natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
I de tilfælde, hvor et direktiv for visse medlemsstater medførte ændringer i deres lovgivning, enedes man om, at den erhvervsudøver, som opfyldte kravene i denne lovgivning, kunne påberåbe sig »erhvervede rettigheder« og udøve virksomhed i værtslandet, forudsat at han fremlagde attest for faktisk og retmæssig udøvelse af erhvervet i sit hjemland igennem en vis årrække.
Where it was necessary for certain Member States to amend their legislation in order to comply with a directive, it would be agreed that any person qualified to practise a profession under the terms of the original legislation would be in an 'established situation' and could therefore practise in the host country on condition that he pro duced a certificate establishing that he had actually and lawfully practised in his country of origin for a given number of years.
Direktivets anvendelse på et lands statsborgere for erhvervsvirksomhed i deres eget land
Application of a directive to persons wishing to practise in their own country having qualified elsewhere
Ud fra de ret hyppigt forekommende bestemmelser i de bilaterale og multilaterale aftaler var der nogle, som ville have, at den erhvervsdrivende, som havde fået sit eksamensbevis i udlandet, og som ville optage og udøve erhverv i sit hjemland, ikke skulle kunne drage fordel af direktivet.
There was a school of thought which held that a person wishing to practise in his country of origin having obtained his diploma abroad should be excluded from benefit of the provisions of a directive on mutual recognition of diplomas, after the example of
') Kommentarerne til det almindelige handlingsprogram for liberalisering af etableringsfriheden.
The memorandum commenting on the General Programme for the Liberalization of Establishment.
Da Storhertugdømmet Luxembourg ikke har noget universitet, men en godkendelsesordning, blev regeringerne ved en henstilling fra Rådet anmodet om i deres lande at lette adgangen for luxembourgske statsborgere, der havde fået deres eksamensbevis i en tredjestat, til at optage og udøve erhvervsvirksomhed.
In view of the fact that the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg had no universities and operated an approval system, the governments of the other Member States would be invited in a Council Recommendation to allow access to practise in their countries for nationals of Luxembourg who had obtained their diplomas in third States.
Eksamensbeviser fra Den tyske demokratiske Republik
Diplomas obtained in the German Democratic Republic
Den erhvervsudøver, som havde fået sit eksamensbevis i den del af Tyskland, der blev til Den tyske demokratiske Republik efter den 8. maj 1945, skulle kunne drage fordel af direktivet, forudsat at han var i besiddelse af en attest fra de kompetente myndigheder i Forbundsrepublikken Tyskland, som stadfæstede, at dette uddannelsesbevis havde samme gyldighed som det, der udstedes i dette land.
Any person who had obtained his diploma, on or after 8 May 1945, in that part of Germany which was to become the German Democratic Republic would be covered by the terms of a directive as long as he was able to produce a certificate from the competent authorities in the Federal Republic of Germany confirming the equivalence of his diploma with that issued in the Federal Republic.
Lærerpersonale
Teachers
På det betydelige område af virksomheder, der vil kunne gøres til genstand for en bestemmelse om gensidig anerkendelse af eksamensbeviser, var undervisningsvirksomhed.
The teaching profession was one of the very many occupations that were potential candidates for a directive on mutual recognition of diplomas.
For lærere gør der sig imidlertid særlige forhold gældende.
However, teaching is a special case.
Sagen er nemlig den, at i alle medlemsstaterne har næsten samtlige lærere, når der ses bort fra private manuduktører, status enten som ansatte i den offentlige administration eller en lignende status.
In all the Member States nearly all teachers, apart from private tutors, are public servants or have similar status.
De falder således ind under artikel 48, stk. 4, i traktaten, som fra bevægelsesfriheden undtager ansættelser i den offentlige administration.
They are therefore covered by Article 48 (4) of the Treaty, which excludes public service employment from the scope of the provisions on freedom of movement.
Derved var der sat en stopper for, at etableringsretten, eller mere almindeligt bevægelsesfriheden, kunne komme til anvendelse på undervisningspersonale.
Application to the teaching profession of the right of establishment, or more generally of freedom of movement, was therefore forestalled.
For at gennemføre frihed på dette virksomhedsområde må der søges anden retshjemmel end etableringsretten.
Legal channels other than those provided by the right of establishment would therefore have to be used in order to secure freedom of movement for this profession.
