natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
man selv dør, 
You yourself die,
dø skal gods og guld; 
gods and gold die;
et ærligt navn skal aldrig dø, 
an honourable name will never die,
et man vandt 
one which was won
ved sit værk 
by your own work
(Hávamál strofe 77). 
(Hávamál stanza 77).
Det store eddadigt Hávamál giver i modsætning til vikingetidens mange heltedigte om krigeriske bedrifter en lang række praktiske leveregler i dagligdagen. 
The great Eddic poem Hávamál, in contrast to the many heroic poems about exploits in war, contains a large number of practical rules of conduct for everyday life.
Der er vers om klogskab, venskab, at være gæst, opførsel på tinge osv. 
There are verses about wisdom, friendship, how to act as a guest and how to behave at assemblies (“things”).
Digtet Rigs Vandring rummer en levende skildring af vikingetidens klassesamfund. 
The poem Rígsthula provides us with a vivid portrayal of class divisions in Viking society.
Rig, som er guden Heimdal, er på rejse i menneskenes verden. 
Ríg, who is the god Heimdall, goes on a journey in the human world.
Rig kommer først til en ussel rønne, hvor han møder et pjaltet par, Oldefar og Oldemor. 
Ríg arrives at a miserable hovel, where he meets a couple dressed in ragged clothes, Ái (Great-grandfather) and Edda (Great-grandmother).
Her beværtes han med elendig mad. 
They offer him some pitiful food.
Om natten ligger han i sengen mellem de to. 
At night he lies between the couple in a bed.
Ni måneder senere føder Oldemor en grov, sort og ludende søn, som bliver døbt Træl. 
Nine months later Great-grandmother gives birth to an ugly son with a crooked back, who is named Thrall.
Træl avler børn med den snavsede Tøs, og deres børn bliver ophav til trællenes æt. 
Thrall has children together with Thír, who is described as filthy, and from these children slaves originate.
Dernæst besøger Rig Bedstefar og Bedstemor. 
Next Ríg visits Afi (Grandfather) and Amma (Grandmother).
De skildres som et typisk bondepar. 
They are portrayed as a typical farming couple.
Også her ligger han midt i deres seng, og Bedstemor nedkommer ni måneder efter med en dreng, der døbes Karl. 
He also lies in the middle of their bed, and nine months later Grandmother gives birth to a boy, who is given the name Karl.
Karl vokser op og gifter sig med et passende parti, som overlades husets nøgler. 
Karl grows up and marries Snør, who is presented with the keys to the house.
Karls børn bliver bønders æt. 
Karl’s children are the ancestors of farmers.
Til sidst kommer Rig til en storbondes gård, hvor han ligger mellem Far og Mor. 
Lastly Ríg comes to a wealthy farmer’s residence, where he lies between Fadir (Father) and Módir (Mother).
Mor nedkommer med en søn, der døbes Jarl. 
Mother gives birth to a son, who is named Jarl.
Rig lærer Jarl at mestre runer. 
Ríg teaches Jarl the art of using runes.
Jarl går i krig og kommer til at eje 18 gårde. 
As a result of his successes in war, Jarl ends up owning 18 farms.
Konr bliver gift og får et kongerige. 
Konr later marries and gains a kingdom.
Rigs rejse blandt menneskene resulterede i de tre sønner: Træl, Karl og Jarl, som blev stamfædre til henholdsvis trællene (slaverne), bønderne og stormændene. 
Ríg’s travels amongst humans resulted in three sons: Thrall, Karl and Jarl, who became the ancestors of respectively slaves, farmers and magnates.
De blev rejst for at blive set og var malet med stærke farver. 
They were intended to be visible and were painted in bright colours.
Vikingerne føles pludselig meget nær med runestenene. 
The rune stones bring us very close to the Vikings.
På dem får vi navnene på de mennesker, som levede og døde dengang. 
Their inscriptions feature the names of the people who lived and died at this time.
Vi hører om deres rejser ud i verden, om store bedrifter og om sørgelige skæbner. 
