natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Dækgranulat er tilgængeligt som råstof i rigelige mængder, da ca. 60 % af alt gummi (ca. 20 millioner tons pr. år) går til fremstilling af dæk, som før eller senere kasseres. 
Tyre granules are available as a raw material in ample supply, as approx, 60% of all rubber (approx. 20 million tonnes per year) is used to produce tyres which are discarded sooner or later.
Dog kan denne mængde reduceres, hvis man anvender en elastisk pad under kunstgræssets bagmåtte. 
However, this volume can be reduced by installing an elastic pad under the mat on the reverse of the artificial turf.
Der findes også coatede infill-typer. 
Coated infill types also exist.
Coatningen er typisk polyurethan med et tilsat farvestof (eksempelvis grøn). 
The coating is typically polyurethane with an added colourant (e.g. green).
Dæk indeholder en lang række miljø- og sundhedsmæssigt betænkelige, kemiske stoffer, som gør, at man bør genanvende gummi fra kasserede bildæk med omtanke. 
Tyres contain a number of chemical substances which are cause for health and environmental concerns, which means that rubber from discarded car tyres should be used with care.
Dette aspekt, sammenholdt med at brugen af kunstgræs er blevet mere og mere populært, har betydet, at flere lande har iværksat forskningsprojekter, som skal belyse mulige miljø- og sundhedsmæssige påvirkninger fra kunstgræsbaner (T. 
This aspect, combined with the fact that the use of artificial turf has become increasingly popular, has resulted in several countries launching research projects designed to investigate the health and environmental impacts from artificial turf pitches (T.
Resultatet af disse vil kort blive gennemgået i kapitel 3. 
The results of these projects will be briefly reviewed in chapter 3.
I kapitel 2 gennemgås den kemi, der knytter sig til de materialer, der indgår i kunstgræsbaner. 
Chapter 2 reviews the chemistry relating to the materials which are used to make artificial turf pitches.
I kapitel 4 er kortlægningen af brugen af kunstgræsbaner i Danmark beskrevet. 
Chapter 4 describes the mapping of the use of artificial turf pitches in Denmark.
Herefter følger kapitel 5 med beskrivelse af anskaffede prøvematerialer i form af kunstgræsmåtter, infill-materialer og PAD. 
Chapter 5 follows, containing descriptions of sample materials procured in the form of artificial turf mats, infill materials and pads.
Kapitel 6 og 7 omtaler henholdsvis de analysemetoder og analyseprogram og den sundhedsmæssige vurdering. 
Chapters 6 and 7 deal with analysis methods and analysis programme and the health assessment, respectively.
Rapporten slutter i kapitel 8 med en miljømæssig vurdering. 
The report concludes with chapter 8 with an environmental assessment.
2 Kunstgræsbaner - Materialer og kemiske stoffer 
2 Artificial turf pitches - Materials and chemical substances
2.1.2 Kemiske stoffer i det elastiske fyldmateriale (infill) 
2.1.2 Chemical substances in the elastic infill
Til kunstgræsbaner anvendes der plastfibre af polyethylen (PE), polypropylen (PP) og polyamid (PA) (The Grass Yarn & Tufters Forum, 2006). 
For artificial turf pitches, plastic fibres made of polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP) and polyamide (PA) are used (The Grass Yarn & Tufters Forum, 2006).
Som elastisk fyldmateriale anvendes gummigranulater eller termoplastiske polymerer, men der er også et produkt på markedet, som er fremstillet på basis af naturfibre. 
Rubber granules or thermoplastic polymers are used for the elastic infill, but there is also a product on the market which is based on natural fibres.
Der anvendes sand til at tynge græsset ned. 
Sand is used to weigh down the grass.
Sandet kan være coated med en elastomer eller PE. 
The sand could be coated with an elastomer or PE.
Endvidere indgår der som regel et elastisk underlag under kunstgræsset. 
Additionally, an elastic sublayer is usually included under the artificial turf.
Det kan typisk være en grov gummifraktion fra dæk sammenlimet med polyurethan, men andre typer findes også på markedet. 
