natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Udvælgelsen af smykker til migrationsanalyse blev foretaget blandt de delsmykker, der havde et indhold af hhv. bly og cadmium varierende fra ca. 100 ppm til de maksimalt målte værdier. 
The selection of jewellery for migration analysis was done among the jewellery parts that had a content of lead and cadmium respectively varying from approximately 100 ppm to the maximum measured values.
Årsagen til, at der blev fokuseret på smykker, der indeholdt primært disse to metaller var, at det derved var muligt at udvælge nok smykker til at illustrere en eventuel sammenhæng mellem migration og indhold. 
The reason for this focus on jewellery that contained primarily these two metals was that it thereby became possible to select enough jewellery to illustrate a possible correlation between migration and content.
I alt blev der udvalgt 15 delsmykker blandt de delsmykker, der indeholdt mere end 100 ppm bly, og 10 delsmykker blandt dem, der indeholdt mere end 75 ppm cadmium. 
In total 15 jewellery parts were selected among the jewellery parts that contained more than 100 ppm lead and 10 jewellery parts among those that contained more than 75 ppm cadmium.
De udvalgte delsmykker repræsenterer hele koncentrationsspændet, dog blev fokus lagt på den lave ende af spektret, dvs. for bly mellem 100 og 2000 ppm og for cadmium mellem 75 og 2000 ppm. 
The selected jewellery parts represent the entire concentration span though focus was on the low end of the spectrum i.e. for lead between 100 and 2000 ppm and for cadmium between 75 and 2000 ppm.
Årsagen hertil var ønsket om at belyse, hvor stor en lovovertrædelse der skal til, før der kan forekomme en sundhedsrisiko. 
The reason for this was a desire to clarify how big a violation of the law it would take before a health risk could occur.
4.1.2 Jævn fordeling i de overordnede kategorier guld, sølv og uægte metal 
4.1.2 Even distribution of the overall categories gold, silver and non-precious metal
4.1.3 Jævn fordeling i de specificerede produktkategorier 
4.1.3 Even distribution in the specified product categories
Dog blev der ikke medtaget delsmykker fra kategorien 'Juvelersmykker sølv', idet disse ikke var fokus for projektet. 
Yet no jewellery parts were included from the category “genuine silver” because these were not in the project focus.
4.1.4 Forfordeling blandt typer af delsmykker og smykketyper 
4.1.4 Conditional distribution among types of jewellery parts and jewellery types.
70% af de undersøgte vedhæng (hørende til produkttyperne øreringe, halskæder og armbånd) viste sig at indeholde over 100 ppm bly, mens det for cadmium gjaldt, at 78% af de undersøgte vedhæng havde et cadmium indhold over 75 ppm. 
70% of the analysed pendants (belonging to the product types earrings, necklaces and bracelets) showed a content of more than 100 ppm lead while for cadmium 78% of the analysed pendants had a cadmium content of more than 75 ppm.
Der blev således under udvælgelsen fokuseret på at vælge flere vedhæng end f.eks. ringe og armbånd. 
Thus, during the selection it was attempted to choose more pendants than e.g. rings and bracelets.
Derudover blev det forsøgt så vidt muligt at få et repræsentativt udsnit af de forskellige produkttyper (armbånd, halskæder mv.); dog var der begrænsede valgmuligheder blandt enkelte produkttyper (bl. 
In addition it was attempted as far as possible to get a representative segment of the different product types (bracelet, necklaces etc.).
a. piercingsmykker og ankelkæder), hvilket betød, at der blev udvalgt en overvægt af delsmykker hørende til de andre produkttyper (især halskæder). 
Yet there were limited choices among the separate product types (i.e. piercing jewellery and ankle chains), which meant that a majority of the selected jewellery parts belonged to other product types (especially necklaces).
4.1.5 Udvalgte delsmykker til migrationstest 
4.1.5 Selected jewellery parts for migration test
Under udvælgelsen af delsmykker til migrationstest, blev det som hovedregel forsøgt at udvælge delsmykker, som fordelte sige ligeligt blandt udvælgelseskriterierne (indhold af tungmetal, belægning, produkttype samt delsmykketype). 
