natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Baseret på publiceret litteratur er den kritiske effekt for neglehærdere allergiske hudreaktioner. 
Based on published literature the most critical effect of nail hardeners are sensitisation.
Det er imidlertid vanskeligt at fastsætte en nedre sikker grænse for denne effekt. 
However, it is difficult to establish a lower limit for this effect.
Derfor omfattede ovennævnte scenarie ikke denne effekt. 
Thus the above exposure scenario did not include this effect.
En af de effekter, der blev observeret efter brug af neglehærdere er allergiske hudreaktioner på områder langt fra fingrene, almindeligvis øjenlåg, rundt om mund og kinder, siderne af nakken og på kønsorganerne (30),(31). 
One of the effects observed after use of nail hardeners are dermatitis at sites distant from the fingers, commonly eyelids, around the mouth and chins, sides of the neck, and on the genitalia (30),(31).
Imidlertid ses også effekter direkte eller omkring fingerneglene (30). 
However, effects directly at or around the finger nails are also observed (30).
Afhængigt af koncentrationen af anvendt formaldehyd og neglens fysiologiske tilstand, kan formaldehyd trænge igennem neglen og komme i kontakt med det underliggende væv. 
Depending on the concentration of applied formaldehyde and the physiological condition of the nail, some formaldehyde may penetrate the nail plate and come into contact with the underlying tissue.
Indtil nu har der ikke været studier, der har identificeret mængden af formaldehyd, der kan trænge igennem neglen under forskellige forhold. 
So far there have not been any scientific studies that have identified the amount of formaldehyde penetrating the nail under different conditions.
Der eksisterer derfor ingen kvantitative estimater for, hvor meget formaldehyd der vil kunne trænge igennem til det underliggende væv efter anvendelse af neglehærder. 
Therefore, there are no quantitative estimates on how much formaldehyde there will be present at the underlying tissue after application of nail hardener.
Den mulige effekt af formaldehyds gennemtrængning af neglen kan være irritation af det underliggende væv eller allergiske reaktioner. 
The possible effects may be irritation of the tissue under the nail and possible allergic reactions.
Formaldehyd har både et irriterende og allergifremkaldende potentiale. 
Formaldehyde has both a irritating and sensitisation potential.
Med standard test protokoller har man observeret, at formaldehydkoncentrationer på 2 % eller højere kan forårsage hudirritation og allergiske hudreaktioner i ikke-overfølsomme individer (7). 
With standard patch tests protocols it has been observed that formaldehyde concentrations of 2% and higher may produce skin irritation and sensitisation in non-sensitised individuals (7).
Baseret på et LLNA studie blev induktion af allergi observeret ved formaldehydkoncentrationer fra 0,4 til 0,96 % (9),(12). 
Based on Local Lymph Node assays (LLNA) induction of sensitisation was observed at formaldehyde concentration from 0.4 to 0.96% (9),(12).
En lang række humane lappetests er blevet gennemført med formaldehyd gennem de sidste 30 år. 
A large range of human patch tests has been performed with formaldehyde during the last 30 years.
Dette indikerer, at den lovlige mængde på 5 % formaldehyd i neglehærdere påfører brugerne en risiko for udvikling af formaldehydallergi. 
This indicates that the legal amount of 5% formaldehyde in nail hardeners adds a risk of sensitisation to the users.
På basis af de data, der vises i sundhedsvurderingen, ville en maksimal tilladelig mængde formaldehyd på 0,01 % i neglehærdere anses for sikker for både ikke-overfølsomme og formaldehyd-overfølsomme personer, mens en højere koncentration kan anses for sikker for ikke følsomme personer. 
Based on the data presented in the safety assessment a maximum allowable amount of formaldehyde of 0.01% in nail hardeners would be considered safe for both non-sensitive and formaldehyde-sensitised subjects, while a higher concentration may be considered safe for non-sensitized individuals.
EU's videnskabelige komité for forbrugerprodukter (SCCP) er for nylig blevet anmodet om at vurdere en sikker grænseværdi for indholdet af formaldehyd i neglehærder. 
