natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
De vil give ham eller hende et vist mål af viden, som kan danne grundlag for mere sikre adfærdsmønstre, hvad enten de falder inden for kategorien forbrugervalg eller ej.
Among the EEC Commission's experiments in improving the availability of redress has been the supply of equipment and resources to organizations, to help them to collect, assess and handle en masse consumer complaints of a similar type.
Hovedformålet med overvågningen er selvsagt at fremskaffe et bedre grundlag for politiske beslutninger på både nationalt plan og fællesskabsplan og tilvejebringe statistiske oplysninger, der kan danne grundlag for offentlige oplysningskampagner. I 1987 lancerede Kommissionen en kampagne med det formål at skabe større opmærksomhed om spørgsmålet om børns sikkerhed24).
Using standardized forms and computer equipment, the regional consumer organization in Hamburg was thus enabled to coordinate challenges by numerous individuals to two instances of disputed commercial behaviour: in one instance all claims were settled amicably and in the other substantial refunds of credit charges were obtained both in and out of court.
(Ifølge sagkyndiges udtalelser skulle det være »fuldkommen realistisk«, at kampagnen vil kunne opfylde sit mål og således redde mindst tusind børns liv hvert år.)
The Commission could never hope to fund such activities on a permanent basis; the purpose was to show governments what can be done.
Andre og mere specifikke analyser hjælper forbrugerne med at træffe valg, der tjener deres økonomiske interesser, samtidig med at de bistår de politiske beslutningstagere i deres arbejde ved at gøre opmærksom på anormalitet i den måde, markedet fungerer på.
Other possibilities demonstrated by means of pilot schemes have involved simplified legal procedures: one project, in Scotland, has led to a permanent change in procedure there. The Commission has been criticized for not going further and drafting European legislation to oblige Member States to modify their procedures; so far it has preferred to restrict its efforts to encouraging individual governments towards particular reforms that are compatible with the main body of their existing law.
Prisundersøgelser er en enkel — om end kontroversiel — måde, hvorpå det kan konstateres, om det frie marked fungerer til fordel for købere i almindelighed.
In response to a request from the European Parliament, a feasibility study is being carried out on the establishment of an agency to facilitate small claims by individuals and small businesses in any Member State of the EEC and to refer such claims to the relevant national court.
Der er intet i EF-retten, der for pligter producenterne til at tage de samme priser i hele Fællesskabet.
The Commission has expressed itself doubtful as to whether the idea is a practicable one, and has mentioned as an alternative a flexible network of permanent cooperation between existing organizations, for the purpose of follow ing up complaints.
Tværtimod skal priserne i princippet bestemmes af markedskræfterne, herunder konkurrencen producenterne imellem.
The possibility of consumer organizations in one Member State taking up a complaint originating in another is of particular interest.
Så længe de økonomiske betingelser er forskellige inden for det område, som det er hensigten skal være et fælles marked, vil markedskræfterne diktere forskellige priser for det samme forbrugsgode i forskellige regioner.
Traditional civil legal practice provides for the injured party to confront the alleged injurer one-to-one in the courtroom, in order to claim compensation.
Disse forskelle lader sig dog ikke opretholde, efterhånden som forbrugerne frit kan foretage indkøb uden for deres egen region.
Such a principle is inadequate for dealing with injustice to consumers.
Efter nogen tids forløb vil den frie omsætning af varer — tilsammen med en konkurrence på
Consider a case where a taxi firm improperly raises its fares, overcharging people by a very small amount, but doing so hundreds of times a day
24) Kommissionen for De Europæiske Fællesskaber: Meddelelse fra Kommissionen om en EF-oplysnings- og bevidstgørelseskampagne vedrørende børns sikkerhed. Ref.: KOM(87) 211 endelig udg.
European Consumer Law Group, 'Report on group actions', Ref. ECLG/8/82, Brussels, 1982.
prisen mellem udbyderne i hele Fællesskabet — få priserne på et bestemt forbrugsgode til at søge imod det laveste niveau, der giver mulighed for fortjeneste.
so that large profits are accumulated as a result. There can be no question of the individual suing the taxi firm: the trifling amount of money lost by a single customer would not justify the trouble or expense.
Det store enhedsmarked, som er lovet efter 1992, er blevet fremstillet som et gode for er hvervsvirksomhederne.
