natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Disse varer bragte bønderne ind til byerne, hvor de byttede dem væk for andre nødvendigheder som tøj eller redskaber eller luksusprægede varer som smykker og glas. 
They were brought into the towns by farmers and exchanged for necessities, such as clothes or tools, and luxury items, like jewellery and glass.
Igennem vikingetiden blev sølvet mere og mere vigtigt i handlen. 
During the course of the Viking period, silver became a more and more important component of trading.
I starten som en vare, hvormed man betalte efter vægt. 
It was a product which could be used for payment according to its weight.
Derfor findes ofte ituklippede smykker, barrer og mønter af sølv. 
Cut-up silver jewellery, ingots and coins have therefore often been found.
Det var for at få sølvvægten afstemt i den indgående handel. 
These were required to make the weight of silver balance in a transaction.
Med skålvægte, som holdes i hånden, og vægtlodder kunne man præcis afgøre, hvor meget sølv der skulle til, for at en handel var på plads. 
Using a set of scales and weights, the amount of silver that was required to complete a deal could be precisely determined.
De ældste danske mønter er fundet i både Ribe og Hedeby, men overgangen til at bruge mønter som betalingsmiddel slog først for alvor igennem i 1000-tallet, under kong Svend Estridsen. 
The earliest known Danish coins have been found at Ribe and Hedeby, but coins first began to be used more widely as a method of payment during the 11th century, in the reign of King Sweyn II Estridsen.
Ifølge forskellige kilder kunne en stigbøjle byttes lige over med et sværd eller købes for 125 gram sølv. 
According to various written sources, a stirrup could be exchanged directly for a sword or bought for 125 grams of silver.
Ville man købe sig en slavinde kostede hun en ko og en okse. 
A female slave, on the other hand, cost a cow and an ox.
Tre køer gik lige op med en hest, mens man måtte af med to heste eller fire mandlige slaver for en ringbrynje. 
Three cows were equal to a horse, whilst two horses or four male slaves were needed to acquire a suit of chain mail.
Dette giver en idé om, hvilken værdi nogle af varerne havde i vikingetiden, men dengang som i dag har udbud og efterspørgsel præget markedet. 
This gives us an idea of the value of some of the goods in the Viking Age, although supply and demand also influenced the market then, just as they do today.
Derfor rejste vikingetidens handelsfolk gerne langt efter varer. 
Therefore Viking tradesfolk travelled long distances to obtain goods.
De sejlede over Nordsøen, til Norge og Sverige eller ned ad de østeuropæiske floder og dybt ind i Rusland. 
They sailed over the Baltic to Norway and Sweden, down the rivers of Eastern Europe and deep into Russia.
Vikingernes vigtigste eksportvarer var slaver og pelsværk. 
The most important Viking exports were slaves and furs.
De varer, vikingekøbmændene byttede sig til undervejs, bragte de hjem til de skandinaviske handelsbyer. 
The Viking merchants brought back goods to the Scandinavian trading towns, which they had acquired in exchanges on their travels.
Ottar, som var en købmand fra Nordnorge, har fortalt om sine rejser mod syd. 
Ottar, a merchant from North Norway, described his trading trips to the south.
Det tog Ottar 5 dage at sejle fra handelsbyen Kaupang ved Oslofjorden til Hedeby i Slesvig. 
It took Ottar five days to sail from the trading town of Kaupang on the Oslo Fjord to Hedeby in Schleswig.
Købmanden Wulfstan kunne rejse fra Hedeby til Letland på 7 dage. 
The merchant Wulfstan could travel from Hedeby to Latvia in seven days.
Hedeby var en magnet, der tiltrak hele Østersøområdets handel, og handelsbyen fungerede også som et knudepunkt for handelen med hele Vesteuropa. 
Hedeby was a magnet for all of the Baltic area’s trade, and the town also functioned as a junction for trade with the whole of Western Europe.
