natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Det er foruroligende, at der til definition af forældrebegrebet i stadig større udstrækning anvendes biologiske analyser på bekostning af hensyntagen til de sociale og kulturelle forbindelser med barnet, og hvormed barnet vokser op.
Professor Michel Schooyans tackled the subject from the point of view of philosophy, and more specifically political philosophy, and proposed some comments on the fundamental scope and implications of the biomedical practices which were the subject of the hearing.
På spørgsmål fra medlemmerne Braun-Moser, Fontaine, Ulburgs, Casini, Turner og Härlin understregede fru Laborie, at den sociale betydning af begreber såsom forældreskab og moder er ved at ændre sig.
In his view, the subject of the debate was not unconnected with the general tendency, already apparent among the sophists of antiquity, to seek man's rule of conduct in pleasure, self-interest and utility.
Disse vurderingsspørgsmål skal behandles og besvares som led i en samfundsproces på grundlag af pålidelige oplysninger.
Later this tendency had found expression in a conception of power defined solely in terms of efficiency and utility which, taken to its extremes, had made it possible for the Nazi concept of the Unmensch to be devised, albeit by a minority.
Det er utilfredsstillende, når antallet af kunstige befrugtninger i private reagenscentre tiltager på grund af profit.
However, this conception of the exercise of power, which was essentially the exercise of power through the use of force, was not peculiar to our civilization; the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights condemned ' the pretensions of those who wished to reserve human dignity for a certain race, nation, party or elite '. '
Videnskabsmændenes motivation skal ligge i spørgsmålet om livets oprindelse og i ønsket om at hjælpe mennesker, der har brug for hjælp.
However, modern-day totalitarianism used other forms of constraint : it no longer involved physical constraints, but intellectual constraint consisting in the destruction of a man's egg and the most distinctive features of his being, such as his personal capacity for judgement and decision-making and his accountability to his own conscience and to his fellow men.
En skelnen efter samfunds klasser ved kunstig befrugtning kan ikke gennemføres på grundlag af det foreliggende materiale.
In the more specific area of human genetics, this ' general alienation ' was to be found in man's efforts ' to relieve his fellow men of the implications and consequences of their sexuality.
Senator Bompiani begyndte med at gøre opmærksom på de store fremskridt inden for biomedicin på området genmanipulation, hvilket gør ikke blot frivillige bestemmelser inden for medicin nødvendig, men også regler af lovgivningsmæssig art efter pres udefra.
Thus the problem under discussion was in no way restricted to a particular area; on the contrary, what was at issue was 'the very essence of democracy, namely unconditional respect for each and every human being'.
Udgangspunktet for fastsættelse af sådanne regler burde være, at implantation af ægget er begyndelsen til svangerskabet, og dette medfører i praksis, at det er umuligt at kontrollere den homozygo-
The professor also asserted that 'wherever variable definitions of man began to multiply, democracy was in danger '.
tiske spaltning og således fastslås princippet om den enkeltes uigenkaldelige udvikling.
Further, how was it possible to determine the 'truth about man', on which democracy itself was based?
Spørgsmålet om fosterets status, som biologien ikke alene kan give noget svar på, er endnu vanskeligere.
As man was at the heart of the debate, it was important to define our position in relation to him: 'Where do I stand in relation to other human beings?', the professor asked. His answer was clear cut:
Hvis man henviser til fosterets totipotente karakter og til, at alle individets karaktertræk dannes på det tidspunkt, hvor kromosomerne blandes, når man imidlertid til den konklusion, at eksperimenter på menneskefostre absolut burde fordømmes, undtagen hvis det drejer sig om behandlinger i terapeutisk øjemed: Det skal derfor være terapeutiske begrundelser i ordets egentlige betydning.
'The biomedical disciplines alone cannot give a final answer to these questions; however, on one crucial point, the progress achieved by these sciences is a great help to politicians, having made it possible to detect human life at a much earlier stage than was the case in 1948.
Imidlertid kan accepteret FIVET (hos faste par) ikke udelukkes juridisk set, idet det er klart, at sterilitet ikke er en sygdom, men et handicap, som kan indvirke på den psykosomatiske helbredstilstand.
Hence, the earlier a human life is detected, the earlier it will have to be recognized and respected. '
Blandt de forskellige former for sikkerhed, der er knyttet til problemet, fremhævede senator Bompiani — uden at se bort fra problemet vedrørende beskyttelse af familien og andre berørte personer — navnlig behovet for at beskytte det kommende barn.
