natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
I det første skadesforsikringsdirektiv lod man med vilje en række punkter være uafklarede.
This class of insurance, now becoming familiar in most Member States, was pioneered in Germany, where it is still much more widespread than elsewhere.
I artikel 7, stk. 2, hedder det, at »indtil den senere samordning, der finder sted inden for en frist af fire år efter meddelelsen af dette direktiv, kan Forbundsrepublikken Tyskland opretholde forbuddet mod, at sygeforsikring, kredit- og kautionsforsikring eller retshjælpsforsikring udøves sideløbende eller samtidig med andre klasser på dens område«.
The view was taken there that conflicts of interest which might arise if the same insurance company provided cover for civil liability and for legal expenses were so grave that the prohibition on combining legal expenses insurance with other classes was indispensable.
Hvis de ønskede at udøve alle deres forsikringsaktiviteter i det land, måtte de have besvær og udgifter med at oprette særlige datterselskaber, som kunne tage sig af de enkelte klasser i henhold til specialiseringskravene.
In its capacity as provider of cover for the liability risk, the insurance undertaking might be only too happy to accept that the driver was drunk, because it might then be able to escape having to bear the final cost under the policy (it would have to compensate the third party initially, but could reclaim from the motorist).
Der vil derfor være behov for særskilte foranstaltninger for at gennemføre den samordning, der henvises til i artiklen.
There would thus be a conflict of interests which might tempt the insurer to be less than wholehearted in defending the motorist's interests against the drunken driving charge.
Det vil være praktisk at gennemgå dem i omvendt orden begyndende med retshjælpsforsikring.
Under the German solution, this conflict was avoided, because the same company could not undertake both classes of business; indeed, companies engaged in legal expenses insurance
Denne forsikringsklasse, som nu er ved at blive almindelig i de fleste medlemsstater, opstod først i Tyskland, hvor den stadig er langt mere udbredt end andre steder.
could not carry on any other kind of insurance, although they might (as critics pointed out) belong to a group of companies under common ownership which between them engaged in all kinds of insurance.
Man anlagde i Tyskland det synspunkt, at de interessekonflikter, der kunne opstå som følge af, at det samme forsikringsselskab dækker både ansvarsforsikring og retshjælpsforsikring, var så alvorlige, at det var absolut nødvendigt med et forbud mod at kombinere retshjælpsforsikring med andre klasser.
It was widely believed in Germany that this separation had much to do with the success of legal expenses there, and there was an understandable reluctance to abandon it. Other States did not take this attitude, pointing out that specialization did not resolve all possible conflicts of interest and tended to push up costs.
Et typisk eksempel på en sådan interessekonflikt er den konflikt, der kan opstå, hvis det samme forsikringsselskab dækker en bilist både med hensyn til hans ansvar over for en eventuel tredjepart og med hensyn til de sagsomkostninger, han måtte pådrage sig i forbindelse med retstvister, som skyldes brugen af hans bil.
Faced with this situation, the Commission put forward a compromise proposal, under which Germany would abandon the specialization requirement in return for the Communitywide application of measures which would, it was hoped, greatly reduce the possibility that policyholders would suffer as a result of conflicts of interest.
Lad os antage, at bilisten var impliceret i en ulykke med skade på en anden person.
As is usually the case, these compromise proposals did not particularly please anybody, and it was moreover discovered that all sorts of special situations would have to be taken into account.
Han beskyldes måske både for at være ansvarlig for at have forårsaget skaden og for at have været beruset på det pågældende tidspunkt.
For a long time the proposal seemed doomed, but it was revived and adopted after intensive discussion in the Council working group, in what was perhaps an early manifestation of the 1992 spirit.
Det forsikringsselskab, der har tegnet ansvarsforsikringen, vil med glæde godtage, at føreren var beruset, idet det så vil kunne undgå at skulle betale det endelige erstatningsbeløb (det skal ganske vist først betale erstatning til skadelidte, men har derefter regres mod bilisten).
Some care had to be given to the definition of legal expenses insurance, an activity which is not carried on in the same way in every Member State.
På den anden side vil forsikringsselskabet — når det også dækker retsomkostningerne — være forpligtet til at bistå bilisten med at forsvare sig mod beskyldningen for spirituskørsel.
In some of its forms it may represent the provision of a service in kind of a type which, but for its specific denomination, might be held to fall under the tourist assistance Directive.
