natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Synergieffekt af ceftriaxon og aminoglykosider på visse gram- negative bakterier er noteret in vitro.
Synergistic effects of ceftriaxone and aminoglycosides on certain Gram-negative bacteria have been noted in vitro.
TEM- 1.
Mechanism of resistance Ceftriaxone is active against organisms producing some types of beta-lactamase, for example TEM-1.
Det bliver dog inaktiveret af beta- laktamaser, som effektivt kan hydrolysere cefalosporiner, således mange af beta- laktamaserne med udvidet spektrum og kromosomale cefalosporinaser, som enzymer af AmpC- typen.
However, it is inactivated by beta-lactamases that can efficiently hydrolyse cephalosporins, such as many of the extended-spectrum beta-lactamases and chromosomal cephalosporinases, such as AmpC type enzymes.
Ceftriaxon kan ikke forventes at være aktiv over for størstedelen af bakterier med penicillinbindende proteiner, som har nedsat affinitet over for medicinske beta- laktamer produkter.
Ceftriaxone cannot be expected to be active against the majority of bacteria with penicillin-binding proteins that have reduced affinity for beta-lactam medicinal products.
Break- points Den mindste hæmmende koncentration (MIC, i følge ” German Institute for Standardization DIN 58940 ”) er 4 mg/ l, - (følsom) og 32 mg/ l (resistent).
Breakpoints The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC, according to the German Institute for Standardization DIN 58940) are 4 mg/ l, – (sensitive) and 32 mg/ l (resistant).
MIC break- point er i følge Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (før National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards) er 8 µg/ ml (følsom), 16- 32 µg/ ml (intermediate) og 64 µg/ ml (resistent) overfor Entrobakterier og Staphylococcuss spp.
The MIC breakpoints according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (formerly National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards are 8 µg/ ml (sensitive), 16-32 µg/ ml (intermediate) and 64 µg/ ml (resistant) for Enterobacteriaceae and Staphylococcus spp..
De respektive værdier for Streptococcus pneumonia er 0, 5 µg/ ml (følsom), 1 µg/ ml (intermediat) og 2 µg/ ml (resistent).
The respective values for Streptococcus pneumoniae are 0.5 µg/ ml (sensitive), 1 µg/ ml (intermediate) and 2 µg/ ml (resistant).
0, 25 µg/ ml for Neisseria gonoré.
The breakpoints for sensitivity are 2 µg/ ml for Haemophilus spp. and 0.25 µg/ ml for Neisseria gonorrhoea.
16 De respektive værdier for anaerobe er 16 µg/ ml / følsom), 32 µg/ ml (intermediat) og 64 µg/ ml (resistent).
The respective values for anaerobes are 16 µg/ ml (sensitive), 32 µg/ ml (intermediate) and 64 µg/ ml (resistant).
Mikrobiologi Udbredelsen af opnået resistance kan variere geografisk og med tid for udvalgte arter og lokal information om resistance er at fortrække, specielt når man behandler alvorlige infektioner.
Microbiology The prevalence of acquired resistance may vary geographically and with time for selected species and local information on resistance is desirable, particularly when treating severe infections.
Almindelig følsomme arter
18 Commonly susceptible species
Gram- positive anaerobe
Gram positive aerobes
Gram- positive anaerobe
Gram-positive anaerobes
Gram- negative anaerobe
Gram-negative aerobes
Gram- positive anaerobe
Gram-positive aerobes
17 Enterobacter spp.
Citrobacter freundii 1 Enterobacter spp.
Gram- positive anaerobe
19 Gram-positive aerobes
Gram- negative anaerobe
Gram-negative anaerobes
* Klinisk effekt er blevet vist for følsomme isolater i godkendte kliniske indikationer. $Arter med naturlig intermediat modtagelighed.
* Clinical efficacy has been demonstrated for susceptible isolates in approved clinical indications $Species with natural intermediate susceptibility
2.
1 Some strains produce inducible or stably derepressed chromosomally-encoded cephalosporinases and ESBLs (extended spectrum beta-lactamases) and thus are clinically resistant to cephalosporins.
18 Efter en dosis på 1- 2 g, er koncentrationerne påvist at ligge over MIC værdier for de fleste infektions forårsagende patogener i over 24 timer i over 60 forskellige væv (inklusiv lunger, hjerte, galdegang, lever, mandler, mellemøret, næsen, knogler) og i mange vævs væsker (inklusiv rygmarvsvæsken, lungehindevæske så vel som prostatisk og synovial væske).