Consequently, if the very essence of democracy was founded on respect for the human being, ' no technique, however sophisticated, or research, however promising, could justify experiments endangering even the smallest of human beings '.
Senator Bompiani præciserede endeligt, at medens den enkelte in vitrobefrugtning lykkes i vid udstrækning (80-90%), lykkes FIVET') som helhed i ca. 15-18%; det anslås, at den naturlige frugtbarhed ligger på 20% af de gennemførte befrugtninger.
The basic question was, therefore, what type of society we wished to promote. In this connection, Europe, which now had the opportunity to redefine its future within Community institutions, had considerable responsibilities both to itself and to the Third World.
Proceduren med overførsel til æggelederen af æg- og sædceller løser visse problemer (f. eks. i forbindelse med ringe frugtbarhed hos manden) i 40% af tilfældene og er i mange henseender mere forenelig med etiske begreber.
It was up to Europe to combat ' the methods of world-scale ideological colonization' represented by certain biomedical techniques such as sterilization, euthanasia, artificial selection, segregation, discrimination and positive and negative eugenics.
Således er spørgsmålet om ufrugtbarhed og andre spørgsmål i forbindelse hermed et egentligt problem, der vedrører lovgiverne og andre ansvarlige for udformningen af den officielle politik, da disse spørgsmål medfører afgørelser, der er forbundet med barnets tarv for så vidt angår dets undfangelse og forældrenes omsorg herfor.
Having placed the question in that context, the professor pointed out that 'while, from a utilitarian point of view, only those creatures which feel and are capable of experiencing pleasure or pain have moral and legal rights ' (a definition which would confer such rights on adult animals but exclude human embryos), metaphysical humanism, on the other hand, regarded ' man and man alone ' as a personal being endowed with a soul 'which did not arise from a combination of material elements and physical energies' but was simple and spiritual, and hence ' created directly by God and immortal by nature '.
Nogle går ind for, at det nylig undfangede menneskelige væsen kan udnyttes, skades og ødelægges i fortjenstøjemed eller som genstand for eksperimenter; nogle fastholder, at det nyligt undfangede menne skelige væsen ikke er et menneskeligt væsen i egentlig forstand; nogle mener, at da ethvert voksent menneske har ret til et barn, er der ingen særlig form for menneskelig forældreværdighed, som skulle have moralsk eller juridisk fordel frem for andre.
He himself leaned towards a personal and family-oriented humanism which, while recognizing the supreme value of the individual, regarded certain formative human and personal institutions, including the family, as essential for the individual's full development.
Mit svar til disse påstande er kort forklaret i det følgende; det er baseret på anerkendelsen af, at der må være fundamentale principper baseret på moralsk retfærdighed for enhver afgørelse vedrørende offentlig politik, der går ud på at beskytte individet og samfundsgodet.
The professor regarded the embryo as a ' potential human ', like a ' piece of marble endowed with the ability of transforming itself into a work of art without the assistance of a sculptor '.
Et af disse principper, der er skrinlagt i vore love er, at det menneskelige væsen eller et levende menneskeligt væsen ikke er ejendom, ikke en genstand. Det kan ikke købes eller sælges.
However, in view of the principle that the norms of criminal law could not simply be extended
modsatte, er at støtte og legalisere en ny form for slaveri og således afvise de mest fundamentale krav om et retfærdigt samfund.
by analogy, these two new potential offences could not be treated on the same basis as deliberate abortion at present.
Dette er et princip baseret på anerkendelsen af det individuelle menneskes indre uberørte værdi.
(a) either the couple were infertile and could not be treated even by in-vitro fertilization or there was a risk of a serious hereditary disease or disability;
I abortloven i England afvises f. eks. ikke det generelle princip vedrø rende respekten for det uskyldige menneskelige væsens livs ukrænkelighed; tværtimod anføres direkte i loven, at abort, som i visse tilfælde er tilladt, er en usædvanlig situation i forhold til det generelle princip.
(c) the couple had already attempted adoption in accordance with the due legal procedures, but had been unsuccessful; more generally, in cases other than insemination by the husband, the conditions to be met by the family wishing to receive the conceived child must be the same as those laid down by the law on adoption;
Men hvis dette generelle princip ændres, vil man derved fjerne anerkendelsen af ethvert enkelt menneskes værdi som fundamentalt princip for retspraksis. Hvis den fundamentale ret til liv, legemlig integritet og bevidsthed ikke beskyttes og bevares af loven, hvad bevares da?
