natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Når man skal forklare, hvad Toldunionen er, fristes man let til at beskrive dens normgivende strukturer: tariffen og dens suspensioner, reglerne om toldværdi og varers oprindelse, aktiv og passiv forædling osv. Hvor betydningsfulde disse aspekter end kan være for at give et klart billede af emnet — og en væsentlig del af det følgende vil omhandle disse spørgsmål — bør Toldunio­nens funktionelle strukturer dog ikke tabes af syne.
Faced with the task of explaining what the Customs Union is, it is all too easy simply to reel off a list of standardized instruments or procedures such as the tariff and tariff suspensions, customs valuation and the origin of goods, or inward and outward processing.
Disse viser sig gennem de utallige afgørelser af generel eller særlig art, som træffes på forskellige planer, og som holder Toldunionen i gang fra dag til dag.
While these topics are vital to any clear understanding of the subject — indeed, the bulk of what follows will be dealing with them — it is nevertheless important not to lose sight of the Customs Union's operational structure, reflected in the host of general or specific decisions taken at different levels which keep the wheels turning from day to day.
Der er ingen tvivl om, at sammenhængen og dynamikken i Toldunionen er en følge såvel af dens homogene retlige struktur som af de samordnede funktionelle strukturer, idet disse to faktorer i øvrigt er indbyrdes afhængige i et spil af mangfoldige vekselvirkninger. Iværksættelsen af denne proces samler sig især om to poler: medlemsstaterne og Komissionen for De europæiske Fællesskaber.
Obviously the strength and dynamism of the Customs Union aepend as much on coordinated operating procedures as on the soundness of harmonized standardizing instruments, and these two aspects interact with each other in a variety of ways, the two major protagonists being the Member States on the one hand and the Commission of the European Communities on the other.
Medlemsstaternes stilling i forhold til Toldunionen er i første række bestemt af deres deltagelse i udarbejdelsen af fællesskabsreglerne.
As regards the Member States' position in relation to the Customs Union, the first fact to note is that they are involved in drawing up the Community rules.
Ganske vist har medlemsstaterne på dette område afgivet en del af deres traditionelle beføjel­ser til fordel for Fællesskabet, men i fællesskab udøver de stadig hovedparten af disse beføjelser inden for Fællesskabets institutioner.
They may formally have surrendered traditional prerogatives in this field to the Community, but they nevertheless continue to exercise a great deal of this power within the framework of the Community institutions.
Den institution, som har den dominerende rolle i så henseende, er Rådet for De europæiske Fællesskaber med dets mange udvalg og arbejdsgrupper.
In these matters the institution with the largest part to play is the Council of the European Communities, with its plethora of committees and working parties.
Selv når udøvelsen af bestemt afgrænsede kompetencer er delegeret til Kommissionen, bevarer medlemsstaterne stadig en vis grad af beføjelse til deltagelse deri inden for rammerne af de såkaldte udvalgs­procedurer.
Even where specific powers are delegated to the Commission for the purposes of implementing legislation, the Member States retain residual participatory rights under the rules committee procedure.
') Den holdning, som indtages af disse organisationer, halter tydeligt bagefter den ¡uridiske situation.
As well as giving their joint imprimatur to Community legislation, the Member States are also responsible for its uniform application.
Toldsamarbejdsrådet f. eks. holder sig til de stater, som er medlemmer, og dets eneste indrømmelse over for de virkelige forhold er, at det accepteres, at staters tilslutning til en toldunion kan medføre, at disse tager forbehold, når de indgår forpligtelser.
The reality of the Customs Union and its effective ness thus depend on the efficiency of the Member States' administrative structures and their loyalty to the common cause, whatever individual interests they have in a particular set of circumstances.
Det er i denne forbindelse, at en klausul om » toldunion og økonomisk union « indgår i teksten til konventio­ner, som udarbejdes af denne organisation. Se f. eks. Den internationale Konvention om forenkling og harmonisering af regler om Toldbehandling, art. 9— EFT L 100 af 21.4.1975.
The specific trade rules and procedures laid down by the common agricultural policy, which in most Member States are administered by the customs authorities, involve very special responsibilities.
Medlemsstaterne skal i fællesskab træffe afgørelse om vedtagelse af fælles­skabsregler, men de er også ansvarlige for deres ensartede anvendelse. Told­unionens effektivet afhænger derfor af arten af medlemsstaternes admini­strative struktur og deres beredvillighed over for den fælles sag uanset deres særinteresser i det givne tilfælde.
