natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Foruden at kræve skriftligt samtykke til et indgreb ville det være nødvendigt at udvide informationen om bestående sociale bistandsmuligheder i lighed med den rådgivning, der er foreskrevet i straffelovens paragraf 218.
Unfortunately it was a fact of life that researchers were in part with holding their findings because they feared that there would be cuts in the State funding applied to them if their findings were too critical.
De undersøgelser, der skal gennemføres med henblik herpå, er imidlertid overordentlig tidrøvende og dyre i betragtning af latenstiderne, der for kræfts vedkommende kan vare indtil fyrre år.
Professor Lejeune began by stressing the importance of the study by international bodies of the sources of life, made possible by scientific progress.
Beskyttelsen af den enkelte kan forbedres, hvis repræsentanter for grupperne af berørte personer inddrages i særfordelingerne og også deltager i de etiske nævn.
In his view, all the characteristics of an individual human being were present at the moment of fertilization: all that followed was just the development of existing characteristics.
Sondringen mellem racehygiejnisk indikation og social indikation er misvisende.
Of the experiments in genetic engineering, the simplest was that of observing the relation between time and temperature and of freezing embryos until such time as they were to be used (embryo banks).
Den racehygiejniske indikation burde opgives som særlig indikation og tilgodeses inden for rammerne af en social indikation i videre forstand.
Curiously enough, freezing was very difficult in the case of eggs but posed no problem when the eggs were fertilized (embryos).
I sit skriftlige oplæg fremførte professor Altner bl.a.:
Since a maximum of three could be implanted, there remained the problem of what to do with the others ; in Professor Lejeune's view, the temptation to use them for experiments must be rejected.
Der reflekteres i den forbindelse ikke tilstrækkeligt kritisk over målene for og følgerne af denne anvendelse.
All the experiments that could be done with humans could also be done with animals.
Vi står imidlertid over for nødvendigheden af at indlede en ny fase i den offentlige sikkerhedsdiskussion om potentielle risici ved genteknologi. logi.
Professor Lejeune maintained that one of the reasons why human embryos were used in laboratories was that they did not cost anything, whereas animal embryos were very expensive.
Det grundlæggende sikkerhedsproblem i forbindelse med genteknologien er den manglende genetiske stabilitet især hos gensplejsede mikroorganismer.
He did not object to research on embryos, provided that it was therapeutic, i.e. carried out in the interests of the subject and not of the scientist.
følger og risici. Derfor er det påkrævet, at man generelt er tilbageholdende over for planerne om at slippe gensplejsede mikroorganismer løs.
The only solution to the problem of supernumerary embryos was not to have any: they were not essential for the success of in-vitro fertilization, as the work by Mr and Mrs Jones in the USA showed.
Den offentlige diskussion om de potentielle farer ved genteknologi er udtryk for videnskabelig ansvarsbevidsthed. Der er i den forbindelse mange, som arbejder på at udvikle meget omhyggelige kontrolbestemmelser og på at overveje mulighederne for en omfattende social kontrol.
In conclusion, Professor Lejeune repeated that the task of medicine was to fight the disease and not the patient and welcomed the European Parliament's work in this field, which he felt was far too serious to be left solely to the specialists.
Der er ikke tale om, at man tvinges af et forbud til at give afkald på erkendelse, men om, hvorvidt vi alle har lov til at gøre, hvad vi kan.
She pointed out that in human history action had always preceded awareness of the result of the action, which gave man the following alternative : either to reject progress or to live dangerously.
Den grundlæggende forudsætning for omgangen med den styrende fornuft i de teknisk-videnskabelige projekter er anerkendelsen af, at naturens mangfoldighed ikke lader sig styre.
It was not possible to stop scientific progress and research in a field such as the development of new techniques of procreation; however, this was a field in which research gave rise to misgivings because it affected enshrined values (the family, life and death).
Der er ikke kun tale om at opstille grænser for, hvad vi erkendelsesmæssigt og teknisk kan gøre, men også om at underkaste selve vores erkendelse en radikal teoretisk og samfundsmæssig refleksion.
A number of ethical committees had been set up ; however, even when the committee was a nationally appointed body, it could not dictate to individuals and practitioners how they should act: that was the task of the legislator.
Thi det, som driver os fremad i genteknologien, er ikke kun isoleret forskerærgerrighed, det er vrangforestillingen om en uhæmmet og skrupelløs kapitalisering af naturen.
Herein lay the importance of the role of the European Parliament, which was to provide guidance for the legislator at national level.
