natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Det er del af den menneskelige natur og jo ”mere præcis og klar fornuften er, des bedre fantasiverden skaber den”. 
It is part of human nature and the “more precise and clear the reason is, the better the fantasy world it creates”.
De gemytlige og fredselskende Hobbitter bliver tvunget til at forlade Herredet og blande sig i denne kamp. 
The cheery, peace-loving Hobbits are being forced to leave the Shire and become involved in this battle.
På den måde er 2. verdenskrig måske alligevel ikke så langt borte, som Tolkien selv siger. 
Here, the Second World War might not be quite as distant as Tolkien himself says.
Tolkien mente i øvrigt, at kommunismen var en langt større fare for Europa end nazismen. 
Tolkien also felt that communism was a far greater danger to Europe than Nazism.
På den anden side er det også en eviggyldig og eksistentiel konflikt. 
On the other hand, it is also a perpetual and existential conflict.
Kirkefaderen Augustin (354-430) beskrev som en kamp mellem to byer: Menneskenes by og Guds by, hvor sidstnævnte var forudbestemt til at vinde. 
Church Father Augustine (354–430) described it as a battle between two cities: the city of man and the city of God, the latter of which was destined to win.
Men det var netop en kamp, der først ville slutte, når gudsriget blev en realitet. 
However, it was a battle that would only end when the kingdom of God became a reality.
I middelalderen var verden befolket med mærkelige overjordiske skabninger, dæmoner og fantastiske skabninger, der kæmpede om menneskenes sjæl. 
In the Middle Ages, the world was populated by strange supernatural creatures, demons and fantastic creatures, which fought for the souls of men.
Djævlen – Lucifer – er i den kristne verden netop en falden engel. 
In the Christian world, the Devil – Lucifer – is a fallen angel.
Sådan er det også i Tolkiens univers, hvor Melkor er den faldne engel og Sauron en af hans disciple. 
And that is how it is in Tolkien’s universe, too, where Melkor (or Morgorth) is the fallen angel and Sauron, one of his disciples.
Men betyder det, at det onde altid har været en del af Guds skaberværk? 
But does that mean that evil has always been part of God’s creation?
Faren ved det spørgsmål er, at det let glider over i dualisme, altså at der eksisterer både en ond og god skaberkraft i universitet, og djævlen bliver en slags gud i sig selv og ikke blot en falden engel. 
The danger with the question is that it slides easily into dualism – that is, that both evil and good forces exist in the universe, and the Devil becomes a kind of god in himself, and not just a fallen angel.
I middelalderen mente man netop, at mennesket var udstyret med en fri vilje til at vælge det onde eller det gode. 
In the Middle Ages, it was thought just that man was equipped with free will to choose evil or good.
Lige siden oldkirken er den dualistiske retning blevet erklæret for kættersk. 
Ever since the Early Church, the dualistic school of thought has been declared heretical.
Den mest kendte dualistiske retning, der tilsyneladende var en alvorlig også institutionel trussel mod den romersk-katolske kirke var katarerne i Sydfrankrig. 
The most famous dualist movement, which was apparently also a serious institutional threat to the Roman Catholic Church, was the Cathars in southern France.
Der blev bekæmpet både militært og åndeligt med korstog og inkvisition i første halvdel af 1200-tallet. 
They were defeated militarily and spiritually by the Crusades and the Inquisition in the early 13th century.
Tolkiens univers er dybt forankret i Tolkiens egen kristne tro, der var meget ortodoks. 
Tolkien’s universe is deeply rooted in Tolkien’s own Christian faith, which was extremely orthodox.
Ikke desto mindre kan genren således også afstedkomme reelle refleksioner om tro og frelse. 
Nevertheless, the genre can bring about real reflections on faith and salvation.
Det siger en del om genrens kraft og dens nære sammenhæng til centrale spørgsmål i tilværelsen. 
It says a lot about the power of the genre and its close relationship with the central question of existence.
En ener og central skikkelse er Gollum, der engang var en Hobbit, men som herskerringen har fordærvet og givet et unaturligt langt liv. 
A solitary and central figure is Gollum, who was once a hobbit, but has been corrupted and given an unnaturally long life by the One Ring.
Det er ikke ukendt, at begær kan fordærve et menneske i middelalderens litteratur. 
It is not unheard of for lust to destroy a man in medieval literature.
Ja, ligefrem få det til at ændre udseende. 
Or even to change his appearance.
I Vølsungesaga er Fafners begær efter guld og skatte årsag til, at han bliver til en drage og til sidst dræbt. 
In Vølsungesaga, Fafner’s lust for gold and treasure are the reason he turns into a dragon and is eventually slain.