The scientific committee on consumer products (SCCP) has recently been requested for an opinion on formaldehyde in cosmetic products including the use in nail hardener products.
Denne vurdering kan hjælpe med til at finde frem til en sikker koncentration, hvor risikoen for formaldehydallergi vurderes acceptabel ved denne særlige eksponering. 
This opinion may help establish a safe concentration for induction of formaldehyde allergy under this specific exposure.
Som tidligere beskrevet, afhænger allergi af kontaktallergener ikke alene af kemikaliets iboende egenskaber til fremkaldelse af allergi, men også af dosis og typen af eksponering, mængde allergen pr. overfladeareal, hjælpestofferne og hudens tilstand. 
As described before, the sensitisation of contact allergens are dependent not only on the inherent sensitisation capacity of the chemical, but also on the dose and type of exposure, the amount of allergen per unit area surface of skin, the vehicle and the condition of the skin.
Sådanne data er ikke vurderet i dette projekt. 
Such data has not been evaluated in this project.
Det kan dog hævdes, at en højere koncentration formaldehyd end 0,01 % i neglehærdere kan være ufarlig når man tager den begrænsede eksponering af huden under normalt brug af produkterne i betragtning. 
However, it may be argued that a higher concentration of formaldehyde than 0.01% in nail hardeners may be safe based on the limited exposure of the skin during normal use of the products.
Den lovlige mængde formaldehyd som konserveringsmiddel i kosmetik er 0,2 %. 
The legal amount of formaldehyde as a preservative in cosmetics is 0.2%.
SCCP's skøn kan muligvis afklare, om en højere koncentration end denne kan betragtes som ufarlig i neglehærdeprodukter. 
The opinion from SCCP may clarify if a higher concentration than this can be considered safe in nail hardener products.
Desuden kan en advarsel om produkterne hjælpe med til at beskytte formaldehyd-overfølsomme personer. 
Furthermore, a warning on the products may help protecting formaldehyde-sensitised individuals.
Produkterne kunne forsynes med en advarselslabel 'indeholder mere end 0,05 % formaldehyd'. 
The products could be labelled with the warning ‘contains more than 0.05% formaldehyde'.
7.1.3 Overordnet diskussion om neglehærdere 
7.1.3 Overall discussion on nail hardeners'
Sundhedsvurderingen af formaldehyd i neglehærdere viser, at den tilladte koncentration af frit formaldehyd i neglehærdere ikke giver sundhedsmæssige problemer i forhold til stoffets systemiske effekter. 
The risk assessment of formaldehyde in nail hardeners shows that the allowable concentration of free formaldehyde in nail hardeners gives no health concerns regarding systemic effects of formaldehyde.
Den lovlige mængde formaldehyd synes dog høj i forbindelse med stoffets allergifremkaldende potentiale. 
However, the legal allowable amount of formaldehyde seems high regarding the sensitisation potential of the substance.
For at undgå uacceptabelt mange induktioner af allergiske reaktioner og elicitation hos følsomme personer bør man diskutere, om en lavere koncentration er løsningen. 
To avoid unacceptable numbers of induction of allergic reactions and elicitation in already sensitised individuals to this kind of products a lower concentration may be argued.
På basis af de data, der vises i sundhedsvurderingen, ville en maksimal koncentration på 0,01 % formaldehyd i neglehærdere betragtes som ufarlig for alle typer af brugere. 
Based on the data presented in the safety assessment a maximum concentration of 0.01% formaldehyde in nail hardeners would be regarded as safe for all kind of users.
Det blev påvist, at adskillige produkter indeholdt lavere niveauer af formaldehyd (< 1 %) end de tilladte 5 %. 
Several products were found to contain much lower levels of formaldehyde (< 1 %) than the allowed 5 %.
Dette viser, at det er muligt at producere neglehærdere med lavere niveauer af formaldehyd. 
This shows that it is possible to produce nail hardeners with lower levels of formaldehyde.
