natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
»Det indre marked indebærer et område uden indre grænser med fri bevægelighed for varer, personer, tjenesteydelser og kapital i overensstemmelse med bestemmelserne i denne Traktat«.
'The internal market shall comprise an area without internal frontiers in which the free movement of goods, persons, services and capital is ensured in accordance with the provisions of this Treaty.'
Det er et meget vidtspændende mål, idet der tales om et »område uden indre grænser« (og altså ikke blot om et indre marked som økonomisk og handelsmæssigt begreb).
This is a vast objective, invoking the non-mercantile notion of an area rather than just the economic functions of an internal market.
Medlemsstaterne var dog her meget omhyggelige med ikke at gå ud over Traktatens rammer.
Nevertheless, the Member States took care not to trespass beyond the Treaty.
Det store antal foranstaltninger, der skulle træffes, og de stadig større vanskeligheder med at skabe enstemmighed blandt medlemsstaterne om de fremsatte forslag gjorde det nødvendigt at få indført nye beslutningsprocedurer, hvis det skulle lykkes at gennemføre det indre marked inden for en overskuelig fremtid.
The large number of measures required, and the increasing difficulty in obtaining the unanimous approval of Member States on any given proposal, had rendered the adoption of a new procedure essential if the internal market was to be completed within any foreseeable time-limit.
Ved Den Europæiske Fælles Akt (artikel 100A) blev der indført følgende ændring i proceduren: »Rådet, der træffer afgørelse med kvalificeret flertal ... vedtager de
The Single Act provided this change in procedure. In a new provision (Article 100a) it lays down that 'the Council shall, acting by a qualified majority, ... adopt the measures for the approximation of the provisions laid down by law, regulation or administrative action in Member States which have as their object the establishment and functioning of the internal market'.
Den anden væsentlige ændring drejer sig om, hvilken retsakt der skal benyttes til foranstaltningernes vedtagelse.
The other essential change is in the instrument used.
Medens der ifølge Traktatens artikel 100 kun kunne benyttes direktiver, giver den nye artikel 100A Rådet valgfrihed. Rådet kan således nu også benytte forordninger, der er umiddelbart gældende i medlemsstaterne.
Whilst Article 100 of the Treaty provided only for the use of directives, the new Article 100a gives the Council a choice of means, so that regulations (which apply directly in Member States) can now be used.
Af hensyn til den frygt, der herskede i visse medlemsstater for, at harmoniseringsforanstaltninger — vedtaget med kvalificeret flertal — skulle føre til en sænkning af miljø-, forbrugerbeskyttelses- og sikkerhedsnormerne, er der indført tre garantier:
Three guarantees are there to answer the fears of certain Member States that the harmonization measures, decided by a qualified majority, might result in a lowering of standards of protection:
- Kommissionens forslag inden for sundhed, sikkerhed, miljøbeskyttelse og forbrugerbeskyttelse skal bygge på et højt beskyttelsesniveau
(i) In its proposals concerning health, safety, environmental protection and consumer protection, the Commission will take as a base a high level of protection.
- en medlemsstat, der ikke har tilsluttet sig en flertalsbeslutning i Rådet om en harmoniseringsforanstaltning, kan anmode om tilladelse til at opretholde nationale bestemmelser, når disse er begrundet i »vigtige« behov, som er udtømmende opregnet (den offentlige sædelighed, den offentlige orden, den offentlige sikkerhed, beskyttelse af sundheden mv.)
(ii) A Member State that finds itself in the minority in a vote on harmonization may apply for national provisions to be maintained in force where they are inspired by a limited number of 'major needs' (public morality, public order or security, the protection of health, etc.).
Kommissionen har bemyndigelse til at bekræfte de pågældende bestemmelser, men kan nægte at gøre det, hvis de er et middel til vilkårlig forskelsbehandling eller skjulte begrænsninger af samhandelen mellem medlemsstaterne
The Commission has the power to confirm these provisions, but can refuse to do so when they involve arbitrary discrimination or a disguised restriction.
- ved vedtagelse af harmoniseringsforanstaltninger kan der ligeledes indføjes midler tidige undtagelsesbestemmelser for en medlemsstat i tilfælde af særlige vanskeligheder.
(iii) The Community harmonization measures may also include a clause authorizing Member States to take temporary exceptional measures in the event of particular difficulty.
