natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Generelt beløber toldnedsættelsen i industrivaresektoren sig til 30 %.
However, real parities changed and were found to be no longer in line with the fixed ones.
Den skal gen nemføres over otte årlige etaper— dvs. i et langsommere tempo end efter de foregående multilaterale forhandlinger.
As the gap widened it was reflected in the national currency values of specific duties.
Fællesskabet har forbeholdt sig mulighed for, efter de første fem nedsættelsesetaper, at undersøge, om det under hensyn til den almindelige økonomiske situation og det omfang, hvori resultaterne af forhandlingerne er gennemført af dets partnere, kan efterkomme de sidste tre nedsættelsesetaper.
To take one example, a German importer of Oriental rugs could save money by placing his goods in free circulation in the Community Member State with the most devalued currency, rather than in Germany.
Fællesskabet er for sit vedkommende begyndt at indføre resultaterne i den fælles toldtarif, som har været gældende fra 1. januar 1980.
By paying duty in the weaker currency he could quite legitimately save over half of what he would otherwise have had to pay in Deutschmarks.
I de følsomme sektorer, tekstiler, keramiske produkter og stål, begynder nedsættelserne dog først den 1. januar 1982 og skal gennemføres i seks årlige etaper.
The situation was not unlike the state of affairs which existed in the days when the Community was founded, when each country still had its own tariff barriers against imports from non-member countries, and the result was that the CCT became a common instrument in name only.
Blandt de faktorer, som er bestemmende for udviklingen i verdenshandelen, spiller valutaspørgsmålet en fremtrædende rolle.
The Commission then sought to put an end to these distortions by a comprehensive reform of the unit of account, to be introduced by stages into every field of Community activity.
Valutaforholdene kan f.eks. ændres på en sådan måde, at en vare nu kan købes i et tredjeland for det halve af den pris, den kostede for kort tid siden.
The old unit of account (u.a.) was replaced by the European unit of account (EUA), this time matched to realistic national currency equivalents.
Over for sådanne valutariske ændringer bevarer toldtariffen imidlertid i almindelighed en neutral og uforanderlig karakter.
However, this advantage was paid for by a loss of stability between the parities expressed in national currencies, which are linked to currency fluctuations and therefore change from day to day.
Dette skyldes den omstændighed, at toldsatserne almindeligvis er konsolideret i GATT, og at de således ikke let kan forhøjes.
This in fact turned out to be an obstacle to the introduction of the EUA in customs regulations, which need a certain degree of stability if they are to remain workable.
Heraf følger, at FTT i vidt omfang mister sin rolle som regulerende faktor på de konkurrencevirkninger, som varer fra tredjelande, der kommer ind på det interne marked, ganske naturligt udøver. Toldsystemets manglende effektivitet i sådanne situationer viser klart de grænser, der er for FTT's økonomiske funktion i en periode med valutarisk ustabilitet.
Council Regulation (EEC) No 2779/78 of 23 November 1978 ' on the procedure for applying the EUA to legal acts adopted in the customs sphere got over the problem by stipulating in Article 2(2) that the value of the EUA in national currencies would be fixed once a year and remain constant for the following twelve months.
I løbet af de sidste år har det i øvrigt vist sig, at også ændringer i valutapariteterne mellem medlemsstaterne indbyrdes påvirkede FTT's økonomiske funktion.
It is worth noting that the disparity between the national currency values of specific duties on some sensitive products had become so serious that it was thought advisable to realign them in stages.
I FTT findes der et antal positioner med specifik told, hvor satserne
In other words, faced with a partial 'renationalization' of the Common Customs Tariff, the natural reaction was to have recourse again to the 'transitional period' formula used at the time of the CCT's establishment in the early sixties.
En tysk importør af orientalske tæpper f.eks. så sin interesse i at bringe sin vare i fri omsætning i den af Fællesskabets medlemsstater, hvis valuta var lavest noteret, i stedet for i sit eget land.
The Common Customs Tariff's economic effect is to keep within bounds the competitive pressure imported goods exercise on the Community's internal production.
Ved at betale tolden i denne valuta kunne importøren helt lovligt spare over halvdelen af det beløb i DM, som han skulle have betalt ved at indføre tæpperne til fri omsætning i Tyskland.
The general level of protection afforded by the CCT having in any case been much reduced by the GATT negotiations, there is no need to emphasize the liberal approach taken by the Community in tariff policy, and in fact today the moderating effect which the CCT is meant to have on competition from outside is only really meaningful where the conditions of competition are normal.