Under the traditional legal model, the firm is effectively immune from private litigation and the money lost by consumers cannot be recovered by them.
Ikke desto mindre er der noget, der tyder på, at de næringsdrivende har indkasseret store fortjenester ved at udnytte opdelingerne af markedet.
The problem has been recognized and many countries have developed procedures for allow ing group interests to be represented in civil legal actions.
Undersøgelser, som er blevet gennemført siden 1985 og offentliggjort gennem de europæiske forbrugerorganisationer, har afdækket forskelle på fra tredive til fyrre procent i priserne (ekskl. merværdiafgift) for det samme forbrugsgode mellem to byer af sammenlignelig størrelse, der ligger mindre end tredive kilometer fra hinanden, men som er adskilt af en landegrænse.
Under most of these procedures a group such as a consumer organization is enabled to secure an injunction to protect a general interest of its members; less common is provision for compensation of damages to a collective interest, such as exists under French law; class actions, which allow damages to be claimed on behalf of all the injured individuals — without their even being named — are a well-known feature of United States law, but do not exist as such in Europe.
Offentlig gørelse af information om uforholdsmæssigt store prisvariationer vil formentlig skabe et simpelt kommercielt pres for at eliminere dem og deres årsager, idet forbrugerne krydser grænserne for at købe der, hvor prisen er lavest.
Class actions clearly afford the most effective redress of consumer grievances, but European governments remain wary of them, mainly because of the excesses they have provoked in the United States (where the possibility of treble damages in anti-trust cases, the role of the jury and the practice of lawyers taking a percentage of the damages in lieu of fees have led to enormous sums of money being awarded).
Af denne grund må adgangen til at købe i udlandet i stedet for hos indenlandske distributører (»parallel-import«) betragtes som en vigtig faktor med hensyn til fremme af markedets enhed, og den har - af tungtvejende økonomiske grunde — været en af de mere ihærdigt forsvarede forbrugerrettigheder i Det Europæiske Fællesskab.
The Commission has for some time been under pressure to propose Community legislation which would allow the collective interests of consumers to be defended by consumer associations in the courts of all Member States.
Eksempelvis blev Ford Motor Company af Kommissionen og af EF-Domstolen forhindret i at nægte at levere automobiler med rattet i højre side på det europæiske fastland, hvor de kunne erhverves til relativt lave priser og indføres til Storbritannien, hvorved man gik uden om Ford-distributionssystemet der.
It has agreed to consider the possibility of framework legislation, but notes that a general legal instrument 'would involve very substantial difficulties under traditional legal doctrine' — in particular in defining the scope and meaning of the consumers' rights that could be defended in this way.28
I de tilfælde, hvor der vedvarende er store prisvariationer, er det et tegn på, at der måske er et eller andet, der hindrer indkøbsture på tværs af landegrænserne.
Divide et impera: the fragmentation of user interests puts the consumer at a disadvantage in the law courts as in the market place.
Årsagen hertil kan enten være en national produktstandard, der forhindrer indførsel af de pågældende varer (en teknisk handelshindring).
Awareness of the disadvantage is the first step to overcoming the fragmentation.
Eller den kan være konkurrencehæmmende adfærd fra udbyder nes side såsom ydelse af utilstrækkelige garantier for varer, som udføres efter indkøbsturen i udlandet.
It is a process for which the main impetus has come — and is likely to go on coming — from the consumers themselves.
En korrigering kan ske ved hjælp af fællesskabslovgivning eller ved anlæggelse af retssag.
It is in the nature of the effort that much of the work is best done by the organizations through which consumers learn individually to increase their economic capabilities and collectively to assert their rights.
Det må dog tilføjes, at medlemsstaternes regeringer har været ret utilbøjelige til at godkende prismæssige uligheder som en målestok for konkurrencehæmmende adfærd.
There is a danger that the consumer organizations, which remain weak in many countries, may concentrate their lobbying activities on the most accessible targets: the national go vernments.
Det er ikke svært at se grunden til den manglende entusiasme: en væsentlig del af værdien ved prisundersøgelser består i, at de ansporer til indkøbsture over landegrænserne, hvilket er højst uvelkomment for de regeringer, der kan imødese tab af offentlige indtægter og mindre gunstige handelsbalancer som følge heraf.
