natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Denne strukturelle ubevægelighed er på en gang et vidnesbyrd om EF-produktionsapparatets styrke og svaghed. Styrken består i, at fællesskabsproducenterne allerede fra begyndelsen af 60'erne fortrinsvis har baseret deres salg til tredjelande på produkter med højt værditilvækstindhold såsom investeringsgoder, og at de har holdt denne procentdel på et højt niveau; men svagheden består i, at det ikke er lykkedes dem at specialisere sig yderligere i produkter, som har været stærkt efterspurgte på verdensmarkederne i hele denne lavvækstperiode, der begyndte i 1973.
This structural rigidity bears witness both to the strength and weakness of the Community productive system : strength because, since the beginning ofthe 1960s, the Community's sales abroad have consisted principally of products with a high value-added content such as equipment goods and its share of this market has remained substantial; weakness because the Community has not succeeded in increasing its specialization in products for which world demand has remained strong throughout the period of slower growth since 1973.
Derimod har Japan og i mindre grad De forenede Stater i vid udstrækning bestræbt sig på at sikre sig øget kontrol med dette marked, således som deres teknologiske forspring åbnede mulighed for ·).
On the contrary, Japan and, to a lesser extent, the USA have concentrated their efforts on using their technological lead to increase their control over this market.1
Derimod har Fællesskabet i betydelig grad ændret fordelingen af sine indkøb af de enkelte typer produkter i den øvrige verden.
By contrast, the breakdown by product type of the Community's purchases from the rest of the world has altered appreciably.
Fra 1973 til 1981 steg energiimportens andel af den samlede import fra tredjelande fra 20 til 37 %, men ser man bort fra energien, forblev importen af mellemprodukter og dagligvarer nogenlunde uændret (henholdsvis 20 % og 25 %), hvorimod importen af investeringsgoder på 8 år steg fra 23 til 33 %.
From 1973 to 1981, the proportion of its total extraCommunity imports accounted for by energy increased from 20 to 37% ; leaving aside energy, the shares of intermediate products (20%) and basic consumer items (25%) remained stable, while that of equipment goods increased in eight years from 23 to 33%.
I samme periode steg den amerikanske import af investeringsgoder fra 41 til 45 % og den japanske fra 12 til 16 %; for sidstnævnte lands vedkommende var der dog tale om en tilbagevenden til 1963-niveauet.
Over the same period, this share increased from 41 to 45% in the United States and from 12 to 16% in Japan, thereby returning in the latter country to the same level as in 1963.
Denne store ændring kan være udtryk for, at Fællesskabet i højere grad er indpasset i den internationale arbejdsdeling og derved opnår en bedre balance i samhandelen med tredjelande (eksport/import-forholdet for investeringsgoder faldt fra 3,4 i 1963 til 2 i 1981), men denne forandring indtræder på et tidspunkt, hvor Fællesskabets investeringskvote mindskes (19,9% i 1981 imod 22,4% i 1973 eller 1963), og hvor teknologien med rivende hast ændrer sig fundamentalt i samtlige sektorer.
This major change may reflect the Community's greater participation in the international division of labour, which is tending to restore better balance to extraCommunity trade (the Community's rate of cover of imports by exports in respect of equipment goods fell from 3,4 in 1963 to 2 in 1981), although this transformation is occurring at a time when the Community's investment ratio is falling (19,9% in 1981 as opposed to 22,4% in 1973 or 1963) and when all sectors are undergoing rapid and fundamental technological change.
Spørgsmålet om, hvorvidt der er tale om en forsinket teknologisk udvikling eller en bedre udnyttelse af de forskellige producentlandes komparative fordele, vil blive søgt besvaret i det følgende.
Is this process due to a technological gap or is better use being made of the comparative advantages of the various manufacturing countries? The following section attempts an explanation.
Som tidligere nævnt er det utvivlsomt den kraftige formindskelse af eksport/importforholdet for investeringsgoder siden 1963, som bedst indicerer, at Fællesskabet har mistet sin dominerende stilling, for så vidt angår denne varekategori. Eksport/import-forholdet, som i 1963 var på 3,4, var nemlig mindre end 2 i 1981, hvorimod det stadig lå på 2,5 i 1973.
As pointed out, the sharp fall since 1963 in the Community's export/import ratio in respect of equipment goods best indicates the loss of the Community's dominant position in this field.
Generelt har formindskelsen af USA's eksport/import forhold ganske vist været endnu kraftigere (jf. tabel 5), men i modsætning til det, der er sket for Fællesskabet, kan man iagttage en vis stabilisering fra 1973.