After a dose of 1– 2 g, concentrations have been shown to remain above the MIC values for most infection-causing pathogens for over 24 hours in over 60 different tissues (including lungs, heart, bile ducts, liver, tonsils, middle ear, nasal mucosa, bones) and in many tissue fluids (including cerebrospinal fluid, pleural fluid as well as prostatic and synovial fluid).
Absorption Ceftriaxon er fuldstændig absorberet efter intramuskulær administration med peak plasma koncentrationer (over 80mg/ l) som optræder 2 og 3 timer efter dosering.
Absorption Ceftriaxone is completely absorbed following intramuscular administration with peak plasma concentrations (about 80 mg/ l) occurring between 2 and 3 hours after dosing.
Distribution Ceftriaxon distribueres nemt ud i de forskellige kamre og passeres også placentalbarriere.
20 Distribution Ceftriaxone distributes well in various compartments and also passes the placental barrier.
Den hovedsagelige volumen af distributionen hos raske voksne er 0, 13 l/ kg.
The mean volume of distribution in healthy adults is 0.13 l/ kg.
Bindingen er 95% ved plasma koncentrationer under 100 mg/ l med en bindingsprocent der falder i takt med at koncentrationen øges (til 85% ved ceftriaxon plasma koncentrationer af 300 µg/ ml).
The binding is 95% at plasma concentrations less than 100 mg/ l with the binding percentage decreasing as the concentration increases (to 85% at ceftriaxone plasma concentrations of 300 µg/ ml).
Serum niveauer Efter den intravenøse infusion af 1 g ceftriaxon i 30 minutter, var serum niveauer straks efter ophør af infusion var på respektive 123, 2 µg/ ml og på 94, 81, 57, 8, 20, 2 og 4, 6 µg/ ml, 1, 5, 4, 12 og 24 timer efter begyndelse af infusion.
Serum levels Following an the intravenous infusion of 1 g of ceftriaxone for 30 minutes, serum levels immediately after cessation of the infusion process were at 123.2 µg/ ml, and at 94.81, 57.8, 20.2 and 4.6 µg/ ml, respectively, 1.5, 4, 12 and 24 hours after the onset of infusion.
Efterfølgende en intramuskulær injektion af 1 g af ceftriaxon nåede serum koncentrationerne op på 79, 2 µg/ ml efter 1. 5 timer og efterfølgende 58, 2, 35, 5 og 7, 8 µg/ ml på de respektive time- points 4, 12 og 24 timer efter injektion.
Subsequent to an intramuscular injection of 1 g of ceftriaxone the serum concentration amounted to 79.2 µg/ ml after 1.5 hours, and afterwards 58.2, 35.5 and 7.8 µg/ ml at the respective time-points 4, 12 and 24 hours after injection.
I CSF er peak koncentrationen på 18 mg/ l opnået, efter en intravenøs dosis på 50- 100 mg/ kg, på omkring 4 timer.
In CSF the peak concentrations of 18 mg/ l are achieved, after a 50– 100 mg/ kg intravenous dose, in about four hours.
Hos voksne patienter med meningitis, er terapeutiske koncentrationer opnået indenfor 2- 24 timer med en dosis på 50 mg/ kg.
In adult patients with meningitis, therapeutic concentrations are achieved within 2– 24 hours with the dose of 50 mg/ kg.
Biotransformation Ceftriaxon undergår ikke systemisk metabolisme men bliver nedbrudt i tyndtarmen ved hjælp af bakterier.
Biotransformation Ceftriaxone does not undergo systemic metabolism but it is broken down in the small intestine by bacterial action.
Eliminering Over en dosis række på 0, 15 til 3 g, er eliminerings halverings niveauet fra 6 til 9 timer, total plasma clearence er fra 0, 6- 1, 4 l/ t og nyre clearence fra 0, 3- 0, 7 l/ t.
Elimination Over a 0.15 to 3 g dose range, the values of elimination half-life range from 6 to 9 hours, total plasma clearance from 0.6– 1.4 l/ h and renal clearance from 0.3– 0.7 l/ h.
