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DEN EUROPÆISKE UNION OG VERDENSHANDELEN
THE EUROPEAN UNION * AND WORLD TRADE η
Denne publikation udgives på alle fællesskabssprogene: spansk, dansk, tysk, græsk, engelsk, fransk, italiensk, nederlandsk, portugisisk, finsk og svensk.
This publication appears in all the official Community languages — Spanish, Danish, German, Greek, English, French, Italian, Dutch, Portuguese, Finnish and Swedish.
Manuskript afsluttet: juni 1995
Cover: Eureka slide, Fotostock, Van Parys Media Publisher: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities Luxembourg, 1995 ISBN 92-827-4375-6 Cataloguing data are given at the end of this publication.
© EKSF-EF-EAEF, Bruxelles · Luxembourg, 1995 Eftertryk tilladt med kildeangivelse, dog ikke til kommercielle formål
© ECSC-EC-EAEC, Brussels · Luxembourg, 1995 Reproduction authorized, except for commercial purposes, provided the source is acknowledged.
DEN EUROPÆISKE UNION OG VERDENSHANDELEN
THE EUROPEAN UNION AND WORLD TRADE
International samhandel er der ikke noget nyt ved.
International trade is nothing new.
Det er nu umuligt at opregne alle de varer, der produceres i et land og sælges i et andet, og for at gøre tingene yderligere komplicerede er der ikke kun taleom færdigvarer.
The complete range of items now produced in one country and sold in another is bewildering. To make matters more complicated, it is not only finished goods that are being shipped from one part of the world to another.
En stadig større del af handelen om fatter nemlig halvfabrikata eller komponenter, fordi fremstillingsprocessen, især for teknisk avancerede produkter, er fordelt på forskellige lande eller kontinenter.
More and more trade involves intermediate products or components as the production process, particularly for complex high-tech goods, is spread across several countries or continents.
Ofte kan multinationale selskaber have produktionsanlæg i mere end et land og køber måske de forskellige komponenter, der skal indgå i moderne komplicerede forbrugsvarer og produktionsudstyr, hvor de bedst kan få opfyldt deres krav med hensyn til kvalitet, pris, leveringstid og teknologi.
This is frequently the case for multinational companies with production plants located in more than one country. It is equally true for manufacturers who acquire the various components of today's sophisticated consumer goods and capital equipment from whichever source can best meet their requirements in terms of quality, price, delivery dates and technology.
Men et nyt fænomen er dukket op.
We are also witnessing a new phenomenon.
Moderne teknologi betyder, at mange ting, der indgår i vor daglige tilværelse — bestillinger af charterrejser, internationale telefonsamtaler og bankforretninger — kan eksporteres blot ved at dreje et nummer.
Modern technology means that many things we take for granted — package holiday bookings, international telephone calls and banking services — can be exported simply by dialling a number.
Hertil kommer handelen med ideer og opfindelser — såkaldt intellektuelle goder — varemærkenavne og popsange.
To this can also be added the trade in ideas and inventions — clubbed intellectual property — like brand names and pop songs.
117 lande deltog, og forhandlingerne stod på i over 2 500 dage.
It involved 117 countries, took over 2 500 days of negotiations and finally produced an agreement, which, with annexes, ran to over 20 000 pages.
Den endelige aftale fylder med bilag over 20 000 sider.
It is one of the largest treaties ever signed.
Et yderligere resultat er oprettelsen af en ny stærkere kontrolmyndighed, Verdens handelsorganisationen (WTO).
It will substantially liberalize international trade and gave birth to a new, and stronger, supervisory body, the World Trade Organization (WTO).
Alle interesserede regeringer tiltrådte denne vidtrækkende aftale i Marrakesh i april 1994.
The far-reaching deal was endorsed by all the governments concerned in Marrakesh in April 1994.
Den er nu trådt i kraft, hvorefter det er forretningsverdenen, der må overtage arbejdet dér, hvor forhandlerne slap.
It is now in force and the business community is taking over where the negotiators left off.
I denne brochure gøres der rede for den internationale handels betydning, ligesom der ses på Uruguay-runden og den virkning, den har haft på Den Europæiske Union og dens borgere.
This brochure considers the importance of international trade, the significance of the Uruguay Round and its impact on the European Union and its citizens.
Den gensidige fordel er enorm, for heldige producenter får et større marked, og forbrugerne et større udvalg.