This could typically be a coarse rubber fraction from tyres glued together using polyurethane, but other types are also available in the market.
Nedenfor skal der kort redegøres for, hvilke stoffer der må forventes at kunne afgives fra kunstgræsbaner på baggrund af den anvendte plast- eller gummitypes kemiske struktur samt de tilsætningskemikalier, der anvendes til stabilisering af molekylkæderne mod nedbrydning pga. vejrget. 
Below follows a brief description of the substances which can be expected to leach from artificial turf pitches on the basis of the chemical structure of the plastic or rubber type used as well as the additive chemicals used to stabilise the molecular chains against degradation due to weather.
For gummi kan der optræde omdannelsesprodukter som følge af vulkaniseringen. 
For rubber, degradation products may be present as a result of vulcanisation.
Mængden og den kemiske struktur er ofte uforudsigelige, idet de afhænger af det anvendte vulkaniseringssystem, tid og temperatur. 
The volume and the chemical structure are often unpredictable, because they depend on the vulcanisation system used, and the time and temperature.
Der kan ved slid opstå gummistøv, som kan være en kilde til eksponering via hud eller luftveje. 
With wear and tear, rubber dust may be produced, which can be a source of exposure via skin or respiratory passages.
2.1.1 Kemiske stoffer i kunstgræsmåtterne 
2.1.1 Chemical substances in the artificial turf mats
Ud fra litteraturen (The Grass Yarn & Tufters Forum, 2006) fremgår det, at kunstgræsfibrene hovedsagelig er fremstillet af polyethylen (PE) eller polypropylen (PP), men at nylon (polyamid) også er en mulighed. 
The existing literature (The Grass Yarn & Tufters Forum, 2006) states that the artificial turf fibres are primarily produced from polyethylene (PE) or polypropylene (PP), but that nylon (polyamide) is also an option.
Til fodboldbaner anvendes ifølge samme kilde udelukkende PE. 
The same source indicates that PE is used exclusively for football pitches.
PE og PP tilsættes som regel antioxidanter for at forbedre vejrbestandigheden, som ellers er god i forvejen pga. den mættede kulstofkædestruktur. 
Antioxidants are usually added to PE and PP in order to improve weather resistance, which is otherwise already good due to the saturated carbon chain structure.
Antioxidanterne er typisk organiske phenoliske strukturer med en forholdsvis høj molekylvægt for at forhindre fordampning. 
The antioxidants are typically organic phenolic structures with a relatively high molecular weight in order to prevent evaporation.
Der tilsættes ofte organiske phosphiter som hjælpestoffer, da det giver en synergistisk beskyttende effekt mod oxidativ nedbrydning. 
Organic phosphites are usually added as auxiliaries, as this provides a synergistic protective effect against oxidative degradation.
Endvidere sker der beskyttelse mod nedbrydning af lys ved tilsætning af UV-stabilisatorer. 
Furthermore, UV stabilisers are added to protect against light degradation.
Typiske UV-stabilisatorer er af HALS-typen (Hindered Amine Light Stabilisers). 
Typical UV stabilisers are of the HALS type (Hindered Amine Light Stabilisers).
Nogle UV-stabilisatorer er endvidere zinkholdige, eksempelvis Tinuvin 494 fra Ciba Speciality Chemicals. 
Some UV stabilisers are contain zinc, e.g. Tinuvin 494 from Ciba Speciality Chemicals.
Fibrene er grønfarvede. 
The fibres are coloured green.
Nogle af de grønne farvestoffer kan være baseret på metalkomplekser (kobber), eller de kan være af typen azofarvestoffer, hvoraf nogle, eksempelvis de gule, er kendt for at være potentielt carcinogene. 
Some of the green colourants can be based on metallic complexes (copper), or they can be of the azo colourant type, of which some, e.g. yellow, are known to be potentially carcinogenic.
Grøn farve dannes ved sammenblanding af gule og blå farver. 
The green colour is produced by mixing yellow and blue colours.
Tidligere undersøgelser udført af Teknologisk Institut viser, at der ofte afgasser letflygtige, kortkædede kulbrinter fra både PE og PP. 
