natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
I henhold til 1946-loven om forholdene på arbejdsmarkedet kan arbejdsretten udpege forligsmand til at bistå parterne med bilæggelse af stridigheder.
The 1946 Industrial Relations Act empowers the Labour Court to appoint Industrial Relations Officers (i.e. conciliation officer) to help the parties in resolving disputes.
I 1980 deltog forligsmændene i 1 375 møder om problemer på arbejdsmar­kedet og medvirkede til at finde frem til en løsning i omkring halvdelen af sagerne.
In 1980 the Conciliation Service was involved in 1,375 conferences on industrial relations problems and were instrumental in helping to find a solution in about half of the cases dealt with.
MÆGLING (KRÆNKELSE AF VISSE RETTIGHEDER)
RIGHTS COMMISSIONERS
I henhold til 1969­Ιονθη om forholdene på arbejdsmarkedet kan arbejds­ministeren udpege en mæglingsmand, som i visse tilfælde kan behandle faglige stridigheder.
The 1969 Industrial Relations Act empowered the Minister for Labour to appoint a Rights Commissioner who in certain cases could investigate an industrial dispute.
Han må ikke behandle konflikter vedrørende fast­sættelse af lønsatser, arbejdstid eller arbejdernes årlige ferie.
The Rights Commissioner is prohibited from investigating trade disputes which are concerned about establishing rates of pay, hours of work or annual leave for workers.
Mæglingsmanden tager sig af klager over krænkelse af eksisterende ret­tigheder.
The Rights Commissioners work in the areas where there is a complaint that existing rights have been interfered with.
MÆGLING I LIGESTILLINGSSPØRGSMÅL
EQUALITY OFFICERS
I henhold til loven om ligeløn fra 1974 og loven om lige arbejdsvilkår for mænd og kvinder fra 1977 kan konflikter i forbindelse med ligeløn eller forskelsbehandling på grund af køn eller ægteskabelig status hen­vises til en af arbejdsrettens embedsmænd, der behandler ligestillings­spørgsmål .
Under the provisions of the Anti-Discrimination (Pay) Act 1974 and the Employment Equality Act 1977, disputes which concern equal pay entitlements or discrimination in employment on grounds of sex or marital status, may be referred to an Equality Officer of the Labour Court for investigation.
Under gennemgangen af sagen behandler denne embedsmand parternes skrift­lige indlæg, afholder møder med dem og besigtiger arbejdspladsen og det arbejde, som skal udføres.
During the course of an investigation the Equality Officer examines written submissions made by the parties, meets the parties and may visit premises to inspect the work that is being carried out.
Efter sin behandling af sagen retter embedsmanden en henstilling til konfliktens parter.
Following an investigation the Equality Officer issues a Recommendation to the parties to the dispute.
Begge parter kan appellere embedsmandens henstilling til arbejdsretten eller klage, hvis en henstilling ikke tages til følge.
Either party may make an appeal against the Recommendation of an Equality Officer to the Labour Court or complain if a Recommendation has not been implemented.
Rettens afgørelser i sådanne sager er bindende for begge parter.
The Court's findings in such cases are binding on both parties.
Arbejdsretten kan også registrere overenskomster, som er blevet indgået kollektivt.
The Labour\ Court is also empowered to register agreements which have/ been reached through the collective bargaining process.
En af fordelene ved en registrering af overenskomsterne er, at det herved sikres, at overenskomsten gælder for alle arbejdere af en bestemt kategori eller inden for et bestemt arbejdsområde, uden at de nødvendigvis har været med i forhandlingerne, således at de får den samme løn og de samme arbejdsvilkår som de arbejdere, hvie forbund har for handlet sig frem til aftalen.
One of the benefits of a registered agreement is that it ensures that all workers of a particular class, type or group who are covered by the agreement but are not necessarily parties to it, can have the same wages and conditions applied to them as the workers whose unions negotiated the agreement.
SAMARBEJDSUDVALG
JOINT LABOUR COMMITTEES
I medfør af arbejdsmarkedsloven fra 1946 kan arbejdsretten oprette samarbejdsudvalg.
The Labour Court is also empowered, under the 1946 Industrial Relations Act, to establish Joint Labour Committees.
Anmodningen om oprettelse af samarbejdsudvalg skal kunne begrundes med, at der er bred enighed mellem arbejdere og arbejdsgivere om, at der bør nedsættes et sådant udvalg.
An application for the establishment of a Joint Labour Committee must be on the grounds that there is substantial agreement between workers and employers that it should be established.
