natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
I Vejledningens bind I (se især indledningen, punkt 4) anfåres det klart, at det i underleverandårens interesse tilrådes ham så vidt muligt med hovedleverandåren at indgå en skriftlig kontrakt, som indeholder særlige aftalte bestemmelser om de grundlæggende aspekter af forholdet mellem parterne.
Part One of the Guide explains clearly why a subcontractor will be well advised to do everything possible to negotiate a written agreement with the contractor setting out specific agreed rules governing the fundamental aspects of the relationship between them (see in particular the Introduction, paragraph 4).
I modsat fald vil underleverandårforholdet som oftest være undergivet de almindelige retsregler.
If this is not done, the contract will be governed: (a) very often by the general terms imposed by the other party; or (b) in the absence of general terms or where the general terms are silent, by rules of law.
Vi skal nu se på, hvorledes situationen er i dansk ret for en underleverandår, som tvinges til at acceptere hovedleverandårens almindelige kontraktvilkår.
Let us now consider the position in Danish law of a subcontractor who is obliged to accept the general terms of the contractor.
Næsten alle de bestemmelser, der gælder for de forskellige kontrakttyper, er deklaratoriske, dvs. at de kan fraviges af parterne: i sig selv er de ikke til hinder for gyldigheden af almindelige vilkar, som afviger herfra, heller ikke selv om disse vilkår måtte være langt gunstigere for en af parterne, end hvad der ville gælde efter den almindelige lovgivning.
Almost all of the rules governing contracts are presumptive in the sense that parties are free to contract out of them; they do not by themselves stand in the way of terms which depart from them, even if those terms are a great deal more favourable to one party than those implied by law.
Siden lovændringen i 1975 har den danske lov om aftaler dog indeholdt en bestemmelse om kontrol med de almindelige kontraktvilkår. Denne bestemmelse tager sigte på at udelukke, at disse vilkår kan bevirke, at en af parterne kan udåve et vidtgående og urimeligt misbrug af kontrakten over for den anden part. Ifålge V & 6 kan en aftale tilsidesættes helt eller delvis, hvis det vil være urimeligt eller i strid med redelig handlemåde at gåre den gældende.
Since the 1975 reform, however, the Danish Law on Contracts has contained a provision allowing review of the general terms of a contract to ensure that they do not represent excessive and unjustified exploitation of one side's negotiating strength.
Ved indfårelsen af denne nye bestemmelse blev det udtrykkeligt anfårt, at bestemmelsen skulle gælde for alle kontrakttyper, herunder handelskontrakter.
When this new general clause was introduced, it was expressly stated that, in applying it, special account would have to be taken of the need to protect weak contracting parties and that it was to apply to all types of contract, including commercial contracts.
Bcke desto mindre har domstolene vist sig meget tilbageholdende med hensyn til at anvende %36 uden for forbrugeraftaleområdet.
The courts, however, up to and including the Supreme Court, have been reluctant to apply Article 36 outside the sphere of sales to consumers.
Selv om udsigterne i Danmark for beskyttelse af den svage kontraherende part over for modpartens almindelige kontraktvilkår således sandsynligvis er bedre end i adskillige andre EF-medlemsstater, er det dog også her tilrådeligt for en udenlandsk underleverandår at være særlig forsigtig.
Thus, while a weak party's prospects of protection against general terms imposed by the other party are probably very much better in Denmark than in several other Community Member States, a foreign subcontractor will do well to be extremely cautious here in Denmark as elsewhere.
DE ALMINDEUGE RETSREGLER
THE SUBSTANTTVE LEGAL RULES
De standarder (jf. Vejledningens bind I, punkt 2.8), der i Danmark oftest henvises til i underleverandårkontrakter, udarbejdes af DAI^SK STANDARDISERINGSRAD, DANSK ELEKTRONISK KOMITE OG DANSK INGENIARFORENING.
The standards (see Part One of the Guide, paragraph 2.8) which are most often referred to in subcontracts in Denmark are those drawn up by the Danish Standards Board (Dansk Standardiseringsråd), the Danish Electrotechnical Committee (Dansk Elektroteknisk Komité), and the Danish Association of Engineers (Dansk Ingeniørforening).
På særlige områder fastsættes der naturligvis ofte bestemte minimumsstandarder ud fra interne retlige bestemmelser eller EF-bestemmelser (direkte eller ved henvisning til de standarder, der udarbejdes af de kompetente institutter): dette gælder f.eks. for el, byggeri og brændbare væsker.
In specific fields, of course, certain minimum standards may have been laid down by national or Community law, either directly or by means of a reference to standards drawn up by competent bodies: this is the case, for example, with electricity, building and flammable liquids.