The customs administrations' awareness of the Community dimension is further heightened by the fact that it is generally they who collect on behalf of the Community the customs duties and agricultural levies which under a Council Decision of 21 April 19701are fed into the Community budget as 'own resources'.
De særlige instrumenter og ordninger for samhandelen inden for den fælles landbrugspolitik lægger et ganske særligt ansvar på toldmyndighederne, som i de fleste medlemsstater varetager for­valtningen af disse instrumenter og ordninger.
Although it is true that the collection of contributions to the Community budget is not one of the Customs Union's principal jobs, and that the relative weight of these particular revenues is in any case tending to fall, this nevertheless creates an operational and psychological bond between the different national administrations, and strengthens solidarity.
Således er toldmyndighederne på grund af de opgaver, der påhviler dem, blandt de første i den offentlige forvaltning i hver medlemsstat, som er blevet inddraget i Fællesskabets beslutningsproces.
But despite these points of convergence, any tendency to imagine that the Member States' customs administrations are on the way to becoming a Community administration within the foreseeable future is better resisted.
De har kunnet opfylde denne rolle takket være en høj grad af mobilitet og tilpasningsevne med hensyn til de nye opgaver, de stadig kommer til at stå overfor.
Although various longer-term changes are possible, the national customs departments retain their own forms of organization, internal regulations, traditional roots and ways of thinking.
Dette fællesskabsperspektiv forstærkes yderligere ved, at det normalt er de nationale toldmyndigheder, som opkræver told og landbrugsafgifter for Fællesskabet.
Now, however, the national identity is developing within the framework of the Community.
Ved Rådets beslutning af 21. april 19701) indgår disse ind­tægter som egne indtægter på Fællesskabets budget.
This is implicit in Article 5 of the Treaty of Rome, which states:
Alligevel bør man, trods alle disse samlende faktorer, ikke lade sig friste til at tro, at medlemsstaternes toldmyndigheder ud fra et realistisk synspunkt er på vej til at blive en fællesskabsforvaltning.
'Member States shall take all appropriate measures, whether general or particular, to ensure fulfilment of the obligations arising out of this Treaty or resulting from action taken by the institutions of the Community.
Men denne nationale identitet vil herefter udvikle sig inden for Fællesskabets rammer.
They shall facilitate the achievement of the Community's tasks.
Dette kommer til udtryk i Rom­traktatens artikel 5, hvori følgende grundlæggende forpligtelser fastslås:
They shall abstain from any measure which could jeopardize the attainment of the objectives of this Treaty.'
■■ Medlemsstaterne træffer alle almindelige eller særlige foranstaltninger, som er egnede til at sikre opfyldelsen af de forpligtelser, som følger af denne traktat, eller af retsakter foretaget af Fællesskabets institutioner. De letter Fællesskabet gennemførelsen af dets opgaver.
One particular aspect of the position of the Member States within the Com­munity was clarified by the Court of Justice of the European Communities in a judgment dated 13 November 1964.2 The point at issue was whether under Community rules a party injured by another party's failure to fulfil certain obligations had the right to refrain from carrying out obligations of its own.
De afholder sig fra at træffe foranstaltninger, der er egnede til at bringe virkeliggørelsen af denne traktats målsætning i fare«.
The Court rejected that interpretation and held that the Treaty did not simply create reciprocal obligations for those to whom it was applicable, but estab­lished a new legal order, and forbade Member States, except where otherwise expressly provided, to take the law into their own hands.
I en dom af 13. november 19642) har De europæiske Fællesskabers Domstol haft lejlighed til at fremhæve et særligt aspekt af denne stilling, som medlems­staterne indtager i Fællesskabet.
Over and above these general obligations, when the Customs Union was set up it soon transpired that a system of administrative cooperation would be needed if it was to operate efficiently.
Sagen drejede sig om, hvorvidt en part, som var krænket ved manglende overholdelse af forpligtelser, der påhvilede en anden part, i henhold til Fællesskabets system var berettiget til at afholde sig fra at opfylde egne forpligtelser.
Article 10 of the Treaty, though referring to administrative cooperation for a specific purpose, did not provide for any general administrative cooperation system. On 7 September 1967, therefore, the Member States of the EEC, as subjects of international law, concluded an intergovernmental Convention for Mutual Assistance between Customs Ad­ministrations.
