natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
urigtig reklame og forbud mod diskriminerende ydelser).
Compensation for the damage suffered must be the subject of separate claims in the case of each consumer.
der snarest muligt sker ophør af den anfægtede handling, idet dennes virkninger tillige tages i betragtning, og afgørelsen kan ikke tvangsfuldbyrdes, førend den er blevet endelig (upåankelig).
formalities laid down by the Act of 27 June 1921 on Non-profit-making Associations (publication of statutes and deposit of a list of members) and thus adopted a formal conception of the existence of legal personality.
Erstatningssøgsmål og straffesagen foregår ved de borgerlige retter og kriminalretterne efter lovgivningens almindelige regler.
Three criteria must be met before an association can be approved and bring a civil action. The association must:
Royer-loven tillægger dog ikke forbrugerorganisationer ret til at anlægge sager i anledning afbrud på reglerne om fri konkurrence.
• have been in existence for more than a year (age criterion);
For at kunne anlægge sager med påstand om ophør skal forbrugerorganisationerne opfylde visse betingelser.
In addition, in the same judgment, the Turnhout Court decided that an association grouping to gether cooperatives cannot claim to represent the interests of consumers.
Deres formål skal være at forsvare forbrugerinteresser, de skal have status som juridiske personer og være repræsenteret i Forbrugerrådet.
It thereby adopted a strict interpretation of the condition whereby the corporate object of the association which brings an action for cessation must be protection of the consumer.
Retterne i Belgien synes at fortolke de to første betingelser således, at de indskrænker forbrugerorganisationernes søgsmålskompetence.
• be representative (at least 10 000 members nationwide, no precise number regionally or locally);
I disse tilfælde har forbrugerne således indirekte fordel af en afgørelse i en sag. i hvilken de ikke har været parter.
• produce and distribute publications or be on call to provide advice and hold consumer information meetings.
Ved dom af 1. oktober 1976 (JT 2/4/1977, s. 241 ) har handelsretten i Turnhout nemlig afvist en sag, der var anlagt af organisationer, som ikke opfyldte de i foreningsloven af 27. juni 1921 krævede betingelser for gyldig stiftelse (offentliggørelse af vedtægterne og indlevering af medlemsfortegnelse) og således lagt et formelt kriterium til grund ved bedømmselsen af spørgsmålet om, hvorvidt foreningen var en juridisk person.
Approval is an administrative procedure. It is granted by ministerial order (national associations) or prefectorial order (local or regional associations). tions).
Til gengæld kan forbrugere, der har lidt skade, ikke opnå andel i en erstatning gennem en påstand, der nedlægges af en forbrugerorganisation under en sag, der rejses på deres vegne.
Registered associations within; the meaning of the Act of 1 July 1901 may bring actions before civil or administrative courts.
En sådan påstand kan kun nedlægges af hver enkelt forbruger.
They may also lodge complaints with the public prosecutor's office.
For at en forening kan opnå anerkendelse og optræde som borgerlig part under kriminalsager, stilles der tre betingelser.
Ten national associations have been approved byministerial order and 47 regional or local associations have been approved by prefectorial order.
I samme dom fastslog retten i Turnhout, at en forening, der som medlemmer har brugsforeninger, ikke kan optræde som repræsentant for forbruger interesser.
In France, no recent official statistics are available on the number of cases in which civil actions have been brought by consumer associations.
Retten anlagde herved en streng fortolkning af kravet om, at en forening, der anlægger sag til ophør, skal have forsvar af forbrugerinteresser som formål.
The Royer Act specifically confers on approved consumer associations the right to bring a civil action before any court in order to obtain compensation for direct or indirect damage to the collective interest of consumers (and not only in the case of the offences provided for in this Act, namely misleading advertising and discriminatory advantages. tages.
• være stiftet for mere end et år siden (anciennitet), tet),
This exclusion can be seen as a vestige of the traditional principle whereby only the public prosecutor's office may protect the general interest by means of criminal proceedings.
• være repræsentativ (have mindst 10 000 med lemmer på nationalt plan, hvorimod der ikke stilles nøjere krav på regionalt eller lokalt plan) og
Independently of the criminal conviction, the court dealing with the civil action may order that the practice be stopped, without imposing a penalty, and publication of the judgment and of corrective advertisements (in case of misleading advertising).
• fremstille og fordele tryksager eller have faste kontorer og holde møder til oplysning af forbrugerne. gerne.