The trade-offs are enormous. Success ful producers have larger markets and consumers have wider choice.
De internationale kontakter skaber bedre indbyrdes forståelse mellem verdens mange lande, men det vigtigste er, at øget samhandel er en spore til økonomisk vækst, stigende levestandard og jobskabelse.
The international contacts create better understanding between the many countries in the world. Most importantly, increased trade is a spur to economic growth, raising living standards and creating new jobs.
Modsat nedsættes effektiviteten i virksomhederne, og vareudvalget forældes for forbrugerne, hvis virksomhederne gemmer sig bag ¡mportbarrierer.
The alternative, where firms hide behind import barriers, creates inefficiency for business and outdated products for consumers.
Et af de vigtigste mål for Den Europæiske Union (EU) har været at fremme frihandelen.
Promoting free trade has been one of the chief aims of the European Union (EU).
Unionen er med sine 370 millioner indbyggere blevet verdens vigtigste marked. Samhandelen mellem dens 15 medlemsstater er i fortsat stigning, og befolkningernes levestandard er stærkt afhængig — mere end i USA — af international handel.
With its 370 million inhabitants, it has created the world's most important market, boosting trade between its 15 members and is heavily dependent on international commerce — more so than the United States — for its economic livelihood.
EU har været et vigtigt medlem af GATT (Den Almindelige Overenskomst om Told og Udenrigshandel), der blev oprettet i 1947 for at kontrollere overholdelsen af reglerne om samhandel mellem verdens lande, og den har spillet en hovedrolle i de forskellige forhandlinger, der med held er blevet ført for at begrænse handelshindringerne fra 1 960 og frem.
The EU has been a central member of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) established in 1947 to supervise global trade rules and played a key role in the various negotiations that successively reduced trade barriers from the 1 960s onwards.
> en Europæiske Union: handel og jobs
rhe European Union : trade and jobs
Handel er europæisk økonomis hjerteblod.
Trade is the lifeblood of the European economy.
Europa-Kommissionen anslår, at mellem 10 og 12 millioner jobs — dvs. ét ud af ti — er direkte afhængig af eksporten, der tegner sig for 9% af Unionens bruttonationalprodukt.
The European Commission estimates that between 10 and 12 million jobs — equivalent to one job in 10 — depend directly on exports. And these exports, which go to every country under the sun, provide 9% of the Union's wealth, as represented by its gross domestic product.
Handel har altid været af stor betydning i Europas historie, og samhandelen med verden er endnu i dag kilden til vor velstand.
Trade has always played a major role in Europe's history and commerce with the world is still the source of our wealth today.
Hvis vi ser bort fra samhandelen mellem Den Europæiske Unions medlemsstater, er Unionen stadig den største handelspartner i verden (se grafik).
Even leaving trade between its member countries out of the equation, the European Union is the largest trading entity in the world (see chart).
Handel skaber vækst og arbejde inden for bl.a. fabrikation, transport, forskning, bank- og forsikringsvirksomhed.
Trade is what drives growth and creates jobs in manufacturing, transport, research, banking, insurance and many other sectors.
Efter oprettelsen af det indre marked er de fleste hindringer for handelen mellem medlemsstaterne faldet bort.
The creation of the single market has freed internal trade of most obstacles.
EU har spillet en ledende rolle ved forhandlingerne inden for GATT (Den Almindelige Overenskomst om Told og Udenrigshandel), og det gør den også inden for dens for nylig oprettede efterfølger, WTO (Verdenshandelsorganisationen).
The EU plays a leading role in negotiations within the GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) and its recently created successor, the World Trade Organization.
Andele af verdenshandelen 1993 Eksport
Share of world trade, 1993
Den Europæiske Union er også verdens største hjemmemarked med en selvforsyning på over en femtedel af den samlede varehandel, hvilket er mere end nogen af dens vigtigste konkurrenter — USA og Japan.
The European Union itself is also the world's largest trade grouping, accoun­ting on its own for just over one fifth of total global trade in goods. More than either of its main competitors — the United States and Japan.
Handelen omfatter ikke kun synlige varer som f.eks. biler, tøj og computere, men i stadig højere grad også serviceydelser som bank-, forsikrings- og telekommunikationsydelser.
But increasingly, trade is not confined to visible manufactured items like cars, clothing and computers. Among the fastest growing sectors are services like banking, insurance and telecom­munications.