Et samarbejdsudvalg består af et lige antal repræsentanter for arbejdsgivere og for arbejdere, som udpeges af arbejdsretten, samt af en for mand og andre uafhængige personer, der udpeges af arbejdsministeren.
A Joint Labour Committee consists of an equal number of representatives of employers and workers who are appointed by the Court, and a Chairman and other independent persons appointed by the Minister for Labour.
Det er samarbejdsudvalgets opgave at fastsætte minimallønsatser og arbejdsvilkår for arbejdere, som er ansat inden for visse industrier eller i det offentlige, hvor organisationsgraden er lav, eller det er vanskeligt at organisere arbejderne.
The purpose of a Joint Labour Committee is to establish minimum rates and conditions for workers employed in particular industries or services, where there is weak trade union organisation or where it is difficult to organise workers into trade unions.
I 1920'erne opstod der inden for ITUC en debat om det formålstjenlige i at have arbejderbevægelsens politiske og dens faglige fløj samlet under ét.
During the 1920s, debates developed within the Congress as to the desirability of having the political wing and industrial wing of the Labour movement as one organisation.
En række ledende fagforeningsfolk påpegede, at det var vanskeligt at følge ICTU's fagpolitiske mål, samtidig med at den var en del af den politiske bevægelse.
A number of leading trade unionists argued that it was difficult to develop the industrial functions of Congress while it remained part of the political wing.
I 1930 besluttede man sig for at danne to adskilte organisationer.
In 1930 a decision was made to create two separate organisations.
Siden 1930 har fagbevægelsen gennemgået en betydelig udvikling, både hvad angår dens størrelse og indflydelse på nationale anliggender, me dens Labour-partiet ikke har haft en tilsvarende succes som dets politiske talerør.
Since 1930 while the trade union movement has developed significantly in both size and influence on national affairs, the Labour Party has not achieved the same degree of success as its political wing.
Irish Congress of Trade Unions er ikke tilknyttet Labour-partiet, hvilket de største enkeltforbund dog er, men på trods af denne tilknytning er det ikke lykkes for Labour-part iet at opnå en massiv støtte fra forbundsmedlemmerne. Irish Congress of Trade Unions har i væsentlig grad kunnet præge den politiske udvikling på mange områder, herunder især af slutningen af trepartsaftalerne inden for de sidste år.
The two main parties, Fianna Fail and Fine Gael, which effectively developed out of the Civil War in 1922-23 > enjoy a vastly greater degree of support than the Labour Party. The Labour Party now (in 1982) has a representation of 15 Deputies in the National Parliament. On four occasions it has joined a Coalition Government. During these periods of Government the Labour Party was instrumental in introducing some legislative measures which had long been sought by the trade union movement. The Irish Congress of Trade Unions is not affiliated to the Labour Party although the principal individual unions are. Despite this affiliation of unions, the Labour Party has failed to attract mass support from trade union members. The Irish Congress of Trade Unions has played a leading role in influencing many political developments, most notably the development of the concept of National Understandings in recent years.
Både i 1959 og i 1969 lykkedes det ICTU at få sat en stopper for forslag om en ændring af grundlovens bestemmelser om mandatfordelingen i det irske parlament (Dail Eireann) efter forholdstalsvalgsystemet.
It conducted a successful campaign in 1959 and again in 1969 against a proposal to change the Constitutional provision relating to an electoral system which provides for proportional representation for election to the Irish Parliament (Dail Eireann).
I Nordirland har forholdet mellem de faglige organisationer og myndighederne altid været problematisk.
In Northern Ireland, trade unions have had a difficult task in dealing with the Authorities there.
MEDARBEJDERINDFLYDELSE
WORKER PARTICIPATION
somheder.
to the boards of State companies.
Efter at ICTU havde rådført sig med de tilsluttede forbund om denne hvidbog, blev der udarbejdet en rapport med forskellige henstil­linger, som blev godkendt af ICTU's forretningsudvalg.
After Congress consultation with affiliated unions on the White Paper, a report and its recommendations were approved by Executive Council.
I rapporten understreges Irish Congress of Trade Unions' formål og op­gaver i henhold til lovene: Fagbevægelsen skal arbejde for fundamentale ændringer i det sociale og økonomiske system, som kan sikre arbejderne en rimelig og effektiv indflydelse på ledelsen i de virksomheder eller i den offentlige sektor, hvor de er ansat.
