natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Domstolen har på dette felt fuld prøvelsesret, dvs. at den er kompetent med hensyn til spørgsmålet om, på hvilket grundlag ansvaret kan støttes, og om skaden kan føres tilbage til en handling foretaget af Fællesskabet, ligesom den kan fastslå skadens omfang og erstatningens størrelse.
The Court has unlimited juris­diction in this field, both to determine the basis on which to decide whether the damage may be ascribed to Community action and to assess the extent of the damage and the amount of compensation to be paid.
Teoretisk åbner erstatningssøgsmålet en mulighed for at få erstattet skader, som fysiske og juridiske personer lider som følge af anvendelsen af ulovlige forordninger.
In theory, an action for damages provides the means of obtaining compensation for damage sustained by a natural or legal person consequent upon the application of an illegal regulation.
Det synes ifølge ordlyden af artikel 215, stk. 2, at være immaterielt, om skadesforvoldelsen umiddelbart er forårsaget af en EF-institution eller en national myndigheds anvendelse af den retsstridige regel i Fællesskabets lovgivning.
The fact that the damage was the immediate consequence of the appli­cation, by a Community institution or by the authorities of a Member State, of an unlawful legislative provision of the EEC does not, to judge by the wording of the second paragraph of Article 215, have any bearing on the matter.
I en række år reagerede Domstolen lige så afvisende over for privates forsøg på at omsætte denne lige anførte teori til praksis, som den fortolkede artikel 173, stk. 2, og artikel 175, stk. 3, imod borgerne. Hovedargumentet for at fortolke artikel 178 sammenholdt med artikel 215, stk. 2, restriktivt var ligefrem, at de anlagte erstatningssøgsmål kunne betragtes som forsøg på at omgå de strenge søgsmålsbetingelser i henhold til artikel 173 og 175 86).
For some years, the Court adopted an equally unfavourable attitude to attempts by individuals to ensure that the theory just explained was put into practice as the one adopted against the individual applicant under the second paragraph of Article 173 and the third paragraph of Article 175.
Derfor måtte de afvises.
However, in the early 1970s, the Court clearly began to place a more liberal interpret­ation on Article 178.
Man kan således se, hvorledes Domstolen i virkeligheden i starten indfortolkede en »umiddelbart-og-individuelt-berørtheds«-test i artikel 178.
The argument involving an 'attempt to get round the conditions laid down in Articles 173 and 175' was abandoned in favour of the one that an action for damages was an independent action which was admissible on conditions which should be determined without regard to the conditions governing the admissibility of an action for annulment. The Court declared that an action for damages had a different purpose from
5) Se note 74. *) Dom af 15.7.1963, sag 25/62 (Plaumann/Kommissionen), Sml. 195464. s. 411.
Case 25/62 Plaumann ν Commission [1963] ECR 95.
Det blev fremhævet, at erstatningssøgsmålet forfulgte ganske andre formål og havde andre virkninger end annullationssøgsmålet : det første tilsigtede at kompensere en bestemt skadelidt for et retsstridigt forvoldt tab, det sidste tilsigtede en ex nunc et erga omnes virkende ophævelse af en ulovlig retsakt8).
an action for annulment and had a different effect: the object of the former is to com­pensate a party for damage sustained as the result of an illegal act, whereas the object of the latter is to secure the annulment erga omnes of an illegal measure.87
Hvis denne optøning skabte forhåbninger hos en række private om kompensation, blev håbet hurtigt slukket.
If this thaw created any expectations of compensation amongst private parties, they were quickly stifled.
For det første definerede Domstolen de materielle betingelser for Fællesskabets offentligretlige erstatningsanvar uden for kontraktforhold så snævert, at det endnu ikke er lykkedes nogen privat sagsøger at blive tilkendt et erstatningsbeløb.
In the first place, the Court defined the circumstances in which, under public law, the Community could incur non­contractual liability in such narrow terms that only few applicants have as yet succeeded in obtaining pecuniary compensation.
Det var navnlig under henvisning til den vide økonomiske-politiske skønsfrihed. der er indrømmet institutionerne i deres lovgivningsmagt, at Domstolen fandt, at erstatningsbetingelserne måtte udformes strengt.
The Court considered that the conditions for compensation should be narrowly defined on the specific ground that, in the exercise of their legislative powers, the institutions had been vested with a wide measure of discretion in appraising the political and economic situ­ation.
Da institutionernes skøn er bredt, ikke mindst hvad landbrugspolitikkens gennemførelse angår, og de fleste erstatningssager er anlagt for at få erstatning for tab, der angiveligt er forvoldt af landbrugsretsakter. havde Domstolen let spil 88).
