestemte varer.
Nowadays the way this regulatory function is carried out differs according to whether it is the Community's aim to establish a 'special relationship' with a particular country.
Når Kommissionen efter en tilbundsgående undersøgelse af et sådant tilfælde '{Nomenklaturudvalgetfor den fælles toldtarif kan konstatere en enstemmig indstilling, udfærdiges der en tariferingsanvisning.
The existence of such ties has been crucial to the develop ment of the Community's tariff system, and will be discussed in another
') Se ovenfor s. 20.
See above, p. 20.
2) EFT L 14 af 21.1.1969. ændret ved Rådets forordning nr. 280/77 af 8.2.1977 (EFT L 40 af
OJ L 14 of 21.1.1969 ; amended by Council Regulation (EEC) No 280/77 of 8 February 1977 (OJ L40of 11.2.1977).
Den fælles toldtarif— grundpillen i handelspolitikken over for tredjelande
The Common Customs Tariff — the cornerstone of trade with non-member countries chapter, but historically speaking they constitute an exception to the rule of non-discriminatory or 'most-favoured-nation' treatment laid down by GATT and adopted by the Community.
De strukturelle elementer, som FTT repræsenterer, og som er resultat af og opretholdes ved arbejdet i de forskellige instanser, der bidrager til toldtariffens ensartede anvendelse i Fællesskabet, gør tariffen til et værdifuldt politisk instrument, hvis mekanisme med hensyn til effektivitet kan betragtes som et eksempel for de fleste andre forsøg på regional integration på verdensplan.
The Common Customs Tariff endorses the non-discrimination principle by the status it accords1 to the conventional duty 2 as opposed to autonomous duties, stipulating that the conventional duties listed in the schedule shall take prece­dence over the autonomous duties shown in the preceding column where they are more favourable than the latter.
Men dette instrument ville sandsynligvis aldrig have nået en sådan udviklings­grad, hvis det ikke havde måttet anses for at være en af de vigtigste regulerende faktorer i samhandelen med hele verden.
This means that an importer may always insist, if he considers it to be in his interest, that the duty payable on his goods be charged at a rate fixed under a convention or agreement between the Com­munity and any GATT member country.
Denne regulerende rolle udøves i dag på forskellig måde, alt efter om Fælles­skabet vil eller ikke vil indlede privilegerede forbindelser med visse lande.
The fact that goods are placed on the same footing from whatever country they come does not mean, however, that they are necessarily likely to be imported : that depends on the rate of duty and hence the level of protection enjoyed by the Community industry concerned.
Selv om sådanne særlige forbindelser med nogle lande har spillet en meget væsentlig rolle for udviklingen af Fællesskabets toldsystem — disse forbin­delser vil i øvrigt blive nærmere omtalt i et følgende kapitel — er de ikke desto mindre historisk set en undtagelse fra princippet om ikke forskelsbehandling eller om » mestbegunstigelses­behandling «, som er fastsat af GATT og tiltrådt af Fællesskabet.
The current incidence of CCT duties and the rates levied on particular goods are the outcome both of the tariff's history and of amendments incorporated as a result of various rounds of tariff nego­tiations in GATT.
I FTT knæsættes dette almindelige princip ved en definition af den rolle1), som tillægges en bundet toldsats2) i forhold til den autonome told. Det bestemmes nemlig, at de bundne toldsatser, som er anført i FTT, går forud for de autonome satser i kolonnen ved siden af, når de er lavere end disse sidste.
At the time when the common market was set up it covered four existing customs territories — Benelux, the Federal Republic of Germany, France and Italy — each of which had its own customs tariff.
Således kan importøren af en vare altid, når det er i hans interesse, begære anvendt en toldsats, der er fastsat aftalemæssigt mellem Fællesskabet og et hvilket som helst land, der er medlem af GATT.
The Treaty of Rome therefore laid down that a more mechanical approach should be used, and stipulated (in Article 19) that the Common Customs Tariff duties be set at the level of the arithmetical average of the duties applied in the four customs territories then comprised in the Community.
Disse muligheder afhænger især af toldsatsens højde og følgelig af den grad af beskyttelse, som ydes den interne produktion.
See heading Β of Section I of the Preliminary Provisions of the CCT (Regulation (EEC) No 950/68 of 28 June 1968, in OJ L 172, p. 12).
2) En toldsats kaldes » bundet «, når den har været forhandlet i GATT.
A conventional duty is one which has been negotiated in GATT.
Denne toldsats er dermed konsolideret, og den stat eller toldunion, som ønsker igen at være frit stillet, må åbne nye forhandlinger med deres partnere for at opnå afkonsolidering af den pågældende toldsats.
It is then known as a bound duty and a State or customs union wishing to regain its freedom of action must renegotiate with its partners to 'unbind' the duty.