During the selection of jewellery parts for migration test it was as a main rule attempted to select jewellery parts that were distributed evenly among the selection criteria (content of heavy metals, coating, product type and type of jewellery part).
Dog blev der i relation til udvælgelseskriteriet 'indhold af tungmetal' udvalgt flere delsmykker blandt dem, der havde et forholdsvist lavt indhold af tungmetal. 
Yet in relation to the selection criterion ”content of heavy metal” a proportional larger amount of jewellery parts were selected among those that had a relatively low content of heavy metal.
Årsagen hertil var at afklare, hvorvidt der kunne være en sundhedsmæssig problemstilling relateret til smykker, der havde et indhold af hhv. bly og cadmium omkring den tilladte grænse. 
The reason for this was to clarify whether there could be a health related problem related to jewellery that had a content of lead and cadmium respectively close to the permitted limit.
Ligeledes blev der i relation til delsmykketyper, udvalgt forholdsvis flere delsmykker af typen vedhæng, idet knap 80% af disse ifølge XRF-screeningen viste sig at indeholde tungmetal. 
Likewise relatively more jewellery parts of the pendant type were selected because 80% of these according to the XRF-screening contained heavy metal.
Det skal påpeges, at det grundet det begrænsede antal indkøbte smykker ikke var muligt at lave en 100% ligelig fordeling. 
It must be pointed out that it was not possible to make a 100 % even distribution due to the limited number of purchased jewellery.
I bilag K er vist, hvorledes de udvalgte delsmykker opfylder udvælgelseskriterierne. 
In appendix K it is demonstrated how the chosen jewellery parts meet the selection criteria.
De 25 delsmykker blev analyseret for afgivelse af følgende metaller: As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb og Se. 
The 25 jewellery parts were analysed for migration of the following metals: As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb and Se.
Metoden, der blev anvendt, var ”Migration til kunstig sved” efter DS/EN 1811:2000. 
The method used was ”Migration to artificial sweat” according to DS/EN 1811:2000.
Opløsningen til kunstig sved bestod af: 
The solution for artificial sweat consisted of:
Prøvestykker á 2 g med varierende areal blev anbragt i 25 ml kunstig sved og henstillet ved 40 °C i 4 timer. 
Sample pieces (2 g) with a variable area was placed in 25 ml artificial sweat and placed at 40 °C for 4 hours.
Derpå blev vandfasen dekanteret fra prøvestykkerne. 
Afterwards the water phase was decanted from the sample pieces.
Vandfasen blev efterfølgende undersøgt for indhold af afgivne metaller ved optisk emissionsspektrometri (ICP-OES). 
Subsequently the water phase was analysed for content of emitted metals by optic emission spectrometry (ICP-OES).
De bestemte indhold blev angivet i forhold til såvel prøvevægt (µg ekstraheret metal per gram prøve) som i forhold til prøvens overflade (µg ekstraheret metal per cm²). 
The identified contents were given in relation to sample weight (µg extracted metal per gram sample) as well as in relation to the surface of the sample (µg extracted metal per cm²).
Den afklippede side fra delsmykker belagt eller legeret med guld eller sølv blev bagsiden dækket med voks for at sikre sig, at migrationen kun skete fra de dele af metallet, der var belagt/legeret med ædelmetaller. 
After cutting of the jewellery part, the exposed side was covered with wax in order to make sure that migration only happened from the parts of the sample which were coated or alloyed with precious metals.
Som detektionsgrænse blev anvendt det, der svarer til ca. 5 gange detektionsgrænsen for ICP-OES analysen. 
As detection limit was used what resembles 5 times the detection limit for the ICP-OES analysis.
Der er udført dobbeltbestemmelse på samtlige prøver. 
Duplicate determination was performed on all tests.
Dog fandtes to delsmykker (begge nålestikker) kun i så små mængder, at prøvestykker á 2 x 2 g ikke kunne opnås. 
Yet two jewellery parts (both ear pins) were so small, that sample pieces on 2 x 2 g could not be extracted.