The margin of discretion enjoyed by the institutions is a wide one. especially as regards the execution of agricultural policy. Most actions for damages are brought for the purpose of obtaining compensation for damage alleged to have been caused by measures affecting the agricultural sector.88
Domstolen begyndte dog tillige hurtigt at afvise erstatningssøgende under henvisning til. at rette forum for søgsmålet var domstolene i medlemslandene.
Furthermore, the Court soon began to dismiss actions for damages on the ground that they really came within the jurisdiction of the national courts.
Dette skete i tilfælde, hvor den umiddelbare skadesårsag var en handling, foretaget af en myndighed i et medlemsland, omend handlingen skete som en korrekt anvendelse af den angiveligt ulovlige fællesskabsforordning.
The Court did this in cases where the immediate cause of the damage was action by an authority in a Member State, even when the action appeared to constitute the correct application of the Community regulation alleged to be illegal.
Trods artikel 178's brede ordvalg, argumenterede Domstolen, at da alle oplysninger om sagen angik et forløb af begivenheder 1 et medlemsland, måtte det være mest nærliggende at rejse sag dér 89).
Despite the wide wording of Article 178, the Court jus­tified its attitude on the ground that, since all the facts of the case had arisen in a Member State, the only logical course was to bring the action in that State.89
Opstod der under en sådan sag tvivl om en fællesskabsforordnings gyldighed, kunne dette spørgsmål passende forelægges for Domstolen under anvendelse af artikel 177.
If, in the course of proceedings before the national court, the validity of a Community regulation were called into question, a reference to the Court of Justice pursuant to Article 177 was the proper course.
Fremgangsmåden ville være næsten skudsikker, såfremt ugyldighed automatisk medfør te, at Fællesskabet skulle betale erstatning, skønt det kan lyde mærkeligt, at en national dommer skal påkende, om Fællesskabet skal betale erstatning eller ikke.
This would have been an admirable practice if the automatic consequence of a finding that a regulation was invalid had been that the Community was bound to grant pecuniary compensation, although it seems extraordinary that a national judge should have to decide whether or not the Community had to pay damages.
Imidlertid har Domstolen tilkendegivet, at ugyldighed blot er en af betingelserne for at opnå erstatning.
However, the Court ruled that the non­validity of a regulation was only one of the conditions needed to obtain compensation.
Dette fremgår af sammenhængen mellem skummetmælkspulversagerne. I
This is the outcome of the group of skimmed­milk powder cases; in the first, the contested regulation was declared null and void,90in the second, compensation for the damage sustained was refused.91
K8) Se Leks. sag 5/71 i note 87 samt dom al 2.6.1976. forenede sager 56-60/74 (Kampl'mcyer/Kommissionen), Sml. 1976. s. 711.
Case 4/69 Liitticke ν Commission [1971] ECR 325; Case 5/71 Schöppensled ν Council [1971] ECR 975; Case 153/73 Holtz and Willemsen ν Council [1974] ECR 675.
Samtidig strammede Domstolen som lige anført den materielle erstatningsbetingelse.
economie policy provided that a sufficiently serious breach of a superior rule of law for the protection of the individual has occurred.
I den anden skummetmælkpulversag, hvor det lige citerede kriterium nøgternt betragtet var opfyldt, opstillede Domstolen det yderligere krav, at der kun undtagelsesvis og under særlige omstændigheder kunne blive tale om at dømme Fællesskabet til at betale erstatning for en ugyldig økonomisk-politisk lovgivningsakt 92).
In the second skimmed­milk powder case, the Court considered that the above condition had been satisfied but it went on to propound a new condition to the effect that it was only exceptionally and in special circumstances that there was any question of ordering the Community to pay damages in consequence of a finding that a legislative measure of a political and economic character was invalid.92
Senest er firmaet Wagner — tilsigtet — på udiplomatisk måde blevet henvist til at søge sin skadesoprejsning for andet forum end Domstolen.
More recently, the Wagner concern was bluntly invited to take its application for damages before a court other than the Court of Justice.
Reglen synes herefter at være, at krav om erstatning for Fællesskabets skadeforvoldelser uden for kontrakt — ligesom for den sags skyld dets skadeforvoldelser inden for kontrakt, jfr. artikel 215, stk. 1, sammenholdt med artikel 183 — skal rejses for nationalt forum ).