While the United States export/import ratio has generally fallen even more sharply (see Table 5), it has, unlike that of the Community, stabilized somewhat since 1973.
Til gengæld for disse betydelige tab har Japan i løbet af de sidste 20 år kunnet firdoble sit eksport/importforhold.
These substantial losses contrast with the situation in Japan, which has quadrupled its export/import ratio over the last 20 years.
Denne nedgang i eksport/importforholdet for investeringsgoder er ikke udtryk for, at Fællesskabet i højere grad er indpasset i den internationale arbejdsdeling, men en følge af, at det har mistet sin dominerende stilling, jf. den måde, hvorpå OECD's eksport af investeringsgoder er fordelt på de store producenter (se diagram 5).
This fall in the export/import ratio for equipment goods is not a reflection of the Community's increased participation in the international division of labour, but stems from the loss of a dominant position, as is shown by the breakdown by major manufacturer of OECD exports of equipment goods (see Graph 5).
I 1964 var verdensmarkedet for investeringsgoder nemlig domineret af USA (33 %) og Fællesskabet (44 %), hvilket i vid udstrækning gjorde det muligt for disse to økonomiske sværvægtere at overføre deres egne produktionsstrukturer til de øvrige lande.
In 1964, the world market in equipment goods was dominated by the United States (33%) and the Community (44%), enabling these two economic powers to impose their production structures on other countries to a large extent.
Siden 1970 er denne bipolare struktur blevet afløst af en tripolar struktur; i 1981 beherskede Japan 25 % af OECD's marked — og denne procentdel stiger uophørligt, hvorimod De forenede Staters og Fællesskabets stilling svarer til henholdsvis 26 og 33 %.
Since 1970 this bipolar structure has been replaced by a tripolar structure. In 1981 Japan held 25% ofthe OECD market and this share has been continually rising, while the relative shares of the United States and the Community have fallen to 26% and 33% respectively.
Japan befinder sig således i en situation, som gør det muligt for landet at øve voksende indflydelse på ændringerne i produktionsstrukturerne, hvilket sker på bekostning afsåvel
Japan is therefore now in a position to exert a growing influence on changes in production structures at the expense of both the Community and the United States.
DIAGRAM 3 : Udviklingen i eksportstrukturerne for hver af hovedvaregrupperne, 1963-1981, udtrykt i % af den samlede eksport ekskl. energi
GRAPH 3 : Development of export structures by groups of products, 1963-1981, as a % of total exports (excluding energy)
Energiprodukternes andel af den samlede handel p.m.
\ items for information : share of energy products in total trade
Energiprodukternes andel af den samlede handel
Extra-EC 10 items for information : share of energy products in total trade
Kilde: VOLIMEX.
Source: Volimex, DG II.
Fællesskabets samhandel med tredjelande: investeringsgodeindustrierne truet
Community foreign trade: the equipment goods industry under threat
DIAGRAM 4 : Udviklingen i importstrukturerne for hver af hovedvaregrupperne, 1963-1981, udtrykt i % af den samlede import ekskl. energi
GRAPH 4: Development of import structures by groups of products, 1963-81, as a % of total imports (excluding energy)
30 Mellem produkter produkter
20^^-TO ntermediate products consumer
Uden for EF-10
Extra-EC 10
Mellem produkter
// Intermediate products
Mellem produkter p.m.
Basic consumer items
Engeriprodukternes andel i den samlede handel
Basic consumer items for information : share of energy products in total trade
DIAGRAM 5: Udviklingen i OECD's eksport (ekskl. samhandelen inden for EF) i faste priser (1964 = 100) og fordelingen på de enkelte zoner
GRAPH 5 : OECD exports (excluding intra-EC trade) in volume terms (1964 = 100) and breakdown by area
Samtlige produkter
ALL PRODUCTS
Forarbejdede varer
MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS
DIAGRAM 6 : Udviklingen i OECD's import (ekskl. samhandelen inden for EF) i faste priser (1964 = 100) og fordelingen på de enkelte zoner
GRAPH 6 : OECD imports (excluding intra­EC trade) in volume terms (1964 = 100) and breakdown by area
Kilde: VOLIMEX.
Extra­EC [\\^
En ugunstig udvikling for såvel eksporten som importen
An unfavourable trend both in exports and in imports
For så vidt angår eksporten målt i faste priser, trådte den utilstrækkelige dynamik i salget af investeringsgoder til tredjelande stadig klarere frem i perioden efter 1975 (jf. tabel 2).
