natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Da de enkelte nationale markeder således var alfskærmet i for handlerleddet, kunne de pågældende virksomheder forlange forskellige priser i de forskellige EF-lande.
The conclusion of the study is that substantial differences exist from one Member State to the next as to the availability of injunctions, and the approachto the question of damages also varies.
Disse salgssystemer var derfor i deres oprindelige form udorenelige med princippet om et enhedsmarked.
As a general principle, Community law must be applied in such a waythat it has the same effects in all Member States.
En anden sag inden for den tyske brillesektor vedrørte Optische Werke G. Rodenstock i München, der er en førende leverandør af brilleglas og -stel, og Metzler International Optik GmbH i Mühlacker, der har specialiseret sig i brillestel.
SI measures, without, however, excluding this possibility if they should turn out tobe opportune. Another point of discussion was the possibilities for cooperationbetween national judges on the one hand and Commission and national antitrust authorities on the other.
På Kommissionens foranledning ophævede begge virksomheder de begrænsninger med hensyn til videresalg, som de havde pålagt deres tyske forhandlere2)
On the basis of this discussion, the Commission sent detailed questionnairesto the Member State cartel authorities for reply by the end of March 1986,posing two main questions:
I henhold til Rodenstocks standardforhandleraftale måtte virksomhedens produkter kun videresælges til de endelige forbrugere; dette bevirkede, at forhandlere blev hindret i at sælge Rodenstocks glas og stel til videreforhandlere i andre medlemsstater.
(i) Do the national competition authorities have, or can they establish, aninformation gathering network as to decisions taken or proceedings pending involving Articles 85 and 86? How could such information be mostappropriately communicated to the Commission?
Virksomhederne har nu givet deres tyske forhandlere tilladelse til at sælge til forhandlere i andre medlemsstater.
The government experts will meet again in the course of 1986 to evaluate theprogress made.
KOMMISSIONENS VIGTIGSTE BESLUTNINGER OG FORANSTALTNINGER
52 COMPETITION POLICY TOWARDS ENTERPRISES
Metzlers standardforhandleraftale pålagde de tyske forhandlere de samme begrænsninger med hensyn til videresalg, og forbød ligeledes salg mellem disse forhandlere indbyrdes: disse begrænsninger blev også ophævet.
(i) the reorganization of DG IV and procedural safeguards;(ii) cleaning-up the backlog;(iii) acceleration;(iv) obligations of Commission officials and those providing information.
I forbindelse med undersøgelserne inden for brillesektoren konstaterede Kom missionen desuden, at en række storre italienske fabrikanter og forhandlere af brillestel og -glas samt kontaktlinser pålagde de optikere, som de leverede til, bindende detailpriser1). Disse priser gjaldt for alle former for salg. herunder eksport til andre medlemsstater.
The reorganized structure of that part of the Directorate-General for Competition dealing with individual antitrust cases has now been in operationfor approximately a year.
Kommissionen konstaterede også. at en regional sammenslutning af optikere, Assopto. i Varese, der er tilknyttet de italieniske optikeres landssammenslutning (Federazione Nazionale Ottici Optometristi (Federottica), Milano), pålagde sine medlemmer bindende detailpriser på brilleglas og kontaktlinser.
Also,these guarantees of objectivity and fairness have been reinforced by the creationof a special administrative unit for the 'coordination of competition decisions',which is called upon to give a separate assessment of all individual cases duringthe various steps of a procedure, not including, however, the investigationphase.
Disse priser var fastsat i en prisliste, som sammenslutningen havde udarbejdet.
Another important safeguard is provided by the Hearing Officer, whoensures that the rights of the defence are correctly respected both during thehearing and in the later phases of the procedure.
Alle disse vertikale og horisontale prisaftaler begrænsede priskonkurrencen på det italienske marked for briller og ville desuden kunne påvirke samhandelen mellem Italien og de øvrige medlemsstater mærkbart.
His direct access to the Member of the Commission responsible for competition matters is of particularimportance in this respect.
Efter Kommissionens opfattelse er en sådan prisbinding, der omfatter en hel sektor og hele en medlemsstats område, uforenelig med artikel 85. stk. 1.
In 1985, the Hearing Officer presided over ninehearings.
Alle de pågældende virksomheder erklærede sig rede til at ændre deres bindende priser til vejledende priser, således at optikerne i fremtiden frit kan fastsætte deres salgspriser.
See e.g. point 46 of the resolution of the European Parliament on the Fourteenth Competition Reportand point 1 of this Report.