Denne situation mindede lidt om den, der fandtes ved begyndelsen i Fællesskabet, hvor hvert land endnu havde sine egne toldskranker over for tredjelande. FTT var således blevet et kun tilsyneladende fælles instrument.
In terms of the Community's economy, however, this is not always the case, for a number of industries are structurally sensitive, and there is a need for some means of defence in situations where protection over and above that normally offered by the CCT may be required.
Denne reform, som efterhånden udstraktes til alle Fællesskabets interesseområder, bestod i, at den gamle regningsenhed (RE) blev erstattet af den europæiske regningsenhed (ERE), som i hovedsagen karakteriseres ved at have realistiske modværdier i national valuta.
Particularly sensitive, structurally speaking, are the Community's common organizations for agricultural markets, since guaranteed farm prices are highly vulnerable to competition from products on the world market.
Prisen for denne fordel er imidlertid en fuldstændig mangel på stabilitet mellem pariteterne udtrykt i national valuta.
The CCT contains no protective devices sufficiently flexible to meet the special needs of the agricultural sector, and its function has largely been taken over by the system οι agricultural levies.
Disse pariteter er afhængige af de svingende valutakurser og varierer således fra dag til dag.
Quite apart from the special problems of agriculture, however, it is always possible that competitive import pressure on Community industries may attain such a level as to constitute a real threat to the economy.
Denne ustadighed har vist sig at være en hindring for indførelsen af ERE i toldforskrifterne, hvor der er behov for forholdsvis stabile faktorer, for at de kan anvendes.
The Community nevertheless possesses two types of defensive instrument to help it cope with this problem.
I Rådets forordning nr. 2779/78 af 23. november 1978 ') om anvendelse af den europæiske regningsenhed (ERE) i retsakter på toldområdet er der taget hensyn til dette behov, idet det bestemmes (art. 2, stk. 2), at modværdien af ERE i national valuta fastsættes én gang om året med gyldighed for hele det påfølgende år.
In the first place, if imported goods are threatening to drive Community equivalents from the market because of export subsidies or unfair pricing policies in certain exporting countries, the Community may impose special antidumping or countervailing duties on the imports concerned.
Det er værd at bemærke, at forskydningen mellem de forskellige beløb af specifikke toldsatser udtrykt i national valuta er fundet så betydelig i tilfælde, hvor det drejede sig om særlig konkurrencefølsomme varer, at man har måttet benytte en indbyrdes tilnærmelse over flere etaper.
Secondly, where there is objective evidence of injury to a particular branch of industry in the Community, quantitative restrictions may be imposed on imports as a safeguard measure.
I den situation, at man står over for en delvis gennationalisering af den fælles toldtarif, er det ganske naturligt på ny at gribe til den ordning, der blev anvendt i overgangsperioden, dvs. i tiden for dannelsen af FTT i begyndelsen af tresserne.
These, by limiting the volume of imports, mitigate the competitive pressure they exercise on Community production.
Den fælles toldtarifs økonomiske virkning består i, at den inden for visse grænser afbøder konkurrencetrykket på Fællesskabets interne produktion fra varer, som importeres fra tredjelande.
The purpose of agricultural levies is to raise the prices of imports to the higher level of Community prices guaranteed by the common market organizations, something which can only be achieved by a mechanism designed to make up the exact difference between the two prices.
I det omfang det almindelige beskyttelsesniveau, som er sikret ved FTT, er blevet væsentlig forringet ved forhandlingerne under GATT, er den liberale karakter af toldtariffen yderligere blevet bekræftet.
Anad valorem duty is useless for this purpose, since, when the world market price of a particular product falls, the incidence of an ad valorem customs duty which is a percentage of the value
Den fælles toldtarif— grundpillen i handelspolitikken over for tredjelande som FTT er over for denne konkurrence udefra, kun fuldtud opfyldersin rolle, når konkurrencen udøves under normale vilkår.
The Common Customs Tariff— the cornerstone of trade with non-member countries of the goods also falls, whereas to come up to the (higher) guaranteed Community price level it would have to rise.
Dette er imidlertid ikke altid tilfældet med hensyn til Fællesskabets økonomi, hvor der findes strukturelt følsomme sektorer, og som desuden må være forberedt på situationer, som kræver en stærkere beskyttelse end den, der ydes på FTT's normale niveau.
A customs duty is not on the whole capable of providing this sort of flexible response; specific duties likewise remain static irrespective of prices, instead of rising to neutralize the competitive advantage of the imported product.