Previous studies carried out by the Danish Technological Institute show that volatile short-chain hydrocarbons often degas from PE as well as PP.
Så det forventes på forhånd, at kunstgræsmåtterne tilsvarende vil afgasse letflygtige, kortkædede kulbrinter. 
It was thus expected beforehand that the artificial turf mats would degas volatile, short-chain hydrocarbons in a similar manner.
Det forventes, at der også kan være blødgørere i den anvendte latexlim, eksempelvis i form af ftalater. 
It was expected that there might also be softeners in the latex adhesive used, e.g. in the form of phthalates.
Ifølge litteraturen (The Grass Yarn & Tufters Forum, 2006) er den helt overvejende del af anlagte kunstgræsbaner baseret på genanvendte, granulerede dæk (98 %). 
According to the existing literature (The Grass Yarn & Tufters Forum, 2006), the overwhelming majority of the artificial turf pitches laid are based on recycled, granulated tyres (98%).
Det er oplyst (T.V. Pedersen, 2007), at nogle af ulemperne ved brugen af granulaterne er den sorte farve, og at man især i vådt vejr meget let får klæbning af gummiet til tøj, fodtøj og hud. 
Information exists (T.V. Pedersen, 2007) that one of the disadvantages of using the granules is the black colour, and that, especially in wet weather, the rubber easily sticks to clothes, footwear and skin.
En anden ulempe er lugten af gummi, som dog især er fremherskende i varmt vejr. 
Another disadvantage is the smell of rubber, which is most predominant in hot weather, however.
Lugten kan undertrykkes ved vanding. 
The smell can be suppressed by watering.
Der findes alternative muligheder for valg af materialer. 
There are alternative options when choosing materials.
Dels kan man anvende coatede granulater fra dæk for at mindske migrationen af stoffer fra granulatet, dels kan man kan anvende EPDM-gummigranulater og termoplastiske elastomerer (TPE) eller blandingsgranulater. 
You can either use coated granules from tyres in order to reduce the migration of substances from the granules, or you can use EPDM rubber granules and thermoplastic elastomers (TPE) or mixed granules.
Coated sand nævnes også som en mulighed. 
Coated sand is also mentioned as an option.
Der findes også infill-materiale, som er baseret på naturfibre. 
Infill material based on natural fibres also exists.
Endelig markedsføres et infill-materiale, som benævnes industrigummi. 
Finally, an infill material is marketed under the designation industrial rubber.
Det skulle efter leverandøren dreje sig om overskudsgummi fra vindueslistefremstilling. 
According to the supplier, this is surplus rubber from the production of window piping.
Problemet med flere af alternativerne til granulerede bildæk er, at prisniveauet på infill-materialet stiger. 
The problem with several of the alternatives to granulated car tyres is that the price level of the infill materials is increasing.
Da prisen på en fodboldbane af kunstgræs ved anvendelse af dækgranulat ligger på ca. 5 millioner DKK, er det en meget forhøjet anlægspris, der bliver tale om ved substitution af dækgranulatet. 
Since the price of an artificial turf football pitch using tyre granules is approx. DKK 5 million, substituting the tyre granules results in a considerably increased installation price.
Dette er forudsat, at tallene korrekte, hvilket må betvivles ud fra oplysninger fra leverandører til det danske marked. 
This is assuming that the figures are correct, which is questionable on the basis of information from suppliers to the Danish market.
I forbindelse med projektet ”Afgivelse og sundhedsmæssig vurdering af PAH'er og aromatiske aminer i bildæk” (Miljøstyrelsen, Kortlægning nr. 54, 2005) er der givet detaljeret beskrivelse af de rågummityper, der indgår i recepterne for såvel personvognsdæk som lastvognsdæk. 
In connection with the “Emission and health evaluation of PAHs and aromatic amines in car tyres” project (Danish Environmental Protection Agency, Kortlægning nr. 54, 2005), detailed descriptions were given of the raw rubber types forming part of the recipes for passenger cars tyres as well as for truck tyres.
Rågummityperne er naturgummi (NR), styrenbutadiengummi (SBR) og butadiengummi (BR). 