Ligesom dragen Smaug i Hobbitten vogter han en mægtig guldskat. 
Like the dragon Smaug in The Hobbit, he guards an immense gold treasure.
Dragerne spiller en vigtig rolle i middelalderens mytologi – både den kristne og den nordiske. 
Dragons play an important role in medieval mythology – both Christian and Norse.
Mest kendt er måske Skt. Georgs kamp mod dragen, der symboliserer det godes kamp mod det onde. 
Best known is perhaps St George fighting the dragon, which symbolises the battle of good versus evil.
Djævelen antager altså skikkelse af en drage. 
The Devil therefore takes on the shape of a dragon.
I Hobbitten møder man også hamskifteren Beorn, der bliver til en bjørn. 
In The Hobbit, we also meet the shape-shifter Beorn, who turns into a bear.
I nordisk mytologi er der masser af historier om, at guderne kan iføre sig dyreham. 
In Norse mythology, there are a great many stories about gods who can turn into animals.
Middelalderens litteratur fortæller om folk, der bliver forheksede til eksempelvis varulve. 
Medieval literature tells of people who are cursed; for example, werewolves.
Tolkien har altså kunnet trække på både middelalderens historier og illustrationer, der er fulde af fantastiske væsner og monstre, og på den nordiske mytologis historier om jætter, trolde og større, ældre og mere drabelige væsner som Midgårdsormen, der snor sig hele vejen om jorden på havets bund. 
Tolkien has thus been able to draw on medieval stories and illustrations, which are full of fantastic creatures and monsters, and Norse mythology’s tales of giants, trolls and larger, older and more ferocious creatures such as the sea serpent of Middle-earth, which winds its way all around the earth on the ocean floor.
Den enevældige konge havde stor magt, landets borgere var alle hans undersåtter, men de havde meget forskellige levevilkår. 
Denmark’s monarchy is one of Europe’s oldest, despite changing forms of government and power struggles between various groups in society over the years.
Enevældens mennesker levede på vidt forskellige måder, og de havde meget forskellige livsvilkår afhængig af om de tilhørte adelen, var bønder eller borgere. 
There were great differences between the everyday life of the farmers, with their obligations to the estate owners, life in in the market towns and in the great manor houses.
Alle undersåtter var i teorien ligestillet under den enevældige monark. 
The clergy, who were also the officials of the absolute monarchy, were occupied with wiping out remnants of magical practices and Catholic traditions amongst the population.
Men i praksis var det danske samfund opdelt i stænder, hvor der var meget stor forskel på de enkelte gruppers levevis og muligheder. 
The absolute monarchy was also the period in which enterprising tradesfolk, with the support of the Crown, could make great profits in the lucrative trading triangle between Denmark, Africa and the Danish West Indies.
Under enevælden var Danmark en af Europas mest militariserede stater set i forhold til størrelse. 
Political developments took place in the territory that the absolute monarch ruled over: the dual kingdom of Denmark-Norway, Iceland, Greenland, the Faroe Islands and the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein.
Besøg udstillingen Danmarkshistorier på Nationalmuseet i København. 
Visit the exhibition Stories of Denmark at the National Museum in Copenhagen.
Nationalromantikken fik særligt betydning i Danmark efter statsbankerot i 1813 og afståelsen af Norge i 1814. 
One of these was for a new government with national liberal participation.
Trosfriheden sikredes i 1849 med grundloven. 
The next day the king accepted this demand.
Nye tanker og idéer kom til at ændre opfattelsen af menneskets eksistens. 
New thoughts and ideas came to change the view of human existence.
Elektriciteten blev bl.a. den energikilde, der skulle komme til at revolutionere både erhverv og dagligdag. 
Electricity was the form of energy that revolutionized both the workplace and everyday life.
Den ekstra indtægt i familien kunne bruges på nogle af de mange nye forbrugsgoder som eksempelvis fjernsyn. 
The extra family incomes could be used on the new consumer durables that became available, such as televisions.
Antallet af politiske partier øgedes, og staten opbyggede et socialt system, der tog sig af de svage grupper. 
The number of political parties increased, and the state built up a social system that looked after the weaker groups in society.
Med den store nye arbejderklasse var Danmark blevet et klassesamfund, og de politiske partier blev klassernes talerør. 
With the emergence of a large new working class, Denmark became a class society, with the political parties functioning as mouthpieces for the various classes.
I 1924 overtog Socialdemokratiet for første gang regeringsmagten. 
The Social Democrats came to power for the first time in 1924.
Med i regeringen var undervisningsminister Nina Bang - verdens første kvindelige minister. 
