natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Ultrafine partikler har samtidig en stor kapacitet mht. sorption af andre stoffer pga. det forholdsvis store specifikke overfladeareal (overfladeareal pr. volumen eller masseenhed). 
At the same time, ultra fine particles have a large capacity with regard to sorption of other substances due to the rather large specific area of surface (area of surface per volume or mass unit).
Eftersom antallet af aerosoler og evt. aerosolernes specifikke overfladeareal kan have betydning for den sundhedsmæssige effekt, er det vigtigt at kende størrelsesfordelingen og aerosolkoncentrationen (antal pr. volumen) frem for blot en masse pr. volumen koncentration, når den potentielle sundhedseffekt skal vurderes. 
As the number of aerosols and perhaps the specific area of surface of the aerosols can be of importance to the health effect it is important to know the size distribution and the aerosol concentration (amount per volume) rather than merely the mass per volume concentration when the potential health effect is to be assessed.
Generelt skal det understreges, at der fortsat er en vis usikkerhed om, hvorvidt ultrafine aerosoler altid udgør en sundhedsmæssig risiko, eller om toksiciteten forudsætter bestemte fysiske og/eller kemiske karakteristika, herunder evnen til at sorbere toksiske stoffer. 
In general, it should be emphasized that there still is some uncertainty as to which extent ultra fine particles always pose health hazards or if the toxicity presupposes certain physical and/or chemical properties including the ability to sorb toxic substances.
På baggrund af ovenstående har Miljøstyrelsen iværksat projektet Kortlægning og sundhedsmæssig vurdering af mulige sundhedsskadelige komponenter i spraymidler til tekstilimprægnering. 
In the light of the above, the Danish Environmental Protection Agency implemented the project Survey and Health Assessment of Possible Health Hazardous Compounds in Proofing Sprays.
Projektet har følgende formål: 
Objectives of the project:
2. At identificere mulige problematiske indholdsstoffer i denne type produkter. 
2. To identify possible problematic substances in such products.
3. At undersøge størrelsesfordelingen af de aerosoler, forbrugeren udsættes for under anvendelse af sprayprodukter til tekstilimprægnering. 
3. To investigate the size distribution of the aerosols the consumer is exposed to when using spray products for textile proofing.
4. At kortlægge, hvilke sprayprodukter til tekstilimprægnering der findes på det danske marked, samt undersøge disse for indhold af problematiske stoffer og type af aerosoldannende mekanisme. 
4. To determine which textile proofing sprays exist on the Danish market, to investigate them and determine if they have a content of problematic substances and to investigate the type of aerosol creating mechanism.
2 Litteraturgennemgang og informationssøgning 
2 Literature retrieval and information search
2.5 Sammenfatning af resultaterne og konklusion 
2.5 Summary of results and conclusion
Første fase af projektet omhandler indsamling af litteraturdata med hensyn til kendte registrerede informationer om forgiftninger af forbrugere i forbindelse med brug af imprægneringsspray. 
The first phase of the project comprised the collection of literature data with regard to known registered information about toxification of consumers during the use of proofing spray.
Foruden humane forgiftningstilfælde er i denne beskrivelse inkluderet en række studier på dyr under anvendelse af i reglen kommercielle imprægneringsspray med mere eller mindre kendt sammensætning. 
In addition to human cases of toxification this report also includes a number of studies on animals during the use of as a rule commercial proofing sprays with a more or less well-known composition.
Der har været to formål med dette: 1) At skaffe flere oplysninger om ingredienser i sprayprodukter, der har været involveret i humane forgiftningstilfælde, og 2) at opnå mulighed for gennem patologiske undersøgelser at forklare visse effekter. 
There are two reasons for that: 1) to procure more information about ingredients in spraying products that have been involved in human cases of toxification, and 2) to get the opportunity to explain certain effects through pathological investigations.
Hovedparten af disse produkter sælges i sprayform. 
The main part of the products is sold as sprays.
Der har ofte været rapporteret forgiftningstilfælde i forbindelse med anvendelsen af disse produkter. 
Cases of poisoning have often been reported in connection with the use of these types of products.
I den seneste større sag fra Danmark blev 10 mennesker syge inden for to måneder i 2005 som følge af anvendelsen af et bestemt produkt. 
In the newest, larger case from Denmark, 10 people became ill within two months in 2005 as a result of using a certain product.
Første fase af projektet har følgende formål: 
The first phase of the project has the following objective:
At få klarlagt årsagerne til registrerede forgiftningstilfælde ved brug af denne type produkter, herunder specifikt om de primært kan tilskrives bestemte kemiske indholdsstoffer, eller om størrelsen af de aerosoler, der dannes under brugen, har den afgørende indflydelse. 
