natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
I 1983 voksede de offentlige løbende indtægter i Fællesskabet med 9% mod 12,2% i 1982; de indirekte skatter var den eneste indtægtskilde, der voksede i et tempo, der svarede til stigningen i det foregående år ( + 9,1 % i 1983, + 10,7 % i 1982), hvilket skyldtes en øget anvendelse af denne skatteform i en række medlemsstater (jf. tabel 5.1).
The sharp rise in debt interest payments as a percentage of GDP on average for the Community (from 4,2% in 1982 to 5,1% in 1983), and the high level of such payments in certain Member States, reflects the fact that public debt has been growing significantly, even as a percentage of GDP, for a number of years.
Satserne for de sociale sikringsbidrag er, i lighed med de indirekte afgifter, i visse tilfælde blevet forøget, men dette har ikke været tilfældet for de direkte skatter, hvis satser kun har været underkastet få ændringer; i det omfang stigningen i de direkte skatter har været højere end BNP-væksten, forklares dette ved virkningerne af skatteprogressionen.
Three main elements have dominated the development of general government accounts in 1983 : the persistence of the recession, which reduced the growth of receipts and swelled transfers to households; the effort made by the Member States to squeeze the growth of public expenditure ; and the big increase, caused by the regular accumulation of deficits, in interest payments on public debt.
Alt i alt fortsatte det samlede skattetryk (inklusive de
In 1983, the current receipts of general government in the Community grew by 9% as against 12,2% in 1982.
En udgiftspost, der fortsat vokser hurtigere end de øvrige, er rentebetalingerne på den offentlige gæld, selv om det meget gradvise rentefald i Europa har dæmpet stigningen i rentebetalingerne: +18,1 % i 1983, +20,4% i 1982.
Of these receipts, only indirect taxes grew at a rate close to that of the previous year (9,1% in 1983, 10,7% in 1982), as a result of an increase in the weight of such taxes in a number of Member States (see Table 5.1).
Den betydelige stigning i den offentlige gæld — også som procent af BNP — har været et karakteristisk fænomen i de senere år, og den kraftige vækst i rentebetalingerne på gælden, der er steget fra 4,2% af BNP i 1981 til 5,1% i 1983 for Fællesskabet som helhed, og som i øvrigt for visse medlemsstaters vedkommende har nået en betydelig størrelse, er en afspejling heraf.
Rates of social security contributions were often similarly increased, but direct tax rates were little changed, direct tax receipts growing faster than nominal GDP only as a result of fiscal drag. In sum, overall tax pressure (including social security contributions) has continued to increase for the Community as a whole, reaching 42,8% of GDP in 1983 as against 41,9% in 1982.
I % af BNP
% of GDP
Indirekte skatter Direkte skatter Bidrag til sociale sikringsordninger
Indirect taxes Direct taxes Social security contributions
Skatter og bidrag til sociale sikringsordninger i alt
Total taxes and social security contributions
Driftudgifter i alt
Total current expenditure
Nationalregnskabsdefinitioner, ekskl. lån, forskud og kapitalinteresser. Skøn. Prognose.
National accounts definition, excluding loans, advances and participations Estimates.
Rcnteindleægter og diverse løbende overførsler.
Actual interest received and miscellaneous.
men også lavere end de oprindelige skøn (bortset fra Danmark og Italien) og det til trods for, at der flere steder var tale om en stramming af skattesatserne og skatteskalaerne.
Budgets for 1983 were in fact based on macroeconomic assumptions about activity in 1983 which were slightly more favourable than the actual outturn.
I meddelelsen af 1. juli 1982 »Budgetdisciplin og økonomisk konvergens« (KOM(82) 422 endelig udg.) understregede Kommissionen, at det var vigtigt at sikre en strammere styring af budgetterne med henblik på at opnå en bedre konvergens i den økonomiske udvikling i Fællesskabet.
