natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
I betragtning af den betydning, vedligehold og service har for de komplekse systemer, og for FMS-systemernes vedkommende de lange ind køringsperioder (ofte op mod to år) er lokal tilstedeværelse absolut nødvendig for at sælge systemerne.
Given the importance of maintenance and aftersales service in the case of complex systems and the length of start-up periods (often nearly two years) in the case of FMS, local presence proves indispensable for the sale of systems.
Dette forklarer, at langt de fleste af de systemer, der findes i Europa, er bygget af europæiske firmaer.
This explains why the vast majority of the systems in existence in Europe have been installed by European firms.
De tyske og italienske producenter har sat sig på broderparten af dette marked.
German and Italian manufacturers have taken the lion's share of this market.
Italiens smukke præstation fortjener at blive særlig omtalt, for trods et yderst svagt hjemmemarked (der skal kun være 4 eller 5 FMS-systemer i Italien) har landet flere betydelige producenter (Comau, Olivetti, Berardi, Mandelli, SAIMP), som har opnået en række bemærkelsesværdige succes'er på det europæiske marked.
Italy's good performance is worthy of special mention, since despite a very weak domestic base (there are reported to be only four or five
Opgørelsen over antallet af FMS-systemer (se de to foregående tabeller) giver et første indtryk af styrkeforholdet mellem producenterne i de forskellige egne af verden, men man må også tage hensyn til kvalitative kriterier: antal forskellige produkter, systemets størrelse, integrationsniveau og grad af autonomi.
While a statement of the number of flexible manufacturing systems installed (see the preceding two tables) gives an initial insight into the relative position of manufacturers in the different regions of the world, account should also be taken of qualitative criteria: the number of different parts produced, the size of the system, the degree of integration and potential for unmanned operation.
USA Japan Forbundsrepublikken Tyskland
USA Japan FR of Germany
sielle muligheder for at investere i dem — i det mindste i princippet, for det går ikke for sig uden praktiske problemer (som det fremgår af den finansielle analyse på side 21-23).
This comparison should be approached with cau­tion, since it possibly also reflects differences in definition.
Her er der altså et betragteligt ekspansionspotentiel.
It nevertheless highlights the strong position of the German industry as regards the flexibility' provided by the capacity to machine a wide variety of different workpieces (which is a gauge of the complexity of the software).
Denne sammenligning skal læses med forsigtighed, for også den afspejler måske forskellige definitioner. Ikke desto mindre viser den tyske industris gode stilling med hensyn til fleksibiliteten1), som udgøres af evnen til at bearbejde mange forskellige emner (og som er en indikator for programmellets kom pleksitet).
Flexible cells are of proven profitability and repre­sent an investment in principle financially within the means of medium sized firms (over 500 em­ployees).
Hvad de fleksible transferlinjer angår, er der især tale om udskiftning af konventionelle linjer.
In the case οι flexible transfer lines a process of substitution for conventional lines is involved.
Her har vi allerede noteret, hvor hurtigt denne udvikling går; det forventes, at kun 10% af efterspørgslen i 1995 vil gælde konventionelle linjer, idet resten vil blive erstattet med fleksible linjer og i begrænset, men endnu vanskeligt forudsigeligt, omfang med fleksible celler og FMS-systemer.
In this respect the speed of this process has already been noted. It is forecast that in 1995 no more than 10% of demand will be for conventional lines, while the remainder will be for flexible lines and to a more limited, but nevertheless, unpredictable ex­tent, by flexible cells and FMS.
Hvad angår systemernes størrelse og integrationsniveau, ser det ud til, at Japan er længst fremme. Dette land råder over fire meget store systemer på over 15 maskiner (især Fujitsu Fanuc, Mori Seiki og Yamazaki) over for 2 i Europa og 1 i USA.
As far as the size of systems and their degree of integration is concerned, Japan appears to have taken the lead and possesses four extremely large systems comprising more than 15 machines (in particular Fujitsu Fanuc, Mori Seiki and Yamazaki), as compared with two such systems in Europe and one in the United States.
Stadig med forbehold for definitionerne har vi fra forskellige kilder2) sammenstillet følgende tabel:
Subject to the same reservations concerning definitions, we have compiled data from different sources2in order to arrive at the following sample:
De forskellige kilder er enige om de japanske anlægs høje grad af integration, som afspejles af deres store autonomi: Der skal i Japan være 15 FMS-systemer, som kan fungere en halv snes timer uden overvågning, mens der i Europa kun skal være to3).
