natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Ofte tilbyder forsikringsselskaberne også anden form for dækning, der ikke er relateret til den forsikredes levetid, men hvor der normalt er tale om en tillægsforsikring til en hovedpolice — om end dog også af og til separate forsikringer.
Denmark, Germany and Italy still had some composites, but newly formed concerns were required to limit their activities to one area or the other, and there was a trend towards the elimination of those composites that remained.
At livsforsikringsselskaberne driver meget forskelligartede aktiviteter, der også divergerer fra medlemsstat til medlemsstat, fremgår af de omfattende og ofte meget komplicerede bestemmelser i direktivets artikel 1 og 2, hvori direktivets anvendelsesområde fastlægges.
The main reason advanced for separating life from nonlife business is the need to safeguard the interests of life policyholders.
Omfattende undersøgelser viser, at de enkelte medlemsstater er meget frit stillet med hensyn til, hvilke specielle aktiviteter, der kan udøves af livsforsikringsselskaber, der er etableret på deres territorium.
Owing to the long-term nature of most life insurance contracts and the fact that they frequently contain a substantial savings element, funds are accumulated by life insurers which they hold for the ultimate benefit of policyholders.
Direktivet finder f.eks. anvendelse på den forsikringsform, der praktiseres i Irland og Det Forenede Kongerige under betegnelsen »permanent health insurance« (sygeforsikring, som indgås for en lang periode og er uopsigelig), selv om enhver form for sygeforsikring i næsten alle medlemsstaterne betragtes som henhørende under skadesforsikringsdirektivet.
Worldwide, the investments held by life insurers or the life part of composite insurers are roughly three times the size of those held in connection with nonlife business, although, again worldwide, total nonlife premiums usually exceed total life premiums.
Visse former for forsikring, såsom ulykkes- eller invaliditetsforsikring, falder ind under livsforsikringsdirektivets anvendelsesområde, dersom de pågældende forsikringer tegnes som et supplement til livsforsikringer.
This general picture is reflected within the Community, although there are substantial variations between the Member States.
På den anden side synes pensionsfonde ikke i sig selv at være omfattet af direktivet, om end medlemsstaterne stort set selv kan bestemme, hvor skillelinjen mellem livsforsikring og pensionsfonde skal drages.
In these circumstances there is a perceived danger that the nonlife part of a composite undertaking might find itself in financial difficulties and, instead of raising outside capital, might be tempted to borrow funds from the life side.
I visse medlemsstater er pensionsfonde i henhold til den nationale lovgivning i hvert fald underkastet en række af de regler, der i henhold til livsforsikringsdirektivet finder anvendelse på livsforsikringsselskaber.
Or again, it might wish to make use of the life funds to enable it to pursue a more aggressive commercial policy on the nonlife side.
Dette er et område, hvor det er meget vanskeligt at danne sig et klart billede af de juridiske, forretningsmæssige og sociale realiteter.
Thus a segregation of life and nonlife business appears necessary for financial security, and is also desirable in order to provide fair conditions of competition between composite and specialist insurers.
Ud over disse forskelle, som er omtalt i direktivet, findes der også andre, der ikke er nævnt.
Although everybody agreed that some separation was needed, not everybody accepted that it was necessary for the two types of business to be carried on by legally separate entities.
I nogle medlemsstater f.eks. er mange af de nye forsikringspolicer af den såkaldte unit-linked variant (forsikringer med variabel kapital), hvor værdien af det, der tilfalder forsikringstageren, er afhængig af den værdi, som et bestemt investeringsaktiv har på et givet tidspunkt.
The compromise ultimately reached with much difficulty is contained in Article 13 of the Directive.
Under en sådan forsikringsform er det udelukkende eller primært forsikringstageren selv, der bærer investeringsrisikoen.
This Article provides that no new composite companies may be created, but that existing ones may continue if the Member State concerned so wishes; and it lays down rules governing what happens if a composite company carries on business in another Member State.
Forsikringer baseret på unit-linked-princippet er kun ét eksempel på den fremherskende tendens, hvor investeringselementet i livsforsikringer bliver stadig mere udtalt i forhold til det risikobærende element.
The first paragraph of Article 13 sets out that no insurance undertaking may simultaneously carry on both life and nonlife business, but immediately announces an exception, contained in paragraph 3.