·) EFT L 94 af 28.4.1970. ­) Kommissionen mod Belgien og Luxembourg, sag 90 og 91/63. Domssml. 1964. s. 555.
OJ L 94 of 28.4.1970. Cases 90 and 91/63, Commission ν Luxembourg and Belgium. (1964) ECR 625 (631).
Toldunionen — dens dimensioner og strukturer mellem de parter, den gælder for, men at den skaber en ny retsorden, og at den bortset fra tilfælde, hvor noget andet er udtrykkeligt foreskrevet, indeholder et forbud for medlemsstaterne mod selv at tage sig til rette.
The Customs Union — shape and structure been in force the Convention has helped strengthen ties between the customs and, despite being outside the Community's legal framework, has thus also helped consolidate the Customs Union.
Bortset fra disse almindelige forpligtelser viste indførelsen af et system for administrativt samarbejde mellem forvaltningerne sig meget hurtigt at være nødvendigt ved oprettelsen af Toldunionen, hvis det skulle sikres, at den kom til at fungere tilfredsstillende.
But it has, in addition to certain intrinsic weaknesses (reciprocity and public order clauses, inaccessibility to interpretation by the Court of Justice, etc.) one major defect in that the Commission, so central to the operation of the Customs Union, is excluded from the cooperation system.
Rådet har nu bødet på dette forhold ved vedtagelse af en forordning herom den 19. maj 1981u).
The Council has remedied some of these matters by adopting a regulation on 19 May 1981.1
Kommissionen koncentrerer en afgørende del af sine bestræbelser om at deltage i den lovgivningsproces, som går ud på at skabe og tilpasse Toldunionens normgivende struktur.
The Commission undoubtedly concentrates most of its imagination and effort on its part in the legislative process aimed at establishing and adjusting the Customs Union's normative instruments.
Selv i tarifspørgsmål, hvor Rådet kan træffe beslutninger (artikel 28) uden forslag fra Kommissionen, udfører denne dog i praksis det forberedende arbejde.
Even in the field of tariffs, where the Council may take decisions without a proposal from the Commission — Article 28 of the Treaty — it is in practice the Commission which does the preparatory work, collecting the necessary statistics and coordinating the Member States' positions in a working party of national officials to finalize the draft regulations which then go before the Council.
Den varetager således den eventuelle ind samling af statistiske data og foretager en forudgående koordinering af med lemsstaternes synspunkter i en gruppe af regeringseksperter for at udarbejde de forslag til forordninger, som skal forelægges for Rådet.
However, in dealing with issues which are highly complex and sensitive, the Commission does not act solely on its own authority, but holds informal advance coordination meetings with national officials to prepare the proposal for the Council.
I øvrigt har Kommissionen i betragtning af de retsgrundlag, den normalt benytter i told spørgsmål, rer til at tage initiativet, dvs., at Rådet kun kan handle på grundlag af dens forslag.
Another important aspect of the Commission's activity lies in its exercise of the powers conferred on it by the Council for the purpose of implementing the rules adopted by the latter.
Det skal ligeledes bemærkes, at Kommissionen, når det drejer sig om meget komplicerede og vanskelige problemer, ikke handler på egen
Other than in that specific field, the Commission exercises the powers delegated to it through the
') EFTL 144 af 2.6.1981, s. 1.
OJ L44 of 2.6.1981.
13 hånd, men fører et forudgående uformelt samråd med regeringseksperter under udarbejdelsen af det forslag, den vil forelægge for Rådet.
13 rules committee procedure, whereby it can adopt implementing provisions after having received the opinion of the Member States.1
I denne forbindelse bør nævnes forvaltningsopgaverne i tilknytning til de lofter og maksimumsmængder, som opnåelsen af en toldpræference er afhængig af.
A third major area for which the Commission has responsibility is the Community's relations with non-member countries.
Det tilkommer i de fleste tilfælde Kommissionen, når de nødvendige informationer er indhentet, at genindføre tolden i henhold til den fælles toldtarif ved en afgørelse, som offentliggøres i De Europæiske Fælles skabers Tidende.
Empowered to represent the Community in organizations dealing with customs questions at international level, the Commission can project outwards the unity which exists within the Community thanks to the unified structure of the Customs Union.
Uden for dette særlige område sker udøvelsen af de beføjelser, som er tillagt Kommissionen, gennem en udvalgsprocedure.
This function of the Commission is clearly reflected in the agreements concluded by the Community with non-member countries.
