natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Når man har fundet frem til de hemmelige data, er det næste problem at vide, hvad man skal gøre med hver enkelt af disse hemmelige oplysninger.
We realize that the proposals for harmonization that we have outlined in this report are on a very modest scale, so that they will be ε disappointment to those who pin their hopes, as they are perfectly entitled to do, on the discovery of an immediate and definitive solution of vihat is (to them at least) a very minor problem; but we hope our suggestions will be understood and welcomed by the statisticians at national level.
Der er nemlig to meget anvendte måder, man kan bevare en oplysning hemmelig på: Enten at undlade at offentliggøre den eller at opstille den sammen med en anden for at det samlede resultat ikke forbliver hemmeligt.
If the latter can agree with the SOEC on a minimum programme, it should be possible to start the ball rolling.
Don valgte teknik er betinget af oplysningens karakter. Når det drejer sig om et resultat, der vedrører fremstilling i fysiske mængder af et
The next step towards greater liberalization would be to define a common objective,which might be inspired by the following idea* because experience has shown that no single method of preserving confidentiality is
24 meget specifikt produkt, ville en samlet opstilling almindeligvis ikke have nogen mening; der ville man foretrække at lade en plads stå tom.
-55 entirely satisfactory, the various methods could be applied in combination.
Når det derimod drejer sig om en beløbsmæssig størrelse, der vedrører en undersektor, og som er vigtig for den samlede sektor, vil man opstille undersektoren sammen med en anden undersektor i den samme sektor.
The interests of the multitude of small- and medium-scale undertakings should be safeguarded by active confidentiality, or at least by the minimum number rule, but for the largest undertakings, which publish an ever-increasing volume of information about their activities, the approach adopted, once the rules or criteria for the acceptance or for the rejection of applications for nondisclosure had been clearly defined, would be that of passive confidentiality.
Valget vil være vanskeligt at træffe, og i næsten samtlige tilfælde træffes det manuelt af statistikerne.
It would no doubt be necessary, before this reform can get under way, to amend the majority of the national statistical laws.
Når man læser de nationale rapporter, vil man se, at disse to fremgangsmåder frembyder alvorlige ulemper.
Certain other steps will have to be taken.
Hvis man f.eks. fjerner bare én oplysning i en krydstabel, der angiver totalerne linjevis og kolonnevis, er det indlysende, at det vil være let for læseren at rekonstruere denne oplysning.
For example, the situation in the main western countries outside the Community will have to be examined, and statistical tests ought to be carried out in countries where the legal barriers have not yet been erected.
Når det gælder en hemmelig oplysning, må man i en krydstabel fjerne mindst tre andre oplysninger.
Finally, we shall have to viin the consent of those who represent the interests of the various undertakings.
Derefter må man sikre sig, at hverken den hemmelige oplysning eller alle de andre fjernede oplysninger optræder i andre tabeller i rundspørget eller i tabeller, der stammer fra andre sammenlignelige kilder.
In chapter II of this report we noted that it was becoming increasingly urgent, in the common interest of the National Statistical Institutes and the SOEC, to remove the barrier of statistical confidentiality which exists between the Member Countries and the SOEC, i.e. to enable the Member Countries to transmit confidential data to the SOEC.
Vi vil følge BSOs terminologi (Det forenede Kongerige) og kalde disse problemer fortrolighed pr. difference.
We shall begin by defining the data needed by the SOEC, and will follow this up by examining the legal and technical problems which would arise if this confidentiality were lifted.
Den teknik, der består i at gruppere en hemmelig oplysning med en an den, har også uheldige følgevirkninger.
1 - Definition of the confidential data needed by the SOEC
Når man grupperer oplysning X med oplysning Y, forsvinder X og Y, men Y kan være interessant i sig selv.
Confidential data may be divided into the following three categories:
Her dukker problemet om fortrolighed pr. difference altså op på ny, og det er et problem, der næsten er uendeligt, når man vil behandle det i dets fulde omfang, dvs. ved at tage hensyn til alle de eksisterende kilder inden for det samme område.
Β : individual data without name or address but with an indication of the region in which the reporting unit is located;
Dette problem om fortrolighed pr. difference er endnu ikke rigtig erkendt som følge af den manglende sammenhæng mellem de statistiske kilder, men med forbedringen af kvaliteten og tilnærmelsen mellem basiskartotekerne, vil det sikkert blive større i fremtiden.