Efterhånden som denne udvikling skrider frem, går forsikringsselskaberne snarere hen og bliver en slags finansieringsinstitutter, der i stadig højere grad konkurrerer med andre finansieringsinstitutter.
This paragraph says that composite undertakings which were in existence at the date of notification of the Directive (15 March 1979) may continue to carry on the two activities in combination, without any time-limit.
Hvor langt denne udvikling er fremme i de enkelte medlemsstater, afhænger i vidt omfang af beskatningsfaktorer.
Paragraph 2 of Article 13 lays down that where two separate concerns, one life and the other non-life, have financial, commercial or administrative links with each other, the accounts of the two undertakings shall not be distorted by agreements between them or by any arrangement which could affect the apportionment of expenses and income.
Dette har ført til, at man inden for de forskellige EF-lande har forskellig opfattelse af, hvad livsforsikring går ud på.
This is aimed at ensuring complete observance of arm's-length conditions between the two enterprises and covers reinsurance agreements as well as the general apportionment of expenses.
1. livsforsikringsdirektiv er ikke til hinder for en sådan divergerende udvikling.
Paragraph 4 provides the strict application of the specialization principle to composite concerns which wish to create a branch or agency in another country.
Man må derfor på et eller andet senere tidspunkt tage stilling til, hvorvidt forsikringer af den ovennævnte art er forenelige med konceptet om et fælles enhedsmarked.
Such a branch is only allowed to carry on nonlife business, even if it is set up in a country which has continuing composites. This ensures that all enterprises newly setting up in such a country are treated on an equal basis.
Livsforsikringsdirektivet, der stort set er opbygget efter samme princip som skades forsikringsdirektivet, er dog langt det mest omfattende.
Paragraphs 5 and 6, which were added towards the end of the negotiations, contain, amongst other things, certain provisions intended to soften the effect of paragraph 4.
Skal ét og samme forsikringsselskab have adgang til sideløbende at udøve livs- og skadesforsikringsvirksomhed?
It follows from paragraph 4 that a composite company wishing to set up life insurance business in another Member State must do so through a subsidiary and not a branch.
Der var uenighed herom, og dette var hovedårsagen til, at der næsten skulle gå 6 år efter vedtagelsen af skadesforsikringsdirektivet, før Rådet omsider godkendte livsforsikringsdirektivet.
Paragraph 5 provides that, where a composite which did not already have a branch or agency carrying on nonlife business in the country concerned wished to form a subsidiary for the purpose of carrying on life business, half of the minimum guarantee fund of 800000 units of account (the predecessor of the ECU) required of all new life companies might exceptionally, and for a transitional period of 10 years from the date of notification of the Directive, be represented by an irrevocable guarantee from the parent. This transitional period has now expired.
I sin tid, da Fællesskabet bestod af 9 medlemsstater, var der tre lande, nemlig Frankrig, Irland og Nederlandene, der totalt forbød enhver form for multibrancheselskaber.
Paragraph 6 provides that where, at the time of the notification of the Directive, a composite undertaking was carrying on life insurance business, and no other, within another Member State by means of a branch established there, it may continue to do so.
I Danmark, Tyskland og Italien eksisterede der stadigvæk multibrancheselskaber, men nydannede selskaber fik påbud om at begrænse deres aktiviteter til enten livsforsikringsvirksomhed eller skadesforsikringsvirksomhed, og tendensen gik i retning af at eliminere de multibrancheselskaber, der stadig bestod.
But if the company later wishes also to carry on nonlife business in the State in question, it is required to form a subsidiary company to which the life business must be transferred.
Der var tre lande, nemlig Belgien, Luxembourg og Det Forenede Kongerige, hvor forsikringsselskaber frit kunne drive både livs- og skadesforsikringsvirksomhed side løbende, hvis de anså det for hensigtsmæssigt.
It may impose this requirement both for companies whose head office is situated within its territory and also for the branches and agencies of companies with headquarters elsewhere, but in the latter case it is required to consult the authorities of the Member State where the head office is based.
Den primære grund til at adskille livs- og skadesforsikringsvirksomhed er nødvendig heden af at beskytte livsforsikringstagernes interesser.
Since Article 13 lays down that separate specialized companies associated with each other in financial or other ways have to maintain strict separation of accountancy and management, it is no surprise that the Directive has much to say about the separate management of the life and nonlife branches in a composite company.