50- 60% af ceftriaxon er elimineret som en uændret aktiv substans i urinen mens resten er udskilles via galden i afføringen som mikrobiologiske inaktive metabolitter.
50– 60% of ceftriaxone is eliminated as an unchanged active substance in the urine whilst the remainder is excreted via the bile into the faeces as microbiologically inactive metabolites.
Urin koncentrationen er 5- 10 gange højere end dem fundet i plasma.
The urine concentrations are 5– 10 times higher than those found in the plasma.
Urinudskillelse sker via glomerulær filtrationl.
Urinary excretion is via glomerular filtration.
1- 2 g probencid, ikke fundet.
For this reason, no increase in the serum levels is to be expected in coincident administration of probenecid and is actually - even at higher dosage e. g. with 1-2 g probenecid - not found.
Ikke- linearitet Ceftriaxons farmakokinetiske egenskaber er ikke- linieret med hensyn til dosis.
Non-Linearity The pharmacokinetics of ceftriaxone are non-linear with respect to the dose.
Denne ikke- linearitet er forklaret ved en koncentration afhængig reduktion af binding til plasma proteiner som føre til en respektiv forøgelse af distribution og eliminering.
This non-linearity is explained by a concentration dependent decrease of binding to plasma proteins which leads to a respective increase in distribution and elimination.
Med undtagelse af eliminerings halveringstid, er alle farmakokinetiske egenskaber dosis afhængige. gentagne doser på 0, 5 til 2 g resulterer i 15% - 36% akkumulation over enkelt dosis niveauer.
Repeat dosing of 0.5 to 2 g results in 15% – 36% accumulation above single dose values
Specielle patientgrupper
21 Special patient groups
19 Ældre over 75 år:
Elderly above 75 years:
2- 3 gange forøget sammenlignet med unge voksne.
The plasma elimination half-life of ceftriaxone is about 2 - 3 fold increased compared to young adults.
9 timer hos nyfødte spædbørn fra 9 til 30 dage.
In newborn infants of 3 days of age, the half-life of ceftriaxone in the serum amounts to approximately 16 hours, and approximately 9 hours in newborn infants aged from 9 to 30 days.
Patienter med nedsat nyre og/ eller leverfunktion:
Patients with impaired renal and/ or liver function:
Patienter med nedsat leverfunktion har øget udskillelse af ceftriaxon via nyrerne.
Patients with an impaired liver function have an increased renal excretion of ceftriaxone.
14 timer.
In case of terminal renal insufficiency, the half-life is distinctively higher and reaches approximately 14 hours.
Bivirkninger (f. eks. gastrointestinale forstyrrelser og nefrotoksitet) forbundet med høje parentale doser af ceftriaxon har vist sig at være reversible hos dyr ved gentagne dosering.
The adverse reactions (e. g. gastrointestinal disturbances and nephrotoxicity) associated with high parenteral doses of cephalosporins have been shown to be reversible in animals during repeat dosing.
Åbnet og efter rekonstitution:
Opened & after reconstitution:
I modsat fald bør ubrugte portioner kasseres.
If not used immediately, in-use storage times and conditions prior to use are the responsibility of the user and would not be longer than 24 hours at 2 to 8oC, otherwise any unused portion must be discarded.
Opbevar beholderen i den originale emballage for at beskytte det mod lys.
Keep the container in the outer carton in order to protect from light.
6. 3 Opbevaringstid.
For storage details of the reconstituted medicinal product, see section 6.3.
20 6. 5 Emballage (art og indhold)
6.5 Nature and contents of container
Klare type III hætteglas (15 ml) lukket med halogeneret isobuten- isopren gummiprop, dækket med aluminiumshætte og plastikafrivningsflip.
Clear type III glass vials (15 ml) closed with halogenated isobutene-isoprene-rubber stoppers and aluminium caps with plastic flip-off lids.
1, 5, 10 hætteglas.
1, 5, 10 vials.
Hospitals pakning:
Hospital packs:
10, 25, 50 og 100 hætteglas.
10, 25, 50 100 vials.
Intravenøs injektion Ceftriaxone Tyrol Pharma og tilhørende navne (se Bilag 1) 1 g pulver til injektionsvæske eller infusionsvæske, opløsning, opløses i 10 ml vand til injektionsvæsker (hvilket giver en volumen på 10. 8 ml, koncentration 93 mg/ ml).