Samordningen (artikel 57, stk. 2)
Coordination (Article 57 (2))
I artikel 57, stk. 2, bestemmes det, at »... Rådet... udsteder... direktiver om samordning af medlemsstatemes love og administrativt fastsatte bestemmelser om adgangen til at optage og udøve selvstændig erhvervsvirksomhed...«
Article 57 (2) lays down that '... the Council shall... issue directives for the coordination of the provisions laid down by law, regulation and administrative action in Member States concerning the taking up and pursuit of activities as selfemployed persons...'.
Dette er ubestrideligt traktatens vigtigste bestemmelse for de liberale erhverv.
This is indubitably the most important provision in the Treaty from the professions' viewpoint.
Ordet »samordning« synes ikke her at have den specielle betydning som i juridisk terminologi; det anvendes i almindelig forstand, som bygger på en »af parterne foretagen sammenpasning af et hele efter en logisk plan med et bestemt formål for øje« (Le Petit Robert).
The word 'coordination' does not seem to have been used here with any meaning specific to legal terminology, but rather in its everyday meaning, defined in the Petit Robert as the 'agencement des parties d'un tout selon un plan logique pour une fin déterminée' (arrangement of the parts of a whole according to a logical plan for a given purpose).
optage og udøve selvstændig virksomhed...«. Den logiske plan vil da bestå i de tilpasninger, som kræves i de nationale lovgivninger, for at de ikke skal være til hinder for bevægelsesfriheden.
The purpose is known: the paragraph begins with the words 'For the same purpose', a reference back to the first paragraph, which opens: 'In order to make it easier for persons to take up and pursue activities as selfemployed persons...'.
Samordningen ifølge denne artikel 57 er til syvende og sidst kun et af aspekterne ved den indbyrdes tilnærmelse af lovgivningerne, som er fastsat i artikel 100; der drejer det sig om en indbyrdes tilnærmelse for at undgå forvridninger, og i det første tilfælde om en indbyrdes tilnærmelse for at lette bevægelsesfriheden.
The coordination referred to in this article is in fact no more than an aspect of the approximation of laws called for in Article 100, where the stated aim is the elimination of distortions; here, the purpose is to promote freedom of movement.
I kapitlet om etableringsretten finder vi dette begreb »samordning« tre forskellige steder:
The chapter on the right of establishment contains three separate references to the concept of coordination:
— i artikel 54, stk. 3, litra g. Her drejer det sig om »de garantier, som kræves i medlemsstaterne af de i artikel 58, stk. 2, nævnte selskaber til beskyttelse afsåvel selskabsdeltagernes som tredjemands interesser«.
— Article 54 (3) (g), on coordination of the 'safeguards which, for the protection of the interests of members and others, are required by Member States of companies or firms within the meaning of the second paragraph of Article 58';
— i artikel 56, stk. 2. Her drejer det sig om bestemmelser, »der indeholder særlige regler for fremmede statsborgere, og som er begrundet i hensynet til den offentlige orden, den offentlige sikkerhed eller den offentlige sundhed«.
— Article 56 (2), on coordination of provisions 'providing for special treatment for foreign nationals on grounds of public policy, public security or public health';
— i artikel 57, som er den, der interesserer os, og som vedrører bestemmelser om »adgangen til at optage og udøve selvstændig erhvervsvirksomhed«.
— Article 57, the article under discussion here, which deals with coordination of 'provisions... concerning the taking up and pursuit of activities as selfemployed persons".
I traktatens artikel 57 findes ingen nærmere angivelse af omfanget af samordningen eller af, i hvilken retning den skal gå.
In Article 57, the Treaty specifies neither the scale of the coordination to be under taken nor the direction that it should take.
Målet er klart angivet: at lette adgangen; men i det omfang denne samordning angår vilkårene for erhvervets opbygning, er denne målsætning ikke til megen hjælp.
However, in so far as the coordination is con cerned with the basis on which professions are organized, this aim is not a great deal of help.
Dels vil en gennemførelse af bevægelsesfriheden ikke i sig selv være et mål af tilstrækkelig betydning til at medføre ændring af lovgivninger, som undertiden er meget gamle og har meget dybe rødder i et lands retslige og sociale sammenhæng.
On the one hand, the objective of attaining freedom of movement docs not in itself carry sufficient weight to justify amendment of laws, many of which are very old and deeply rooted in the legal and social context of a country.