Blandt de mest byrdefulde bestemmelser, som en hovedleverandår kan indiare i sine almindelige kontraktvilkår, er bestemmelserne om ansvarsfraskrivning eller begrænsning af ansvaret (jf. Vejledningens bind I, punkt 2.12).
Among the most serious of the "oppressive" clauses which a contractor may include in the general terms he imposes are those excluding or limiting his liability (see Part One of the Guide, paragraph 2.12).
I Danmark er der ingen særlig lov om gyldigheden af bestemmelser om ansvarsfraskrivning eller begrænsning af ansvaret.
There is no specific law in Denmark governing the validity of clauses excluding or limiting liability.
En almindelig begrænsning findes i ovennævnte aftalelovs
But significant restrictions have been introduced mainly by the courts.
Men især domstolene har sat begrænsninger på dette område.
In Danish case law, clauses which exclude or limit liability are considered invalid where there is bad faith or serious fault.
Bestemmelser, som udelukker eller begrænser ansvaret i tilfælde af svig eller grov uagtsomhed, betragtes i henhold til retspraksis som ugyldige.
The courts also tend to interpret exclusion clauses strictly and to look for a very high standard of proof that both parties did indeed intend to exclude or limit liability (taking account of whether the scope of the specific clause is far-reaching or unusual).
Endvidere er domstolene tilbåjelige til at fortolke bestemmelser om ansvarsfraskrivning restriktivt; og der kræves et særligt stærkt bevis for, at begge parter virkelig har ånsket at udelukke eller begrænse ansvaret (alt efter, hvor omfattende eller usædvanlig den pågældende bestemmelses rækkevidde måtte være).
Danish legislation does not impose any limits on the validity of clauses restricting the rights of the subcontractor with regard to confidentiality, the use of knowhow, dealings with third parties, etc., over and above those set out by the EC Commission's 1978 Notice (see Part One of the Guide, paragraphs 5.9 et seq.).
I den danske lovgivning sættes der ingen begrænsninger (ud over dem, der findes i EF-Kommissionens meddelelse fra 1978 öf· Vejledningens bind I, punkt 5.9.ff.), for gyldigheden af bestemmelser, som indskrænker underleverandarens rettigheder med hensyn til tavshedspligt, anvendelse af knowhow, forbindelser til tredjemand osv.
Retention of title may be invoked against the buyer's creditors, e.g. in the event of a buyer's insolvency, and against third parties to whom the buyer has improperly sold the goods in which title is retained.
BESTEMMELSE OM EJENDOMSFORBEHOLD
(a) the relevant agreement must be clear and explicit;
Muligheden for at tage ejendomsforbehold (jf· Vejledningens bind I, punkt 6.9) tillades i dansk ret, når der er tale om salg med betalingshenstand: kåberen erhverver farst ejendomsretten, når den fulde pris er betalt.
(b) the agreement must have been concluded no later than the delivery of the goods;
Ejendomsforbeholdet kan ligeledes gåres gældende over for kåberens fordringshavere (også i tilfælde af kåberens konkurs) og over for tredjemand, hvis kåberen ulovligt til denne har videresolgt de varer, som der var taget ejendomsforbehold for.
(c) retention of title must serve as a guarantee of the payment of the price only of the goods to which it applies (and not, for example, of earlier deliveries);
Ud over lovens bestemmelser kan der uddrages bestemmelser om ejen domsforbehold af retspraksis.
(d) retention of title must relate to goods specifically identified.
Særligt sidstnævnte krav har betydning for underleverancer: hvis hovedleverandåren på sit lager har blandet de leverede varer sammen med andre, sammen med hvilke de er fungible, således at det ikke længere er muligt at identificere dem, mister ejendomsforbeholdet sin virkning.
This last requirement is the one of greatest interest to subcontractors: if the goods supplied have been mixed with other fungible goods in the contractor's stocks with the result that it is no longer possible to identify them, the retention of title loses its effect.
Endvidere er gyldigheden af ejendomsforbehold over for underleverancer betinget af to andre bestemmelser.
There are two more rules governing the applicability of retention of title in subcontracting.
For det fårste har ejendomsforbeholdet ingen virkning, hvis de solgte varer (f.eks. halvfabrikata^ er blevet forarbejdet eller tilvirket på en sådan måde, at den af tilvirkningen forårsagede værdiforågelse ikke kan udskilles fra selve varerne.
Firstly, retention of title has no effect where the goods sold (semi-finished goods, for example) have been worked or processed in such a way that the increase in value due to processing cannot be separated from the goods themselves.
