natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Dette gør det vanskeligt for regnskabslæseren og har givet anledning til megen kritik.
Most of the investment return on life insurance undertakings is used for the benefit of policyholders.
Men der er dog ikke desto mindre gode grunde hertil. Først og fremmest vil de fortolkninger af det fjerde og det syvende direktiv (som f.eks.
Since the investment return is used for the calculation of the surplus in which policyholders usually have a right to participate (typically to the extent of 90% or more of the total surplus), it appears appropriate to include the investment income in the technical account.
EF-Domstolen og det under fjerde direktiv nedsatte kontaktudvalg er fremkommet med) også gælde for forsikringsregnskaber i det omfang, der ikke i direktivet om forsikringsselskabers årsregnskaber er fastsat særlige regler.
It follows that the life insurance technical account will include all those elements which are taken into account in the calculation of the participation of policyholders in the surplus, and will also show as a charge the amount of the surplus which has been allocated to them.
Men det skal dog nævnes, at medlemsstaterne ikke vil være bundet af denne lovgivningsteknik, når de gennemfører direktivet i national lovgivning.
Whilst the Commission's reasoning here will appeal to many, there are others who think that greater clarity will be achieved if the life and nonlife technical accounts are established on the same basis.
Hver medlemsstat kan anvende den metode, der anses for mest hensigtsmæssig under hensyntagen til de givne forhold i landet.
This is in opposition to the view that to treat the two activities on the same basis, when they are in fact fundamentally different, would be misleading and contrary to the principle of the true and fair view.
I direktivforslaget vedrørende forsikringsselskabers årsregnskaber har man fulgt den samme opstilling som i det fjerde direktiv, og direktivforslaget er således inddelt i følgende afdelinger:
This is another matter on which argument may be expected to persist until the very end.
Afdeling 1: Indledende bestemmelser og anvendelsesområde
Timetable and prospects
Afdeling 2: Almindelige bestemmelser om status og resultatopgørelse (men denne indledende afdeling er meget kort i direktivet om forsikringsselskabers årsregnskaber)
The proposal for a Directive was adopted by the Commission on 23 December 1986 and was transmitted to the Council a few weeks later, when texts in all nine Community languages were available.
Afdeling 3: Opstilling af status
The Economic and Social Committee delivered its Opinion in September 1987.
Afdeling 4: Særlige bestemmelser for visse poster i status (nogle af disse bestemmelser indeholder blot en definition)
Unfortunately, however, Parliament was unable to give its Opinion until March 1989.
Afdeling 6: Særlige bestemmelser for visse poster i resultatopgørelsen
The Commission presented an amended proposal on 25 October 1989.
Afdeling 8: Indholdet af noterne og så kommer:
Compulsory winding up of insurance undertakings
Afdeling 9: Bestemmelser vedrørende konsoliderede regnskaber før man når frem til:
Proposal for a Council Directive on the coordination of laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to the compulsory winding up of direct insurance undertakings: general
Afdeling 11: Afsluttende bestemmelser
The first Directives are, however, silent on procedures for winding up the undertakings and disposing of the assets when this withdrawal occurs.
På grund af denne opbygning findes f.eks bestemmelserne vedrørende erstatningsreserven under henholdsvis afdeling 3, 4, 5, 6 og 7.
The Community has an interest in this question, since an insurance undertaking
Da direktivforslaget vedrørende forsikringsselskabers årsregnskaber divergerer fra det fjerde direktiv, idet der tages højde for forsikringsaktiviteternes specifikke karakter, hvor det fjerde direktiv isoleret ikke er velegnet, er det værd at undersøge, på hvilke punkter forsikring er forskellig fra anden form for virksomhed.
It is necessary both for the climate of confidence within which Communitywide business can flourish and also for the maintenance of equitable conditions of competition that the rights of creditors of insurance undertakings, in particular policyholders and insured persons, shall not vary according to the location within the Community of the undertaking with which they have done business.
Disse forskelle gør sig gældende for alle former for forsikringsaktiveteter, selv om også disse er meget forskelligartede indbyrdes.
In addition to this, it would be odd if the concern for financial safeguards for policyholders that runs through the insurance directives as a whole were to cease at the point where an insurer has its authorization withdrawn.
