natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Efter adskillige uger ender det meste af blyet dog i knogler og tænder (ATSDR, 2005). 
After several weeks most of the lead ends up in bones and teeth (ATSDR, 2005).
Halveringstiden af bly i blod og ”blødt væv” er i voksne 20-30 dage (IARC, 2006), mens den i knogler er ca. 30 år (Baars, et al., 2001). 
The half-life of lead in blood and “soft tissue” is in adults 20-30 days (IARC, 2006), while it in bones is approx. 30 years (Baars et al., 2001).
Hos voksne ender omkring 94% af den totale mængde bly, der akkumuleres i kroppen, i knogler og tænder, mens 73% af blyet hos børn ender i deres knogler (ATSDR, 2005). 
In adults approx. 94% of the total amount of accumulated lead ends up in bones and teeth, while in children 73% of the accumulated lead ends up in bones (ATSDR, 2005).
Bly kan dog frigives igen fra knoglerne i tilfælde af f.eks. calcium mangel eller knogleskørhed (WHO, 2000). 
Lead can be released from the bones in situations where the person suffers from calcium deficiency or osteoporosis (WHO, 2000).
Bly overføres let til fostre under graviditet (Baars et al., 2001). 
Lead is easily transferred to foetuses during pregnancy (Baars et al., 2001).
Uorganisk bly omdannes ikke i kroppen. 
Inorganic lead is not converted in the body.
Uabsorberet bly, der er optaget via føde, udskilles via afføringen, mens absorberet bly, som ikke tilbageholdes, udskilles via nyrerne (WHO, 2003). 
Unabsorbed lead, which is absorbed via the food, is released through the faeces, while absorbed lead, which is not retained, is released via the kidneys (WHO, 2003).
Hos børn vil et indtag af bly på over 5 µg/kg lgv/dag medføre en netto tilbageholdelse på 32% af indtaget, mens der udskilles mere, end der indtages, hvis indtaget er mindre end 4 µg/kg lgv/dag (WHO, 2003). 
Children, who ingest more than 5 µg lead per kilo body weight per day, will retain (netto) 32% of the intake, while children who ingest less than 4 µg lead per kilo body weight per day will excrete more than what is taken in (WHO, 2003).
Bly påvirker stort set alle organer i kroppen, og alvorlig blyforgiftning kan medføre døden. 
Lead affects pretty much all organs in the body, and serious lead poisoning can cause death.
Dette blev bekræftet af et dødsfald af en 4-årig dreng, som ved et uheld havde slugt et hjerteformet metalsmykke (som fulgte gratis med ved køb af et par sko). 
This was confirmed by the death of a 4-year old boy, who by accident had swallowed a heart-shaped metal charm (that came along free of charge by purchasing a pair of shoes).
Smykket viste sig at indeholde 99% bly. 
The metal charm showed to contain 99% of lead.
På dødstidspunktet havde drengen en koncentration af bly i blodet (forkortet PbB) på 180 µg/dL (Berg et al., 2006). 
At the time of death the boy had a blood lead concentration (in short PbB) of 180 µg/dL (Berg et al., 2006).
Tydelige tegn på akut blyforgiftning er sløvhed, rastløshed, irritation, dårlig koncentrationsevne, hovedpine, rystelser i muskler, mavekramper, nyreskade, hallucinationer og hukommelsestab. 
Obvious signs of acute lead poisoning involve dullness, restlessness, irritation, poor power of concentration, headache, vibrations in muscles, stomach cramps, kidney injuries, hallucinations and loss of memory.
Disse effekter kan opstå ved en PbB på 100-120 µg/dL i voksne og 80-100 µg/dL i børn (WHO, 2003). 
These effects can occur at PbB levels of 100-120 µg/dL in adults and 80-100 µg/dL in children (WHO, 2003).
Sundhedsskadelige virkninger er dog generelt ikke observeret efter enkelt doser, og der findes ingen LD50 værdi for bly og blyforbindelser relateret til mennesker i litteraturen (WHO, 2000). 
Though, health effects are generally not observed after single doses and no LD50 value related to lead and lead compounds (in humans) are located in the literature (WHO, 2000).
De lavest observerede værdier i relation til akut dødelig oral dosis findes i dyreforsøg med blyacetat, blychlorat, blynitrat, blyoleate, blyoxid og blysulfat. 
The lowest observed values related to acute deathly oral doses are found in animal studies using lead acetate, lead chlorate, lead nitrate, lead oelate, lead oxide and lead sulphate.
