natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Den anden NOAEL værdi er baseret på et to-generations studie af rotter (udsat for nikkelsulfat) og er relateret til effekter (øget perinatal dødelighed hos afkommet) under udviklingsprocessen. 
The other NOAEL value is based on a two-generation study of rats (exposed to nickel sulphate) and is related to effects (increased perinatal mortality in the offspring) during the development process.
NOAEL værdien for moderdyrene var på 1100 µg Ni/kg lgv/dag. 
The NOAEL value for the dam was 1100 µg Ni/kg bw/day.
For afkommet doseret efter den perinatale periode blev der identificeret et NOAEL på 2200 Ni/kg lgv/dag (Larsen og Tyle, 2008 - Draft), idet der ikke blev fundet effekter på afkommet. 
Regarding the offspring (dosed after the perinatal period), a NOAEL value of 2200 µg Ni/kg bw/day was identified (Larsen and Tyle, 2008 - draft), since no effect was found in the offspring.
Baseret på ovenstående information antages en NOAEL værdi på 1100 µg/kg lgv/dag, for at være gældende i dette projekt. 
Based on the above mentioned information a NOAEL value of 1100 µg/kg bw/day is assumed to be valid for use in this project.
6.4.10 Tolerabelt daglig indtag 
6.4.10 Tolerable daily intake - TDI
Risikovurderingen af nikkelsulfat fra 2005 (Andersen et al., 2005b) opgiver en NOAEL værdi på 1100 µg/kg/dag relateret til fosterbeskadigende effekter. 
The risk assessment of nickel sulphate from 2005 (Andersen et al., 2005b) gives a NOAEL value of 1100 µg/kg/day related to damaging effects on the foetus.
Til brug i dette projekt anvendes således en TDI værdi for nikkel på 4,4 µg/kg lgv/dag for kvinder. 
For use in this project a TDI value related to nickel exposure (in women) of 4.4 µg/kg/day is used.
For børn har et supplement til EU-risikovurderingen fra 2008 vurderet, at det bedste grundlag til fastsættelse af en tilladelig dosis for børn er et NOAEL på 2200 µg/kg/dag baseret på en to-generationsundersøgelse og dosering af afkommet. 
Regarding children a supplement to the EU risk assessment from 2008 has judged that the best basis for establishing a tolerable dose for children is a NOAEL value of 2200 µg/kg/day based on a two-generation study- and dosage of the offspring.
Ved anvendelse af en sikkerhedsfaktor på 100 opnås herved en TDI værdi på 22 µg/kg lgv/dag for børn (Larsen og Tyle, 2008 - Draft). 
By using a safety factor of 100 a TDI value of 22 µg/kg/day for children is achieved (Larsen and Tyle, 2008 - draft).
Værdien for børn er derfor højere, dvs. de er mindre følsomme, end gravide kvinder, som er mere følsomme end børn. 
The value related to children is thus higher which means that they are less sensitive than pregnant women.
Som for de andre metaller udsættes mennesker også for nikkel via andre kilder, såsom mad, vand og luft. 
As for the other metals humans are also exposed to nickel via other sources such as food, water and air.
Det er derfor nødvendigt at tage hensyn baggrundseksponeringen, for at finde frem til den mængde af nikkel, som mennesker i Danmark kan tåle at få ”ekstra” per dag, uden at der opstår sundhedsskadelige effekter. 
Thus, it is necessary to take into consideration the background exposure in order to identify the amount of nickel which humans in Denmark can tolerate to get “additionally” per day, without causing health related effects.
Baggrundseksponering af nikkel via føde og drikke i Danmark 
Background exposure of nickel via food and beverages in Denmark
Ifølge rapporten fra Fødevarestyrelsen (Fromberg et al., 2005) er baggrundseksponeringen i relation til nikkel fra fødevarer i Danmark i gennemsnit 109 µg/dag, hvilket omregnet svarer til (109/60) 1,817 µg/kg lgv/dag. 