Furthermore, the different sources concur regarding the higher degree of integration of Japanese instal­lations, which is reflected in their large potential for unmanned operation: there are reported to be 15 flexible manufacturing systems in Japan that are capable of operating unattended for approximately 10 hours, as against only two such systems in Europe.3
I ordre
Planned
Kilde: NEDO - 1984. ') Med en definition, som kunne omfatte fleksible celler.
' Definition which could include flexible manufacturing cells. Source: NEDO, 1984.
Hvad angår de mindre komplekse systemer, altså de fleksible celler, ser den internationale konkurrence ud til at skulle blive skærpet, for de japanske producenter, som altid følger de samme principper, har færdigudviklet standardiserede celler, som de bereder sig på at eksportere, og de har allerede hentet et par successer hjem i USA.
As regards less complex systems, i.e. flexible manufacturing cells, international competition ap­pears to be on the point of becoming keener, since Japanese manufacturers, adopting their usual stra­tegy, have developed standardized cells which they are preparing to export and which have already obtained a measure of success in the US.
Medmindre de reagerer hurtigt, risikerer de europæiske og amerikanske producenter af »skræddersyede« celler at blive hægtet af, som det var tilfældet ved bearbejdningscentrene og NS-drejebænkene.
Unless they react speedily European and US manufacturers of 'tailor-made' cells risk being overtaken as they have been with machining centres and NC lathes.
Udsigterne for efterspørgslen
Outlook for demand
) I forbindelse med FMS-systemer opereres der med to fleksibilitetsbegreber: antal bearbejdede emner og lagerfleksibilitet (inventory flexibility), som er omtalt i det foregående.
In the context of FMS the concept of flexibility has two aspects - number of parts machined and flexibility of stocks (inventory flexibility) which is considered above. "
VDI-Z; A.D. Little: I.S.I.: igangværende undersøgelse ved Kommissionen. )
Study on FMS under way for the Commission.
De fleksible cellers rentabilitet er påvist og mellem store virksomheder (over 500 ansatte) har finan
This varies appreciably depending on the type of equipment under consideration.
Dertil skal føjes den kvalitetsforbedring, som skyldes en bedre konstruktion, og den forøgede fleksibilitet, CAD giver. Endelig må det understreges, at en lang række produkter, det være sig avancerede mikroelektroniske komponenter eller den seneste flygeneration, overhovedet ikke ville kunne realiseres uden CAD.
To this should be added the improvement in quality that is achieved as a result of better design, as well as the increased flexibility afforded by CAD.
På grundlag af et rundspørge blandt amerikanske brugere har firmaet Control Data fremlagt2) en række produktivitetskoefficienter for CAD:
On the basis of an enquiry into American users Fine Control Data has presented a series of coefficients of productivity for CAD:2
Produktivitetskoefflcienter (gennemsnitlig statistisk værdi)
Productivity coefficients (average statistical value)
Anvendelse i elektronikken
Electronics applications
Konstruktion af trykte kredsløb Integrerede kredsløb
Detailed design Establishment of drawings Designs
Detailkonstruktion Tegningsfremstilling
Production of sheet metal Piping design
Planlægning af en installation Databehandling, beregning, udnyttelse
Layout planning Data processing, calculation and utilization
Anvendt til produktudformning strækker CAD-ma-skiner sig fra enkle enheder, hvormed man kan producere todimensionale tegninger og planer, til maskiner, der er udstyret med komplekse programmer til konstruktion af tredimensionale model ler.
At product level, CAD ranges from simple units making it possible to produce two-dimensional drawings or plans to systems equipped with com plex three-dimensional modelling software.
Analyserne eller definitionerne holder sig ofte til denne side af CAD. Men CAD's funktioner rækker langt videre.
Analyses and definitions are often confined to this aspect of CAD, which, however, encompasses much more than the functions mentioned.
Stadigvæk som produktudviklingsredskab kan CAD forbindes med CAE (computer aided enginering), hvilket vil sige program mer, hvormed man kan analysere konstruktionen og vurdere de konstruerede deles ydeevne (f.eks. termisk deformation, vridningsmodstand osv.).
Still at product level, CAD may be associated with CAE (computeraided engineering) i.e. software making it possible to analyse the design and assess the performance of parts (e.g. deformation under heat, shear strength, etc.).
I sin yderste konsekvens kan CAE erstatte bygning af kostbare prototyper.
In certain cases, CAE can make it possible to dispense with costly prototypes.
