natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Generalsekretæren, som refererer til Administrationsrådet, har ansvaret for hele den administrative og økonomiske side af unionens arbejde og er unionens officielle repræsentant.
The Secretary-General is responsible to the Administrative Council for the whole of the administrative and financial side of the Union's work and acts as the legal representative of the Union.
Det Internationale Frekvensregistreringsråd (IFRB) optræder som vogter af internationale aftaler og koordinerer den internationale anvendelse af radio spektret, således at de enkelte teleadministrationer anvender disse korrekt.
The International Frequency Registration Board (IFRB) acts as custodian of international agreements, coordinating international use of the radio spec­trum, to avoid incorrect utilization by the administrations.
Den Internationale Rådgivende Komité for Telegraf og Telefon (CCITT) og Den Internationale Rådgivende Radiokomité (CCIR) undersøger og udsteder anbefalinger om tekniske og driftsmæssige spørgsmål vedrørende radiokommunikation (CCIR) og telegrafi og telefoni (CCITT).
The International Telephone and Telegraph Consultative Committee (CCITT) and the International Radio Consultative Committee (CCIR) study and issue recommendations on technical and operating questions relating to radio communications (CCIR) and telegraphy and telephony (CCITT).
(rekommandationer) offentliggøres i de såkaldte
The recommendations are published in what are known as the 'CCITT books'.
Det arbejde, der udføres af CCITT og CCIR inden for international standardisering er af overordentlig stor betydning for og har indflydelse på teleadministrationernes drift.
The work done by CCITT and CCIR in the domain of international standard­ization is extremely important and influential for telecommunications ad­ministrations.
Standarder udarbejdes af arbejdsgrupper, der udfærdiger et udkast til anbefaling, som derefter behandles på plenarforsamlingen. CCITT/CCIR-anbefalinger kræver enstemmig vedtagelse.
Standards are elaborated in the working groups which pre­pare draft recommendations to be examined by the plenary sessions; to adopt a CCITT/CCIR recommendation, unanimous approval is necessary.
Telekommunikationssystemets nyvundne store økonomiske betydning er så småt ved at skubbe telekommunikation frem i forreste række i den højteknologiske konkurrence på verdensplan og i det fremtidige miljø for verdenshandelen med tjenesteydelser, der er ved at tage form inden for rammerne af GATT, den almindelige overenskomst om told og udenrigshandel.
Their new economic importance is now propelling telecommunications into the front line of worldwide technological competition and the future environment for world trade in services which is shaping up in the framework of the GATT, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade.
Fællesskabets vigtigste konkurrenter på det internationale telekommunikationsmarked er USA — samt i stadigt stigende grad — Japan. Dette sker ikke blot i kraft af deres størrelse, men også i kraft af den dynamik, der er udløst af den hastige liberalisering af de pågældende to landes telemarkeder.
The Community's major competitors in the international telecommunications market are the United States and — increasingly — Japan: this by virtue of their sheer size, but also by the dynamic forces which have been released through the rapid deregulation of their telecommunications markets.
Et internationalt miljø med fart i: USA og Japan
A fast-moving international environment: the United States and Japan
USA's og Europas telekommunikationssystemer er stort set lige store, og Japan indtager pladsen som verdens tredjestørste telekommunikationsmarked (tabel 11).
The United States' and Europe's telecommunications systems are comparable in size, while Japan is the world's third major telecommunications area (Table 11).
TABEL 11 Markeder for teletjenester og -udstyr i EF, USA og Japan
TABLE 11
Kilde: Den Internationale Teleunions Yearbook of Common Carrier Statistics (19881 og undersøgelser foretaget af HF­Kommissionen. Referenceår:
93.3 ι 1983. > 1986 exchange rate: 1 ECU = USD 0.983. Source: International Telecommunications Union Yearbook of common carrier statistics (1988) and CEC studies.
Bentarking: Det bor ved brug af statistikkerne ikke glemmes, at ECUUSD­kurscn har svinget betydeligt i 1980'erne. specielt i 1985 og 1986
Note: the ECU/USD rate has varied widely in the course of the 1980s, notably between 1985 and 1986. This should be taken into account in the interpretation of statistics.
Dereguleringen af telekommunikation i De Forenede Stater
The deregulation of telecommunications in the United States
Dereguleringen af telesektoren i De Forenede Stater — der har været i gang siden begyndelsen af 1970'erne, men som har taget fart siden 1 980 — har haft meget store virkninger på verdensmarkedet.
The deregulation of the telecommunications sector in the United States — progressively since the early 1970s and at accelerated speed since 1980 — has had a fundamental impact on the world market.