C : confidential aggregates, e.g. data relating to a very small number of units.
De største er,at offent liggørelsen af resultaterne forsinkes, og at omkostningerne er højere. Så længe Det statistiske Kontor venter på virksomhedernes tilladelse, of fentliggøres den hemmelige oplysning ikke, men ofte blokeres også de andre resultater fra rundspørget; det ville nemlig være meget uheldigt at of fentliggøre de første resultater med et vist antal oplysninger udeladt af i'ortrolighedsgrunde for derefter at offentliggøre de endelige resultater med de data, hvis fortrolige karakter man har fået tilladelse til at op hæve.
The demarcation lines between these three categories are sometimes a little blurred; an individual item in category Β which relates to a very large undertaking or to a highly specialised undertaking in a particular region can easily be identified, and may therefore be likened to the data in category A. But this is not true of most of the data in category B. In the same way, an item of statistical information falling into category C but relating to a single undertaking cannot be distinguished from data in category B, but almost all the items in this last category can be distinguished from those which can be classified under B.
At rette henvendelse til virksomhederne og rykke dem for svar er en besværlig proces med et usikkert udfald. Et gunstigt udfald er aldrig sikret på forhånd, og hvis en oplys ning omfatter to virksomheder, er det ikke nok, at kun den ene giver sin tilladelse.
In its statistical work the SOEC does not need information of the type falling into category A. It does sometimes need information of the type falling into category B, and this need has hitherto been covered by the inclusion of suitable provisions in the corresponding Regulations.
Man skal undertiden være årvågen, thi når virksomheder ved, at en fortrolig oplysning bliver offentliggjort, kan de have interesse i at forvanske deres opgivelser for at vildlede en konkurrent, en kunde, skattemyndighederne osv. ....
By contrast, the SOEC constantly needs access to all the aggregate data of the type defined in the programmes of statistical tables for Community surveys, even if such data are confidential; in most cases, therefore, its statistical needs are confined to confidential data of the type to be found in category C.
For virksomhedslederne er visse variabler mere fortrolige end andre.
The transmission of data in the lastmentioned category has only occurred in very exceptional cases.
Man konstaterer også, at en oplysnings fortrolige karakter hurtigt aftager med tiden og med den periode, som den refererer til; derfor nægter visse virksomheder at offent liggøre en månedlig oplysning, der meget hurtigt bliver kendt, men går med til, at den samme oplysning offentliggøres en gang om året og med betydelig forsinkelse.
In fact, for the majority of Community surveys, there is no provision in the legislative texts obliging the Member States to transmit all the required statistical data even if some items are confidential, so that, pursuant to their national confidentiality rules, the National Statistical Institutes only transmit nonconfidential information to the SOEC.
Dette fører helt naturligt til, at man må stille spørgsmålet om, hvorvidt den statistiske fortrolighed forældes efter en vis tid. Dette ville kunne hjælpe historikere eller forskere.
There is, therefore, a legal obstacle to the removal of statistical confidentiality for the benefit of the SOEC.
2) Den passive fortrolighed
2 - Solutions to the legal problems of removing statistical confidentiality
Hvor mange oplysninger, der skal udelades i publikationerne, afhænger meget af forholdet mellem Det statistiske Kontor og de pågældende. I forbindelse med udenrigshandelsstatistik er en virksomhed trods alt forpligtet til at udfylde den statistiske fortegnelse samtidig med de andre toldformaliteter, selv om Det statistiske Kontor nægter at følge en anmodning om fortrolighed.
In the second part of the chapter outlining the position of the SOEC, it was stated that "Pursuant to their confidentiality rules, all the National Statistical Institutes consider the SOEC to be a third party to be denied access to confidential data except where otherwise stipulated in the Community regulations relating to statistical surveys".
Når det derimod drejer sig om et statistisk rundspørge, kan en virksomhed, hvis den ikke har tillid til Det statistiske Kontor, tøve med at tilbagesende sit svar på rundspørget og afgive delvise eller fejlagtige oplysninger.