Da enhver form for forsikringsvirksomhed indebærer opsamling af penge i form af præmier og besiddelse af betydelige midler, før udbetalingen sker i form af forsikringsydelser, indebærer det følgende:
Since the coordination of the provisions relating to the compulsory winding up of insurance undertakings is complementary to the two first coordination Directives concerning the business of direct insurance, the Commission's proposal applies only to those insurance undertakings covered by those Directives.
(i) et forsikringsselskabs status vil på aktivsiden hovedsageligt bestå af investeringsaktiver og på passivsiden hovedsagelig af forsikringstekniske reserver
This means that those undertakings which engage only in reinsurance, and those excluded by virtue of Articles 3 and 4 of the first nonlife Directive and Article 2(2), (3) and (4) and Articles 3 and 4 of the first life Directive, do not fall within its scope.
(ii) et forsikringsselskabs resultatopgørelse vil på indtægtssiden bestå af to forskellige former for indtægter, nemlig præmier og investeringsafkast.
The proposal is concerned only with the compulsory winding up of insurance undertakings and not, therefore, with their voluntary dissolution.
Det foreslåede direktiv indeholder derfor en lang række regler vedrørende
Compulsory winding up is the automatic consequence of the withdrawal of authorization.
(i) investeringer (herunder værdiansættelsesregler), og
An independent expert submitted a report to the Commission in 1972 advocating a system providing for a separate asset fund for the benefit of insurance creditors.
(ii) forsikringstekniske reserver, der divergerer fra reglerne i — eller som ikke findes i — det fjerde direktiv.
The Commission then convened a working party consisting of government experts, which examined the relevant draft in the course of some 20 meetings.
Disse spørgsmål vender vi tilbage til lidt senere.
The results of the work were finally discussed with the expert who had produced the 1972 report.
Ligesom direktivet om bankers årsregnskaber divergerer også direktivforslaget vedrørende forsikringsselskabers årsregnskaber fra det fjerde direktiv, for så vidt angår dets anvendelsesområde.
There are obviously problems in applying these principles to the area of insurance as long as the laws of the Member States on winding up in general remain uncoordinated.
Det omfatter derfor alle forskellige former for forsikringsforetagender, der tegner direkte forsikring, herunder gensidige selskaber, kooperativer og Lloyd's,
Firstly, it makes it possible to take full account of the specific nature of insurance business, in particular the fact that insurers receive payment in advance and are obliged to constitute often substantial reserves in order to be able to meet future uncertain commitments. Secondly, a scheme can
Anvendelsen af direktivet på assurandørsammenslutningen »Lloyd's« giver anledning til særlige problemer og har vist sig at være kontroversiel.
The integration of this proposal into the general scheme laid down by the first Directives is clearly demonstrated by its Articles 2 and 3, which concern steps to be taken by all authorized insurance undertakings, most of which will no doubt never be subject to a compulsory winding up.
Både i 1. skadesforsikringsdirektiv og 1. livsforsikringsdirektiv behandles assurandør sammenslutningen Lloyd's som et forsikringsforetagende, der også er omfattet af reglerne om fri etableringsret.
Each such undertaking will be required to keep registers of the assets representing the technical reserves corresponding to its insurance transactions in each Member State in which it is established, irrespective of the country in which the policyholder is normally resident or in which the risk is situated.
Lloyd's må derfor også helt klart være omfattet af direktivet vedrørende forsikringsselskabers årsregnskaber.
Composite undertakings carrying on both nonlife and life business will have to keep separate registers for each of the two types of business.
Lloyd's er et stort internationalt foretagende. Men dets struktur er meget forskellig fra strukturen i traditionelle forsikringsselskaber.
The total value of the assets entered, valued in accordance with national rules (which, as we have seen, may be subject to later harmonization), will at all times have to be not less than the value of the technical reserves.
I streng juridisk forstand driver Lloyd's ikke selv forsikrings virksomhed, men kun via dets medlemmer (såkaldte »names«), der består af flere tusinde assurandører, der hver for sig hæfter for de af dem overtagne forsikringer, og som er grupperet i konsortier (»syndicates«), hvor man i fællesskab driver en eller anden form for forsikringsvirksomhed. Medlemmer af et konsortium hæfter ikke solidarisk med hinanden.