The raw rubber types are natural rubber (NR), styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) and butadiene rubber (BR).
SBR-gummi er hovedkomponenten i slidbanen på dæk. 
SBR rubber is the main component in tyre treads.
Foruden kønrøg (sod) indgår der aromatiske olier, zinkoxyd, stearinsyre, antioxidanter og antiozonanter samt svovl og acceleratorer i recepten. 
In addition to carbon black (soot), aromatic oils, zinc oxide, stearic acid, antioxidants and antiozonants as well as sulphur and accelerators form part of the recipe.
Acceleratorerne indeholder kvælstof og svovl og kan ved opvarmning afgive carbondisulfid (svovlkulstof) og fraspalte aminer, hvoraf flere kan være nitrosamindannende. 
The accelerators contain nitrogen and sulphur and, when heated, can emit carbon disulphide and split off amines, of which several can be nitrosamine-forming.
Ud over zink kan der fra gummigranulat fremstillet af kasserede bildæk afgives kobber og krom fra den ståltråd (cord), der indgår i armeringen af dækkene. 
In addition to zinc, rubber granules made from discarded car tyres can emit copper and chromium from the steel cord used to reinforce the tyres.
De acceleratorer, der anvendes, er typisk baseret på benzothiazol, som kan fraspaltes under vulkaniseringen. 
The accelerators used are typically based on benzothiazole, which can be split off during vulcanisation.
I de norske undersøgelser (C. 
The Norwegian studies (C.
Dye et al., 2005; C. Dye et al., 2006; T.S.W. Plesser, 2004; T. Sanner, 2006) konstateres endvidere afgivelse af både ftalater og langkædede alkylphenoler fra gummigranulatet. 
Dye et al., 2005; C. Dye et al., 2006; T.S.W. Plesser, 2004; T. Sanner, 2006) also observed emission of phthalates as well as long-chain alkylphenols from the rubber granules.
Ftalaterne kan stamme fra klæbestoffer og alkylphenolerne fra reaktive resiner, der anvendes ved vulkanisering af butylgummityper (J.S. Dick, 2001). 
The phthalates could originate from adhesives and the alkylphenols from reactive resins used in the vulcanisation of butyl rubber types (J.S. Dick, 2001).
Butylgummi indgår i dæk som lufttæt lag. 
Butyl rubber forms part of tyres as an airtight layer.
EPDM-gummi er kulstofkæder opbygget af monomererne ethylen og propylen samt en dien-komponent, typisk norbornen, indbygget som sidekæde. 
EPDM rubber consists of carbon chains constructed from the monomers ethylene and propylene and a diene component, typically norbornene, built in as a side chain.
Fordelen ved denne polymere strukturopbygning er stor vejrbestandighed, som gør, at det ikke er nødvendigt at tilsætte antiozonanter til EPDM-gummi. 
The advantage of this polymeric structure is great weather resistance, making it unnecessary to add antiozonants to EPDM rubber.
Mængden af antioxidanter kan også reduceres. 
The volume of antioxidants can also be reduced.
EPDM kan enten peroxid- eller svovlvulkaniseres. 
EPDM can be subjected to either peroxide or sulphur vulcanisation.
I begge tilfælde kan zinkoxid indgå, men i størst mængde i den svovlvulkaniserede. 
In both cases, zinc oxide may be a constituent, but in greater volume in the sulphur vulcanisation.
Der anvendes ved svovlvulkanisering de sædvanlige acceleratorer baseret på kvælstof og svovl. 
In sulphur vulcanisation, the usual accelerators based on nitrogen and sulphur are used.
Ved de peroxidvulkaniserede typer anvendes organiske peroxider, typisk dicumylperoxid, som under vulkaniseringen fraspalter acetophenon. 
For the peroxide vulcanised types, organic peroxides are used, typically dicumyl peroxide which splits off acetophenone during vulcanisation.
Andre typer kan fraspalte tert-butylalkohol. 
Other types may split off tert-butyl alcohol.
De blødgøringsmidler, der anvendes til EPDM, er langt overvejende naphteniske olier med et relativt lavt aromatindhold. 