I sin mundtlige kommentar påpegede professor Altner bl. a.: i. I genteknikkens direkte anvendelse på mennesker er genterapien uproblematisk, hvis den kan gennemføres sikkert.
As regards the questions under debate, Professor Gobert, after declaring that it was more appropriate to speak of ' freedoms ' than of rights, distinguished three fields of investigation :
I den almene anvendelse af genteknik på den ikke-menneskelige natur, der har konsekvenser for mennesket, dominerer biotekniske anvendelsesøjemed, som f.eks. landbrugsproduktion.
Genetic engineering: one of the paths of future progress in medicine would be to transform abnormal genes into normal ones ; the law could not object to such operations, although they in fact constituted a form of eugenics ;
Stillet over for disse muligheder er de påstande om sikkerhed, der blev fremsat på konferencen i Asilomar, blevet højst tvivl­somme.
The status of the embryo : it was true that Ufe began at fertilization ; the question was to decide from what moment legal protection should apply; scientists could not be relied upon to produce the answer, since they themselves were divided, so the legislator had to decide;
Han anså dog diskussionen om dette for at være meningsfuld, for så vidt som den medfører undersøgelser af mulige smitter efter udslip fra laborato­rier.
The real debate centred perhaps on the fact that for the first time he would be aware of his predispositions through the study of genes (awareness that an individual was susceptible to certain illness would provide a temptation to refuse employment in a certain factory or integration in a certain environment or even to impose rules regarding marriage).
Hermed udelukkede han ikke kun indgreb efter sammensmeltningen, men også indgreb i en æg­ eller sædcelle.
This was disturbing, because man would have to learn to adapt to a new experience: to live with knowledge of his future.
Menneskenes fremtid afhænger af, at mangfoldigheden af racer og fænotyper opretholdes.
In his written paper and oral introduction Professor Benda emphasized the following points: ï.
Af den grund er det eneste sikre et forbud imod at slippe dem løs.
This contained the following recommendations:
Begrebet »genetisk gullasch« stammer fra Erwin Chargaff, der benyttede det for at argumentere så dækkende som muligt for opretholdelsen af de bestående arter.
(a) Human life begins with the fusion of egg cell and semen cell; it must be guaranteed protection from this moment too;
Det er desværre en kendsgerning, at forskere tildels tilbageholder den viden, de har erhvervet sig, fordi de frygter, at de midler, der fra statens side stilles til rådighed for dem, skal blive nedskåret, dersom de fremlægger for kritiske resultater.
(b) Extra-corporeal fertilization should be used only to induce preg­nancy and not for scientific purposes;
Professor Lejeune påpegede i begyndelsen af sit indlæg, hvor vigtig den undersøgelse er, som visse internationale institutioner har foretaget afrejsen til livets kilder, en rejse der er muliggjort af videnskabens fremskridt.
(d) Surrogate motherhood could be permitted only in exceptional cases, since in normal circumstances it constituted an offence against the dignity and the objective welfare of the child;
Ifølge professor Lejeune er alle et individs karaktertræk fastlagt i samme øjeblik befrugtningen finder sted: Alt, hvad der kommer bagefter, er udelukkende en udbygning af allerede eksisterende karaktertræk.
(e) The paid procurement of surrogate mothers should be prohi­bited ;
Hvis det forholdt sig anderledes, ville gensplejsning være umulig.
(f) Every individual has the right to knowledge of his or her genetic origin.
Den simpleste form for gensplejsning består i udnyttelse af forholdet mellem tid og temperatur, nemlig ved at nedfryse fostrene, indtil de skal anvendes (fosterbanker).
Genetic engineering of somatic cells for therapeutic purposes was a form of medical treatment which should in principle be welcomed.
Selv om nedfrysningen er uhyre vanskelig, når der er tale om æg, frembyder den mærkeligt nok ingen vanskeligheder, når der er tale om befrugtede æg (fostre).
Gene transfers in human embryo cells, on the other hand, could not be justified at present. Even if it were possible sometime in the future to carry out a controlled gene transfer of this type, the borderline between therapy and eugenics would still be hard to define.
Der rejser sig et etisk problem af format, når man vil anvende overtallige fostre efter en kunstig befrugtning.
Provided that the following points were observed, genome analysis offered significant opportunities for improving the protection of health and life:
For at forøge chancerne for succes ved kunstig befrugtning udtager man ved laboroskopi indtil io æg.