In this case, then, consumers benefit indirectly from the decision delivered following proceedings to which they have not been party.
Foreninger, der er anmeldt i henhold til lov af juli 1901, har partsevne i sager ved de borgerlige domstole eller forvaltningsdomstolene.
2.16 In the United Kingdom there are no bodies or associations with the power to bring actions to defend the collective interests of consumers.
De kan til lige indgive anmeldelser til anklagemyndigheden (ministère public). Denne regel finder ligeledes anvendelse på anmeldte foreninger, som har til formål at forsvare visse grupper i samfundet eller miljøinteresser eller at fremme kunstneriske, sportslige eller fritidsaktiviteter mv.
The Director-General of Fair Trading and the local authorities perform their duties by virtue of the statutory powers vested in them and must of course act within the limits of those powers.
Der findes ti landsforeninger, der er godkendt af ministeren, og 47 regionale eller lokale foreninger, der er godkendt af præfekter.
Representative proceedings may be instituted by or against 'one or more persons on behalf of a larger
For så vidt angår de bestemmelser, som forbruger organisationerne skal opfylde for at anlægge så danne sager til ophør eller lignende »kollektive« sager er professor Ghidinis synspunkter — således som han har fremstillet dem i Montpellier i 1975 og i sin bog »Per i consumatori« — både originale og interessante.
in Montpellier in 1975 and in his book Per i consumatori — is both original and interesting.
Rigsadvokatens beføjelser hviler på »common law«, der er skabt ved retspraksis.
number' with a common interest in the case.
Personer, som således gør fælles sag, betragtes kun som talrige, hvis der er over fem, medmindre kravet er ganske ringe, eller samtlige de berørte personer ønsker at blive repræsenteret.
The persons acting jointly are not regarded as 'a larger number' unless they are more than five, unless the sum claimed is very small or unless all the persons concerned wish to be represented.
Professor Ghidini finder, at forbrugerens interesse er sammensat af en individuel og en kollektiv interesse, således at den individuelle interesse i beskyttelse af bestemte interessenter er knyttet til bestemte situationer (sundhed, hygiejne, økonomiske hensyn mv.), og den kollektive interesse består i det omfang, hvori hans interesser er sammenfaldende med alle andres.
Professor Ghidini considers that the interest of the consumer is the combination of an individual interest and a group interest: an individual interest in the protection of specific interests relating to given situations (health, hygiene, economic benefits, etc.) and a group interest to the extent that it belongs in an identical manner to everybody.
I 1981 blev der fremsat et forslag til lov om forbud mod uredelige almindelige salgsbetingelser. Ifølge dette forslag kan visse organisationer eller foreninger ved appelretten i Haag påstå bestemmelser i visse almindelige betingelser kendt uredelige.
In 1981 a bill on the banning of unfair general conditions of sale was presented to Parliament.
Selv om de trusler, der udøves mod denne interesse, normalt opleves på individuelt plan, berører de i virkeligheden hele gruppen.
Even if the threats to that interest are normally felt at the individual level, in actual fact they affect the group as a whole.
Den enkeltes reaktion over for denne trussel bliver af betydning for gruppen som helhed.
The reaction of the individual to the threat in question assumes importance for the group as a whole.
I øvrigt trues forbrugerinteresser - stadig efter Ghidinis opfattelse - konstant, for så vidt de er direkte og »teknologisk« afhængige af produktionssystemet og potentielt i konflikt med producenternes interesser.
After all, the interests of consumers, according to Professor Ghidini, are permanently threatened in that they depend directly and 'technologically' on the system of production and are potentially in conflict with those of producers.
Af denne analyse uddrager Ghidini logisk visse konsekvenser med hensyn til sagsanlæg fra forbrugernes side.
From this analysis Professor Ghidini draws a number of logical conclusions as regards legal action by consumers.
Disse sager kan anlægges ikke blot af forbrugerombudsmanden, men tillige af andre, der har en retlig interesse heri, f.eks. en forbruger, en forretningsmand eller en organisation af erhvervsdrivende eller forbrugere.
Such actions may be brought not only by the Ombudsman but also by other persons having a legal interest therein, for instance a consumer, a businessman or an association of businessmen or consumers.
I medfør af retsplejelovens almindelige regler (§ 253) kan enhver, der har en retlig interesse i, at en part vinder en sag, der verserer for retten, indtræde i sagen til støtte for vedkommende part.