They also provide information about the travels, great achievements and sad fates of these individuals.
Runesten kendes stort set kun fra Skandinavien. 
Rune stones are by and large only found in Scandinavia.
Fra vikingetidens Danmark kendes godt 250 runesten. 
Around 250 rune stones are known from Viking Age Denmark.
Langt de fleste findes i Sverige, hvor man kender over 3000 indskrifter. 
Most of the Scandinavian examples are from Sweden, where there are over 3000 inscriptions.
Det ser ud til, at skikken for alvor blev populær i Danmark, efter at Harald Blåtand rejste den store Jellingsten for sin far Gorm den Gamle og sin mor Thyra omkring 970. 
The tradition apparently only became widespread in Denmark after Harald Bluetooth erected the large Jelling Stone for his father, Gorm the Old, and his mother, Thyra, around 970.
De fleste runesten i Danmark er rejst i perioden ca. 975-1025. 
Most of the rune stones in Denmark were raised in the period c. 975-1025.
X rejste denne sten over Y 
X raised this stone for Y
Runeindskrifterne nævner altid de personer, der rejste stenene, og de personer, som stenene blev rejst for. 
The runic inscriptions always name the people who erected the stones and those the stones were raised for.
De kunne rejses for og af både mænd og kvinder. 
Rune stones were placed in honour of both men and women.
Ofte fortælles også om de dødes nærmeste slægtsforhold, stilling i samfundet, måske en kort rosende karakteristik af ham eller hende og en omtale af dødsomstændighederne. 
Often mentioned are the deceased’s closest kin, position in society, perhaps a short description of his or her character and the circumstances surrounding death.
Der kan også være ornamentik og billeder på stenene. 
Ornamentation and images are also found upon rune stones.
Traditionen at rejse runesten var udbredt blandt vikingetidens rige og magtfulde familier, men var ikke forbeholdt dem alene. 
The tradition of erecting rune stones was typically associated with the rich and powerful families of the Viking Age, but was not their exclusive preserve.
For eksempel fortæller Hørningstenen, som er fundet tæt ved Århus, at den er rejst af en frigiven træl. 
For example, the Hørning stone, found close to Aarhus, displays an inscription stating that it was erected by an emancipated slave.
Når stenene blev rejst af rige kvinder, var det ofte for at mindes deres ægtefæller. 
Stones that were raised by rich women, often commemorated their husbands.
Sådan en kvinde var Ragnhild. 
Ragnhild was one such woman.
Hun rejste sammen med sine sønner runestenen ved Glavendrup på Fyn. 
Along with her sons, she erected the rune stone at Glavendrup on Funen.
Ragnhild satte denne sten efter Alle den blege (?), viernes gode, hirdens højværdige thegn. 
Ragnhildr placed this stone in memory of Alli the Pale, priest of the sanctuary, honourable þegn of the retinue.
Det hænder også, at følelser kommer til udtryk på stenene. 
The texts upon rune stones sometimes also express emotions.
Læs mere om hvordan vikingerne også brugte også runerne til magi. 
Read more about how the Vikings also used runes for magic.
Storgårdene husede vikingetidens mest fremtrædende personer. 
The residences were the homes of the most prominent people of the Viking Age.
Ifølge islandske sagaer og skriftlige kilder fra middelalderen skulle Lejre være det sted, hvor den første danske kongeslægt, Skjoldungerne, havde deres kongsgård. 
According to the Icelandic sagas and written sources from the medieval period, Lejre was supposed to have been the location where the first Danish royal family, the Scyldings, had their royal seat.
Arkæologiske udgravninger har nemlig vist, at Lejre har rødder tilbage i 500-tallets jernalder, og allerede dengang var et betydningsfuldt sted. 
Archaeological excavations have shown that Lejre has origins stretching back into the Iron Age, to the 6th century AD, and that it was already an important place at this time.
Fra vikingetiden har arkæologer fundet en kæmpe bebyggelse, der har strakt sig over et areal på ca. 125.000 m2, heriblandt en storgård. 