31. december 1992 er sat som den endegyldige frist for gennemførelsen af det indre marked i artikel 8A, hvori det som nævnt hedder, at
The 1992 deadline is laid down unequivocally in the text of Article 8a already quoted:
»Fællesskabet vedtager foranstaltninger med henblik på gradvis oprettelse af det indre marked i løbet af perioden indtil den 31. december 1992 ...«
'The Community shall adopt measures with the aim of progressively establishing the internal market over a period expiring on 31 December 1992
I en anden bestemmelse (artikel 100B) i Fællesakten hedder det udtrykkeligt, at Kommissionen i løbet af 1992 med hver enkelt medlemsstat gennemgår de nationale love og administrative bestemmelser, der ikke er blevet harmoniseret. Rådet kan vedtage, at bestemmelser, der er gældende i en medlemsstat, skal anerkendes som værende ligeværdige med bestemmelser, der anvendes af en anden medlemsstat.
Another clause of the Single Act, Article 100b, states that during 1992 the Commission shall, together with each Member State, draw up an inventory of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions which have not been harmonized, and that the Council may then decide that the provisions in force in one Member State must be recognized as equivalent to those applied by another Member State.
Hvilke fordele kan man på det økonomiske plan forvente at opnå ved gennemførelsen af det store indre marked'.'
Any attempt to estimate the cost of what has been termed 'non-Europe' and, conversely, the benefits that could be expected from the unification of this large market presented a near impossible task, not only because of the amount of work involved and its innovative nature but also because of the methodological difficulties involved in such a study.
Den giver sig udslag i en lang række overflødige udgifter og tabte muligheder.
Many independent economic experts, consultants and research institutes contributed to this project,with support from the Commission's departments.
Kommissionen overdrog opgaven til et forskerhold under ledelse af Paolo Cecchini. En række uafhængige økonomiske eksperter, konsulenter og forskningsinstitutter har med støtte fra Kommissionens tjenestegrene bidraget til projektet.
The microeconomic analysis shows that the potential gains would come within a range with a mid-point in excess of ECU 200 000 million (for the Community of Twelve at 1988 prices).
Hvilke konklusioner kan man drage af denne undersøgelse
(i) The abolition of barriers linked to frontier checks would yield a potential gain of some 0.2 to 0.3% of Community GDP.
Den mikroøkonomiske analyse viser, at de gevinster, der kan opnås, antagelig udgør over 200 mia ECU (for de tolv EF-lande og i 1988-priser), eller mellem 4,3 og 6,4% af EF's bruttonationalprodukt.
(iii) The cost reductions attributable to economies of scale and the higher level of production would be equivalent to some 2% of Community GDP; on top of that could come further efficiency gains stemming from increased competition, and which are put at 1.6% of Community GDP.
- afskaffelse af barriererne i forbindelse med grænsekontrol ventes at give en gevinst på omkring 0,2—0,3% af Fællesskabets bruttonationalprodukt
These figures should be viewed with some caution in view of the methodological difficulties, the empirical and heterogeneous nature of the data on which the study was based and the impossibility of taking into account a number of induced dynamic factors (reactions of firms that did more than simply eliminate inefficiency, the stimulus provided by innovation, etc.).
- fjernelsen af barriererne i produktionen (forskelle i normer og bestemmelser, diskriminatorisk praksis inden for offentlige indkøbsaftaler ...) vil have en større effekt og giver mulighed for en gevinst på 2—2,4% af Fællesskabets BNP omkostningsreduktionerne som følge af stordriftsfordele og produktionsforøgelse vil svare til ca. 2% af Fællesskabets BNP; hertil kommer yderligere effektivitetsgevinster gennem en skærpelse af konkurrencen, der anslås til 1,6%.
The study's greatest merit is that it sets out all the future prospects opened up by the single market: accelerating growth, creation of new jobs, economies of scale, productivity and profitability gains, stronger competition, increased worker and business mobility, greater price stability and wider choice for the consumer.
Disse resultater bekræftes af makroøkonomiske simulationer.
Both the pace at which the expected benefits will be realized and their magnitude will depend mainly on the reactions of economic agents and governments.
Uden ledsageforanstaltninger skønnes integrationen af EF-markederne at give en stigning i Fællesskabets BNP på ca. 4,5% og at skabe 1,8 millioner nye arbejdspladser.
