natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
• Beskrivelse: Methyl stearat som intern standard. 
•Description: Methyl stearate as internal standard.
Ekstraktion med acetone. 
Extraction with acetone.
Analytter derivatiseres til metylestre med diazomethan. 
Analytes derivatised to methyl esters by diazomethane.
• Fordele: Bestemmelse af AbA, DeA og 7-O-DeA. 
•Advantages: Detection of AbA, DeA, and 7-O-DeA.
Diazomethan er kræftfremkaldende. 
Diazomethane is carcinogenic and explosive.
Top identifikation er baseret på retentionstid af kendte, rene analytter; risiko for interferens med eller overlapning af ukendte toppe. 
Peak identification based on retention time of known, pure analytes; risk of interferences by and confusion with unknown peaks.
Nødvendig at syntetisere 7-O-DeA, da den ikke er kommerciel tilgængelig. 
Need to synthesise reference substance 7-O-DeA, since not commercially available.
Detektionsgrænse ikke angivet. 
Detection limit unspecified.
• Anvendes til: Papir, gulvbelægning til linoleum og bleer. 
•Used for: paper and linoleum floor covering, diapers
Ekstraktion med methylene chloride. 
Extraction with methylene chloride.
Detektion af AbA og DeA; derivatisering to metylestre med kalium karbonat og methyl iodide. 
Detection of AbA and DeA; derivatised to methyl esters by potassium carbonate and methyl iodide.
• Fordele: Top identifikation baseres på både massespektre og retentionstid af kendte, rene analytter. 
•Advantages: Peak identification based on both mass spectra and retention time of known, pure analytes.
Ingen oxidationsprodukter analyseres. 
No oxidation products detected.
Detektiongrænse er ikke angivet. 
Limit of detection unspecified.
• Anvendes til: dampe fra lodning. 
•Used for: soldering fumes
DHA derivatiseret med dimethylformamide dimethylacetal. 
DHA derivatised by dimethylformamide dimethylacetal.
Detektionsgrænse: 50 nM DHA. 
Limit of detection; 50nM DHA.
• Ulemper: Ingen bestemmelse af AbA eller oxidationsprodukter. 
•Disadvantages: No detection of AbA or oxidation products.
• Anvendes til: Biomarkør i urin. 
•Used for: biomarker in urine
• Beskrivelse: UV detektion af AbA ved 242nm og DeA ved 265 nm. 
•Description: UV detection of AbA at 242nm and DeA at 265nm.
Kalibrering med rene syrer. 
Calibration with pure acids.
Ekstraktion med methanol, ethylacetat eller dichlormethan. 
Extraction with methanol, ethyl acetate or dichloromethane.
Detektionsgrænse; 10 ppm AbA, 150ppm DeA. 
Limits of detection; 10ppm AbA, 150ppm DeA.
• Fordele: Ingen modifikation af analytter. 
•Advantages: No modification of analytes.
Yderligere top identifikation baseres på UV-spektre ved topspids. 
Additional peak identification by UV-spectra at peak apex.
• Ulemper: Ingen oxidationsprodukter måles. 
•Disadvantages: No oxidation product detected.
Top identifikation baseret på retentionstid af kendte, rene analytter; risiko for interferens og overlapning af ukendte toppe. 
Peak identification based on retention time of known, pure analytes; risk of interferences by and confusion with unknown peaks.
DeA har lav absorption ved 267nm; ved max absorbans 215nm er der høj matrix interferens. 
DeA has low absorption at 267nm; at max absorption 215nm there is high matrix interference.
• Anvendes til: plastre, skæreolier, loddevæske og malingsprodukter 
•Used for: adhesives, cutting fluid, soldering flux, and paint products
• Beskrivelse: UV detektion af 15-HPDA ved 254nm. 
•Description: UV detection of 15-HPDA at 254nm.
15-HPDA er termisk ustabil; til MS opsamles HPLC-fraktion; DIP. 
15-HPDA thermally instable; for MS collect HPLC fraction; DIP.
Yderligere top identifikation med MS. 
Additional peak identification by MS.
• Ulemper: AbA og DeA detekteres ikke. 
•Disadvantages: AbA and DeA not detected.
Syntese af reference stof 15-HPDA er nødvendigt, da dette stof er ustabilt og derfor ikke er kommercielt tilgængeligt. 