According to a report from the Danish Veterinary and Food Administration (Fromberg et al., 2005) the background exposure of nickel from food in Denmark is in average 109 µg/day which corresponds to (109/60) 1.817 µg/kg bw/day.
Fromberg et al. (2005) opgiver ikke tal for nikkeleksponering fra føden hos 4-6 årige. 
Fromberg et al. (2005) does not state a number related to children (4-6 years) regarding nickel exposure from food.
Imidlertid hævder Fromberg et al. (2005), at 2 årige børn (15 kg) indtager 59% af fødevarekonsumeringen hos voksne. 
However, Fromberg et al. (2005) states that 2 year old children (15 kg) take in 59% of the amount of food which adults consume.
Fromberg et al. (2005) opgiver også baggrundseksponeringen i 95-percentiler (dvs. en værdi for hvad 95% af befolkningen maksimalt udsættes for). 
Fromberg et al. (2005) also states a background exposure in terms of 95 percentiles (i.e. a value representing the maximum amount that 95% of the population is exposed to).
For at vælge en konservativ tilgang anvendes denne værdi til at estimere hvilken mængde nikkel et voksent menneske i Danmark antages at indtage via luften. 
In order to choose a conservative approach this value is used to estimate the amount of nickel that an adult in Denmark inhales.
For børn (20 kg) gælder at de indtager (11 m³x5ng/m³/1000) 0,055 µg nikkel per dag, hvilket omregnet til per kilo legemsvægt giver et indtag af cadmium via luften på 0,003 µg/kg lgv/dag for børn. 
Children (20 kg) inhale (11 m³x5ng/m³/1000) 0.055 µg nickel per day which corresponds to an intake of cadmium via the air of 0.003 µg/kg bw/day.
Da TDI værdien som tidligere nævnt repræsenterer den mængde stof som man maksimalt må få per dag (hele livet) uden at der opstår sundhedsskadelige effekter, fratrækkes TDI værdien de ovennævnte tal for baggrundseksponering. 
As the TDI value, as mentioned earlier, represents the maximum amount of substance that a person can tolerate to take in per day (throughout his/her entire lifetime) without experiencing health related effects, the TDI value is subtracted the above mentioned figures representing background exposure.
Derved fås et tal for den ”ekstra tilførsel” af nikkel som et menneske må få dagligt (udover det de er eksponeret for via mad, drikke og luft) uden at der opstår sundhedsskadelige effekter. 
Hereby a number is attained which represents the “extra addition” of nickel that humans can have on a daily basis (beside what they are exposed to via food, beverages and air) without causing health related effects.
Denne værdi sammenlignes i eksponeringsberegningerne med hvad mennesker udsættes for ved at bære eller sutte på de smykker, der er undersøgt i dette projekt. 
In the exposure scenarios this value is then compared with the amount of nickel that humans are exposed to by wearing or sucking the jewellery examined in this project.
Dette betyder, at eventuelle tungmetaller/problematiske stoffer i smykker potentielt kan trænge ind i huden og medføre toksiske effekter. 
This means that possible heavy metals/problematic substances in the jewelleries can penetrate the skin and induce toxic effects.
En anden eksponeringsvej kan opstå ved at sutte på smykkerne. 
Another form of exposure can arise by sucking the jewelleries.
Nogle, sandsynligvis mest børn, har en tendens til at sutte på deres vedhæng på halskæden, hvorved de tungmetaller/problematiske stoffer, der migrerer fra smykket, direkte indtages. 
Some people (probably mostly children) have a tendency to suck their pendants on the necklace and thereby absorb the migrating heavy metals/problematic substances directly.
Hertil kommer, at der, for børn såvel som voksne, kan være en risiko for, at små smykker ved uheld kan sluges. 
Furthermore, there can be a risk for children, as well as for adults, that small jewelleries by accident can be swallowed.
Alvorligheden af dette bekræftes af et nyligt dødsfald af en 4-årig dreng. 
The seriousness of this is confirmed by a recent death of a 4 year old boy.
Drengen havde ved et uheld slugt et hjerteformet smykke, som indeholdt over 99% bly. 