Den fælles toldtarifs økonomiske funktioner
The economic role of the Common Customs Tariff
Da fællesmarkedet blev skabt, var det opdelt i fire toldområder: Benelux, Tyskland, Frankrig og Italien, som hver havde sin egen toldtarif. De to førstnævnte områder havde et ret lavt toldniveau i forhold til de to andre, således at hvert af dem gav et ret nøjagtigt billede af de strukturmæssige forhold i hvert områdes egen økonomi.
While it was possible, therefore, to avoid laborious negotiations on the majority of CCT headings, it was recognized from the outset that there were a few products which were 'sensitive' for the economies of one or more of the Member States.
Man kunne have vedtaget en arbejdsmetode, som bestod i, at man i hvert enkelt tilfælde valgte en fællesnævner for de økonomiske interesser, der var involveret og hver gang kom til udtryk i et forskelligt behov for toldbeskyttelse.
It had been impossible to come to an agreement on levels of duty for these products before the Treaty of Rome was signed, and they were duly entered on a schedule known as 'List G' set out in Annex I to the Treaty, for subsequent negotiation between the Member States in accordance with Article 20.
En sådan fremgangsmåde anvendt på generelt plan ville sikkert have betydet en betydelig komplikation og forlængelse af FTT's tilblivelse.
The negotiations were concluded by the signing on 2 March 19601 of an agreement which was then submitted to the Member States for ratification.
Derfor bestemtes der i Rom-traktaten en mere automatisk metode, idet det i artikel 19 hedder, at satserne i den fælles toldtarif skal fastsættes som det aritmetiske gennemsnit af de toldsatser, der anvendes i de fire toldområder, som Fællesskabet omfatter.
In addition to the table of duties worked out for the List G products, the agreement contained seventeen protocols laying down specific arrangements for certain products, for example, providing for the possibility of reduced-duty or dutyfree quotas, or the sealing off of a Member State's market under Article 226 of the Treaty.
Denne metode, som var let at anvende, havde desuden den fordel at gøre Fællesskabets nye fælles toldtarif mere acceptabel for de andre medlemsstater i GATT.
These arrangements enabled solutions to be found to nearly all the conflicts of interests between the six Member States when the CCT was set up, and their economic significance is highlighted by the fact they included provision for industrial restructuring and various types of social measures in certain industries.
På denne måde kunne Fællesskabet gøre gældende, at det samlede omfang af dets import i almindelighed ikke var tungere beskattet under den nye tarifordning, end de enkelte medlemsstaters import under deres egne toldtariffer havde været det tidligere. En af de vigtigste betingelser, som GATT stillede (artikel XXIV) for oprettelsen af en toldunion, var således allerede herved fuldt ud opfyldt.
By the end of 1960, therefore, the basic shape of the CCT was established, apart from duties on manufactured tobacco and certain petroleum products, which were decided on in 1962 and 1964 respectively, and all that remained to be done was to complete the step-by-step alignment of the four separate tariffs on the new model by raising or lowering duties as necessary in accordance with the timetable set out in Article 23 et seq. of the Treaty.
Selv om man således har kunnet undgå besværlige forhandlinger for de fleste af FTT's tarifpositioner, fandtes der dog allerede fra begyndelsen et begrænset antal varer, som ansås for at være følsomme i en eller flere medlemsstaters økonomi. Med hensyn til disse varer, som var opført i den såkaldte liste G, kunne man ikke nå til enighed om bestemmelsen af de pågældende toldsatser inden undertegnelsen af Rom-traktaten.
It is interesting to note that when the Community was enlarged in 1972 this process of striking a balance between the different economic interests involved played little part in the extension of the CCT to the three new Member States, which agreed to accept the common tariff without any need to recalculate the arithmetical average between their own tariffs and the CCT of the original Six.
Således blev forhandlinger mellem medlemsstaterne udsat til et senere tidspunkt ifølge artikel 20.
Article 39 of the Act concerning the Conditions of Accession and the Adjustments to the Treaties 2 merely lays down the timetable leading up to full application of the CCT in the new Member States.
Disse forhandlinger afsluttedes med en aftale, som blev undertegnet den 2. marts 19601) og derefter forelagt medlemsstaterne til ratifikation.
There were only a very few exceptions to this blanket approach, and they are dealt with in Protocols 8 to 15 to the Act, which generally provide for tariff suspensions or quotas for certain products.
Udover fortegnelsen over de toldsatser, som var forhandlet for varerne i liste G, omfattede denne aftale 17 protokoller, som hver for sig fastsatte særlige betingelser for visse varer, især med hensyn til det eventuelt formålstjenlige i at åbne toldkontingenter til nedsat toldsats eller nulsats, eller at isolere en medlemsstats marked i medfør af traktatens artikel 226.