(iii) responsibility for authorizing the performance of biotechnological operations in relation to the embryo should always lie with the law, which would provide such authorization in general terms, and should not be left to ethical committees deciding on a case-by-case basis.
Samfundet bør ikke billige procedurer, som bevidst går ud på at avle børn — uden for alle rammer — og derved berøve dem det naturlige familiemiljø, hvori deres identitet, integritet, individuelle udvikling, ansvarsfølelse og samhørighed fremmes bedst.
He believed that an embryo protected by the law alone would not be protected, simply because it could not be seen and 'one cannot really protect something one cannot see '.
Der findes ikke andre sociale kriterier til fastlæggelse af et retfærdigt og roligt miljø for avling af børn end et juridisk anerkendt ægteskab.
The minute but complex organism which was the human embryo could only be perceived, and hence protected, by our powers of imagination and insight.
Adopterede børn fratages ikke denne rettighed (f. eks. i England).
Legal protection would not be enough in itself, however, unless it was applied in a thoughtful and philosophical spirit.
Professor Michel Schooyans placerede debatten på et filosofisk plan og mere præcist på et politisk-filosofisk plan, idet han i denne forbindelse fremkom med en grundlæggende overvejelse vedrørende rækkevidden af og problematikken omkring den biomedicinske praksis, som var høringens emne.
In his speech, Professor Dionigi Tettamanzi dealt with a number of ethical considerations relating to the various problems raised by in-vitro
Professoren mente, at debattens emne ikke var uden forbindelse med den generelle tendens, som allerede sofisterne gav udtryk for i oldtiden, til at søge drivkraften bag menneskets aktivitet i glæde, interesse og nytte.
fertilization. These considerations should, in the professor's view, receive the attention of the legislators, and may be summed up by the four following points:
Men denne opfattelse af magtudøvelse, som er koncentreret om udøvelsen af magt gennem tvang, passer ikke til vor civilisation, og i verdenserklæringen om menneskerettigheder af 1948 afvises »ønskerne om kun at tillægge en bestemt race, nation, parti eller elite menneskelig værdighed«').
(i) the relationship between infertility and assisted reproduction; (ii) the identity and status of the embryo outside the human body; (iii) the rights of the embryo ; (iv) the need for and means of legal protection of these rights.
Parternes ansvar overføres til teknokraterne«. kraterne«.
Basically, this problem can be summed up by two questions:
Det fremgår heraf, at det problem, som vi beskæftiger os med, ikke er sektorbestemt, tværtimod drejer det sig om »selve demokratiets væsen, dvs. uforbeholden respekt for ethvert menneskeligt væsen«.
(a) In the context of the problems raised by artificial procreation, how much consideration is being given to the wish to solve the problem of infertility?
Og professoren understregede, at »når der begynder at opstå en mængde definitioner på mennesket som variabel geometrisk størrelse ..., så er demokratiet i fare«.
(b) Is there justification for the doubts concerning legislation which is very favourable to the various forms of artificial procreation?
Ifølge professoren er det en af demokratiets svagheder, i og med at »denne sandhed hverken accepteres automatisk eller konkretiseres af den skrevne ret«; derfor hans appel til politikerne om »at sørge for, at den snævre forbindelse mellem denne sandhed og jura aldrig ophæves«.
These two questions had received divergent answers and therefore remained open, but the professor felt that the debate on artificial conception should not overshadow the need to combat infertility.
Da mennesket således er midtpunkt for debatten, er der grund til at fastslå vor holdning til det: »Hvordan stiller jeg mig i forhold til andre mennesker?« spurge professoren.
In the professor's view, this was a fundamental question which should really be considered as a preliminary to the debate on in-vitro fertilization as a whole.
Hans svar kom uden omsvøb:
What was the embryo's position?
') Sætningerne i anførselstegn er professorens citater.
In biological terms, for instance, the embryo was a human life whose constant development was set in motion by an intrinsic force.
Heraf følger, at jo tidligere dette menneskelige væsen påvises, jo tidligere bør det anerkendes og respekteres«.
granted recognition since it was considered as a human being by its very essence.