Da de fleste former for livsforsikringskontrakter er af langsigtet karakter, og eftersom de ofte indeholder et betydeligt opsparingselement, akkumulerer livsforsikringsselskaberne midler, som de forbeholder livsforsikringstagere.
These provisions, contained in Article 14, provide in particular that the minimum solvency margins of the nonlife and life sides, as prescribed respectively in the two first Directives, are to be kept quite separate.
Set på verdensbasis er de investeringer, der foretages af livsforsikringsselskaber eller af multibrancheforsikringsselskabernes livsforsikringsafdeling tre gange så store som de investeringer, der foretages i forbindelse med skadesforsikringsvirksomhed, selv om de samlede præmier for skadesforsikring — også her på verdensbasis — normalt overstiger de samlede præmier for livsforsikring.
Never theless, provided that these minimum solvency margins are maintained, any surplus funds over and above those needed to cover those margins may, to the extent that they represent explicit items (see below), be transferred to the other activity.
Dette generelle billede afspejles i hele EF, om end der er betydelige forskelle fra medlemsstat til medlemsstat.
The supervisory authority of the headoffice State must be notified when this is done.
En adskillelse af livs- og skadesforsikringsvirksomhed synes således nødvendig af hensyn til den finansielle sikkerhed og er også ønskelig med henblik på at tilvejebringe fair konkurrencevilkår mellem multibrancheforsikringsselskaberne og de specialiserede forsikringsselskaber.
Finally, Article 14 provides that if one of the solvency margins — that is, on either the life or the nonlife side — is insufficient, the supervisory authority, in prescribing corrective measures, may, exceptionally, authorize a transfer from one activity to the other.
Det kompromis, der i sidste instans — efter mange vanskeligheder — blev vedtaget, er indeholdt i direktivets artikel 13. I henhold til bestemmelserne i denne artikel må der
Never theless, the overall picture among the nine Member States which formed the Community in 1979 has not greatly changed, and the intention that the number of composite undertakings might go down but should not go up has been frustrated by the entry of Greece, Spain and Portugal which have brought new composites into the Community.
ikke oprettes nye multibrancheselskaber, men de allerede eksisterende har lov til at fortsætte med deres multibranchevirksomhed, hvis vedkommende medlemsstat ønsker det; herudover indeholder artikel 13 bestemmelser om, hvorledes der skal forholdes, dersom et multibrancheselskab driver virksomhed i en anden medlemsstat.
Whilst one of the reasons for the greater length of the life Directive is the inclusion of the provisions about specialization and composite companies, another is the complicated nature of the financial guarantees, and in particular of the solvency margin, required of life concerns.
I artikel 13, stk. 1, fastslås det, at et forsikringsselskab ikke — dog med forbehold af den i stk. 3 indeholdte bestemmelse — samtidig må drive livsforsikrings- og skades forsikringsvirksomhed.
As in nonlife insurance, the solvency margin for life insurance has to be watched over by the supervisory authority of the country in which the head office of the undertaking is situated, although it may call upon the cooperation of the supervisory authorities of the other States in which the concern exercises activities; and there is only one solvency margin for the whole of the life insurance activities, as there is for the whole of the nonlife activities.
Stk. 3 indeholder en bestemmelse om, at multibrancheforsikringsselskaber oprettet før direktivets meddelelse (den 15. marts 1979) fortsat — og uden tidsmæssig begrænsning — kan udøve de to former for forsikringsvirksomhed sideløbende.
The application of this principle, straightforward in nonlife insurance, is less so in life insurance because of the varied nature of the business.
Formålet med denne bestemmelse er at sikre, at de to forsikringsvirksomheder i deres indbyrdes forhold fuldt ud overholder almindelige forretningsvilkår.
The first thing that had to be decided was whether the solvency margin was to be represented by explicit items, implicit items or a mixture of the two.
Herudover omfatter bestemmelsen også genforsikringsaftaler samt generelle aftaler om udgiftsfordeling.
'Explicit items' means items similar to those which make up the solvency margin of nonlife insurance under takings.
Et sådant agentur har kun lov til at udøve skadesforsikringsvirksomhed, uanset om agenturet er etableret i et land, hvori der stadig er tilladelse til at drive multibrancheselskaber.
A report by Professor Campagne in 1956 recommended a mixture of explicits and implicits.