Need to synthesise reference substance 15-HPDA, which is not commercially available and unstable.
Top identifikation er baseret på retentionstid af kendte, rene analytter; risiko for interferens af eller overlapning af ukendte toppe. 
Peak identification based on retention time of known, pure analytes; risk of interferences by and confusion with unknown peaks.
• Anvendes til: Umodificeret kolofonium 
•Used for: unmodified colophonium as such
• Beskrivelse: Metode svarende til [3]. 
•Description: Method according to [3].
Ekstraktion med acetone eller dichlormethan. 
Extraction with acetone or dichloromethane.
Detektion af oxidationsproduktet 7-O-DeA samt AbA og DeA. 
Detection of the oxidation product 7-O-DeA, also AbA and DeA.
• Ulemper: Syntese af reference stof 7-O-DeA er nødvendigt, da dette stof ikke er kommercielt tilgængeligt. 
•Disadvantages: Must synthesise reference substance 7-O-DeA, since it is not commercially available.
DeA har lav absorption ved 267nm; ved max absorbans 215nm er der stor matrix interferens. 
DeA has low absorption at 267nm; at max absorption 215nm there is high matrix interference.
• Anvendes til: Papir, bonevoks, støv. 
•Used for: Paper, floor polish, dust
• Beskrivelse: UV detektion af AbA og DeA ved 245nm. 
•Description: UV detection of AbA and DeA at 245nm.
Ekstraktion med methanol. 
Extraction with methanol.
Separation er optimeret til største mulige antal komponenter. 
Separation optimised to for isolation of max number of components.
• Fordele: Detektion af 7-O-oxo samt AbA og DeA og en række andre komponenter. 
•Advantages: Detection of the oxidation product 7-O-DeA, also AbA and DeA and a number of additional components.
Ingen modifikation af analytter. 
No modification of analytes.
Identifikation af toppe med MS. 
Identification of peaks by MS.
• Ulemper: Top identifikation er baseret på retentionstid af kendte, rene analytter; risiko for interferens af eller overlapning af ukendte toppe. 
•Disadvantages: Peak identification based on retention time of known, pure analytes; risk of interferences by and confusion with unknown peaks.
Syntese af reference stof 7-O-DeA er nødvendigt, da dette stof ikke er kommercielt tilgængeligt. 
Need to synthesise reference substance 7-O-DeA, since it is not commercially available.
2.2.2 Kombination af HPLC-UV og fluorescens detektion 
2.2.2 HPLC-UV and fluorescence detection in combination
• Beskrivelse: UV detektion af AbA ved 240nm og fluorescens detektion af DeA, excitation 225nm, emission 285nm. 
•Description: UV detection of AbA at 240nm and fluorescence detection of DeA excitation 225nm, emission 285nm.
Ekstraktion med acetonitril. 
Extraction with acetonitrile.
SPE oprensning før HPLC. 
SPE prior to HPLC.
SPE begrænser matrix interferens og gør detektionen mere specifik. 
SPE limits matrix interferences and enhances detection specificity.
Detektion af DeA er 100 gange mere følsom med fluorescens end ved UV. 
Detection of DeA by fluorescence is more than 100 times more sensitive than UV.
Samme kolonne er brugt til begge detektorer. 
Both detectors on the same column.
HPLC separation på 10 minutter. 
HPLC separation time only approx. 10 minutes.
• Ulemper; Ingen oxidationsprodukter er detekteret. 
•Disadvantages: No oxidation products detected.
• Anvendes til: Klæbemiddel i makeup 
•Used for: makeup adhesive
Ekstraktion med acetonitril eller diethylether. 
Extraction with acetonitrile or diethyl ether.
Samme kolonne brugt til begge detektorer. 
Both detectors on the same column.
• Ulemper; Ingen oxidationsprodukter detekteret. 
•Disadvantages: No oxidation products detected.
Top identifikation er baseret på retentions tid af kendte, rene analytter; risiko for interferens af eller overlapning af ukendte toppe. 
Peak identification based on retention time of known, pure analytes; risk of interferences by and confusion with unknown peaks.
• Anvendes til: urteolier og -salver 
•Used for: herbal oils and ointments
• Fordele: Ingen modifikation af analytter. 
•Advantages: No modification of analyte.