The reserves themselves are to be the gross amounts without deduction for reinsurance, but the assets representing them shall include claims against reinsurers where the Member State concerned allows technical reserves to be covered by such claims (this again is a possible subject for further harmonization).
Endvidere vil de enkelte medlemmer af Lloyd's tit indgå i flere forskellige konsortier.
The requirement to keep the registers is fundamental to the proposal.
Konsortierne konkurrerer med hinanden og med andre forsikringsselskaber i verden uden for Lloyd's, men de arrangementer, hvorefter medlemmerne stiller kapital til rådighed samt eksistensen af Lloyd's centralfond bevirker, at Lloyd's som helhed yder sikkerhed for forsikringsaftaler indgået af Llyod's medlemmer via konsortierne.
Indeed, as appears in Article 17(1), the composition of the assets entered in all the registers at the moment of the opening of a special compulsory winding up can no longer be called into question, and the proceeds of the realization of those assets constitute a separate fund for the benefit of the creditors listed in Article 18 (essentially the insurance creditors).
Kommissionens opfattelse har indtil videre været, at regnskaberne skulle udarbejdes under ansvar af Lloyd's som helhed fremfor af de enkelte Lloyd's-medlemmer eller konsortier, og at regnskabet skulle omfatte alle Lloyd's aktiviteter.
The normal compulsory winding up is the automatic consequence of the withdrawal of authorization.
Dette betyder imidlertid ikke, at man så blot behøver at sammenlægge tallene for de enkelte konsortier eller Lloyd's-medlemmer.
The special compulsory winding up is opened when the undertaking is in a state of proven or probable insolvency.
Det vil højst sandsynligt være nødvendigt med en bestemmelse om offentliggørelse af resultatopgørelsen for hvert enkelt konsortie, hvoraf der findes over 400, selv om de fleste af oplysningerne vedrørende aktiver og passiver kun kan gives med udgangspunkt i Lloyd's som helhed.
It is, however, possible to pass from a normal compulsory winding up to a special compulsory winding up, or even from a voluntary winding up to a compulsory winding up, where during the procedure the conditions for a special compulsory winding up or for the withdrawal of authorization are fulfilled.
Som svar på en anmodning fra Europa-Parlamentet indvilgede Kommissionen i, at man i det ændrede forslag af 25. oktober 1989 indføjede en supplerende bestemmelse, der lyder som følger:
It is intended that surveillance by the supervisory authorities in the course of a normal compulsory winding up will concentrate on two points: the rapidity of the procedure and the protection of the interests of the insured.
»Ved anvendelsen af dette direktiv betragtes Lloyd's som et forsikringsselskab, dog således at også de oplysninger, Lloyd's-konsortierne skal give, skal opfylde visse krav i overensstemmelse med dette direktivs målsætning«.
It will be seen that the normal compulsory winding up interferes only to the minimum extent necessary with the normal procedures, but Article 9 contains the important statement that, save as otherwise laid down in the special provisions, normal compulsory winding up shall be carried out in accordance with the law of the Member State in which the head office is situated, thus preserving the essential unity of the procedure in all its aspects.
Inden for forsikring synes der at være almindelig enighed om, at kontoformen er den mest hensigtsmæssige for opstilling af status.
The rules relating to the special compulsory winding up are of much greater importance, more innovative and, inevitably, more controversial.
Hvad angår aktivsiden behandles investeringer efter andre regler end dem, der er fastsat i det fjerde direktiv, medens det under passivsiden er de tekniske reserver, der giver anledning til bemærkninger.
The national rules relating to competence in this matter are therefore not affected. The procedure is, however, always opened where the head office is situated, subject to special rules in the case of a nonCommunity undertaking (see below).
Man har derfor opgivet en sådan opsplitning og har valgt et overbegreb, nemlig investeringsaktiver.
It must also be possible to appoint an assistant liquidator, whose powers are strictly defined and subordinated to those of the liquidator, in any Member State in which the insurance undertaking covers risks, even if it is not established there.
Da investeringsaktiverne er hovedposten på forsikringsselskabers aktivside, er der fastsat detaljerede regler for, hvorledes de skal angives i regnskabet.
Where there is an establishment, the supervisory authority responsible for its supervision may itself propose the appointment of an assistant liquidator.