Since then the rule appears to be that an action for damages against the Community on the grounds of its non­contractual liability and, for that matter, contractual liability as well (the first paragraph of Article 215 taken in conjunction with Article 183) must be brought before a national court.93
Sammenfattende kan man formentlig sige, at da Domstolen i begyndelsen af 1970erne lettede på låget, der indtil da lukkede af for privates adgang til at anlægge erstatningssøgsmål, viste der sig at være et stort udækket behov for procesførelse.
To summarize, in the early 1970s, the Court to some extent relaxed the conditions which had hitherto denied private parties access to an action for damages and it did so because there appeared to be a serious unsatisfied need for protection.
Det var måske endog større, end Domstolen antog, da den besluttede at lette på betingelserne.
This was, however, per­haps more significant than the Court had imagined when it decided to make it easier to bring an action for damages.
Det hurtigt voksende antal af erstatningssøgsmål tvang formentlig Domstolen til af hensyn til sin arbejdskapacitet at smække låget i igen.
Undoubtedly, the rapidly growing number of actions for damages compelled the Court to be cautious in view of its limited capacity to process them.
Af domsbegrundelserne synes det dog tillige at fremgå, at det navnlig var dens rolle som førsteinstansdomstol, der fik Domstolen til at afvise de mange erstatningssøgende 94).
The grounds of judgments also seem to show that it was specifically its role as a court of first instance that motivated it in non­suiting the large number of applicants who had instituted proceedings for damages.94
Den udvikling, Domstolen har ladet annullations- og passivitetssøgsmålene gen nemgå, har således en parallel i udviklingen af erstatningssøgsmålene i perioden 19701980.
The way in which the Court of Justice modified the actions for annulment and for failure to act has its counterpart, therefore, in its handling of actions for damages between 1970 and 1980.
Det er et markant fællestræk ved disse udviklingsforløb, at Domstolen nedprioriterer retsbeskyttelsesværdien af retsmidler, hvor traktatforfatterne har indsat den i rollen som dommer i første og sidste instans.
It is a remarkable common feature of these changes that, as a conse­quence, the Court reduced the value of the legal protection represented by the means available for relief just at those points where the draftsmen of the Treaty had vested it with the function of a court of first and final instance in disputes between the institutions and private parties.
Denne fælles tendens bør man se i sammenhæng med Domstolens systematiske udvidelse af anvendeligheden af den præjudicielle forelæggelsesprocedure i henhold til artikel 177.
This development must be looked at in the context of the systematic extension by the Court of the applicability of the procedure for a preliminary ruling as provided for in Article 177.
Da træder der et billede af en ret frem. der ønsker at opfylde sin mission ved at fungere som en art appelinstans vedrørende kommunitære retsspørgsmål, hvad enten disse drejer sig om staternes traktatbrud, lovligheden af Fællesskabets handlinger eller undladelser eller offentligretligt erstatningsanvar uden for kontrakt 95).
This produces the picture of a court which hopes to discharge its task by acting as a kind of court of appeal in matters involving questions of Community law, whether they relate to infringements of the Treaty by the Member States, the validity of the acts of the Community or its failure to act or, again, its non­contractual liability under public law. 95
Sagerne i henhold til artikel 169 og 170 er den eneste undtagelse fra denne regel.
The only exceptions to this general rule are cases brought under Articles 169 and 170.
''2) Se de i note 91 anførte domme. '")
See judgments cited at footnote 38 above.
Dom ar 5.12.1979, sag 162/78, Sml. 1979, s. 3467.
Case 162/78 [1979] ECR 3467.
) Denne tendens spores også uden lor traktatens retsmidler i snævrere lorstand. se kendelse al 17.1.1980 i sag 792/79 (Camera Care/Kommissionen). Sml.
94This attitude is not confined to forms of action under the Treaty; see Order of 17 January 1980 in Case 792/79 Camera Care ν Commission [1980] ECR 119 concerning interim measures relating to competition. ''■ See specifically our article in ELR, 1980, p. 112 et seq.
I artikel 228, stk. 1, hedder det bl.a. : »Rådet. Kommissionen eller en medlemsstat kan forud indhente udtalelse fra Domstolen om den påtænkte aftales forenelighed med bestemmelserne i denne traktat.
Article 228 provides : 'The Council, the Commission or a Member State may obtain beforehand the opinion of the Court of Justice as to whether an agreement envisaged is compatible with the provisions of this Treaty.
Hvis Domstolens udtalelse er benægtende, kan aftalen kun træde i kraft på de i artikel 236 fastsatte betingelser«.
Where the opinion of the Court is adverse, the agreement may enter into force only in accordance with Article 236.'