Det skyldtes byens beliggenhed på grænsen mellem Skandinavien og landene mod syd. 
This was due to its location on the border between Scandinavia and the territories to the south.
Fra Vesteuropa kom klæde, glasvarer, keramik, møllesten, salt og vin. 
Cloth, glass products, ceramics, millstones, salt and wine came to Hedeby from Western Europe.
Der kom også råvarer som kobber, tin og bly til smykkesmedene. 
Raw materials like copper, tin and lead for jewellery making were also imported.
Til trods for dette kunne Hedeby dog ikke imponere den arabiske handelsmand At-Tartuschi. 
Despite all this, Hedeby did not impress the Arabic trader al-Tartushi.
Han blev skuffet over at finde en by så fattig på varer og rigdom, da han besøgte den i 900-tallet. 
He was disappointed to find a town so lacking in goods and wealth, when he visited it in the 900s.
Men efter nordisk målestok var Hedeby en blomstrende og driftig by. 
However, by Nordic standards Hedeby was a flourishing and busy town.
Ud fra handelsvarer ses omfanget og rækkevidden af handelskontakterne. 
Trading products illustrate the extent and scope of Viking trade contacts.
Det ses i form af genstande, der tydeligt har deres oprindelse fra et helt andet sted end der, hvor de bliver fundet. 
Many objects originate from a completely different location to where they have been found.
I Skandinavien synes der at have været en fast rutefart af handelsskibe mellem handelsbyerne Hedeby i Danmark, Birka i Sverige og Kaupang i Norge. 
In Scandinavia there is thought to have been a fast and regular flow of cargo ships between the trading towns of Hedeby in Denmark, Birka in Sweden and Kaupang in Norway.
Birka var ligesom Hedeby en af de store og velbesøgte handelsbyer. 
Birka, like Hedeby, was one of the large and busy trading towns.
Byen blev anlagt i 700-tallet, antagelig ved kongelig forordning og var utrolig velorganiseret. 
It was founded in the 700s, presumably by royal decree, and was a very well organised trading centre.
Året rundt valfartede købmænd til Birka for at bytte pelsværk og reb for arabisk sølv, proviant og luksusvarer. 
All year round merchants travelled to Birka to exchange fur and rope for Arabic silver, luxury products and provisions.
En af svenskernes vigtigste indtægtskilder var jernmalm. 
One of the Swedes’ most important sources of revenue was iron ore.
Den blev primært solgt til danske handelsfolk og fragtet til Hedeby. 
This was mainly sold to Danish traders and shipped to Hedeby.
Via Birka og Gotland var Hedeby også forbundet med handelsruterne ad de russiske floder til Konstantinopel – vore dages Istanbul og Kalifatet i Bagdad, hvorfra luksusvarer kom. 
Via Birka and Gotland, Hedeby was also connected with the trading routes along the Russian rivers to Constantinople and the Caliphate in Baghdad, where luxury products could be obtained.
Købmænd valfartede også hver sommer til markedet i Kaupang, der lå ved Oslofjorden. 
Merchants also travelled each summer to the market at Kaupang, located on the Oslo Fjord.
Kaupang havde en lukrativ eksport af hvalrostænder, fuglefjer, skind, hvæssesten af skifer og gryder af klæbersten, som ligeledes blev solgt til danskerne mod syd. 
Kaupang enjoyed a lucrative export trade in walrus teeth, bird feathers, skins, whetstones of schist and cooking pots of soapstone, which were also sold to the Danes to the south.
Kaupang-markedet lå dog i hård konkurrence med handelsbyer på de Britiske Øer, hvor de fleste nordmænd foretrak at sælge deres varer. 
However, the market centre of Kaupang faced strong competition from trading towns in the British Isles, where most Norwegian traders preferred to sell their goods.
Især den gamle vikingekoloni i Dublin trak handlende til. 
The old Viking settlement at Dublin in particular attracted merchants.
Arkæologiske fund fra vikingetidens handelsbyer viser, hvad de lokale håndværkede solgte. 