Resultatet varierede fra 300 til 4000 mg/kg legemsvægt. 
The result varied from 300 to 4000 mg per kilo bodyweight.
Det store spænd i resultatet skyldtes varierende absorption af de forskellige blysalte, samt forskelle i eksponeringen (WHO, 2000). 
The large span in the result was due to varying absorption of the different lead salts as well as differences in the exposure (WHO, 2000).
6.1.8 Lokal irritation og allergi 
6.1.8 Local irritation and allergy
Der er ifølge IUCLID (2000) ingen data tilgængelig vedrørende blys egenskaber i form af potentiel lokal irritation. 
According to IUCLID (2000) no data is available regarding the ability of lead to cause local irritation.
Imidlertid vides bly(II)oxid (PbO) at være moderat hudirriterende ved en eksponering på 100 mg over 24 timer (IUCLID, 2000a). 
Nonetheless, lead(II) oxide (PbO) is known to be moderate skin irritating at exposure levels of 100 mg over a period of 24 hours (IUCLID, 2000a).
Der er ifølge IUCLID (2000) ingen umiddelbart tilgængelig data vedrørende allergiske egenskaber i relation til bly. 
According to IUCLID (2000) no data is apparently available regarding the potential allergic qualities related to lead.
6.1.9 Længerevarende, gentagen påvirkning og effekter på arveanlæg 
6.1.9 Long-lasting, repeated effect and gene-damaging effects
Bly er en kronisk akkumulativ gift. 
Lead is a chronic accumulative poison.
Disse effekter kan opstå i voksne med en PbB på 50-80 µg/dL (WHO, 2003). 
These effects can occur in adults having a PbB between 50-80 µg/dL (WHO, 2003).
Blyforgiftning hos børn kan desuden medføre nedsat vækst samt forsinket seksuel modning (ATSDR, 2005). 
Lead poisoning in children can additionally cause reduced growth and delayed sexual maturation (ATSDR, 2005).
Der findes en lang række studier relateret til sundhedsskadelige effekter af bly og blyforbindelser. 
A number of studies exist, which deal with health related effects of lead and lead compounds.
En række af disse er beskrevet i ATSDR (2005) og WHO (2003). 
Some of these studies are described in ATSDR (2005) and WHO (2003).
Nedenfor er et udsnit af disse præsenteret med fokus på de studier, som har påvist sundhedsskadelige effekter ved den lavest målte koncentration af bly i kroppen. 
Below a segment of these is presented, though focusing on studies which have shown health related effects at the lowest measured concentration of lead in the body.
Hos arbejdere med en PbB på 40-80 µg/dL har der været rapporteret neurologiske effekter, som bl. 
Neurological effects have been reported in workers having a PbB at 40-80 µg/dL.
a. inkluderer utilpashed, glemsomhed, irritation, sløvhed, hovedpine, træthed, impotens, mindsket libido, svimmelhed og svaghed (ATSDR, 2005). 
The neurological effects included among other things uneasiness, forgetfulness, irritation, dullness, headache, tiredness, impotence, decreased libido, dizziness and weakness (ATSDR, 2005).
Nyrefunktionen ser ud til at være den biologiske funktion, der i følge ATSDR (2005) påvirkes ved den lavest målte PbB. 
The kidney function seems to be the biological function, which according to ATSDR (2005) is affected at the lowest measured PbB.
To studier har påvist effekter relateret til denne funktion ved PbB <10 µg/dL. 
Two studies have shown effects related to this function at PbB < 10 µg/dL.
Et andet typisk symptom på kronisk blyforgiftning er blodmangel. 
Another typical symptom related to chronic lead poisoning is anaemia.
Ved et blyindhold i blodet på <10 µg/dL er set en hæmning af et enzym involveret i syntesen af røde blodlegemer. 
At a blood lead concentration < 10 µg/dL an enzyme involved in the synthesis of red blood cells has been seen inhibited.
Dose-response forholdet lå fra 5,6 - 22,1 µg/dL. 
The dose-response relationship was between 5.6 - 22.1 µg/dL.
Et andet lignende forsøg har imidlertid ikke kunne genskabe resultatet (WHO, 2003). 
However, another similar study has not been able to reproduce the results (WHO, 2003).
I relation til reproduktive effekter har der været påvist en sammenhæng mellem PbB > 20 µg/dL og øget risiko for aborter og dødfødte børn (WHO, 2000). 