It soon became apparent, in many cases in the first few months of the year, that receipts had been overestimated.
Den fremhævede bl.a., at det var nødvendigt at reducere eller i det mindste stabilisere finansieringsbehovet, at dæmpe væksten i de offentlige udgifter, at tilpasse beskatningen og de sociale sikringsbidrag samt at foretage hyppigere forhøjelser af offentlige takster og gebyrer.
In all the Member States, the fact that the economic outturn was weaker than had been assumed was not considered reason for allowing budget deficits to stray off target: the authorities decided to maintain their budgetary objectives and have taken ad ditional measures in order to be able to respect them.
Gennemførelsen af de offentlige budgetter for 1983 frembyder ud fra denne synsvinkel opløftende resultater.
Thus the Belgian Government decided in March on budget economies of BFR 39 400 million and an increase in social security contributions.
I hovedparten af medlemsstaterne har den nominelle vækst i udgifterne været mindre end skønnet for et år siden; målt i mængder har stigningen i udgifterne ligeledes været afdæmpet, hvilket afspejler den generelt restriktive kurs i budgetstyringen.
Following the March realignment of EMS parities, the French Government decided on a programme of measures to back up the devaluation of the franc.
Væksten i de offentlige indtægter har imidlertid ikke blot vist sig lavere end i 1982,
These measures included economies in central government, social security and public enterprises. In
Finanslovene for 1983 var blevet udarbejdet på grundlag af makroøkonomiske hypoteser for 1983, der var mere optimistiske, end den faktiske udvikling viste sig at blive.
Commission underlined the importance of better control of the budgetary aggregates in achieving a greater convergence of economic developments in the Community.
Det viste sig hurtigt allerede i de første måneder af året, at skatteindtægterne var blevet overvurderet.
The Commission stressed, notably, the need for a reduction in, or, at the very least, a stabilization of, net borrowing, a deceleration in the growth of public expenditure; for a restructuring of taxes and social security contributions; and for a more frequent use of charges for public sector services.
Således traf Belgien i marts beslutning om budgetbesparelser på 39,4 mia BFR og om en forhøjelse af socialsikringsbidragene. Efter valutakurstilpasningen
At the same time, however, the growth of receipts has been not only slower than in 1982 but has also fallen short of initial estimates (except in Denmark and Italy), despite, in some cases, higher tax rates.
De offentlige indtægter og udgifter i medlemsstaterne '), ændring i %, 19821984
Income and outlay transactions of general government,' 1982-84
Bidrag til sociale sikringsordninger
Social security contributions
Løbende indtægter i alt
Total curren!
Bidrag til sociale sikringsordninger
Actual interes ι payments
National regnskabsdefini tioner, ekskl. lån, forskud og kapitalinteresser.
National accounts definition, excluding loans, advances and participations Estimates.
Skøn. Prognose.
Forecasts.
4,5 points i Frankrig og Det forenede Kongerige og mere moderat i de øvrige medlemsstater, i særdeleshed i Belgien og Danmark, som i øvrigt allerede i 1979 havde et højt skattetryk.
Belgium, in which countries the overall rate of taxation was already particularly high in 1979.
Man bemærker, at Luxembourg og Nederlande­ne ud fra denne synsvinkel var i en endnu mindre gunstig situation i 1979 og alligevel kan notere en betydelig stigning i det samlede skattetryk.
However, Luxembourg and the Netherlands had even higher rates in 1979 and have nonetheless registered a significant further increase since then.
Sideløbende med den generelle tendens til en stigning i det samlede skattetryk er der imidlertid sket en indsnævring af forskellene i Fællesskabet; det kan ligeledes bemærkes, at det er de sociale sikringsbi­drag, der er vokset mest mellem 1979 og 1983 ( + 2 points af BNP), efterfulgt af de direkte skatter (+ 1,9 points).