(a) It must be performed only with the consent of the person under examination ;
Der er absolut ingen påviselig grund til at bruge menneskefostre til eksperimentelle formål fremfor at bruge dyrefostre (f.eks. fra chimpanser).
(b) Genome analysis for prenatal diagnosis purposes was permissible only where there was evidence of possible disease ; the consent of the mother carrying the embryo must be obtained beforehand;
Alle de eksperimenter, som kan udføres med den ene slags, kan også udføres med de andre: Ifølge professor Lejeune er en af grundene til, at man i laboratorierne bruger menneskefostre, at disse ikke koster noget, mens dyrefostrene er meget dyre.
(c) Genome analysis in connection with work might be allowed only for the purposes of industrial health care. If an employer had no justified need for the information, the refusal by an employee to supply it should not adversely affect the employee's prospects.
Som svar på spørgsmål især fra Casini og Braun-Moser påpegede professor Lejeune, at enhver teori, der går ud på at betragte et hvilket som helst andet øjeblik end befrugtningen som livets begyndelse, er arbitrær; i den forbindelse kritiserede han den tese, som tidsfæster livets begyndelse til den 14. dag efter befrugtningen, en tese, der bygger på det faktum, at det efter denne dag ikke længere er muligt at skære fostret i to med henblik på at frembringe to enæggede tvillinger.
In response to questions from Mr Rothley, Mr Casini, Mrs Fontaine, Mr Garcia Amigo, Mr Härlin, Mr Schwalba-Hoth, Mrs Vayssade and Professor Gobert, Professor Benda said that the report by this working party held both a majority and a minority opinion on the subject of research on embryos.
Ifølge professor Lejeune var løsningen på problemet med de overskydende fostre, at sådanne slet ikke forekommer: Det er slet ikke nødvendigt for at opnå et godt resultat med in vitro-befrugtninger, som det fremgår af hr. og fru Jones' arbejde i USA.
The exception which the report conceded in the case of ' supremely important purposes ' did not provide researchers with a carte blanche. However, even exceptions laid down by law would not offer adequate guarantees against abuse.
Som konklusion erindrede professor Lejeune om, at det er lægens pligt at bekæmpe sygdommen og ikke patienten, og han udtrykte glæde over de igangværende drøftelser i Europa-Parlamentet om dette problem, som ifølge ham var for alvorligt til at overlades alene i teknikernes hænder.
The phrase employed by the Federal Constitutional Court in its decision on paragraph 218 of the penal code (StGB) — of 'in any event' after 14 days — did not constitute a ruling on the moment at which human life starts, but only the time at which legal protection commences. This was an arbitrary and pragmatic dividing line, since investigations were impracticable before that point.
Professor Gobert bidrog til debatten i sin egenskab af jurist.
Heterologous insemination was a possibility to be considered even in stable relationships.
Hun gjorde opmærksom på, at i menneskets historie er dets muligheder for at handle altid gået forud for en viden om handlingens resultat, hvilket altid stiller mennesket over for følgende alternativ: enten at afvise fremskridtet eller at leve med faren.
The decisive factor was the welfare of the child. Marriage deserved the protection of the State, since it was additional proof of the earnestness of a couple's intention to remain together.
område, hvor forskningen giver anledning til et vist ubehag, for den rører ved sakrale værdier (familien, livet, døden).
The ethics committees were certainly performing a valuable task, but were often called upon to serve as an alibi.
Fremskridtet skal altså ikke standses, men det skal reguleres af juristerne.
From the very early developments in genetic manipulation this powerful methodology generated interest among scientists and scepticism in society by and large.
Der er blevet oprettet mange etiske nævn på dette felt: Men selv hvor der findes et nationalt nævn, kan dette ikke diktere, hvorledes individerne og praktikerne skal opføre sig i disse sager: Det er lovgiverens opgave.
Often, views on how to proceed in the technical developments or on possible implementation of guidelines to regulate experiments reflected the social, political and even religious views of those concerned rather than being the result of careful analysis of facts and of scientific knowledge.
Heraf vigtigheden af Europa-Parlamentets rolle, som er at inspirere de nationale lovgivere.
This is understandable since the first report on joining of a DNA belonging to the realm of bacteria (the bacterial virus phase 7), to a DNA belonging to the realm of mammalian cells (the small simian virus SV40) in 1972 represented manipulation of genetic material in a way that had been unfeasible until then.
Lovgiveren kan øve indflydelse ved at give lægerne generelle forskrifter eller ved at give præcise svar på nogle fundamentale spørgsmål.