Andre stoftyper, der har en hærdende effekt i produkterne, er dog ikke dækket af denne sundhedsvurdering. 
Other kinds of substances with a hardening effect in the products are, however, not covered by his safety assessment.
Det kan ikke udelukkes, at de også kan have en skadelig virkning på brugerne. 
It can not be excluded that they also may pose a risk for the users.
Ved brug af produktet anbefales det desuden, at anvendelse finder sted i vel ventilerede rum, hvilket formindsker eksponering via inhalation og derved risikoen for irritation af luftvejene. 
During use of the product it is further recommend that it should take place in rooms with well airing minimising the exposure via inhalation and thereby the risk of irritation of the air ways.
Desuden skal brugerne være meget omhyggelige med at undgå hudkontakt, når neglehærderen påføres neglen. 
Furthermore, the users should be very carefully when they apply nail hardeners at the nail plate to avoid skin contact.
7.2 Eksponering og risikovurdering af brugere af kunstige negle 
7.2 Exposure and risk assessment for consumers using artificial nails
Sundhedsvurderingen af de udvalgte 4 akrylater viste, at deres kritiske effekt er deres allergi- og irritationsfremkaldende potentiale. 
The safety assessment of the selected 4 acrylates showed that the critical effect of the substances is their potential to cause sensitisation or/and irritation.
Der blev fundet begrænsede data, der beskriver systemiske effekter. 
Limited data was found describing systemic effects.
Stoffer i kunstige negle kan absorberes gennem huden, der omgiver neglen, når/hvis materialet kommer i kontakt med huden. 
Substances in artificial nails may be absorbed through the skin surrounding the nail when/if the material is in contact with the skin.
Nogle af stofferne i produktet er flygtige ved stue- og hudtemperatur og kan indåndes efter fordampning fra neglen og områder på huden. 
Some of the substances in the products are volatile at room- and skin temperature and may be inhaled after evaporation from the nail and areas of the skin.
Det kan derfor være relevant også at medtage inhalation i risikovurderingen. 
Therefore, it may be relevant to include calculation of inhalation in the dose estimation.
Under denne proces kan brugeren blive eksponeret for fint støv fra neglen indeholdende forskellige kemikalier. 
By that procedure, fine dust from the nail may expose the user further for different chemicals.
Denne eksponering er ikke medtaget i scenarierne, da den vurderes hovedsagligt at være af betydning for negleteknikeren, der ikke er omfattet af dette projekt. 
This exposure is not included in the scenarios as it is evaluated to be most important for the safety of the nail technician, which is not included in the project.
Brugeren kan også bide eller sutte på fingrene og kan derved eksponeres oralt for stoffer i de kunstige negle. 
The user may also bite or suck their fingers and thereby expose them self via the oral route.
I denne risikovurdering er der imidlertid valgt at fokusere på den dermale eksponering, da denne eksponering vurderes at bidrage væsentlig til mulige risici i forbindelse med brugen. 
However, in this risk assessment the focus was the dermal exposure as this exposure route is evaluated to constitute the largest contribution to possible risks for the users.
Eksponering for stofferne i kunstige negle afhænger af de typer neglesystemer, der anvendes. 
The exposure of the substances in artificial nails depends on which system is used.
Modelpersonen bruger to forskellige kunstige neglesystemer; kunstige akrylnegle (liquid and powder) eller gelénegle. 
The model person uses two different artificial nail systems; acrylic artificial nails (liquid and powder) or gel nails.
7.2.1 Risikovurdering af systemiske effekter - kunstige akrylnegle 
7.2.1 Risk assessment for systemic effects - artificial acrylic nails
2-Hydroxyethylakrylat, 2 hydroxypropylmethakrylat og ethylendimethakrylat blev fundet i kunstige akrylnegleprodukter. 
2-Hydroxyethyl acrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate and ethylene dimethacrylate were found in artificial acrylic nails products.
Derfor forudsættes det, at 9 % af det anvendte negleprodukt vil dække huden, der omgiver neglen og derved bidrage til den systemiske dosis. 