Massespektre af oxidationsproduktet 15-HPDA, der er termisk ustabilt. 
Mass spectra of the oxidation product 15-HPDA, which is thermally instable.
• Ulemper: AbA og DeA ikke detekteret. 
•Disadvantages: AbA and DeA not detected.
Syntese af reference stof 15-HPDA er nødvendigt, da dette stof ikke er kommercielt tilgængeligt. 
Need to synthesise reference substance 15-HPDA, since it is not commercially available.
• Ulemper: Ikke kvantitativ. 
No modification of analytes.
2.2.4 Direkte indsat probe MS metode 
2.2.4 Direct insertion probe MS method
• Beskrivelse: Ekstraktion med ethanol. 
•Description: Extraction with ethanol.
• Fordele: Detektion af 7-O-DeA samt AbA og DeA og en række andre stoffer inklusiv oxidationsprodukter. 
•Advantages: Detection of the oxidation product 7-O-DeA, also AbA and DeA and a number of additional components, including oxidation products.
Ingen modifikation af analytterne. 
No modification of analytes.
• Ulemper: Ingen separation, komplekse massespektre. 
•Disadvantages: No separation; complex mass spectra.
2.2.5 MALDI-MS metode 
2.2.5 MALDI-MS method
• Beskrivelse: Ekstraktion med dichlormethan. 
•Description: Extraction with dichloromethane.
TLC plade coatet med cellulose anvendes som prøveopsamler. 
TLC plate coated with cellulose as sample probe.
• Fordele: Detektion af 7-O-DeA og andre oxidationsprodukter. 
•Advantages: Detection of 7-O-DeA and other oxidation products.
Kræver mekanisk ændring af instrumentets prøveopsamler 
Requires mechanical modification of instrument sample probe.
• Bruges til: Umodificeret kolofonium. 
•Used for: unmodified colophonium as such
Indholdet af AbA varierer mellem 30-50 % i kolofonium af typen gum rosin og 35-40 % i tallolie kolofonium. 
The content of AbA may vary between 30 - 50% for gum rosin and 35 - 40% for tall oil rosin.
Derfor bør en detektionsgrænse for AbA 10 ppm anvendes som en retningslinje til at vurdere størrelsesordnen af den ønskede detektionsgrænse i den udvalgte analysemetode. 
A detection limit of 10 ppm AbA may therefore serve as a guide to determine the order of magnitude for the desired limit of detection in the chosen analytical method.
Foreslået metode I, eksisterende 
Suggested method I, existing
GC-FID metoden [2, 8, 10] inkluderer kvantitativ analyse af AbA, DeA og 7O-DeA. 
The GC-FID-method [2, 8, 10] includes the quantitative analysis of AbA, DeA and 7-O-DeA.
Det er nødvendigt at derivatisere analytterne, hvilket inkluderer brugen af farlige kemikalier. 
Note that the necessary derivatisation of the analytes includes the use of hazardous chemicals.
Matrix interferens er begrænset og specificiteten af detektionen er øget ved hjælp af SPE oprensning. 
Matrix interferences are limited and the detection specificity is enhanced by SPE.
Oxidationsproduktet 7O-DeA er inkluderet i metoden. 
The oxidation product 7-O-DeA may be included in this method.
Denne analyt er undersøgt ved hjælp af HPLC-UV [8], dog ikke kvantitativt. 
This analyte has been investigated by HPLC-UV method [8], however not quantitatively.
Da HPLC-UV-flourescens metoden er ikke-destruktiv, er fraktionering og efterfølgende analyse en mulighed, f. eks. direkte ved MS for at undgå forveksling med ukendte toppe [12-14]. 
As the HPLC-UV-fluorescence method is non-destructive, fractionation and further analysis is an option, e.g. directly by MS to avoid confusion with potential unknown peaks [12-14].
En metode til kvantificering af harpikssyrer i kosmetik 
A method for quantification of resin acids in cosmetics
Standardopløsninger til HPLC laves i acetonitril: MilliQ vand 9:1 med 0,2 % myresyre. 
Standard solutions for HPLC were made in acetonitrile:MilliQ water 9:1 with 0.2% formic acid.
Opløsningerne opbevares på køl og er stabile i mindst 2 uger. 
They were stored in refrigerator and were stable for at least 2 weeks.