Dels vil enhver betinglse for adgang til at optage og udøve et erhverv kunne være en bremse på bevægelsesfriheden.
On the other hand, any condition governing the right to take up or pursue an occupation can constitute an obstacle to freedom of movement.
I yderste tilfælde vil denne frihed kunne lettes fuld stændigt ved ophævelse af enhver bestemmelse af denne art. Dette er naturligvis ikke hensigten med traktaten.
The ultimate action to promote this freedom would be to abolish all provisions of this type, but that of course is not the intention of the Treaty.
Lad os begynde med at fjerne en mulig misforståelse: de betingelser for adgang til at optage og udøve en erhvervsvirksomhed, som kan gøres til genstand for en samordning, er dem, der er forbundet med selve arten af denne virksomhed og ikke med de økonomiske og sociale vilkår, hvorunder denne virksomhed udøves i et bestemt land.
To deal immediately with a possible misunderstanding, it should be made clear that the conditions affecting the right to take up and pursue an occupation which are susceptible of coordination are those which derive from the very nature of the occupation concerned, not from the general economic and social environment in which it is pursued in a given country.
De bestemmelser, der sigtes til i artikel 57, stk. 2, og som vedrører adgangen til at optage og udøve en erhvervsvirksomhed, kan opdeles i følgende hovedgrupper:
The provisions concerning the taking up and pursuit of occupations referred to in Article 57 (2) can be broken down under the following broad Headings:
— uddannelse — virksomhedsområde — fagets etiske og disciplinære regler.
— training, — field of activity,
Den frie udvehling af tjenesteydelser (artikel 59)
Freedom to provide services (Article 59)
I traktaten anvendes udtrykkene »tjeneste« og »tjenesteydelser« i en betydning, som adskiller sig stærkt fra den, som disse vendinger har i almindelig økonomisk sprog brug.
The Treaty uses the terms 'service' and 'provision of services' very differently from the way that they are used in current economic language.
I økonomisk forbindelse dækker »tjenesteydelse« (service) stort set den tertiære sektor, handel, håndværk, forvaltning, liberale erhverv osv. I traktaten er der tale om noget helt andet.
In economic terminology, the term "services" is used as a broad definition of the tertiary sector: commerce, craft industries, public administration, the professions, etc.
Traktatens definition af begrebet »tjenesteydelse« fremgår af to kortfattede angivelser: ser:
In the Treaty, it is ascribed a quite different meaning.
— den første findes i artikel 59:
The Treaty's definition of 'services' is contained in two fairly brief references: — The first reference is in Article 59:
»Inden for rammerne af nedennævnte bestemmelser skal restriktioner, der hindrer fri udveksling af tjenesteydelser inden for Fællesskabet, gradvis afskaffes i løbet af overgangsperioden, for så vidt angår statsborgere i medlemsstaterne, der er bosat i et andet af Fællesskabets lande end modtageren af den pågældende ydelse.«
"Within the framework of the provisions set out below, restrictions on freedom to provide services within the Community shall be progressively abolished during the transitional period in respect of nationals of Member States who are established in a State of the Community other than that of the person for whom the services arc intended.'
Vi skal her understrege det, der har relation til definitionen.
The words in italics are those which are relevant to the definition.
Vi finder et første element: for at der foreligger en tjenesteydelse, skal tjenesteyderen og modtageren være etableret i forskellige lande, idet modtagerens nationalitet ikke spiller ind, forudsat at han er etableret i Fællesskabet.
Here we have the first criterion: for there to be a provision of services, the supplier and recipient of the services must be established in different Member States, the nationality of the recipient being immaterial, as long as he is established in the Community.
I samme artikel 59, stk. 2, bestemmes det, at Rådet kan udstrække anvendelsen af bestemmelserne om fri udveksling af tjenesteydelser til tjenesteydere, der er stats borgere i tredjeland, men bosat inden for Fællesskabet.
The second paragraph of this same article allows the Council to extend the freedom to provide services to nationals of a third country who are established within the Community.
— den anden angivelse findes i artikel 60:
— The second reference is in Article 60:
»Som tjenesteydelser i denne traktats forstand betragtes de ydelser, der normalt udføres mod betaling, i det omfang de ikke omfattes af bestemmelserne vedrørende den frie bevægelighed for varer, kapital og personer.