Archaeological finds from the trading towns of the Viking period indicate what types of products local craftsmen sold.
Her er det især affaldet fra håndværkernes værksteder, der afslører produktionen. 
Waste from craftsmen’s workshops in particular has revealed what was produced.
Fund af tenvægte og vævevægte viser, at der blev spundet garn og vævet klæde. 
Finds of spindle whorls and loom weights show that yarn was spun and cloth woven.
Læderhåndværk blev også udført i stort omfang, og der blev fremstillet skeder, punge, bælter, sko, remme og seletøj. 
Many leather items were also made, including sheaths, purses, belts, shoes, straps and harnesses.
Mellem de mange håndværkere arbejdede også kammageren, der lavede kamme af ben og tak, og perlemageren, der lavede farvestrålende perler af glas og rav. 
Amongst the many craftsmen, were comb makers, who made combs from bone and antler, and bead makers, who produced colourful beads of glass and amber.
Der boede også smede i byerne. 
Smiths also lived in the towns.
De fremstillede og reparerede husgeråd, våben, værktøj og nøgler. 
They produced and repaired kitchen utensils, weapons, tools and keys.
Stumper af støbeforme viser, at der også blev produceret smykker i byerne. 
Fragments of moulds show that jewellery was also made in the towns.
Træforarbejdning var sandsynligvis det håndværk, der beskæftigede flest hænder. 
Woodwork probably occupied the greatest numbers craftsmen.
De mange forskellige varer viser, at der har været et stort lokalt som internationalt vareudbud i handelsbyerne. 
These numerous different products show that there must have been a large local, as well as international, range of goods available in the trading towns.
Rus'ernes land - vikingernes togter østover 
Land of the Rus - Viking expeditions to the east
Der kendes tre andre borge som tydeligt er opført i forbindelse med Trelleborg og efter samme model, nemlig Aggersborg på nordsiden af Limfjorden, Fyrkat ved Hobro og Nonnebakken i Odense. 
Three other fortresses are known, which were obviously constructed in association with Trelleborg and are based upon the same model: Aggersborg on the north side of the Limfjord, Fyrkat near Hobro and Nonnebakken in Odense.
Af disse er Aggersborg den største, mens Trelleborg er langt den bedst bevarede og i øvrigt den eneste med en befæstet forborg. 
Aggersborg is the largest of these whilst Trelleborg is by far the best preserved and the only one with a fortified outer ward.
Der kendes ingen samtidige skriftlige kilder til ringborgene overhovedet. 
There are no known contemporary written sources that mention the ring fortresses.
Intetsteds har de sat sig direkte spor i de historiske kilder, hvilket kan synes mærkeligt, når man tager den gigantiske indsats, der ligger bag anlæggene, i betragtning. 
The lack of direct evidence in the historical sources is somewhat surprising given the gigantic effort that must have been involved in the constructions.
Muligvis skyldes kildernes tavshed, at borgene tilsyneladende kun var i brug i meget kort tid, måske så lidt som 10 – 15 år. 
It is possible that the absence of written sources can be explained by the fact that the fortresses were apparently only in use for a very short time, perhaps for as few as 10-15 years.
Trelleborg er årringsdateret på grundlag af tømmer fra voldgravene. 
Trelleborg has been dated using dendrochronological dating of timber from its moats.
Træet er fældet mellem august 980 og maj 981, og det ligger derfor fast, at der blev arbejdet på ydervolden i dét år. 
The tree from which the wood came was felled between August 980 and May 981, and it is therefore certain that work was undertaken on the outer rampart around this time.
Præcis hvor lang tid hele opførelsen har taget vides ikke med sikkerhed, men dateringen til perioden omkring 980 kan forklare borgenes formål. 
It is not known precisely how long the whole construction process took but it seems likely that the dating to around 980 explains the function of the fortresses.