Kolofonium prøver opløses i 100 % acetonitril i en cirka koncentration på 1,5 mg/ml 
Colophonium samples were dissolved in 100% acetonitrile to approximately 1.5 mg/ml.
Prøver Metoden er blevet testet på voks strips, foundation, rouge og mascara. 
Samples The method has been tested on Wax strips, foundation, rouge and mascara
Papirerne fjernes for at opnå kontakt mellem voks og solvent. 
The papers were separated to expose the wax to solvent.
500 ml EPA fra en 928 mikrogram/ml opløsning tilsættes som intern standard (IS) før ekstraktion. 
An aliquot of 500 l EPA, from a 928 microgram/ml solution, was added as internal standard (IS) prior to extraction.
For alle kosmetik prøver undtagen voks strips: Hvert ekstrakt overføres til plastrør og centrifugeres i 15 min. ved 4000 rpm. 
For all cosmetic samples except wax strips: Each extract was transferred to plastic tubes and centrifuged during 15 min at 4000 rpm.
Supernatanten overføres til en kolbe, bundfaldet genopløses i acetonitril, ultralydbehandles og centrifugeres efter samme procedure. 
The supernatant was transferred to a flask, while the pellet was redissolved in acetonitrile, ultrasonicated and centrifuged using the same procedure.
Supernatant fraktionerne samles og inddampes ved hjælp af rotationsinddamper til et volumen på cirka 5 ml. 
The supernatants were pooled in the flask and evaporated in a rotavapor to a volume of approximately 5 ml.
Tilsætning af vand gør opløsningen uklar. 
Addition of water made the solution opaque.
Opløsningen filtreres derfor gennem et sprøjtefilter (0,45 mikrometer polypropylene membranfilter). 
It was therefore filtrated through a syringe filter (0.45 micrometer polypropylene membrane).
Note: Kontroller at filtret kan tåle acetonitril. 
Note: Check that the syringe filter is resistant to acetonitrile.
Til voks strips: Efter ultralydsbehandling, inddampes prøven ved brug af rotationsinddamper, til ca. 5 ml. 
For wax strips: After ultrasonic extraction, the sample was evaporated, using rotavapor, to about 5 ml.
Prøven overføres til plastrør. 
The sample was transferred to plastic tubes.
Kolben skylles med en lille mængde acetonitril, der også overføres til røret. 
The flask was washed with a small volume of acetonitrile, which was also transferred to the tubes.
Prøven centrifugeres ved 4000 rpm i 15 min. Supernatanten overføres direkte til en konditioneret SPE kolonne, uden filtrering. 
The sample was then centrifuged at 4000 rpm during 15 min. The supernatant was loaded directly on the conditioned SPE, without syringe filtration.
Fastfase ekstraktion (SPE): 
Solid phase extraction (SPE):
Der anvendes Oasis MAX kolonne (6cc, 500mg) fra Waters til oprensning. 
MAX columns (6cc, 500mg) from Waters were used.
Konditionering af SPE kolonne foretages ved eluering med 1) 3 ml methanol og 2) 3 ml MilliQ vand. 
Conditioning was performed by percolating 1) 3 ml of methanol and 2) 3 ml of MilliQ water through the SPE column.
Prøven påsættes og kolonnen skylles med 1) 3 ml 50 mM NaOAc i MilliQ vand, 2) 4 ml methanol og til sidst 1 ml 2 % myresyre i methanol. 
The sample was loaded and the column was then washed with 1) 3 ml of 50 mM NaOAc in MilliQ water, 2) 4 ml of methanol and finally 1 ml of 2% formic acid in methanol.
Prøven elueres med 2 ml 2 % myresyre i methanol. 
The sample was then eluted with 2 ml of 2% formic acid in methanol.
3 fraktioner gemmes: 1) sidste skyllefraktion (1 ml) 2) elueringsfraktionen (2 ml) og 3) den sidste ekstra fraktion (1 ml). 
3 fractions were thus kept: 1) the last wash fraction (1ml), 2) the elution fraction (2 ml) and 3) an additional fraction (1ml).
Kun elueringsfraktionen analyseres. 
Only the elution fraction is to be analyzed.
Note 1: Forholdet acetonitril:vand 7:3 i prøven er vigtigt for en god genfinding ved oprensning på SPE. 