To clarify the reasons for the registered cases of poisoning when using this type of products, including specifically if they mainly are due to certain chemical substances or if the size of the aerosols created during use have a decisive influence.
For om muligt at skabe et overblik over, hvilke stoffer og/eller stofgrupper det kunne være relevant at målrette litteratursøgninger i betalingsdatabaser mod, gennemførtes en række foreløbige internetsøgninger på relevante danske og udenlandske hjemmesider. 
In order to create an outline of which substances and/or substance groups it would be relevant to target the payment database literature survey against, a number of preliminary internet searches on relevant Danish and foreign homepages were carried out.
Internetsøgninger er gennemført ved hjælp af søgemaskinen Google, og i enkelte tilfælde er det derefter valgt at bruge samme søgeterm i Google Scholar, der fokuserer på videnskabelige referencer. 
The internet searches were carried out by means of the search machine Google and in one particular case it was subsequently chosen to use the same search word in Google Scholar which focuses on scientific references.
Da der er registreret en række danske forgiftningstilfælde i forbindelse med brug af forskellige former for imprægneringsspray, er der først anvendt danske nøgleord til søgningerne. 
A number of Danish cases of toxification have been registered in connection with using different types of proofing sprays and therefore a Danish keyword was initially used for the searches.
Til denne indledende screening brugtes: spray forgiftning imprægnering, idet ordet tekstilspray kombineret med forgiftning ikke gav søgeresultater. 
For this preliminary screening the following Danish words were used: spray forgiftning imprægnering, as the word tekstilspray combined with forgiftning did not give any search results.
Dette gav kun anledning til få interessante resultater. 
That only resulted in few interesting results.
Den engelske søgekombination blev: fluoro resin textile spray pulmonary poison, og der anvendtes den avancerede søgestrategi, at alle ordene skal findes. 
The English search combination was: fluor resin textile spray pulmonary poison, and the advanced search strategy - that all words had to be found - was employed.
Dette kombineret med resultater på engelsk gav i alt 14.100 resultater 
That combined with results in English gave a total of 14.100 results.
2.2.1.1 Udvalgte søgeresultater i Google 
2.2.1.1 Selected search results in Google
Denne reference indeholder en opsummering af en række imprægneringsprodukters kemiske sammensætning. 
That reference contains a summary of the chemical composition of a number of proofing products.
De fundne stoffer i de undersøgte produkter kan hensigtsmæssigt opdeles i 3 hovedgrupper: 
It is appropriate to divide the substances found in the investigated products into 3 main groups:
Drivmidler (dog ikke i spray med pumpe) 
Propellants (however, not in sprays with a pump)
Drivmidlerne består af lavmolekylære carbonhydrider som propan, butan og isobutan. 
The propellants consist of low molecular hydrocarbons such as propane, butane and isobutane.
Tidligere brugtes ofte de såkaldte CFC-gasser ( fluor og chlorholdige carbonhydrider). 
Earlier, the so-called CFC gases (fluorine and chlorine containing hydrocarbons) were used.
Imprægneringsmidlerne kan være siloxan-forbindelser, fluorcarboner, urethaner, estere/voks eller phthalater. 
The proofing agents can be siloxane compounds, fluorcarbons, urethanes, esters/wax or phthalates.
Opløsningsmidlerne er typisk blandinger af alifatiske carbonhydrider (fx heptanisomere) og cycliske carbonhydrider (fx cyclohexan), og chlorerede carbonhydrider (fx 1,1,1-trichlorethan) og estere (fx butylacetat). 
The solvents are typically mixtures of aliphatic hydrocarbons (e.g. heptane isomers) and cyclic hydrocarbons (e.g. cyclohexane) and chlorinated hydrocarbons (e.g. 1,1,1-trichloroethane) and esters (e.g. butylated acetate).
Butylacetat er ikke tilladt i produkter til indendørs husholdningsbrug og 1,1,1-trichlorethan må ikke anvendes i spraydåser, fordi det er ozonlagsnedbrydende. 
Butylated acetate is forbidden in products for indoor household use and 1,1,1-trichloroethane is forbidden in spray cans as it is ozone layer decomposing.
Disse to opløsningsmidler må derfor ikke forekomme i spraydåser beregnet til indendørs husholdningsbrug. 
Therefore, these two solvents are forbidden in spray cans intended for indoor household use.
Søgningerne på engelsk gav to brugbare resultater. 
The searches in English gave two usable results.