Regarding reproductive effects a relation between PbB> 20 µg/dL and an increased chance of abortion and stillborn babies have been proven (WHO, 2000).
EPA (1986a) refereret i ATSDR (2005) har desuden identificeret en LOAEL værdi på 60-100 µg/dL for tilfælde af kolik i børn som følge af blyforgiftning. 
EPA (1986a) quoted from ATSDR (2005) has furthermore identified a LOAEL value of 60-100 µg/dL related to colic in children as a result of lead poisoning.
6.1.10 Tolerabelt daglig indtag - TDI 
6.1.10 Tolerable daily intake - TDI
Baars et al. (2001) har ved et review af ny litteratur siden 1991 ikke fundet argumenter for at ændre den TDI værdi på 25 µg/kg lgv/uge (baseret på en effekt ved en PbB på 10 µg/dL), som i 1995 blev bekræftet af WHO(1995) som stadig gældende - både for børn og voksne. 
Baars et al. (2001) has through a review of new literature since 1991 not been able to find arguments for altering the TDI value of 25 µg/kg bw/week (based on effects at a PbB at 10 µg/dL), which in 1995 was found still to be valid by WHO (1995) - both regarding adults as well as children.
Baars et al. (2001) har på baggrund af denne værdi beregnet en tolerabel daglig dosis (TDI) ved indtagelse af bly på 3,6 µg/kg lgv/dag. 
Baars et al. (2001) calculated, based on this TDI value, a tolerable daily intake (TDI) of lead to be 3.6 µg/kg bw/day.
Imidlertid er der i WHO (2003) beskrevet en række forsøg, der indikerer en mulig sammenhæng mellem nedsat IQ og en PbB på under 10 µg/dL (5,6 µg/dL). 
However, WHO (2003) describes a number of studies, which indicate a possible correlation between reduced IQ and a PbB of < 10 µg/dL (5.6 µg/dL).
Korrigering af TDI pga. hensyntagen til baggrundseksponering 
Adjustment of TDI values due to background exposure
Når man taler om tolerabelt dagligt indtag af bly, er det væsentlig at tage højde for den mængde bly, som befolkningen i forvejen er udsat for (f.eks. bly fra vand, mad og luft). 
However, when dealing with tolerable daily intake of lead, it is important to take into consideration the amount of lead that the population already is exposed to (for instance lead from water, food and air).
Baggrundseksponering af bly via føde og drikkevarer i Danmark 
Background exposure of lead via food and beverages in Denmark
Ifølge en rapport udgivet af Fødevarestyrelsen (Fromberg, et al. 2005) er baggrundseksponeringen fra fødevarer o.l. i Danmark i gennemsnit 19 µg/dag. 
According to a report published by the Danish Veterinary and Food Administration (Fromberg et al., 2005) the background exposure from food etc. in Denmark is in average 19 µg/day.
Tallene i rapporten er baseret på studier af indhold af metaller i 96 fødevarer i Danmark i perioden 1998-2003 (Fromberg, et al. 2005), samt tal for gennemsnitlig fødeindtag i Danmark i perioden 2000-2002 (Andersen, et al. 2002). 
The numbers in the report are based on studies regarding content of metals in 96 foods in Denmark during the period 1998-2003 (Fromberg et al., 2005), as well as numbers regarding the average food intake in Denmark during the period 2000-2002 (Andersen et al., 2002).
Tallene opgivet af Fromberg et al. (2005) inkluderer eksponering via læskedrikke og postevand. 
The numbers given by Fromberg et al. (2005) include exposure via beverages and tap water.
Omregnes gennemsnitsværdien på 19 µg/dag til indtag per kilo legemsvægt (ved brug af TGD's referencevægt på 60 kg for en kvinde, idet kvinder antages at være dem, der oftest bærer smykker) fås et gennemsnitligt dagligt indtag af bly for voksne på (19/60) 0,317 µg/kg lgv/dag. 
A recalculation of the average value of 19 µg/day to intake per kilo bodyweight (by the use of TGD's reference weight related to women (60 kg), since women are assumed to be those, who most often wear jewellery) gives an average daily intake of lead for adults of (19/60) 0.317 µg/kg bw/day.
Fromberg et al. (2005) opgiver også tal for det gennemsnitlige indtag af bly hos børn i alderen 4-6 år. 