Furthermore, archaeologists have found a huge Viking settlement at Lejre, extending over an area of c. 125, 000 m2 and including a magnate’s residence.
Storgården bestod af en hal i kongelig størrelse, som var 48 m lang og 11 m bred. 
This consisted of a hall of royal dimensions - 48 m long and 11m wide.
Hallen er indtil videre den største kendte vikingetidsbygning i Danmark. 
The hall is the largest known Viking building in Denmark.
Her fandt de officielle handlinger sted. 
Official activities are likely to have taken place here.
Til storgården hørte også en række øvrige bygninger – nogle op til 42 m lange. 
A number of other buildings were also associated with the magnate’s residence – some up to 42 m long.
De store huse skulle rumme både stormanden og hans følge samt de gæster, der kom til stormandsgården. 
The large houses are likely to have been for the magnate and his retinue, together with the guests who came to the visit him.
Det kunne være medlemmerne af hans familie, hans hird (soldater) og gæstende stormænd til rådsforsamlinger. 
These people may have been members of his family, his housecarls (soldiers) and magnates attending councils.
Stormandsgården og de tilknyttede bygninger lå højt og var omkranset af et kraftigt hegn eller palisade. 
The magnate’s residence and associated buildings were located on higher land, and were surrounded by a sturdy fence or palisade.
Uden for dette område findes værksteder og anden småbebyggelse. 
Outside this area were workshops and another small settlement.
I slutningen af 900-tallet tyder meget på, at den sjællandske kongemagt bliver fortrængt af Jellingdynastiet med Harald Blåtand i spidsen. 
At the end of the 900s much evidence suggests that the royal power base on Zealand was supplanted by the Jelling dynasty led by Harald Bluetooth.
Harald Blåtand overtog stormandsgården i Lejre for senere at rykke sit sjællandske hovedsæde til Roskilde. 
Harald took over the magnate’s residence at Lejre, only later to move his headquarters on Zealand to Roskilde.
Afhængigt af vekslende politiske og personlige forhold blev snart et, snart et andet område foretrukket. 
Changing political and personal circumstances meant that another location was soon preferred.
I slutningen af vikingetiden blev de store ringborge bygget. 
At the end of the Viking period, the large ring fortresses were built.
Der findes fire i det nuværende Danmark: Trelleborg ved Slagelse, Fyrkat ved Mariager Fjord, Aggersborg ved Limfjorden og Nonnebakken i Odense. 
There are four in Denmark: Trelleborg near Slagelse, Fyrkat close to Mariager Fjord, Aggersborg near Limfjord and Nonnebakken in Odense.
Alle borgene blev opført inden for et kort tidsrum omkring år 980, og de består af en stor cirkulær vold, der omslutter bebyggelser af forskellige størrelser. 
All of the fortresses were erected in a short period around the year 980 and consist of a large circular earthwork surrounding settlements of varying sizes.
Der er ingen tegn på, at borgene blev vedligeholdt, så de blev kun brugt i kort tid. 
There is no indication that the fortresses were maintained, so they were apparently only used for a short period.
Borgenes ensartede opbygning og deres arkitektur viser, at de må være opført under en central ledelse. 
Their homogenous construction and architecture indicate that they must have been built under central leadership.
I år 980 var Harald Blåtand konge, og der findes flere forklaringer på baggrunden for borgenes opførelse. 
In the year 980 Harald Bluetooth was king and there are several possible explanations for the construction of the fortresses.
De skal ses i forbindelse med interne magtkampe mellem Harald og Svend Tveskæg, som forberedelse på en militær trussel fra det tyske kejserrige, eller måske som led i en militær mobilisering forud for flådeangreb mod England. 
They may be seen in connection with the internal power struggles between Harald and Sweyn Forkbeard, as part of preparations against a military threat from the Holy Roman Empire or perhaps as a stage in military mobilization prior to a naval attack against England.
Harald opførte adskillige store bygningsværker i sin regeringstid. 