The general upward movement in the Community has been coupled with a reduction in the dispersion of overall rates of taxation among the Member States. It can also be seen that the weight of social security contributions has increased most between 1979 and 1983 (by 2 points of GDP), followed by that of indirect taxes (up by 1,9 points).
De sociale sikringsbidrag udviste en stigende vækst i Belgien, Danmark og Nederlandene.
contributions accelerated in Belgium, Denmark and the Netherlands.
Der er i øvrigt en tendens til dæmpelse af stigningen i det samlede skattetryk i alle lande. Tabel 5.3 viser de samme aggregater, men som procentandel af BNP med 1979 som referenceår.
Elsewhere, taxes and social security contri­butions decelerated.
På fire år voksede det samlede skattetryk for Fællesskabet som helhed med 6 points af BNP.
In four years the overall rate of taxation (that, is including social security contributions) for the Community as a whole has risen by 5,6 points of GDP.
Væksten er særlig kraftig (over 8 points) i Irland og Italien, hvor procentandelen i 1979 lå klart under EF­gennemsnittet; væksten er lig med eller over 5 points af BNP i Grækenland og Luxembourg, på omkring
The increase has been particularly sharp (more than 8 points) in Ireland and Italy, where, however, the overall rate of taxation was in 1979 significantly lower than the Community average.
De offentlige indtægter og udgifter i medlemsstaterne ') > ' % af BNP, 1982­1984 (i % a f BNP)
Income and outlay transactions of general government,1
Bidrag til sociale sikrin gsordninj ¡er
Social sccurit) contributions
And re løbende indtægter
Total current receipts
Løbende indtægter i alt
Other current receipts
Løbende overførsler
Actual interesl payments4 transfers and gross capita. 1 formalion
Nationalregnskabsdefinitioner, ekskl. lån, forskud og kapitalinteresser.
National accounts definition, excluding loans, advances and equities. Estimates.
Med hensyn til udgiftssiden viser tabel 5.2 en afdæmpet stigningstakt i de offentlige udgifter i 1983 for samtlige medlemsstater bortset fra Grækenland.
FR of Germany : Quantified plan for federal government budget up to 1987. Regular reduction in deficit, going from DM 40 900 million in 1983 to DM 22 500 million in 1987.
De offentlige udgifters procentuelle andel af BNP (jf. tabel 5.3) voksede med 8 points mellem 1979 og 1983, og nåede i sidstnævnte år 52 % i gennemsnit for Fællesskabet som helhed.
Table 5.3) has increased by 8 points between 1979 and 1983, reaching 52% for the Community as a whole.
I tre medlemsstater, nemlig Danmark, Luxembourg og Nederlan­dene, udgjorde denne andel i 1983 over 60 %; den nærmede sig 60 % i Belgien og Irland og lå for samme år på over 50 % i Frankrig og Italien, mens den næsten nåede op på dette niveau i Forbundsrepublikken Tyskland og oversteg 40 % i Grækenland og Det forenede Kongerige.
In three Member States, Denmark, Luxembourg and the Nether­lands, it is above 60% in 1983 ; it is close to 60% in Belgium and Ireland ; is above 50% in France and Italy ; is close to 50% in the Federal Republic of Germany ; and exceeds 40% in Greece and the United Kingdom.
Blandt hovedud­giftskategorierne bidrog de løbende overførsler mest til at øge budgetudgifternes procentuelle andel af BNP i Fælles­skabet, og posten for rentebetalinger bidrog næsten lige så meget hertil som det offentlige forbrug.
Of the main categories of expenditure, current transfers have contributed most to the rising share of public expenditure in GDP in the Community, while interest payments have contributed almost as much as public consumption.
Det bemærkes ligeledes, at de løbende overførsler relativt er størst i Frankrig, Luxembourg og Nederlandene (omkring 30 % af BNP).
The weight of current transfers is highest in France, Luxembourg and the Netherlands (close to or above 30% of GDP).