The report emphasised the constitutional objective of the Irish Congress of Trade Unions, that the trade union movement should work for such fundamental changes in the social and economic system as would secure for workers adequate and effective participation in the control of industries or services where they are employed.
I forbindelse med arbejdsministerens forslag gik ICTU stærkt ind for etableringen af en todelt bestyrelsesstruktur.
In relation to the proposals made by the Minister for Labour, Congress urged the establishment of a two-tier board system.
Dette krav lå på linje med ICTU's støtte til EF's forslag om arbejdstagernes repræsentation i tilsynsrådet (det såkaldte femte direktiv).
This demandwas in line with Congress support for the EEC proposals on worker participation at board level (the so-called Fifth Directive).
ICTU krævede også et medindflydelsessystem på direktionsplan.
Congress also called for participative machinery to be established at the level of the management board.
Direktio­nen skulle bestå af repræsentanter for fagbevægelsen, der skulle have adgang til alle de nødvendige oplysninger for at kunne varetage deres opgaver inden for medindflydelsessystemets rammer.
This was to be comprised of trade union representatives who would have access to all the information necessary for the discharge of their functions within the participative machinery.
Det krævedes endvidere i rapporten, at der til bestyrelserne kun skulle udpeges repræsentanter for forbund, der var anerkendt i henhold til fag­foreningslovene, og at kun uberygtede forbundsmedlemmer kunne deltage i afstemningerne. η
The report also called for the limiting of nominations of candidates to boards by trade unions licensed under the Trade Union Acts, and that voting should be restricted to trade union members in good standing.
Et andet krav fra ICTU's side var, at valg af medarbejdere til selskaber­nes bestyrelser ikke skulle være obligatorisk.
Another claim by Congress was that the election of workers to board should be optional.
Forbundsmedlemmerne i hver virksomhed skulle være frit stillet med hensyn til, om de ønskede at vælge arbejderrepræsentanter til bestyrelsen eller ej.
Trade union members employed in each enterprise should be given the opportunity of deciding whether or not they wished to proceed with the election of worker directors.
I 1976 blev der fremsat et lovforslag i parlamentet om valg af arbejdere til en tredjedel af bestyrelsesposterne i følgende offentlige virksom­heder:
In 1976 a Bill was introduced in Parliament to provide for the election of one-third of the-boards of the following public enterprises as worker directors:
Herefter er der blevet valgt medarbejdere til bestyrelsesposter i de ovennævnte virksomheder, og der er foregået drøftelser i virksomhederne med henblik på at nå frem til forskellige former for medindflydelse under bestyrelsespianet.
Worker directors have since been elected to the boards of these enterprises and discussions have taken place within the enterprises on the development of participation structures below board level.
FAGBEVÆGELSEN OG EF
THE TRADE UNIONS AND THE EEC
På sin årlige kongres i 1971 vedtog Irish Congress of Trade Unions en resolution, hvori regeringen kritiseredes for ikke at have opfyldt sine forpligtelser over for befolkningen i forbindelse med ansøgningen om tiltrædelse af De europæiske Fællesskaber, fordi regeringen "ikke i til strækkelig grad havde undersøgt og taget højde for virkningerne af til trædelsen af EF og de mulige følger for beskæftigelsen og arbejdernes levestandard".
At its annual conference of 1971 the Irish Congress of Trade Unions adopted a resolution criticising the Government for not having fulfilled its obligations to the people in respect of the application for entry to the EEC on the grounds that it had not "adequately surveyed and quantified the effects of EEC entry and the various alternatives on employment and on workers' living standards".
Endvidere fordømtes regeringen i resolutionen for "at den under forhandlingerne ikke havde sikret sig, at EF tog rimeligt hensyn til den risiko for beskæftigelsen i industrien, som Irlands tiltrædelse af EF medførte".
The resolution also condemned the Government for not having "secured in its negotiations any adequate recognition by the EEC of the dangers to industrial employment involved in the accession of Ireland to EEC".
På baggrund af det ovenfor anførte samt på grund af frygten for, at EF's politik kunne føre til "at man fuldstændig mistede herredømmet over den politiske og økonomiske politik og ville blive inddraget i militære forpligtelser, at der ville ske en voldsom stigning i affolkningen af landbrugsområderne og salget af jord til udlændinge samt at det ville betyde alvorlige tab for fiskerierhvervet eller endda dets undergang", besluttede kongressen, at "man ikke for øjeblikket kunne gå ind for forslaget om Irlands tiltrædelse af De europæiske Fællesskaber". lesskaber".