Inden for disse rammer kan Kommissionen efter at have indhentet udtalelser fra med lemsstaterne vedtage gennemførelsesbestemmelser1).
Such agreements provide for the setting up of institutions — committees, councils and so on — on which the parties (the Community and the non-member country or countries concerned) are jointly represented, to deal with issues arising from application of the agreement.
Sådanne forskriftsudvalg fungerer især i spørgsmål om nomenklatur for toldtariffen, toldværdi, varers oprindelse, fællesskabsforsendelse, forædlingsprocedurer, toldfrihed og gensidig bistand til inddrivelse af told.
Customs questions are usually entrusted to a special body, which may be called a customs committee,2 a customs cooperation committee 3 or, if the agreement concerns customs matters alone, simply a joint committee.4
En tredje vigtig opgave er tildelt Kommissionen som resultat af alle de forbindelser, Fællesskabet har med tredjelande.
But the Commission's role in the external relations field is not always so clearly defined, particularly where customs matters are discussed in certain international organizations.
Kommissionen udtrykker Fællesskabets holdning under arbejdet i de organer, som på internationalt plan behandler toldspørgsmål, og den markerer således over for omverdenen den enhed, som inden for Fællesskabet manifesterer sig gennem Toldunionens ensartede strukturer.
In GATT, which recognizes the Community as an entity, there is no particular problem, but elsewhere, at the Customs Cooperation Council for instance, the Community is relegated to observer status.
Kommissionens rolle viser sig således tydeligt i for bindelse med de aftaler, som Fællesskabet har indgået med tredjelande.
The Member States have not on the whole put up much resistance to this state of affairs, and have not attempted to press home internationally all the implications of the Customs Union.
Ved disse aftaler oprettes der fælles institutioner, i hvilke de spørgsmål, som vedrører aftalen, behandles af Fællesskabet og det eller de deltagende lande.
This means in practice that the question of who acts as Community spokesman is settled on an ad hoc basis, so that it is sometimes a Member State and sometimes a Commission representative.
Det er almindelig tradition, at toldspørgsmål overlades til særlige organer, som i nogle tilfælde kaldes »toldudvalg«2), i andre »toldsamarbejdsudvalg«3) eller, når toldspørgsmålene er det eneste emne for aftalerne, »blandede kommissioner«4).
This approach may have its merits as a transitional solution, but can hardly be said to make it clear that legislative competence in this field has in fact passed to the Community.
') De fungerer efter følgende skema: Kommissionen forelægger udvalget et forslag til forord ning.
Two further points need adding to this account of the Commission's role in regard to the EEC's Customs Union.
Når dette forslag er i overensstemmelse med det synspunkt, som udtrykkes af et flertal i udvalget, vedtager Kommissionen forordningen.
Firstly, the Commission has the right to be involved at its request in inspection measures carried out by the Member
I modsat fald forelægger Kommissionen sit forslag for Rådet.
The procedure is as follows : the Commission submits a proposal for a regulation to the relevant committee.
Hvis Rådet ikke har truffet afgørelse senest tre måneder efter at have fået sagen forelagt, vedtages de foreslåede bestemmelser af Kommissionen.
Where the proposal is in conformity with the opinion of the majority on the committee, the Commission goes on to adopt the regulation.
3) Fællesskabets aftaler med AVS, Grækenland, Tyrkiet, Maghreb, Machrak, Israel, Spanien,
If the Council has not taken a decision on the proposal within three months, the Commission may adopt the regulation.
Aftaler om fællesskabsforsendelse med Østrig og Schweiz.
Transit agreements with Austria and Switzerland.
'Toldunionen — dens dimensioner og strukturer
The Customs Union — shape and structure
Toldsamarbejdsrådet, er Fællesskabet forvist til en plads som » observatør «. Fællesskabets medlemsstater har været tilbøjelige til at affinde sig med dette forhold og således givet afkald på i international sammenhæng at udnytte alle de muligheder, som følger af Toldunionens eksistens. I praksis fører dette til, at funktionen som Fællesskabets talsmand er bestemt af en » ad hoc «-procedure ; efter denne procedure er det snart en medlemsstat, snart Kommissionens repræsentant, som påtager sig opgaven.
In the second place, one should bear in mind the Commission's role as guardian of the Treaty of Rome, conferred on it by Article 155 of that Treaty, which requires it to 'ensure that the provisions of this Treaty and the measures taken by the institutions pursuant thereto are applied'.