Kommissionen har været særlig opmærksom på Fællesskabets brillesektor som helhed2), og disse foranstaltninger på det tyske og det italienske marked er således en illustration af Kommissionens politik på dette område.
This chronic shortage has been deplored by other interestedcircles, for example most recently by the European Parliament in its resolutionon the Fourteenth Report on Competition Policy (point 33), and is particularlystriking when figures are compared with the number of officials working atnational competition authorities.
Selv om der ikke blev pålagt bøder i ovennævnte tilfælde, hovedsagelig fordi dette område er nyt og på grund af de pågældende produkters art. vil der formodentlig blive iværksat hårdere sanktioner i forbindelse med sådanne sager i fremtiden.
Thistribunal would not deal with cases submitted by the Member States or theother Community institutions, nor with preliminary rulings requested under Article 177 of the Treaty. The Council will furthermore determine the composition of this tribunal and take the necessary steps to adjust the Court's statute.
78 1985. pkt. 2.1.51. :) Jf. også skriftlig forespørgsel nr. 1336/80 (EFT C 352 af 31.12.1980). nr. 547/83 (EFT C 268 af 6.10.1983) og nr. 836 83 (EFT C 308 af 14.11.1983).
During the last few years, a concerted effort has been made to eliminatethe backlog of pending cases. Aside from work on individual cases, thiscleaning-up exercise has been especially energetic in 1985 as a result of the
De tre beslutninger, som Kommissionen vedtog i 1984 vedrørende banker og forsikringsselskaber, bekræftede den holdning, som Kommissionen konstant har givet udtryk for, nemlig at virksomheder inden for disse sektorer ikke på nogen måde er fritaget for anvendelsen af konkurrencereglerne1).
54 COMPETITION POLICY TOWARDS ENTERPRISES application of all six block exemption regulations adopted over the past twoyears. ^ Given the fact that in the past nearly two thirds of the pendingnotifications traditionally represented agreements relating to industrial propertyrights, the work done by a task force set up to deal specifically with thiscategory of agreements was particularly fruitful in reducing the backlog.2
Kommissionen er naturligvis opmærksom på de særlige forhold, der gør sig gældende for virksomheder inden for disse sektorer, men anvendelsen af konkurrencereglerne tager her ligesom i andre sektorer sigte på at skabe et konkurrencedygtigt erhvervsliv og et ensartet fællesmarked.
Obviously not all notified agreements are clearly covered by the six existingblock exemption regulations, but the serious mass of pending notifications seenin the past can be avoided due to other factors as well.
Denne politik, der er af særlig stor betydning i betragtning af den stadig voksende servicesektor, kom også i 1985 til udtryk i en beslutning vedrørende forsikrings­virksomhed og i fire beslutninger vedrørende varebørser.
It is interesting to note that a record number of 1 043 files concerning notifiedagreements could be closed during the course of 1985 (the total number offiles closed — 1 185 — includes cases involving complaints or own-initiativeprocedures by the Commission).
Forsikringsvirksomhed
Acceleration
Kommissionen besluttede at indrømme fritagelse i henhold til artikel 85, stk. 3, for en aftale vedrørende søforsikring2). Den pågældende aftale, der betegnes »Inter­ national Group Agreement« (IGA), blev indgået i 1981 mellem sytten »Protection and Indemnity Clubs« (»P & I Clubs«), som er sammenslutninger med almennyttigt formål, der tegner visse former for søforsikring.
The successful operation of the network of block exemption regulations,including the accelerated opposition procedure contained in several, clearlyenhances the effectiveness and speed of competition procedures, although itmay not be possible to assess the ultimate effects on a shortterm basis.
Aftalen danner grundlag for samarbejdet mellem en række sammenslutninger af rederier inden for gensidig forsikring og indeholder bestemmelser, der begrænser konkurrencen inden for forsikringsvirksomhed.
Two further developments will also accelerate procedures: the introduction ofa new form A/B and the emerging practice of accepting undertakings in lieuof the adoption of interim measures.
Terminsmarkeder er først og fremmest blevet oprettet for at sætte personer, der er involveret i varehandelen, i stand til at beskytte sig mod risikoen for ugunstige prisbevægelser.
But only three copies of the notified agreement itself are nownecessary.
Med de fire beslutninger. Kommissionen har vedtaget om reglerne og vedtægterne for ovennævnte terminsmarkeder, er det første gang, at konkurrencereglerne formelt anvendes på denne sektor1).
Applicants are obliged to use the new form, which can be obtained from the Commission in Brussels 2or via its press and information offices elsewhere, asof 1 January 1986.
De pågældende varebørser, der alle er etableret i London, opererer inden for råvarer og er traditionelt set de vigtigste terminsmarkeder.