En hjørnesten er de mange bilaterale aftaler med handelsindrømmelser til gensidig fordel, som Unionen har indgået i årenes løb med et stor antal lande enkeltvis eller regionalt.
Mutually advantageous commercial conces­sions form a cornerstone of the many bilateral agreements it has negotiated over the years with scores of countries either on an individual or regional basis.
Disse aftaler er den væsentligste del af forbindelserne med 70 lande i Afrika, Det Karibiske Hav og Stillehavet inden for Lomé-Konventionen og af Unionens
They are a central part of its links with 70 African, Caribbean and Pacific countries in the Lomé Conven­tion and with its deepening relationship with the new democracies in Central and Eastern Europe.
EU har konsekvent videreført denne politik, som er den bedste garanti for styrkelsen af demokratiet og øget velstand, på bredere internationalt plan, nemlig tidligere inden for GATT og nu og i fremtiden inden for WTO.
which is seen as the best guarantor of strengthening democracy and ensuring prosperity, the EU has consistently pursued in the wider international forum provided in the past by the GATT, and now in the future, by the WTO.
Det er ikke kun af altruisme, at EU søger at fremme den internationale handel.
The EU has more than an altruistic reason for promoting international trade.
Efterspørgselsstigningen i de vigtigste industrilande er sandsynligvis ikke så stor, at den kan sørge for økonomisk vækst på lang sigt, og eksportørerne må derfor se sig om efter andre afsætningsmuligheder.
The increase in demand in the main industrialized countries is unlikely to sustain long-term economic growth, so exporters must look to new horizons.
Da 80% af verdens befolkning lever uden for OECD-området, er det ikke svært at se, at de bedste muligheder ligger i Central- og Østeuropa og i udviklingslandene, især i Latinamerika og Sydøstasien.
Given that 80% of the world's population live outside the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) industrialized group of countries, it is not hard to see where the best opportunities lie.
Den gennemsnitlige økonomiske vækst andrager dér fra 5 - 9%, hvilket er to til tre gange den europæiske, og den forventes at fortsætte.
There, average economic growth rates range from 5 to 9% — two to three times that achieved in Europe — and are set to continue.
Med disse markeders ¡mportiver vil alle skridt i retning af at afvikle handelsbarriererne og sikre markedsadgangen være en stor fordel for EU's eksportører.
With these markets' appetite for imports, any moves to reduce trade barriers and ensure guaranteed access will be of major benefit to EU exporters.
Det er Europa-Kommissionen, der på EU's vegne fører handelsforhandlingerne på grundlag af et mandat fra medlemsstaternes regeringer, der i sidste ende skal godkende aftalen.
Behind the EU's promotion of trade lies the belief that producers and consumers alike can benefit.
Solidariteten styrker i betydelig grad Unionens forhandlingsposition og bringer den på lige fod med alle partnere i verden.
Producers enjoy the advantages of cheaper imports they may need for their own finished products, which in turn may be sold more easily on a wider range of markets if tariffs and other obstacles are reduced.
Bag ved EU's handelsfremmende politik ligger troen på, at både producenter og forbrugere drager lige stor fordel deraf.
Trade negotiations are conducted by the European Commission on behalf of the EU, and on the basis of a mandate agreed by the member governments.
Producenternes fordel er billigere import til fremstillingen af deres færdigvarer, der så lettere kan sælges på et stort antal markeder, hvis ikke told og andre importhindringer hindrer det.
It is they who ultimately must approve the deal reached.
De internationalt gældende regler nedsætter det dyre og tidsforbrugende papirarbejde og giver erhvervslivet og investorer et sikkert grundlag for deres planer for fremtiden.
The solidarity considerably strengthens the Union's negotiating hand, enabling it to deal as an equal with any partner in the world.
Fordelen for forbrugerne er billigere import fra hele verden, hvilket betyder større udvalg af både tøj og mad til lavere priser.
For consumers, there is the benefit of cheaper imports from around the world, stretching from clothing to food. This is good for choice and for personal finances.
Der udtrykkes af og til frygt for, at den øgede samhandel uundgåeligt vil føre til, at nogle virksomheder forlader områder som Den Europæiske Union, lukker deres fabrikker og slår sig ned i lande med billigere arbejdskraft.
Fears are sometimes raised that increased free trade will inevitably mean that some manufacturers will leave areas like the European Union, closing down factories and decamping to countries where labour costs are cheaper.