Therefore, it is assumed that 9% of the applied nail product will cover the skin surrounding the nail, and thereby may contribute to the systemic dose.
Følgende forudsætninger blev anvendt som et realistisk worst-case scenarie: 
The following assumptions were used as realistic worst-case scenario:
Vægt, voksen person: 
Weight of person, adult:
Anvendt mængde pr. applikation (væske) 
Applied amount per application (liquid):
Indhold i produkt: 
Content in product (maximum):
15 % ≈ 150 g/kg produkt 
15% ≈ 150 g/kg product
Det forudsættes desuden, at en ubetydelig mængde produkt trænger igennem neglen. 
It is further assumed that a negligible amount of acrylate penetrate the nail.
1 gang pr dag x 0,002 kg væske x 9 % x 150 g/kg produkt 40 kg 
1 time pr day x 0.002 kg liquid x 9% x 150 g/kg product 40 kg
NOAELS for systemiske effekter blev kun fundet for 2 af de 3 akrylater (tabel 7.2). 
NOAELS for systemic effects were only found for 2 of the 3 acrylates (table 7.2).
Maksimal mængde i produkt (%) 
Maximum amount in product (%)
2-Hydroxyethylakrylat 2-Hydroxypropylmethakrylat Ethylendimethakrylat 
2-Hydroxyethyl acrylate 2-Hydroxypropyl methacrylate Ethylene dimethacrylate
På basis af dette scenario og de NOAEL's, der blev fundet for akrylaterne ses det tydeligt, at stofferne ikke vil udgøre en sundhedsrisiko for brugerne af kunstige akrylnegle i forhold til systemiske effekter. 
Based on this scenario and the NOAELS found for the acrylates it clearly shows that the substances will pose no health risk for the users of artificial acrylic nails concerning systemic effects.
Der blev ikke identificeret NOAEL for ethylendimethakrylat. 
For ethylene dimethacrylate no NOAEL was identified.
Med den beregnede eksponering vurderes det, at risikoen for systemiske effekter er ubetydelig. 
However, with the calculated exposure, it is evaluated that the risk of systemic effects is negligible.
Anvendt mængde pr. applikation: 
Applied amount per application (gel)
Indhold i produkt (Gelé): 
Content in product (Gel):
Med hensyn til det kunstige akrylneglesystem forudsættes det, at 9 % af det anvendte negleprodukt vil dække huden, der omgiver neglen og derved kan bidrage til den systemiske dosis. 
As for the artificial acrylic nail system it is assumed that 9% of the applied nail product will cover the skin surrounding the nail, and thereby may contribute to the systemic dose.
Daglig eksponeringdermal, 2-hydroxyethylakrylat: 
Daily exposuredermal, 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate:
1 gang pr dag x 0,003 kg gel x 9 % x 82,5 g/kg produkt 40 kg 
1 time pr day x 0.003 kg gel x 9% x 82.5 g/kg product 40 kg
= 0,56 mg/kg lgv/dag 
= 0.56 mg/kgbw/day
I lighed med akrylneglesystemet vil geléneglene i forhold til stoffernes systemiske effekter ikke udgøre nogen sundhedsrisiko for brugerne. 
As for the acrylic nail system, the gel nails pose no health risks for the users concerning systemic effects of the substances.
7.2.3 Risikovurdering af sensibilisering - kunstige negle 
7.2.3 Risk assessment for sensitisation - artificial nails
Denne kortlægning af kunstige negle har vist, at produkterne indeholder et bredt spekter af stoffer; f.eks. forskellige akrylater (kapitel 4). 
This survey of artificial nails has shown that the products contain a large range of substances; ex. different acrylates (chapter 4).
En omfattende risikovurdering af produkterne er derfor vanskelig at gennemføre, fordi alle ingredienser ikke er kendt. 
Thus, a comprehensive risk assessment of the products is difficult to perform as not all the ingredients are known.
Yderligere viser litteraturen, at mange akrylater kryds-reagerer med andre akrylater og således gør sikkerhedsvurderingen mere kompleks (21,32). 