Ford subsequently gave an undertaking to offer licences immediately to competitors in the United Kingdom for the manufacture and sale of such body panelsfor certain Ford vehicles and also offered to settle the copyright infringementproceedings brought against those competitors before the English courts.
I henhold til de regler og vedtægter, som oprindeligt blev anmeldt til Kommissionen, kunne der opkræves en fast mindsteprovision ved transaktioner på selve børsen.
Thisundertaking removed the urgency for Commission action in that the independent manufacturers can continue to compete with Ford in the supply of thesepanels for the repair and maintenance of all but the latest models of Fordmotor vehicles, and the interim measure proceedings could thus by suspended,pending the final outcome of the Commission investigation and procedure intothis market sector.
Reglerne for medlemskab indeholdt heller ingen klare og objektive kriterier, som ansøgerne skulle opfylde, hvilket gjorde børserne til lukkede forretningskredse.
Obligations of Commission officials and those providing information
Under disse omstændigheder kunne Kommissionen meddele negativattest i alle fire tilfælde.
Cases 53/84 and 145/83 Stanley George Adams v Commission (not yet published); point 128 of this Report.
Disse begrænsninger, der var indføjet i en aftale mellem de fire brancheforeninger, vedrørte udbedring af materielle skader som følge af trafikuheld. Aftalen indeholdt en kollektiv ordning for anerkendelse af taksatorer, der vurderer denne form for skade og arbejder for forsikringsselskaber i forbindelse med forsikring af motorkøretøjer i Luxembourg.
MAIN DEVELOPMENTS IN COMMUNITY POLICY -57 exercising its powers for giving effect to Articles 85 and 86, the Commissionhas always acted with the utmost discretion and in fact, since the adoption of Regulation No 17 in 1962, thousands of investigations have been conducted,sometimes in very difficult conditions, without any serious incident takingplace.
Ordningen forhindrede en række taksatorer, specielt fra andre medlemsstater, i frit at tilbyde deres tjenester til de pågældende forsikringsselskaber — dvs. næsten alle de selskaber, der tegner motorkøretøjsforsikringer i Luxembourg.
The circumstances surrounding the Stanley Adams case have, however, highlighted the risks that may be run, despite the precautions taken, by personswho draw the Commission's attention to possible infringements of Communitylaw, in the event the Commission uses the documents they have provided.
I betragtning af forholdene i Luxembourg fandt Kommissionen, at denne kollektive ordning begrænsede konkurrencen og at dette især var tilfældet på grund af de kvalifikationer, man krævede.
To prevent similar risks in the future, Commission officials were given instructions, even before the judgment was delivered, on how to handle such documents while an investigation is in progress or a decision is being taken.Furthermore, specific instructions have been issued in the light of the judgment.Where the identity of the person providing the information is known to the Commission, the documents may be shown or returned to the firm concerned,within the limits indicated by that person, only after he has been warned ofthe various risks this may entail for him and on the strict condition that he hasauthorized the Commission to do so.
Ordningen begunstigede taksatorer i Luxembourg på bekostning af de taksatorer, der kom fra andre medlemsstater, og der var således tale om urimelig forskelsbehandling.
Where, on the other hand, the author orsender of the documents has not revealed his identity, the documents will notbe shown or returned to the firm until after a detailed examination by the Commission's staff of their importance to the investigation, the risk that theymight be traced back to the person concerned and the possibility that he mightbe subjected to legal proceedings.
Da aftalen øjeblikkelig blev ophævet, indledte Kommissionen ikke nogen formel procedure mod de pågældende brancheforeninger.
Prior to such examination, no decision willbe taken as to whether and in what way the documents will be used.
§4 — Beslutninger på transportområdet
Main decisions and measures taken by the Commission
Selv om Kommissionens bestræbelser på at få udarbejdet bestemmelser om anvendelse af konkurrencereglerne på sø- og lufttransport heller ikke i 1985 gav de ønskede resultater1), sker der dog fremskridt med hensyn til anvendelsen af konkurrencereglerne på individuelle sager inden for transportsektoren.
In 1985, the Commission took 15 decisions under Articles 85 and 86 ofthe EEC Treaty, one decision under Article 90 EEC, one decision under Regulation No 1017/68 of the Council (transport on inland waterways) andone decision under Article 11 of Regulation No 17/62 of the Council (requestfor information).
For det første blev der i 1985 vedtaget den første beslutning i henhold til Rådets forordning nr. 1017/682) om anvendelse af konkurrenceregler for transport med jernbane, ad landeveje og sejlbare vandveje.