In view of the foregoing, and also because of the fear that EEC policies would result in "the loss of effective control of political and economic policy" and might result in "involvement in military commitments" as well as "a substantial increase in the rate of agricultural depopulation, the widespread sale of land to non-nationals, the destruction of or severe damage to the fishing industry", the conference resolved that it was "not in a position at the present time to express any support for the proposed entry of Ireland to the EEC".
Dernæst blev der indkaldt til en ekstraordinær kongres, hvor man skulle behandle EF-medlemskabet nærmere.
Subsequently a special conference was called to consider EEC membership in detail.
Også på denne kongres gik man imod medlemskabet, om end med et meget lille flertal, idet 58% af de delegerede var mod medlemskab (heriblandt det største forbind I.T.G.W.U.), mens 42% var for.
This again decided against membership though by a narrow margin - 58% of the delegates deciding against membership and 42% deciding in favour, with the largest union (I.T.6.W.U.) opposing entry.
På trods af ICTU's beslutning gik nogle af de større forbund ind for medlemskab på de betingelser, som regeringen havde forhandlet sig frem til.
In spite of the decision of the Congress, some major unions supported membership on the terms negotiated by the Government.
Det viste sig dog, at afstemningsresultatet i overvældende grad var til fordel for EF-medlemskab (82%), og det er helt klart, at et stort antal forbundsmedlemmer stemte ja på trods af beslutningen på ICTU's kongres.
In the event the vote in the subsequent referendum in 1972 in favour of joining the EEC was overwhelming (82%). It is obvious that the igreat majority of trade unionists voted "yes" in spite of the de/cision by the Congress Conference.
Den irske fagbevægelse accepterede resultatet af folkeafstemningen, og den har siden 1. januar 1973 fuldt ud deltaget i Fællesskabets arbejde, både direkte og gennem Den europæiske faglige Samarbejdsorganisation, som den blev medlem af i marts 1974· Fagbevægelsen har benyttet sig af Fællesskabets politik i sin kamp for at opnå forbedrede sociale ydelser og for at sikre ligeløn til mænd og kvinder.
The Irish trade union movement accepted the verdict of the referendum and it has since played a full part in the work of the Community since 1 January 1973, both directly and through the European Trade Union Confederation, which it joined in March 1974. It has used Community policies, for example, in its fight to achieve improved social benefits and in the drive to secure equal pay between men and women.
Den har arbejdet for at opnå en rimelig andel af Den europæiske Socialfonds midler til uddannelse og omskoling af irske arbejdstagere, og inden for Regionalfondens rammer er fagbevægelsen også gået ind for Fællesskabets initiativer til medarbejderindflydelse i virksomhederne.
It has worked to obtain an appropriate share of the European Social Fund for training and retraining Irish workers and in the regional fund it has also responded to the impulse given by the Community towards worker participation in enterprises.
Den irske fagbevægelse spiller en vigtig og aktiv rolle i alle de rådgivende udvalg i EF, som den er repræsenteret i.
The Irish trade union movement plays a full and active part in all of the EEC advisory committees on which it is represented.
Kommissionen for De europæiske Fællesskaber, Rue la Loi 200, 1049 Bruxelles
Commission of the European Communities, Rue de la Loi 200. 1049 Bruxelles
FAGBEVÆGELSEN
THE TRADE UNION MOVEMENT IN THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY
I DE EUROPÆISKE FÆLLESSKABER
TRADE UNION ORGANIZATIONS IN ITALY
Oversigt: "Udviklingen i medlemstallet pr. organisation, i millioner
Table: Number of members by trade union organization (in millions)
Den italienske fagbevægelses tilblivelse og udvikling
Birth and development of the Italian trade union movement
A) Bruddet på den faglige enhed
A. Disintegration of trade union unity
B) Fra aktionsenhed til enhed i fagbevægelsen
B. From unified action to the unification process
De italienske landsorganisationers europæiske politik pi
The European policy of the Italian central trade
A) De italienske landsorganisationer og opbygningen af Europa
21 union bodies A. The Italian trade unions and the construction of Europe
B) De tre italienske landsorganisationer og Den Europæiske Faglige Samarbejdsorganisation
B. The three Italian trade unions and the European Trade Union Confederation
Oprindelsen til fagbevægelsen i Italien må søges i fremkomsten af arbejder- og bondesammenslutninger til gensidig bistand og hjælp.
The origins of the trade union movement in Italy can be traced back to the workere' and peasants* mutual assistance societies.