Thus apart from these rare ad hoc instances of levelling down, the 1972 enlargement as such did not alter the economic incidence of tariff protection against imports from non-member countries.3 Nevertheless, the structure of the tariff system which regulated trade within Europe was at the same time radically altered by the establishment of a free-trade area with the EFTA countries which had not joined the Community.
I artikel 39 i akten vedrørende tiltrædelsesvilkårene og tilpasningerne af traktaterne ') gives kun regler for det tidsskema, efter hvilket de nye medlemsstater fuldt ud skal anvende den fælles toldtarif.
The Common Customs Tariff— the cornerstone of trade with non-member countries
Sådan som FTT fremtræder i dag, har den ikke mange træk til fælles med den tarif, der var sat som mål i 1960.
Today's CCT does not look much like the model drawn up in 1960.
Allerede inden den havde fået retsgyldighed den 1. juli 1968, havde den ændret form flere gange. Første gang var ved den forhandling, som blev indledt i henhold til GATT's artikel XXIV, § 6.
By the time the CCT came fully into effect on 1 July 1968 a number of changes had already taken place.
Efter denne bestemmelse er der fastsat en ordning, hvorved det skal undgås, at oprettelsen af en toldunion (eller en sådan unions udvidelse) medfører en forringet behandling af tredjelande i forhold til situationen forud for dens oprettelse.
The first such change followed the negotiations held under Article XXIV (6) of GATT, designed to ensure that the formation or extension of a customs union does not adversely affect the treatment hitherto accorded to non-member countries.
I denne forbindelse er det værd at bemærke, at man ved anvendelsen af metoden med det aritmetiske gennemsnit ved fastsættelsen af FTT's toldsatser allerede i vidt omfang tilstræbte en sådan almindelig ligevægt. Ikke desto mindre måtte Fællesskabet gå med til visse toldnedsættelser ved afslutningen af disse forhandlinger i 1961.
The use of the arithmetical-average approach to fixing CCT duties went a good way towards producing such a broad balance; nevertheless, the Community had to agree to certain cuts in duties before the negotiations were concluded in 1961.
Det var også på denne tid, at det viste sig formålstjenligt at forhandle nogle toldnedsættelser på verdensplan, ikke for at genoprette en forstyrret ligevægt, men med henblik på på systematisk måde og på gensidighedsbasis at mindske de toldmæssige hindringer for en ubesværet samhandel.
At the same time, it was realized that an international round of tariff-cutting negotiations, in addition to the Article XXIV (6) negotiations which merely restored the status quo ante, could stimulate trade flows by lowering tariff barriers reciprocally across the board.
Fællesskabet gik derfor straks ind i forhandlingerne i den såkaldte »Dillon-runde «, som afsluttedes i 1962.
The Community therefore entered straight away into the Dillon Round negotiations, which were completed in 1962.
Resultatet af disse to forhandlinger blev en generel nedsættelse på ca. 20% af toldsatserne i FTT.
The combined result of these two sets of negotiations was a lowering of the general level of the CCT by around 20 %.
) Det samme gælder for Grækenlands tiltrædelse — akten vedrørende tiltrædelsesvilkårene og tilpasningerne af traktaterne, art. 31 — EFT L 291 af 19.11.1979, s. 22.
Following the enlargement of the Community on 1 January 1973 to include the United Kingdom, Ireland and Denmark, a fresh round of GATT Article XXIV (6) talks was called for to strike a new balance in the tariff of the extended Customs Union, taking into account the general level of tariff concessions previously granted in the CCT of the Six on the one hand, and the tariffs of the
I direkte forlængelse af disse bestræbelser på en liberalisering af verdenshandelen indledtes forhandlingerne under den såkaldte » Kennedy-runde « i 1964.
The latter had in some respects been more favourable to non-Community countries, while in other ways the tariff treatment was more advantageous under the CCT which, for example, was on average 1.5 to 2 points lower than the UK tariff for industrial goods.
Det oprindelige formål med denne var at opnå en generel nedsættelse af toldtarifferne til 50 % af deres tidligere størrelse.
It was only where these gains or losses failed to balance out for some non-Community party to the negotiations that further concessions had to be made.
Det var allerede et meget højt mål for de fleste varer, og det viste sig da også at være uigennemførligt for visse konkurrencefølsomme varer, for hvilke man frygtede alvorlige økonomiske vanskeligheder i nogle af de kontraherende lande.
These purely tariff negotiations were completed in 1974, to be succeeded by the GATT Multilateral Trade Negotiations known as the 'Tokyo Round', after the city where they were formally launched in 1973.
De nedsættelser, man til sidst enedes om under disse forhandlinger, blev på gennemsnitligt 35 % for industrivarerne.
The Tokyo Round negotiations covered all aspects of world trade.
Nedsættelserne blev gennemført over 5 etaper, dvs., at told nedsættelserne blev foretaget med en femtedel hvert år, således at de var fuldt gennemført den 1. januar 1972.