The boy had by accident swallowed a heart-shaped jewellery containing more than 99% lead.
Episoden ledte til en frivillig tilbagekaldelse af 300.000 eksemplarer af det nævnte smykke (Berg et al., 2006). 
The episode let to a voluntarily recall of 300,000 examples of the mentioned jewellery (Berg et al., 2006).
Ved migrationsanalyserne til kunstig sved findes den mængde tungmetal, der kan migrere til sved og derved potentielt optages via huden. 
During the migration analysis the amount of heavy metal that can migrate to sweat and thereby potentially be absorbed via the skin is found.
Der er foretaget migrationstest for otte udvalgte tungmetaller i 25 forskellige delsmykker. 
Migration tests for eight chosen heavy metals in 25 different jewellery parts have been performed.
Der viste sig dog kun at være 4 metaller (Cu, Pb, Ni og Cd), der migrerede i en koncentration over den målbare grænse. 
Yet only 4 metals (Cu, Pb, Ni and Cd) showed to migrate in a concentration above the detection limit.
For disse 4 metaller er lavet en sundheds- og risikovurdering, hvori de TDI værdier, samt orale og dermale optagelsesrater for metallerne, der er udledt i kapitel 6 er benyttet. 
For these 4 metals a health and risk assessment has been performed in which the TDI values plus the oral and dermal absorption rates for the metals deduced in chapter 6 are used.
Til brug i den følgende risikovurdering anvendes således følgende data: 
For use in the following risk assessment the data below are applied:
Tabel 7-1: TDI værdier, samt dermal og oral optagelsesrater for de 4 metaller. 
Table 7-1: TDI values plus dermal and oral absorption rates for the 4 metals.
7.1 Antagelser og usikkerheder forbundet med eksponeringsberegningerne 
7.1 Assumptions and uncertainties related to the exposure calculations
7.1.1 To eksponeringstider - 16 og 24 timer 
7.1.1 Two exposure periods - 16 and 24 hours
Under beregningerne af eksponering via huden antages det som worst case, at smykkerne har direkte kontakt med huden i al den tid, de bæres, dvs. at der eksempelvis ikke er et stykke tekstil i mellem smykke og hud. 
During the calculations of exposure through the skin it is conservatively presumed that the jewelleries are in direct contact with the skin during all the time they are worn, e.g. there are for instance no textile between the jewellery and the skin.
Dvs. der opereres med to forskellige brugstider på henholdsvis 16 eller 24 timer afhængig af, om smykkerne tages af til natten eller ej. 
Thus, two different periods of use are applied (16 and 24 hours respectively) depending on whether the jewelleries are removed during the night or not.
7.1.2 Migrationsanalyse for sved antages også at gælde for spyt 
7.1.2 Migration analysis for sweat is presumed also to apply saliva
Migrationsanalysen foretages til kunstig sved, da det er den type eksponering, der hyppigst forekommer. 
The migration analysis is performed to artificial sweat because this is the type of exposure that most frequently will occur.
Resultaterne fra migrationsanalysen til kunstig sved antages dog også at kunne anvendes til oral eksponeringsberegning, idet opløsningerne for kunstig sved og spyt ikke afviger væsentligt fra hinanden. 
The results from the migration analysis to artificial sweat are also presumed to be able to be used in the oral exposure calculation because the solutions for artificial sweat and saliva do not deviate significantly from each other.
1,0 g urinstof (( N H 2)2 C O ), 5,0 g NaCl og 0,940 µl mælkesyre (C3H6O3) opløst i 1 liter demineraliseret vand. 
1.0 g urea (( N H 2)2 C O ), 5.0 g NaCl and 0.940 µl lactic acid (C3H6O3) dissolved in 1 litre demineralised water.
Indstil pH til 6.5. 
Set the pH to 6.5.
Ekstraktion/migration ved 40 grader. 
Extraction/migration at 40 degrees.