The question can be asked whether the Member States, by acting in this way, are not contra­vening Article I89 of the EEC Treaty.
Det største problem for statistikerne ved at anvende denne metode er at skønne, om en anmodning, som en virksomhed fremsætter om ikke-offentlig-gørelse, kan godkendes eller ej.
In fact, in the case of a Directive to the Member States prescribing a statistical survey, the National Statistical Institutes are obliged to collect the individual data subject to the application of their national laws, which must be amended if necessary, and to transmit the required data to the SOEC.
Nogle godkender alle anmodninger, størstedelen behandler dem og begynder almindeligvis at undersøge, om offent liggørelse af oplysningen medfører offentliggørelse af en individuel el ler individualiseret situation.
It is not possible for an individual Member State to invoke its national confidentiality rules as a pretext for refusing to fulfil its obligation to transmit certain items of the required information to the SOEC; should it do so, the Commission can set in motion the procedure laid down in Article I69 of the EEC Treaty.
Men dette kriterium om individualitet er ikke altid det eneste vedtagne; man kan også bede virksomheden om at føre bevis for, at denne offentliggørelse vil skade den; man kan også se efter, om oplysningen ikke allerede eksisterer andetsteds (det gælder især for udenrigshandelsstatistikker (l)).
By this method, pursuant to Article I89 of the Treaty, the surveys for which the SOEC requires confidential data can be prescribed by means of Directives.
Vedrørende udenrigshandelsstatistikker offentliggøres resultaterne, og det er tilstrækkeligt, at de pågældende henviser dertil.
Whatever the scope of Articles I89 and I69 of the Treaty, it is true to say that the transmission of confidential data to the SOEC has so far been the exception.
Hvad angår de statistiske rundspørger er der ligeledes tale om offentliggørelse, men man foretrækker ofte at fremsende de offentliggjorte resultater direkte til de virksomheder, som har svaret. Anvendelsen af den passive fortrolighedsmetode udelukker principielt specifikke bearbejdninger af data, som ville være forbeholdt et lille antal interesserede, der ikke omfattede de pågældende virksomheder.
If the intention is to change this situation in the future, and to avoid any difficulties between the National Statistical Institutes and the SOEC, three possible solutions spring to mind: a) to leave the individual Member States free to take the initiative of amending their national laws -.-ith a provision stipulating that the national statistical services must transmit the required confidential data to the SOEC, or to oblige them to introduce these amendments by means of a Community Directive.
Nogle foretager alligevel specifik ke, men ikke offentliggjorte, bearbejdelser af data fra udenrigshandel, men ved at anvende den aktive fortrolighedsmetode på dem.
b) to generalize the use, for prescribing Community surveys, of Regulations taking precedence over the national laws, and to stipulate in each Regulation that confidential data must be transmitted to the SOEC; c) to promulgate a Community Regulation obliging the Member States to transmit confidential data to the SOEC for all Community surveys.
Anonymiteten er ikke meget anvendt, og det synes, at den vil blive anvendt endnu mindre i fremtiden.
A cursory examination of the first solution reveals that it is the most complicated; there is the danger it would take a long time to become a reality, and that it could encounter major obstacles in certain Member Countries.
Adskillige lande offentliggør i kraft af denne metode hyppighedsfordelingor, der undertiden arbejder med et begrænset antal virksomheder.
We shall not, therefore, consider it further.
Men anonymitetsmetoden bliver vanskeligere og vanskeligere at anvende, thi af flere forskellige grunde offentliggør et stigende antal virksomheder oplysninger om sig selv (reklame, fagforeningsmæssigt eller politisk pres).
The second solution would oblige the SOEC to adopt the highest-ranking legislative procedure (the Regulation) for statistical surveys, whereas at present a certain proportion of such surveys are prescribed only by Directive.
Brugerne har altså adgang til flere individuelle oplys ninger, der kan sætte dem i stand til at identificere anonyme statistik ker og endog at udlede individuelle situationer deraf.
If this second solution were adopted, care would have to be taken to amend all the past Directives relating to repetitive surveys which are still being
På trods af den
Page 60
28 privilegerede stilling statistikeren indtager i denne strøm af oplysnin ger, kan han ikke nedfælde hele denne strøm af oplysninger og tage hen syn dertil for at undersøge, om en anonym oplysning er identificerbar eller ej.