Den radikale omlægning af det amerikanske marked, der udgør mere end 35% af verdensmarkedet, og som kulminerede i opløsningen af AT & T's monopol og opsplitningen af det meste af BELL­telefonsystemet, har på afgørende måde ændret forholdene for telekommunikation på verdensplan.
The dramatic transfor­mation of the US market — more than one-third of the world market — which culminated in the dismantling of AT & T and the spinning off of most of the Bell telephone system, has changed irreversibly the context in which world telecommunications is developing.
Den amerikanske telekommunikations hidtidige retsgrundlag har været Com­munications Aet af 1934. hvorved Förbundskommissionen for Kommunikation (Federal Communications Commission — FCC) indsættes som øverste myn­dighed på området.
The regulatory framework of US telecommunications to date is defined in the 1934 Communications Act, which established the Federal Communi­cations Commission (FCC) as the main regulatory agency.
Udgangspunktet sidst i 60'erne var et homogent net, det såkaldte BELL­system, der havde AT & T som eneste ejer. Et datterselskab under AT & T, der på det pågældende tidspunkt hed Western Electric, producerede udelukkende udstyr til BELL­systemet, således at AT & T udgjorde et kæmpemæssigt verti­kalt integreret kompleks og samtidig verdens største privatejede selskab.
The point of departure in the late 1960s in the United States was a homo­geneous network — the Bell system — wholly owned by AT & T. AT & T's manufacturing subsidiary — called at the time Western Electric — produced exclusively for the Bell system, making AT & T a huge vertically integrated complex and the largest privately owned company in the world.
Det vil således sige, at USA's telekommunikation domineredes af et udstrakt privat monopol underlagt streng lovregulering fra FCC.
Thus, US telecommunications was dominated by a vast private monopoly, closely regulated by the FCC.
De vigtigste skridt på vejen til deregulering af telesektoren var følgende:
The major steps of US deregulation of the telecommunications sector were the following:
FCC traf principiel afgørelse om, at BELL­systemet skulle tillade tilslutning af udstyr til sine net, også selv om det pågældende udstyr ikke var fremstillet af AT & T.
The FCC ruled that the Bell system should, in principle, allow equipment not produced by AT & T to be connected to its networks.
Der blev givet en generel koncession til »Specialized common carriers«, således at disse kunne tilbyde opkoblingstjenester med direkte forbindelse til det eksisterende net af lokale telefoncentraler, og der blev oprettet et stort antal af sådanne selskaber.
A general licence was granted to specialized common carriers, which allowed them to offer switched telecommunications services, connected directly to the existing network of local telephone exchanges, and a large num­ber of such carriers were formed.
Dette var første skridt på vejen til at skabe konkurrence på netområdet.
This was the first step towards developing competition within the network.
AT & T skulle som lovreguleret netoperatør kun have tilladelse til at yde denne form for tjeneste ydelser via et datterselskab, adskilt fra dets lovregulerede aktiviteter.
AT & T, as the regulated operator, was to be allowed to supply these types of services only through a subsidiary separate from its regulated activities.
På baggrund af sammensmeltningen af informationsteknologien og telekommunikationssektoren ændrede FCC sin afgørelse fra 1971.
In the light of the convergence between infor­mation technology and telecommunications, the FCC updated its 1971 decision.
Man opgav det tidligere skel mellem telekommunikations- og datamattjenester og indførte en sondring mellem »basale tjenester« (basic services) og »værdiforøgende tjenester« (enhanced services), der groft set svarer til merværditjenester.
It abandoned the earlier distinction between tele­communications and computer services and introduced one be­tween 'basic services' and 'enhanced services', which correspond roughly to 'value-added services'.
FCC frigav markedet for terminaludstyr, men gav til gengæld AT & T tilladelse til at gå ind på de liberaliserede markeder via et uafhængigt datterselskab »AT & T Information Systems«. Dette krav om adskilt virksomhed betegnes som »structural safeguards«.
It deregulated terminal equip­ment but allowed AT & T to enter deregulated markets through an independent subsidiary: 'AT & T Information Systems'.
Distriktsdomstolen i District of Columbia gav ordre til, at BELL-systemets regionale net, der da udgjorde 77% af AT & T's samlede kapital på 1 50 mia US-dollars og ca. 50% af selskabets indtægter, skulle udskilles.
The District Court for the District of Columbia ordered the splitting off of the Bell system regional net­works which then represented 77% of AT & T's USD 150 000 mil­lion capital assets and approximately 50% of its revenue.
