natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Man undgik at tale om procedure i retten, som efter disse delegationers opfattelse var deltagelse i udøvelsen af offentlig myndighed, og afgrænsede virksomhedsområdet således:
Without any reference to representation and defence of clients before the courts, which, in the estimation of these delegations, involved a connection with the exercise of official authority, the scope had been confined to the following activities:
— rådgivende virksomhed
— consultation,
— virksomhed med fri mundtlig forelæggelse af en sag for retten, adgang til sagsakterne, besøg hos indsatte og tilstedeværelse ved sagens undersøgelse.
— making free verbal statements of grounds before the courts, access to case papers, visiting clients held in prison and attendance at the taking of evidence.
Da forslaget var begrænset til udveksling af tjenesteydelser, fandt man det nødvendigt at give en mere nøjagtig definition heraf, end det, som var anført i traktaten, for at undgå en tilsløret etableringsret.
Since the proposal was limited to the provision of services, it was considered necessary to provide a more precise definition than that given in the Treaty of the activities covered, so that it would not in fact be introducing a disguised right of establishment.
Disse mere præcise angivelser var udtrykt på følgende måde:
This was done in the following terms:
»Den i artikel 2 omhandlede virksomhed som advokat, som forudsætter, at tjenesteyderen rejser, betragtes som fri udveksling af tjenesteydelser, når: — tjensteyderen ikke i værtslandet har et forretningssted, der kan benyttes til på stedet at opbygge et nyt klientel; — ydelserne præsteres i henhold til en kontrakt, som er indgået under udøvelsen af advokatens erhvervs virksomhed. « ' ).
'The rights as regards freedom to provide services laid down in this Directive shall apply to such activities of lawyers requiring the provision of services outside the country of establishment as fall within the meaning of Article 2 and meet the following conditions:
— Hvad den rådgivende virksomhed angår skulle den begunstigede anføre sin erhvervstitel i hjemlandet og overholde de disciplinære regler i værtslandet, »uden at de forpligtelser, der påhviler ham i medlemsstaten, som er hjemland, herved indskrænkes.«
— the lawyer in question does not have an establishment in the host country of such a nature as to permit the constitution of a new body of clients in that country: - the services in question are provided by virtue of a contract concluded by that lawyer in the pursuit of his professional activities.' '
— For anden virksomhed skulle den begunstigede desuden opfylde følgende betingelser: gelser:
A distinction was made between consultation and the other liberalized activities for the purposes of the conditions under which nationals of one Member State were to be allowed to provide services in another.
— introduceres for retspræsidenten i overensstemmelse med sædvane for det stedlige advokat samfund
— In the case of the other activities, he was to be required in addition to comply with the following conditions:
— handle i forbindelse med en advokat eller en 'avoué', som er statsborger i den medlemsstat, der er værtsland«1).
'— to be introduced, in accordance with local customs, to the presiding judge; — to work in conjunction with a lawyer or. where appropriate, an avoué who is a national of the host Member State.'2
Af grunde, som ikke står helt klart, anførte Kommissionen ikke de almindelige bestemmelser blandt andet om faglig disciplin, men formulerede dem som nye, let afvigende bestemmelser, hvis indhold dog førte til samme resultat.
For reasons which are not clear, the Commission did not use the general provisions on professional discipline and other matters, but drew up new provisions which were slightly different but the same in effect.
b) Det ændrede forslag
(b) The amended proposal
Ved de domme, der blev afsagt af De europæiske Fællesskabers Domstol i sagerne Reyners (21. juni 1974) og Van Binsbergen (3. december 1974), og som vi har omtalt andetsteds, var to vigtige ting slået fast:
The judgments given by the Court of Justice of the European Communities in the Reyners case (21 June 1974) and the Van Binsbergen case (3 December 1974), details of which are given above, had established two important points:
— at artikel 52 og 63 i traktaten var umiddelbart gældende;
— that Articles 52 and 63 of the Treaty were directly applicable; — that Article 55 did not apply to the activities of lawyers in their entirety.
— at virksomheden som advokat ikke i sin helhed faldt ind under bestemmelserne i artikel 55. I øvrigt medførte udvidelsen af Fællesskabet, at der måtte tages hensyn til de særlige-forhold i de tre nye medlemsstater, og især til »common law«-syste-met og de to forskellige former for virksomhed i Storbritannien og Irland.
At the same time, the Community had been enlarged and it was necessary to take into account the specific circumstances in the three new Member States, and in particular the common law system and the dual structure of the legal profession in the United Kingdom and Ireland.