Forsikringsselskabers investeringsaktiver skal primært medgå til dækning af fremtidige forpligtelser over for forsikringstagere. Med dette in mente er det derfor af overordentlig stor betydning, hvorledes investeringsaktiverne værdiansættes.
Such a transfer would normally be the best solution for the policyholders concerned, but there is a clear risk that partial transfers would operate to the prejudice of those policyholders left outside their scope.
I det foreslåede direktiv har man taget udgangspunkt i, at en metode, hvorefter de historiske omkostninger lægges til grund, ikke er adækvat og i høj grad kan virke vildledende under visse omstændigheder.
The Commission finally opted for a formula which leaves it to the authorities to assess whether or not the transfer arrangements are prejudicial.
Anvendelse af princippet om nutidsværdi eliminerer dette problem. Men dette princip indebærer også ulemper, da nutidsværdien ikke altid kan fastsættes nøjagtigt og kan påvirkes af vilkårlige faktorer eller direkte manipulation, ligesom der også kan være tale om beskatningsmæssige problemer.
A particular transfer situation is provided for in Article 14(3), which covers the hypothesis that a Member State has established a systematic procedure for the transfer of the portfolios of undertakings being wound up or of the establishments in its territory of such under-
Medlemsstaterne kan selv vælge den løsning, som de finder mest hensigtsmæssig.
In principle, nonlife insurance contracts remain in force for a period of 30 days following the opening of the special compulsory winding up, but are automatically terminated at the end of that period if there has not been a transfer in the meantime.
Sammenlignelighed opnås, fordi regnskabslæseren altid vil have adgang til de tal, som hver af de to metoder resulterer i.
This period may, however, be extended with the agreement of the competent authorities if a transfer is in progress, and the termination possibilities may be suspended during this period so as to preserve the integrity of the transferred portfolio.
Men det er uomtvisteligt et kontroversielt spørgsmål.
Life insurance contracts call for a different approach.
I Det Økonomiske og Sociale Udvalg vandt ordningen imidlertid almindelig tilslutning, om end med visse forbehold, hvorimod Parlamentet gik ind for — uden dog at give nogen nærmere begrundelse herfor — at man kun skulle lægge de historiske omkostninger til grund.
Such contracts will remain in force despite the opening of the special compulsory winding up, although the policyholder will of course retain the right to terminate.
Eftersom mulighed for sammenlignelighed er så vigtig, ville det føre til et særdeles uheldigt resultat, dersom medlemsstaterne fik valget mellem at foreskrive anvendelse af enten de historiske omkostninger eller nutidsværdien uden pligt til at angive det resultat, som fremkommer ved anvendelse af den anden metode.
The liquidator for his part may, provided he is so authorized, reduce the obligations under the contracts (for example, to facilitate a transfer) or terminate them, if this is in the interests of the body of life insurance creditors — as might, for example, be the case if the management of these contracts would result in a substantial increase in the winding-up expenses.
De tekniske reserver er det beløb, som forsikringsselskaber hensætter for at kunne opfylde deres forpligtelser i henhold til indgåede forsikringsaftaler.
The undertaking being wound up is no longer in a position to provide reinsurance cover to ceding undertakings, and the maintenance of such cover could add considerably to the liabilities, to the detriment of the other creditors eligible to participate in the distribution of the separate fund.
Inden for livsforsikring vil de fleste forsikringer medføre, at der afsættes præmiereserver, hvis størrelse beregnes aktuarmæssigt på grundlag af kontrakternes løbetid.
In practice it will be extremely difficult for the insurer undergoing a special compulsory winding up to meet the cost of claims incurred after the opening of the procedure if he is deprived overnight of reinsurance cover.
I forbindelse med de tekniske reserver opstår det vanskelige spørgsmål om, hvorledes man skal postere akkvisitionsomkostninger, dvs. navnlig udgifterne til provision til mæglere og agenter, når de har formidlet nye kunder til forsikringsselskabet.
The principle is that the assets representing the technical reserves and inscribed in the registers shall be set aside for the benefit of specific categories of creditors (in essence, insurance creditors as opposed to general creditors, although with exceptions, as we shall see).
Generelt kan det siges, at tekniske reserver inden for skadesforsikringsvirksomhed behandles således som beskrevet i en rapport, der af en gruppe under ledelse af prof. Dr. Angerer fra det tyske banktilsyn er blevet udarbejdet for konferencen om forsikringstilsynsmyndighederne i landene inden for Det Europæiske Økonomiske Fællesskab.