Det fremgår af Procesreglementets artikel 107-8, at Domstolens udtalelse kan angå »... den påtænkte aftales overensstemmelse med EØF-traktaten eller en af dens institutioners kompetence til at indgå denne aftale«.
Articles 107 and 108 of the Court's Rules of Procedure make it clear that the opinion of the Court may deal 'not only with the question whether the envisaged agreement is compatible with the provisions of the EEC Treaty but also with the question whether the Community or anyCommunity institution has the power to enter into that agreement'.
Er høringen af Domstolen således ikke obligatorisk, er dens udtalelse til gengæld bindende, når den en gang er afgivet.
Thus it is not obligatory to consult the Court of Justice but its opinion, once given, is binding.
Artikel 228 har endnu kun været anvendt fire gange.
To date, Article 228 has been applied on few occasions.
Første gang var udtalelse nr. 1/75 af 11. november 1975, hvori Domstolen udtalte sig om. hvorvidt det var institutionerne eller medlemsstaterne, der var kompetente til at indgå en international aftale om eksportkreditter.
The first was on 11 November 1975, when, in Opinion 1/75, the Court gave a ruling on the extent to which the power to conclude an international agreement on export credit belonged to the Community institutions or to the Member States.
Imod de indvendinger, der blev fremført, gjorde Domstolen det her klart, at den er kompetent til at afgive en udtalelse om, hvorvidt påtænkte folkeretlige forpligtelser er traktatmedholdelige.
In answer to the objections which had been submitted, the Court made it clear that it was competent to deliver an opinion on the compatibility or otherwise with the Treaty of the international law obligations envisaged.
Hvorledes den planlagte internationale retsakt i det enkelte tilfælde var benævnt, var immaterielt for, om Domstolen var kompetent.
The formal designation of the act envisaged under international law was not of decisive importance in establishing the competence of the Court.
Den omstændighed, at forhandlingerne med tredjepart konkret er afslutte de, gør ej heller i mangel af en udtrykkelig bestemmelse herom i artikel 228 selv Domstolen inkompetent 96).
The fact that discussions between the contracting parties were now at an end did not affect its competence, despite the absence of an express provision on this point in Article 228.96
I 1977 afgav Domstolen herefter udtalelse nr. 1/76.
On 26 April 1977 the Court delivered Opinion 1/76.
Her drejede sagen sig om lovligheden af en påtænkt aftale mellem visse fællesskabslande og Schweiz om oprettelse af en fond til finansiering af oplægning af flodbåde på Rhinen ',7). Den tredje udtalelse blev afgivet i henhold til Euratomt artikel 103, der er beslægtet med EØFT artikel 228, se ndf.
The case was concerned with the legality of a draft agreement between certain Member States and Switzerland for the establishment of a laying-up fund for vessels on the Rhine.97The third opinion was delivered pursuant to Article 103 EAEC (which is related to Article 228 EEC (see below)).
Der var tale om afgørelse 1/78 af 14. november 1978.
This was Ruling 1/78 of 14 November 1978 and concerned the compatibility with the Euratom Treaty of a draft convention of the International Atomic Energy Agency on the physical protection of nuclear materials, facilities and transport.98The latest Opinion (No 1/78) was delivered on 4 October 1979.
Den angik foreneligheden med Euratom-traktaten af Den internationale Atomenergiorganisations forslag til konvention om beskyttelse af nukleare materialer, anlæg og transporter98).
It concerned the compatibility with the EEC Treaty of an international agreement on natural rubber which was to form part of the integrated programme of the United Nations for basic products adopted in the form of a resolution by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (Unctad) at its fourth session in Nairobi.
Den foreløbig sidste udtalelse, nemlig 1/78, blev afgivet den 4. oktober 1979.
Opinion 1/75 [1975] ECR 1355. Opinion 1/76 [1977] ECR 141. Ruling 1/78 Euratom [1978] ECR 2151.
Det fremgår af det lige ovenfor anførte, at Euratom-traktaten indeholder hjemmel for forudgående kontrol med internationale aftalers forenelighed med denne traktat. Herom bestemmer artikel 103, stk. 1, følgende :
It has been shown above that the Euratom Treaty contains a legal basis for prelim­inary review of the compatibility of international agreements with the provisions ofthat Treaty.
Hvis et forslag til en aftale eller overenskomst indeholder punkter, som strider mod denne traktat, afgiver Kommissionen sine bemærkninger herom til vedkommende stat inden en måned fra modtagelse af den omtalte meddelelse.