In the case of exports in volume terms, the lack of buoyancy in extraCommunity sales of equipment goods is increasingly apparent as from 1975 (see Table 2).
Medens vor eksportstigningstakt indtil dette tidspunkt var ca en tredjedel mindre end eksportstigningstakten for hele OECD, faldt stigningstakten for Fællesskabets salg af investeringsgoder efter den bemærkelsesværdige indsats i 1974/1975, som åbnede mulighed for at opnå bedre resultater end de øvrige konkurrenter bortset fra De forenede Stater, til under 50 % af stigningstakten for OECD's salg, og der var endnu større afstand til de vigtigste konkurrenter, nemlig USA og Japan.
Whereas, up to that year, Community exports increased at a rate which was roughly a third slower than that ofthe OECD as a whole, and following the remarkable effort in 1974/75 which led to the Community out-performing all other competitors except for the United States, the growth of Community sales of equipment goods dropped to less than half the rate of the OECD. The gap between the Community and its main competitors, the United States and Japan, has become even wider.
Denne »afhægtning« var så betydelig, at Fællesskabets markedsandel mellem 1975 og 1981 mindskedes med 5 points, heraf 4 points fra 1979 til 1981.
This deterioration has been so marked that the Community's market share fell by 5 percentage points between 1975 and 1981 (4 percentage points between 1979 and 1981).
Omvendt er Fællesskabet den eneste zone, hvis importstigningstakt for investeringsgoder siden 1973 konstant har ligget over stigningstakten for OECD og for dets vigtigste konkurrenter.
In the case of imported equipment goods, on the other hand, the Community is the only area in which the rate of growth, since 1973, has continually been above that ofthe OECD and that of its main competitors.
Fra 1975 til 1981 øgedes den andel, som importen fra tredjelande udgjorde af OECD's samlede import af investeringsgoder, således med 5 points.
Thus, between 1975 and 1981, the share of extraCommunity imports in total OECD imports of equipment goods increased by 5 per centage points.
Siden 1980 er Fællesskabets importstigningstakt imidlertid faldet en smule, ligesom det har været tilfældet for de fleste OECD-lande med undtagelse af USA, hvor investeringsgodeimportens markedsandel øgedes med henved 9 points mellem 1975 og 1981 (jf. diagram 6).
Since 1980, however, the Community's import growth has somewhat slackened like most OECD countries', except for the United States whose share of the market in imported equipment goods increased by almost 9 percentage points between 1975 and 1981 (see Graph 6).
Det ser således ud til, at Fællesskabets voksende sårbarhed med hensyn til investeringsgoder hænger sammen med en ugunstig udvikling i såvel importen som eksporten, og at den svagt faldende importstigningstakt fra 1980 ikke har haft nogen virkning på grund af de negative eksportresultater.
Clearly, therefore, the Community's increasing vulnerability with regard to equipment goods is due to unfavourable trends of both imports and exports and the slight deceleration in the growth of imports from 1980 has had no effect owing to the worsening export performance.
Da Vesttyskland er den vigtigste fællesskabsproducent-eksportør, er det for en stor del udviklingen i dette lands eksport af investeringsgoder til tredjelande kombineret med udviklingen i landets import af disse varer, som er den væsentligste årsag til fællesmarkedets svækkede stilling.
Community exports and imports of equipment goods, this country being the Community's principal manufacturer and exporter.
Allerede efter det første olieprischok var stigningstakten for Vesttysklands salg af investeringsgoder til tredjelande mindre end for hele Fællesskabet. Denne faldende tendens fortsatte i perioden 1976-1979, men trådte mindre klart frem i denne periode på grund af nedgangen i Det forenede Kongeriges eksport til tredjelande.
Under the impact ofthe first oil shock, the volume of Germany's extraCommunity sales of equipment goods already increased much less rapidly than that of the Community as a whole.
Selv om Vesttysklands stilling synes at være styrket en smule siden 1980, er det dog en kendsgerning, at Vesttyskland selv efter dette tidspunkt ikke har været i stand til fuldt ud at drage nytte af den veritable eksplosion, der er sket i hele OECD's eksport af investeringsgoder.
While Germany's position appears to have improved somewhat since 1980, it has still not been able, even after that date, to profit fully from ballooning exports of equipment goods by the OECD countries generally.
Sideløbende hermed fortsatte Vesttysklands import fra tredjelande at vokse med 11 % i gennemsnit pr. år, hvilket svarer til en stigning på 125 % på 8 år imod 60 % for Fællesskabet som helhed. Dette er baggrunden for, at Vesttysklands eksport/importforhold over for tredjelande, for så vidt angår investeringsgoder, faldt fra 4,5 i 1973 til 2,6 i 1981 og nu ligger en smule under Italiens ekport/importforhold (jf. tabel 5).