Det nye AT & T selskab beholdt BELL-systemets langdistancetjenester (under betegnelsen »AT & T Communications«) samt Western Electric og BELL-laboratories (under betegnelsen »AT & T Technologies«). Langdistancenettet blev åbnet for konkurrence, mens de regionale net forblev under monopol.
The new AT & T kept the long-distance services of the Bell system (under the name 'AT & T Communications') and Western Electric and Bell Lab­oratories (under the name 'AT & T Technologies').
Denne afgørelse trådte i kraft den 1. januar 1984. AT & T afhændede 22 BELL Operating Companies (BOC).
On 1 January 1984 the ruling became effec­tive.
Disse 22 selskaber reorganiserede sig i de nuværende 7 regional holding companies (RHC). Om disse RHC bruges imidlertid ofte det tidligere navn BOC.
These 22 companies then formed themselves into the pre­sent structure of seven regional holding companies (RHCs).
MFJ-afgørelsen pålagde også det omstrukturerede AT & T-selskab og de nydannede RHC-selskaber restriktioner med hensyn til, hvilke aktiviteter de kan gå ind i.
The MFJ also imposed restrictions on the business lines that both the divested AT & T and the newly formed RHCs could enter.
AT & T er således i 7 år afskåret fra at stille elektroniske publiceringstjenester til rådighed, og RHC- selskaberne må ikke tilbyde tjenester mellem centralerne (inter exchange services), tilbyde informationstjenester eller producere teleudstyr.
Thus, AT & T was prevented from providing electronic publishing services (for a period of seven years) while the RHCs were prevented from providing inter-exchange services, from offering information ser­vices and from manufacturing telecommunications equipment.
Generelt blev der med MFJ-afgørelsen indført et krav om strukturel adskillelse (structural separation requirement) med hensyn til BOC-selskabernes og AT & T's implementering af konkurrerende værdiforøgende tjenester (disse tjenester skulle stilles til rådighed via private datterselskaber).
Generally, the MFJ imposed 'structural separation requirements' covering provision by the BOCs or AT & T of competitive 'enhanced' services (these services were to be offered through separate subsidiaries).
MFJ-afgørelsen pålagde også BOC-selskaberne at give alle langdistance bæretjenester adgang på lige fod.
The MFJ also imposed a requirement on the BOCs to provide 'equal access' arrangements to all long-distance carriers.
Efter MFJ-afgørelsen gik distriktsdomstolen i District of Columbia med til en lang række undtagelser (»waivers«) fra de pålagte restriktioner. Disse undtagelser blev indrømmet på grundlag af de enkelte konkrete sager og for at tage hensyn til praktiske behov.
Subsequent to the MFJ, a large number of exceptions ('waivers') to the imposed restrictions were conceded by the District Court of Columbia on a case-by-case basis, in order to allow for practical requirements.
De mange forskellige ordninger gav til sidst stødet til, at FCC gennemførte en ny »Computer Inquiry III«.
The instability of the regulatory regime thus demonstrated finally led to the FCC's 'Computer Inquiry IIP.
Denne undersøgelse medførte, at begreberne »structural safeguards« og »separation requirements« blev erstattet med »non-structural safeguards«, således at BOC-selskaberne kunne tilbyde integrerede tjenester. Med henblik herpå indførtes begreberne »Comparably Efficient Interconnection« (CEI) og »Open Network Architecture« (ONA).
Computer III replaced the concepts of 'struc­tural safeguards' in order to allow the BOCs to offer integrated services.
I februar 1987 sendte justitsministeriet sin første treårsrapport over anbefalinger vedrørende MFJ-afgørelsen til District Court of Columbia med henstilling om en yderligere lempelse af restriktionerne for AT & T og BOC-selskaberne.
In February 1987, the Department of Justice filed with the District Court of Columbia its first triennial report and recommendations on the MFJ which recommended further lifting of restrictions on AT & T and the BOCs.
Domstolen forkastede de fleste af disse anbefalinger i september 1987, men afsagde i 1987 dom om, at BOC-selskaberne skulle have adgang til at stille informationstjenester (dvs. elektronisk post) og talte meddelelser til rådighed, forudsat at selskaberne ikke selv producerer de tjenesters informationsindhold.
In Sep­tember 1987, the Court rejected most of the recommendations, but in March 1988 the Court ruled that the BOCs should be allowed to provide information services (e.g. electronic mail) and voice messaging provided the BOCs do not generate the information content of the services.