Intravenous injection Ceftriaxone Tyrol Pharma and associated names (See Annex I) 1 g powder for solution for injection or infusion should be dissolved in 10 ml of water for injections (resulting volume 10.8 ml, concentration 93 mg/ ml).
Dosering og indgivelsesmåde).
The injection should be administered over at least 2 – 4 minutes directly into the vein or via the tubing of an intravenous infusion (see section 4.2).
Intravenøs infusion Ceftriaxone Tyrol Pharma og tilhørende navne (se Bilag 1) 1g pulver til injektionsvæske eller infusionsvæske, opløsning, bør opløses i en af de følgende kalium frie infusions løsninger:
Intravenous infusion Ceftriaxone Tyrol Pharma and associated names (See Annex I) 1 g powder for solution for injection or infusion should be dissolved in one of the following calcium-free infusion solutions:
Natriumklorid 0, 9%, natriumklorid 0, 45% og glukose 2, 5%, glukose 5% eller 10%, dextran 6% i glukose 5%, hydroxyethyl stivelse 6- 10% opløsning til infusioner.
Sodium chloride 0.9%, sodium chloride 0.45% and glucose 2.5%, glucose 5% or 10%, dextran 6% in glucose 5%, hydroxyethyl starch 6-10% infusions.
6. 2 Uforligeligheder.
See also the information included in section 6.2.
Blandingen af den færdige infusionsopløsning skal foretages over to trin for at muliggøre blanding af den nødvendige volumen af infusionsopløsning.
The reconstitution of the ready to use solution for infusion has to take place in two steps in order to allow the reconstitution of the necessary volume of solution for infusion:
Denne opløsning skal så fortyndes med 9 ml mere af fortyndingsvæsken og ende med at give en volumen på 20, 5 ml og en koncentration på 49 mg/ ml.
This solution should then be diluted with 9 ml more of diluent giving a final volume of 20.5 ml and a concentration of 49 mg/ ml.
Denne volumen på 20, 5 ml rekonstitueret infusionsopløsning bør administreres straks som en kort tids infusion på 30 minutter.
This volume of 20.5 ml reconstituted solution for infusion should be administered immediately as a short time infusion over 30 minutes.
Mindre mængder til lavere doser kalkuleret ud fra en mg/ kg kropsvægt skal kalkuleres proportionalt.
Smaller amounts for lower doses calculated on an mg/ kg bodyweight basis have to be calculated proportionately.
Ceftriaxone Tyrol Pharma og tilhørende navne (se Bilag 1), 1 g pulver til injektionsvæske eller infusionsvæske, opløsning, opløses i 3, 5 ml af 1% w/ v lidocainhydrochlorid injektionsopløsning.
Intramuscular injection Ceftriaxone Tyrol Pharma and associated names (See Annex I) 1 g powder for solution for injection or infusion should be dissolved in 3.5 ml of 1% w/ v lidocaine hydrochloride injection solution.
Denne opløsning (som giver en volumen på 4, 2 ml, koncentration 238 mg/ ml) bør administreres som dyb intramuskulær injektion.
The solution (resulting volume 4.2 ml, concentration 238 mg/ ml) should be administered by deep intramuscular injection.
4. 2 Dosering og indgivelsesmåde).
Dosages greater than 1 g should be divided and injected on more than one site Not more than 1 g of ceftriaxone should be injected on either side of the body (see section 4.2).
Ceftriaxon bør ikke blandes i den samme sprøjte med andre medicinske produkter end 1% w/ v lidocainhydrochlorid opløsning (kun til intramuskulær injektion).
23 Ceftriaxone should not be mixed in the same syringe with any medicinal product other than 1% w/ v lidocaine hydrochloride solution (for intramuscular injection only).
Den blandede opløsning bør rystes i op til 60 sekunder for at sikre fuldstændig opløsning af ceftriaxon.
The reconstituted solution should be shaken up to 60 seconds to ensure complete dissolution of ceftriaxone.
21 Når opløsningen til intramuskulær eller intravenøs injektion er rekonstitueret, giver den hvide til gullige krystalliske pulver en svag gul til ravgul opløsning.
When reconstituted for intramuscular or intravenous injection, the white to yellowish crystalline powder gives a pale yellow to amber solution.
Sandoz GmbH, Biochemiestrasse 10, A- 6250 Kundl, Østrig.