It therefore seems desirable to adopt an intermediate solution, a compromise between solutions 2 and 3· The Council of the European Communities could promulgate an "Outline Regulation" pursuant to which the Member States would be obliged, for all Community statistical surveys, to transmit the required data to the SOEC, even if some of the information were confidential; each specific legislative text (Regulation or Directive) prescribing a survey will define the categories of confidential data which must be transmitted to the SOEC.
Anonymitetsmetoden vil i fremtiden være begrænset til helt præcise tilfælde.
In cases where the SOEC does not require confidential data, this Regulation will not be applied.
Lad os her bemærke, at denne metode stadig væk har sin betydning i forbindelse med oplysninger om enkeltpersoner.
We shall now try to formulate this text more precisely.
De tre ovenfor beskrevne metoder frembyder altså ulemper, og ingen af dem er klart bedre i forhold til de andre.
In fact, as a quid pro quo for this removal of statistical con fidentiality for the benefit of the SOEC , the Member States demand two sorts of guarantees to meet the justifiable misgivings of business under takings: on the one hand, that the SOEC will respect statistical confidentiality in its publications and, on the other, that any SOEC official violating statistical confidentiality would be liable to penal sanctions.
Den passive fortrolighedsmetode er ubestridt meget tillokkende.
We shall now examine these two points.
Man kan dog sige, at den passive fortrolighed gør det muligt at reducere det antal data, der ville være forblevet fortrolige, med en tiendedel, når man anvender den aktive fortrolighed.
The professional secrecy which is to be observed by European Community sofficials is defined in three texts:
Til gunst for den passive fortrolighed kan man opstille en række argumenter. For det første er det hævet over enhver diskussion, at virksomhederne er bedre beskyttet af den aktive fortrolighed end af den passive fortrolighed med hensyn til de skader, som en offentliggørelse af individuelle eller individualiserede data kan påføre dem; men da virksomhederne bedst selv kan vurdere den skade, som offentliggørelse af statistikker kan påføre dem, kan de ved den passive fortrolighed opnå fjernelse af data, selv de, der ikke er individualiserede, som kan skade dem, mens dette er vanskeligere med den aktive fortrolighed, som er mere strikt.
- ECSC Treaty (Article 47): "The High Authority must not disclose information of the kind covered by the obligation of professional secrecy, in particular information about undertakings, their business relations or their cost components."
Man kan også anføre, at den passive fortrolighed skaber ulighed i fortrolighed, fordi de største virksomheder lettere end de små kan forsvare deres interesser over for den statistiske myndighed, mens de faglige foreninger ofte er i stand til at for svare deres medlemmer uanset deres størrelse. Vi skal til slut
- EEC Treaty (Article 214): "The members of the institutions of the Community, the members of committees, and the officials and other servants of the Communit5r shall be required, even after their duties have ceased, not to disclose information of the kind covered by the obligation of professional
29 tilføje, at den passive fortrolighed kun kan indarbejdes gradvis, når der allerede findes en god portion tillid, som Det statistiske Kontor møjsommeligt har skaffet sig hos de adspurgte virksomheder.
59 secrecy, in particular information about undertakings, their business relations or their cost components."
Hvis den indsamlende myndighed nemlig i forbindelse med et første rundspørge brugte den passive fortrolighed ved offentliggørelse af resultater, ville den ikke på forhånd være bekendt med de oplysninger, som virksomhederne gerne ville have bevaret hemmelige.
- Staff Regulations of officials of the European Communities (Article 17(1): "An official shall exercise the greatest discretion with regard to all facts and information coming to his knowledge in the course of or in connection with the performance of his duties; he shall not in any manner whatsoever disclose to any authorized person any document or information not already made public.
Virksomhederne ville først kunne gribe ind, når skaden allerede var sket. Og ville den skadelidte virksomhed kunne få erstatning for den påførte skade?
He shall continue to be bound by this obligation after leaving the service."
Vi skal til slut minde om, at de obligatoriske statistiske rundspørger ikke or de eneste statistiske kilder, man har om virksomhederne.