Den politiske situation i denne periode er ganske velbelyst, og trods rivaliserende teorier er det indlysende at kæde ringborgene sammen med Harald Blåtands forsøg på at styrke kongemagten i Danmark, som fandt sted i netop den periode. 
The political situation at this time has been the subject of much examination and, despite opposing theories, it seems clear that the ring fortresses were associated with Harald Bluetooth’s attempts to strengthen royal power in Denmark, which took place during this period.
Harald hævder på den store runesten i Jelling, at han ”vandt sig al Danmark og Norge og gjorde danerne kristne”. 
Harald proclaims on the large rune stone at Jelling that he “won for himself all of Denmark and Norway and made the Danes Christian”.
At se anlæggene som en del af bestræbelserne på at undertvinge småkonger og lokale høvdinge forekommer logisk, især i betragtning af at en stærk central kongemagt givetvis har været den eneste magtfaktor med tilstrækkelige midler til at gennemføre en sådan kraftanstrengelse. 
It would be logical to conclude that the fortresses were part of an attempt to subdue petty kings and local chieftains, especially given the fact that a strong, central royal power was clearly the only actor with sufficient resources to undertake such an exercise.
Ringborgene vidner om den modvilje Haralds bestræbelser mødte, og det er ikke overraskende, at rigssamlingen ledte til oprør og borgerkrig. 
The ring fortresses testify to the animosity, which Harald’s efforts were met with, and it is not surprising that the attempt unify the kingdom led to rebellion and civil war.
Historien kendes fra flere kilder, især Jomsvikinga Saga, der identificerer snigskytten som den fynske stormand Palnatoke. 
This story is known from several written sources, in particular the Jomsvikinga Saga which identifies Harald’s killer as Palnatoke, a magnate from Funen.
Det er dog særdeles tvivlsomt, om beretningen er sand. 
However, it is exceedingly doubtful that the account is true.
At tolke ringborgene som en faktor i magtkampene omkring kronen kan også forklare deres meget korte funktionstid. 
The interpretation of the ring fortresses as an element in the power struggles over the Crown may also explain their extremely short period of use.
De har givetvis været kostbare at holde bemandede, og de er formodentligt blevet nedlagt kort efter borgerkrigen, hvor spørgsmålet om kongemagtens stilling var afklaret, og truslen om oprør ikke var overhængende. 
They were obviously expensive to keep manned and were probably dismantled shortly after the civil war when the question of the status of royal power had been resolved and there was no longer an immediate threat of rebellion.
Det vides ikke med sikkerhed, om navnet Trelleborg går tilbage til borgens opførelsestid, men navnesammenfaldet med søsteranlægget i Skåne tyder dog på, at det er tilfældet. 
It is not known with certainty whether the name of Trelleborg dates back to the time of the fortress’ construction but the fact that the same name has been used for its sister construction in Scania, Sweden, suggests that this was the case.
Der er foreslået to tolkninger af borgens navn; det kan have været tænkt som en hån mod de småkonger og høvdinge, der blev undertvunget af borgene, og som derved blev tvunget i trældom for kong Harald, eller en henvisning til selve byggeriet; ”trel” eller ”træl” er den oldnordiske betegnelse for et af de tømmerstykker, der indgik i husenes konstruktion. 
Two interpretations of the fortress’ name has been proposed: it may have represented an insult to the petty kings and chieftains who were subjugated by the fortresses (“borge” in Danish) and therefore forced into slavery (“trældom”) for King Harald; or the name could refer to the construction itself as “trel” or “træl” is an Old Norse name for pieces of timber, which formed part of the house structures.
Uundværlige på plyndringstogter og til selvforsvar har de været en vigtig del af nordboernes liv. 
Indispensable on plundering raids and for self-defence, they were an important part of the daily lives of Scandinavians.
Vi kender en hel del våbentyper, der vidner om, hvordan man førte krig for 1000 år siden. 
We are familiar with a number of types of weapons, which demonstrate how war was waged 1000 years ago.