[See Annex I - To be completed nationally]
(Se Bilag 1 for national færdiggørelse)
[To be completed nationally]
6. 1.
Each 2 g infusion bottle contains 2 g ceftriaxone (as hydrated disodium).
Pulver til infusionsvæske, opløsning.
Powder for solution for infusion
• • • • •
• sepsis • bacterial meningitis • infections of bones or joints • infections of skin or soft tissues • pneumonia
Ceftriaxone Tyrol Pharma og tilhørende navne (se Bilag 1), 2 g pulver til infusionsvæske, opløsning, kan gives som intravenøs infusion efter tilberedning af opløsningen i overensstemmelse med instruktionerne nedenfor (se afsnit 6. 6 Instruktioner vedrørende anvendelse og håndtering).
Ceftriaxone Tyrol Pharma and associated names (See Annex I) 2 g powder for solution for infusion should be administered by intravenous infusion after reconstitution of the solution according to the directions given below (see section 6.6).
Dosis bør bestemmes ud fra graden af infektionen og infektionsstedet, den årsagsgivende mikroorganismes modtagelighed og patientens alder og tilstand.
Dosage should be determined by the severity and site of infection, susceptibility of the causative micro-organism and the patient’ s age and condition.
Normal dosis
25 Normal dosage
23 Den sædvanlige dosis er 1- 2 g ceftriaxon givet én gang daglig (med 24 timers interval).
The usual dose is 1 to 2 g of ceftriaxone, administered once a day (every 24 hours).
4. 2.
In severe infections the daily dose of 80 mg per kg bodyweight must not be exceeded, except in meningitis (see section 4.2.:
Specielle dosis anbefalinger).
Special dosage recommendations).
Den normale dosis af ceftriaxon bør administreres 30- 90 minutter før operation.
The normal daily dose of ceftriaxone should be administered 30-90 minutes prior to surgery.
Nyreinsufficiens:
26 Renal insufficiency:
24 Leverinsufficiens:
Hepatic insufficiency:
Bivirkninger).
The dose does not need to be altered in patients with a liver disease provided that the renal function is normal (see section 4.8).
Farmakokinetiske egenskaber).
In simultaneous severe renal and hepatic insufficiency the serum ceftriaxone concentrations should be monitored regularly and the dosage adjusted appropriately for children and adults (see sections 4.4 and 5.2).
4. 4.
Previous immediate and/ or severe hypersensitivity reaction to a penicillin or to any other beta-lactam medicinal products (see section 4.4).
Calcium behandling på grund af risikoen for ceftriaxon calcium salt udfældning, når det drejer sig om nyfødte.
Calcium treatment because of the risk of precipitation of ceftriaxone-calcium salt in term newborns.
5. 1 Farmakodynamiske egenskaber).
In suspected or proven infections with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, high resistance rates (> 60%) for ceftriaxone in at least some European countries should be taken into consideration (see section 5.1).
25 Overfølsomhedsreaktioner overfor ceftriaxon er mere sandsynlig hos patienter med andre typer af overfølsomhedsreaktioner eller astmatisk bronchitis.
27 Hypersensitivity reactions against ceftriaxone are more likely in patients with any other type of hypersensitivity reaction or asthma bronchiale.
4. 8 Bivirkninger).
Infusions with ceftriaxone should be used with special caution in patients with allergic diathesis, because hypersensitivity reactions emerge faster and proceed more severely after intravenous infusion (see section 4.8).
Dette medicinske produkt indeholder 7, 2 mmol (eller 166 mg) natrium per dosis, hvilket bør overvejes hos patienter på kontrolleret natrium diæt.
This medicinal product contains 7.2 mmol (or 166 mg) sodium per dose which should be taken into consideration for patients on a controlled sodium diet.
26 Bakterieostatisk antibiotika, så som chloramphenicol og tetracyclin, kan hæmme ceftriaxons aktivitet specielt ved akutte infektioner ledsaget af hastigt vækst af mikroorganismerne.
28 Bacteriostatic antibiotics, such as chloramphenicol and tetracycline, may antagonise the activity of ceftriaxone, especially in acute infections accompanied by rapid proliferation of micro-organisms.
Laboratorie- diagnosticerende tests Coomb testen kan i sjældne tilfælde give falsk- positive resultater under behandling med ceftriaxon (se pkt.