Harald was responsible for various large-scale construction projects during his rule.
Således stod han, udover ringborgene, for både bygning af flere store broer og veje samt udbygning af voldanlægget Danevirke. 
These included the ring fortresses, great bridges and roads, as well as the enlargement of the defensive system known as the Danevirke.
Trelleborg rummede 16 store huse inden for ringvolden og 15 ved forvolden. 
At Trelleborg there were 16 large houses within the inner rampart and 15 near the outer defence.
Borgen var en militær garnison med soldater og deres familier. 
The fortress was a military garrison, housing soldiers and their families.
I borgen vedligeholdt man våben, værktøj og bygninger. 
Weapons and tools were also kept at Trelleborg.
Skibe blev vedligeholdt uden for borgvolden. 
In addition, ships were maintained near the fortress.
Borgens gravplads rummer mindst 157 mænd, kvinder og børn. 
Trelleborg’s burial place contained the remains of at least 157 men, women and children.
De gravlagte kan være fra borgen, men måske også fra en landsby blot 200 meter borte. 
These people may have been from the fortress, but could also have lived in a village located just 200 metres away.
En enkelt grav vidner om krig, idet den indeholdt 10 mænd på mellem 17 og 35 år, som blev gravlagt samtidig. 
One grave provides evidence of conflict, as it contained the remains of 10 men between the ages of 17 and 35, who were buried at the same time.
En af mændene havde fået benet hugget af lige over knæet. 
One of the men had suffered a brutal wound; his leg had been chopped off above the knee.
Efter 1926 fik den sin første motor, og i 1960 blev den solgt, hvorefter den skiftede navn til 'Thomas'. 
After 1926 it was given its first motor and was sold in 1960, its name then being changed to Thomas.
I 1972 kunne den ikke længere bruges som erhvervsfartøj, og den blev solgt til Per Thuesen, som gav den sit gamle navn 'Bonavista' tilbage. 
In 1972 it could no longer be used as a working vessel and was sold to Per Thuesen, who gave it its old name of 'Bonavista' back.
Frem til 2000 blev skibet brugt til sejlads med lystfiskere og chartergæster. 
Until 2000 the ship was used for leisure fishing and charter trips.
Slaverne hentede vikingerne primært på deres togter i Østeuropa og på de Britiske Øer. 
They acquired slaves primarily on their expeditions to Eastern Europe and the British Isles.
Vikingerne skaffede sig også slaver blandt egne landsmænd, hvor forbrydelser, som mord men også tyveri, blev straffet hårdt med slaveri som følge. 
They could also obtain Viking slaves at home, as crimes like murder and thievery were punished with slavery.
En kvinde, der stjal, kunne blive den bestjålnes slavinde. 
For example, a woman who stole could be punished by being forced to become her victim’s slave.
Slavehandel var også kendt før vikingetiden, men vikingernes mange erobringer og handelsrejser satte slaveimporten i system og skabte en sand pengemaskine. 
Slave trading also existed before the Viking period, but with the numerous territories that the Vikings conquered and their extensive trading networks, slavery could now operate within a system and bring them great wealth.
Det er især skriftlige kilder og lovtekster, der fortæller os om slavehandelen, for slaverne selv har ikke efterladt sig mange spor. 
Written sources and legal texts in particular inform us about the slave trade, but the slaves themselves have left few traces behind.
Der findes kun nogle få arkæologiske fund, hvor det ses, at en træl har fulgt sin herre i døden. 
However, a few archaeological discoveries have been helpful in this respect, such as burials in which slaves were forced to follow their owners in death.
I skriftlige kilder kan vi se, at vikingerne afsatte slaverne på handelsmarkeder, som Hedeby i Danmark og Bulgar ved Volgafloden. 
Written sources tell us that the Vikings sold slaves at trading centres, such as Hedeby, and Bolghar on the Volga.
Her blev slaverne handlet og omsat til andre varer. 
Here slaves were traded and exchanged for other products.