Note 1: The composition of acetonitrile:water 7:3 is important for at good recovery from the SPE clean up.
Note 2: Myresyre opløsningen skal laves frisk hver dag. 
Note 2: The formic acid solution has to be freshly made (daily).
Det er meget vigtigt for genfindingen at opsamle nøjagtig volumen af elueringsfraktionerne. 
It is critical for good recoveries to collect exact volumes of the elution fractions.
Kolofonium prøver analyseres direkte efter filtrering på HPLC (uden oprensning på SPE). 
The colophonium samples were analyzed directly by HPLC after syringe filtration (without SPE clean-up).
Den stationære fase indeholder både C12-kæder og urea funktioner. 
The stationary phase contains both C12-chains and urea functions.
Methanol:vand 8:2 med 0,05 % myresyre bruges som mobil fase med et flow på 1 ml/min (hvilket giver et tryk på 240 bar). 
Methanol:water 8:2 with 0.05% formic acid was used as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1 ml/min (yielding a pressure of approx 240 bar).
Der måles på fire forskellige bølgelængder 210, 220, 240, og 250 nm. 
Four different wavelengths were used 210, 220, 240 and 250 nm.
De forskellig absorptions forhold anvendes til identifikation af de enkelte komponenter. 
The different absorption ratios were used for identification of the compounds.
Note: Der anvendes isokratiosk eluering for at undgå en stigende basislinje, som vil medføre højere LOD værdier. 
Note: Isocratic elution has to be performed to avoid increasing baseline, which would lead to higher LODs.
Mængden af myresyre er vigtig for både retentionstiden og støjniveau på basislinjen. 
The amount of formic acid is critical for both retention and noise level.
Kromatogrammer af en standard opløsning (200 ng/μl) ved de enkelte bølgelænger er vist på næste side. 
Chromatograms of a standard solution (200 ng/l) at the different wavelengths are shown on next page.
De forskellig absorptions forhold til brug til identifikation (CV under 10 %). 
The different absorption ratios used for identification (CV below 10%):
7-OxoDeA: 220nm/210nm forhold 0.53 240nm/210nm forhold 0.26 
7-OxoDeA: 220nm/210nm ratio 0.53 240nm/210nm ratio 0.26
250nm/210nm forhold 0.45 
250nm/210nm ratio 0.45
AbA 240nm/250nm forhold 1.36 
AbA 240nm/250nm 1.36
Kortlægning af kemiske hårfjerningsmidler 
Analysis of chemical hair-removal products
Anette Ejersted og Annette Orloff, Miljøstyrelsen 
Anette Ejersted and Annette Orloff, the Danish Environmental Protection Agency
Efter flere henvendelser fra forbrugere samt fra Forbrugerrådet angående skader efter brug af hårfjerningsmidler, besluttede forbrugersektionen i Miljøstyrelsen, at der var grundlag for at lave en kortlægning af hårfjerningsmidler på det danske marked. 
After receiving several complaints from consumers and the Danish Consumer Council regarding injuries resulting from the use of hair-removal products, the consumer section of the Environmental Protection Agency decided an analysis of hair-removal products on the Danish market was called for.
I første omgang blev der fokuseret på et specifikt produkt. 
Initially, focus was given to a specific product.
Denne undersøgelse blev afsluttet i efteråret. 
This investigation was completed last autumn.
Efterfølgende har Miljøstyrelsen lavet en generel gennemgang af kemiske hårfjerningsmidler. 
The Environmental Protection Agency has subsequently carried out a general examination of chemical hair-removal products.
Der findes flere typer af hårfjerningsmidler. 
Several types of hair-removal products are on the market.
Der findes cremer og skum, der fjerner hårene ved en kemisk reaktion. 
Creams and foams are available which remove hair by means of a chemical reaction.
Desuden findes vokse, der ikke er kemiske hårfjerningsmidler, men virker ved at hårene trækkes ud, og endelig findes forskellige maskiner og shavere til anden mekanisk fjernelse af hårene eventuelt ved samtidig brug af barberskum. 
Waxes are also available which are not chemical hair-removal products, but which work by pulling out the hairs, and finally, various machines and shavers are available which remove hairs by other mechanical means, often in connection with the use of shaving cream.
I dette projekt er kun inkluderet de kemiske hårfjerningsmidler. 