De nuværende forhold med hensyn til implementering af telekommunikation i USA kan opsummeres således:
The present situation of telecommunications supply in the USA can be summed up as follows :
Konkurrence tilladt; bæretjenester med dominerende stilling (som defineret af FCC) fortsat underlagt streng lovregulering i henhold til Communications Aet.
Competition permitted; 'dominant carriers' (as determined by the FCC) remain subject to strict regulation under the Communications Act.
OCC-selskaberne (Other Common Carriers) kun i mindre grad lovreguleret (FCC udviser »forbearance«).
OCCs (Other Common Carriers) are only lightly regulated ('forbearance' by the FCC).
AT & T er fortsat den dominerende bæretjeneste for langdistancetrafik, hvorefter følger MCI og GJE-sprint (OCC-selskaber).
AT & T remains the dominant long-distance carrier, followed by MCI and GTE-Sprint (OCCs).
Værdiforøgende langdistancetjenester
Long-distance enhanced services
Ingen regulering; ubegrænset videresalg af kapacitet, herunder taletrafik.
Unregulated; full resale of capacity including voice permitted.
Adskillige hundrede videresælgende selskaber.
Several hundred resellers in existence.
Værdiforøgende lokaltjenester
Local enhanced services
Konkurrence tilladt; BOC-selskaber vil få tilladelse til at gå ind på dette område under CEl-ordningen, og senere ONA-ordningerne (Computer III).
Competition permitted; BOCs will now be allowed to enter this field under the CEI and later, ONA arrangements (Computer III).
USA udgør et marked, der er mere end 5 gange større end noget enkelt land i Europa.
The USA represents a market size which is more than five times larger than any of the individual European countries.
Bell Operating Companies (RHC-selskaber) har en størrelse, der kan sammenlignes med den største teleadministration i Europa.
Bell Operating Companies (RHCs) are of comparable size with the largest of the European telecommunications administrations.
Dereguleringsprocessen inden for telekommunikation i USA bør ses på bag grund af den generelle dereguleringsbølge, der har været undervejs i dette land siden 70'erne.
The deregulation process in telecommunications in the United States should be seen in the context of the broader move towards deregulation at work in this country since the late 1970s.
Denne proces har givet USA's telekommunikationsmarked en stor dynamik.
It has introduced substantial dynamism into the US telecommunications market.
Denne dynamik har givet stødet til et målbevidst forsøg fra AT & T's og andre amerikanske fabrikanters og tjenesteleverandørers side på at trænge frem på verdensmarkedet, herunder det europæiske marked.
This dynamic strength has led to the determined entry of AT & T and other US manufacturers and service providers into the world market, and particularly into Europe.
Følgen af sammensmeltningen af telesektoren og edb-sektoren var emnet for en tilbundsgående undersøgelse foretaget af den magtfulde amerikanske Förbundskommission for Kommunikation (FCC) på et tidspunkt, hvor udtrykket »telematik« endnu ikke var opfundet i Europa. Denne undersøgelse »Computer Inquiry I« konkluderede så tidligt som i 1971, at markedet for integreret kontorautomationssystemer burde åbnes for konkurrence.
The consequences of the convergence between telecommunications and computers was already the subject of an in-depth inquiry by the US Federal Communications Commission — the powerful FCC — at a time when the term 'telematics' was not even coined in Europe: 'Computer Inquiry I' concluded already in 1971 that the integrated office automation system market should be open to competition.
Dereguleringen i USA har i 1970'erne været hovedbegivenheden på telekommunikationsverdensmarkedet, og den kulminerede med AT & T's opsplitning i begyndelsen af 80'erne.
The ' deregulation ' process in the United States has been the major event in the telecom munications world-market throughout the 1970s, culminating in the divestiture of AT & T in the early 1980s.
Dette har bevirket, at Europa er i en situation, hvor det må reagere, hvis det ønsker at være med i den dynamiske udvikling, der er i gang på fremtidens internationale telekommunikationsmarked, og som vil komme til at spille en væsentlig rolle for den fremtidige fordeling af den økonomiske velstand på verdensplan.
It has put Europe into a situation where it must react if it wants to stand up to the dynamics of the future international telecommunications scene which will be a major factor in the future sharing of economic wealth at world level.
For Europa har liberaliseringen af det amerikanske telekommunikationsmarked grund læggende haft to virkninger:
For Europe, the impact of the deregulation of the US telecommunications market has been basically two-fold.
For det første vender de økonomiske og industrielle kræfter, der er blevet frigjort gennem liberaliseringen i USA. i stigende grad deres opmærksomhed mod de internationale markeder, og Europa er blevet genstand for den allerstørste opmærksomhed.