Arkæologerne finder dem bl.a. i grave, i søer, ved vadesteder over vådområder og på gamle slagmarker. 
Archaeologists find them in graves, lakes, near fords and at battlefields from the Viking period.
Hvert fund er en lille brik til det store puslespil om vikingernes krigskunst. 
Each find is a small piece in the large jigsaw puzzle of Viking warfare.
I vikingetiden fandtes meget forskellige typer våben – sværd, økser, buer og pile, lanser og kastespyd. 
In the Viking Age a number of different types of weapons were used: swords, axes, bows and arrows, lances and spears.
I kamp kunne vikingerne ligeledes have forskellige hjælpemidler til at beskytte sig: skjolde, hjelme og ringbrynjer. 
The Vikings also used various aids to protect themselves in combat: shields, helmets and chain mail.
Vikingernes personlige våben afhang i høj grad også af økonomisk formåen. 
The weapons that Vikings possessed depended on their economic capacity.
Hvor sværdene var kostbare våben forbeholdt eliten, var økser og lanser mere opnåelige for krigere der kom fra den bredere befolkning. 
Whereas swords were the costly weapons of the elite, axes and lances were affordable to the warriors of the broader population.
Der er også stor forskel på, hvor mange forskellige typer våben og udstyr, vi har bevaret i nutiden. 
There are, however, variations in the preservation of the various types of weapons and equipment.
Vi kender til forholdsvist mange sværd og økser, mens fund af hjelme og brynjer er meget sjældne. 
For instance, relatively large numbers of swords and axes have survived until today, whilst finds of helmets and chain mail are extremely rare.
Gå på opdagelse i vikingetidens våben og hjælpemidler. 
Discover the weapons and battle equipment of the Viking Age.
De var uundværlige på plyndringstogter og til selvforsvar, når vikingerne skulle beskytte sig i kamp. 
These items were indispensable on plundering raids, for self- defence and provided protection in battle.
Sværd 
Swords
Besærkergang 
Berserkers
Økser 
Axes
Hjelme 
Helmets
Skjolde 
Shields
Kampteknik 
Combat techniques
Den stilfærdige kongesøn Uffe skal i tvekamp med to saksere, men de sværd han får stukket i hånden går i stykker, når han svinger dem i sin stærke arm. 
The king’s son, Offa, is to engage in combat with two Saxons, but the swords that he has been given break when he tries to use them.
Hans gamle, blinde far, kong Vermund, beslutter, at lade sit gamle sværd “Skræp” opgrave fra jorden, hvor det har ligget, siden han blev for gammel til at bruge det med ære. 
His old, blind father King Wermund decides to have his old sword “Skræp” dug up from the ground, where it has lain since he became too old to use it effectively.
Uffe bliver udstyret med familieklenodiet, og med det besejrer han de to saksere. 
Offa is equipped with this family heirloom and uses it to defeat the two Saxons.
Hver gang sværdet bider i Uffes modstandere, udbryder gamle kong Vermund de udødelige ord: “Det var Skræp, der klang”. 
Every time the sword cuts Offa’s opponents, King Wermund cries out ”that was Skræp that struck!”
Ovenstående historie viser os, hvor stor en betydning man tillagde sværdet som våben. 
The story illustrates the great importance that was attached to the sword as a weapon.
Skarpe klinger kan undertiden endda få sit eget navn, som i historien om Uffe. 
Sharp swords could sometimes even be given names, as in the story about Offa.
Disse navngivne sværd går igen i flere fortællinger. 
Swords with names are involved in several other stories.
F.eks. bærer Sigurd Fafnersbane et særligt sværd ved navn Gram, der er smedet af faderens itubrudte sværd. 
For example, Sigurd carries a special sword called Gram, which was forged from his father’s broken sword.
Skal vi lære mere om disse mægtige våben, må vi vende os mod arkæologien. 
To learn more about these powerful weapons we must turn to the archaeological evidence.