At the same time, the volume of Germany's extraCommunity imports has continued to grow at an average rate of 11% per year, giving an increase of 125% in eight years, compared with 60% for the Community as a whole.
Generelt kunne Vesttysklands afsvækkende stilling med hensyn til investeringsgoder hidrøre fra en forsinket teknologisk udvikling, som hovedsaglig skyldes, at innovationen inden for mikroelektronik er kommet senere til Vesttyskland end til De forenede Stater og Japan.
In general this weakness in the German equipment goods sector could result mainly from the technological gap in relation to the USA and Japan, due mainly to the delay in introducing new semiconductor innovations.
Der er udfoldet betydelige anstrengelser for at indhente denne forsinkelse, og det ser ud til, at anstrengelserne begynder at bære frugt inden for automobilindustrien ').
Great efforts have been made to overcome this delay and it would appear that within the automobile sector this initiative has already begun to bear fruit.'
Derimod er det ud til, at den vidt fremskredne udvikling i retning af enkeltfabrikation af industrimaskiner på et tidspunkt, hvor Japan og De forenede Stater lægger hovedvægten på seriefabrikation på højt teknisk niveau, udgør en hindring for innovationen, som ikke kan overvindes så hurtigt som hindringerne inden for automobilindustrien2).
On the contrary the strong tendency to produce custom-made machine tools, while Japan and the USA have given a greater priority to series production of hightechnology machines would appear to constitute an obstacle to innovation which may not be overcome as rapidly as in the case of automobiles.2While Germany still enjoys a comfortable lead over most of its competitors, the loss of its dominant position is sufficiently marked and rapid to compromise its future performance—and hence that of the Community as a whole—as regards extraCommunity export capacity in equipment goods. This is essentially an extraCommunity problem, since Germany's intra-Community trade has remained in much better balance.
Ikke desto mindre har Vesttyskland stadig et bekvemt forspring i forhold til de fleste af sine konkurrenter, skønt tabet af den dominerende stilling er sket tilstrækkeligt utvetydigt og hurtigt til, at det kan skade landets fremtidige eksport og derved hele Fællesskabets eksport af investeringsgoder til tredjelande.
In 1980, the Community exported 46% of its output. Almost 27% went to the rest of the world, but this extraCommunity share had remained constant between 1975 and 1980, whereas world demand expanded to such an extent that Japan in particular was able to increase its export ratio from 20 to 26,7% over those six years.
Problemet vedrører først og fremmest samhandelen med tredjelande, eftersom Vesttysklands samhandel med andre EF-lande har været langt mere stabil.
Conversely, the Japanese import penetration ratio hardly increased (from 3,2 to 3,6%), whereas that ofthe Community increased by almost 5 percentage points to 13,5% in 1980 and that ofthe United States by 3,7 percentage points to 11,6% in 1980.
Afsvækkelsen af den dominerende stilling er fælles for de fleste EF-lande, men graden er ofte meget varierende.
The main reason for the decline in the Community's position is undoubtedly the combined trend of Germany's extra-
Fællesskabets samhandel med tredjelande: investeringsgodeindustrierne truet ning til Frankrigs ikke ramt af en faldende tendens i begyndelsen af 1980'erne.
Community foreign trade: the equipment goods industry under threat
Det fremgår af denne analyse af de enkelte landes situation, at Fællesskabets forringede stilling først og fremmest skyldes Forbundsrepublikken Tyskland.
It can be seen from this country-by-country analysis that the weakening of the Community's position is attributable first and foremost to developments in Germany.
EF kan kun vinde sin stilling tilbage, hvis Forbundsrepublikken Tyskland forbedrer sine resultater, men virkningerne heraf bliver begrænsede, hvis de vanskeligheder, der for nylig viste sig i Frankrig og Italien, varer ved.
Restoring the Community to its former position on the world market remains closely tied up with a recovery in Germany's performance but the impact would be limited if the difficulties that have been apparent recently in France and Italy were to continue.
Blandt de tre lande, der hver eksporterer ca. halvt så mange kapitalgoder til resten af verden som Forbundsrepublikken Tyskland, er Det forenede Kongerige det eneste land, hvis stilling er blevet stærkt forringet siden 1973, mens Frankrig og Italien stort set har kunnet bevare deres uændret.
The deterioration in the Community's position is affecting virtually all categories of equipment goods position deteriorate sharply since 1973, while France and Italy have generally maintained their positions.