En japansk artikel (Jinn et al., 1998) rapporterer indholdet af spraydåser på følgende måde: 1,1,1- trichlorethan, flydende petroleumsgas (lavmolekylære alkaner) og fluorbaseret polymer (fluoride resin). 
One Japanese article (Jinn et al., 1998) reports the following content of spray cans: 1,1,1-trichloroethane, liquid petroleum gas (low molecular alkanes) and fluorine based polymers (fluoride resin).
Det drejer sig i dette tilfælde om en imprægneringsspray, der har forårsaget lungeskade. 
In this case, it is a proofing spray that has caused lung injury.
Den anden artikel (Lazor-Blanchet et al., 2004) omtaler ikke en tekstilspray, men et middel til behandling af gulve (fliser), så misfarvninger forebygges. 
The other article (Lazor-Blanchet et al., 2004) does not mention a textile spray but an agent to treat floors (tiles) so discoloration is prevented.
Imprægneringsstoffet i dette middel angives at være: < 1 % acrylat-fluorpolymer opløst i > 90 % blanding af isoalkaner (C9-C12). 
The proofing substance in this agent is stated to be: < 1 % acrylic ester fluorpolymers dissolved in a > 90 % mixture of isoalkanes (C9-C12).
Dette produkt findes ikke i en spraydåse med drivgas, men er beregnet til påføring med pensel. 
This product does not exist in a spray can with propellant but is intended for application with a brush.
Det i artiklen omtalte professionelle fliselægningsfirma havde dog valgt at fylde væsken over i en beholder med pumpespray og påføre midlet på den måde, hvilket resulterede i forgiftning. 
However, the professional tiling company that was mentioned in the article had chosen to fill the liquid into a container with pump spray and apply the agent in that way resulting in toxification.
Samme acrylat-fluorpolymer som i dette produkt (og fra samme producent) rapporteres i artiklen [3] at have givet anledning til en række åndedrætsproblemer i forbindelse med imprægnering af læder og tekstiler. 
The same acrylate fluorpolymer as in this product (and from the same manufacturer) is in article [3] stated to have caused a number of respiratory problems in connection with household proofing of leather and textiles.
2.3 Søgning i bibliografiske databaser 
2.3 Bibliographical database searches
For at inddrage viden om de internationale erfaringer blev der målrettet søgt i et velegnet cluster af litteraturdatabaser (TOXCENTER) og samtidig i et par af de store databaser EMBASE og SCISEARCH, der ikke er indeholdt i dette cluster hos databaseværten STN (se beskrivelse under 2.3.1.2). 
In order to involve knowledge about international experience, a goal-oriented search was carried out in a suited cluster of literature databases (TOXCENTER) and at the same time in a couple of the large databases EMBASE and SCISEARCH that do not form part of this cluster at the database host STN (see description under 2.3.1.2).
Der blev søgt på kombinationen af tekstilimprægnering og/eller de identificerede kemiske bestanddele i forhold til de registrerede symptomer inklusive ordet forgiftning. 
The search was carried out on the combination of textile proofing and/or the identified chemical substances in relation to the registered symptoms including the word toxification.
2.3.1.1 Udarbejdelse af søgeprofilen 
2.3.1.1 Preparation of search profile
idet det viste sig, at ordet "textile" virker begrænsende på antallet af søgeresultater: 
as it was established that the term "textile" had a limiting effect on the number of search results:
Søgeterm: Proofing Spray OR Waterproofing spray OR Spray Impregnation. 
Search term: Proofing Spray OR Waterproofing spray OR Spray Impregnation.
Andre forhold, der kan gøre sig gældende, er: 
Other conditions that might manifest themselves are:
2.3.1.2 Søgning i betalingsdatabaser 
2.3.1.2 Payment database searches
Ovenstående søgeprofil er brugt ved søgning i nedenstående databaser. 
The above search profile was used to search in the below databases.
TOXCENTER (Toxicology Center) er en bibliografisk database, der dækker de farmakologiske, biokemiske, fysiologiske og toksikologiske effekter af lægemidler og andre kemikalier. 
TOXCENTER (Toxicology Center) is a bibliographical database that covers the pharmacological, biochemical, physiological and toxicological effects from medicines and drugs and other chemicals.
EMBASE (Excerpta Medica) er en bibliografisk database, der dækker litteratur på det biomedicinske og farmaceutiske område. 
EMBASE (Excerpta Medica) is a bibliographical database covering literature within the biomedical and pharmaceutical field.
Science Citation Index (SciSearch®) indeholder alle optegnelser, der er publiceret i Science Citation Index ExpandedTM. 
Science Citation Index (SciSearch®) contains all recordings published in Science Citation Index ExpandedTM.