'Services shall be considered to be "services" within the meaning of this Treaty where they are normally provided for remuneration, in so far as they are not governed by the provisions relating to freedom of movement for goods, capital and persons. "Services" shall in particular include:
Tjenesteydelser omfatter især: a) virksomhed af industriel karakter, b) virksomhed af handelsmæssig karakter, c) virksomhed af håndværksmæssig karakter, d) de liberale erhvervs virksomhed.«
(a) activities of an industrial character; (b) activities of a commercial character; (c) activities of craftsmen; (d) activities of the professions.'
Man ser, at de elementer, der muliggør en definition af en tjenesteydelse i traktatens forstand, i virkeligheden er ret subtile.
These two references, it will be appreciated, provide a really rather tenuous basis for a definition of the provision of services within the meaning of the Treaty.
Det præciseres f.eks. ikke i teksterne, om det drejer sig om en midlertidig virksomhed. Dette fremgår modslutningsvis af, at der ikke tales om etablering.
For instance, it is nowhere specified that it must be a temporary activity, except by inference from the fact that there is no 'establishment'.
Men man gør sig skyldig i en fejltagelse, hvis man vil fastsætte en bestemt varighed af den pågældende virksomhed, for at den skal svare til begrebet udveksling af tjenesteydelser; en sådan varighed afhænger af arten af den ydede tjeneste.
But it would be vain to attempt to build a time limit into the definition of the provision of services, since the duration of a temporary activity depends on the nature of the service provided.
En advokat, som vil procedere i retten i et naboland, kan rejse frem og tilbage samme dag; en arkitekt, der i udlandet fører tilsyn med en byggeplads, kan opholde sig der flere gange, måske igennem flere år; en læge kan tilse sin patient flere gange osv.
A lawyer who takes a case in a neighbouring country may make the round trip in a single day; an architect responsible for supervising a construction site abroad will make several stays there, perhaps over a period of several years; a doctor may visit his patient on several occasions, and so on.
I kommentarerne til »Det almindelige handlingsprogram for liberalisering af ud veksling af tjenesteydelser« havde Kommissionen opdelt disse tjenesteydelser i tre kategorier:
In its memorandum commenting on the General Programme for the liberalization of services, the Commission divided services into three categories:
— tjenesteydelser, hvor tjenesteyderen rejser til modtageren af tjenesteydelsen; — tjenesteydelser, hvor modtageren af tjenesteydelsen rejser til tjenesteyderen;
— those requiring the supplier to travel to meet the recipient; — those requiring the recipient to travel to meet the supplier;
— tjenesteydelser, hvor hverken tjenesteyderen eller modtageren af tjenesteydelsen rejser, og som udføres alene ved fremsendelse af meddelelsesmidlet for tjene steydelsen1).
— those requiring no travel by the supplier or the recipient, being carried out purely by transmission of the medium of the service.1
I forbindelse med tjenesteydelse er det især vigtigt at understrege, at den frihed, som skal tilvejebringes, er af næsten absolut karakter. Når det drejer sig om etableringsret, er det restriktioner, der medfører forskelsbehandling, som skal ophæves.
The important point to stress in connection with the provision of services is that the freedom to be attained is virtually absolute in character.
Her gælder det om at fjerne enhver restriktiv bestemmelse.
Here, all restrictions have to be abolished.
I øvrigt kommer grundreglen for etableringsretten, nemlig tjenesteyderens ligestilling med den nationale erhvervsdrivende, kun til anvendelse på udveksling af tjenesteydelser, når tjenesteyderen rejser til tjenesteydelsens modtagers land; han præsterer da sin ydelse »på samme vilkår, som det pågældende land fastsætter for sine egne statsborgere«.
Moreover, the fundamental rule of the right of establishment, namely that the person providing a service must be able to do so on an equal footing with nationals, is applicable to the provision of services only when the supplier of the service travels to the country where it is to be provided; in these circumstances, he is entitled to do so 'under the same conditions as are imposed by that State on its own nationals'.
Man vil bemærke, at tjenesteydelsen er af betydelig interesse for det liberale erhverv, fordi dette naturligt indebærer en større mobilitet for erhvervets udøver.
It will be appreciated that the freedom to provide services is of considerable interest to the professions, since their members tend naturally to be more than usually mobile in their occupations.