Under the general rules of the Civil Proceedings Act (Section 253), any person with a legal interest in seeing a party to a dispute win his case before the court may intervene in that case in order to support the party in question.
Organisationernes almindelige interesse i at
The general interest of associations in promoting their aims may warrant such intervention, even if the party concerned is not a member of the association.
For det første skønner han, at der bør ydes beskyttelse af en interesse til enhver, som kan
2.19 In Italy consumer associations are not entitled to institute legal proceedings in order to defend the collective interests of consumers.
Mægling og voldgift
Conciliation and arbitration
Mæglings- og voldgiftsinstitutioner godtgøre, at der foreligger en objektiv krænkelse af interessen, selv om vedkommende ikke personligt har lidt skade ved denne krænkelse.
3.02 As it is often difficult to define in the member countries the respective areas of conciliation and arbitration, these two matters will be dealt with under the same heading.
Efter Ghidinis opfattelse hviler alle disse betingelser (med urette) på en korporativ opfattelse af forbrugernes interesser.
Conciliation bodies normally act in three ways.
Da de klassiske former for sagsbehandling ved domstolene har vist sig at være for tunge, langvarige og kostbare til løsning af tvister om mindre beløb, har visse lande søgt andre løsninger, der er mindre byrdefulde og lettere at benytte for forbrugerne.
3.01 Since traditional legal proceedings prove too cumbersome, too slow and too expensive for dealing with disputes involving small sums, some countries have sought other, less costly, procedures that are more easily accessible to consumers.
Af disse løsninger har oprettelse af mæglings- og voldgiftsinstitutioner ofte givet til fredsstillende resultater. Seks EF-lande (Belgien.
Of these, the introduction of conciliation and arbitration bodies has often given satisfactory results.
Danmark, Frankrig, Nederlandene, Forbundsrepublikken Tyskland og Det forenede Kongerige) har mæglings- og voldgiftsinstitutioner, som vil blive beskrevet nedenfor.
Action of this kind is generally effective, particularly if it comes from bodies which are highly representative and enjoy unquestionable moral authority.
Blandt disse lande har kun Danmark og Frankrig oprettet offentlige voldgiftsinstitutioner, men de er indbyrdes meget forskellige.
Of the countries referred to, only Denmark and France have introduced public arbitration bodies, although they are very different from each other.
I Danmark findes der foruden adskillige private nævn et forbrugerklagenævn, som principielt behandler alle tvister i forbindelse med varer og tjenesteydelser.
In Denmark, apart from the many private bodies, there exists an appeals board, which normally deals with all disputes concerning goods and services.
I Frankrig er oprettet postbox 5 000, som hjælper forbrugere med bilæggelse af tvister i forbindelse med køb af varer eller tjenesteydelser.
In France, Post Office Box 5 000 was created to deal with the problems of consumers with regard to purchases and services.
Derimod kan man for forligsmanden ved rådhusene indbringe alle tvister, undtagen sådanne, som angår personers retsstilling og tvister mellem borgerne og forvaltningen. ningen.
All disputes, except those concerning the status of persons and disputes between individuals and a public authority, may, however, be referred to the juge conciliateur in the town halls.
Derimod er nævnene i Nederlandene, Forbundsrepublikken Tyskland og Storbritannien private og fungerer ved selvjustits inden for de erhvervsdrivendes egne rækker.
In the Federal Republic of Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, the arbitration systems are private; they operate within the framework of voluntary codes of conduct.
Det skal bemærkes, at de afgørelser, der afsiges af de forskellige nævn, er mere eller mindre tvingende, men at de aldrig kan tvangsfuldbyrdes, hvorfor klageren må anlægge sag ved domstolene, hvis indklagede ikke efterkommer nævnets af gørelse.
It should be noted that the decisions of the various arbitration boards are more or less binding but are never enforceable, which means that the plaintiff must go to court if the defendant does not comply.
Det bør understreges, at der ikke findes voldgiftsinstitutioner i Italien.
There are no arbitration boards in Italy.
Artikel 102, stk. 2. i forfatningen forbyder udtrykkeligt oprettelse af ekstraordinære domstole eller særdomstole, men åbner på den anden side mulighed for oprettelse af sær-
The second paragraph of Article 102 of the Constitution ex pressly forbids the creation of extraordinary or special judges although it allows the establishment of specialized sections attached to ordinary courts, even with the participation of competent private individuals.