I disse to tilfælde er en mindre prøvevægt anvendt, og detektionsgrænsen er estimeret til den aktuelle prøvevægt. 
In these two cases a smaller sample weight was used and the detection limit was estimated to be the actual sample weight.
I en del tilfælde var dobbeltbestemmelser ikke i forventet indbyrdes overensstemmelse. 
In some cases the duplicate determinations were not in concordance.
I disse tilfælde er metalbestemmelsen ved ICP-OES gentaget, uden at dette dog generelt har medført anderledes resultater. 
In these cases the analysis of metals was repeated using the ICP-OES, though without any deviation from already found results.
Da smykkerne varierer meget i udformning, kan det være vanskeligt at bestemme arealet nøjagtigt, hvorfor arealbestemmelsen er sket med nogen tilnærmelse. 
As the jewellery varies a lot in their design it can be difficult to measure the area precisely and therefore the measurement of the area took place with some approximation.
Resultaterne for migration til kunstig sved beregnet i forhold til prøvevægt (µg ekstraheret metal per gram prøve) er præsenteret i Tabel 4-1. 
The results for migration to artificial sweat calculated in relation to sample weight (µg extracted metal per gram sample) are presented in Table 4-1.
Værdierne repræsenterer gennemsnitsværdien for de to dobbelttest. 
The values represent the average value for the duplicate determinations.
I tilfælde, hvor de to dobbelttest afviger signifikant fra hinanden, er begge værdier præsenteret. 
In cases where the two determinations deviate significantly from each other both values are presented.
Tabel 4-1: Resultater for migrationsanalyse (kunstig sved) af metaller fra 25 delsmykker. 
Table 4-1: Results from migration analysis (artificial sweat) of metals from 25 jewellery parts.
Del-smykke nr. 
Jewellery part no.
NB. Prøver markeret med * er udført med justeret kvantifikationsgrænse pga. reduceret prøvestørrelse. 
NB. Samples marked with * have been performed with an adjusted detection limit due to reduced sample size.
Resultater for migration til kunstig sved beregnet i forhold til prøveareal (µg ekstraheret metal per cm²) er præsenteret i bilag J. 
Results for migration to artificial sweat calculated in relation to sample area (µg extracted metal per cm²) are presented in appendix J.
NB: Prøver hvor dobbeltværdien har afveget væsentligt er den højeste værdi medregnet. 
NB: In samples where the duplicate determination deviated significantly the highest value has been used.
Som det ses i Figur 4-1 er der ingen umiddelbar sammenhæng mellem migration og indhold af de forskellige metaller, dvs. man kan ikke antage, at en høj koncentration af metallet i smykket medfører en høj migration. 
As it is shown in Figure 4-1 there is no immediate relation between the migration and the content of the different metals. i.e. it is not possible to assume that a high concentration of the metal in jewellery gives a high migration.
Det skal dog bemærkes, at for smykker, hvor blyindholdet ligger under ca. 1% er der stort set ingen migration fundet sted. 
It must be noted though that for jewellery where the content of lead is less than approximately 1% hardly no migration has occurred.
Lignende tendens ses ikke for de andre metaller (se bilag L). 
A similar tendency was not observed for the other metals (see appendix L).
Azofarvestoffer er kendetegnet ved at være letopløselige. 
Azo-dyes are characterized by being easily soluble.
Screeningen bestod i, at tekstilkæderne blev nedsænket i vand (40 grader) i 4 timer. 
The screening was performed by lowering the textile necklaces in water (40 degrees) for a period of 4 hours.
Farvede ekstrakter i vandet er en indikation af et muligt indhold af azofarvestoffer, der kan danne aromatiske aminer (bl. 
Coloured extracts in the water are an indication of a possible content of azo-dyes which can form aromatic amines (among these benzidine) by degradation.
I nogle tilfælde kunne det dog ikke undgås, at enkelte vedhæng ligeledes havde kontakt med vandet. 
Though, in a few cases, it could not be avoided that the pendant as well was in contact with the water.