None of these broadly worded texts specifically mentions statistical confidentiality, but one may nevertheless ask the question whether they suffice to designate the officials of the Directorates-General of the Commission other than the SOEC as "unauthorized persons" as far as access to confidential statistical data is concerned.
Talrige institutter foretager fakultative rundspørger, hvis resultater de omgiver med samme fortrolighed som de obligatoriske rundspørger.
If the "Note de Service" on statistical con fidentiality which was issued by the Vice-President of the Commission on I5 October I968 is simply the application of the abovementioned texts to a particular case, the Member States must necessarily conclude that the first of their required guarantees has already been provided.
Ud over toldfortegnelser bliver administrative blanketter mere og mere anvendt af de statistiske kontorer.
But if, as is maintained in some quarters, the "Note de Service" of I5 October cannot be deduced from these general texts, the Note is merely an internal document of the Commission, and the Member States are justified in considering it has no legal validity as far as they are concerned.
Disse blanketter er alle underlagt særlige forholdsregler, der fastsætter den fortrolighed, som de er underkastet (skatteregnskaber, bankkonti, ..).
If that were so, it would be necessary to define statistical confidentiality in a legal text applicable to the whole Community, and to lay down in particular that this confidentiality rule shall be applied by the SOEC vis-à-vis the other Directorates-General within the Commission.
Når de statistiske kontorer offentliggør statistiske resultater, der stammer fra disse blanketter, anvender man almindeligvis de samme regler for aktiv fortrolighed, som for de resultater, der hidrører fra de obligatoriske rundspørger, thi denne metode med den aktive fortrolighed tilsikrer en beskyttelse af de individuelle data, der er større end den, der er fastsat af de specifikke fortrolighedskrav.
Furthermore, because the SOEC does not have its ovm data-processing facilities, and has its data processed in a Joint Computing Centre, it would be necessary to include in the proposed text a provision whereunder the SOEC can transmit information to the Centre while the Centre,for its part, cannot transmit the data to any statistical service other than the SOEC.
Den belgiske lov af 4. juli I962 er den eneste lov om statistik i fællesskabslandene, der indeholder en definition på den statistiske fortrolighod: "Hver oplysning, som man ikke kan få kendskab til på anden lovlig måde end ved, at den pågældende medvirker, er en stati stisk fortrolighed".
In all the Member Countries, officials violating statistical con fidentiality are liable to penal sanctions; but the only sanctions provided in the Staff Regulations of officials of the European Communities (Articles
Alle statistiske kontorer og myndigheder er genstand for talrige og påtrængende forespørgsler om at udlevere sådanne lister over økonomiske enheder.
This absence of penal sanctions for European Community officials does not concern the SOEC alone, because several other services viithin the Commission receive information of a confidential nature.
I alle lande fører den offentlige administration under store omkostninger virksomheds- og firmakartoteker up to date.
Since I962 there has been a Working Party responsible for this question, comprising members of the staff of the Commission and experts from each Member Country.
Med udsigt til endnu større ulemper ved at bevare oplysninger fortrolige, som så at sige er alment kendte, har størstedelen af landene beskæftiget sig med eller beskæftiger sig fremdeles med muligheden for at fjerne fortroligheden på et lille an tal individuelle oplysninger om de økonomiske enheder (virksomheder, "establishments", firmaer eller lokal enhed).
These experts have arrived at the conclusion that there is no need to create a supranational penal law, but that it would be preferable to treat the officials of the European Community in the same way as public servants in their respective countries.
Stillet over for dette vigtige spørgsmål, mener vi, at det er ønskeligt her at resumere situationen i hvert enkelt land med undtagelse af Belgien, som vi lige har omtalt.
At their conference of 26 November 1974i 'the Ministers of Justice of the Member States approved this principle.
I Frankrig har I.N.S.E.E. administreret et kartotek over virksomheder og firmaer siden 1947· Ved en bekendtgørelse af 14· marts 1973 er dette kartotek blevet erstattet af et nationalt virksomheds- og firmaindeks fælles for de vigtigste franske administrative organer.
On 10 August 1976 the Commission submitted to the Council of Ministers a Draft for a Treaty amending the Treaty establishing a Single Council and a Single Commission of the European Communities, to which v/as added a Protocol "on the liability and the protection under criminal lav; of officials and other servants of the European Communities (l)".