In this government was the education minister Nina Bang – the world’s first female minister.
Sammen med de radikale indførte Socialdemokratiet en lang række velfærdsreformer i 1930erne. 
Together with the Radical Liberals, the Social Democrats introduced a large number of welfare reforms in the 1930s.
Også i store dele af 1950erne og 1960erne stod Socialdemokratiet som regeringsparti i spidsen for en række reformer, som skulle give velfærdsgoder til hele befolkningen. 
For long periods in the 1950s and 1960s the Social Democrats, as the party of government, also spearheaded a number of reforms, which provided welfare provision for the whole population.
F.eks. indførte man i 1956 folkepension for alle. 
For example, in 1956 old age pension was introduced for all.
I år 2000 var kvinderne i vidt omfang blevet aflastet med hensyn til pasning af børn, syge og gamle - det var blevet en samfundsopgave. 
By 2000 women had to a large extent been relieved of looking after children, the sick and elderly – this had instead become society’s responsibility.
Serviceerhvervene var blevet den sektor, der beskæftigede flest. 
By now the largest employment sector of the Danish economy was services.
Samtidig var der - efter den netop overståede anden verdenskrig - en vis tro på, at fremtiden så lysere ud end fortiden. 
However, after the end of the Second World War there was also belief that the future would be brighter than the past.
Utilfredshed med forældregenerationens værdier gav ungdommen en ny og egen identitet, og de traditionelle kønsroller blev i stigende grad udfordret gennem årtiet. 
Dissatisfaction with the values of their parents gave the youth of the 1950s their own new identity, and the traditional roles of the sexes were increasingly challenged during the decade.
Men der boede jo faktisk nogen i forvejen. 
But there were already people living there.
Amerika var befolket af indianere, da spanierne kom. 
America was populated when the Spaniards landed.
Men de europæiske sygdomme og de tragiske overgreb på indianerne førte til, at de indianske samfund blev svækket eller helt bukkede under mange steder i Amerika. 
But European diseases and vicious attacks on the indigenous population resulted in these communities being decimated or totally eradicated in many parts of America.
Af denne grund er der mange indfødte amerikanere, der i dag er modstandere af, at man i USA fejrer Columbus-dag i USA. 
For this reason many Native Americans oppose the celebration of Columbus Day in the U.S.
Amerika var i slutningen af 1400-tallet et område med mange forskellige højtudviklede kulturer, der havde levet der i årtusinder. 
At the end of the 1400s America was an area with many different, highly developed cultures that had been there for millennia.
Fra den amerikanske prærie kender mange til sioux- og cheyenne-stammerne, ligesom mange også kender store civilisationer som mayaerne og aztekerne i Mellemamerika og Inkariget, der havde sit udspring i Peru. 
Many of us have heard of the Sioux and Cheyenne tribes of the American plains, just as we know of the major Maya and Aztec civilisations of Central America, and the Inca Empire that originated in Peru.
Men resten af Amerika var også befolket - inklusiv de caribiske øer. 
But the rest of America was also populated, including the Caribbean islands.
Taino’erne og carib’erne var de to største indianske befolkninger i området, da Columbus’ ankom i 1493. 
The Taino and Carib were the largest groups in the region when Columbus arrived in 1493.
Deres dagligliv var præget af fiskeri, håndværk og landbrug. 
Their daily life was one of fishing, handicrafts and farming.
Derudover var de - ligesom de fleste andre indianske kulturer, overbevist om, at mennesket og livet var uadskilleligt fra naturen og kosmologien. 
In addition, like most indigenous peoples, they believed that human life was inseparable from nature and the cosmos.
Meget tyder på, at frøen var et religiøst frugtbarhedssymbol. 
There are numerous indications that the frog was a religious symbol of fertility.
Taino’erne dyrkede rodfrugten maniok, og som mange andre folk med et holistisk syn på verden, mente de, at man kunne hjælpe plantens vækst på vej ved at udføre forskellige ritualer. 
The Taino farmed the root vegetable cassava, and like many people with a holistic view of the world believed that rituals helped the plant to grow.
Formålet med ekspeditionen var at blive klogere på Caribiens oprindelige befolkning, dvs. de indianske samfund, der beboede øerne før europæernes kolonisering. 
The goal of the expedition was to learn more about the indigenous people of the Caribbean who had inhabited the islands prior to European colonisation.
Arkæologerne kalder disse indianske fund for præcolumbianske, fordi de stammer fra tiden ’præ’, altså før Columbus’ ankomst. 
Archaeologists classify these international finds as ‘pre-Columbian’, since they originate from the time before the arrival of Columbus.