En særlig strukturel følsomhed gør sig gældende i sektoren for Fællesskabets landbrugsmarkedsordninger.
The agricultural levy avoids both these pitfalls, and need only be adjusted in line with world prices to fulfil its function adequately.
FTT indeholder ikke tilstrækkeligt fleksible beskyttelsesmidler til at opfylde denne sektors særlige behov.
What distinguishes the agricultural levy is thus its continuous variability.
Dens rolle i så henseende er derfor i vidt omfang overtaget af landbrugsajgif terne.
It is basically a specific duty but much more flexible and speedily adaptable.
Også bortset fra den specielle situation for denne sektor, er det meget vel tænkeligt, at konkurrencetrykket på Fællesskabets produktion kan blive så stærkt, at det bliver en virkelig trussel for Fællesskabets økonomi.
Generally speaking, then, for products covered by a common organization of the market the customs duty is replaced by the levy system.
Fællesskabet har dog to forsvarsmidler mod sådanne vanskeligheder:
There are a few exceptions ; one or two products are subject to both a duty and a levy, such as live cattle and beef and veal, or various fruit preparations.
2) Hvis der opstår en situation, hvor visse produktionsgrene i Fællesskabet klart trues, kan der træffes beskyttelsesforanstaltninger i form ai' kvantitative restriktioner.
(2) Antidumping and countervailing duties
Landbrugsimportafgifterne har til formål at bringe prisen på importerede varer op på det højere prisniveau i Fællesskabet, som er garanteret ved markedsordningen.
CCT duties are largely ineffective against this sort of double-pricing policy, since they are subject to a complex network of bilateral and multilateral 'bindings' which considerably restrict the scope for autonomous action in this field.
Denne funktion kan kun opfyldes tilfredsstillende ved hjælp af et instrument, der nøjagtigt udligner forskellen mellem disse to priser. Dette resultat kan i intet tilfælde opnås gennem en værditold.
But since there has to be some way of combating unfair competition, particularly for the countries most open to international trade, Article VI of GATT allows safeguard action to be taken, in the form of antidumping duties set no higher than the 'dumping margin' on the goods concerned.
En sådan dynamisk til pasningsevne ligger almindeligvis uden for en toldsats' muligheder.
The uncontrolled application of any 'remedy', however, can lead in its turn to new dangers.
En specifik told giver heller ingen løsning på problemet; en sådan toldsats forbliver den samme uanset prisen, medens den i virkeligheden skulle forhøjes for at imødegå enhver konkurrencemæssig fordel for den importerede vare. Ingen af disse mangler gør sig gældende for landbrugsimportafgiften, der opfylder systemets behov, forudsat at den til stadighed tilpasses efter udviklingen i
It was quickly seen to be necessary to frame a set of rules for the use of safeguard measures, and accordingly an antidumping code was drawn up within GATT, and ratified by the Community in 1968.1 The principles and guidelines enshrined in the Code served as a basis for Council Regulation (EEC) No 459/68 of 5 April 1968 on protection against dumping or the granting of bounties or subsidies by countries which are not members of the EEC,2 updated since to take account of the work done in the Tokyo Round to
31 verdenspriserne. Dette instrument karakteriseres således hovedsageligt ved at være meget variabelt.
31 formulate more detailed rules on protection against price manipulation by means of subsidies.1
Som følge heraf træder landbrugsimportafgiften almindeligvis i stedet for tolden, når det drejer sig om varer, der er undergivet en markedsordning.
The first antidumping regulation, defining dumping and laying down the procedures for dealing with it, came into force on 1 July 1968, at the same time as the Common Customs Tariff, thus providing the Community with a back-up weapon to be used against the threat of unfair competition from imports.
Der findes kun få undtagelser fra dette princip, dvs. varer, der er undergivet både told og landbrugsimportafgift, sådanne varer er f.eks. hornkvæg og kalve og kød deraf samt visse tilberedte frugter.
It covered only products falling within the scope of the Treaty of Rome, leaving the defence of Community interests in the field ofECSC products —coal, iron and steel — to the individual Member States.
Trods deres særlige art er landbrugsimportafgifterne dog stadig i deres funktion nært forbundet med Toldunionens mekanismer. I de fleste med lemsstater opkræves de af toldforvaltningerne, og de nærmere bestemmelser for deres anvendelse er almindeligvis fastsat i toldlovgivningen.