Her har vi et væld af klinger, der kan bringe historien videre. 
Here a large number of swords can provide us with much more information.
Vikingernes sværd var normalt omkring 90 cm lange. 
The Vikings’ swords were normally around 90 cm long.
Som regel var der tale om tveæggede sværd, og klingerne kunne være både hjemligt fremstillede eller importerede fra Frankerriget. 
They were usually double-edged and could be domestically produced or imported from the Frankish Empire.
Klingerne kunne være dekoreret med smedede mønstre. 
The blades were sometimes decorated with pattern welding.
Sværdenes greb kunne være udformet på mange forskellige måder – og de kunne være lavet af både forskellige former for knogle og tak samt ædelmetaller som guld og sølv. 
The hilts of the swords were of various shapes and were made of bone, antler or precious metals such as gold and silver.
Sværdet var et dyrt våben, og man gjorde derfor ofte meget ud af at dekorere fæstet. 
The sword was an expensive weapon and therefore much effort was put into decorating its handle.
Grebknappen, der agerede modvægt til sværdklingen, så sværdet var i balance, kunne f.eks. have indlæg af ædelmetal eller være udformet med sirlige mønstre. 
The pommel, which acted as a counterweight to the blade so that the sword balanced, could display inlays of precious metals or intricate patterns.
Selve sværdklingen var ofte konstrueret med en såkaldt blodrille løbende langs midten. 
The blade itself often had “blood grooves” running along its middle.
Dette sparede værdifuldt metal og gjorde sværdet lettere. 
These saved valuable metal and made the sword lighter.
Vikingesværd kender vi fra forskellige begravelser, hovedsageligt fra den tidlige vikingetid. 
We are familiar with Viking swords from various burials, which mainly date to the early Viking period.
Når en afdød i vikingetiden er gravlagt med et sværd, er der oftest tale om en person med høj status. 
It was most often people of high status who were buried with swords in the Viking Age.
Det var nemlig ikke alle vikingetidens krigere, der havde et sværd – vikingernes sværd var prestigevåben. 
Not all Viking warriors had a sword; they were prestige weapons.
Sværdene var meget værdifulde og kunne nedarves i generationer. 
Swords were highly valued objects and could be handed down from generation to generation.
De kunne også gives som gaver til højtstående personer, som man ønskede at være på god fod med. 
They were also given as gifts to people of high status in order to stay on good terms with them.
Fra vikingetid og tidlig middelalder finder vi også en del sværd, spyd og lanser nær vadesteder i åer og vådområder. 
Many swords, spears and lances from the Viking and early medieval periods have also been found near fords crossing rivers and in wetlands.
Man har måske lagt våbnet her som et offer, eller også er det simpelthen tabt, da man har forsøgt at komme tørskoet over. 
Perhaps the weapons were left at such locations as an offering, or else they were simply dropped and lost during the attempt to cross the water.
Nogle af de mest luksuriøse sværdklinger, vikingerne kunne få fat i, var importeret fra Rhinområdet. 
Some of the finest sword blades that the Vikings could acquire were imported from the Rhine area.
Klingerne bar navnet ”ULFBERTH”, et kvalitetsmærke der dækkede over tidens bedste sværd, fabrikeret i stål i høj kvalitet. 
Their blades bore the name ”ULFBERTH”, which denoted the best swords of the time made of high quality steel.
Selve Ulfberth var måske den mester, der stod for produktionen af disse sværd i 800-årenes Frankerrige. 
Ulfberth may have been the master, who was responsible for the production of these swords in the Frankish Empire during the 9th century.
Sværdene blev dog produceret helt op til det 11. årh., så navnet må efterhånden være blevet en slags mærke for et specielt værksted. 
However, the swords were made up until the 11th century, so the name must subsequently have been used for the products of a particular workshop.
Ulfberth-sværdene blev så populære, at der til sidst blev indført et eksportforbud. 
The Ulfberth swords became so popular that a ban had to be placed upon their export.