Det forenede Kongeriges kapitalgodeeksport til tredjelande var i 1981 således stort set af samme størrelsesorden som i 1973 efter at have taget et kraftigt opsving fra 1973 til 1975, som imidlertid ikke fortsatte siden hen, idet der alene i 1981 skete et fald på 10 %.
Thus, by 1981, the volume of the United Kingdom's extra-Community exports of equipment goods was roughtly back to its 1973 level. After a healthy recovery between 1973 and 1975, it subsequently fell, recording a loss of some 10%in 1981 alone.
Samtidig steg OECD's eksport af kapitalgoder (EF ikke medregnet) med næsten 80 % i faste priser, således at Det forenede Kongeriges markedsandel faldt fra 7,6% i 1973 til 6,6% i 1981.
Over the same period, total OECD extraCommunity exports of equipment goods increased in real terms by almost 80%, thereby reducing the United Kingdom's market share from 7,6% in 1973 to 6,6% in 1981.
Parallelt hermed er landets import steget stærkt, således at dets eksport/importforhold (1,7) nu er lavere end Frankrigs (1,9).
At the same time, with its imports having increased sharply, its export/import ratio (1,7) is now below that of France (1,9).
Endelig er der ligeledes sket en mindre forværring af den britiske stilling på EF's interne marked, hvilket har øget uligevægten i Det forenede Kongeriges samlede samhandel yderligere.
Its position on the intraCommunity market has also deteriorated slightly, with the result that the imbalance in its total trade has worsened.
Forringelsen af konkurrencesituationen for EF-kapitalgoder gælder i lige høj grad for de forskellige produktkategorier med undtagelse af metalprodukter, som imidlertid kun tegner sig for 8 % af kapitalgodeeksporten til tredjelande.
The Community's declining competitiveness in the equipment goods sector is common to all the product categories making up this sector, with the exception of metal products, which account, however, for only 8% of Community exports of equipment goods to the rest of the world.
Fællesskabet har mistet andele på verdensmarkederne inden for fire kategorier af materiel, der alene tegner sig for over 80% af samhandelsværdien: elektrisk materiel, kontormaskiner, landbrugs- og industrimaskiner samt biler.
This reduced presence of the Community on world markets shows up in four product categories which together represent over 80% of the value of trade in equipment goods: electrical goods, office machines, agricultural and industrial machinery, and motor vehicles.
Det er på disse områder, at de europæiske og amerikanske fabrikanter udøver størst pression for at opnå en vis regulering af handelsmønstret for visse produkter: underholdningselektronik, for så vidt angår elektrisk materiel, edbmateriel, for så vidt angår kontormaskiner, værktøjsmaskiner og robotter, for så vidt angår industrimaskiner, og naturligvis biler.
It is in these categories that we find the products most exposed to pressure from Community or US manufacturers for some regulation of trade flows of certain products: consumer electronics in the case of electrical goods, dataprocessing equipment in the case of office machines, machine tools and robots in the case of industrial machinery and, of course, motor vehicles.
Samtidig drejer det sig her om produkter, hvor Japan har opnået sine mest strålende resultater.
These are at the same time the products in which Japan has recorded its most striking successes.
Derimod var der for Frankrigs og Italiens vedkommende i tidsrummet 1973-1981, hverken tale om mistede markedsandele for deres kapitalgoder i tredjelande eller nogen større stigning i importen fra tredjelande, som kunne have skadet deres samlede ligevægt, hvilket bl.a. eksport/import-forholdet bekræfter, idet dette har holdt sig nogenlunde uændret (jf. tabel 5).
France and Italy, on the other hand, saw neither a reduction in their share of extraCommunity exports of equipment goods between 1973 and 1981 nor an explosive expansion in the volume of their extraCommunity imports which might have undermined their overall equilibria. This is confirmed by their export/import ratios, which have remained fairly stable (see Table 5).
Deres samhandel med de øvrige EF-lande har ligeledes udviklet sig harmonisk i denne periode.
The trend of their intraCommunity trade was also fairly balanced during that period.
For begge landes vedkommende, men mest for Frankrigs, skyldes dette især de udmærkede resultater, der noteredes under det første olieprischok, som sidenhen afløstes af en gradvis mindre positiv udvikling, hvilket for en stor del forklarer dette lands stigende handelsunderskud.
However, for both countries, but much more so in the case of France, these results are based primarly on very good performances during the period of the first oil shock, which subsequently gave way to increasingly unfavourable trends, which to a large extent explains the growth in France's trade deficits.