Funds are thus reserved composed of the assets registered in accordance with Article 2, and the proceeds of their realization are to be allocated to the claims referred to in Article 18 in accordance with the rules fixed in Article 19.
I rapporten lægges der vægt på, at principperne i 4. direktiv følges.
This formula is based on the consideration that insurance undertakings receive the price of their services in advance.
Inden for visse former for livsforsikring er situationen den, at de oplysninger, der er nødvendige for at nå frem til et nøjagtigt resultat, til tider først kan fås lang tid efter regnskabsperiodens udløb.
The principle is laid down that the composition of the reserved assets shall be determined, without any possibility of modification, by the assets entered in the registers on the day the special compulsory winding up is opened.
I det foreslåede direktiv griber man fast om nældens rod, men der foreslås ikke nogen fuldstændig harmonisering.
Moreover, reported claims which occurred during this same period will be eligible for consideration.
Et andet vanskeligt område er spørgsmålet om udjævningsreserver (hvor selv regnskabskyndige ikke altid er enige om deres reelle karakter).
Articles 18 and 19 of the proposal list the creditors who may claim against the special funds and give an order of priority for the satisfaction of such claims.
Udjævningsreserver kan være enten lovpligtige eller frivillige.
Not surprisingly, claims related to the expenses of the winding up itself come first.
Der har været ført endeløse drøftelser herom, men uden at man er nået frem til noget endeligt resultat. Da det syntes umuligt at pålægge en fælles løsning på indeværende tidspunkt, har man i det foreslåede direktiv nøjedes med et krav om fuld oplysningspligt og klar regnskabsmæssig opstilling.
After that come creditors for claims (other than returned premiums) arising under the terms of the insurance policies themselves, followed by amounts owing to other insurance undertakings which have reinsured with the insurance undertaking being wound up.
Et andet vigtigt spørgsmål var, hvorledes genforsikring skulle behandles: skulle de tekniske reserver angives som brutto- eller nettobeløb?
It may appear surprising that a noninsurance item appears before claims in respect of unused portions of premiums paid in the order of priorities.
Også her er der betydelige divergenser mellem medlemsstaterne med hensyn til, hvilken praksis og løsning der er valgt. I direktivet har man valgt en løsning med en præsentation i tre trin, idet bruttobeløbet skal angives, hvorefter genforsikringsbeløbet fradrages for så at nå frem til et nettobeløb, således at alle tre tal angives på passivsiden i status.
This consists of claims in respect of wages and salaries relating to periods before the opening of the compulsory winding up, to the extent that the proceeds of assets not entered in the registers (and therefore not included in the separate funds) are insufficient to satisfy them.
Da direktivet endvidere giver mulighed for, at resultatopgørelsen kan udarbejdes i enten beretningsform eller kontoform, er der således i alt fire forskellige opstillingsmuligheder.
If an insurance undertaking is insolvent there will be two likely causes: either the amount of the technical provisions is insufficient (in other words, the claims exceed the amount that has been set aside to meet them), or the assets representing the technical provisions have been overvalued (in other words, when they are realized in order to meet claims, it turns out that they are not worth as much as had been assumed).
I direktivforslaget om forsikringsselskabers årsregnskaber har man søgt en mere enkel løsning, idet der her kun er forudset mulighed for opstilling i kontoform.
When either of these situations is discovered, it appears to belong to the logic of the system created by the first Directives and the proposed winding-up Directive, taken together, that steps should be taken to remedy matters as far as possible before the compulsory winding up is declared.
Endvidere var det opfattelsen, at en sondring mellem artsopdelt eller funktionsopdelt opstilling ikke var hensigtsmæssig for forsikringsselskabers vedkommende.
It would follow automatically from this that assets would have to be transferred from the general fund representing the solvency margin to the pool of assets representing the technical provisions.
Man valgte i stedet en mellemform, som dog ikke er helt hævet over kritik.
A similar transfer of assets will have to be made if it were the assets themselves that were undervalued.
Endvidere er behandlingen af genforsikring mindre konsekvent end i status.
In either case, it will probably be when these internal transfers have eliminated the solvency margin completely that the undertaking will be found to be insolvent and the condition for a compulsory winding up will exist.