For det andet har ejendomsforbeholdet ingen virkning, hvis de solgte varer er blevet sammenblandet med andre genstande eller arbejdet sammen med disse på en sådan måde, at deres adskillelse ville forårsage skader eller udgifter, som ville være uforholdsmæssigt store i forhold til selve varernes værdi.
Secondly, retention of title has no effect if the goods sold have been joined with other goods or incorporated into other goods in such a way that separation would cause damage or expense out of proportion to the value of the goods themselves.
Det kan således siges, at ejendomsforbehold i dansk ret kun har praktisk betydning for underleverancer - og kun kan være en konkret garanti for underleverandåren -hvis de varer, som underleverancen omfatter, stadig befinder sig i uforarbejdet stand på hovedleverandårens lager.
It can be concluded that, in Danish law, retention of title will be of practical importance as a concrete guarantee to a subcontractor only while the goods are still stored unprocessed in the contractor's stocks.
FALGERNE AF MANGLENDE OPFYLDELSE
CONSEQUENCES OF BREACH
I Vejledningens bind I omtales det, hvor vigtigt det er for underleverandåren at have nåjagtigt kendskab til de mulige fålger af manglende opfyldelse af vedkommendes forpligtelser (punkt 2.10).
Part One of the Guide points out how important it is that a subcontractor should be aware of the precise extent of the possible consequences of any breach on his part (see paragraph 2.10).
Ifålge Kåbeloven af 1906 forholder det sig således, at en af de kontraherende parters manglende opfyldelse af de forpligtelser, der fålger af en kontrakt om kåb og salg, medfarer, at den anden part kan vælge mellem: (a) at kræve forpligtelserne opfyldt eller i tilfælde af en væsentlig mangel (b) at kræve kontrakten ophævet.
The general rule in Danish law where a party to a contract fails to perform his obligations is that, unless it has been agreed otherwise, the other party may at his discretion: (a) require specific performance of the contract; or (b) if there is a fundamental breach of contract, rescind the contract; and, in any event, (c) claim compensation for the loss suffered.
Under alle omstændigheder har skadelidse desuden ret til skadeserstatning.
There are more specific rules laid down in the Danish Sale of Goods Law.
I tilfælde af forsinket levering kan hovedleverandåren vælge imellem at kræve opfyldelse eller ophævelse af kontrakten; under alle omstændigheder har han ret til erstatning for skade som fålge af forsinkelser, herunder for produktionstab, mistet fortjeneste og andre indirekte tab.
In the event of delay in delivery, the rule holds that the contractor has the choice between requiring specific performance or rescinding the contract and is, in any event, entitled to compensation for any loss caused by the delay, including lost production, lost profits and other indirect losses.
Sælgers erstatningspligt afhænger af arten af den solgte vare: ved specieskåb bliver sælger fri for at betale erstatning, hvis han kan bevise, at forsinkelsen ikke skyldes hans fejl (culpa med omvendt bevisbyrde), ved genuskåb kan sælger derimod kun blive fri for at betale erstatning ved force majeure.
In this last respect, the extent of a seller's liability and hence of a subcontractor's liability will depend on the type of goods sold: if the goods are specific goods, the seller will have to compensate for any loss due to delay unless he can show that the delay was due to no fault on his part (a test of fault with reversal of burden of proof); if the goods are generic goods, the seller will still have to compensate for loss, unless the delay was due to force majeure.
I tilfælde af mangler ved den leverede vare kan hovedleverandåren altid opnå nedslag i prisen (eller hvis der er tale om genuskåb kræve ombytning).
In the event of a defect in the product supplied, the contractor can always secure a reduction in price (or, if the goods are generic goods, have them replaced).
Hvis manglen er væsentlig, kan han endvidere ophæve kontrakten.
If the defect constitutes a fundamental breach of contract, he may also choose to rescind the contract.
Herudover kan kåber altid kræve skadeserstatning (herunder for produktionstab, mistet fortjeneste og andre indirekte tab).
In addition, he may always require compensation for the loss including loss of production, loss of profits or other "indirect" losses: regardless of fault, and unless the breach was the result of force majeure, if the goods are generic goods; only by showing that the seller was at fault or had given him an express or implied warranty, if the goods are specific goods.
I tilfælde af genuskåb gælder dette uanset culpa, dog ikke ved force majeure; ved specieskåb skal sælgers skyld bevises, eller han skal have givet en (udtrykkelig eller stiltiende) garanti for varens egenskaber.
It is worth noting that in no case does the Danish Sale of Goods Law entitle the buyer to require that the goods be repaired in order to remove the defect.