When these do act to protect the safety of consumers or defend their interests they tend to do so by drawing up specific regulations.
Det ville være naivt at forestille sig, at der er en tydelig skillelinje mellem redelig og utilbørlig markedsadfærd.
An excess of such regulations is not only unenforceable, it undermines consumers' economic interests by threatening free trade.
Virksomhederne kan fremføre utallige argumenter for at retfærdiggøre, at de forhindrer foreningen af markedet for deres produkt.
Consumer movements must beware of overshooting the real target, which is the power and behaviour of operators on the supply side of the market.
Hvis de lokale handelsforhold tvinger dem til at nedsætte deres pris i ét land, vil de fremføre det argument, at det er nødvendigt for dem at få en større fortjeneste andetsteds for at have ressoucer til at reinve-
Authorities at national and Community level must, however, play their part in restoring equilibrium by adapting their administrative and legal structures to facilitate the consolidation of the consumer's natural in fluence.
5) Kommissionen for De Europæiske Fællesskaber: »Fremstød på det forbrugerpolitiske område«, Luxembourg 1986.
Commission of the European Communities, 'Supplementary communication on consumer redress', Brussels, 1987, Document COM(87) 210 final.
Organisationerne appellerer derfor i første instans til det enkelte individs egeninteresse ved at udføre detaljerede sammenlignende afprøvninger af de enkelte varer og tjenesteydelser og meddele medlemmerne resultaterne.
A fundamental assumption underlying the creation of the European Community is that a free market is the best framework for increasing general prosperity.
Disse undersøgelsesresultater virker som et incitament til at blive medlem. De frembyder en klar økonomisk fordel: muligheden for at få bedre valuta for sine penge, hvad der gør medlemskontingentet til en fordelagtig investering.
The assumption is based not only on the value of human liberty, so important to the European tradition, but on the efficiency of free trade for releasing wealth by putting resources to optimum use.
Det, at de individuelle medlemmer regelmæssigt modtager organisationens analyse af produkter og markeder, kan endvidere ikke undgå at have den virkning, at de står mere stejlt på deres rettigheder som forbrugere.
Freedom, in the market as in political systems, does not mean the absence of regulation: in both spheres the rule of law is required; freedom must be limited, or the behaviour of one free agent will compromise the freedom of another and the system will destroy itself.
Selve det forhold, at der i et land findes en gruppe, der er sig disse rettigheder mere bevidst, lægger pres på lovgivningsmagten om at sikre et retligt og administrativt miljø, der er gunstigt for forbrugeren.
Thus all free market economies have laws to restrict the behaviour of market operators, to prevent them, either individually or in groups, from distorting the market so that others are not free to compete with them on equal terms.
Endnu vigtigere er det, at producenterne ikke blot kan lade hånt om resultaterne af de sammenlignende vareafprøvninger.
The need for freedom extends to the demand side of the market as well as its supply side.
De virksomheder, hvis produkter har klaret sig bedst ved afprøvningerne, vil udnytte denne triumf i deres reklamer og derved tvinge andre til at forbedre deres prøveresultater.
It is vital, if the market is to fulfil its potential for increasing prosperity, that purchasers be free to exercise the discipline which only they can enforce: that of rejecting inefficient production and encouraging efficiency.
Konkurrencen mellem de erhvervsdrivende kommer i højere grad til at dreje sig om at stræbe efter en bedre tilfredsstillelse af reelle forbrugerbehov, således som de er blevet målt ved afprøvningerne, end om at kanalisere enorme ressourcer til fremme af banale salgstricks og kostbare reklamekampagner, som forbrugeren kun i ringe grad eller slet ikke har nogen fordel af.
Their ability to do so has been seriously diminished by the development of the mass market, in which large-scale producers are less easily swayed by the will of an individual consumer and can avail themselves of sophisticated advertising and marketing techniques to impose their will on the demand side of the market.
Afprøvninger kan også udføres af andre institutioner, men det er muligvis bedst at lade organisationerne tage sig af dem, idet de betragter dem som nøglen til forbrugerrepræsentation.
Consumer policy is not a matter of restricting the market so that it works in the consumer's favour.
Den eneste måde, hvorpå man kan hævde sig i en diskussion med dem, er ved i sit svar at kunne henvise til velfunderede, uafhængigt konstaterede data.