Der ville således opstå en interesse konflikt, hvorved forsikringsselskabet kunne blive fristet til ikke at engagere sig særlig stærkt i at forsvare bilisten mod beskyldningerne for spirituskørsel.
Indeed, in some situations exemptions from the provisions of the legal expenses Directive were granted because the ability of an insurer to provide urgently needed on-the-spot service was considered more important than the avoidance of possible conflicts of interest.
Med den tyske løsning undgik man denne konflikt, idet det samme selskab ikke kunne tegne begge former for forsikring.
This provides three methods which may be adopted to ensure that conflict of interests in composite insurers are avoided or overcome.
Selskaber, der beskæftigede sig med retshjælpsforsikring, kunne nemlig ikke beskæftige sig med nogen anden form for forsikring, uagtet at de (som påpeget af kritikere) kunne tilhøre en større koncern af selskaber under fælles ejerskab, som tilsammen beskæftigede sig med alle former for forsikring.
Each Member State is required to ensure that undertakings established within its territory adopt the particular method which that State has chosen, unless the State itself agrees to leave the choice between the three methods to the undertakings.
Det var en almindelig opfattelse i Tyskland, at denne adskillelse var grunden til retshjælpsforsikringens store popularitet, og man var forståeligt nok utilbøjelig til at opgive den. Andre stater delte ikke dette synspunkt, idet de påpegede, at specialiseringen ikke kunne løse alle mulige interessekonflikter og endvidere var medvirkende til at presse omkostningerne i vejret.
It is specifically stated that the methods are to be regarded as alternatives and that, whichever solution is adopted, the interest of persons having legal expenses cover shall be regarded as safeguarded in an equivalent manner.
Der var som sædvanlig ingen, der var særlig tilfreds med dette kompromisforslag, og det konstateredes endvidere, at der måtte tages højde for alle mulige særlige situationer.
(i) no member of staff concerned with settling legal expenses claims may engage in similar activity for another class of business in the same or an associated insurance under taking;
I lang tid så det ud til, at forslaget aldrig ville blive til noget, men så blev det genoplivet og vedtaget efter en dybtgående drøftelse i Rådets arbejdsgruppe og var måske derved et af de første udslag af 1992-ånden.
(ii) the settlement of legal expenses claims is devolved to a legally separate claims settlement office (this was already common practice in the Netherlands);
Man måtte være ret omhyggelig med definitionen af retshjælpsforsikring, som er en aktivitet, der ikke foregår på samme måde i alle medlemsstater.
(iii) as soon as a claim arises, the insured person has the right to go at once to a lawyer of his own choice, who may therefore be quite independent of the insurance company.
I visse udgaver består den i præstation af en naturalydelse af en type, som — hvis det ikke var for dens særlige betegnelse — kunne formodes at falde ind under turistassistancedirektivet.
This happens anyway under the German system, but would not be desired in many other Member States, where it would be normal practice for the insurance company to
De tre metoder kan kort klassificeres således:
This provision applies also to specialist legal expenses insurers.
(i) ingen medarbejder, der beskæftiger sig med behandlingen af skader under retshjælpsforsikring, må udøve en lignende aktivitet inden for en anden klasse i samme eller en tilknyttet forsikringsvirksomhed
Moreover if, despite application of the above measures, a conflict of interests nevertheless arises, the insured person shall in any case be free to choose his own lawyer.
(ii) behandlingen af skader under retshjælpsforsikring overdrages til et i juridisk henseende selvstændigt kontor for behandling af skadessager (dette var allerede almindelig praksis i Nederlandene)
In addition, an arbitration or similar procedure must be available to permit the settlement of disputes which might arise between the insured person and the insurer.
(iii) så snart der opstår en skade, har den forsikrede ret til omgående at kontakte en advokat efter eget valg, som derfor kan være helt uafhængig af forsikringsselskabet.
Just as in the tourist assistance Directive, special consideration had to be given to the position of motoring clubs, which in some Member States have many millions of members and are popularly viewed as having a somewhat distinctive status, so also they cast their shadow into legal expenses insurance.
Dette sker allerede i henhold til det tyske system, men ønskes formentlig ikke i andre medlemsstater, hvor det er normal praksis, at forsikringsselskabet behandler sagen inden for huset, hvilket ikke nødvendigvis kræver deltagelse af advokater overhovedet, førend det bliver nødvendigt at engagere en kvalificeret advokat i tilfælde af en retssag.