First, the economic and industrial forces set free by the deregulatory process in the United States are turning more and more to the international markets. Europe has become one of the major targets.
Det er her tale om AT & T, IBM og i stigende grad BOC­selskaberne, som blev udskilt fra AT & T i 1984 i forbindelse med opsplitningen af dette selskab.
1984 as part of the AT & T divestiture process.
Det fremgår af den skærpede konkurrence på de transatlantiske ruter, hvor AT & T's konkurrenter (MCI og GTE Sprint) samt andre nytilkomne virksomheder konkurrerer om trafikken mellem Europa og USA (boks 16).
It can be seen in the increased competition on the transatlantic routes, where the competitors of AT & T — MCI and GTE Sprint — and new entrants compete for the dense Europe/US traffic (Box 16).
Det fremgår endvidere af, at telekommunikationsspørgsmålet pludselig har fået karakter af hastesag og dermed er
It can be seen in the new tone of urgency which has made telecommunications a major topic in the protectionist trade legislation which, in the wake of the persistent trade deficit, has been tabled in the US Congress since 1985.
En ny epoke: Konkurrencen om implementering af internationale teletjenester
A new era : competition for the provision telecommunications services
Som følge af den amerikanske deregulering har andre amerikanske tjenesteleverandører, bl.a. MCI, US Sprint og Graphnet, nu vundet fodfæste inden for det interna­tionale marked for tale­ og datatrafik.
In the course of the US deregulatory process, other US service providers, such as MCI, US Sprint and Graphnet have expanded into the international voice or data markets.
I løbet af 1985 og 1986 gav Förbundskommissionen for Kommunikation (FCC) tilladelse til på visse vilkår at etablere otte internationale satellittjene­ster, uafhængigt af Intelsat.
In 1985 and 1986 the US Federal Communications Commission, the FCC, granted permission for the establishment of eight international satellite ser­vices, separate from Intelsat, subject to certain conditions.
USA er for øjeblikket i færd med at føre forhandlinger med Intelsat om et bestemt system (PanAmSat), jf. art. 14 i Intelsat­konventionen. I denne artikel hedder det, at der ikke må være nogen »væsentlig økonomisk ulempe« for Intelsat.
Currently, the United States is in the process of consulting with Intelsat on one proposed system (PanAmSat), as foreseen according to Article XIV of the Intelsat Convention, which calls for there to be 'no significant economic harm' to Intelsat.
Der er endnu ikke indledt forhandlinger om andre systemer.
There has been no consultation initiated yet for any other sys­tem.
På samme tid tildelte FCC koncessionsrettigheder til to amerikanske selskaber med det formål at installere og drive private optiske søkabelsystemer, hvor transmissionskapaciteten kan sælges frit.
At the same time, the FCC granted applications for licences to two US companies to install and operate private optical submarine cable facilities in which bulk transmission capacity is to be sold on a non-common carrier basis.
Samtidig hermed har Den Amerikanske Förbundskommission for Kommunika­tion i 1 986 besluttet, at leverandører af værdiforøgende tjenester kan få status som koncessioneret privat selskab (Recognised Private Operating Agency — RPOA), dvs. samme status som Den Internationale Telekommunikationsunion ellers har forbeholdt teleadministrationerne), således at disse virksomheder kan indgå driftsaftaler med udenlandske administrationer og derved erhverve »Indefeasible Rights of Users« (IRU), dvs. trafikrettigheder på transatlantiske kabler ')■
The situation has become still more complex owing to the FCC decision in 1986 to extend 'recognized private operating agency (RPOA)' status — the status reserved by the International Telecommunications Union for telecom­munications administrations — to enhanced service providers to assist these providers in obtaining operating agreements with foreign adminis­trations and to purchase 'indefeasible rights of users (IRUs)' — traffic rights — in overseas cables.1
De har været til stede under hele den lange udvikling fra Carterfone-afgørelsen over »Computer Inquiry I og II« og AT & T's opsplitning til afgørelsen om »Computer Inquiry III«.
from the Carterfone decision through ' Computer Inquiry I and II ', the AT & T ' divestiture' and the decision on 'Computer Inquiry III'.
Det første element har sin oprindelse i det generelle fænomen, at den lovregulerede telesektor begynder at falde sammen med den ikke-lov-regulerede edb-sektor, hvorved der efterhånden opstår behov for en ny definition af, hvor grænserne for monopolet går.
The first element has as its origin the general phenomenon of the merger of the regulated telecommunications and the non-regulated computer sector — and a subsequent need for redefinition of the boundary lines of the monopoly.