Budgetmyndighedernes hovedbestræbelser for finansåret 1983 bestod i at tilvejebringe supplerende midler for at kunne opfylde de oprindelige budgetmål på baggrund af den vedvarende svage økonomiske aktivitet, men herudover har en række medlemsstater fastlagt flerårige budgetretningslin­jer.
While the main concern of the budgetary authorities for 1983 has been to provide themselves with additional means of respecting their original budget targets in the face of the persistent weakness of activity, a number of Member States have set out broad guidelines covering several years ahead.
De offentlige Finanser ')» ' % af BNP — EF og mellemsstaterne, 1981­1984
EC and Member States, 1981­84
(i % af BNP)
(X of GDP)
Nationalregnskabsdefinitioncr, ι :kskl. lån , forskud og kapitalinteresser.
National accounts definition, excluding loans, advances and participations.
Flerårige mål for de offentlige finanser
Annual Economic Review 1983-84 the Community, which moved from 1% of GDP in 1980 to 2,2% in 1981, dropped back to 1,9% in 1982 and 1,6% in 1983.
5.2 Rentebetalingerne på den offentlige gæld og den offentlige sektors gældsætning
Debt interest charges depend directly on the size and development of budget deficits and on interest rates.
Formindskelse af statens finansieringsbehov til 7 % af BNP i 1985.
The size of deficits explains the importance of interest payments as a percentage of GDP and, especially, the regular increase Belgium, Ireland and Italy have recorded since the beginning of the 1970s.
Løbende nedbringelse af under skuddet fra 40,9 mia i 1983 til
escape reductions. The results for 1983, moreover, show that capital expenditure has decreased or remained unchanged (in nominal terms) in five of the ten Member States (it should be noted that not all capital expenditure is 'productive', and that some categories of current expenditure, notably some items of government consumption, can be 'productive').
Gradvis nedbringelse af under skuddet for de løbende transaktioner, således at underskuddet er fjernet i 1987.
Further, a substantial public capital expenditure effort is being kept up in Greece, France, Italy and Luxembourg.
Forminskelse af det offentliges nettofinansieringsbehov til 7,5 % af nettonationalindkomsten i 1986.
This increase, which took place ^practically simultaneously with the acceleration of inflation and the slowdown in real activity, has very rapidly created an important additional charge in government budgets.
Den stærke vækst i det offentliges nettorentebetalinger har bidraget væsentligt til at skabe ekstra stivhed i budgetstyringen.
The strong growth of the net interest payments of general government has constituted an additional element of rigidity in budgetary management.
Tabel 5.4 og diagram 5.1 viser udviklingen i rentebyrden som andel af BNP.
Table 5.4 and Graph 5.1 show the development of these payments as a percentage of GDP.
For Fællesskabet som helhed var væksten i nettorentebetalingerne i forhold til BNP relativt begrænst frem til 1978-1979 (efter et hop i 1975), men fra 1980 indtådte der en stigning.
The increase in the Community in net interest payments was relatively modest up to 1978-79 (after, it is true, a jump in 1975), but accelerated from 1980 onwards.
1975 er et vendeår for lande som Belgien og Italien, der herefter har haft en jævn stigning i rentebyrden målt i forhold til BNP.
The year 1975 represents a turning-point for countries like Belgium and Italy whose interest charges as a percentage of GDP have grown regularly since that date.
Årene 1979-1980 er en anden nøgleperiode, idet nettorentebetalingerne herefter voksede væsentligt i alle medlemsstater bortset fra Det forenede Kongerige, som for nylig har formået at vende den stigende tendens.
Another turning-point is constituted by the years 1979-80, since when net interest payments have grown substantially in all but one of the Member States. The notable exception is the United Kingdom, which has recently succeeded in reversing the upward trend.
I 1983 lå rentebetalingerne på den offentlige gæld på et meget højt niveau i tre medlemsstater: Italien (8,4 % af BNP), Belgien (9,2 %) og Irland (10,1 %).