It also took 8 decisions under Articles 65 and 66 of the ECSCTreaty. Two cases were dealt with by way of administrative letters followingpublication in the Official Journal.
Desuden blev det ved en beslutning om begæring om oplysninger hos et luftfartsselskab i henhold til forordning nr. 17 klart tilkendegivet, at det kun er aktiviteter, som direkte vedrører transport, der falder uden for anvendelsesområdet for forordning nr. 17: andre aktiviteter på dette område falder derfor ind under Kommissionens beføjelser til at indhente oplysninger og bringe overtrædelser til ophør og eventuelt at pålægge bøder.
In its decisions and other forms of intervention with respect to horizontal agreements the Commission devoted particular attention to the dangers of distribution arrangements between competitors.With regard to agreements relating to distribution and industrial propertyrights, it reasserted its objections to barriers to intra-Community trade. The Commission took a favourable view with respect to several agreements relatingto various forms of cooperation between undertakings.
Kommissionen vedtog en beslutning om, at en aftale mellem erhvervssammenslutninger vedrørende sejlads på de sejlbare vandveje i Frankrig indebar en overtrædelse af artikel 2 i forordning nr. 1017/68. idet den påvirkede konkurrence vilkårene3).
Furthermore, 1 185 cases were settled without a formal decision becausethe agreements or other behaviour in question were altered to conform withthe competition rules, including relevant block exemptions, were terminatedor, in the case of agreements, expired.JMany of the cases concerned distribution and licensing agreements, as in past years, which could be settled afterhaving been brought into line with existing block exemptions or notices.
For det første var det i aftalen fastsat, at befragtningsagenterne skulle opkræve en 10% afgift for alt gods, der skulle transporteres til udlandet, hvad enten transporten blev foretaget af franske eller udenlandske transportvirksomheder.
On 31 December there were in all 3 313 pending cases of which 2 878 wereapplications or notifications (213 made in 1985), 296 were complaints fromfirms (66 made in 1985) and 139 were own-initiative proceedings by the Commission (25 started in 1985).
(EATE), der er et fransk andelsforetagende, som har til formål at fremme trans porten ad sejlbare vandveje, og medlemmerne af EATE fik senere afgiften refunde-
The breakdown of the pending notificationsand applications is: 51% concern industrial property rights, 31% distributionagreements and 18% concern so-called 'horizontal' agreements.
KONKURRENCEPOLITIKKEN OVER FOR VIRKSOMHEDER ret.
60 COMPETITION POLICY TOWARDS ENTERPRISES
I februar 1984 modtog Kommissionen en klage fra »Association des Compagnies Aériennes de la Communauté« (i det følgende benævnt ACE) over, at Olympic Airways ved at forhøje sine priser for håndteringsfunktioner med næsten 50% misbrugte sin dominerende stilling (artikel 86).
The Commission took a decision under Article 85(1) condemning agreements concluded in 1975 by Siemens AG (Germany) and Fanuc Ltd (Japan),both manufacturers of numerical controls (NCs) a special purpose computerwhich controls the operations of a machine tool.1The advent of the NC hasbrought forth a new generation of machine tools.
Kommissionen anmodede Olympic Airways om at fremsende en række oplysninger om selskabets omkostninger, dets markedsstilling og den måde, hvorpå prisforhøjelserne blev gennemført.
The machine tool industryhas had to adapt its products and production methods to the NC and the EECindustry, containing many small and mediumsized firms, has found it difficultto meet competition from the Far East and the USA.
Denne anmodning blev fremsat ved en skrivelse i henhold til artikel 11 i forordning nr. 17.
As a result of the exclusive selling rights, Siemens became the only distributorin the EEC of Fanuc's standardized NC-range to which Far Eastern machinetool manufacturers were rapidly adapting their products.
I henhold til denne artikel har virksomheder pligt til at afgive oplysninger, der er nødvendige for, at Kommissionen kan undersøge, om konkurrencereglerne er blevet overtrådt.
Fanuc NCs were soldby Siemens in the EEC at prices on average 34% higher than Far Eastern prices.EEC machine tool manufacturers thus suffered a considerable competitivedisadvantage.
Olympic Airways nægtede dog at fremsende oplysningerne, fordi selskabet ikke mente, at EØF-traktatens artikel 85 og 86 endnu fandt anvendelse på lufttransportsektoren, og at det derfor ikke var forpligtet til at besvare Kommissionens anmodning.
The agreements were found to have infringed Article 85(1) and did not fallwithin the block exemption granted by Regulation No 67/67,2since Siemens and Fanuc were manufacturers of competing goods who entrusted each otherwith exclusive dealing in those goods (Article 3(a)).