How ever, just as a degree of legislation is required in order to protect firms from unfair competition and enable them to make their contribution to the economy, in the same way consu mers need to be protected against serious distortions that prevent them from exercising the power of choice.
Forbrugerorganisationer i Det Europæiske Fællesskab
In both cases the purpose of the legislation is not only to protect the individual trader or consumer involved, but to ensure the efficiency of the economy in the general interest.
Forbrugerorganisationerne er formelt repræsenteret i Fællesskabets beslutningsproces gen nem to organer, Det Økonomiske og Sociale Udvalg og Den Rådgivende Forbrugerkomité.
The European Community has a particular opportunity to establish a proper equilibrium between the supply and demand sides of the market, as it lays down the rules for the abolition of all its remaining barriers to internal trade.
begrænset — dets udtalelser fremsættes sædvanligvis først efter, at Kommissionen har fore­lagt Rådet et fuldt færdigt forslag — og dets rolle med hensyn til undersøgelse af, hvorledes forskellige interessegruppers behov tilgodeses i forslag til retsakter, er i vid udstrækning blevet overtaget af det direkte valgte Europa­Parlament.
that increased freedom for traders is balanced by adequate protection for the purchaser's physical and economic safety.
Det andet organ, Den Rådgivende Forbrugerkomité, blev nedsat i 1973 for at rådgive EF­Kommissionen om politikker, hvori der indgår spørgsmål vedrørende forbrugerbeskyt­telse og ­undervisning, samt i al almindelighed at repræsentere forbrugernes synspunkter under arbejdet med udformningen af politikken i Kommissionens tjenestegrene.
The concern must, however, go beyond protection: the aim must be to ensure that the single internal market to be created by 1992 is one which functions better because production is attuned to the needs of the final consumer.
Den Rådgi­vende Forbrugerkomité (CCC — Consumers' Consultative Committee) udnævner også re­præsentanter til de rådgivende videnskabelige komitéer under Kommissionen, f.eks. for lev­nedsmidler, foder, veterinære anliggender osv. Af de fire europæiske paraplyorganisationer, som har sæde i Komitéen, repræsenterer kun en enkelt, nemlig BEUC (Kontoret for De Europæiske Forbrugerorganisationer) udelukkende forbrugerinteresser.
If that kind of efficiency can be achieved, not only will consumers and producers benefit from an improved supply of goods and services at lower cost within the Community, but the EEC's exports will be more competitive in terms of both price and quality.
COFACE repræsenterer fami­lieorganisationer.
First things first.
EUROCOOP er paraplygruppen for brugsforeninger i Fællesskabet.
The most elementary consumer requirement is protection against physical risks.
Disse organisationer spænder fra rent kommercielle foretagender til organer med en ægte interesse for forbrugersamarbejde.
Such a need is not disputed in principle, but different EEC countries have implemented differing safety regulations and standards, which amount to obstacles to trade.
Den Rådgivende Komité består af seks medlemmer fra hver af disse organisationer såvel som af ni andre enkeltpersoner med ekspertviden om forbrugerspørgs­mål.
To abolish these obstacles the Member States must agree among themselves on the safety requirements that are to be regarded as indispensable: the principle is that products meeting those requirements will then be free to circulate in the Community, regardless of any more stringent requirements in particular countries.
De ovenfor beskrevne strukturer har ikke betydet en mærkbar nyorientering af politikken i retning af større hensyntagen til forhold, som tillægges høj prioritet i forbrugeφolitikken.
This will cause difficulties initially as producers in some countries complain of excessive restriction, while consumers in others protest about inadequate protection.
Dette er egnet til at vække ny bekymring på et tidspunkt, hvor programmet for det indre marked accelererer beslutningsprocessen og følgelig skaber et større behov end nogensinde før for agtpågivenhed og udøvelse af indflydelse på vegne af Fællesskabets forbrugere.
It goes with out saying that the balance between these conflicting interests will need to be struck most carefully; it should not amount to a lowest common denominator and should be strict enough to enforce a rapid rise in safety levels in countries which have given safety a low priority before now.
Forbrugerens rolle ved udarbejdelsen af standarder
Most countries have enacted, or are preparing, general safety legislation, which provides a legal base for dealing with product risks that are not covered by specific legal measures.