Hvis derfor selve demokratiets væsen hviler på respekt for det menneskelige væsen, må det fremhæves, »at ingen teknik, hvor raffineret den end måtte være, ingen forskning, hvor lovende man kan håbe den er, berettiger eksperimenter, som bringer det menneskelige væsen i fare, uanset hvor lille det er«.
From the ethical point of view, there was no absolute need for certainty; a degree of doubt as to whether the extra-corporal embryo has a human identity was sufficient to determine our attitude towards it. Consequently, as the killing of a human being was unquestionably an ethical disorder, the simple fact that there was doubt as to whether the embryo had a human identity was sufficient to prohibit the killing of ' what was likely to be a human being '.
Nu hvor Europa har mulighed for at omdefinere sin skæbne inden for Fællesskabets institutioner, har det et betydeligt ansvar med hensyn til dette spørgsmål, både for sin egen skyld og i forhold til Den Tredje Verden.
On the basis of the above considerations concerning the embryo's identity, we could conclude that, like any human being, the embryo had a right to life, bodily integrity and a family.
Over for denne fare kan svaret kun være uforbeholden respekt for ethvert menneskeligt væsen og for de friheds- og lighedsværdier, der følger hermed.
Like any human being — which was an end in itself and not a means to an end — the embryo had a right to independence and had a value of its own, and therefore could not be sacrificed by others for the benefit of others ; it could sacrifice itself, but since it could not express its consent and this consent could neither be given nor deduced, the professor concluded that therapeutic research was acceptable but condemned experimentation.
Professor Luigi Lombardi Vallauri mener, at spørgsmålene vedrørende de menneskelige fostre — idet de dog kun berører nogle sterile par, enkeltindivider, som ønsker efterkommere, nogle væsener, som lever, men som ikke føler — er et afgørende problem der maner til eftertanke, for de vedrører egentlig menneskets forståelse af sig selv, forsøget på at finde sin egen identitet.
The professor pointed out the distinction between the legal sphere and the ethical sphere, which did not necessarily have the same objectives.
Ved at stille mennesket over for kimen til dets oprindelse rejser sig problemet vedrørende artens identitet og meningen med verden.
However, for reasons connected with the previous considerations, the legal sphere — in this case civil law — must in this field take account of the limits set by ethics.
Professoren mindede i denne forbindelse om, at for utilitarismen tilfalder moralske og juridiske rettigheder de væsener, som føler, at de er i stand til at nyde og lide (i dette tilfælde ville voksne dyr have visse
Professor Trabucchi emphasized that the extraordinary revolution achieved in the field of genetics by modern science and technology
Han gik ind for en personaliseret humanisme med en familiedimension, som samtidig med at den anerkendte personen som højeste værdi, betragter visse institutioner, der former menneskeheden og mennesket, herunder familien, som nødvendig forudsætning for at realisere sig selv.
The possibility offered by present-day genetic techniques of severing the link between procreation and direct sexual relations opened the way to a more complicated definition of paternity and maternity than the principles of direct descent which had previously been applied.
Med hensyn til fosteret betragtede han det som et vordende menneske ligesom et stykke marmor, som selv omdanner sig til et kunstværk uden billedhuggerens indgreb.
Who was the father? Professor Trabucchi considered that, if the man who provided the semen had no further involvement in the use others made of it, he was not the father.
Derfor bør fosterdrab og dødelige fostermanipulationer straffes gen nem positiv ret som kriminelle forbrydelser.
The status of son or daughter, which was the basis of a fundamental social relationship, involved a physical reality (the biological element) and an assumption of responsibility (the social element).
På den anden side er det, ud fra det princip, at strafferetlige bestemmelser ikke kan udvides til analoge tilfælde, i dag ikke muligt at behandle de to nye hypoteser som fremkaldt abort. Professoren anførte i sit videre resonnement følgende:
Since the absence of one or other of these prerequisites of reality and responsibility was sufficient for the paternal relationship to be denied, it was essential, in order to prevent children from being born fatherless, to introduce legislation which would prohibit, with appropriate penalties, fertilization by donor and consequently, a fortiori, all uses of sperm banks.
— kunstig befrugtning kan kun tillades i de tilfælde, hvor der foreligger konkrete garantier for det kommende barns ret til familie
With regard to maternity, it followed from the application of the twin criteria of biological reality and social responsibility, combined with the principle that, even in the case of ' womb leasing ', a woman who fostered another's embryo was not a machine placed at the disposal of others, that the mother was the person who carried and gave birth to the child.