Fromberg et al. (2005) also states numbers for the average intake of lead by children in the age 4-6 years.
Ifølge disse tal indtager et barn på 4-6 år i gennemsnit 9,7 µg bly/dag. 
According to these numbers a child of 4-6 years take in - in average - 9.7 µg lead/day.
Ifølge netdoktor.dk [3] vejer et barn på 5 år 19 kg (ens for drenge og piger). 
According to netdoktor.dk [3] a child of 5 years weighs 19 kg (both girls and boys).
Imidlertid oplyser netdoktor.dk, at børn, siden undersøgelsen, der ligger til grund for tallene blev lavet, er blevet tungere. 
However, netdoktor.dk informs that children, since the study of which the numbers were based upon was performed, have gotten heavier.
Med baggrund i disse data er den gennemsnitlige baggrundseksponering for bly via føden hos børn i Danmark (9,7/20) 0,485 µg/kg lgv/dag. 
With these data in mind, the average background exposure of lead (through food) in children in Denmark is (9.7/20) 0.485 µg/kg bw/day.
Fromberg et al. (2005) opgiver også baggrundseksponeringen i 95-percentiler (dvs. en værdi for hvad 95% af befolkningen maksimalt udsættes for). 
Fromberg et al. (2005) also states the background exposure in terms of 95-percentiles (i.e. a value for the maximum level of which 95% of the population is exposed to).
Baggrundseksponering af bly via luft i Danmark 
Background exposure of lead via air in Denmark
Iflg. rapporten ”The Danish Air Quality Monitoring Programme” fra 2006 (udarbejdet af National Environmental Research Institute) (Kemp et al., 2007) var den højest målte gennemsnitlige værdi for indhold af bly i luften i Danmark 9,1 ng/m³ (værdien blev målt i København, på gaden H.C. Andersens Boulevard). 
According to the report “The Danish Air Quality Monitoring Programme” from 2006 (performed by the National Environmental Research Institute) (Kemp et al., 2007) the highest measured average value for content of lead in the air in Denmark was 9.1 ng/ m³ (value measured in Copenhagen, on the street “H.C. Andersen's Boulevard”).
For at vælge en konservativ tilgang anvendes denne værdi til at estimere hvilken mængde bly mennesker i Danmark antages at indtage via luften. 
In order to choose a conservative approach this value is used to estimate the amount of lead, that humans in Denmark are assumed to inhale through the air.
Omregnet til per kilo legemsvægt (60 kg) giver det 0,003 µg/kg lgv/dag. 
Converted into per kilo bodyweight (60 kg) the number is 0.003 µg/kg bw/dag.
Da TDI værdien, som tidligere nævnt, repræsenterer den mængde stof, som man maksimalt må få per dag (hele livet) uden, at der opstår sundhedsskadelige effekter, fratrækkes TDI værdien de ovennævnte tal for baggrundseksponering. 
Since the TDI value, as mentioned earlier, represents the maximum amount of substance a person can take in per day (through their entire life) without causing health related effects, the TDI value is deducted the above mentioned values for background exposure.
Denne værdi sammenlignes i risikovurderingen med, hvad mennesker udsættes for ved at bære eller sutte på de smykker, der er undersøgt i dette projekt. 
During the risk assessment this value is compared with what humans are exposed to by wearing or sucking the jewelleries, which are examined in this project.
Såfremt eksponeringen overskrider denne ”margen til TDI værdi”, vil der være en sundhedsmæssig risiko ved at bære og/eller sutte på smykkerne. 
If the exposure exceeds this “Margin to TDI value” there will be a health related risk by wearing and/or sucking the jewelleries.
NB: 95-percentilen relaterer sig til tallene for baggrundseksponering via føde og drikke. 
NB: The 95-percentile relates to the numbers representing background exposure via food and beverages (including tap water).
* Værdien hørende til luft er en gennemsnitlig værdi fra den målestation i Danmark, der har vist det højeste gennemsnit i 2006. 
* The value represents an average value from the monitoring station in Denmark, which showed the highest average in 2006.
Hvis personer lever i omgivelser, hvor de udsættes for en højere baggrundseksponering end den ovenfor beskrevne, vil sundhedsrisikoen ved at bruge de undersøgte smykker i dette projekt være undervurderet. 
If people live in surroundings where they are exposed to higher background levels than the ones mentioned above, the health risk by using the examined jewelleries in this project will be underestimated.
Cadmium er et blødt sølv-hvidt metal, der findes naturligt i jordens overflade. 