Dette sikrer, at alle nye forsikringsafdelinger, der etableres i et sådant land, behandles på lige fod med indenlandske forsikringsafdelinger.
In 1971 an OECD working group under the leadership of Mr Buoi, of Switzerland, came out in favour of implicits.
Stk. 5 og 6, der blev indføjet henimod afslutningen af forhandlingerne, indeholder bl.a. visse bestemmelser, der har til formål at afbøde virkningerne af den i stk. 4 indeholdte bestemmelse.
Probably the majority of life insurance practitioners would have been happy with the exclusive use of implicit items.
Det følger af stk. 4, at et multibrancheselskab, der ønsker at drive livsforsikringsvirksomhed i en anden medlemsstat, må gøre dette via et datterselskab og ikke via et agentur eller en filial.
Most Member States, on the other hand, considered explicit items to be essential — largely, it may be suspected, because one does not need to be an actuary to understand what is involved.
Stk. 6 indeholder en bestemmelse om, at dersom et multibrancheforsikringsselskab — på tidspunktet for direktivets meddelelse — driver livsforsikringsvirksomhed og ingen anden form for virksomhed i en anden medlemsstat via en dér etableret filial, kan filialen fortsætte med denne virksomhed.
The compromise reached was that explicit items can in all cases be taken into account and that implicit items may, at the option of each Member State, be relied on in accordance with certain rules and up to certain limits.
Men hvis forsikringsselskabet senere måtte ønske at drive skadesforsikringsvirksomhed i den pågældende stat, må selskabet etablere et datterselskab, hvortil livsforsikringsaktiviteterne overføres.
The remarkable thing is that those States which do not accept the inclusion of implicit items in the solvency margin of life insurance undertakings whose head office is situated in their territory nevertheless recognize that the
Stk. 6 indeholder også en bestemmelse om, at enhver medlemsstat, der på indeværende tidspunkt tillader forsikringsselskaber at drive multibranchevirksomhed, kan kræve, at et sådant selskab inden for en nærmere fastsat frist skal opsplittes, således at henholdsvis livsforsikringsvirksomheden og skadesforsikringsvirksomheden udøves af separate selskaber.
solvency margin of other undertakings, based in States which do allow implicit items to be taken into account, is validly constituted, and that such undertakings may set up branches in their territory without further enquiry into their solvency.
Artikel 14 indeholder navnlig en bestemmelse om, at den minimumssolvensmargen, der i de to første forsikringsdirektiver er foreskrevet for henholdvis skadesforsikrings- og livsforsikringsaktiviteter, skal holdes nøje adskilt.
The Article runs to five paragraphs, each covering a major type of activity which may be engaged in by a life insurance undertaking, but within these there are further subdivisions.
Men hvis man er nået op på denne minimumssolvensmargen, kan et eventuelt overskydende beløb, der udgøres af eksplicitte aktiver (jf. nedenfor) overføres til den anden forsikringsaktivitet.
The application of these provisions to a life insurance undertaking carrying on simultaneously all the different possible kinds of activity must be complicated indeed.
I så fald skal tilsynsmyndighederne i den medlemsstat, hvori selskabet har sit hjemsted, underrettes herom.
This plethora of rules is a striking manifestation of the heterogeneous nature of the activities carried on by life insurance undertakings, in contrast to the comparative uniformity of nonlife insurance.
Artikel 14 indeholder også strenge regler for den særskilte regnskabsføring for henholdsvis skadesforsikrings- og livsforsikringsaktiviteter.
Underneath it all, however, expression is given to the clear idea that the solvency margin should take account both of investment and of mortality risks.
Siden direktivets vedtagelse har en række multibrancheselskaber foretaget omstrukturering i form af, at de har oprettet særskilte livsforsikrings- og skadesforsikringsselskaber under én og samme koncern.
However that may be, it is still rather early to draw conclusions about the practical effects of the Directive. As far as one can tell, there has not been any great rush on the part of life insurance undertakings to establish branches in other Member States.
Men det generelle billede inden for de ni medlemsstater, der i 1979 udgjorde Fællesskabet, har ikke ændret sig meget, og det tilsigtede mål om at reducere og ikke forøge antallet af multibrancheselskaber er i nogen grad blevet kuldkastet ved Grækenlands, Spaniens og Portugals tiltræden, hvor nye multibrancheselskaber kom ind i Fællesskabet.