Som i de øvrige lande i Europa førte industrialiseringen til, at der opstod arbejdskamre, regionale og nationale arbejder sammenslutninger, arbejdskampe, lønoverenskomster, strejker, indgåelse af kollektive overenskomster.
As in the other countries in Europe, the emergence of the industrial society engendered trade clubs or societies, regional and national workers' federations, the struggle for trade union recognition, wage agreements, strikes and collective bargaining agreements.
På samme måde, som vi har bemærket det i størstedelen af de industrialiserede og demokratiske lande, er fagbevægelsen i Italien i dag en af de mest betydningsfulde parter på arbejdsmarkedet, og de faktorer, der betinger det italienske samfund, har bevirket, at den ikke blot optræder på arbejdspladsen, men også udenfor, hvor strukturerne i det borgerlige samfund reformeres og de demokratiske og republikanske institutioner forsvares.
As in most industrialized and democratic countries today the trade union movement is one of the more potent forces in society in Italy and national circumstances have led it to take action both in the factory and outside where it has become engaged in the reform of the structures of society and the defence of democratic and republican institutions.
I. Den italienske fagbevægelses tilblivelse og udvikling
I. Birth and development of the Italian trade union movement
De første faglige organisationer i egentlig forstand op stod hen mod midten af det 19· århundrede. Fra at have været sammenslutninger til gensidig hjælp overtog de hurtigt de organisatoriske funktioner og de funktioner som for talere for arbejdernes interesser, der præger nutidens fag lige organisationer.
The first trade unions proper appeared towards the middle of the nineteenth century. îrom being friendly societies they quickly became involved in the organization and protection of workers' interests which is typical of contemporary trade unions.
Det bedste eksempel på denne udvikling er uden tvivl typograferne, hvis første foreninger går tilbage til l8^8.
This progress is best illustrated by the history of the workers in the printing trade whose first associations go back to I848.
I 1872 var der ca. tredvie, der havde sluttet sig sammen i et landsforbund, hvis mål var at sørge for overholdelse af lønskalaerne, yde gensidig bistand til arbejdsløse og syge, fastsætte bestemmelser for arbejdsvilkårene og regler for optagelse af lærlinge samt opretholde kontakter med de tilsluttede organisationer.
In I872, about 30 associations formed a national federation aimed at ensuring that pay scales were observed, providing assistance for the unemployed and sick, establishing conditions of employment and the admission of apprentices and maintaining contact with affiliated organizations.
På dette tidspunkt er det foruden typograferne bagerne, bygningsarbejderne og frem for alt murerne, som vi of test møder i forreste linje i fagbevægelsens kamp.
At the same time, in addition to the print workers, the bakers, construction workers and in particular the masons were most often to the forefront of the trade union struggle.
Under indflydelse af den opstående socialistiske bevægelse er det landarbejderne - frem for alt dem på Posletten - der medvirker til dannelsen af arbejderorganisationer .
Under the influence of the burgeoning Socialist movement, workers in agriculture, particularly in the Po valley, contributed to the development of the organization of labour.
Italiens samling og udvikling af produktions- og kom munikationsteknikken bidrog til en øget organisering af arbejderne og gav den økonomiske virksomhed en national dimension.
The unification of Italy and the development of mass production processes and communications led to the expansion of the labour force and gave economic activity a national dimension.
Arbejderbevægelsen, der havde indset rækkevidden af disse forandringer, reagerede ved at give sine lokale og regionale organisationer en national struktur og blev støttet heri af tidens to store ideologiske bevægelser: socialisterne og den katolske kirke.
The trade union movement was aware of what was at stake during this time of change and responded by placing its local and regional organizations on a national footing. It was assisted in this task by the two major ideological factions: the Socialists and the Catholic church.
Efter det franske eksempel med arbejdsbørser gjorde den socialistiske bevægelse sig til talsmand for at organisere arbejderne på lokalt plan i fagforeninger og i arbejdskamre med arbejdernes frigørelse som mal, dog ikke blot ved at forbedre deres leve- og arbejdsvilkår, men også ved at nationalisere produktions- og distributionsmidlerne.
Following the French example of the "Bourses du Travail" (association of various trade union members), the Socialist movement advocated the organization of workers in local trade union committees and workers' associations with a view to emancipating members by improving living and working conditions and socializing the means of production and distribution.
Det første arbejdskammer så da gens lys i Milano i I89I·
The first "Camera del lavoro" (workers' association) was set up in Milan in I891.