The softeners used for EPDM are predominantly naphthenic oils with a relatively low aromatic content.
Kommuner og boldklubber, der ikke ønsker dækgranulat, specificerer i stedet, at man ønsker infill i form af industrigummi. 
Municipalities and football clubs that do not want tyre granules specify instead that they want infill in the form of industrial rubber.
Industrigummi er principielt alt gummi, idet alle tekniske gummiprodukter fremstilles industrielt. 
In principle, industrial rubber is all rubber, as all technical rubber products are produced industrially.
En leverandør betegner industrigummi som et overskudsprodukt fra gummiindustrien stammende fra vindueslisteproduktion. 
One supplier calls industrial rubber a surplus product from the rubber industry, originating from window piping production.
Det er ikke muligt alene ud fra oplysningerne fra leverandøren at vurdere granulatets kemiske sammensætning. 
Based on the supplier's information alone, it is not possible to assess the chemical composition of the granules.
TPE er en forkortelse for termoplastiske elastomerer. 
TPE is an abbreviation of thermoplastic elastomers.
TPE adskiller sig fra gummi ved ikke at være vulkaniseret. 
TPE is distinct from rubber in that it is not vulcanised.
I stedet for er netstrukturen dannet, ved at styrensegmenterne danner krystallinske domæner. 
Instead, a mesh structure is formed by the styrene segments forming crystalline domains.
Da kædestrukturen er mættet, er SEBS karakteriseret ved god vejrbestandighed, som det er beskrevet for EPDM-gummi. 
Since the chain structure is saturated, SEBS is characterised by good weather resistance, as was described for EPDM rubber.
Afgivelsen af kemiske stoffer fra SEBS forudses begrænset, da der ikke anvendes vulkaniseringskemikalier som man gør i gummi. 
The emission of chemical substances from SEBS is predicted to be limited, because no vulcanisation chemicals are used as is the case for rubber.
En enkelt leverandør tilbyder et naturfiberbaseret infill-materiale. 
A single supplier offers a natural fibre-based infill material.
Det er baseret på fibre fra kokos. 
This is based on coir fibres.
3.2 Samlet konklusion på de udenlandske undersøgelser og strategi for nærværende undersøgelse 
3.2 Overall conclusion of the foreign studies and strategy for this study
Det er først og fremmest i Norge, man har gennemført detaljerede studier af kunststofbaner (T. 
Detailed studies of artificial turf pitches have primarily been conducted in Norway (T.
Den svenske rapport bygger hovedsagelig på oplysninger fra andre kilder. 
The Swedish report is primarily based on information from other sources.
Der foreligger fire norske rapporter, der i forskellige aspekter vurderer miljø- og sundhedsmæssige risici som følge af anlæg og brug af kunstgræsbaner i Norge. 
Four Norwegian reports are available which, in different respects, assess health and environmental risks as a consequence of the laying and use of artificial turf pitches in Norway.
To af undersøgelserne er gennemført på foranledning af Statens Forurensningstilsyn (SFT) (T. 
Two of the studies were conducted at the behest of the Norwegian Pollution Control Agency (Statens Forurensningstilsyn (SFT)) (T.
En er udført for Norges fodboldforbund (T. 
One was conducted for the Norwegian football association (T.
Sanner, 2006), og den sidste er udført af Byggforsk (T.S.W. Plesser et al., 2004). 
Sanner, 2006), and the final one was conducted by Byggforsk (T.S.W. Plesser et al., 2004).
Byggforsk (T.S.W. Plesser et al., 2004) nævnt ovenstående har udgivet sin slutrapport om potentielle sundheds- og miljøeffekter tilknyttet kunstgræsbaner for Norges fodboldforbund i september 2004. 
SINTEF Building and Infrastructure (Byggforsk) (T.S.W. Plesser et al., 2004) mentioned above has published its final report on potential health and environmental impacts associated with artificial turf pitches for the Norwegian football association in September 2004.
Byggforsk undersøgelsen har omfattet tre infill-gummigranulater baseret på genbrugt gummi (formentlig alle tre fra dæk) og et EPDM-gummigranulat (formentlig ikke genbrugt). 