— anvendelsen af fremmede kønsceller hos gifte par — heterolog befrugtning — kan under alle omstændigheder kun tillades, når følgende tre betingelser er opfyldt: a) parret er ufrugtbart, ingen mulighed for behandling gennem in vitro insemination, eller risiko for en alvorlig arvelig fejl b) parret er juridisk set adoptionsberettiget
These conclusions, said Professor Trabucchi, replying in particular to remarks by Professor Sureau, Mr Casini, Mr Rothley and Mrs Fontaine, tended to support the arguments for prohibiting any indiscriminate freedom to act outside the limits of the profoundly human law whereby procreation was the natural attribute of the couple, not a task entrusted to the technological know-how of those working, not always responsibly, with irresponsible laboratory instruments.
Dette meget lille og hyperkomplekse væsen — som fosteret er — kan ikke ses som sådan og kan derfor kun beskyttes gennem overvejelse.
(a) techniques involving only the hitherto infertile couple: ï. artificial insemination using the male partner's sperm,
Professor Dionigi Tettamanzis indlæg vedrørte en række etiske over vejelser i forbindelse med forskellige problemer ved in vitro-befrugtning.
(b) techniques involving a third party: ï. artificial insemination from a male donor,
— forholdet mellem sterilitet og kunstig forplantning — fosterets identitet og status uden for det menneskelige legeme — fosterets rettigheder og
3. use of another woman's uterus with the husband's sperm or a donor's sperm or possibly an egg cell from another woman.
— behovet for og bestemmelser vedrørende den juridiske beskyttelse af disse rettigheder.
Then he turned to methods of preventing the birth of a child: contraception, preventing nidation of the fertilized egg, voluntary abortion, medically justified abortion and euthanasia.
Det centrale punkt inden for problematikken i forbindelse hermed er koncentreret om to spørgsmål: a) hvor stor en plads er der i forbindelse med problemerne vedrørende kunstig befrugtning afsat til at løse sterilitetsproblemet?
Professor Sureau saw a lack of consistency in the French laws which allow abortion but at the same time restrict, or attempt to restrict, access to embryos outside the womb, and felt that a consistent approach was essential one way or the other.
Dette spørgsmål mener professoren er fundamentalt, og det burde snarere betragtes som et spørgsmål, der går forud for hele debatten om in vitro­befrugtning.
The following members or experts spoke in the ensuing discussion: Mr Casini, Mr Trabucchi, Mr Rothley, Mrs Fontaine, Mrs Vayssade, Dr Iglesias, Mr Laborie and Mr Ulburghs.
Hvis man ser det ud fra et etisk synspunkt, er der ikke behov for vished, men man kan nøjes med en tvivl om fosterets menneskelige identitet uden for det menneskelige legeme.
No agreement was reached on the issues of the need for legal regulation and consistency of approach to abortion and the treatment of embryos outside the womb.
Denne tvivl er tilstrække­lig til at fastlægge fosterets menneskelige karakter.
Professor Sureau emphasized that the ideas of male pregnancies and artificial wombs would never be more than humorous fantasies.
Professoren redegjorde for forskellen mellem jura og moral, hvis målsætninger ikke nødvendigvis falder sammen.
Dr Blechschmidt pointed out that while recent advances in scientific and medical knowledge could benefit mankind enormously, for example, in the fight against disease, they also raised the danger of the dehumanization of the individual; he evoked the spectre of 'manmakers ' for whom man would be an object.
Man må imidlertid, af hensyn til ovennævnte betragtninger, inden for juraen — dvs. in casu inden for civilretten — tage hensyn til de grænser, som sættes af moralen på dette område.
He went on to remind the committee that the Warnock Report had advocated inter alia that experiments could be authorized on embryos for the first 14 days after fertilization.
Kun på denne betingelse vil man kunne sikre en menneskeliggørelse af vort samfund.
This poses the fundamental question for those concerned with this area of activity, namely when does the life of a human being begin?
Professor Trabucchi understregede, at den ekstraordinære revolution, der er sket inden for videnskab og moderne teknik på området genetik, skal indpasses i allerede eksisterende juridiske strukturer, for så vidt som disse kan og bør tilpasses.
It had been thought, at one time, that man's development takes place in stages ; the ' Biogenetic constitution' of Ernst Haeckel (1866) was based on this notion, which is now generally believed to be erroneous.