5.1 Resultater af screeningen 
5.1 Results of the screening
Resultaterne af screeningstesten kan ses i bilag I, som indeholder følgende informationer for hver tekstilkæde: 
The results of the screening test can be seen in Appendix I which contains the following information related to each textile necklace:
- Farveudslag (1= ja; 0 = nej) 
- Colouring of the water (1= yes; 0 = no)
- Farven på udslaget 
- Shade of colour
- Styrken af farveudslag (1 = svag; 2 = medium; 3 = kraftig) 
- Degree of colouring (1 = weak; 2 = medium; 3 = strong)
I alt viste 55 ud af de 62 undersøgte tekstilsmykker farveudslag. 
55 of the 62 examined textile necklaces resulted in colouring of the water.
Af disse viste de 27, hvilket svarer til ca. 44% af de undersøgte tekstilsmykker, et kraftigt farveudslag. 
Of these 27, which corresponds to approximately 44% of the examined textile necklaces, showed a strong colouring.
Styrke af udslag 
Degree of colouring
Analysen for indhold af benzidin produceret ved reduktion af en eller flere azofarvestoffer blev foretaget efter EN 14362-1:2003: ekstraktion af farve i citronsyrepuffer, reduktion med natriumdithionit, oprensning på søjle (Merck Extralut), ekstraktion fra søjle med methyl tert-butylether, inddampning til tørhed og genopløsning i solvent (MTBE). 
The analysis for potential content of benzidine produced by reduction of one or more azo-dyes was conducted according to EN 14362-1:2003: extraction of colour in citric acid buffer, reduction by natrium dithionite, purification on column (Merck Extralut), extraction from column by methyl tert-butyl ether, concentration by means of heating and re-dissolvation in solvent (MTBE).
Derpå blev ekstraktet analyseret for indhold af benzidin ved GCMS. 
Subsequently the extract was analysed for content of benzidine by GCMS.
Der blev foretaget dobbeltbestemmelse på alle prøver undtagen prøve T24, der var så lille (180mg), at dette ikke var muligt. 
Duplicate determinations were performed for all samples besides sample no. T24, which was so small (180 mg) that duplicate determination was not possible.
Detektionsgrænsen er derfor større for T24 (2 mg/kg). 
The detection limit related to sample no. T24 is thus larger (2 mg/kg).
To af de ti tekstilkæder havde et indhold af benzidin på henholdsvis 100 og 1200 mg/kg, dvs. langt over det tilladte indhold på 30 ppm.. 
Two of the ten textile necklaces had a content of benzidine of 100 and 1200 mg/kg respectively, thus far above the permitted content of 30 ppm.
Resultatet kan ses i nedenstående tabel. 
The results can be seen in the table below.
Der er ikke observeret noget signal for benzidin i prøver, hvor mængden er angivet =1 mg/kg. 
For samples marked with ”≤1 mg/kg” no signal for benzidine was observed.
Tabel 5-2: Resultater af benzidinanalysen i de 10 tekstilkædesmykker. 
Table 5-2: Results of the benzidine analysis of the 10 textile necklaces.
I de følgende sundhedsvurderinger antages, at det primært er metalchlorider, der dannes i sved, der har kontakt med metal. 
In the following health assessment it is assumed that metal in contact with sweat primarily forms metal chlorides.
Dvs. TDI værdier, dermale og orale optagelsesrater baseres så vidt muligt på information relateret til metalchlorider (eller metallet selv) - eller alternativt studier vedrørende uorganiske metalforbindelser. 
Thus, TDI values, dermal and oral absorption rates are, as far as possible, based on information related to metal chlorides (or the metal itself) - or alternatively studies regarding inorganic metal compounds.
Det er dog ikke muligt indenfor rammerne af dette projekt, at afklare præcis hvilke metalforbindelser, der kan dannes (udover metalchlorider), idet litteraturen på dette område er begrænset. 
However, it is possible that other forms of metal compounds can be formed in sweat (or saliva), compounds that might have a significant impact on the total absorption of metals.
Optimalt set burde der gennemføres studier (inkl. laboratorietest), der afdækker præcis hvilke forbindelser, der dannes. 