Søgningen resulterede i 9 referencer, se Kapitel 8. 
The search resulted in 9 references, see chapter 8.
2.3.1.3 Søgning i gratis bibliografiske databaser 
2.3.1.3 No cost bibliographical database searches
Den samlede søgeterm: 
The complete search term:
blev også brugt i PubMed og på Scirus.com. 
was also used in PubMed and on Scirus.com.
Denne meget specifikke søgning gav 8 søgeresultater i PubMed samt 11 resultater i Scirus relateret til lungeeffekter efter brug af imprægneringsspray. 
This very specific search gave 8 search results in PubMed and 11 results in Scirus related to lung effects arising after having used proofing spray.
Der er et vist overlap mellem referencerne fra betalingsdatabaserne og de gratis databaser. 
There was a certain overlapping between the references from the payment databases and the no cost databases.
Den samlede referenceliste kan ses i Kapitel 8. 
The entire reference list can be seen in chapter 8.
2.3.2 Refererede artikler og henvisninger 
2.3.2 Articles and references referred to
Såvel Vernez et al. (2006) som flere af de anskaffede artikler indeholder en række henvisninger til yderligere litteratur. 
Vernez et al. (2006) and several of the procured articles contain a number of references to additional literature.
Flere af referencerne relaterer sig dog til imprægneringsprodukter til anvendelse på andet end tekstil. 
However, several of the references relate to proofing products to be used on other materials than textiles.
Den identificerede relevante litteratur er blevet anskaffet med et par undtagelser, hvor gentagne bestillinger ikke har givet resultat. 
The identified relevant literature was purchased with a couple of exceptions where repeated attempts to place an order gave no result.
Desuden er tre af de identificerede arbejder blevet refereret fra det engelske abstract, idet de originale artikler er på japansk. 
In addition, three of the identified articles were commented on from the English abstract as the original article was in Japanese.
Litteraturen er blevet undersøgt for identifikation af de mulige årsagssammenhænge mellem forgiftninger/symptomer og eksponering for kemiske bestanddele (enkeltstoffer eller kombinationer) og/eller den fysiske beskaffenhed af aerosoler, herunder også de specielle forhold for nanoaerosoler. 
The literature has been investigated in order to identify possible cause and effect relationships between toxifications/symptoms and exposure to chemical substances (isolated substances or combinations) and/or the physical characteristics of aerosols, also including the special conditions for nanoaerosols.
Kun et enkelt af de videnskabelige arbejder har beskæftiget sig med målinger på aerosoldiameteren. 
Only one of the scientific articles dealt with measurements of the aerosol diameter.
Vernez et al. (2006) indbefatter desuden en temmelig grov måling af størrelsesfordelingen på massebasis. 
In addition, Vernez et al., (2006) have a rather rough measurement of the size distribution on mass basis.
De fleste artikler diskuterer dannelsen af meget fine aerosoler ved udsprayning af væsker fra drivgasbeholdere og nævner, at dette forhold kan være medvirkende til de registrerede lungeeffekter. 
Most of the articles discuss the creation of very fine aerosols when spraying liquids from propellant cans and mention that this condition can contribute to the registered lung effects.
2.4.1 Data fra refererede artikler 
2.4.1 Data from referred to articles
Den indsamlede information er præsenteret i Tabel 2.1. 
The collected information is presented in Table 2.1.
Tabel 2.1 Samlet oversigt over tilgængelige kompositionsdata fra anskaffet litteratur 
Table 2.1 Complete outline of accessible composition data from procured literature.
Den flydende petroleumsgas er en blanding af lavmolekylære carbonhydrider - formentlig mest propan, butan og isobutan. 
Liquid petroleum gas is a mixture of low molecular hydrocarbons - presumably most propane, butane and isobutane.
En del af de fundne studier indeholder ikke oplysninger om sammensætningen af imprægneringsvæsken, og er derfor ikke taget med i tabellen. 
Some of the studies that were found do not contain information about the proofing liquid composition and therefore they have not been included in the table.
2.4.2 Vurdering af rapporterede forgiftningstilfælde 
2.4.2 Assessment of reported cases of toxification
Alle de tilfælde af forgiftninger, der er rapporteret for imprægneringsspray i de fundne referencer, har til fælles, at produkterne tidligere har været brugt uden rapporterede lungeskader, ofte gennem adskillige år. 
All the cases of toxification, reported for proofing spray in the found references, have in common that the products previously have been used without reported lung injuries, often for several years.
Det er også et fælles træk, at der umiddelbart før de observerede forgiftninger, er sket en omformulering af produktet. 