Migrationsanalyse til spyt: 
Migration analysis to saliva:
4,5 g NaCl + 0,3 g KCl + 0,3 g Na2SO4 +0,4 g NH4Cl + 3,0 g mælkesyre (C3H6O3) + 0,2 g urinstof (( N H 2)2 C O ) opløst i 1 liter demineraliseret vand, hvorefter pH indstilles til 5,0 med 2 N NaOH. 
4.5 g NaCl + 0.3 g KCl + 0.3 g Na2SO4 + 0.4 g NH4Cl + 3.0 g lactic acid (C3H6O3) + 0.2 g urea (( N H 2)2 C O ) dissolved in 1 litre demineralised water. pH is set to 5.0 with 2 N NaOH.
Opløsningerne består begge primært af saltvand, hvilket betyder, at man kan forvente, at overfladespændingen er stort set ens. 
The solutions consist both primarily of salt water which means that one can expect that the surface tension is approximately the same.
Samtidig er metaller positivt ladede i vandige opløsninger og vil derfor ikke kompleksbinde med natrium/kalium, hvorfor forskellen i koncentrationen af disse ingen betydning har. 
Furthermore, metals are positively charged in aqueous solutions and therefore will not form complexes with sodium/potassium, thus the difference in concentration of these has no importance.
Temperaturen i begge opløsninger er stort set ens, og koncentrationen af chloridioner, som antages at være den komponent, der primært danner metalforbindelser, er også nogenlunde i samme størrelsesforhold. 
The temperature in both solutions is approximately the same and the concentration of chloride ions, which is presumed to be the component that primarily forms metal compounds, is also in approximately the same dimensions.
Der er ca. 5 gange så meget urinstof i svedopløsningen i forhold til spytopløsningen, men da urinstoffet ikke forventes at danne komplekser med metallet, antages denne forskel ingen betydning at have. 
There is approximately 5 times as much urea in the sweat solution as in the saliva solution, but because the urea is not expected to form complexes with the metal it is presumed that this difference is of no importance.
Ligeledes er der en del mere mælkesyre i spytopløsningen end i svedopløsningen, men da mælkesyre heller ikke forventes at danne komplekser med metallet, antages dette ingen betydning at have. 
Likewise there is much more lactic acid in the saliva solution than in the sweat solution but because lactic acid is not expected to form complex compounds with the metal it is presumed to be of no importance.
Da pH værdien i spytopløsningen er lavere end pH værdien i svedopløsningen (5 mod 6,5), antages det, at der dannes lidt flere metalchloridforbindelser i spytopløsningen. 
Because the pH value in the saliva solution is lower than in the sweat solution (5 versus 6.5) it is presumed that more metal chloride compounds are formed in the saliva solution.
Dette betyder, at ved at anvende resultaterne fra svedtesten til orale eksponeringsberegninger undervurderes eksponeringen til en vis grad. 
This means that by using the results from the sweat test in the oral exposure calculations the exposure is underestimated to a certain degree.
Imidlertid forventes denne lille forskel på 3-4% ikke at have afgørende indflydelse på resultaterne, og vil formentlig ligge inden for måleusikkerheden. 
However, this small difference of 3-4% is not expected to have crucial influence on the results and will probably lie within the measurement uncertainty.
Det antages, at det primært er uorganiske metalforbindelser (såsom metalchlorider), der dannes i sved, som har kontakt med smykkerne, dvs. orale og dermale optagelsesrater er så vidt muligt baseret på information vedrørende relevante uorganiske metalforbindelser. 
It is presumed that it is primarily inorganic metal compounds (as metal chlorides) that are being formed in sweat having contact with the jewelleries, which is the reason why oral and dermal absorption rates as far as possible are based on information concerning relevant inorganic metal compounds.
Baggrunden for denne antagelse findes til dels i en artikel af Menné (1994) citeret fra ATSDR (2005a), der hævder, at nikkellegeringer, der er i kontakt med huden, danner nikkelchlorider og til dels i Miljøstyrelsens risikovurdering af nikkel fra 2005 (Andersen et al., 2005a), der hævder at korrosion af metal i sved primært er afhængig af chlorid- og oxygenindholdet. 