It was not until 15 April 1977, in the face of a crisis in the steel industry, that a Commission Recommendation 2 laid down rules for ECSC products too, thus aligning as far as possible the law applicable in this area.3
Den praksis til fremme af eksporten, der består i at fastsætte en lavere pris til eksport end den pris, som en vare sælges til på det indre marked, er et velkendt middel, men det er ikke altid værdsat af de importørlande, det går ud over.
Among the instruments designed to back up the Common Customs Tariff in regulating the flow of imports from outside the Community, quantitative restrictions stand out as one of the most effective.
FTT's toldsatser er i det store og hele uvirksomme over for praktiseringen af en sådan dobbeltpris-politik, da de ligger fast i et system af bi- og multilaterale konsolideringer, hvorved mulighederne fór at træffe autonome foranstaltninger på dette område begrænses betydeligt.
Where industrial goods in particular are concerned, they offer the only real means of curbing imports which threaten seriously to disrupt Community production by reason of the quantities involved and the low price of the goods, even where the exporting country is not dumping its output.
Efter reglerne i GATT (artikel VI) er det muligt at træffe beskyttelsesforanstaltninger i form af en antidumpingtold, hvis beløb ikke overstiger dumpingmargenen for den pågældende vare.
Article XIX of GATT stipulates that quantitative restrictions should usually be applied across the board to all countries supplying the product in question.
Ethvert middel, som anvendes ukontrolleret, kan imidlertid på den anden side medføre en vis risiko.
Quantitative restrictions may be imposed either at Community or at national level, reflecting the current state of the common commercial policy.
Der føltes derfor ret tidligt et behov for at begrænse denne mulighed for at benytte beskyttelsesforanstaltninger ved mere bestemte regler for vilkårene for deres iværksættelse.
But even Community restrictions may in practice be designed to offer protection to one or more specific 'regions' or Member States4 of the Community only ; never theless, they must always proceed from a Community source of law.
Dette har ført til, at der inden for GATT blev indgået en konvention om en antidumping-kode, som Fællesskabet ratificerede i 1968 ')· De principper og retningslinjer, som er givet heri, ligger til grund for Rådets forordning (EØF) nr. 459/68 af 5. april 1968 om beskyttelse mod dumping, præmier eller subventioner fra ikke-medlemslan-des side2). Disse principper og retningslinjer er blevet ændret under Tokyorundens forhandlinger, især for at give mere detaljerede regler vedrørende beskyttelse mod prismanipulationer ved hjælp af subventioner3).
As regards trade with GATT member countries, the source is Council Regulation (EEC) No 926/79 of 8 May 1979 on common rules for imports.5 By virtue of Article 13 of that Regulation the Council acting by a qualified majority on a proposal from the Commission, is empowered to adopt such measures either where imports are causing or threatening to cause substantial injury to Community manufacturers (in which case the restrictions constitute safeguard
) Rådets forordning (EØF) nr.3017/79 af 20.12.1979 —EFT L 339 af 31.12.1979 — indehol dende en fuldstændig omarbejdelse af reglerne på dette område.
Commission Regulations (EEC) Nos 387 and 388/80 of 15 February 1980 instituting protective measures on imports of certain man-made fibres (OJ L 45 of 20.2.1980). OJ L 131 of 29.5.1979.
Den fælles toldtarif— grundpillen i handelspolitikken over for tredjelande
The Common Customs Tariff— the cornerstone of trade with non-member countries measures) or to ensure that the rights and obligations of the Community or all its Member States are exercised or fulfilled at international level.
Retsreglerne herom, der omfatter såvel definitioner som fremgangsmåder i ordningen, trådte i kraft den 1. juli 1968, således at Fællesskabet, samtidig med at det fik en fælles toldtarif, også rådede overet supplerende instrument til afværgelse af truslen om illoyal konkurrence fra importerede varer.
The quantitative limits applying to imports of textile products by virtue of voluntary restraint agreements with various supplier countries are not regarded by the Community as quantitative restrictions stricto sensu, which it actually uses fairly sparingly at Community level.
Dette instrument dækkede kun varer henhørende under EØF-traktaten, således at beskyttelsen af Fællesskabets interesser på EKSF-varernes område var overladt til de enkelte medlemsstaters lovgivning.
One example, however, is restrictions based on Commission Regulation (EEC) No 3020/77 of 30 December 19771on the arrangements for imports of certain textile products originating in Taiwan.