In 1983, the charge represented by interest payments on public debt is very heavy in three Member States, Italy (8,4% of GDP), Belgium (9,2%) and Ireland (10,1%).
Rentebetalingerne i forhold til BNP blev i øvrigt i 1983 praktisk taget fordoblet i Danmark i forhold til 1982, og nåede derved op på 4,9 %.
Moreover, the charge has practically doubled between 1982 and 1983 in Denmark, reaching 4,9%.
Tabel 5.4 og diagram 5.2 viser ligeledes det offentliges finansieringsbehov i medlemsstaterne efter fradrag af nettorentebetalinger i procent af BNP.
Table 5.4 and Graph 5.2 also show net borrowing of general government, after deduction of net interest payments, as a percentage of GDP.
Denne præsentation kan begrundes derved, at rentebyrden repræsenterer den nuværende finansielle nettoomkostning for den fortidige budgetstyring via den akkumulerede offentlige gæld.
This presentation is justified to the extent that interest charges represent the present net financial cost of past budgetary operations via the accumulation of public debt.
Finansieringsbehovet efter fradrag af renter ') er således en mere præcis indikator for den lobende offentlige udgifts- og skattepolitiks bidrag til økonomisk ekspansion.
A calculation of net borrowing after deduction of net interest payments' thus gives a more precise indication of the contribution of current tax and expenditure policies to economic expansion.
Den generelle stigning i rentesatserne siden 1979 har dog også øget omkostningen ved den offentlige gæld.
A period of stagflation like that experienced by the Community in 1980 and 1981 is also likely to engender an explosion of interest charges.
Denne stigning, der praktisk taget faldt sammen med stigningen i
First, the slowdown in activity increases budget deficits; second, the persistence of strong inflation expectations pushes up interest rates.
Generelt har regeringerne foretrukket at bremse de offentlige udgifter frem for at hæve skatte- og afgiftssatserne, og besparelsesbetræbelserne har praktisk taget ramt alle udgiftskategorier.
Economicagents, aware of the loss in the real value of their financial wealth, take up new government securities only at substantially increased yields.
Selv om man i princippet søger at omstrukturere udgifterne til fordel for produktive udgifter, indebærer de restrikioner, som reduktionen af budgetunderskuddene medfører, at det ikke altid er muligt at favorisere, eller at undgå at nedbringe denne type udgifter.
If actual inflation is higher than anticipated inflation, expectations deteriorate further and the placing of government securities becomes more difficult.
Resultaterne for 1983 viser i øvrigt, at kapitaludgifterne, der ikke alle er produktive udgifter, og som under alle omstændigheder ikke er den eneste slags produktive udgifter også visse offentlige forbrugsudgifter må regnes som produktive udgifter, er faldet eller forblevet stabile i fem af de ti medlemsstater.
Moreover, it can be seen that the influence of such expectations on market behaviour and thus on the increase in or maintenance of high interest rates has increased in recent years.
Nogle medlemsstater mener i øvrigt, at man skal prioritere udviklingen af den private produktive sektor.
The slowdown in inflation in the Community which began in 1982 was taken account of by the markets only after a delay.
I Grækenland, Frankrig, Italien og Luxembourg gøres der til gengæld en væsentlig indsats for at opretholde de offentlige kapitaludgifter. ter.
As a result, the fall in yields was held up and at times caused real difficulties in some Member States in securing the take-up of public sector securities.
') Betalte effektive renter minus modtagne renter.
Actual interest payments minus interest receipts.
DIAGRAM 5.1 : Udviklingen i det offentliges nettorentebeta­linger målt i % af BNP, 1970­1984
GRAPH 5.1: Trend of general government net interest payments, as % of GDP, since 1970
DIAGRAM 5.2 : Udviklingen i det offentliges finansieringsev­ne (+ ) eller ­behov (—) efter fradrag af nettorentebetalinger siden 1970; i % af BNP
GRAPH 5.2 : Trend in general government net lending ( + ) or borrowing ( - ) less net interest payments, as % of GDP, since 1970
Der er dermed så vidt muligt tale om nettobegreber for de
Annual Economic Review 1983-84
Offentug gæld, 1973­1982 d % af BNP)
(X of GDP)
Det offentlige ekskl. social sikring.