The background for the assumption is found partly in an article by Menné (1994) quoted from ATSDR (2005a) who claims that nickel alloys being in contact with the skin forms nickel chlorides and partly in the risk assessment from the Danish EPA from 2005 (Andersen et al., 2005a), which claims that corrosion of metal in sweat primarily is dependent on the content of chloride and oxygen.
Værdierne for oral og dermal optagelse er således behæftet med en vis usikkerhed, idet det ikke vides med sikkerhed hvilke metalforbindelser, der reelt vil dannes, når smykkerne er i kontakt med sved (og spyt). 
The values for oral and dermal absorption are in this way associated with some uncertainty because it is not known for sure exactly which metal compounds that will be formed when the jewelleries are in contact with sweat (and saliva).
Optimalt set burde der udføres studier, der afklarer præcis hvilke metalforbindelser, der dannes, samt hvilken oral og dermal optagelse disse kan forventes at have. 
The optimum would be to conduct studies that demonstrate precisely which metal compounds that are formed and which oral and dermal absorption these can expect to have.
Det har imidlertid ikke været muligt indenfor rammerne af dette projekt at udføre denne slags studier, idet de er temmelig omfattende. 
However, it has not been possible within the scope of this project to perform these kind of comprehensive studies.
7.1.4 Højeste værdi valgt ved dobbelttest 
7.1.4 Highest value chosen in duplicate determinations
I tilfælde, hvor dobbelttests har varieret betydeligt, er den største værdi anvendt. 
In situations where the duplicate determinations differed significantly the highest value has been used.
I Tabel 4-1 ses resultaterne fra migrationsanalysen for samtlige prøver. 
In Table 4-1 the results from the migration analysis for all samples are presented.
7.1.5 Migration antages konstant over tid 
7.1.5 Migration is presumed constant over time
Under risikovurderingen antages at migrationen er konstant over tid. 
During the risk assessment it is presumed that the migration is constant over time.
Det skal her nævnes, at et smykke ikke kan forventes at afgive den samme mængde metal per time gennem flere år. 
It should be mentioned here that a piece of jewellery cannot be expected to release the same amount of metal per hour during several years.
Migrationen vil aftage med tiden. 
The migration will decrease with time.
På baggrund af analyserne i dette projekt er det imidlertid ikke muligt at sige noget om, hvor hurtigt migrationen vil aftage, hvorfor det antages at i en periode på dage/uger vil migrationen være forholdsvis konstant. 
Based on the analysis performed in this project it is, however, not possible to determine how fast the migration will decrease and therefore it is assumed that in a period of days/weeks the migration will stay relatively constant.
Det potentielle dermale optag (eksponeringen) ved at bære et smykke kan udtrykkes ved følgende ligning (European Commission, 2003): 
The potential dermal intake (the exposure) by wearing a piece of jewellery can be expressed through the following equation (European Commission, 2003):
Mder står for den mængde (µg) kemisk stof (her metal), der migrerer per gram smykke over en periode på 4 timer, dvs. resultatet af migrationsanalysen. 
Mder represents the amount (µg) of chemical substance (here metal) which migrates per gram of jewellery during a period of 4 hours, i.e. the result of the migration analysis.
W står for den reelle vægt af den/de dele af smykket, som kan antages at have et problematisk indhold af tungmetal, dvs. stofsnore mv. er fraregnet. 
W represents the real weight of the part/s of the jewellery which can be assumed to have a problematic content of heavy metal, i.e. textile strings etc. are deducted.
I tilfælde, hvor der er lavet migrationstest på to forskellige delsmykker (med forskelligt resultat) hørende til samme smykke, er der lavet separate beregninger, hvor W er fastsat til vægten af hver af de to delsmykker. 
In cases where a migration test is performed on two different jewellery parts (with a different result) belonging to the same piece of jewellery, separate calculations are made where W is set to the weight of each of the two jewellery parts.
De to resultater (Uder) er til sidst lagt sammen for at give en total dermal optagelse ved at bære det specifikke smykke. 