Den frie udveksling af tjenesteydelser vil sikkert komme oftere til anvendelse på disse erhverv end etableringsretten.
They will certainly make much wider use of this freedom than of the right of establishment.
Denne betydning gøres endnu større ved rækkevidden af artikel 62, som indeholder følgende bestemmelse:
The importance of this freedom is heightened by the scope of Article 62, which stipulates that:
»Medmindre andet er bestemt i denne traktat, må medlemsstaterne ikke indføre nye begrænsninger i den frihed .... der faktisk er opnået ved traktatens ikrafttræden »2).
'Save as otherwise provided in this Treaty, Member States shall not introduce any new restrictions on the freedom... which has in fact been attained at the date of entry into force of this Treaty.'2
Kommissionen fandt, at denne bestemmelse havde den virkning at »udkrystallisere« den allerede eksisterende frihed, som var resultatet ikke blot af gældende regler, men også af sædvaner.
The Commission considered that the effect of this article was to 'crystallize' the existing position as regards freedom to provide services, as determined not only by laws and regulations, but also by custom.
Men det er bekendt, at især inden for rammerne af de liberale erhvervs virksomheder er der mange sædvaner eller spillerum, som gør det muligt for udøvere af disse erhverv at virke i udlandet.
Indeed, there are many customs or tolerances under which members of the professions in particular are able to work in countries other than their own.
Det skal dog siges, at en sådan faktisk tilstand ikke ville gøre det muligt til alle medlemsstater at udvide de tolerancer, som findes mellem enkelte af dem.
This said, such ade facto situation could not be used as the basis on which tolerances allowed between two or more Member States could be extended to all of them.
I almindelighed vil friheden med hensyn til tjenesteydelser, som medfører, at tjenesteyderen rejser, være opnået i fuldt omfang enten ved overholdelse af de nationale lovbestemmelser eller ved en samordning.
In broad terms, freedom to provide services in cases involving travel abroad by the supplier of those services can be attained in full either by maintaining or by coordinating existing national laws.
Den manglende præcisering af den nøjagtige art af tjenesteydelsen fik Kommissionen til i visse direktiver at foreslå supplerende elementer for at afgrænse dette begreb yderligere.
Because of the lack of a detailed definition of exactly what was meant by the provision of services, the Commission, in its proposals for some of the directives, sought to introduce further formulations that would bring this concept into sharper focus.
Dette var således tilfældet med forslaget til »advokat«-direktivet, hvor dette syntes så meget mere nødvendigt, som dette direktiv kun tog sigte på udveksling
For instance, in its proposal for a directive concerning lawyers, where the need seemed all
af tjenesteydelser og ikke etableringsret, og i hvilket Kommissionen foreslog, at man indsatte følgende artikel:
the greater since the directive was to cover the provision of services only to the exclusion of the right of establishment, it included an article worded as follows:
»De i artikel 2 omhandlede advokatvirksomheder, som forudsætter, at tjenesteyderen rejser, betragtes som tjenesteydelser, der gøres fri ved dette direktiv, når: — tjenesteyderen ikke i værtslandet har et forretningssted, som på stedet kan tjene til at opbygge et nyt klientel;
'The rights as regards freedom to provide services laid down in this Directive shall apply to such activities of lawyers requiring the provision of services outside the country of establishment as fall within the meaning of Article 2 and meet the following conditions: — the lawyer in question does not have an establishment in the host country of such a nature as to permit the constitution of a new body of clients in that country; - the services in question are provided by virtue of a contract concluded by that lawyer in the pursuit of his professional activities."'
Formålet med dette var at undgå, at virksomhedens udøver gennem gentagne og organiserede ydelser skulle opnå fordelene ved etableringsretten uden at opfylde betingelserne for den.
The purpose of this was to avoid a situation in which a professional practitioner repeatedly providing services on an organized basis could obtain the advantages of the right of establishment without fulfilling the requirements.
Ifølge forslaget skulle tjenesteyderen nemlig ikke være for pligtet til at opfylde de i modtagelseslandet gældende uddannelsesbetingelser; det var tilstrækkeligt, at han behørigt var optaget i en offentligretlig faglig organisation eller indskrevet ved en domstol i en medlemsstat.
The proposal in fact laid down that the person providing a service did not have to fulfil the training require ments of the host country, but merely needed to be duly registered with a public professional organization or court in a Member State.