natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Rådet var af den opfattelse, at det i store virksomheder var ønskeligt, at såvel arbejdstagere som aktionærer havde tillid til medlemmerne af tilsyns rådet. Arbejdstagerne burde derfor have samme indflydelse som aktionærerne med hensyn til rådets sammensætning, men direkte repræsentation blev forkastet, fordi man mente, at risikoen for polarisering og klikedannelse var for stor. Som følge heraf foreslog man selv suppleringssystemet for at sikre en større homogenitet, mens man samtidig gav arbejdstagere og aktionærer samme mulighed for at øve indflydelse på rådets sammensætning1).
Traditionally, collective bargaining has been an essentially voluntary process with little reliance being placed on the law except for a few statutes which facilitated or supported voluntary collective bargaining such as legislation for extending widely applicable collective agreements to recalcitrant em­ployers.'
Direktionens medlemmer udnævnes af og kan afsættes af tilsynsrådet.
Both the procedures for bargaining and the scope of collective bargaining are capable of almost limit­less variety.
Generalforsamlingen og bedriftsrådet skal på forhånd have meddelelse om udnævnelse af en direktør.
It can mean very little participation at all, for example a three yearly national agreement on basic minimum wage rates and other remuneration which is the subject of much supplementation locally.
I tilfælde af afsættelse skal generalforsamlingen høres på forhånd og bedriftsrådet informeres.
On the other hand, it can mean a great deal of participation, for example, the agreement between the Glacier Metal Company Limited and four important unions which in fact forms a constitution under which inter alia the principles and policies within which management operates are settled by unanimous vote in a works council consisting of 14 representatives of all grades of employees and
Flere fagforeninger har imidlertid allerede indledt drøftelser af andre systemer.
The Scott Bader Commonwealth.
NKV har for nylig udtalt sig til fordel for et system svarende til det af Kommissionen foreslåede i det ændrede forslag til Statut for europæiske Aktieselskaber.
See Partici­pation in industry, by Gordon Brown, 1972.
Aktie- og udbytteandel
See e.g. Parke ν Daily News Ltd. (1962) Ch.
Opdelingen af funktion og ansvar går ud på at direktionen udfører og er ansvarlig for selskabets forretningsførelse under tilsynsrådets kontrol.
Since the enactment of the Redundancy Pay­ ments Act 1965, a company will now often have statutory obligations to employees in closure situa­ tions like that of the Parke case.
Med henblik herpå skal direktionen holde tilsynsrådet informeret om selskabets forretningsmæssige situation.
Company law in the United Kingdom makes virtually no provision concerning a company's employees.
Tilsynsynsrådet skal ligeledes udarbejde det årlige regnskab, som skal forelægges generalforsamlingen til godkendelse.
However, this does not mean that employees have no legal rights in relation to the company which employs them, nor does it imply that the law prevents the implementation of schemes for employee participation even within the structure of the company itself.
Endvidere kan de af direktionens beslutninger, som er af væsentlig betydning for virksomhedens liv, ikke træffes uden forud gående samtykke fra tilsynsrådet.
In the first place, there is a body of industrial relations law which regulates the relationships between employees and employers, companies included.
Dette er tilfældet med f.eks. beslutninger om større investeringer eller økonomisk deltagelse i andre virksomheder, ny kapitaludstedelse og lukninger. ninger.
By way of parenthesis it should be noted that this body of law still places great emphasis on the concept of agreement, whether the agreement is a collective bargain which may well not be legally enforceable or an individual employment contract.
Selskaber, som tilhører en koncern, hvori størstedelen af arbejdstagerne er beskæftiget uden for Nederlandene, har en modificeret todelt struktur. Selskabet skal have et tilsynsråd, som
In the second place, company law itself relies fundamentally on the concept of agreement, so that it is open to those who form or own a company to agree, if they so desire, on a company constitution and structure which entail a high degree of employee participa­tion.'
Nederlandenes regering har tilkendegivet, at den har til hensigt at fremlægge et lovforslag, der indfører et udbyttedelingssystem.
For both industrial and company law are still fundamentally facultative rather than regul­atory, though the amount of regulation grows continuously.
Det til sigter at give arbejdstagerne andel i selskabets »overskydende indtjening«, et begreb der nær mere skal defineres.