In the tariff field, the aim of the Community was not so much to obtain across-the-board cuts in basic duty rates irrespective of their level, but to get substantial reductions above all in the highest tariff 'peaks'.
Det bedst kendte eksempel på dette er Fællesskabets toldnedsættelser for kemiske produkter, som til dels var betinget af, at USA ophævede et værdiansættelsessystem, det såkaldte »American Selling Price«.
This approach, aimed atharmonizing the degree of tariff protection, was not initially shared by the Community's main negotiating partners.
Det er dog aldrig lykkedes de amerikanske lovgivningsmyndigheder at afskaffe dette system. Som følge herafer nedsættelserne i FTT også forblevet virkningsløse.
However, the discussions soon centred on a mathematical formula proposed by Switzerland, the effect of which was to produce larger cuts in the highest duties, generally applying to finished or semi-finished products, and smaller reductions in duties which were already relatively low.
Et andet eksempel er ure, for hvilke Fællesskabet havde gjort en del af nedsættelserne i FTT afhængig af, at Schweiz afskaffede visse restriktioner.
Eventually, a great many exceptions to the 'Swiss formula' were admitted, sometimes cutting duties more heavily than it required and sometimes, for sensitive products, limiting the size of reductions.
Da denne betingelse ikke var opfyldt pr. 1 .januar 1970, blokerede Fællesskabet sin toldnedsættelse, for så vidt angår FTT's kapitel 91 (ure).
It should not be forgotten, of course, that the negotiations took place in a steadily worsening economic climate.
Ener udvidelsen af Fællesskabet den 1. januar 1973 ved Storbritanniens, Irlands og Danmarks tiltrædelse skulle der finde en ny forhandling sted i henhold til GATT's artikel XXIV, § 6.
The Tokyo Round produced a general reduction of 30% in industrial tariffs, to be implemented in eight annual stages, more gradually than was the case with the preceding multilateral round.
Det drejede sig om at genskabe ligevægten i tariffen for den udvidede toldunion under hensyn til det generelle niveau for de toldindrømmelser, der hidtil var givet i FTT for » de Seks « og i de tre nye medlemslandes toldtariffer.
The Community has reserved the right to reconsider after the first five stages whether, in the light of the overall economic situation at the time and the progress made by the other parties in implementing the results of the negotiations, it will make the three final tariff cuts.
Selv om disse landes toldtariffer havde været mere gunstige over for tredjelande i visse henseender, måtte det under søges, om den fælles toldtarif for »de Seks« ikke i andre henseender indebar en gunstigere toldordning: hvad f.eks. industrivarer angår, var den gennemsnitligt 1,5 til 2 points lavere end Storbritanniens toldtarif. Det var kun i det omfang, hvor fordele og ulemper for et af de tredjelande, som deltog i disse forhandlinger, ikke opvejede hinanden, at der måtte gøres andre ind rømmelser.
For its part the Community started the process of adjustments to the Common Customs Tariff with effect from 1 January 1980.
Forhandlingerne blev tilendebragt i 1974.
(3) The economic role of the CCT in a world of fluctuating currencies
Den fælles toldtarif— grundpillen i handelspolitikken over for tredjelande kraftigere nedsættelse af de højeste toldsatser, som i almindelighed anvendes på færdigvarer og halvfabrikata, og en mindre nedsættelse i de toldsatser, som i forvejen var forholdsvis lave.
The Common Customs Tariff— the cornerstone of trade with non-member countries the next the price of a product coming from a particular country is halved.
I det store og hele er resultaterne kendetegnet ved talrige undtagelser fra denne formel, snart i retning af en kraftigere nedsættelse, snart — hvor det drejer sig om konkurrencefølsomme varer — ved en mindre nedsættelse end den oprindeligt påtænkte.
Generally speaking, the Common Customs Tariffis neutral in respect of these changes and cannot be adjusted to take account of them, as customs duties are mostly bound in GATT and cannot easily be raised. This seriously undermines the CCT's role as a regulator of the competition stemming from foreign goods entering the Community.
Det skal bemærkes, at den økonomiske situation, som er blevet stadig vanskeligere under forhandlingerne, ikke har gjort deres forløb lettere.
The inability of the tariff system to cope with situations of this type clearly demonstrates the limitations of the CCT's economic function in a period of monetary instability.
Alligevel er resultaterne af » Tokyo-runden « x) tilfredsstillende, selv i sammenligning med tidligere forhandlinger, hvor toldaspektet var forholdsvis endnu mere tungtvejende i den samlede pakke end denne gang.
Some of the tariff headings in the CCT are subject to specific duties expressed in terms of so many units of account per kilogramme, metre or litre, etc., the national currency equivalent of which used to be fixed at the parities communicated to the International Monetary Fund.