The clubs themselves do not carry out such insurance, but may have affiliated or captive bodies which do so. It appears that in some Member States these insurers linked to motoring associations provide an inexpensive form of legal assistance because they draw upon a small body of lawyers, able to deal expeditiously with most motoring cases because of their daily experience in handling them.
Når det punkt er nået, hvor en advokats deltagelse objektivt set er nødvendig (se sidste led ovenfor), skal den sikrede under alle omstændigheder have lov til selv at vælge den person, han ønsker at blive repræsenteret af.
Prices, it is claimed, would be pushed up to an unacceptable level if the principle of a free choice of lawyer were to be accepted here without strict limitations.
Denne bestemmelse gælder også for forsikringsselskaber, som har specialiseret sig i retshjælpsforsikring.
Reinforcing this argument based on cost is the fact that the insurers in question do not handle liability business, so that conflicts of interest would in any event be a rarity.
Hvis der på trods af ovennævnte foranstaltninger alligevel skulle opstå en interessekonflikt, skal den sikrede under alle omstændigheder selv kunne vælge sin advokat. Endvidere skal der være mulighed for voldgift eller en lignende procedure til at løse konflikter, som måtte opstå mellem den sikrede og forsikringsselskabet.
It is interesting to note that Article 5, taking account as it does of the interest of a small minority of Member States, might well not have been included if the Directive had been adopted by qualified majority voting.
Et eksempel herpå kunne være en meningsforskel med hensyn til, om sagen kan afgøres ved en mindelig løsning, eller om et erstatningskrav skal gennem en retssag, der kan blive kostbar.
As it is, this was one of the last Directives to be adopted before the Single European Act came into force.
Artikel 5 kan forekomme ret mystisk, hvis man ikke kender dens baggrund.
In return for all the various safeguards which have been detailed above, which are essentially of a consumer protection nature, Germany was duly obliged to abandon its specialization requirement.
Ligesom i turistassistancedirektivet måtte der tages særligt hensyn til automobilklubberne, som i visse medlemsstater har flere millioner medlemmer og generelt anses for at have en ganske særlig status, så de sætter altså også deres præg på retshjælpsforsikring.
It must be stressed, however, that the Directive in no way requires insurance undertakings which wish to restrict themselves to the sole business of legal expenses insurance to turn themselves into composites.
Klubberne beskæftiger sig ikke selv med denne form for forsikring, men har tilknyttede eller kontrollerede organer, som gør det.
Since the Directive was adopted this has been much discussed, not least in journals representing consumer interests, which tend on the whole to advise their readers to go to specialist insurers on the grounds that only these, despite the safeguards built into the Directive, go far enough in eliminating conflicts of interests.
Det synes at fremgå, at disse forsikrings-
It may well be, however, that this is only the first round in a long battle.
Det hævdes, at priserne ville blive skruet op til et uacceptabelt niveau, hvis princippet om det frie valg af advokat skulle gælde her uden strenge begrænsninger.
Council Directive 8713431EEC of 22 June 1987 on credit insurance and suretyship insurance
Dette omkostningsbestemte argument styrkes af det forhold, at de pågældende forsikringsselskaber ikke beskæftiger sig med ansvarsforsikring, således at interessekonflikter under alle omstændigheder vil være en sjældenhed.
Credit and suretyship insurance are two separate classes of business, being respectively Nos 14 and 15 in the classification of risks according to classes of insurance which form part of the annex to the first nonlife insurance coordination Directive of 24 July 1973.
Det er interessant at bemærke, at artikel 5, hvori der tages hensyn til et lille mindretal af medlemsstater, formentlig ikke ville være blevet medtaget, hvis direktivet skulle vedtages med kvalificeret flertal.
Under credit insurance, the insurer covers the risk incurred by a creditor that he will not receive payment from his debtors, usually owing to the financial difficulties of the debtor but sometimes also, especially in export credit insurance, because of circumstances external to the relations between creditor and debtor, such as the consequences of a nationalization or the blocking of funds by the State.
Dette var rent faktisk et af de sidste direktiver, der blev vedtaget, inden Den Europæiske Fælles Akt (»EF-pakken«) trådte i kraft.