Tilrettelæggelse af processer, dvs. planlægning af maskinernes udnyttelse og deres operationssekvens, især i de såkaldte gruppe teknologier, er et andet betydningsfuldt område for anvendelse af CAD.
There are also major applications of CAD at process level, in the planning of the use of machines and of their operating sequence, chiefly in what is termed the 'group technologies'.
Princippet i gruppeteknologierne er enkelt: ved hjælp af CAD') skal man på den ene side identificere og samle de dele, der skal fremstilles, ikke på grundlag af det produkt, de skal indgå i, men i henhold til deres iboende slægtskab. På den anden side skal man, stadigvæk støttet af datamaten, klassificere de forskellige processer med henblik på at organisere dem i celler, hvoraf hver enkelt skal fremstille en serie beslægtede dele, som defineret ved hjælp af CAD.
The principle underlying the latter is simple: the idea is to exploit the opportunities offered by CAD' in order, on the one hand, to identify and collect together the parts to be manufactured, not on the basis of the product for which they are intended, but according to their inherent similarities, and on the other hand, to classify the different processes so that they can be organized into cells, each assigned to the manufacture of a set of parts belonging to one and the same family, as defined with the aid of CAD.
CAD kan også anvendes til at opstille produktionsprogrammer for nu merisk styrede værktøjsmaskiner.
CAD can also be used in order to establish the manufacturing programmes for NC machine tools.
) Ved at opbygge databaser, der rummer en meget detaljeret geometrisk beskrivelse af delene, så både de og den proces, hvorved de fremstilles, kan klassificeres.
These productivity coefficients tally with indications obtained from other sources.'' Nevertheless, in terms of economic return, such technical calculations should perhaps be moderated, since the high cost of CAD systems apparently often results in amortization periods being fairly long (Boeing reckons that it will recoup its investment in CAD equipment over a period of seven years), while standard software packages often appear ill-adapted to the needs of firms unable to develop their own software.
2) Ved et seminar organiseret af den tyske maskinindustri i
In reality, the benefits for the firm will depend heavily on the latter's individual situation
Det er vanskeligt at sætte tal på udbyttet af CAD.
The benefits of CAD are difficult to quantify.
Naturligvis medfører CAD en ofte markant reduktion af den tid, det tager at udvikle og konstruere et produkt, foruden en tilsvarende forkortelse af produktets levetid.
Clearly, CAD brings about an often spectacular reduction in the lead times for designing and developing a product, with a corresponding short ening of the latter's life cycle.
Men gevinsten kommer også af formindskede fremstillingsomkostninger, som ikke kun opstår ved procesplanlægning og gruppeteknologier, men også skyldes optimering af produktets konstruktion og af materialeudnyttelsen.
Nevertheless, the savings made are also due to the lowering of production costs, not only as a result of process planning and group technologies, but also through the optimization of product design and use of materials.
F.eks. havde en Peugeot 305 fra 1977 3 700 svejsepunk september 1983. ')
The 1977 Peugeot 305 thus comprised 3 700 spot welds, whereas this figure was reduced
Jf. forklarende note nr. 8, s. 61.
See Explanatory Note 8, p. 59.
hensyn til anvendelse af CAD, og efterslæbet bliver ikke mindre af, at det tager flere måneder (helt op til to år) at lære at bruge et CAD-anlæg og få det fulde udbytte af det.
is all the greater when it is borne in mind that a period of between several months and two years is necessary in order to learn how to use CAD and reap all its benefits.
Hvilket udbytte CAD kan give, afhænger i høj grad af den enkelte virksomheds situation og af, hvor hyppigt den kan udnytte CAD-udstyret.
and on the number of operations to be carried out on CAD equipment.
Det kan således være særdeles rentabelt for en lille konsulentvirksomhed med nogle få ansatte, mens det ikke vil kunne betale sig for en stor virksomhed, som kun har et begrænset CAD-arbejde at udføre.
CAD can thus be highly profitable for a small design office with a few employees, whereas it would not be justified for a large firm with only limited CAD work to be carried out.
På den anden side er dette udbytte ofte vanskeligt at kvantificere.
Furthermore, these benefits are to a great extent difficult to quantify.
Verdensmarkedet for CAD er stærkt domineret af de store amerikanske producenter:
The world CAD market is dominated far and away by the major American manufacturers:
Andele af verdensmarkedet for CAD
Shares of the world CAD market
Endelig må man ikke glemme denne sektors hurtige teknologiske udvikling, som betyder, at materiellets og programmellets omkostninger falder støt, at der markedsføres stadig flere forskellige standardprogrammer, og at der opstår specialiserede CAD-virksomheder, der producerer tjenesteydelser til små virksomheder, som ikke har råd til at anskaffe eget udstyr.