It is also a common trait that a formulation change of the product has taken place immediately before the observed cases of toxification.
Det er ofte sket med henvisning til, at opløsningsmidlerne eller drivgasserne har været miljøskadelige og derfor skulle erstattes. 
That has often taken place with reference to the solvents or propellants being harmful to the environment, and therefore they had to be replaced.
a. rapporteret i studier fra Schweiz, Frankrig, Danmark og USA (Vernez et al., 2006; BfR, 2006a; Gregersen et al., 2006; Smilkstein et al., 1992; Kulig et al., 1993). 
That has i.a. been reported in investigations from Switzerland, France, Denmark and the USA (Vermez et al., 2006; BfR, 2006a; Gregersen et al., 2006; Smilkstein et al., 1992; Kulig et al., 1993).
I det hele taget er åndedrætsskader i forbindelse med brug af imprægneringsspray observeret i en række tilfælde (Burkardt et al., 1996; Tagawa et al., 2003). 
On the whole, respiratory injuries connected with the use of proofing spray were observed in a number of cases (Burkardt et al., 1996; Tagawa et al., 2003).
Mange af de øvrige referencer beskriver enkelttilfælde (Tanino et al., 1999; Kobayashi et al., 2006). 
Many of the other references describe individual cases (Tanino et al., 1999; Kobayashi et al., 2006).
Flere af referencerne pointerer, at der er røget tobak samtidig med sprayningen, eller at cigaretter er holdt mellem fingre, der stadig havde rester af imprægneringsvæske på sig. 
Several of the references stress that tobacco was smoked at the same time as spraying took place or that cigarettes were held between the fingers which still had surplus proofing liquid on them.
Dette gøres med henvisning til, at Teflon-forbindelser, der er en fluorcarbonpolymer, er kendt for ved ophedning at forårsage ”polymer fume fever”, og at der er rapporteret tilfælde af lungeødem på grund af pyrolytiske produkter fra disse polymerer (Jinn et al., 1998). 
This is with reference to Teflon compounds (being fluorcarbon polymers) are known to cause ”polymer fume fever” when heated and cases of pulmonary edema owing to pyrolytic products from these polymers (Jinn et al., 1998) have been reported.
I to numre af Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report numre fra 1993 refereres forgiftninger med en læderimprægneringsspray i Oregon (Smilkstein et al., 1992) samt en "epidemiologisk note" fra Colorado over tre cases (Kulig et al., 1993). 
In two issues of Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report from 1993, there is reference to poisoning with leather proofing spray in Oregon (Smilkstein et al., 1992) and an "epidemiological note" from Colorado concerning three cases (Kulig et al., 1993).
I den redaktionelle kommentar efter selve rapporterne findes imidlertid en registrering af mindst 157 tilfælde af lægehenvendelser for forgiftninger med samme produkt i USA. 
However, in the editorial comment after the actual reports at least 157 cases of consultations to doctors were registered concerning toxification with the same product in the USA.
Den redaktionelle kommentar fortæller i begge tilfælde, at produkterne kort tid i forvejen var blevet omformuleret, idet brugen af 1,1,1-trichlorethan skulle udfases inden 1994 i henhold til Clean Air Act-ændringen i 1990. 
In both cases, the editorial states that a formulation change of the product had taken place shortly before, as the use of 1,1,1-trichloroethane was to be phased-out before 1994 according to the change in the Clean Air Act in 1990.
Sammensætningen af lædersprayvæskerne, der var involverede i forgiftningerne fremgår af Tabel 2.1. 
The composition of the leather spray liquids involved in the cases of toxification appears from Table 2.1.
Den rapporterede sammensætning af sprayvæsken svarer til sammensætningen af flere tekstilsprayvæsker og er derfor taget med her. 
The reported composition of spray liquid corresponds to the combination of several textile spray liquids and has therefore been included here.
I de tilfælde, hvor henvendelse til hospitalsvæsen havde fundet sted, er yderligere undersøgt resultaterne af kliniske undersøgelser og analyser foretaget på hospitalet. 
In the cases where the hospital had been visited the results of the clinical investigations and analyses carried out at the hospital have been further investigated.
Ud fra skemaerne blev genereret individuelle eksponeringsdata ud fra en klassisk 2 zone-model for aerosoldispergeringen i nær- og fjernområdet under anvendelse. 
On the basis of the questionnaires, individual exposure data was generated from a classic 2 zone model for aerosol dispersing in the community and in the distance during use.
De resulterende evaluerede dosis- og eksponeringsdata var spredt ud over adskillige størrelsesordner. 
The resulting evaluated dosage and exposure data were spread over several sizes.