In theory, studies (including laboratories tests) should be performed in order to clarify exactly which compounds are formed.
Det primære mål med sundhedsvurderingerne her, er at finde frem til enten en NOAEL (No Observed Adverse Effect Level) eller en TDI (Tolerable Daily Intake) værdi for den kritiske sundhedsskadelige effekt af metallet. 
The primary goal of the health assessments here is to locate a NOAEL (No Observed Adverse Effect Level) or TDI (Tolerable Daily Intake) value related to the critical effect of the metal.
Med den kritiske effekt menes her den sundhedsskadelige effekt, der opstår ved den laveste eksponering af stoffet. 
The term “critical effect” relates to the health effect that occurs at the lowest exposure of the substance.
NOAEL eller TDI værdierne relateret til denne kritiske værdi anvendes efterfølgende sammen med en eksponeringsberegning, for at afklare hvorvidt den mængde metal, som man udsættes for ved at bære/sutte på smykker udgør en sundhedsrisiko. 
NOAEL or TDI values related to this critical value are used subsequently along with an exposure calculation in order to clarify whether the amount of metal that humans are exposed to by carrying/sucking jewelleries constitutes a health risk.
Under eksponeringsberegningen anvendes de fundne værdier for dermal og oral optagelse af de fire metaller. 
During the exposure calculation the identified dermal and oral absorption rates related to the four metals are used.
Det skal her nævnes, at det antages, at metal optaget via huden udviser de samme toksiske egenskaber i kroppen, som metal indtaget oralt. 
Here it should be mentioned, that it is assumed that metal absorbed through the skin causes the same toxic effects in the body, as metal ingested through the mouth.
6.1.1 Forekomst og anvendelse 
6.1.1 Occurrence and use
Bly er et tungt og blødt metal, der findes naturligt i jordens overflade, dog primært i form af blyforbindelser. 
Lead is a heavy and soft metal which exists naturally in the earth's crust, however, in the form of lead compounds.
Bly er korrosionsbestandigt, nemt at bearbejde, syre-resistent, kemisk stabilt i vand, luft og jord, og kan kombineres med andre metaller i form af legeringer. 
Lead is corrosion-resistant, easy to mould, acid-resistant, chemically stable in water, air and soil, and can be combined with other metals in the form of alloys.
Det primære brug af bly i dag findes i batterier til biler og andre køretøjer (ATSDR, 2005). 
The primary use of lead today is in batteries for use in cars and other vehicles (ATSDR, 2005).
Herudover anvendes bly også i produktionen af smykker. 
In addition to this lead is also used in the production of jewelleries.
Årsagen hertil er formentlig, at bly er et forholdsvist billigt metal, der er korrosionsbestandigt, samt let at smelte og forme. 
The reason for this is probably that lead is a relatively cheap metal, which besides being corrosion-resistant, is easy to mould.
Inden den danske blybekendtgørelse trådte i kraft blev blyforbruget opgjort. 
Prior to the commencement of the statutory order regarding lead the lead consumption was estimated.
I Danmark var det samlede forbrug af bly (i færdigvarer) i 2000 anslået til at ligge mellem 14.900 og 19.000 tons. 
In Denmark the total consumption of lead (in finished products) in 2000 was estimated to be between 14,900 and 19,000 tonnes.
Forbruget var fordelt på metallisk bly (91%), kemiske forbindelser (9%), og følgestof i andre varer (0,06%) (Lassen et al., 2004). 
The consumption was divided between metallic lead (91%), chemical compounds (9%) and “supporting substance” in other goods (0.06%) (Lassen et al., 2004).
På verdensplan produceres ca. 7 mio. tons bly om året, hvoraf ca. halvdelen stammer fra genanvendt metalaffald [1] . 
Worldwide approx. 7 mio. tonnes of lead are produced each year, of which half originates from recycled metal waste [1] .
Ifølge WHO (2003) stammer mere end 80% af det daglige indtag af bly fra indtag af føde, jord og støv. 
According to WHO (2003) more than 80% of the daily intake of lead originates from food, soil and dust.