This form of insurance usually calls for close continuous cooperation between the insurer and the insured.
Til gengæld for alle de forskellige beskyttelsesforanstaltninger, der er beskrevet i detaljer ovenfor, og som hovedsageligt tager sigte på beskyttelse af forbrugeren, måtte Tyskland give afkald på sit specialiseringskrav.
Suretyship insurance also covers relations between actual or potential debtors and creditors, but in this case it is the debtor who is the policyholder.
Det må imidlertid understreges, at det på ingen måde kræves i direktivet, at forsikringsvirksomheder, der ønsker at begrænse sig til udelukkende at beskæftige sig med retshjælpsforsikring, skal omdannes til multibrancheselskaber.
The suretyship insurance provides a guarantee to the creditor, at the debtor's expense, that the latter will not default upon his obligations.
Det forholder sig tværtimod stik modsat: Man har altid regnet med, at der ville opstå konkurrence mellem multibrancheselskaber og selskaber, der specialiserede sig i retshjælpsforsikring, og at den ene eller den anden virksomheds forms succes ikke blot ville afhænge af prisen, men også af forbrugernes syn på den egentlige værdi af den ydede service.
A similar guarantee can be provided by banks. There is thus competition for this business between the two types of financial institution.
Siden direktivets vedtagelse har dette været genstand for megen drøftelse, ikke mindst i forbrugerblade, som generelt er tilbøjelige til at råde læserne til at henvende sig til specialiserede forsikringsselskaber med den begrundelse, at kun disse — til trods for den sikkerhed, der er indbygget i direktivet — går tilstrækkeligt langt med hensyn til at undgå interessekonflikter.
As has already been mentioned, the first nonlife Directive provided in its Article 7(2)(c) that the Federal Republic of Germany might maintain its then existing requirement that business in these two categories should be carried on only by specialist insurers.
Det kan imidlertid udmærket tænkes, at dette kun er første runde i et længere slagsmål.
The first nonlife Directive also stated, in its Article 2(2)(d), that it did not apply to:
Rådets direktiv 87/343/EØF af 22. juni 1987 om kreditforsikring og kautionsforsikring
Directive 87/343/EEC deals with both of these points by means of amendments and additions to the text of the first nonlife Directive.
Kredit- og kautionsforsikring er to særskilte forsikringsklasser, som har henholdsvis nr. 14 og 15 i risikoklassifikationen i bilaget til 1. skadesforsikringsdirektiv af 24. juli 1973.
As in the case of legal expenses insurance, the specialization requirement was seen in the first place as an unacceptable barrier to the exercise of the right of establishment, but the provisions designed to remove it here too take account of the work already being done at the time on measures to facilitate the exercise of the right of freedom of services, which was to culminate in the second nonlife insurance coordination Directive, adopted exactly one year later.
Ved kreditforsikring dækker forsikringsselskabet risikoen for, at kreditor ikke modtager betaling fra debitorerne, normalt som følge af debitors finansielle vanskeligheder, men somme tider og navnlig i forbindelse med eksportkreditforsikring også på grund af omstændigheder, som ikke vedrører relationerne mellem kreditor og debitor, f.eks. i forbindelse med en nationalisering eller statens tilbageholdelse af midler.
The origins of the specialization of credit insurance in Germany were quite different from those giving rise to the similar provisions on legal expenses insurance.
Denne form for forsikring forudsætter normalt et nært og vedvarende samarbejde mellem forsikringsselskabet og den sikrede.
In the economic depression between the two world wars an insurance undertaking carrying on both credit insurance and other classes of business had fallen into serious financial difficulties, because of the strains imposed on the credit insurance operations by the large number of bankruptcies occurring at the time.
forsikringen giver — på debitors bekostning — kreditor en garanti for, at debitor ikke misligholder sine forpligtelser.
insurance, because its results were so closely linked with the economic cycle, was an inherently dangerous class of business which could not safely be carried on alongside other classes.
Som allerede nævnt hed det i artikel 7, stk. 2, litra c), i 1. skadesforsikringsdirektiv, at Forbundsrepublikken Tyskland kunne opretholde det dengang bestående krav om, at forsikringsvirksomhed inden for disse to kategorier kun måtte udføres af specialiserede forsikringsselskaber.