Intetsteds er der et mere påtrængende behov for forbrugerindflydelse end i forbindelse med udarbejdelsen af detaljerede tekniske standarder for specifikke produkter.
Clearly, to avoid disruption of intra-Community trade, general safety legislation will have to be adopted at Community level.
Som vi har set, er dette arbejde blevet overdraget til CEN og CENELEC, samarbejdsorganisationerne for de nationale standardiseringsinstitutioner.
The existence of a general safety directive will be an important breakthrough in consumer policy: once criteria are agreed for the definition of the risks which can justify excluding a product from the market, then safety policy can be pursued by governments for it's own sake rather than as a guise for protectionism.
Det er ikke meningen at foregøgle nogen, at dette er ensbetydende med fuld inddragelse af forbrugerne i standardise­ringsprocessen.
Safety is not simply a matter of banning dangerous items or regulating the way products are made.
Rent bortset fra, at forbrugerrepræsentanterne ikke har stemmeret ved disse møder, er de hæmmet af, at de først på et sent stadium inddrages i processen.
Regulation of that kind provides a 'safety net' — a level below which safety may not fall — which will be constantly revised upwards as scientific knowledge and manufacturing technology advance.
De euro­pæiske standarder, som man forhandler sig frem til i CEN/CENELEC, er baseret på de forskellige nationale standarder, som er fastsat af de deltagende nationale institutter.
However, to create a real impetus for improving safety, more positive steps are required, and that involves tapping the real source of energy for consumer policy: the concern of consumers themselves for their own welfare.
Under arbejdet med at skabe overensstemmelse mellem disse standarder kan der være et endog meget snævert spillerum for et acceptabelt kompromis, — og mulighederne for at introducere nye elementer efter krav fra forbrugere eller andre interesserede parter er tilsvarende begræn­sede.
It means enabling people to evaluate the risks inherent in their patterns of consumption, so that they themselves may adapt those patterns as they choose. Information is the real key to safety, whether it be the
Nøglen til større forbrugerindflydelse på standarderne ligger derfor i at inddrage forbruger organisationerne på nationalt plan.
clear and comprehensive labelling of products or rapid and objective communication between governments regarding matters of consumer risk.
Kun i et fåtal af medlemsstater sker der en fuldstændig inddragelse af forbrugerrepræsentanter i arbejdet med udarbejdelse af standarder på nationalt plan.
Risk inhibits the market. If consumers develop the habit of approaching untried products with suspicion, the process by which the market rewards increased efficiency is impeded.
Sådanne bange anelser er berettigede — og bør deles af forbruger organisationerne selv.
Suspicion is engendered not only by fear of physical risks from a product, but also from fear of not getting a fair return on expenditure.
Vi har allerede bemærket, at det ikke er tilstrækkeligt for forbruger repræsentationen at være fuld af gode intentioner, hvis den skal kunne opfylde sit formål. Der er brug for intet mindre end fuld teknisk beherskelse af de emner, som diskuteres.
Here a certain amount of legal reform is required, because the law still operates to an extent on the assumption that customer and supplier are equal partners in a transaction: this is not the case when the supplier is a company large enough to command knowledge of the law, of the market and of the product, which is far superior to that of the individual purchaser.
En sådan ekspertise kan man naturligvis ikke forvente, at amatører eller ikke-faguddannede medarbejdere i forbrugerorganisationerne skal være i besiddelse af: hertil må engageres højt kvalificerede — og højt betalte — fagfolk.
Corrective action is required, to prevent misleading advertising, allocate more fairly the losses resulting from defective products, ensure that contracts are not drafted so as to exploit the consumer and assure the individual's right to purchase wherever in the Community the best value for money is to be obtained.
De få ressourcer, som forbrugerorganisationerne råder over, anvendes i første række - af de grunde, vi har set — til afprøvning af varer og tjenesteydelser.
In ensuring the 'economic safety' of the consumer, legislation is an essential tool, as it is for physical safety — but the aim is still to allow operating market forces to strike a balance between the interests of consumer and producer, once some basic distortions have been eliminated by means of legal measures.
Organisationerne ville meget nødigt give afkald på nogen af deres aktiviteter på dette område, selv ikke for at kunne spille en større rolle i standardiseringsarbejdet.
In the past it has proved difficult to convince suppliers in general that a healthy market requires measures to eliminate imbalances and restore confidence to the demand side.