Disse omstændigheder førte til en ny situation, som fik Rådet til at opfordre Kommissionen til at forelægge et ændret forslag, hvilket den gjorde i juli 1975.
These factors created a new situation in view of which the Council invited the Commission to submit an amended proposal, which it did in July 1975.
De vigtigste ændringer i forhold til den oprindelige tekst var følgende:
The main amendments to the original text were as follows:
— i den nye tekst skulle anvendelsesområdet ikke mere præciseres.
— In the new text, it was no longer necessary to define the scope of the directive.
Dommen i Reyners-sagen gjorde det klart, at virksomhed i forbindelse med repræsentation og forsvar af parterne i retten ikke faldt ind under bestemmelserne i artikel 55.
The Reyners judgment had clearly established that Article 55 did not apply to the representation or defence of parties to legal proceedings.
Forslaget finder derfor anvendelse på virksomhed som advokat, der nærmere er angivet ved den erhvervstitel, som benyttes i de forskellige medlemsstater;
The proposal therefore applied to the activities of lawyers, as defined by the professional titles used in the various Member States.
• hvad angår indskrivelse i den faglige organisation og anvendelsen af fagetiske regler, er de grundlæggende principper de samme, selv om formuleringen er ændret.
— The Article defining the concept of provision of services was dispensed with; the first indent had seemed self-evident, the second too restrictive.
Man vil således se, at udover det, som var en følge af Domstolens afgørelser, bestod den vigtigste ændring i, at for udøvelsen af rådgivende virksomhed skulle de disciplinære regler i hjemlandet anvendes i værtslandet.
Thus, the most important change, apart from those changes made in order to take account of the judgments of the Court and enlargement of the Community, was the provision making the activity of consultation in the host country subject to the rules of professional conduct of the country of origin.
Direktivet kom i meget vidt omfang til at følge det ændrede forslag.
The Directive followed the amended proposal very closely.
Afvigelserne kom i det væsentlige til at bestå af følgende:
The main differences were as follows:
— Til anvendelsesområdet blev der føjet en nærmere bestemmelse:
— An addition was made to the definition of the scope:
»... kan medlemsstaterne forbeholde bestemte kategorier af advokater retten til at udfærdige officielt bekræftede dokumenter, hvorved der gives bemyndigelse til at behandle dødsboer, eller hvorved der stiftes eller overdrages rettigheder over fast ejendom«1).
'...Member States may reserve to prescribed categories of lawyers the preparation of formal documents for obtaining title to administer estates of deceased persons, and the drafting of formal documents creating or transferring interests in land.'1
— Med hensyn til de disciplinære regler, der finder anvendelse på rådgivende virksomhed, findes der i direktivet en artikel, som ikke er fuldstændig klar.
— On the subject of the rules of professional conduct applicable to the activity of consultation, the Directive contains a provision which is less than perfectly clear:
»Ved udøvelsen af andre former for virksomhed end dem, der er omhandlet i artikel 1, forbliver advokaten undergivet de betingelser og faglige regler, der gælder i den medlemsstat, han kommer fra, idet han dog tillige er undergivet de regler, som uanset deres oprindelse gælder for advokat standen i værtslandet, navnlig vedrørende uforenelighed mellem udøvelse af advokatgerning og andre former for virksomhed i denne stat, tavshedspligt, forholdet mellem kolleger, forbud mod, at samme advokat bistår parter med modstridende interesser, samt vedrørende annoncering.
'A lawyer pursuing activities other than those referred to in paragraph 1 shall remain subject to the conditions and rules of professional conduct of the Member State from which he comes without prejudice to respect for the rules, whatever their source, which govern the profession in the host Member State, especially those concerning the incompatibility of the exercise of the activities of a lawyer with the exercise of other activities in that State, professional secrecy, relations with other lawyers, the prohibition on the same lawyer acting for parties with mutually conflicting interests, and publicity.
Disse regler kan dog kun anvendes, såfremt de kan efterkommes af en advokat, der ikke er etableret i værtslandet, og kun i det omfang kravet om overholdelse er objektivt begrundet af advokatgerningen, standens omdømme og overholdelsen af ovennævnte regler om uforenelighed«2).