The Byggforsk study included three infill rubber granule types based on recycled rubber (all three presumably from tyres) and an EPDM rubber granule product (presumably not recycled).
Endvidere indgik to kunstgræsfibertyper baseret på PE og copolymer af PE og PP. 
In addition, two artificial turf fibre types based on PE and PE/PP copolymer were used.
Den ene type var splitfiber, den anden monofiber. 
One type was split fibre, the other monofibre.
Splitfibre fremstilles ved opslidsning af PE-folie. 
Split fibres are produced by slitting PE film.
Monofibre fremstilles ved, at hver enkelt fiber ekstruderes for sig. 
Monofibres are produced by each fibre being extruded separately.
Det skulle give bedre langtidsegenskaber mod slid. 
This should provide better long-term wear resistance.
I undersøgelsen er der blevet analyseret for totalindhold af arsen, bly, cadmium, kobber, krom, kviksølv, PCB, PAH, ftalater og phenoler i selve materialerne. 
The study analysed for total contents of arsenic, lead, cadmium, copper, chromium, mercury, PCB, PAH, phthalates and phenols in the materials.
Endvidere er der udført udvaskningsforsøg og afgasningsforsøg. 
Furthermore, leaching tests and degassing tests were conducted.
Risikovurderingen blev udført i en forenklet udgave, idet man sammenlignede totalindholdet af miljøskadelige stoffer i kildematerialet med SFT´s normværdier for mest følsomt arealbrug. 
The risk assessment was performed in a simplified version, as the total content of environmentally harmful substances in the source materials was compared to the SFT's normative values for most sensitive area use.
Mest følsomt arealforbrug er i Norge arealer til brug for boliger, haver, børnehaver, skoler o.l. 
In Norway “most sensitive area use” means areas intended for housing, gardens, kindergartens, schools etc.
Kontaktvandet fra udvaskningsforsøgene af gummigranulater fra genbrugt gummi indeholdt zink, PAH'er, ftalater og phenoler. 
The contact water from the leaching tests of rubber granules from recycled rubber contained zinc, PAHs, phthalates and phenols.
Mængden af zink placerer kontaktvandet i SFT´s klasse V (meget forurenet vand), men er lavere end zinkindholdet tilladt i Canadian Environmental Quality Guidelines for drikkevand. 
The amount of zinc places the contact water in the SFT class V (very polluted water), but it is lower than the zinc content allowed in the Canadian Environmental Quality Guidelines for drinking water.
Mængden af antracen, fluanthen, pyren, ftalater og nonylphenoler er højere end tilladt i Canadian Environmental Quality Guidelines. 
The amount of antracene, fluoroanthene, pyrene, phthalates and nonylphenols is higher than that allowed in the Canadian Environmental Quality Guidelines.
Det kræver ifølge forfatterne en mere detaljeret risikoanalyse og yderligere forsøg for at afgøre, om der er en reel risiko for skade på miljø og sundhed for de stoffer, der er målt i kontaktvandet. 
According to the authors, it will require a more detailed risk analysis and further tests to determine whether there is a real risk of harm to the environment and health from the substances measured in the contact water.
Gummigranulaterne fra det genanvendte gummi afgiver en række alkylerede benzener i luftform. 
The rubber granules from the recycled rubber emit a number of alkylated gaseous benzenes.
I en af prøverne fandtes afgasning af trichlormethan og i en anden cis-1,2-dichlorethen. 
In one of the tests, degassing of trichloromethane was detected, and in another cis-1,2-dichloroethene.
Med undtagelse af indhold af chrom og zink indeholdt EPDM-granulatet mindre mængder miljøfarlige stoffer end granulaterne fra genanvendt gummi. 
With the exception of the of chromium and zinc content, the EPDM granules contained smaller amounts of environmentally dangerous substances than the granules from recycled rubber.
EPDM afgav også mindre mængder flygtige stoffer. 
EPDM also emitted smaller amounts of volatile substances.
I selve kunstgræsfibrene blev der påvist kobber og zink. 
In the actual artificial turf fibres, copper and zinc were detected.