But if those forming or owning a company do not express in the constitution a desire for the protection of the employees' spe­cial interests, then company law does not inter­vene, and will moreover enforce the logical implications of what has been agreed to the possible detriment of employees.2Accordingly, in the absence of special provision by those forming a company, employees are in no sense members of the company.
En andel på 10% har været nævnt.
Such special provi­sion is extremely rare.
udviklet sig pragmatisk og også som følge af, at de præceptive bestemmelser i 1969 blev enstemmigt vedtaget af det socialøkonomiske råd, som talte repræsentanter fra de vigtigste interessegrupperl).
a management representative representing the board. In between these extremes, a large and expanding number of forms is to be found.
Men medlemmerne af direktionen udnævnes og afsættes ikke af tilsynsrådet, men af generalforsamlingen dvs. i det herskende selskab.
If agreement were not ultimately reached, the union would have the right to seek unilateral arbitration before the authority on the terms and conditions of employment of the employees concerned.
På samme måde udarbejdes årsregnskabet af generalforsamlingen og ikke af til synsrådet.
Furthermore, a duty would be placed on employers to disclose to unions the information needed for effective collective bargaining.
Denne særlige bestemmelse blev indføjet for at sikre en ensartet ledelse af koncerner af denne art, og benævnes »den milde ordning«.
Failure to do so might give rise to a form of legally binding arbitration.
Hvad fremtiden angår, afventer nogle af de interesserede parter og grupper for øjeblikket, hvorledes de ved loven af 1971 gennemførte ændringer virker i praksis, før de binder sig med nye forslag.
When collective bargaining has become very developed both in terms of scope and procedure, it is often given the name 'joint regulation'.
De giver udtryk for, at der endnu ikke er gået tilstrækkelig lang tid til at kunne foretage en egentlig vurdering af den nye lov.
However, the institution is fundamentally no different, being based on an agreement or a series of agreements between management and labour which may well not be legally enforce able.
Som vi har set, drøfter fagforeningerne nye former for medarbejderindflydelse, skønt man endnu ikke er nået til almindelig enighed.
Glacier Metal's scheme and the activities of some shop stewards and joint works commit tees fall into this category.
Selskaber, som ikke omfattes af de præceptive bestemmelser i loven fra 1971, kan ligeledes have et tilsynsråd, hvis vedtægterne indeholder bestemmelse herom.
In addition, important manufacturing enterprises would be required to supply to the government information on a wide range of matters, including, for example, estimates as to the enterprises' future output, sales, and capital expenditure.
På disse selskaber finder systemet i loven fra 1928 stadig anvendelse.
Subject to certain limitations and safeguards, these enterprises would have to supply the same information to trade unions recognized by them.
Tilsynsrådet udnævnes af generalforsamlingen, og dets beføjelser er mere begrænsede, idet det er generalforsamlingen og ikke tilsynsrådet, der udnævner og afsætter direktionen og udarbejder årsregnskabet.
Collective bargaining also forms the main element in the Trades Unions Congress' (TUC) programme for industrial democracy, which contemplates the continued development of collective bargaining at many levels of a company's structure, and also increased scope for collective
Disse selskaber kan imidlertid frivilligt vedtage at anvende de præceptive bestemmelser, som gælder for de større selskaber.
Even when collective bargaining is very developed, however, certain decisions, often of major importance, are not normally the subject of collective bargaining, though exceptionally they may have been.
På samme måde kan et selskab, som omfattes af »den milde ordning«, frivilligt vedtage at anvende hele det system, der gælder for de større selskaber.
It is still the exception rather than the rule for collective bargaining to occur in relation to major decisions on investment, closures, mergers and the like.
I henhold til selskabsloven af 1928 har de fleste mellemstore og store hollandske selskaber i nogen tid anvendt en toleddet struktur.
1See for an authoritative account the Report of the Royal Commission on Trade Unions and Employers' Associations (Donovan Commission) 1968, Cmnd. 3623.
Normalt vil begge grupper blive udnævnt og afsat af generalforsamlingen.
House of Commons Bill 119, 25.3.1975.
De finder anvendelse på 325 selskaber og synes ikke i praksis at have fremkaldt alvorlige indsigelser.
The importance of collective bargaining is recognized by almost all major interest groups.
Dette er måske ikke over raskende i betragtning af den hollandske tradition for et frivilligt todelt system, som har
As for the future, the Labour Party has recently reaffirmed its commitment to collective bargain
Gældende lovgivning og praksis
Present Law and Practices bargaining agreements themselves.'