In its initial proposal, which went back to 1979, the Commission envisaged that the additional financial safeguards should consist of an increase in the minimum amount of the guarantee fund and the introduction of an equalization reserve, calculated on a comparatively simple basis by reference to the credit insurance business only. This ran into difficulties on two counts.
Det hed ligeledes i artikel 2, stk. 2, litra d), i 1. skadesforsikringsdirektiv, at det ikke vedrørte følgende form for virksomhed:
Germany considered that the proposed increase in the guarantee fund was not high enough and should be supported by an increase in the solvency margin, whereas many other Member States thought that the Commission had already gone too far.
»indtil den senere samordning, der skal gennemføres inden en frist på fire år efter dette direktivs bekendtgørelse, eksportkreditforsikringsvirksomhed for statens regning eller med statsstøtte«.
On the matter of the equalization reserve, whilst most Member States, including Germany, accepted the principle that some such reserve should be created for credit insurance business, there was deep disagreement on the method of calculation.
Direktiv 87/343/EØF tager fat på begge disse punkter ved hjælp af ændringer og tilføjelser til teksten i 1. skadesforsikringsdirektiv.
The first of these disputes was overcome by a straightforward compromise.
Langt den største del af teksten til direktivet udgøres af foranstaltninger, der skulle bane vej for at få fjernet det tyske specialiseringskrav.
The Directive, as adopted, provides that an undertaking carrying on credit insurance business, whether on its own or in conjunction with other classes, must have a minimum guarantee fund of ECU 1400000, instead of ECU 400000, as originally provided in the first Directive.
Baggrunden for det specialiseringskrav, der gjaldt for kreditforsikring i Tyskland, var en helt anden end den, der førte til lignende bestemmelser vedrørende retshjælpsforsikring.
The solution reached, after long and difficult technical debate, on the equalization reserve is anything but simple and continues to give rise to much controversy.
Under den økonomiske depression mellem de to verdenskrige var et forsikringsselskab, som udøvede virksomhed inden for både kreditforsikring og andre forsikringsklasser, kommet i alvorlige finansielle vanskeligheder på grund af det store antal konkurser på det pågældende tidspunkt, som belastede selskabets kreditforsikringsaktiviteter. Dette betød tab for forsikringstagere inden for andre forsikringsklasser. De tyske myndigheder konkluderede, at fordi forsikrings selskabernes driftsresultat inden for kreditforsikring hang så nøje sammen med de økonomiske konjunkturer, var det i sig selv en risikobetonet form for virksomhed, som det ville være uforsvarligt at udøve sammen med andre klasser.
The reason for having an equalization reserve at all is that the claims experience of credit insurance tends to move in cycles spread over a long period, related to the economic cycles of boom and depression.
Fællesskabet måtte derfor stille yderligere finansielle krav til multibrancheselskaber, som var strenge nok til at overbevise Tyskland om, at den frygtede fare blev forebygget, men uden at det resulterede i så store ekstraomkostninger, at de andre medlemsstater ikke kunne acceptere dem.
An equalization reserve is intended to even out these peaks and troughs by ensuring that enough earmarked reserves are built up in the fat years to enable the losses of the lean years to be borne.
Disse andre stater, som ikke var uden forståelse for det tyske synspunkt, havde ikke haft de samme erfaringer som Tyskland og mente ikke, at kreditforsikring i sig selv var mere risikobetonet end visse andre klasser.
If credit insurers throughout the Community are subject to a requirement to constitute such reserves, they will be taken into account in premium rates without there being any competitive distortion.
I det oprindelige forslag, som gik tilbage til 1979, forudså Kommissionen, at de yderligere finansielle foranstaltninger skulle bestå i en forhøjelse af garantifondens minimumsbeløb og indførelse af en udligningsreserve, som skulle beregnes på et
Under this system an obligation to provide such a reserve exists only if previous experience over a number of years has in fact shown sufficient fluctuations to trigger off the mechanism, and the amount of the reserve created is related to the need demonstrated by past experience.
Tyskland mente, at den foreslåede forhøjelse af garantifonden ikke var stor nok og burde støttes af en forhøjelse af solvensmargenen, hvorimod mange andre medlemsstater mente, at Kommissionen allerede var gået for vidt.
A number of other methods were canvassed, but it became clear that none was capable of attracting the unanimous support which was necessary at the time (the Single European Act, under which qualified majority voting would have been applied, did not come into effect until 1 July 1987).