Køberne var for eksempel vikingebønder, der brugte slaverne i husholdningen og til det hårdeste og mest beskidte arbejde i marken. 
The buyers might be Viking farmers, who could use slaves in the household, as well as for the hardest and most unpleasant work in the fields.
Flere slaver leverede nok også en del af arbejdskraften til vikingetidens mange og store bygningsværker. 
Significant numbers of slaves probably also provided a proportion of the manpower for the great building projects of the Viking Age.
Vikingerne var ikke de eneste, der handlede med slaver. 
The Vikings were not the only ones who traded in slaves.
Der blev også handlet med slaver i Vesteuropa, men her var det ikke god skik at sælge sine egne landsmænd. 
Slaves were also traded in Western Europe, but here it was not common practice to sell fellow countrymen.
Kirken var imod, at kristne var slaver hos ”de vantro” vikinger. 
The Church was against Christians being forced into slavery by “the heathen” Vikings.
Det fortælles, at en munk i 870 blev så oprørt over at se kristne slaver til salg i Hedeby, at han solgte alle sine ejendele og personligt købte slaverne fri. 
One account describes how a monk was so shocked at seeing Christian slaves for sale in Hedeby in 870, that he sold all his possessions and personally bought the slaves their freedom.
Derfor var slaviske folk i Østeuropa i lang tid et oplagt bytte for europæiske og nordiske slavehandlere. 
Therefore, the Slavic peoples of Eastern Europe were for a long period an obvious target for European and Nordic slave traders.
Det er herfra, at betegnelsen slaver stammer. 
It is from this area that the term “slave” originates.
Indskriften fortæller, at Toke, som var håndværker, fik sin frihed. 
It tells us that Tóki, who was a craftsman, was given his freedom.
Kristendommens indførelse medførte, at slaveriet aftog, men det blev først helt afskaffet i løbet af middelalderen. 
The introduction of Christianity led to a decline in slavery, but it was not until later on, during the medieval period, that it was completely abolished.
Så sent som i Jyske Lov fra 1241 findes der regler for trælle. 
However, the practice was apparently still in existence in 1241, as the civil code Codex Holmiensis from this year contained rules regarding slaves.
Slaver var mennesker, der ikke havde nogen personlige rettigheder. 
Slaves were people without any personal rights.
Det kommer blandt andet til udtryk i det norske lovsprog, hvor slaver og slavinder betegnes med ”man”, det vil sige intetkøn. 
This is reflected, for example, in Norwegian legal language, in which slaves and slave women are referred to using the neuter gender.
Det frie menneske betegnes derimod med hankøn. 
The masculine gender, on the other hand, is used for free people.
Slaverne blev betragtet som ”kvæg”, altså som avancerede husdyr, og de boede formentlig i langhusets mørkeste ende sammen med husdyrene. 
Slaves were seen as “cattle”, or as advanced domestic animals, who typically lived in the darkest end of the longhouse with the other domestic animals.
Opførte slaverne sig ikke ordentligt, blev de pisket. 
If slaves did not behave properly then they were beaten.
Ejeren kunne til hver en tid straffe sine slaver, som han lystede. 
An owner could punish his slaves as much as he wanted.
Slaverne lagde også krop til seksuel udnyttelse. 
The slaves’ bodies were also available for sexual exploitation.
Det fremgår blandt andet af den arabiske diplomat Ibn Fadlans rejsebeskrivelse fra 922, hvor han mødte en gruppe vikinger ved Volga. 
This is mentioned in the description from 922 by the Arabic diplomat, Ibn Fadlan, about his encounter with a group of Vikings on the Volga.
Her fortælles, at de smukke piger, som skulle sælges, blev udnyttet seksuelt af deres ejere, mens andre så på. 
He describes how the two attractive girls, who were to be sold, were sexually abused by their owners, whilst others watched.
Men særligt kønne slavepiger og kvindelige krigsfanger af høj stand kunne dog opnå gode kår og anseelse. 