I den beslutning, som Kommissionen derefter vedtog i henhold til artikel 11, stk. 5, i forordning nr. 171), fastslog Kommissionen, at EØF-traktatens artikel 85 og 86 gælder umiddelbart for alle erhvervssektorer, herunder lufttransport sektoren.
Also, as noted above, theagreements provided for more than only distribution arrangements.
Kommissionen fastslog desuden, at dens beføjelser i henhold til forordning nr. 17 gælder for alle industrisektorer bortset fra de sektorer, der er omhandlet i forordning nr. 141/62, hvori det er fastsat, at aftaler, vedtagelser og samordnet praksis, som direkte vedrører transportydelser, ikke er omfattet af forordning nr. 17.
Nor couldindividual exemption be given, not only because the agreements had not beennotified, but also because they gave rise to market-sharing which offered nobenefit to users in the common market.3
Olympic Airways er senere fremkommet med de ønskede oplysninger.
MAIN DECISIONS AND MEASURES TAKEN BY THE COMMISSION
NCB er ansvarlig for hele kulforsyningen i Det forenede Kongerige, medens CEGB tegner sig for praktisk talt hele landets el-forsyning.
Following the Commission's intervention, the parties terminated the agreements.
81 % af elektriciteten fremstilles på grundlag af kul, der for størstepartens vedkommende leveres af NCB.
Because of the very serious anticompetitive impact of the agreements,it was decided to impose fines of 1 million ECU on each of the companies.
Desuden har NCB og CEGB ret til at udnytte og sælge de patenter og den know-how, de udvikler i fællesskab. Kommissionen kunne derfor meddele parterne, at deres aftale var omfattet af gruppefritagelsen.
As a result of the Commission's action, Siemens and Fanuc are now competingfor orders and the Community's machine-tool industry is faced with a widerchoice of competitively priced numerical controls.
KONKURRENCEPOLITIKKEN OVER FOR VIRKSOMHEDER
62 COMPETITION POLICY TOWARDS ENTERPRISES
Kommissionen indrømmede fritagelse i henhold til artikel 85, stk. 3, for en aftale, der var indgået mellem BP International Ltd. i London og MW Kellogg Company i Houston, Texas, og som vedrørte udvikling af ammoniakanlæg, der ville medføre betydelige energibesparelser1).
Two cases, one involvinga prohibition decision and the other an exemption under Article 85(3), helpedto clarify the policy regarding distribution agreements between competingmanufacturers.
Da BP ikke havde de nødvendige erfaringer i udvikling, opbygning eller kommerciel udnyttelse af principperne i en sådan proces, fandt selskabet en egnet samarbejdspartner i MW Kellogg, der er en betydelig konstruktør og leverandør af procesanlæg.
Finally, in three decisions and other cases dealt with informally,the Commission further developed its policy on selective distribution systems.
Den nye proces vil dog medføre betydelige omkostnings- og energibesparelser, og da der findes mange uafhængige konkurrenter på markedet, vil disse fordele direkte komme forbrugerne til gode gennem lavere ammoniakpriser.
In the agricultural machinery sector, prices have been persistently higher in the United Kingdom and Greece than in other Member States, giving farmers anddealers in those two countries an incentive to import.
Kommissionen fandt det derfor berettiget at indrømme individuel fritagelse.
Like Deere and Company,SNH's reaction to this parallel trading was to seek to prohibit or prevent it,by including export bans in its distribution agreements as well as taking othersteps to discourage inter-State dealings.
Komissionen kunne dernæst ved en administrativ skrivelse meddele parterne, at betingelserne for fritagelse i henhold til artikel 85, stk. 3, var opfyldt.
Adecision was therefore taken against SNH and two of its independent distributors in the Netherlands and Greece, whereby a fine of 750 000 ECU wasimposed on SNH.
Ifølge aftalen mellem de to virksomheder, skal VFA levere Sauer aksialstempelmotorer efter skråakselprincippet, der kun er 70 % færdiggjort.
MAIN DECISIONS AND MEASURES TAKEN BY THE COMMISSION
Sauer færdiggør motorerne og samler dem med aksialstempelpumper efter skråskiveprincippet. som selskabet selv udvikler og fremstiller, til hydrostatiske transmissioner, der er bestemt til det lukkede kredsløb på det mobile område, og som det forhandler i EF.
63 information to establish the allegations made against it, as well as ordering itsstaff and dealers to comply with the Community's competition rules. Anotherfactor is the depressed state of the agricultural machinery sector.