Entrepreneurs and industrialists in the Community will have to be prepared to respond to the challenges facing them and to seize the opportunities offered.
Disse tal bør fortolkes med en vis forsigtighed på grund af metodologiske vanskelig heder og undersøgelsesdataenes empiriske og heterogene beskaffenhed, men også på grund af, at det er vanskeligt at tage højde for en række inducerede dynamiske elementer (innovationsgevinster, stimulering af virksomhedssektoren som følge af ophævelsen af barrierer osv.).
Governments will have to pursue economic policies that are consistent with the aim of completing the internal market and to see to it that effective competition is assured between economic agents — a matter to which the Commission will also have to pay particular attention.
') Resultaterne af denne undersøgelse er samlet i en bog. der sigter pä et bredt publikum, og som er udgivet på alle EF-sprog af private forlæggere.
' The findings of this study have been published in all the Community languages by private publishing houses.
Den danske udgave med titlen »Europa '92 — Realiseringen af del Indre Marked«' er udgivet på Børsens Forlag.
The English edition, entitled The European challenge 1992 — the benefits of a single market, is published by Gowcr.
En mere detaljeret økonomisk analyse blev offentliggjort i European Economy nr. 35, marts 1988. med titlen »The economics of 1992 — An assessment of the potential economic effects of completing the internal market of the European Community«.
A more detailed economic analysis has been published in European Economy, No 35, March 1988, under the title 'The economics of 1992 — An assessment of the potential economic effects of completing the internal market of the European Community'.
Resultaterne af de mange sektorale undersøgelser på virksomhedsplan samt rapporterne om de undersøgelser, der er foretaget af konsulenter, er blevet offentliggjort af Kommissionen i »Dokument«-scricn.
The findings of the many sectoral studies and business surveys and the full reports on the studies made by consultants have been published by the Commission in the Document series
Status over gennemførelsen af det indre marked
Progress made towards the realization of the internal market
Hvor langt er vi så i dag nået i gennemførelsen af det indre marked?
As the deadline of 31 December 1992 approaches, what progress can be said to have been made towards the completion of the internal market?
Ved udgangen af juni 1990 havde Kommissionen, der er ene om at have initiativretten, næsten fremsat samtlige de forslag, der blev bebudet i hvidbogen.
By the end of June 1990, the Commission, which alone has the right of initiative, had presented almost all the proposals promised in the White Paper.
Kun fire ud af 282 planlagte forslag er endnu ikke blevet fremlagt.
Of the 282 planned, only four had still to be presented.
Der vil imidlertid blive fremsat en række supplerende forslag, bl.a. fordi Rådet på nogle områder kun har truffet partielle beslutninger eller har fulgt en anden fremgangsmåde end den, Kommissionen har anbefalet.
Further proposals will, however, have to be tabled owing to the fact that the Council has in some fields adopted partial decisions or an approach differing from that advocated by the Commission.
Rådet havde på samme tidspunkt godkendt to tredjedele af de forslag, der er nævnt i hvidbogen.
By that same date, the Council had approved two thirds of the proposals set out in the White Paper.
Blandt disse er der nogle strategiske afgørelser, f.eks. vedrørende åbning af markedet for offentlige indkøb, fusionskontrol, anerkendelse af eksamensbeviser og, som nævnt nedenfor, liberalisering af kapitalbevægelser og banktjenesteydelser.
They include a number of strategic decisions relating to the opening-up of public procurement, merger control, the recognition of qualifications and, as we will see, the liberalization of capital movements and banking services.
Det nuværende tempo i vedtagelsen af Kommissionens forslag kan slet ikke sammenlignes med den situation, der tidligere var gældende, idet reglen om kvalificeret flertal og Kommissionens fremgangsmåde, der indebærer en kombination af gensidig anerkendelse og harmonisering, har givet mulighed for at accelerere beslutningsprocessen.
There can be no denying that decision-taking is now swifter thanks to the rule of voting by qualified majority and the Commission's approach of combining mutual recognition and harmonization.
Det bør dog nævnes, at blandt de beslutninger, der mangler at blive truffet, figurerer nogle af de vanskeligste, og at kravet om enstemmighed i nogle sager er et alvorligt handicap (23% af de forslag, som Rådet mangler at vedtage, forudsætter en enstemmig beslutning).