RENTER
9- INTEREST
I tilfælde af forsinket betaling pålåber der ifålge dansk lov renter, medmindre andet er aftalt (jf. Vejledningens bind I, punkt 6.8), svarende til den officielle diskontosats plus 5% (hvilke pr. 9.1.1991 udgjorde 14,5% pr. år).
In the event of late payment of the purchase price, Danish law lays down that, unless the parties agree otherwise, interest will be payable (see Part One, paragraph 6.8) at the official discount rate plus 5% (giving an annual rate of 14.5% as at 9 January 1991).
Ved de danske bestemmelser gennemfares nævnte direktiv fuldt ud.
The Community Directive of 1985 (see Part One, paragraphs 8.5.5. et seq.) was implemented in Denmark by Law No 371/1989, which entered into force on 10 June 1989 and which transposes the Directive fully into Danish law.
Ingen af de muligheder, som direktivet lader stå åbne (artikel 15 og 16) udnyttes: f.eks. fraviges der ikke fra reglen om, at producenten ikke er ansvarlig, hvis han beviser, at det på grundlag af den videnskabelige og tekniske viden på det tidspunkt, da varen blev bragt i omsætning, ikke var muligt at oodage manglen (dvs. "udviklingsrisiko"); ej heller fastsættes der maksimumsbelab for producentens samlede ansvar.
Denmark has not exercised its option to apply any of the derogations provided for (Articles 15 and 16): thus, no exception is made to the rule that the producer is not liable if he proves that the state of scientific and technical knowledge at the time when he put the product into circulation was not such as to enable the existence of the defect to be discovered ("development risk"); and no ceilings are set on the producer's total liability.
Med hensyn til underleverandårens stilling anvendes såvel direktivets definition af "producent" som dets bestemmelse om udelukkelse af producentens ansvar for et delprodukt eller et råstof, hvis mangler udelukkende kan tilskrives udformningen af det produkt, i hvilket delproduktet eller råstoffet indgår, eller de af det samlede produkts fabrikant givne anvisninger (jf. direktivets artikel 7, litra f)).
As regards the position of subcontractors in particular, Danish law faithfully takes over both the definition of "producer" and the exclusion of liability in the case of a manufacturer or supplier of a component or raw material if the defect is attributable entirely to the design of the product into which it was incorporated or to the instructions given by the manufacturer who used it (Article 7(f) of the Directive).
10.2.1 tilfælde af, at underleverandåren sammen med den endelige producent hæfter solidarisk over for en tredjemand for skader, der skyldes en mangelfuld vare, opstår der yderligere et problem om fordelingen af skadeserstatningsansvaret over for tredjemand mellem de medansvarlige (jf. Vejledningens Bind I, punkt 8.3, 8.8 og 8.9).
Where a subcontractor finds that he is jointly and severally liable, along with the final producer, for damage caused to a third party by a defective product, the further problem arises as to how the burden of the compensation owed to the third party is to be apportioned between the parties jointly and severally liable (see Part One, paragraphs 8.3, 8.8 and 8.9).
Bestemmelser om regresret henhårer ifålge EF-direktivet (artikel 5) under national ret: ifålge dansk lov vil fordelingen af produktansvaret parterne imellem i mangel af gyldig aftale ske ifålge domstolens vurdering under hensyn til årsagen til manglen, den enkelte ansvarliges mulighed for at fåre kontrol med produktet, foreliggende ansvarsforsikringer og omstændighederne i åvrigt.
Under the Directive (Article 5), the rights of contribution or recourse continue to be governed by national law: in Danish law, the courts will make an apportionment between those jointly and severally liable, taking account of the cause of the defect, the possibility of checking and testing the product which was open to each of them, any insurance against civil liability held, and other circumstances.
I Det Forenede Kongerige findes der ingen særlige bestemmelser om underleverandårkontrakten.
In France, industrial subcontracting agreements do not form a recognized category of contracts regulated by a specific set of rules.
Underleverandårkontrakten falder derfor ind under de almindelige bestemmelser for handelskontrakter og under bestemmelserne i den kontrakttype, som den alt efter omstændighederne (jf. punkt 3) henregnes under: salg (sale) eller leverance (supply of goods and services').
They are governed by the general principles of the Civil Code and by those applicable to the category of contract into which they fall: sales contract, or contract for the supply of goods and services.
I Det Forenede Kongerige findes der ingen statsanerkendte standardunderleverandårkontrakter .
There are no standard subcontracting agreements in France which have been officially approved by governmental bodies, except for public works contracts.