Lastly, account should be taken of the rapid techno logical progress in this sector, which is leading to a constant reduction in the cost of hardware and software, the marketing of an ever-increasing range of standard software packages and the emergence of companies offering specialized CAD services to small users who are unable to acquire their own equipment.
') Daratech Inc. vurderer markedet i 1983 til 1,7 milliarder dollars.
Market estimated by Daratech Inc. at USD 1 700 million in 1983.
Verdensmarkedet for CAD, som nåede op på 1,6 milliarder dollars i 1983, har i de sidste to år udvist en årlig vækst på 30% og forudses i 1984 at vokse med mellem 45 og 50% til 2,3 milliarder dollars').
The world CAD market, which amounted to USD 1 600 million in 1983, has grown at a rate of 30% a year over the last two years, and should again increase by 45-50% in 1984 in order to reach the figure of USD 2 300 million.'
Alligevel udnyttes CAD stadig kun i ringe grad i Europa sammenlignet med situationen i USA og Japan.
Nevertheless, CAD is still employed on a very small scale in Europe in comparison with the United States and Japan.
Af det europæiske marked har de amerikanske producenter omkring to tredjedele, som det fremgår af følgende tal (s. 44).
As far as the European market is concerned, American manufacturers hold approximately a two-thirds share, as can be seen from the following figures (p. 44).
Som sammenligning kan nævnes, at den tyske maskinfabrikantsammenslutning (VDMA) skøn ner, at omkring 50% af de japanske firmaer i maskinindustrien for indeværende anvender CAD. Det tilsvarende tal for Forbundsrepublikken Tyskland ligger på omkring 3%.
By way of comparison, the German mechanical engineering industry association (VDMA) estimates that some 50% of Japanese firms in the mechanical engineering sector are currently using CAD.
Mere omfattende oplysninger fremgår af følgende tabel:
An other more general indication is given by the follow ing table.
Skøn over anvendelsen af CAD (1982)
Estimated levels of CAD utilization (1982)
Antal ¡forhold CAD-anlag til BNP
CAD svstems as a% of GDP
De amerikanske fabrikanters styrke og den omfattende udbredelse, CAD har fået i USA, skyldes militærforskningens igangsættende virkning og hviler på det store marked, som flyindustrien udgør (på en gang marked for højteknologi og masseproduktion). duktion).
The situation in France and the United Kingdom is slightly more encouraging, although generally speaking, it is particularly striking to note the extent to which European manufacturers concentrate on their domestic markets.
Frankrig Forbundsrepublikken Tyskland Det forenede Kongerige USA
Norway Sweden France FR of Germany UK USA
') Forfatteren tager forbehold over for disse tals validitet og sammenlignelighed.
Source: Amold-CADCAM International, August 1984.
Lokomotiwirkningen udgår her fra den europæiske flyindustri, navnlig Airbus-programmet.
There is, however, considerable knowhow in Europe, especially in the software field. The European
Det er altså uomtvisteligt, at de europæiske virksomheder er langt bagud for USA og Japan med
Unquestionably, therefore, European firms are lagging far behind the United States and Japan in the use of CAD.
Forskellige leverandørers andele af det europæiske CAD-marked (i %)
Shares of the European CAD market held by various suppliers
Lokale producenters andel Europæiske producenters andel Amerikanske producenters andel
Share of European manufacturers Share of American manufacturers
') Er siden blevet overtaget af Computervision.
Since taken over by Computervision.
2) Forbehold over for tallenes validitet og sammenlignelighed.
Source: Arnold­CADCAM International, August 1984.
Visse europæiske firmaer klarer sig glimrende i specialiserede nicher, ja så godt, at amerikansk industris store virksomheder benytter sig af dem (f.eks. IBM, som forhandler Catiasystemet fra Dassault) eller opkøber dem (CIS i Storbritannien købt af Computervision).
Industrial computing and other types of advanced equipment aviation industry, and in particular the Airbus programme, is acting as a catalyst in this area.
Udtrykket industriel informatik er her ret løst brugt til at betegne en række elementer inden for datamatiseret industriel styring.
The term 'industrial computing' is used here fairly loosely in order to refer to a range of computerized industrial management tools.
Endnu en vigtig faktor må nævnes: I mange tilfælde udvikles de mest avancerede CAD-systemer til internt brug.