Furthermore, literature shows that many acrylates cross-react with other acrylates making the safety assessment more complex (21,32).
Litteraturen viser, at allergiske hudreaktioner er et sundhedsproblem for brugerne at kunstrige negle (20,21,33,34,35). 
Literature shows that sensitisation is a health problem for the users of artificial nails (20,21,33,34,35).
Data fra litteraturen er baseret på humane lappetests på personer med hudproblemer eller allerede har allergier og ikke tests på induktion af allergiske reaktioner hos sunde personer. 
The data from the literature is based on human patch tests performed with already sensitised persons, and not test of the induction of allergic reaction in healthy persons.
Litteraturen viser, at allergiske læsioner fremkommet efter brug af kunstige negle ofte opstår rundt om neglene men også ses spredt til ansigt og øjenlåg (31). 
The literature shows that the allergic lesions due to artificial nails are classically around the nails, but are also seen spread to the face and eyelids (31).
Allergiske reaktioner kan forekomme i 2 til 4 måneder, og endog 16 måneder efter påsætning af den kunstige negl. 
Allergic reactions may occur 2 to 4 months, and even as long as 16 months after the application.
Den første indikation er kløe i negleroden. 
The first indication is an itch in the nail bed.
Paronychia, som normalt forekommer i allergiske reaktioner, er forbundet med ulidelige smerter i negleområdet og somme tider med en sovende fornemmelse i negleområdet (paresthesia). 
Paronychia, which is usually present in allergic reactions, is associated with excruciating pain in the nail area, and sometimes with paresthesia.
Den naturlige negl bliver tyndere, den knækker og bliver undertiden misfarvet. 
The natural nail plate becomes thinner, split and sometimes discoloured.
Det tager adskillige måneder for neglen at vende tilbage til normalt udseende. 
It takes several months for the nail to return to normal.
Permanent tab af neglene forekommer sjældent (30). 
Permanent nail loss is rare (30).
Det kunstige akrylneglesystem består af en væske og et pulver. 
The acrylic artificial nail system consists of a liquid and a powder.
2hydroxypropylmethakrylat og ethylendimethakrylat blev fundet i væsken, der anvendes til at opbygge kunstige negle af akryl. 
2Hydroxypropyl methacrylate and ethylene dimethacrylate was found in the liquid used to develop the acrylic artificial nail.
Fem forskellige væsker indeholdt de to akrylater i koncentrationer fra 0,89 til 15 % (tabel 4.3). 
Five different liquids contained the two acrylates in concentrations from 0.89 to 15% (table 4.3).
Den højest fundne mængde var 10,25 % for 2-hydroxypropylmethakrylat og 15 % for ethylendimethakrylat. 
The maximum amount found was 10.25% for 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate and 15% for ethylene dimethacrylate.
Pulveret indeholdt ingen af de analyserede akrylater. 
The powder contained none of the analysed acrylates.
På basis af humane lappetests og dyrestudier blev de to akrylater vurderet som svagt allergifremkaldende i en koncentration på 2 %. 
Based on human patch tests and animal studies the two acrylates are evaluated as weak sensitisers in a concentration of 2%.
Der blev dog fundet helt op til 15 % af en af akrylaterne i et af produkterne. 
However, in these products up to 15% of one acrylate has been observed.
Stoffernes potentiale til at kunne elicitere allergi i mindst 13 % af de testede personer når de blev testet i en koncentration af 2 % indikerer, at koncentrationer på 10-15 % kan udgøre en alvorlig risiko for allergi. 
The substances potential to elicitate sensitisation in minimum 13% of the tested persons, when tested in a concentration of 2% indicates that concentrations of 10-15% may pose a significant risk of sensitisation.
Det vurderes, at risikoen kan minimeres ved at undgå hudkontakt. 
It is evaluated that the risk can be minimised by avoiding skin contact.
Det er vigtigt, at produkterne smøres meget præcist på neglen for derved at undgå kontakt med den omliggende hud. 
The very central point is not by accident to smear the product outside the nail, and thereby avoid contact with the surrounding skin.