Også standardkontraktmodeller af almen art er sjældne og i praksis lidet anvendte. Af stårre betydning er de standardkontrakter, der for visse erhvervsgrene udarbejdes af erhvervsorganisationerne; f.eks. dem, der er udarbejdet af "British Electrical and Allied Manufacturers Association" (B.E.AMA.); i åvrigt er disse heller ikke udformet med særligt henblik på underleverandårkontrakter, idet de kun kan tilpasses, især hvis underleverancen vedrårer ikke-standardiserede varer.
However, there are standard contracts which have been drawn up by trade associations.
HVAD SKER DER, HVIS UNDERLEVERANDAREN IKKE FCiRHANDLER EN SKRIFTLIG AD HOC-KONTRAKT MED HOVEDLEVERANDÅREN?
WHAT HAPPENS WHERE THE SUBCONTRACTOR DOES NOT NEGOTIATE ON A SPECIFIC WRITTEN AGREEMENT WITH THE CONTRACTOR?
I Vejledningens bind I (se især indledningen, punkt 4) anfares det klart, at det i underleverandårens interesse tilrådes ham så vidt muligt med hovedleverandåren at indgå en skriftlig kontrakt, som indeholder særlige aftalte bestemmelser om de grundlæggende aspekter af forholdet mellem parterne.
Part One of the Guide explains clearly why a subcontractor will be well advised to do everything possible to negotiate a written agreement with the contractor setting out specific agreed rules governing the fundamental aspects of the relationship between them (see in particular the Introduction, paragraph 4).
Som allerede antydet er det i engelsk praksis almindeligt, at de store hovedleverandårer forsåger (og ofte har held til) at pålægge underleverandårerne deres almindelige kontraktvilkår.
As already indicated, it is common practice in France for large contractors to seek, often successfully, to impose their own general terms on subcontractors.
I et sådant tilfælde må man principielt undgå situationer, der er uklare, og hvor de to parters kontraktvilkår kommer til at stå over for hinanden (idet hver part har påberåbt sig sine egne kontraktvilkår): falgen ville blive, at ingen af parternes almindelige vilkår (for så vidt som de matte afvige fra hinanden) ville finde anvendelse, og at de almindelige retsregler ville komme til at gælde.
It is worth noting that a situation should be avoided in which two sets of general terms are superimposed, each party having referred to its own, and neither having declared that, in the event of any conflict, he will accept those of the other; in such cases, the court will probably accept neither set of terms and simply apply the rules laid down in the Civil Code.
Vi skal nu se på, hvorledes situationen er i Det Forenede Kongeriges ret for en underleverandår, som tvinges til at acceptere hovedleverandårens almindelige kontraktvilkår.
Let us now consider the position in French law of a subcontractor who is obliged to accept the general terms of the contractor.
Næsten alle de bestemmelser, der gælder for de forskellige kontrakttyper, er deklaratoriske, dvs. at de kan fraviges af parterne: i sig selv er de ikke til hinder for gyldigheden af almindelige vilkar, som afviger herfra, heller ikke selv om disse vilkår måtte være langt gunstigere for en af parterne, end hvad der ville gælde efter den almindelige lovgivning. .
Almost all of the rules governing the various types of contract are presumptive in the sense that parties are free to contract out of them; they do not b themselves stand in the way of terms which depart from them, even if those terms are a great deal more favourable to one party than those implied by law.
I Det Forenede Kongerige har domstolene dog for længst udarbejdet regler med henblik på ­ i hvert fald i yderliggående tilfælde ­ at forhindre, at de almindelige kontraktvilkår kan bevirke, at den ene part udåver et overmåde stort og uberettiget kontraktmisbrug over for en anden part.
Moreover, French law as it stands does not provide for any control as to substance of the general terms of contract, either in the form of a prior examination or of scrutiny by the courts, intended to prevent contracts being drawn up that constitute an excessive and unjustified exploitation of one side's negotiating strength in the case of contracts concluded between enterprises.
Siden ikrafttrædelsen af Unfair Contracts Terms Aet i 1977 har domstolene haft bemyndigelse til at skride ind over for standardvilkår i handelskontrakter og erklære dem ugyldige, hvis de forekommer urimelige (unreasonable') under hensyn til visse forhold, f.eks. almindelig handelspraksis eller styrkeforholdet mellem de kontraherende parter.
The Law of 10 January 1978 and the Law of 5 January 1988 do indeed prescribe an in-depth examination of "abusive clauses", but only in the case of contracts between enterprises, on the one hand, and consumers or parties other than enterprises, on the other. In general, Article 1134 of the Civil Code remains applicable.