Results on several areas of molecular biology made possible to cut and join pieces of DNA in a controlled fashion.
Mere konkret sondrede professor Gobert — der fandt det rigtigere at tale om friheder snarere end om rettigheder — mellem tre forskningsområder: områder:
DNA is the genetic material, that is, it contains the hereditary traits all living creatures transmit to their progeny.
— de genetiske anlæg: en af medicinens fremtidige muligheder vil være at forandre de anormale gener til normale gener; juristen vil ikke kunne modsætte sig en sådan operation, der ikke desto mindre allerede er racehygiejne
Genetic manipulation, also known as in-vitro DNA recombination, has become a simple technology with the help of commercially available enzymes and reagents.
— fostrets status: livet begynder uomtvisteligt ved befrugtningen; spørgsmålet er, fra hvilket øjeblik det har krav på retlig beskyttelse; svaret kan ikke komme fra videnskabsmændene, der ikke er enige indbyrdes, og derfor må lovgiveren skære igennem
The professor then examined several matters on which genetic engineering raises issues of particular interest to society as a whole :
Den egentlige debat kunne måske bunde i, at mennesket for
For example, the human growth hormone gene has been isolated and it may be introduced and expressed in bacteria or in mammalian cells, which become growth hormone producers. Other
første gang ville kunne få kendskab til sine anlæg gennem studiet af generne (når man ved, at et individ er disponeret for at pådrage sig en bestemt sygdom, vil man være tilbøjelig til at afslå lønarbejde inden for visse virksomheder, eller at lade det opholde sig i bestemte omgivelser, eller man ville måske endda være fristet til at opstille regler for vedkommendes indgåelse af ægteskab).
products of interest (hormones, interferons, enzymes, antibiotics, vaccines, etc.) may now be produced in yields that could never be attained by purification from natural sources.
Dette er foruroligende, for mennesket vil blive nødt til at lære noget helt nyt: at leve med kendskab til sin fremtid.
Similar recom­mendations were proposed by the Council of Europe (proposal from CAHGE (84)6).
I sin skriftlige kommentar og i sin mundtlige indledning gav professor Benda følgende redegørelse: i. Indledning
(Example, the so-called frost-resistant bacterium Pseudomonas syringae intended to protect crops from frost).
For så vidt angår hans holdning til gensplejsning og genomanalyse henholdt han sig til den rapport, der under hans forsæde var udarbejdet af en arbejdsgruppe nedsat af forbundsministrene for forskning, teknologi og retsvæsen om in-vitro-befrugtning, genomanalyse og genterapi.
In general view, replicating bacteria, as well as any other free living cells, may mutate (that is alter its genetic material and thus its biological properties) by a variety of mechanisms that are not well known and with results that are to a large extent unpredictable.
Som baggrundsmateriale for den lovgivning, der må forventes, fremlagde han et beslutningsforslag, som to delstater har fremsat i Forbundsrådet.
Rearrangements of DNA by processes known as recombination, transposition as well as point mutations do all contribute to genetic alterations of the replicating micro-organisms.
Dette indeholder følgende anbefalinger: a) Det menneskelige liv eksisterer fra sammensmeltningen mellem æg- og sædcelle. Fra dette øjeblik må også beskyttelsen af det sætte ind.
Although it is clear that, in general, manipulated cells have a selective disadvantage with respect to their parental wild-type counterparts, the professor sees no means to control all possible ways by which a new micro-organism may persist and upset the environment.
b) Befrugtning uden for legemet må kun finde sted i den hensigt at medføre et svangerskab og må ikke tjene forskningsformål.
In his own field of research, RNA virus mutability, it is becoming clear that problems associated with mutations occurring during virus manipulation are frequent.
c) Ægcellen må kun befrugtes med en sædcelle fra ægtemanden.
He certainly opposes the release of viruses for purposes such as pest control or other.
d) Et rugemoderskab kan kun undtagelsesvis tillades, fordi det som hovedregel støder an imod barnets værdighed og objektive ve og vel.
He is suggesting that a careful evaluation of risks and benefits be undertaken by experts before the release of biological materials into the environment can be considered.
Enhver har krav på at kende sin genetiske afstamning.
The biological properties of cells may be altered by genetic manipula­tion.
Gensplejsning af somatiske celler til terapeutiske formål er en mulig­hed for lægelig behandling, man må hilse velkommen.
feasible in a safe way (and thus they should not be allowed at present), research with animal models is promising and new legislation may soon have to be adopted.