Lov giver har dog endnu ikke set sig foranlediget til at benytte sig af denne mulighed.
The consumer ombudsman is simply a senior official responsible for his own department.
Indledningsvis beskrives de væsentligste træk ved hver af disse institutioner.
The decisions of the ombudsman may not be brought before any other authority but, in the performance of his duties in general, the ombudsman comes under the Ministry of Commerce.
Siden den 1. maj 1979 har der ved retten været en særlig afdeling til behandling af spørgsmål og klager angånde handelsskikke.
On 1 May 1979 a special department was set up to deal with questions and complaints concerning trade practices.
Forbrugere samt små og middel store virksomheder har siden da kunnet henvende sig hertil med alle klager og alle søgsmål vedrørende uredelige handelsskikke (salgsmetoder, mærkning, angivelser af pris og kvalitet, reklame, ordresedler mv.).
Consumers and small and medium-sized firms can now turn to it with any complaint or dispute relating to dishonest commercial practices (selling methods, labelling, indications of price and quality, advertising, order forms, etc.).
Mæglingsinstitutioner optræder principielt på tre måder:
Disputes can be settled by means of the conciliation procedure which was already provided for by law but rarely applied until now.
Sagerne kan afgøres ved en forligsforhandling, som allerede inden da var omtalt i loven, men som kun sjældent havde fundet anvendelse.
The ombudsman has a number of tasks, of which the main one is to ensure compliance with the provisions regarding normal commercial practices and the other provisions of the law.
Mæglingsinstitutioner kan slutte aftaler af etisk karakter med visse former for virksomheder for at undgå eller i det mindste mindske antallet af eventuelle konflikter med forbrugerne.
Everyday experience has shown, however, that the exercise of this supervision has been facilitated as a result of the assistance given by consumers, traders, trade associations, the press and various bodies which make requests or complaints to the ombudsman.
Der er ligeledes grund til at nævne den form for sagsbehandling, der er indført ved den belgiske retsplejelov, og hvorefter sagen på begæring fra en af parterne forelægges en dommer, der optræder som forligsmand og forsøger at få parterne til at indgå forlig.
Mention must also be made of the procedure introduced by the Belgian Judicial Code whereby the dispute is submitted at the request of one or both of the parties to a juge conciliateur (conciliating magistrate), who tries to bring about an agreement.
I tilfælde af forgæves mægling kan parterne samme dag give møde i sagen med henblik på dennes afgørelse ved dom.
If this attempt fails, the parties may appear in court the same day so that their dispute can be settled by a judgment.
Ligeledes findes der inden for bestemte sektorer former for voldgiftsbehandling, der minder om sagsbehandlingen ved domstolene, og som fungerer ved hjælp af erhvervsorganisationer, som f.eks. »Vertrouwenscommissie van de Verbruikers en Textielreinigers« (Commission restreinte des consommateurs et des entreprises de nettoyage) inden for vaskeri- og renseribranchen.
There are also in certain specific fields quasi-judicial arbitration procedures operating with the assistance of such trade bodies as the Vertrouwenscommissie van de verbruikers en textielreinigers (Select Committee of Consumers and Cleaning Firms) in the case of the dry cleaning and laundry trade.
3) Forligsmæssig ordning af tvister.
3.04 In Denmark three types of institution may arbitrate or take conciliatory action in disputes involving consumers.
Det er for holdsvis let for en mæglingsinstitution, der har modtaget en klage fra en forbruger, at foreslå modparten et forlig, der tager rimelige hensyn til hver af parternes interesser.
The ombudsman is required to ensure that vendors act in accordance with the law. The principal means at his disposal is that of negotiation in order to obtain the voluntary agreement of those concerned.
Også her afhænger forligets holdbarhed i et vist omfang af mæglingsinstitutionens ry, og det samme vil være tilfældet med mulighederne for opfyldelse af en af begge parter accepteret ordning.
The aim is to enable the ombudsman to exert an influence, for instance, in connection with the definition of the principles relating to the terms of standard contracts or advertising content so that the legitimate interests of consumers are taken into consideration.
Først og fremmest er der tale om forbrugerombudsmandsinstitutionen, der blev indført ved en lov, som trådte i kraft den 1. maj 1975.
Firstly, there is the ombudsman for the protection of consumer interests, whose office was created by the Act of 1 May 1975.
Hertil kommer forbrugerklagenævnet, der begyndte at virke den 1. juni 1975.