Bly optaget via mad eller drikkevarer optages forskelligt alt efter, hvornår man sidst har indtaget føde. 
Lead taken up through food or beverages is absorbed differently depending on when the person last had a meal.
Typisk optager børn 50% af den indtagne blymængde (ATSDR, 2005). 
Typically, children absorb 50% of the ingested amount of lead (ATSDR, 2005).
Til brug i dette projekt antages oral optagelse af blyforbindelser at være 50% (baseret på værdien målt for børn). 
For use in this project an oral absorption rate of lead compounds is set at 50% - based on the value measured for children.
Denne værdi antages ligeledes at være en repræsentativ værdi for oral optagelse i voksne, idet denne værdi ligger mellem værdien for blyoptagelse med fødeindtagelse (6%) og blyoptagelse uden fødeindtagelse (60-80%) hos voksne. 
This value is assumed to be a representative value for oral absorption in adults as well, since this value lies between the value for lead absorption with prior food ingestion (6%) and lead absorption without prior food ingestion (60-80%) at adults.
Dermal optagelse af uorganiske blyforbindelser antages generelt at være meget lavere end optagelse via indånding eller via føden. 
Dermal absorption of inorganic lead compounds is generally assumed to be lower than absorption via inhalation or food.
Forsøg med påsmøring af kosmetiske produkter indeholdende 203Pb-mærket blyacetat (0,12 mg Pb i 0,1 ml eller 0,18 mg Pb i 0,1 g creme) hos 8 voksne i 12 timer ledte til en absorption på = 0,3%, baseret på 203Pb målinger i urin og blod i hele kroppen. 
Experiments with application of cosmetic products containing 203Pb-marked lead acetate (0.12 mg Pb in 0.1 ml or 0.18 mg Pb in 0.1 g lotion) on 8 adults for a period of 12 hours showed absorption of = 0.3%, based on203Pb measurements in urine and blood in the entire body.
Det blev antaget, at ved normal brug (af cremerne) ville 0,06% optages (Moore et al., 1980 i ATSDR, 2005). 
It was assumed that by normal use (of the lotions) only 0.06% would be absorbed (Moore et al., 1980 in ATSDR, 2005).
Andre forsøg (3 ikke-specificerede personer over 24 timer) med dermal eksponering af 5 mg Pb som blynitrat eller blyacetat resulterede i mindre end 1% optagelse. 
Other experiments (3 non-specified persons, period of 24 hours) with dermal exposure of 5 mg Pb as lead nitrate or lead acetate resulted in less than 1% absorption.
Samme studie viste ingen optagelse af blycarbonat (ATSDR, 2005). 
The same study showed no absorption of lead carbonate (ATSDR, 2005).
Resultater fra dyreforsøg har vist tilsvarende lave optagelsesrater (bly naphthenat: 0.17%; blynitrat: 0.03%; blystearat: 0,006%; blysulfat: 0,0006%, blyoxid: 0,005% og bly-pulver: 0,002%) (Bress and Bidanset, 1991 i ATSDR, 2005). 
Results from animal experiments have shown similar low absorption rates (lead naphthenate: 0.17%; lead nitrate: 0.03%; lead stearate: 0.006%; lead sulphate: 0.0006%, lead oxide: 0.005% and lead-powder: 0.002%) (Bress and Bidanset, 1991 in ATSDR, 2005).
Baseret på ovenstående informationer anvendes i dette projekt en dermal optagelse af bly i sved på 0,06%. 
Based on the above mentioned information a dermal absorption rate of lead (in sweat) of 0.06% is used in this project.
Efter oral optagelse transporteres bly fra tarmene til de forskellige organer via de røde blodlegemer, hvor blyet bindes til hæmaglobin (WHO, 2003). 
Following oral absorption the lead is transported via the red blood cells (where the lead is bound to haemoglobin) from the intestines to the different organs (WHO, 2003).
I første omgang ender blyet i organer som lever, nyrer, lunger, hjerne, milt, muskler og hjerte. 
At first the lead ends up in organs such as liver, kidney, lungs, brain, spleen, muscles and heart.