The latter rules are applicable only if they are capable of being observed by a lawyer who is not established in the host Member State and to the extent to which their observance is objectively justified to ensure, in that State, the proper exercise of a lawyer's activities, the standing of the profession and respect for the rules concerning incompatibility.'2
Ved læsningen af denne meget uklare tekst kan man spørge sig selv, om det ikke havde været meget enklere at holde sig til traktatens grundregel: anvendelse af loven i det land, hvor virksomheden udøves.
On reading this particularly ambiguous wording, one could be forgiven for asking whether it would not have been simpler to fall back on the fundamental rule of the Treaty: application of the laws of the country in which the service is provided.
2) EFT L 78 af 26.3.77, s. 18, artikel 4, stk. 4.
18, Article 4 (4).
Virksomhed som tandlæge (EFT af 24.8.1978) a) De oprindelige forslag
(a) The original proposals
De oprindelige forslag vedrørende udøvelse af virksomhed som tandlæge blev frem sendt til Rådet samtidig med »læge«-forslagene i et samlet dokument den 26. februar 1969.
The original proposals concerning practitioners of dentistry were forwarded to the Council on 26 February 1969, in a single document together with the proposals for doctors.
Fire hovedpunkter kan bemærkes:
The essential features were as follows:
1) Uddannelseskriterieme 5 år og 5 000 timer omfattende en liste over obligatoriske fag. I hver faggruppe skulle der gives et mindstetal af undervisningstimer.
( 1 ) Training criteria: 5 years and 5 000 hours, with a list of compulsory subjects and a minimum number of hours of instruction for each group of subjects.
2) Hensyntagen til et speciale — ortodonti — som fandtes i Tyskland og i Nederlandene, og for hvilket uddannelsesbetingelserne var nærmere angivet.
(2) Inclusion of one speciality — orthodontics — recognized in the Federal Republic of Germany and the Netherlands, specifying training requirements.
3) Det særlige forhold i Italien: i denne medlemsstat krævede udøvelse af virksomhed som tandlæge på det tidspunkt kun lægeeksamen uden særlig uddannelse i tandlægevirksomhed.
(3) The special situation in Italy: at the time, the qualification to practise dentistry in this Member State was the diploma in medicine, with no specific course in dentistry.
Forslaget indeholdt en overgangsordning med supplerende ud dannelse dels for den italienske læge, som ville etablere sig i andre medlemsstater, hvor der fandtes en særlig tandlægeuddannelse, dels for udøveren af virksomhed som tandlæge fra de fem andre medlemsstater, som ville etablere sig i Italien uden at have lægeeksamen.
The proposal called for transitional arrangements to be made for additional training, on the one hand for Italian doctors establishing themselves in other Member States where there was specific training in dentistry and, on the other hand, for dentists not qualified in medicine from the five other Member States establishing themselves in Italy.
4) Endelig var der en artikel, som omhandlede afgrænsningen af mindsteområdet for udøvelse af denne virksomhed.
(4) An article defining the minimum scope for the Community as a whole, in the following terms:
» I. Medlemsstaterne sikrer, at udøverne af virksomheden som tandlæge er kvalificerede til at få adgang til at foretage diagnose og behandling af sygdomme i tænderne, munden og kæberne og at udøve virksomhed i forbindelse hermed.
'I. Member States shall ensure that dental surgeons have the right to take up and pursue activities involving the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the teeth, mouth and jaws. II.
De ovenfor nævnte former for virksomhed udøves under overholdelse af faglig disciplin; medlemsstaterne sikrer ved passende bestemmelser sanktionsmidier mod overtrædelse af disse regler«1).
The activities referred to under I shall be subject to professional discipline: Member States shall by appropriate provisions ensure that breaches of that discipline are penalized." '
Forslaget til direktiv var ledsaget af et forslag til henstilling fra Rådet, hvori Italien opfordredes til at indføre en universitetsuddannelse for udøvere af tandlægevirksomhed. hed.
This proposal was accompanied by a proposal for a Council Recommendation calling upon Italy to organize university-level training for practitioners of dentistry.
I en erklæring præciserer Rådet, at der:
The Council defined its terms in a Declaration:
»... ved et studieår på heltidsbasis forstås en teoretisk og praktisk uddannelse, som omfatter en sædvanlig, fuldstændig studiecyklus på universitetsniveau på et år, hvor undervisningen omfatter det i bilaget til dette direktiv anførte undervisningsprogram«1).