When undertakings wish to extend their operations into other countries, they still usually do so through acquiring existing companies (which may have the advantage that they can take over a distribution network), or setting up a new subsidiary rather than a branch. No doubt the disparate nature of the existing national markets, more pronounced in life than in nonlife insurance, at least partly accounts for this.
I artikel 40, stk. 2, fastsættes det, at Kommissionen 10 år efter direktivets meddelelse skal forelægge Rådet en rapport on multibrancheselskaber og selskaber, der kun driver livsforsikringsvirksomhed.
We have seen that the first Directives (non-life and life, respectively) made it easier for an insurer having its head office in one Member State to open a branch in another Member State.
Det bliver interessant at se, hvilke konklusioner Kommissionen når frem til.
Fundamental though this is, it does not in the least create a common market.
Livsforsikringsdirektivet er mere omfattende end skadesforsikringsdirektivet, ikke alene fordi det indeholder bestemmelser om specialisering og multibrancheselskaber,
If anything, these Directives have even tended, paradoxically, to emphasize the separateness of national markets through the stress they lay on the control to be exercised by national
men også fordi spørgsmålet om finansielle garantier, herunder navnlig solvensmargenen, er langt mere kompliceret, når der er tale om livsforsikringsselskaber.
supervisory authorities. It is made easier for insurers to enter these separate national markets, but once they are inside they must play according to the local rules.
Ligesom inden for skadesforsikringsvirksomhed overvåges solvensmargenens tilstedeværelse for livsforsikringsvirksomhed af tilsynsmyndighederne i det land, hvor forsikringsselskabets hjemsted er beliggende. Hjemlandets tilsynsmyndigheder kan dog anmode om et samarbejde med tilsynsmyndighederne i de andre stater, hvor for sikringsselskabet udøver aktiviteter; ligesom inden for skadesforsikringsvirksomhed afsættes der også for samtlige livsforsikringsaktiviteter én og kun én solvensmargen.
Because matters of material control are left entirely to each Member State and vary greatly from one to another, a company with its head office in one State which opens a branch in another will very likely find that it is not allowed to arrange its business in the same way as it does at home, and in particular it may well discover that it is not allowed to market the same sort of contracts.
Anvendelsen af dette princip, der ikke rejser problemer, når der er tale om skadesforsikringsvirksomhed, er dog noget mere kompliceret for livsforsikringsvirksomhed, fordi aktiviteterne her er af så forskelligartet karakter.
Its chances of gaining a market share through product innovation or through building on experience in its home market may be considerably reduced, if not stifled altogether.
Ved »eksplicitte aktiver« forstås aktiver svarende til dem, der medgår til dækning af solvensmargenen ved skades forsikringsvirksomhed.
This adds to their expenses and makes it more difficult to put into effect a comprehensive risk-management strategy.
Disse problemer var ikke nye og havde navnlig været drøftet inden for rammerne af OECD længe inden EF søgte at finde en løsning.
Clearly the Commission was bound to seek ways to change this situation.
I 1971 nåede en OECD-arbejdsgruppe under ledelse af hr. Buoi fra Schweiz til den konklusion, at implicitte aktiver var at foretrække.
To make progress beyond the mere improvement of access to separate national markets, the Commission saw that it needed to make use of the right of freedom of services. But would even this be sufficient?
De fleste inden for livsforsikringsbranchen ville givetvis have foretrukket, at kun implicitte aktiver medregnes.
Freedom of services broadly means the right of an insurance undertaking established in one Member State to cover risks and policyholders in another Member State without making use of an establishment in that second State.
På den anden side finder de fleste medlemsstater, at en løsning med eksplicitte aktiver vil være den bedste — og dette øjensynligt fordi man da ikke behøver at være aktuar for at forstå, hvad det involverer.
Whether it merely gives access to separate national markets, as does the right of establishment, or is instrumental in creating a single Communitywide internal market, depends on the following:
En løsning med eksplicitte aktiver har også den fordel, at den ikke er afhængig af præmiereserverne, hvor reglerne herfor endnu ikke er blevet koordineret, således at hver enkelt medlemsstat selv kan bestemme beregningsgrundlaget.
(i) is the insurance undertaking providing the services subject in the destination State (State where the risk is situated) to supervisory and other controls similar to those which would be imposed upon a branch located there;