Finally, the two results (Uder) are added to give a total dermal absorption by wearing the specific jewellery.
Fder står for den andel af smykkets vægt (W), der har kontakt til huden. 
Fder represents the part of the weight (W) of the jewellery which has contact to the skin.
Fder er fastsat ud fra en visuel bedømmelse af hvert enkelt smykke. 
Fder is determined based on a visual assessment of each jewellery.
I de fleste tilfælde er dog antaget, at 50% af smykket har kontakt til huden. 
However, in most cases it is assumed that 50% of the jewellery has contact to the skin.
Tcontact står for den tid, hvor smykket har kontakt med huden. 
Tcontact represents the time period of which the jewellery has contact with the skin.
BW står for kg legemsvægt. 
BW represents body weight in kilograms.
Der antages her, på baggrund af TGD, at børn vejer 20 kg, mens voksne vejer 60 kg. Vægten på 60 kg er valgt, idet det antages primært at være kvinder, der bærer smykker. 
Based on TGD, it is here assumed that children weigh 20 kg while adults weigh 60 kg. The value of 60 kg is chosen as it is assumed that it is primarily women who wear jewelleries.
Iflg. TGD anvendes værdier for voksne på både 60 og 70 kg. 
According to TGD values for adults of both 60 and 70 kg can be used.
Odermal står for hudoptagelsen (i procent) af det specifikke metal. 
Odermal represents the dermal absorption (in percentage) of the specific metal.
Disse værdier er forskellige fra metal til metal (se Tabel 7-1) og er beskrevet under sundhedsvurderingen af de forskellige metaller. 
Theses values are different from metal to metal (see Table 7-1) and are described during the health assessment of the different metals.
Når Uder, pot er beregnet, holdes denne værdi op mod den ”Margen til TDI” værdi, som står beskrevet i Tabel 7-2. 
When Uder, pot is calculated the value is compared with the “Margin to TDI” value which is described in Table 7-2.
”Margen til TDI” værdien skal, som beskrevet tidligere, opfattes som den tolerable daglige dosis metal vi kan tåle at få, fratrukket den eksponering som danskerne i forvejen udsættes for via mad, drikke og luft. 
As earlier described, the “Margin to TDI” value shall be regarded as the tolerable daily dose of metal which people can tolerate, deducted the exposure which the Danes are already exposed to through food, beverages and air.
Hvis Uder, pot værdien overskrider denne ”Margen til TDI” værdi, betyder det, at den samlede eksponering (fra mad, drikke, luft og smykker) er højere end det tolerable daglige indtag. 
If the Uder, pot value exceeds this ”Margin to TDI” value it means that the total exposure (from food, beverages, air and jewelleries) is higher than the tolerable daily intake.
I disse tilfælde kan der være tale om en potentiel sundhedsmæssig risiko ved at bære smykkerne. 
In these cases, there might be a potential health risk by wearing the jewelleries.
Eksempel på en beregning af optag via dermal eksponering 
Example of a calculation of absorption through dermal exposure
Nedenfor er beskrevet eksponerings- og risikoberegningen for cadmiumeksponering fra smykke nr. 62. 
Below the exposure- and risk calculation for cadmium exposure from jewellery no. 62 is described.
Beregningerne er foretaget ved at ekstrapolere resultatet for migrationstesten af delsmykket (hørende til det specifikke smykke) til at gælde for alle de metaldele af smykket, som kan forventes at have det samme metalindhold som delsmykket (dvs. W). 
The calculations are made by extrapolating the result from the migration test of the jewellery part (belonging to the specific jewellery) to apply to all the metal parts of the jewellery which can be expected to have the same content of metal as the jewellery part examined (i.e. W).
Eksponeringsscenariet er 16 timer for børn (20 kg). 
The exposure scenario is 16 hours and valid for children (20 kg).
Migrationsanalysen viste, at 3 µg cadmium migrerede per gram smykke over 4 timer. 
The migration analysis showed that 3 µg cadmium migrated per gram of jewellery during 4 hours.