This should not disguise the fact, however, that the decisions still to be taken include some of the most difficult to date, and that the unanimity requirement in certain matters represents a serious handicap (23% of the proposals still to be adopted by the Council require a unanimous decision).
Det øgede tempo i Kommissionens fremsættelse af forslag har heller ikke været uden indflydelse på Europa-Parlamentets arbejde.
In addition, the faster rate at which proposals have been presented has been reflected in the workload of the European Parliament.
Af de ca. 100 forslag, som fortsat mangler at blive godkendt, er 49 endnu under behandling i Parlamentet.
Of the 100 or so proposals still to be adopted, 49 are under discussion there.
De mange forslag, der er blevet fremlagt i de seneste måneder, har skabt flaskehalse i Rådet og Europa-Parlamentet.
The large number of proposals presented in recent months has created log-jams in the Council and the European Parliament.
Gennemførelsen af EF-retsakter (omsættelse af direktiver og anvendelse af forord ninger og beslutninger og afgørelser) er et vigtigt punkt i realiseringen af det indre marked.
The implementation of Community legislation (transposition of directives into national law and application of regulations and decisions) is a crucial aspect of the process of completing the internal market.
Kommissionen anførte således i sin syvende rapport om gennemførelsen af
In its seventh report on the implementation of Community law,1the Commission takes the view that Member States are now more aware of their individual responsibilities in this area.
Med skabelsen af et stort indre marked vil den finansielle integrationsproces få tilføjet en ny dimension.
At the same time, the decompartmentalization of financial markets resulting from the creation of a unified financial market should ensure that European savings are distributed and used in the best possible way, thereby promoting the Community's economic development.
For man kan ikke forestille sig det område uden indre grænser, som skal oprettes inden udgangen af 1992. uden frie kapitalbevægelser og fri udveksling af finansielle tjenesteydelser.
Borrowers will be able to obtain capital where it is cheapest and best tailored to their needs, while investors and suppliers of capital — both private and institutional — will be able to offer their resources on the market where other economic agents show the greatest interest.
Frihed på dette område er et helt nødvendigt supplement til de øvrige foranstaltninger i forbindelse med det indre marked.
Furthermore, an integrated financial system should include an efficient payments network which facilitates the settlement of all current and capital transactions within the Community and reduces the costs inherent in such settlement operations.
Den frie bevægelighed for varer, tjenesteydelser og personer, der er målet for et virkeligt indre marked, indebærer nødvendigvis også, at virksomheder og privatpersoner i hele EF får adgang til effektive tjenesteydelser. Og at de frit kan vælge netop de ydelser, der passer dem bedst.
The measures needed in respect of capital movements and of financial services turn out to be closely complementary when we consider them against the need to create a truly integrated area in which financial operators can pursue their activities throughout the Community without the restrictions and interruptions which result from differing national regulations.
Sideløbende hermed vil den nedbrydning af skrankerne mellem de finansielle markeder inden for EF, der følger i kølvandet på gennemførelsen af det indre marked i finanssektoren, virke til gunst for en bedre allokering af opsparingen og dermed fremme den økonomiske udvikling i EF.
The removal of restrictions on movements of capital is an essential precondition for the establishment of an integrated financial market: what sense is there in the term 'integrated financial market' if the 'goods' traded on that market (i.e. the capital) cannot circulate freely?
En integreret finanssektor må desuden have et effektivt betalingssystem, der kan lette afviklingen af alle løbende transaktioner og kapitaltransaktioner inden for EF og mindske transaktionsomkostningerne.
In such circumstances the freedom to provide services would be a sham, being restricted to the right of establishment or to services implying no movements of capital.
Ved nærmere eftersyn viser det sig, at når det drejer sig om at skabe en virkelig integreret finanssektor, hvor forskelle i de nationale lovgivninger ikke lægger hindringer i vejen for finansielle aktiviteter på tværs af grænserne, består der en meget nøje sammenhæng mellem de foranstaltninger, der må træffes med hensyn til kapital bevægelser og med hensyn til finansielle tjenesteydelser, idet de gensidigt supplerer hinanden.
The Treaty of Rome had already envisaged this situation, since Article 61(2) stipulates that 'the liberalization of banking and insurance services connected with movements of capital shall be effected in step with the progressive liberalization of movement of capital'.