'The Council states that a year of full-time instruction means theoretical and practical instruction covering a normal, complete annual course of university study comprising the programme of studies given in the Annex to this Directive.' '
Specialerne
Specialities
Hensyntagen til specialer: ortodonti i Tyskland, Danmark, Frankrig, Irland, Nederlan­dene og Storbritannien og mundkirurgi i Tyskland, Danmark, Irland, Nederlandene og Storbritannien. I en bestemmelse angives nærmere, under hvilke betingelser statsbor­gere fra andre medlemsstater har adgang til at udøve disse specialer i disse med­lemsstater.
The provisions of the directives were extended to two specialities: orthodontics in Germany, Denmark, France, Ireland, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, and oral surgery in Germany, Denmark, Ireland, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom.
Italienske læger skal fremlægge en attestation for udøvelse af tandlægevirksomhed i tre år.
It was laid down that Italian doctors would be required to produce a certificate con firming three years' experience in dentistry.
Undtaget fra denne attestation er personer, som har gennemført studier af mindst tre års varighed i tandlægevirksomhed.
This requirement was waived in the case of those who had successfully completed a course in dentistry of at least three years' duration.
Direktivet indeholder ingen bestemmelse for statsborgere fra andre medlemsstater, der ønsker at etablere sig i Italien.
There were no longer any provisions concerning nationals of the other Member States who were not qualified in medicine and wished to establish them selves in Italy.
»Medlemsstaterne sikrer, at tandlægerne generelt bliver i stand til at optage og udøve virksomhed, der indebærer forebyggelse, diagnose og behandling af misdannelser og sygdomme i tænderne, munden, kæberne og det omgivende væv, under overholdelse af de administrativt eller ved lov fastsatte bestemmelser, og af de deontologiske regler, som er gældende for dette erhverv ved meddelelsen af dette direktiv.
"Member States shall ensure that dental surgeons generally have the right to take up and pursue activities involving the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of anomalies and diseases of the teeth, mouth, jaws and associated tissues in accordance with the deontological rules and the regulations governing the profession at the time of notification of this Directive.
Medlemsstater, hvor der ikke findes sådanne regler og bestemmelser, kan fastsætte nærmere bestemmelser for eller begrænse udøvelsen af virksomhed, der omhandles i stk. 1, i en udstræk­ning der svarer til forholdene i de øvrige medlemsstater«2).
Those Member States which do not have such rules or regulations may define or limit the pursuit of certain activities referred to in the first paragraph to an extent which is comparable to that of the other Member States.'2
Den artikel, som indeholder en afgrænsning af virkefeltet, ledsages af en erklæring fra Rådet:
Council statement, Doc. R/T688. p. 64, e/78 (ES80) (Annex V).
Direktiverne er ledsaget af forskellige andre erklæringer fra Rådet, af hvilke vi allerede har set de vigtigste i forbindelse med læge-direktiverne.
"Whereas it is necessary for reasons of public health to move within the Community towards a common definition of the field of activity of dental surgeons; whereas this Directive does not at this stage enable complete coordination to be achieved as regards the field of activities of dental surgeons in the various Member States...' '
Her skal desuden bemærkes en erklæring fra den danske delegation i forbindelse med den almindelige bestemmelse vedrørende krav om sprogkundskaber. Denne erklæring bidrager ikke til at kaste lys over en tekst, som vi allerede har anset for at være uklar.
The article defining the field of activity was accompanied by a Council Declaration in the following terms:
Endelig foreligger der en erklæring fra den belgiske delegation, hvori denne »forbeholder sig ret til at forlange af tjenesteyderen, at han i sin erklæring angiver, på hvilken måde der vil blive sikret kontinuitet i behandlingen af den patient, der står som modtager af tjenesteydelsen«1).
The Directives were accompanied by various other Council Declarations, the most important of which were similar to those discussed in connection with the directives on the medical profession. In addition, there was a declaration from the Danish delega­tion in connection with the requirements as regards linguistic competence, which failed to clarify the meaning of a wording whose ambiguity was commented upon earlier.
Denne interesse fra den belgiske regerings side er sikkert berettiget, men hvilke følger vil en sådan erklæring få, og hvorfor er dette spørgsmål ikke afgjort i selve direktivet og for alle medlemsstaterne?
There was also a declaration from the Belgian delegation, stating that the Belgian Government reserved the right to ask the person providing the services to specify in his declaration the manner in which the continuity of the treatment to be given to the patient receiving the services would be ensured.3The Belgian Govern­ment's concern on this count is certainly justified, but what will be the consequences of its declaration and why was this problem not settled in the directive itself for all Member States?