Den mest iøjnefaldende form for arbejdstagernes medindflydelse på varetagelsen af selskabets forretninger er den kollektive overenskomst forhandling gennem fagbevægelsen.
The most normal method of conducting consultation was through works councils.
Kollektive overenskomstforhandlinger har traditionelt været en i det væsentlige frivillig proces, som kun i ringe grad har støttet sig til lovgivningen bortset fra nogle få love, der lettede eller støttede frivillige kollektive overenskomstforhandlinger som f.eks. lovgivning med henblik på at udstrække gyldigheden af bredt anvende lige kollektive overenskomster til modvillige arbejdsgivere3).
Large scale development dated from the first world war and the impetus given by the Whitley Committee reports in 1917 and 1918. The councils are not required by law and have been founded normally as a result of a management initiative but sometimes as a result of a trade union or employees' initiative, or even of a collective agreement.
Industrial Relations Aet 1971 var et forsøg på at give kollektive overenskomstforhandlinger en mere lovmæssig karakter, men Trade Union and Labour Relations Aet 1974 har genoprettet den traditionelle situation, således at f.eks. kollektive overenskomster for øjeblikket formodes at være uden retlig bindende virkning.
In the past, an effort was made to draw a sharp distinction between consultation through the works council or some other medium, and negotiation through trade union machinery leading to collective agree ments. This was largely the result of trade union suspicions that the works council could be used to undermine their position.
Kollektive overenskomstforhandlinger i Det forenede Kongerige er i praksis en meget fleksibel institution.
The Conservative Party has also been a consistent supporter of collective bargaining, though often qualified by the epithet 'orderly'.
Både forhandlingsproceduren og rammerne for de kollektive overenskomstforhandlinger kan varieres næsten i det uendelige.
For example, provision was made, though in fact never implemented, for the disclosure of certain kinds of information to unions and employees to enable them to bargain more effectively.
De kan indebære en meget lille medindflydelse i det hele taget, f.eks. en treårs landsdækkende aftale vedrørende minimumsgrundlønninger og andre vederlag, som i stor udstrækning suppleres på lokalt plan.
In the last election campaign, the Conservative Party announced that it would not seek to re-introduce the Industrial Relations Act and that it accepted the Trade Union and Labour Relations Act in the form in which it was finally enacted as 'the legal framework for collective bargaining'.'
På den anden side kan de indebære en betydelig medindflydelse, som det f.eks. var tilfældet med overenskomsten mellem Glacier Metal Company Limited og fire betydningsfulde fagforbund, idet denne faktisk udgør en grundlov,
Accordingly, it appears that the voluntary nature of the process has been accept ed. However there are still a number of issues, such as the closed shop, on which the two main political parties are not agreed.
Efter vedtagelsen af Redundancy Act 1965 vil et selskab nu hyppigt have lovbestemte forpligtelser i en lukningssituation som i Parke sagen.
Most employers' associations, in their evidence to the Donovan Commission and subsequently, have indicated their support for collective bar gaining, and indeed on occasion their reluctance to see legal interference with the process."
Selskabslovgivningen i Det forenede Kongerige fastsætter praktisk taget ingen bestemmelser vedrørende selskabernes arbejdstagere.
2'A Plan for a Break-Through in Production' by Jack Jones (1966) and 'A Workers Control Bargain', by Tony Topham (1968) in Workers Control, ed.
Dette betyder imidlertid ikke, at medarbejderne ikke har nogen lovmæssige rettigheder i forhold til det selskab, der beskæftiger dem, og det indebærer heller ikke, at lovgivningen for hindrer gennemførelsen af medarbejderindflydelse inden for selskabets struktur.
4See for example The Responsibilities of the British Public Company, Confederation of British Industry 1973, p.
For det første findes der et kompleks af love vedrørende forholdene på arbejdsmarkedet, der regulerer forholdet mellem arbejdstagere og arbejdsgivere, herunder selskaber.
20 and 'CBZ Rethink on Works Councils' Daily Telegraph, 13.9.1974.
For det andet hviler selskabslovgivningen i sig selv på begrebet aftale, således at det står stiftere eller ejere af et selskab frit for, om de vil vedtage en selskabsvedtægt og -struktur, der indebærer en høj grad af medarbejderindflydelse *).