Ved at undgå hudkontakt vurderes det, at risikoen for allergiske hudreaktioner kan nedbringes betydeligt. 
By avoiding skin contact it is evaluated that the risk of sensitisation is considerably lowered.
2-Hydroxyethylakrylat blev fundet i 6 af 7 analyserede gelénegleprodukter i koncentrationer fra 3,05 til 8,25 %. 
2-Hydroxyethyl acrylate was found in 6 out of 7 analysed gel nail products in concentrations from 3.05 to 8.25 %.
2Hydroxypropylmethakrylat blev fundet i 4 af 7 produkter men i lavere koncentrationer fra 0,041 til 0,865 %. 
2-Hydroxypropyl acrylate was found in 4 out of 7 products, but in lower concentrations; from 0.041 to 0.865.
2-hydroxypropylmethakrylat er det hyppigst forekommende stof af de analyserede akrylater i gelénegle. 
2-Hydroxyethyl acrylate is clearly the most frequent substance of the analysed acrylates in gel nails.
2-Hydroxymethakrylat og 2-hydroxypropylmethakrylat blev på basis af humane lappetests vurderet som moderat allergifremkaldende. 
Based on human patch tests and animal studies 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate and 2-hydroxypropyl acrylate are evaluated as moderate sensitisers.
De to akrylater er fundet at fremkalde allergiske reaktioner hos et stort antal personer (> 8 % af akrylat-overfølsomme personer) i en koncentration på 0,1 %. 
The two acrylates is found to elicitate allergic reactions in a considerable number of humans (> 8% of acrylate-sensitised subjects) in a concentration of 0.1%.
Akrylaterne vurderes at have et højere potentiale som sensibiliserende end de methakrylater, der findes i akrylnegle. 
The acrylates are evaluated to have a higher potential as sensitisers than the methacrylates found in acrylic nails.
Dette indikerer, at brugen af gelénegle kan udgøre en højere risiko for sensibilisering end akrylnegle. 
This indicates that the use of gel nails may pose a higher risk of sensitisation than acrylic nails.
7.2.4 Overordnet diskussion om kunstige negle 
7.2.4 Overall discussion on artificial nails
Risikovurderingen viste, at anvendelse af kunstrige negle ikke vil udgøre en risiko for systemiske effekter. 
It was shown in the risk assessment that use of artificial nails will pose no risk of systemic effects.
Imidlertid, viste vurderingerne, at mængden af akrylater i produkterne har betydning for brugerens sundhedsrisici mht. allergi. 
However, the assessments showed that the amounts of acrylates in the products are important for the health risks of the user regarding the sensitisation potential.
Denne kortlægning omhandler kun få akrylater. 
This survey only handled a few acrylates.
Kortlægningen viste desuden, at den potentielle risiko for kontaktallergi synes at være højere for geléneglesystemet end for de kunstige akrylnegle (liquid and powder) baseret på indholdet af akrylater i produkterne. 
The survey further showed that the potential risk of contact allergy seems higher for the gel nail system than for the acrylic artificial nails (liquid and powder) based on the content of acrylates in the products.
Formålet med dette kortlægningsprojekt var 
The objective of this survey was
♦ At kortlægge forekomsten af allergifremkaldende kemikalier i neglehærdere og produkter til fremstilling af kunstige negle, der forhandles til private i detailhandlen, over internettet samt i produkter fra skønhedsklinikker. 
♦ To make a survey of allergy causing chemicals in nail hardeners and products for manufacture of artificial nails to be sold to private persons from the retail trade, the internet and beauty shops.
♦ At udføre sundhedsmæssig risikovurdering af udvalgte kemikalier fundet i analysen. 
♦ To perform health risk assessment of selected chemicals found during the analyses
♦ At komme med et forslag til en sikker koncentration af formaldehyd i neglehærder. 
♦ To suggest a safe concentration of formaldehyde in nail hardeners.
Et bredt udvalg af produkter blev indkøbt. 
A wide selection of products was purchased.