På St. John var det præsten Pastor Penn, der viste Gudmund Hatt vej til øens arkæologiske pladser. 
On St. John it was Reverend Penn who guided Gudmund Hatt to the island’s archaeological sites.
Europæiske og amerikanske arkæologer arbejder meget forskelligt. 
European and American archaeologists use very different methods.
I amerikansk arkæologi er der tradition for at grave mindre test-huller, hvor man studerer de forskellige lag vertikalt. 
In American archaeology small test holes are usually dug to study the vertical layers of a site.
I europæisk arkæologi fjerner man derimod jorden lag for lag på et større felt for på den måde kan få et bedre horisontalt overblik. 
In European archaeology the earth of a larger area is removed layer by layer to establish a more comprehensive horizontal overview.
Gudmund Hatt var overbevist om, at den europæiske metode var langt bedre egnet. 
Gudmund Hatt was convinced of the advantages of the European method.
Ekspeditionen blev - efter tidens standarder, meget grundigt dokumenteret. 
By contemporary standards the expedition was incredibly well documented.
På de første udgravninger samlede Gudmund Hatt stort set alle de genstande, han fandt. 
During the first excavations Gudmund Hatt collected almost every object he found.
Han brækkede f.eks. ofte hanke og udsmykning af krukkerne og smed resten væk. 
He often broke the handles and decoration off pots, throwing the rest away.
Det betyder, at der findes hundredevis af afbrækkede hanke i Gudmund Hatts samling, men desværre kun få intakte skåle og krukker på de vestindiske øer. 
As a result there are hundreds of severed handles in Gudmund Hatt’s collection, and not many intact bowls and pots on the Virgin Islands.
Er det en respektfuld måde at behandle andre menneskers kulturarv? 
Was this a respectful way to treat the cultural heritage of others?
Det vil vi ikke mene i dag, men på Gudmund Hatts tid var det ikke usædvanligt. 
We might not think so today, but it was not unusual during Gudmund Hatt’s lifetime.
De mange udgravninger betød, Gudmund Hatt ved ekspeditionens afslutning hjemsendte ca. 22m3 arkæologisk materiale til Nationalmuseet - svarende til ca. 4600 genstandsnumre eller over 20.000 genstande. 
The many excavations meant that by the end of the expedition Gudmund Hatt had sent approximately 22 m3 of archaeological material back to the National Museum in Denmark: around 4,600 registration numbers covering over 20,000 objects.
Samlingen spænder over alt fra økser til skåle, figurer og store sten med helleristninger, men også menneskeligt skeletmateriale. 
The collection includes everything from axes and bowls, to large rocks with carvings.
I næsten 100 år har denne imponerende samling ligget hengemt på Nationalmuseets magasin uden at blive grundigt udforsket eller udstillet. 
For almost a century this impressive collection gathered dust in storage at the National Museum of Denmark, without ever being the subject of serious study or an exhibition.
I 2015 gennemførte museet imidlertid en gennemgribende digitalisering, fotografering og nyfortolkning af hele den arkæologiske samling fra Vestindien. 
In 2015, however, the museum digitalised, photographed and reanalysed the entire archaeological collection from the West Indies.
Gradvist ændrede klimaet og landskabet sig. 
Gradually the climate and landscape changed.
I næsten 10.000 år var landet befolket af små grupper af jægere og samlere, som levede af det, naturen tilbød. 
In the next 10,000 years the land was populated by small groups of hunter-gatherers, who lived off what nature offered.
Vil du møde uroksen fra Vig, som undslap jægerne for 9000 år siden? 
Would you like to meet the Aurochs from Vig, that escaped hunters 9000 years ago?
Mere om Stenalderen 
The Aurochs from Vig
En af disse udgravninger blev gennemført i 1922-1923 af arkæologen Gudmund Hatt. 
One of these was conducted in 1922-1923 by the Danish archaeologist Gudmund Hatt.
Arkæologerne kalder de forhistoriske samfund for præcolumbianske, fordi de stammer fra tiden før Columbus ankomst i 1493. 
Archaeologists call the prehistoric cultures ‘pre-Columbian’ because they are from the time before Columbus’ arrival in 1493.
Caribien var befolket af indianere, da spanierne kom. 
The Caribbean was populated when the Spanish arrived.
Men de europæiske sygdomme og de tragiske overgreb på indianerne førte til, at de indianske samfund forsvandt på mange caribiske øer. 
But European diseases and brutal attacks resulted in the decimation of indigenous populations on many Caribbean islands.
Arkæologen Gudmund Hatt omtalte dem derfor i 1922 som den ”forsvundne urbefolkning”. 