Liberalisering af kapitalbevægelserne er helt klart en nødvendighed for fri udveksling af finansielle tjenesteydelser. For hvilket formål ville det tjene at harmonisere medlemsstaternes lovgivning om finansielle aktiviteter og give pengeinstitutterne adgang til at udbyde deres ydelser i hele EF, hvis privatpersoner og virksomheder ikke har mulighed for at indgå og gennemføre transaktioner i andre lande end deres eget?
However, such an integrated area also presupposes tighter constraints than those which would prevail in a mere financial free trade zone: a minimum of harmonization of the rules on monitoring financial institutions and on protection for savers is essential if we are to:
De må have adgang til banksystemet i alle EF-lande og kunne benytte sig af alle de finansielle instrumenter, der findes.
(i) ensure that the financial system remains stable;
- stabiliteten i det finansielle system - fair konkurrence mellem pengeinstitutterne - rimelig beskyttelse af sparere og investorer.
(iii) maintain adequate protection for savers.
Fordele og risikomomenter
What is at stake
Skabelsen af et integreret finansielt marked er en udfordring for Europa.
Creating an integrated financial market is a challenge for Europe.
Det er en udfordring, vi må tage op, og slaget må vindes, hvis det skal lykkes at gennemføre det indre marked.
If the internal market is to be completed, we must not only take up this challenge, we must succeed.
Dette forehavende stiller mange fordele i udsigt, men indebærer tillige visse risici.
This undertaking can be seen to have numerous advantages, but there are risks too.
Liberaliseringen af kapitalbevægelser og finansielle tjenesteydelser skal tjene den økonomiske udvikling og den indre samhørighed i EF.
The removal of restrictions on capital movements and financial services must be for the benefit of the Community's economic development and cohesion.
Og netop derfor må den lægges i passende rammer.
For this reason, there must be a suitable framework.
Fra pengeinstitutternes synspunkt
From the viewpoint of financial intermediation
I takt med liberaliseringen af kapitalbevægelserne og fjernelsen af hindringerne for den frie udveksling af finansielle tjenesteydelser vil de finansielle systemer i de enkelte
Given that the services sector, and financial services in particular, is becoming increasingly important in all economies in terms of GNP, employment and the balance of payments (and will have to expand even further in years to come), the strengthening of financial businesses cannot be neglected.
Fra erhverslivets, de private investorers og det offentliges synspunkt
From the viewpoint of economic agents
De fordele, et fælles finansmarked kan give erhvervslivet, de private investorer og det offentlige, kan kort sammenfattes i lavere omkostninger og større valgmuligheder. Lad os se nærmere på disse fordele.
Broadly speaking, the advantages to be gained by economic agents from a unified financial market can be summed up in four words: lower costs, wider choice.
a) Erhvervslivet
(a) Businesses
De lavere omkostninger i de finansielle mellemled i kraft af den øgede konkurrence og udnyttelsen af stordriftsfordele vil nedbringe de finansieringsomkostninger, der sluger en stadigt voksende del af virksomhedernes driftsresultater.
A reduction in the cost of financial intermediation resulting from competition and economies of scale will reduce businesses' financial costs, which currently account for a large proportion of their operating profits.
Der vil givet ikke — i hvert fald ikke i første omgang — blive tale om større omvæltninger i de nuværende finansieringskredsløb i den private sektor, men konsekvenserne vil blive forskellige alt efter virksomhedernes størrelse:
An upheaval in the existing channels through which the private sector is financed is unlikely, initially at least. The consequences will, however, vary with the size of the business.
- de store virksomheder har allerede længe hentet deres finansiering på det internationale marked.
(i) Large businesses already obtain finance on international markets.
Det vil de fortsætte med at gøre, og de internationale markeder vil nok vedblive med at være »de stores« domæne.
They will continue to do so, and international markets will no doubt remain their preserve.
For disse virksomheders vedkommende vil en liberalisering af kapitalbevægelserne uden tvivl føre til, at de i et vist omfang vil foretrække finansiering i EF-valutaer
For such businesses, the removal of controls on capital is expected to induce a certain preference for financing in Community currencies.
- virkningen af en liberalisering vil utvivlsomt blive mere følelig for de små og mellemstore virksomheder, som ikke har adgang til det internationale marked.
(ii) Removal of controls will undoubtedly be felt more keenly by small and mediumsized businesses, which did not enjoy access to international markets.