However, especially attractive slave girls and female prisoners of war of a high status could live in good conditions and achieve respect.
Det samme gjorde sig sandsynligvis også gældende for mandlige slaver med særlige håndværksmæssige færdigheder. 
The same probably also applied to male slaves, who were particularly skilled craftsmen.
Men deres vikingetogter var meget andet end vold, mord og plyndringer. 
But the Viking expeditions involved much more than violence, murder and plundering.
I virkeligheden var det slet ikke dem, der ”opfandt” togterne. 
In reality it was not them who “invented” raiding.
At rejse ud og hærge fremmede egne var nemlig ikke et nyt fænomen – det gjorde man også tidligere. 
To travel abroad and ravage foreign territories was not a new phenomenon – it had been done previously.
Men i vikingetiden blev togterne mere organiserede, og man tog oftere af sted. 
But in the Viking period the raiding expeditions became more organised and frequent.
De kunne være handelsfolk, lejesoldater, røvere, diplomater, pengeafpressere, opdagelsesrejsende, indvandrere, nybyggere, militær overklasse og overfaldsmænd. 
They could be traders, mercenaries, robbers, diplomats, blackmailers, explorers, immigrants, settlers, the military upper class or attackers.
Trafikken til søs skabte også vækst i handelspladserne på land, navnlig i Hedeby og Ribe. 
The increased traffic on the sea also led to growth of the trading centres on land, particularly Hedeby and Ribe.
En strøm af handelsvarer fra så fjerne steder som det yderste arktiske nord og de islamiske riger i Orienten passerede deres markeder. 
A flow of trading products from foreign areas, such as the outermost Arctic North and the Islamic empires of the East, passed through the Viking markets.
De forskellige togter 
Different types of expeditions
Vikingernes graffiti 
Viking "graffiti"
Farefuld færd til Østeuropa 
Dangerous journeys to Eastern Europe and Russia
Vikingeskibet var et stykke højteknologi, der byggede på århundreders udvikling og erfaring. 
The Viking ship was a piece of high technology based upon hundreds of years of development and experience.
De udmærkede sig ved deres lille køl, der gav dem en lav dybgang. 
It was distinguished by its narrow keel and shallow draught.
Det gjorde selv de største havgående krigsskibe i stand til at sejle helt ind på stranden og op ad floder. 
This made even the largest ocean-going warships suitable for sailing onto beaches and up rivers.
Denne taktik førte bl.a. til belejringen af Paris i år 885. 
Such tactics enabled, for example, the siege of Paris to be carried out in the year 885.
Den nuværende franske hovedstad var i vikingetiden en mindre, befæstet by beliggende på øen Île de la Cité midt i Seinen. 
The present-day French capital was in the Viking period a small, fortified town on the island Île de la Cité, in the middle of the Seine.
De første vikingetogter var knap så ambitiøse projekter. 
The first Viking expeditions were not very ambitious projects.
De var hurtige overraskelsesangreb af berigelseskarakter, oftest kun med ganske få skibe involveret. 
They were quick, surprise raids with the purpose of enrichment, most often involving only a few ships.
Vikingerne var i høj grad opportunister, og udover at plyndre og skaffe trælle blandede de sig ofte i lokalpolitiske forhold. 
The Vikings were opportunists, who apart from plundering and acquiring slaves, often interfered in foreign political matters.
Vi har mange eksempler på vikingehære, der fungerede som lejesoldater i blandt andet Frankerriget og England. 
There are many examples of Viking armies that functioned as mercenaries in the Frankish Empire and England, for example.
Disse hære blev belønnet godt og undertiden blev de tildelt land af lokale fyrster eller konger efter endt tjeneste. 
These armies were well paid and could also be given land by local princes or kings in reward for their service.
Vikingerne drog ikke altid ud med krig for øje. 
The Vikings did not always set out with war in mind.
Fund af store lastskibe og rige handelsbyer giver et mere nuanceret billede af perioden. 
Finds of large cargo ships and wealthy trading towns give a more nuanced picture of the period.