In 1922 the archaeologist Gudmund Hatt referred to them as ‘the lost people’.
Det er ikke endeligt afklaret, hvordan de caribiske øer er blevet befolket, men meget tyder på, at der har været stor mobilitet, og at indvandringen foregik i bølger med udspring i Amazonas, Mellemamerika og Andes-området. 
There is no conclusive evidence of how the Caribbean islands were populated, but there are strong indications that there was a lot of mobility and that immigration took place in waves from the Amazonas, Central America and the Andes region.
På Columbus’ tid var de caribiske øer primært befolket af to indianske grupper – taino’erne mod vest og carib’erne mod øst. 
In the Columbian era the Caribbean islands were largely populated by two groups – the Taino to the west and the Carib to the east.
Salt River Bay har været befolket af begge befolkninger gennem tiden: Fra år 650 e.v.t. overtog taino’erne øerne fra igneri’erne, men blev selv fordrevet igen af carib’erne i år 1425 Carib’erne var et krigersamfund, der foretog plyndringstogter til naboøerne og tog taino’er til slaver. 
Salt River Bay had been populated by both groups: From 650 CE the Taino took over the islands from the Igneri, and were in turn expelled by the Carib in 1425 CE.
I USA er Salt River Bay det eneste sted, man ved med sikkerhed, at Columbus satte sine fødder på sin anden rejse til det amerikanske kontinent i 1493. 
Salt River Bay is the only place in the U.S. we can be certain Columbus disembarked on his second voyage to the American continent in 1493.
Hans møde med den oprindelige befolkning er beskrevet af hans søn, Ferdinand Columbus. 
His meeting with the indigenous population is described by his son Ferdinand Columbus.
Salt River Bay var ikke en almindelig boplads, men et religiøst center for først taino’erne og siden carib’erne. 
Salt River Bay was not an ordinary settlement, but a religious centre, first for the Taino, then for the Carib.
Det ved arkæologerne, fordi der findes menneskeofringer. 
We know this because archaeologists have found remains of human sacrifices here.
I Salt River Bay har man desuden fundet den eneste kendte boldbane i det østlige Caribien. 
The only known ball court in the Eastern Caribbean has also been found in Salt River Bay.
Deres funktion er stadig en gåde for arkæologerne. 
Their exact function remains an archaeological puzzle.
I dag er Salt River Bay under beskyttelse af det amerikanske National Park Service. 
Today Salt River Bay is managed by the American National Park Service.
Du kan søge i samlingen fra Salt River Bay her. 
You can explore the Salt River Bay collection here.
Afrikas historie rummer beretninger om vældige rigers opståen og uddøen. 
Africa’s story includes accounts of great empires and kingdoms.
Krige og folkevandringer har i mange tilfælde skabt meget komplicerede befolkningsmønstre. 
War and migration have created complicated population patterns.
I udstillingerne Jordens Folk og Etnografiske Skatkamre på Nationalmuseet er de afrikanske samlinger udstillet. 
The African collections are displayed in the exhibitions Peoples of the Earth and Ethnographical Treasure Rooms at the National Museum.
Der er bl.a. dragter, smykker, fluevifter, nakkeskamler, stole og raphia-vævninger - og våben som økser, kasteknive, sværd, spyd og skjolde fra hele kontinentet. 
There are clothes, jewellery, stools, chairs and objects made of raffia, as well as weapons such as axes, throwing knives, swords, spears and shields from all over the continent.
Og her er udstillet musikinstrumenter, masker, figurer, keramik, kurve og skåle. 
Musical instruments, masks, figures, ceramics, baskets and bowls are also displayed.
Se smagsprøver på film fra Afrika 
Visit the Ethnographic Collections at the National Museum in Copenhagen.
Med lyd, lys, levende billeder, og et mylder af spændende ting får du indblik i historien om almindelige menneskers hverdag på vej mod nutidens samfund. 
Sound, light, film, and a multitude of other things, give you an insight into the story of the lives of ordinary people in the transition to modern society, as well as into the significance of industrialisation to daily life.
Brede Værk er under omorganisering og vi arbejder på at kunne tilbyde undervisning og mange spændende aktiviteter hurtigst muligt, så hold øje med hjemmesiden fra 2019. 
With the ActiveTicket you can follow the virtual factory worker and tempt stories out of the machines workers used to clock in and out, large mobile phones and old train company uniforms.
Brede Værk er under omorganisering og vi arbejder på at kunne tilbyde rundvisninger og mange spændende aktiviteter hurtigst muligt, så hold øje med hjemmesiden fra 2019. 
You can easily spend a whole day on a visit, full of experiences for you and all your family.