Selv om disse kontrolforanstaltninger har deres eget formål i budgetmæssig henseende, har de også den virkning, at de styrker de bånd, som inden for Toldunionen findes mellem Kommissionen og de nationale toldmyndigheder.
It should not be necessary to be engaged in business to appreciate the significance of customs arrangements in lowering the barriers between the countries of Europe.
Den udfører dette hverv ved stadig at gøre sine synspunkter gældende over for de andre institutioner og navnlig over for medlemsstaterne.
If this process has not always meant unalloyed bliss, it is nevertheless true that over the years it has helped revolutionize both circumstances and attitudes.
IV — Toldunionen og borgeren i Fællesskabet
The Customs Union has undoubtedly played a part in this, even if it has not itself been the main driving force.
I Toldunionens politiske målsætning ligger der bærende elementer for den europæiske tanke på samme måde som i andre politiske bestræbelser, der er nok så iøjnefaldende.
New social phenomena and major economic exigencies such as mass tourism and the use of foreign labour have hastened this development.
Når bare man søger at finde dem, at tydeliggøre dem og at erkende dem, vil disse elementer kunne vække en virkelig interesse hos den
It is in this context that the Customs Union impinges most strongly on the awareness of Europeans, prompting or reflecting change and offering the Community citizen 'privileges' such as travellers' dutyfree al­lowances and exemption from charges for small non-commercial con­signments sent between private individuals within the Community. The con-
Begrænsningerne i denne ret er nærmere angivet af Den europæiske Domstol i dom af 10.1.1980, Kommissionen mod Den italienske Republik, sag 267/78, Domssml. 1980, s. 81.
The Court of Justice recently defined this right more closely in its judgment of 10 January 1980 in Case 267/78, Commission ν The Italian Republic, ( 1980) ECR 34.
Toldunionen og borgeren i Fællesskabet
The Customs Union and the Community citizen
Det giver et godt billede af den fundamentale rolle, som borgeren tillægger fjernelsen af disse hindringer især med henblik på en indbyrdes tilnærmelse af folk og kulturer, en udvidelse af kundskaber og tanker og indførelsen af en varig fred mellem nationer, som endnu for nylig var fjender.
\ 5 troversial 'duty-free' and tax-free shops also come to mind, but here the benefit to the man in the street is far from obvious, and these shops are actually more like a form of disguised subsidy or support for certain means of transport.
Forud for eller tæt på denne udvikling udarbejder eller udbygger Toldunionen listen over fællesskabsborgerens »privilegier« som f.eks. told- og afgiftsfrihed for varer medført af rejsende eller for småforsendelser mellem privatpersoner i Fællesskabet.
It is undoubtedly these duty and tax concessions which project the image of the Customs Union most strongly in the minds of ordinary people, since anyone travelling abroad or having dealings outside his own country is keen to know his rights in an area where his interests are involved.
Det er sikkert på området told- og afgiftsfrihed, at borgeren i Fællesskabet lettest får en forståelse af Toldunionens omfang og begreb. Det bliver nemlig for den enkelte, som rejser eller har forbindelser eller kontakter tværs over grænserne, et område, han ønsker at kende, og hvor hans egne interesser kan imødekommes.
His first concern will be to identify the scope of the allowances to which he is entitled, and one is forced to admit that this task is not made any easier by the opacity of the relevant rules and the fact that they are not published as a compendium for easier consultation.
På dette punkt må der skelnes mellem situationen for den rejsende inden for Fællesskabet og for en europæisk rejsende, der kommer tilbage efter et ophold i et tredjeland.
Here a distinction has to be made be tween the situation of a person travelling within the Community and that of a European citizen coming back from a trip to a non-member country.
I det første tilfælde vil der, da tolden er afskaffet mellem medlemsstaterne, kun være tale om fritagelse for interne afgifter '), i det andet tilfælde omfatter betingelserne for
In the first case, since customs duties have been abolished between the Member States, the allowances relate only to internal taxes.1 In the second case the concession comprises both a genuine dutyfree allowance and an allowance in respect of internal charges.2
Når borgeren først er bekendt med sine rettigheder, er hans opmærksomhed optaget af, om niveauet sættes op for disse told- og afgiftsfriheder, og især for de told- og afgiftsfritagelser, der vedrører hans rejser inden for Fællesskabets område.
Once made aware of these rights, people want to see the allowances increased, particularly for travel within the Community, and this demand would appear to keep pace with, if not outstrip, the rate of economic convergence between Member States.