Only the chemical hair-removal products have been included in this project.
De mekaniske metoder med brug af barberskum eller voks er ikke medtaget i dette projekt. 
The mechanical methods involving the use of shaving cream or wax have not been considered as part of this project.
Miljøstyrelsen har tidligere kigget på brugen af voks, der skal opvarmes før brug. 
The Environmental Protection Agency has previously examined the use of wax which has to be heated before use.
Producenter/importører af hårfjerningsmidlerne har haft rapporten i høring inden offentliggørelsen. 
Manufacturers/importers of hair-removal products have been given copies of this report for public hearing before publication.
Kommentarer er indarbejdet i rapporten efterfølgende. 
Their comments have subsequently been incorporated into this report.
Projektet er gennemført af 
The project has been carried out by
Anette Ejersted, cand. scient, Miljøstyrelsen 
Anette Ejersted, MSc, the Danish Environmental Protection Agency
For at kortlægge hvilke kemiske hårfjerningsmidler der findes på det danske marked til hårfjerning er detailhandlen blevet besøgt. 
In order to ascertain what chemical hair-removal products are available on the Danish market, various retailers were visited.
Der er indkøbt produkter i supermarkeder, i materalister, på apoteket, hos helse/naturkosmetikbutkker samt på internettet. 
Products were purchased from supermarkets, druggists, chemists, health/natural cosmetics shops and on the Internet.
Hårfjerningsmidler er omfattet af bekendtgørelse nr. 594 af 6. juni 2000 om kosmetiske produkter. 
Hair-removal products are covered by Statutory Order no. 594 of 6 June 2000 on cosmetic products.
Bekendtgørelsen gennemfører i Danmark de regler der er fastsat i EU's direktiv om kosmetiske produkter, jf. Rådets direktiv 76/768/EØF om den indbyrdes tilnærmelse af medlemsstaternes lovgivning om kosmetiske produkter. 
The Statutory Order implements in Denmark the regulations set in the EU Directive on cosmetic products, cf. Council Directive 76/768/EEC on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to cosmetic products.
Hårfjerningsmidler, der markedsføres i Danmark, skal overholde de regler, der efter bekendtgørelsen gælder for produkternes indhold af sundhedsskadelige stoffer (§ 9), for produkternes mærkning (§ 16-23), for sikkerhedsforskrifter for anvendelsen (§ 20) og for de oplysninger, som producenten eller den markedsføringsansvarlige skal være i besiddelse af til brug for myndighedernes administration af reglerne (§ 32). 
Hair-removal products marketed in Denmark must comply with the regulations of the Statutory Order, which apply to the products' content of dangerous substances (section 9), labelling (sections 16-23), safety directions for use (section 20), and the information the manufacturer or marketing entity must have in their possession for use by the authorities in their administration of the regulations (section 32).
Kemiske hårfjerningsmidler virker ved nedbrydning af hårets keratin. 
Chemical hair-removal products work by breaking down the hair's keratin.
Det er ikke vanskeligt at nedbryde hårets keratin, da det er følsomt overfor stærke alkaliske vandige opløsninger og reduktionsmidler. 
It is not difficult to break down the keratin in hair, since it is sensitive to strongly alkaline, aqueous solutions and deoxidation agents.
Huden indeholder imidlertid også keratin i de øverste lag (corneum). 
However, skin also contains keratin in the outer layers (corneum).
Det betyder, at det er vanskeligt at formulere et kemisk produkt, der kan fjerne/nedbryde keratin i hårene uden at det samtidig får indflydelse på keratin i huden. 
This means that it is difficult to produce a chemical product which can remove/break down keratin in hair, without affecting keratin in the skin at the same time.
Det er dog påvist, at produkter som kombinerer en stærk reducerende reaktion med en stærk alkalisk (basisk) effekt kan nedbryde hårene på kort tid samtidig med, at huden næsten forbliver upåvirket. 
However, it has been shown that products which combine a strongly deoxidising reaction with a strongly alkaline (basic) effect can break down the hair in a short time, while leaving the skin almost unaffected.
Ved formulering af hårfjerningsmidler skal de aktive stoffer altså ikke alene sikre, at det angriber hårets keratin hurtigere end hudens keratin. 
When producing hair-removal products, it is not enough that the active ingredients attack the keratin in the hair faster than the keratin in the skin.