Dyrlæger (EFT af 23.12.1978)
Veterinary surgeons (OJ of 23.12.1978)
I marts 1970 forelægger Kommissionen Rådet tre forslag til direktiver vedrørende virksomhed som dyrlæge. De vigtigste bestemmelser i disse tekster er:
The Commission forwarded three proposals for directives on the activities of veteri­nary surgeons to the Council in March 1970.
Eksamensbeviser uden erhvervsretlig virkning
Diplomas which have no legal standing
I forslaget til direktiv vedrørende »ophævelse af restriktioner« nævntes blandt de restriktioner, der skulle ophæves for Belgiens og Frankrigs vedkommende, ude lukkelse af erhvervsretlig virkning for visse eksamensbeviser, som var erhvervet af udlændinge, selv om uddannelsen var den samme som for disse landes statsborgere.
The proposal for a directive, on 'abolition of restrictions', mentioned among the restrictions to be abolished the practice in Belgium and France of withholding 'civil effect' from certain diplomas awarded to foreign nationals, despite the fact that they had undergone the same training as nationals.
Anvendelse af artikel 55
Application of Article 55
I betragtning af, at lovgivningen i visse medlemsstater indebar, at virksomhed som dyrlæge var forbundet med udøvelse af offentlig myndighed, havde Kommissionen affattet en artikel, som gik ud på at fastsætte bestemte grænser for disse former for virksomhed.
Because certain of the activities of veterinary surgeons were deemed under the laws of some Member States to be connected with the exercise of official authority, the ι Doc. R/1688, p. 35, e/78 (ES 80) (Annex II). 2Doc. R/1688, p. 64, e/78 (ES 80) (Annex V).
Uddannelseskriterieme
Academic titles
Uddannelsens varighed er 5 år omfattende mindst 4 500 timers undervisning.
The general provision on the use of academic titles was accompanied by a list of the titles concerned contained in an annex to the directive.
Disse var nærmere fordelt efter en studieplan, idet medlemsstaterne dog selv kunne træffe bestemmelse om anvendelsen af 250 timer.
The minimum duration of training was set at five years, with at least 4 500 hours of instruction, broken down according to a detailed programme, although with 250 hours left to the discretion of the Member States.
Den 18. december 1978 vedtog Rådet dyrlæge-direktiverne. Hovedelementerne i disse tekster er:
On 18 December 1978 the Council adopted the directives on veterinary surgeons.
1) Uddannelseskriterier: — der indsættes en artikel med fastsættelse af de kvalitative kriterier;
(1) Training requirements:
— 5 års studier efter en studieplan, der er anført i bilaget.
— introduction of an article setting qualitative criteria;
Der er ikke angivet noget timetal, men i en afsluttende bemærkning til studieplanen bemærkes dog følgende:
There was no longer any stipulation as to the minimum number of hours, but the final paragraph of the annex containing the study programme was significant:
»Fordelingen af den teoretiske og praktiske undervisning på de forskellige faggrupper bør afvejes og samordnes, således at de kundskaber og erfaringer, der er anført i artikel..., kan erhverves på passende måde for at gøre det muligt for dyrlægen at udføre alle sine opgaver.«1)
'The distribution of the theoretical and practical training among the various groups of subjects shall be balanced and coordinated in such a way that the knowledge and experience listed in Article... may be acquired in a manner which will adequately enable veterinary surgeons to perform all their various duties.'2
Man vil se, at denne tekst giver udtryk for den samme hensigt, som lå bag affattelsen af de oprindelige forslag.
The intention here was the same as that behind the drafting of the original proposals.
Forskellen er, at i 1970 præciseredes denne hensigt ved detaljerede kvantitative kriterier, mens man i 1978 holdt sig til en hensigtserklæring.
The difference is that this intention was expressed in 1970 by detailed quantitative criteria and in 1978 by a mere declaration of intent.
Man ser, at Rådet ikke mere kommer ind på spørgsmålet om artikel 55.
It is worth noting that the Council no longer considered it necessary to include a provision dealing with the problem of Article 55.
Det ser ud, som om regeringerne har forpligtet sig til på det pågældende virksomhedsområde kun meget undtagelsesvis at bringe denne artikel i anvendelse.
It would seem that the governments had undertaken to apply this article to the activities of veterinary surgeons only in very exceptional cases.
Bestemmelse af virkefeltet
19, Article 3. OJ C 362, 23.12.1978, p. 9.
Mindstekriterierne for uddannelsen
The Commission presented proposals for directives on midwives to the Council in December 1969.