Det vil måske ske i nogle tilfælde, men ofte er adgangen til veluddannet arbejdskraft og de potentielt højere transportomkostninger vigtigere faktorer, der hindrer dette.
In some cases that may be true, but often access to skilled labour and potentially higher transport costs are more important factors preventing such an upheaval.
Mange deltagere er overbevist om, at hvis runden var blevet en fiasko, ville det have været umuligt blot at opretholde status quo.
Many participants are convinced that if the Round had failed it would have been impossible even to maintain the status quo.
Resultatet ville have været flere konflikter, og regeringerne ville uundgåeligt have været fristet til at træffe protektionistiske foranstaltninger.
Instead, there would have been increasing trade friction and the inevitable temptation for governments to take their own protectionist measures.
Uruguay-runden — hver enkelt global GATT-forhandling kaldes en runde — blev indledt i 1986 med det formål at ajourføre og udvide de internationale handelsregler.
Launched in 1986, the Uruguay Round — each global GATT negotiation is known as a Round — was designed to update and extend the rules governing international trade.
Foruden de mange tekniske resultater var rundens grundlæggende politiske budskab, at verdenssamfundet ønsker at liberalisere handelen og udelukke en selvødelæggende tilbagevenden til 1930'ernes protektionisme.
The fundamental political importance of the Round, over and above its many technical achievements, was the clear message that the global community intended to press ahead with liberalizing trade, ruling out any self-destructive return to the protectionist policies of the 1930s.
Grundlaget for forhandlingerne om fremme af frihandelen er en række centrale principper, f.eks. ingen diskrimination mellem parterne og dermed heller ingen særindrømmelser, importvarer og lokalt producerede varer skal behandles ens på hjemmemarkederne, og adgangen til
Negotiations on promoting free trade are based on certain central principles: banning discrimination between members so that none is given special concessions; ensuring imports and locally produced goods are treated equally on domestic markets; and progressively providing easier access to other markets.
Europæiske forbrugere vil få adgang til et større udvalg af importeret tøj og importerede stoffer til billigere priser.
European consumers will enjoy a wider, and frequently cheaper, range of imported clothing and fabrics.
Men også EU's eksportører af silke, lærred og uld kan drage fordel af, at tidligere lukkede markeder i USA, Latinamerika og Fjernøsten nu åbnes.
EU exporters of silk, linen and wool will also benefit from the opening up of previously protected markets in the United States, Latin America and the Far East.
Disse ændringer skyldes, at CATT-reglerne er blevet udvidet til at omfatte tekstiler og beklædning.
The changes are being brought about by extending GATT rules to textiles and clothing.
andre markeder skal gradvis gøres lettere.
of mid-December 1993 with which everyone was satisfied.
modstridende interesser opstod der talrige kriser, og møderne varede til langt ud på natten.
The agenda involved not just trade in goods, but also the expanding services sector, which lay outside the ambit of the GATT, although it represented 20% of global trade.
Endelig nåede man ved fristens udløb medio december 1993 i Genève til enighed om et aftalekompleks, som alle var tilfredse med. Pakken, bedre kendt som slutakten, kom til at indeholde 29 retstekster, der dækker alle aspekter af forhandlingerne, og yderligere 25 ministererklæringer.
It considerably improved the complex machinery used to arbitrate on international trade disputes and established a coherent framework between trade and other policies like economic growth and development so as to take on board the needs of developing countries.
Forhandlingerne omfattede ikke blot varehandelen, men også servicesektoren, der lå uden for GATT-over-enskomsten, skønt den repræsenterede 20% af den samlede handel.
The Union is already helping sectors like agriculture and textiles to operate in the new climate.
Man søgte ligeledes at få aftalt en rimelig beskyttelse af den intellektuelle ejendomsret for dermed at forhindre, at computerprogrammer, sange og videofilm samt forskellige mærkevarer som ure kopieres ulovligt.
Reforms to the common agricultural policy (CAP) have helped farmers prepare for change and finance is available to help the Portuguese textile industry adapt to the future.
Også det komplekse maskineri, der tidligere skulle sættes i gang, hver gang der skulle mægles i en inter national handelskonflikt, forbedredes, og handelen og andre faktorer som økonomisk vækst og udvikling blev vurderet ud fra en helhedsbetragtning, for dermed at tage hensyn til udviklingslandenes behov.