The ombudsman for the protection of consumer interests
Voldgiftsinstitutioner medvirker til undgåelse af overbelastning af domstolene med små sager. De former for sagsbehandling, der benyttes, er ligeledes hurtigere, mindre formelle og af og til mindre kostbare end den traditionelle domstolsbehandling.
If the ombudsman considers that a vendor has infringed the provisions of Sections 1 to 5 of the Trade Practices Act, and negotiations do not bring about a change in attitude, he may institute civil proceedings to have the offending practice banned.
Da voldgiftsorganisationer almindeligvis oprettes efter brancher, forenkles problemerne i vidt om fang.
The ombudsman for the protection of consumer interests is appointed on the same terms as a judge.
Disse institutioners beføjelser er mere eller mindre vidtrækkende og deres kendelser mere eller mindre tvingende, alt efter det land hvori de virker.
The law does not, however, confer upon him the status of judge nor a status comparable to that of the ombudsman who is elected by Parliament and is
§§ 15, og hvis det ikke er muligt ved forhandlinger at påvirke ham til at indtage en ændret holdning, kan forbrugerombudsmanden anlægge borgerlig sag til nedlæggelse af forbud mod den anfægtede form for markedsføring.
The ombudsman is not the only person who can bring an action for a definitive ban; anyone who has a legal interest to defend may do so.
Forbrugerombudsmanden skal opfylde de almindelige betingelser for at blive udnævnt til dommer.
lodged with an extrajudicial body should not rule out the possibility of bringing the matter before the traditional courts.
Loven tillægger ham ikke status af dommer, eller en status, der ligner den, som indehaves af den af folketinget valgte ombudsmand, der er uafhængig af forvaltningen. Forbrugerombudsmanden er ganske enkelt en højtstående statsembedsmand, som er ansvarlig for sin egen styrelse.
While the disputes in question traditionally come under the jurisdiction of the courts, it must be noted that at present the appeals are not being brought before the courts and that, alongside the latter, a number of appeals bodies have been established which enjoy great confidence.
Denne omfatter foruden forbrugerombudsmanden selv en juridisk uddannet kontorchef samt otte juridiske og otte administrative medarbejdere. Forbrugerombudsmandens afgørelser kan ikke indbringes for anden administrativ myndighed, men han henhører under udøvelsen af sine almindelige funktioner under industriministeriet.
In addition to the economic and psychological factors referred to, these bodies have rapidly accumulated a wealth of experience which gives them incontestable authority in these matters, and their intervention makes it far more easy to distinguish between simple disagreements and real disputes.
Forbrugerombudsmanden har adskillige funktioner, hvoraf den væsentligste er at føre tilsyn med, at der ikke sker lovovertrædelser af god markedsføringsskik eller markedsføringslovens øvrige bestemmelser.
The Committee was not of the opinion that a satisfactory extrajudicial procedure could be worked out by merely altering and harmonizing the appeals bodies that exist on a voluntary' basis.
Arbejdet i det daglige har imidlertid vist, at udøvelsen af tilsynet lettes ved den hjælp, der ydes af forbrugere, handlende, erhvervsorganisationer, pressen og de for skellige organisationer, der retter forespørgsler eller indsender klager til forbrugerombudsmanden.
While the maintenance of some of these bodies was likely to present problems of an economic nature, it was virtually impossible to reorganize them in such a way as to cover the whole of the consumer sector.
Kommissionen havde bl.a. til opgave at undersøge muligheden for indførelse af en klagebehandling, der på samme tid var hurtig og tilfredsstillende for både forbrugerne og erhvervslivet.
One of the tasks of the committee was to study the possibility of establishing a procedure for examining compilants that would be both quick and satisfactory, both for consumers and for the business circles involved.
Kommissionen skulle ligeledes eventuelt udarbejde lovforslag her om.
It was also to submit, if necessary, a bill on this subject.
Der blev udarbejdet en betænkning om de overvejelser, som kommissionen havde gjort sig.
The committee's findings were brought together in a report which advocated that a law on marketing practices be adopted, an ombudsman responsible for consumer protection be appointed, and a Consumer Complaints Boards be set up.
I denne betænkning foresloges det at vedtage en lovom markedsføring, udnævne en forbrugerombudsmand og indføre et forbrugerklagenævn.
The broad lines of the committee's proposals were embodied in the bill which the Government submit ted in spring 1974, and which was adopted by the Folketing in June 1974.