If a draft agreement or contract contains clauses which impede the application of this Treaty, the Commission shall, within one month of receipt of such communication, make its comments known to the State concerned.
Denne stat kan ikke afslutte den pågældende aftale eller overenskomst, før den har fjernet Kommissionens betænkeligheder eller fulgt den afgørelse, som Domstolen som hastesag efter statens henvendelse har truffet med hensyn til de påtænkte bestemmelsers forenelighed med reglerne i denne traktat.
The State shall not conclude the proposed agreement or contract until it has satisfied the objections of the Commission or complied with a ruling by the Court of Justice, adjudi­cating urgently upon an application from the State, on the compatibility of the proposed clauses with the provisions of this Treaty.
Henvendelsen til Domstolen kan ske på et hvilken som helst tidspunkt efter at staten har modtaget Kommissionen bemærkninger.«
An application may be made to the Court of Justice at any time after the State has received the comments of the Commission.'
Det er med andre ord en kontrol med traktatmæssigheden af medlemsstaternes internationale aftaler, der hjemles.
In other words, that article provides for review of the compatibility with the Treaty of international agreements entered into by the Member States.
Denne kontrol er ikke væsensforskellig fra den, Domstolen udøver med indgåelsen af aftaler, der falder ind under EØFT artikel 28's område.
As regards the conclusion of agreements falling within the ambit of the Euratom Treaty, review under Article 103 of that Treaty does not materially differ from that conducted by the Court under Article 228 EEC.
Ved EKSFT artikel 95 oprettes derimod en kontrolordning, der adskiller sig kendeligt fra såvel EØFT artikel 228's som Euratomt artikel 103's. Forskellene hænger sammen med de principielle forskelle, der eksisterer mellem de to fællesskaber.
On the other hand, Article 95 ECSC institutes a system of supervision which differs appreciably from that in Article 228 EEC and from that in Article 103 EAEC.
EKSF er mere »supranationalt« end de to andre fællesskaber.
The dif­ference arises from the different principles which govern the two types of community; the European Coal and Steel Community is more 'supranational' than the others.
Bl.a. er EKSF udrustet med en egentlig traktatrevisionsbeføjelse.
The ECSC was vested inter alia with a power of its own to revise the Treaty as provided for in Article 95.
Denne beføjelse findes i traktatens artikel 95, der går ud på, at Den Høje Myndighed og Rådet efter overgangsperiodens udløb kan udarbejde ændringer i traktaten på betingelse af, at der er opstået uforudsete vanskeligheder med hensyn til anvendelsen af denne, samt såfremt der sker en dybtgående forandring i de økonomiske og tekniske forhold, som direkte påvirker det fælles marked for kul og stål.
The purpose of this provision is to enable the High Authority and the Council, after the end of the transitional period, to make amendments to the Treaty provided that unforeseen difficulties have emerged in the application of the Treaty or fundamental economic or technical changes, directly affecting the common market in coal and steel, have arisen.
Artikel 95 sætter den grænse for de autonome tilpasninger, at der ikke må ske ændringer i traktaten, der gør indgreb i dennes formålsbestemmelser og de grundlæggende principper. Disse findes i EKSFT artikel 2, 3 og 4.
The Community's power to make amendments to the Treaty of its own motion is limited by Article 95 in that they must not conflict with its funda­mental aim or principles as set out in Articles 2, 3 and 4.
Fællesskabet kan ej heller ændre den institutionelle balance i dette.
Nor may the Community change its institutional balance.
Det er over denne videregående traktatændringskompetence. at Domstolen er vogter, idet forslag til ændringer skal forelægges Domstolen til udtalelse. »Ved sin undersøgelse har Domstolen fuld kompetence til at prøve alle faktiske og retlige forhold.
Supervision of this wide power to amend the Treaty is entrusted to the Court of Justice: proposed amendments must be submitted to the Court for its opinion. 'In considering them, the Court shall have full power to assess all points of fact and of law.
Dersom Domstolen efter denne undersøgelse finder, at forslagene stemmer overens med bestemmelserne..., oversendes forslagene til Forsamlingen og træder i kraft...«, se artikel 95, stk. 4.
If as a result of such consideration it finds the proposals compatible with the provisions... they shall be forwarded to the Assembly and shall enter into force ...' (fourth paragraph of Article 95).
Denne procedure har været anvendt i tre tilfælde. I de to forkastede Domstolen de stillede forslag; i det tredje godkendte den dem ).
The procedure has been invoked on three occasions.
Konklusion : Fra dørvogter til retspolitisk indpisker
Conclusion: From custodian to promoter of Community legal policy