The lowering and dismantling of trade barriers mean that companies and industrial sectors that have traditionally sheltered behind them will be forced to face up to stifter international competition. But if handled with care, the experience will lead to greater efficiency and a more viable long-term future.
Forhandlingerne var ikke lette.
The negotiations were not easy.
Med 117 deltagerlande og de mange
With 117 participating countries and a host of competing interests the long-running talks were peppered with crises and late-night meetings.
Kort historisk oversigt
History in brief
Sænkningen og afskaffelsen af handelsbarriererne betyder, at virksomheder og erhverv, der hidtil har levet relativt beskyttet bag dem, nu tvinges til at leve op til den hårdere internationale konkurrence.
The very same tariff reductions may also open up hitherto closed marketing opportunities elsewhere.
Men hvis udviklingen styres ordentligt, vil gevinsten være større effektivitet og bedre udsigter på lang sigt.
While jobs may be squeezed in some areas, they will expand in others because of the new international rules.
Forhandlingerne under Tokyo-runden med de første forsøg på at reformere den internationale handel.
Tokyo Round negotiated, involving a first attempt at reforming the international trading system.
Uruguay-runden indledes med 105 deltagende regeringer.
Uruguay Round launched by 105 participating governments.
Oprindeligt var fristen for forhandlingernes afslutning 4 år. Ministerkonference i Bruxelles kan ikke overholde fristen.
Initial four year deadline for agreement set.
(Verdenshandelsorganisationen) oprettes.
Marrakesh ministerial meeting officially signs results of Uruguay Round and creation of World Trade Organization.
WTO indleder sin virksomhed.
WTO established.
Den første generaldirektør for WTO indsættes.
First permanent WTO Director-General installed.
Det kan ikke afgøres med sikkerhed, hvor meget Uruguay-runden vil betyde for beskæftigelsen og samhandelen. Men nogle har på grundlag af den sandsynlige virkning
Some, based on the likely effect of all the market access measures — tariff reductions, phase-out of earlier textile arrangements and cuts in agricultural production and export subsidies — have calculated the new liberalization will add an extra ECU 180 billion of global income per year by 2005.
Der vil blive vindere og tabere, og ikke alle virkningerne vil vise sig straks.
There will be winners and losers. Not all the effects will materialize immediately.
Fordelene viser sig måske først sent, men de lande, der har undertegnet aftalen, er stærkt overbevist om, at den i sidste ende vil være en gevinst.
Benefits might be slow to come, but the countries which have signed the agreement strongly believe in the ultimate gains.
De nye regler åbner internationalt for adgang til offentlige indkøb til en værdi af 346 mia. ECU. Det vil betyde mere konkurrencedygtige tilbud, effektivitetsforbedring og som følge deraf besparelser på de offentlige budgetter.
The new rules open up to international tenders a global public procurement market worth ECU 346 billion.
Desuden anslås det, at verdens samlede varehandel i 2005 vil ligge 755 mia. USD højere, end den ville have været uden Uruguay-rundens aftaler om liberalisering af markederne.
And, it is estimated, the overall level of world merchandise trade will be USD 755 billion higher in 2005 than it would have been without the Uruguay Round's commitment to opening up markets.
Den oprindelige tanke med GATT var, at den skulle være en del af et ambitiøst særorgan under FN, kaldet ITO (en international handelsorganisation).
The GATT was originally envisaged as part of an ambitious new United Nations specialized agency, the International Trade Organization (ITO).
Denne skulle omfatte ikke blot handel, men også beskæftigelse, råvareaftaler, konkurrencebegrænsning, internationale investeringer og serviceydelser.
This would cover not just trade, but also employment, commodity arrangements, restrictive business practices, international investments and services.
Ambitionerne blev ikke indfriet, og tanken om ITO blev til sidst opgivet, således at GATT blev det eneste multilaterale instrument omfattende international handel, indtil WTO blev oprettet i januar 1995.
Ambition was not turned into reality and the idea of the ITO was finally shelved, so that the GATT was the sole multilateral instrument governing international trade until the WTO was established in January 1995.
De multilaterale handelsforhandlinger inden for GATT finder sted som en række »runder« vedrørende en pakke af foranstaltninger og ikke vedrørende enkeltspørgsmål.
Multilateral trade negotiations within the GATT take place through a succession of Rounds — dealing with a package of measures rather than single issues.
Den første runde åbnedes af de 23 medlemmer, der grundlagde organisationen i 1946.
The very first opened among the 23 founding members in 1946.