General government excluding social security funds.
Det offentlige.
General government.
Den offentlige sektor.
Public sector.
Kilde: Nationale kilder og Kommissionens tjenestegrene.
Source : National sources and Commission services.
Nettogælden er således overvurderet, hvilket også ville fremgå af en sammenligning af nærværende tal med tidsserier over det offentliges nettoformue, hvis sådanne tidsserier fandtes.
They therefore overestimate the net debt, as is shown by comparing these series with series for the net worth of general government, where the latter series exist.
Tidsserierne over gælden opstilles generelt på grundlag af papirernes pålydende værdi, og den andel, der eventuelt er i udenlandsk valuta, justeres regelmæssigt efter kursudviklingen for de valutaer, der er tale om.
The published debt series are generally at nominal values, and any foreign-currency component is periodically revalued at market exchange-rates.
Selv om denne vurderingsmetode er sammenhængende for den dinansielle styring af statens konti, er den imidlertid ikke fuldstændig tilfredsstillende, hvis man vil vise gældens effektive værdi på et givet tidspunkt, sådan som den opgøres af kreditorerne.
This method of valuation, though appropriate for purposes of the financial management of the public sector accounts, is, however, not entirely satisfactory if one wishes to consider the actual value of the debt at a given moment as it appears to the creditors.
Ud fra denne synsvinkel er en vurdering af gælden på grundlag af markedsprisen langt mere relevant.
From this point of view, valuing the debt at market prices is clearly more meaningful.
Tidsserien over Danmarks offentlige nettogæld, der er anført i tabel 5.5, er vurderet til markedsprisen (tidsserierne for de øvrige medlemsstater er derimod alle opgjort på traditionel vis).
The public debt series for Denmark used in Table 5.5 is at market values, but the series for the other Member States are all valued in the traditional manner.
Det drejer sig om lån, forskud og kapitalindskud, der giver de offentlige myndigheder muligheder for at erhverve realaktiver eller finansielle aktiver i den private sektor.
For some countries the concept used covers only central government (France and Greece) or the Treasury (Italy).
Afhængig af disse transaktioners karakter (se nedenfor) bør der delvis tages hensyn til dem ved beregningen af strukturunderskuddet.
For others it covers general government excluding the social security funds (Belgium, Federal Republic of Germany and the Netherlands), for others still it covers general government (Denmark, Luxembourg and Ireland), while for the United Kingdom the concept used is that of the debt of the public sector including public corporations.
(v) Endelig omfatter den regnskabsmæssige overgang mellem budgetsaldoen på den ene side og, på den anden side, ændringen i den offentlige gæld nogle transaktioner, der normalt ikke figurerer i de løbende konti.
Nonetheless, it can be observed that Belgium, Ireland and Italy have recorded a substantial level of public debt for several years past.
Det drejer sig om omvurderingen af den nominelle værdi af den offentlige gæld, f.eks. som følge af indeksering eller på grund af virkninger af valutakursændringer på værdien i national valuta af obligationer, der er emitteret i fremmed valuta.
The debt has been growing steadily as a proportion of GDP, by 1982 reaching 97,8% of GDP in Belgium, 102,5% in Ireland and 70,3% in Italy.
En ændret tendens i den offentlige gæld i forhold til BNP medfører nødvendigvis en tidsvarende ændring i husholdningernes, virksomhedernes eller resten af verdens finansielle aktivsammensætning (eller passivsammensætning).
The United Kingdom, which in 1973 had a large public debt, is the only Member State to have reduced the debt, as a proportion of GDP, over the period 1973-82.