The Liberal Party alone has, by implication at least, questioned the primacy of collective bar gaining.
I mangel af særlige bestemmelser fra selskabets stifteres side er arbejdstagerne derfor på ingen måde deltagere i selskabet. Sådanne særlige bestemmelser er yderst sjældne.
They stress that half the United Kingdom's work force is not unionized and, as we shall see, they advocate policies of 'industrial partnership' aimed at benefiting all employees whether union members or not.'
reglen, at kollektive overenskomstforhandlinger optræder i forbindelse med vigtige afgørelser vedrørende investeringer, lukninger, fusioner og lignende.
The Employment Protection Bill, when enacted, will oblige employers not only to disclose to trade union representatives information request ed for collective bargaining purposes, but also to inform and consult those representatives in redundancy situations.
Politik hvorunder inter alia de principper og den politik, som ledelsen skal handle efter, fast sættes ved enstemmighed i et samarbejdsudvalg bestående af 14 repræsentanter for arbejdstagere på ethvert trin og et medlem fra ledelsen, der repræsenterer bestyrelsen.
The Conservative Party on the other hand is reported to favour the promotion of consulta tion, but to have had some difficulty while in office of formulating concrete proposals which would have been effective without alienating the TUC* The most recent Conservative Party Manifesto7undertook to lay a formal duty on all large and mediumsized firms to consult employee representatives on a wide range of subjects ranging from disciplinary and dismissal procedures and redundancy arrangements to methods of working and profit-sharing and share-ownership schemes.
Imellem disse to yderpunkter findes der et stort og voksende antal former.
It is desired to leave the precise methods and procedures as flexible as possible.
Måske har den mest betydningsfulde tendens i de seneste år været overgangen i nogle industri grene fra landsdækkende overenskomster til mere detaljerede og bredere aftaler på virk somheds- og bedriftsplan, nødvendigvis ledsaget af dannelsen af lokale organer og procedurer, som f.eks. tillidsmandsudvalg eller fælles samarbejdsudvalg (joint works committees) med deltagelse af menige medlemmer af fagforeningen, som er ansat i de enkelte virksom heder *).
However, the distinction between negotiations and consultation was always somewhat unreal and after a period of decline in the 1950's, consultation has begun to revive with due regard to union suspicions about formal and separate machinery.
Kollektive overenskomstforhandlingers betydning erkendes af næsten alle vigtige interesse grupper.
Thus, where unions are not active, works councils are still to be found which are representative of the employees as a whole and are constituted in a variety of ways.
Med hensyn til fremtiden har Labourpartiet for nylig igen bekræftet sit løfte med hensyn til kollektive overenskomstforhandlinger, og det vil forelægge et lovforslag ved rørende sikkerhed i ansættelsen (Employment Protection Bill), der vil indeholde bestemmelser med henblik på at styrke processen2).
On the other hand, where trade unions are active, there is a growing tendency for the joint consultation machinery to be union based, and for there to be a single channel for consultation and negotiation.'
Hvis der ikke til slut opnås enighed, vil fagforeningen have ret til at søge ensidig voldgift hos denne myndighed med hensyn til betingelser og arbejdsvilkår for de pågældende arbejdstagere.
Shop stewards, normally elected by union members in particular establishments under sys tems of varying formality, have played an impor tant part in this development.
Yderligere vil arbejdsgiverne være forpligtet til at overlade fagforeningerne de oplysninger, der er nødvendige for effektive kollektive overenskomst forhandlinger.
The merger of the machinery of consultation and negotiation is often a significant aspect of 'joint regulation' which was discussed in connection with collective bargaining.
Undladelse heraf vil kunne give anledning til en form for retligt bindende voldgift.
The ability of management to take decisions unilaterally has in some sectors been substantially reduced by this kind of development.
I de tilfælde, hvor kollektive overenskomst forhandlinger har nået et højt udviklingstrin både med hensyn til rækkevidde og procedure, benævnes de hyppigt »joint regulation« (»fællesaftale«).
The Confederation of British Industry (CBI) has also indicated a preference for the development of consultation but appears to be opposed to the introduction of any mandatory system which might interfere with established collective bar gaining practices."
Institutionen er imidlertid ikke fundamentalt afvigende, idet den er baseret på en aftale eller en række aftaler mellem ledelse og arbejdskraft, selv om denne eller disse aftaler eventuelt ikke kan håndhæves retligt.