Another important factor to be borne in mind is that in many instances, the most highly sophistica­ted CAD systems are developed for internal use.
Det gælder især for IBM og andre store amerikanske firmaer, men også for visse store japanske koncerner.
This is the case, in particular, not only of IBM and other large American firms, but also of certain major Japanese industrial groups.
Hvis disse systemer nogen sinde kommer frem på markedet, sker det med stor forsinkelse, da de pågældende firmaer er mere interesserede i den generelle konkurrencefordel, de får af at anvende disse CAD-systemer, end i at sælge dem.
Where such sys­tems are eventually placed on the market, it is with considerable delay, since the firms concerned are more anxious to take advantage of the overall competitive edge they derive from using such CAD systems than to market them.
Udsigterne for efterspørgslen
77;e outlook for demand
Datamatiseringen dækker i øvrigt også hele den økonomiske styring af virksomhedens aktivitet, hvad enten det drejer sig om bogholderiet eller om salgs- og økonomistyring.
Upstream of manufacturing, computer­aided design — which, as we have seen in the preceding section, makes it possible to optimize the way in which the production process is organized — can be associa­ted with computerized planning of material and component inputs, whereas downstream, custo­mers' orders can also be made, via the data­pro­cessing network, to mesh with the production process.
Nedenstående diagram givet et indtryk af disse elementer i deres helhed.
A striking example in this connection is given by Fiat, which has introduced a system whereby the placing of the order with the
Som for de andre typer avanceret udstyr forventer eksperterne også her i almindelighed et hurtigt voksende marked').
' According to A. D. Little: 28% in the US between 1982 and 1992.
Figur 1: Integreret informatik i industrivirksomheden
firm's activities, whether they be in the accounting, commercial or financial management field.
Helhedsstyring (scenarier, planlægning, datamatstøttet beslutningsproces) 1990­2000
Furthermore, computerization is also spreading to all aspects of the economic management of the
Det er klart, at virksomhederne afhængigt af deres omstændigheder har forskelligt udbytte af en sådan datamatisering.
Clearly, the benefits derived from computerization in this area vary according to the circumstances and situation of the individual firm.
Hvad angår ordreindgangen, er et informatiseret system, der blev installeret i Tyskland (Heidelberger Druckmaschinen) blevet afskrevet på tre år.
As far as order inputs are concerned, a computerized system instal­led in the Federal Republic of Germany (by Hei­delberger Druckmaschinen) paid for itself within three years.
For lagrenes vedkommende anfører A.D. Little gennemsnitsreduktioner på en tredjedel led­saget af et næsten fuldstændigt bortfald af lagerfejl og varemangel.
As regards stocks, Arthur D. Little mentions average reductions of one­third, together with the virtual elimination of errors and shortages.
Andre fordele ligger i reducerede direkte og indirekte arbejdskraftomkostninger, eli­minering af leveringsforsinkelser og i det hele taget en forbedret kundebetjening.
Other benefits are derived as a result of the reduc­tion in direct and indirect labour costs, the elimi­nation of late deliveries and the general improve­ment in the service rendered to customers.
I de foregående afsnit er der trods mange problemer med definitionerne og med statistikkernes sammen­lignelighed gjort forsøg på at tegne et billede af den øjeblikkelige situation for forskellige typer avance­ret udstyr.
An attempt has been made in the preceding sections, despite numerous difficulties associated with definitions and the comparability of statistics,
NB: Omkring 80% af de industrielle og videnska­belige datamater, der bruges i Europa, stammer fra USA.
It should be borne in mind that some 80% of the industrial and scientific computers used in Europe were built in the United States.
med forskellige grader af perfektion, og selv om der stadig er mange problemer at løse, er der ingen uovervindelige tekniske hindringer for at bygge den.
to portray the current situation for the different types of advanced equipment.
programmellet, indlæringseffekten og stordriftsbesparelserne i temmelig nær fremtid vil føre til sænkede omkostninger, som kan gøre det rimeligt for et bredere spektrum af brugere at anvende FMS. På CAD-området myldrer det frem med nye standardprogrammer, mens priserne på terminaler — som det i øvrigt er tilfældet for alt datamateriel — fortsat falder.
Although no factory yet exists which groups to gether all these functions in an integrated manner, this is no utopian dream of the distant future, since the constituent parts of such a factory are already actually operating, at different levels of sophistication, and no insuperable technical obstacle remains even though many solutions still have to be found.