Laboratory-diagnostic tests The Coombs test may be false-positive in rare cases during treatment with ceftriaxone (see section 4.4).
Ceftriaxon kan give falsk- positive resultater af bestemmelsen af galactose i blodet.
Ceftriaxone may lead to false-positive results of galactose determination in blood.
Pulver til injektionsvæske, opløsning - intramuskulær administration:
Powder for solution for injection – intramuscular administration:
Brugen af ceftriaxon og lidokain er kontraindikeret under graviditet og amning.
The use of ceftriaxone and lidocaine is contraindicated during pregnancy and lactation.
27 I dette afsnit er bivirkninger defineret som nedenfor:
29 In this section undesirable effects are defined as follows:
Infektiøse og parasitære sygdomme Ikke almindelige Svamp i kønsorganerne.
Mycosis of the genital tract.
Sygdomme i blod - og lymfesystem Sjældne Eosinofili, leukocytopeni, granulocytopeni
Eosinophilia, leucopenia, granulocytopenia.
Agranulocytose (< 500/ mm 3) fleste af dem forekommer efter 10 dages behandling eller efter en total dosis på 20 g ceftriaxon og mere; koagulationssygdomme; thrombocytopeni.
Agranulocytosis (< 500/ mm3), mostly after 10-day treatment and a total dose of 20 g ceftriaxone and more; Coagulation disorders, Thrombocytopenia.
Forstyrrelser i immunsystemet Almindelige:
Immune system disorders Common:
Alvorlig, akut overfølsomhedsreaktion stigende til anafylaktisk chok.
Severe acute hypersensitivity reactions up to anaphylactic shock.
Lyell syndrom/ toksisk epidermolyse, Steve- Johnson syndrom eller Erythema multiform.
Lyell syndrome/ toxic epidermolysis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome or Erythema multiforme.
Sygdomme i nervesystemet Ikke almindelige Hovedpine, svimmelhed, vertigo.
Headache, dizziness, vertigo.
Sygdomme i lever og galdeveje Meget almindelige:
30 Hepato-bilary disorders Very common:
28 Symptomatisk udfældning af ceftriaxon som calciumsalt i galdeblæren hos børn/ reversibel cholelithiae hos børn.
Symptomatic precipitation of ceftriaxone calcium salt in the gallbladder of children/ reversible cholelithiasis in children.
Forhøjet leverenzymer i serum (AST, ALT, basisk phosphatase).
Elevated liver enzymes in serum (AST, ALT, alkaline phosphatase).
4. 4 Særlige advarsler og forsigtighedsregler vedrørende brugen).
Discontinuation of treatment should be considered too (see section 4.4).
Udfældning af cefriaxon i nyrerne hos pædiatriske patienter oftest hos børn over 3 år behandlet med enten høje daglige doser f. eks.
Precipitates of ceftriaxone in the kidneys in paediatric patients, mostly in children older than 3 years treated either with high daily doses (e. g.
Behandling af forgiftning
31 Therapy of intoxication
De respektive værdier for anaerobe er 16 µg/ ml / følsom), 32 µg/ ml (intermediat) og 64 µg/ ml (resistent).
The respective values for anaerobes are 16 µg/ ml (sensitive), 32 µg/ ml (intermediate) and 64 µg/ ml (resistant).
Gram- negative anaerobe 30 Citrobacter koseri2 Escherichia coli* 1 Haemophilus influenzae * Haemophilus parainfluenzae * Klebsiella pneumoniae * 1 Klebsiella oxytoca * 1 Moraxella catarrhalis * Morganella morganii1 Neisseria meningitidis * Proteus mirabilis* 1 Proteus vulgaris1 Providencia spp. 1 Salmonella spp. 1 Serratia spp. 1 Shigella spp.
Citrobacter koseri2 Escherichia coli*1 Haemophilus influenzae* Haemophilus parainfluenzae* Klebsiella pneumoniae* 1 Klebsiella oxytoca* 1 Moraxella catarrhalis* Morganella morganii1 Neisseria meningitidis* Proteus mirabilis*1 Proteus vulgaris1 Providencia spp.1 Salmonella spp.1 Serratia spp.1 Shigella spp.
Gram- positive anaerobe
33 Gram-positive anaerobes
31 Aeromonas spp.
Aeromonas spp.