Først ved en henstilling fra Kommissionen af 15. april 19771) blev der under påvirkning af krisen i stålsektoren også givet regler for EKSF-varer, således at der sikredes den videst mulige ensartethed i de på dette område gældende forskrifter2).
But quantitative restrictions are still imposed fairly frequently as national measures to protect individual Member States.
Sådanne kvantitative restriktioner kan anvendes på fællesskabsplan eller nationalt plan som et udtryk for gennemførelsen afden fælles handelspolitik.
The situation as regards quantitative restrictions is still on the whole a fairly complex one, although the recent regulations have done a good deal to make the system more transparent.
Når de anvendes på fællesskabsplan, udelukker dette ikke, at deres virkning begrænses til regional beskyttelse af en eller flere medlemsstater 3), men de har alligevel altid et fællesskabsretligt grundlag.
The annex to Regulation No 926/79 lists products which are not subject to any quantitative restrictions and are accordingly considered liberalized, and also indicates whether Member States are maintaining quantitative restrictions which have not, exceptionally, been instituted by the Community.
Hvad angår Fællesskabets for bindelser med de lande, der er medlemmer af GATT, findes retsgrundlaget i Rådets forordning (EØF) nr. 926/79 af 8. maj 1979 om den fælles importordning4).
The regulations on trade with the various State-trading countries likewise list, by Nimexe number for easy reference, products not subject to quantitative restriction in any Member State.
I henhold til denne forordnings artikel 13 kan Rådet på forslag af Kommissionen træffe sådanne foranstaltninger med kvalificeret flertal : når der findes i hvert fald en trussel om alvorlig skade for Fællesskabets produktion — det drejer sig da om beskyttelsesforanstaltninger — eller når der er anledning til at opfylde rettigheder eller forpligtelser (for Fællesskabet som helhed eller for enkelte medlemsstater), som er aftalt på internationalt plan.
These regulations do not indicate Member States maintaining national quantitative restrictions on imports from State-trading countries, but a Council Decision of 27 March 1975 4 listing import quotas opened by Member States does something to clarify the position.
Se f.eks. Kommissionens forordninger (EØF) nr. 387 og 388/80 af 15.2.1980 om beskyt telsesforanstaltninger, som kan anvendes på visse kunstfibre — EFT L 45 af 20.2.1980.
OJ L 306 of 31.10.1978, amended by a Regulation of 21 December 1978 (OJ L 366 of 28.12.1978).
4) EFTL 131 af 29.5.1979.
OJ L 99 of 21.4.1975.
Differentieret behandling af samhandelen — et økonomipolitisk instrument
Differential trade arrangements as an instrument of economic policy
Det er dog bestemt, at medlemsstaternes mulighed for at handle individuelt udløber den 31. december 1981.
Increasing numbers of derogations from the rule of erga omnes application have called the principle itself into question.
De kvantitative grænser, der anvendes for importen af tekstilvarer inden for rammerne af aftaler om frivillig begrænsning, som er indgået med visse producentlande, betragtes ikke som kvantitative restriktioner i egentlig for stand. Der er således grund til at bemærke, at anvendelsen af denne art foranstaltninger nærmest er en undtagelse på fællesskabsplan.
The Treaty of Rome only made explicit provision for a small number of exceptions to the rule concerning just the overseas countries and territories of Member States (Article 131 et seq.) and, in certain circumstances, trade between the two Germanys (in a Protocol annexed to the Treaty).
De forekommer imidlertid, f.eks. på grundlag af Kommissionens forordning (EØF) nr. 3020/77 af 30. december 1977 om importordningen for visse tekstilvarer med oprindelse i Taiwan ')· De findes derimod stadig i ret stort antal som nationale foranstaltninger i medlemsstaterne.
But in the late sixties the possibility of association arrangements with non-member countries (Article 238) or more discriminating application of the common commercial policy was largely unexplored territory.
Når der er tale om at vedtage kvantitative restriktioner over for Østlandene, findes hjemmelen hertil normalt i artikel 7, 8 og 9 i Rådets forordning (EØF) nr. 925/79 af 8. maj 1979 om en fælles ordning for import fra statshandelslande2).
Ten years on, the reverse is now true: the CCT proper applies virtually only to trade with North America, Japan, Australia, South Africa and the Eastern bloc countries.
Med hensyn til Kina findes tilsvarende bestemmelser i Rådets forord ning (EØF) nr. 2532/78 af 16. oktober 19783).
In trade with the rest of the world, at least as far as industrial goods are concerned, it has been displaced by a number of preferential tariff arrangements. ments.