En overførsel af gener til de menneskelige kimceller kan derimod for øjeblikket ikke accepteres.
One may distinguish manipulation of somatic cells from manipulation of germ cells.
Under forudsætning af, at følgende punkter respekteres, frembyder genomanalysen betydelige muligheder for beskyttelse af liv og hel­bred: a) Enhver genomanalyse forudsætter den undersøgtes samtykke.
Somatic cells: It is generally accepted that this type of manipulation should be considered equivalent to and subject to similar regulations, as the transplantation of organs.
b) En genomanalyse med det formål at stille en prænatal diagnostik kan kun tillades, hvor der foreligger mistanke om en sygdom; undersøgelsen forudsætter samtykke fra moderen, der bærer fost­ret.
Germ cells: Manipulation of germ cells poses an entirely different problem, since the alterations will not only affect the adult individual but also his descendants.
c) En genomanalyse i sammenhæng med et arbejdsforhold kan kun tillades hvor hensynet til forebyggende arbejdsmedicinsk omsorg taler herfor.
Germ cell or embryo manipulation may provide, in the future, a way to correct hereditary disease, a field in which medical practice is hopeless.
Dersom en arbejdsgiver ikke kan fremskaffe de oplysninger, han har en berettiget interesse i, må det forhold, at arbejdstageren nægter sit samtykke, ikke efterfølgende komme denne til skade.
For this reason research on embryos, using animal models in an initial stage, is desirable.
På dette punkt kan det vise sig nødvendigt med lovbestemmelser til beskyttelse af den personlige ret.
When technically feasible and safe, human embryo manipulation should be permitted in those instances in which the existence of hereditary disease (not mere quantitative deviations from a normal trait) is clearly confirmed by facts.
På spørgsmål fra medlemmerne Rothley, Casini, Fontaine, Garcia Amigo, Härlin, Schwalba­Hoth, Vayssade og specialisten Gobert forklarede professor Benda, at rapporten fra hans arbejdsgruppe vedrørende spørgsmålet om forskning på fostre indeholdt en flertals­og en mindretalsindstilling.
Each individual human is unique in the fine structure of the genetic material. Each human being includes a unique DNA pattern, that might eventually be correlated with personal characteristics, such as tendency to acquire certain diseases, mental attitudes, etc.
Ifølge grundloven er det i denne forbin­delse nødvendigt med en lovregulering. Det vanskelige problem med,
In some instances, certain DNA patterns have been shown to correlate strongly with hereditary diseases such as Huntington's chorea (a disease that manifests no symptoms until around forty years of age), thalassaemia, etc.
Undtagelsen i arbejdsgruppens rapport for »formål med meget høj prioritet« var ikke nogen generalklausul for forskere.
Describing first the scientific background of the whole question, he is considering five main levels in the applications of genetic engineering to humans: ï.
Men heller ikke undtagelser, der er fastlagt ved lov, ville give nogen tilstrækkelig sikkerhed imod misbrug.
Gene therapy in somatic cells
Den formel, som Forbundsforfatningsdomstolen benyttede i sin dom vedrørende paragraf 218 i straffeloven om de »i hvert fald« fjorten dage, sagde intet om det menneskelige livs begyndelse, men fastlagde alene det tidspunkt, hvor den strafferetlige beskyttelse begynder.
In the case, for instance, of patients suffering from certain blood diseases, it will be possible to remove some of their bone marrow cells, treat those cells in vitro by healthy human DNA, cloned by genetic engineering and then reintroduce the cured cells into the bone marrow of the patients.
Det er ikke uden videre selvfølgeligt at forlange den berørtes samtykke til en genomanalyse. De nødvendige egnethedstest må ikke overdrives.
Even after being cured of a particular disease by somatic-cell gene therapy, a human subject will keep transmitting the same disease to his offspring.
En gen-kortlægning må under alle omstændigheder afvises. ses.
To prevent such transmission he would need to undergo gene therapy in cells of the germ line.
Afgørende er barnets tarv.
Gene therapy in cells of the germ line
Den grundlæggende konsensus i forfatningsmæssige spørgsmål vokser.
This kind of therapy is currently the object of very active research, with animals, in a good number of leading laboratories.
Eftersom problematikken er grænseoverskridende og over alt er den samme, spiller Europa-Parlamentet en vigtig rolle i forsøget på at opnå den nødvendige konsensus, som er forudsætningen for en lovregulering.
The main strategy includes the use of artificial pseudoviruses constructed by in-vitro assembly of nucleic acids and proteins.