Neither the Conservative Party nor the CBI up to the present have seen works or company councils as being anything more than consultative organs.
Ordningen i Flacier Metals tilfælde og de aktiviteter, der udføres af nogle tillidsmændsog fælles samarbejdsudvalg henhører under denne kategori.
There has been no suggestion that such councils should have powers of co-decision.
Den nøjagtige rækkevidde af sådanne »status quo «-aftaler er ofte uklar.
workers'.'
forhold vedrørende fagforeninger og arbejdsmarked) i den form, hvori den endelig var blevet vedtaget, som »den lovmæssige ramme for kollektive overenskomstforhandlinger«3).
Policy represent all employees. They would combine consultation and negotiation with certain powers of co-decision.'
Det ser altså ud til, at processens frivillige karakter er blevet accepteret. Der er imidlertid stadig en del problemer, som f.eks. organisationstvang (closed shop), hvorom de to førende politiske partier ikke er enige.
In 1973, five leading Liberals introduced a Private Member's Works Council Bill to give effect to their proposals.2It made little progress.
dybt inddraget i forhandlinger vedrørende pianlægningsaftaler mellem virksomheder og regeringen.
In the public sector, since the second world war, it has been common practice to provide that the boards of nationalized industrial undertakings might include someone with a trade union back ground, and such appointments have been made.
Yderligere vil vigtige fabrikationsvirksomheder skulle give regeringen oplys ninger om en lang række forhold, herunder f.eks. skøn vedrørende virksomhedens frem tidige produktion, salg og investeringer.
At the same time, it has normally been provided that no-one should be appointed whose interests are likely to prejudice the exercise of his functions. This has led to a practice whereby only trade unionists who are no longer active or who are at least not active in the industry in question have been appointed.
Med forbehold af visse begrænsninger og sikkerhedsforanstaltninger skal disse virksomheder give de samme oplysninger til de fagforeninger, der af dem anerkendes som forhandlingsberettigede.
The appointees are in no sense representatives of the employees in the undertaking, but represent the interests of labour in a more general fashion.
De fleste arbejdsgiverorganisationer har i deres redegørelser over for Donovan-kommissionen og senere givet udtryk for, at de er tilhængere af kollektive overenskomstforhandlinger og har endog lejlighedsvis udtrykt modvilje over for lovgivningsmæssig indblanding i processen4).
On the left, the situation is at present somewhat unclear. During the last election, the Labour Party confined itself to a general pledge to introduce new legislation to help forward their plans for a radical extension of industrial democracy in both the private and public sectors which would involve major changes in company law and in the statutes governing nationalized industries and public services.'
Kun det liberale parti har i det mindste indirekte betvivlet kollektive overenskomstforhandlingers førsterang.
The problem of deadlock could be solved by means of a jointly co-opted or alternating chairman with a casting vote.
Partiet fremhæver, at halvdelen af arbejdsstyrken i Det forenede Kongerige ikke er organiseret, og som det vil fremgå at det følgende, er det talsmand for en politik gående ud på »industrielt partnerskab« til gavn for alle arbejdstagere, uanset om de er medlemmer af en fagforening eller ikke5).
Such worker directors would have a duty to act in the interests of the enterprise while at the same time taking special account of their constituency, with an equivalent duty being imposed on shareholder directors.
Repræsentative organer: Oplysning, konsultation og samtykke
The supervisory board would have the final say on decisions effecting structural changes in the enterprise such as mergers and closures.
Kollektive overenskomstforhandlinger udgør også hovedelementet i det program, som Trades Unions Congress (TUC) har opstillet for industrielt demokrati, og som omhandler den fortsatte udvikling af kollektive overenskomst forhandlinger på forskellige planer i selskabets struktur samt ligeledes en udvidelse af området for selve de kollektive overenskomster *).
Recently in the British Steel Corporation how ever, a more far reaching scheme has been adopted for the appointment of worker directors to Divisional Boards of the Corporation.
Ofte er de tilsyneladende mere radikale krav om arbejdernes medindflydelse fra fagbevægelsens side i det væsentlige krav om en udvidelse af de kollektive overenskomstforhandlinger, f.eks. med henblik på at muliggøre fagforeningens medindflydelse på alle planer inden for et selskabs ledelsesstruktur2).
The scheme does not have a legislative basis, and in its present form is the product of refinement by agreement between the BSC board and the TUC Steel Committee.