Cadmium is a soft silver-white metal that occurs naturally in the surface of the earth.
Det findes ofte i form af cadmiumoxid, cadmiumsulfid og cadmiumcarbonat i zink-, bly- og kobbermineralårer. 
It is often found as cadmium oxide, cadmium sulphite and cadmium carbonate in zinc, lead and copper mineral veins.
Derudover findes cadmium som cadmiumchlorid og cadmiumsulfat forbindelser. 
Furthermore, cadmium is found as cadmium chloride and cadmium sulphite compounds.
De to sidstnævnte er letopløselige i vand (ATSDR, 1999). 
Both of them are water-soluble (ATSDR, 1999).
Cadmium, cadmiumlegeringer samt cadmiumforbindelser bruges på verdensplan i en lang række produkter. 
Cadmium, cadmium alloys and cadmium compounds are used worldwide in a long range of products.
De fem hovedkategorier er nikkel-cadmium batterier, pigmenter primært til brug i plastik, keramik og glas, stabilisatorer i PVC, overfladebelægning på stål, enkelte ikke-jern metaller, samt komponenter i diverse legeringer (ATSDR, 1999). 
Five main categories are nickel-cadmium batteries, pigments primarily used in plastic, ceramics and glass, stabiliser in PVC, surface cover on steel, few non-iron metals and components in various alloys (ATSDR, 1999).
Herudover anvendes cadmium ofte til loddemetaller, idet indhold af cadmium fremmer loddeegenskaberne - loddemetallet flyder godt og let ind i mindre sprækker, når der er cadmium i. 
Furthermore, cadmium is often used as solder metals because the content of cadmium promotes the solder properties - the solder metal floats well and easily into the small cracks when there is a content of cadmium.
Derudover kan cadmium være et naturligt medfølgende metal ved udvinding af sølv, hvorfor det traditionelt/historisk forekommer i sølvlegeringer fra visse egne i verden. 
Furthermore cadmium can be a naturally found metal when silver is extracted and this is why it traditionally/historically occurs in silver alloys from some parts of the world.
Således har smykker af såkaldt ”indisk sølv” ofte et højt indhold af cadmium. 
Because of this jewelleries made of so-called ”Indian silver” often have a high content of cadmium.
Cadmium er desuden billigere end ædle metaller. 
Cadmium is also cheaper than precious metals.
Forbruget af cadmium i Danmark i 1996 blev anslået til 43-71 tons (Miljøprojekt nr. 557, 2000). 
The use of cadmium in Denmark in 1996 was estimated to be 43-71 tons (Environmental project no. 557, 2000).
Et forsøg med optagelse af cadmium via mad (formentlig enkel dosis) viste et optag på 6% efter 20 dage. 
An experiment with absorption of cadmium through food (presumably single dosages) showed an absorption of 6% after 20 days.
Forsøget blev udført på 5 voksne (Rahola et al., 1973 i ATSDR, 1999). 
The experiment was performed on 5 adults (Rahola et al., 1973 in ATSDR, 1999).
Lignende resultater blev opnået ved et forsøg med 14 voksne, som optog i gennemsnit 4,6% cadmium fra en cadmiumchloridopløsning givet sammen med mad efter 1-2 uger, hvor en fækal markør var udskilt (McLellan et al., 1978 i ATSDR, 1999). 
Similar results were achieved in an experiment with 14 adults who absorbed 4.6% cadmium in average from a cadmium chloride solution (administered together with food) after 1-2 weeks where a faecal marker was extracted (McLellan et al., 1978 in ATSDR, 1999).
Ifølge WHO (2004) er der rapporteret et forsøg (fra 1987), hvor 3-7% cadmium er blevet optaget i sunde voksne, mens 15-20% blev optaget i mennesker, der led af jernmangel. 
According to WHO (2004) an experiment has been reported (from 1987), where 3-7% cadmium has been absorbed in healthy adults while 15-20% was absorbed in humans suffering from iron deficiency.
Som forsøget ovenfor indikerede, påvirker kroppens indhold af jern optagelsen af cadmium. 
As the experiment above indicates the content of iron in the body affects the absorption of cadmium.
Forsøg med mennesker med lave jerndepoter har vist en optagelse på 8,9%, mens mennesker med tilstrækkelige jerndepoter havde en optagelse på 2,3% (Flanagen et al., 1978 i ATSDR, 1999). 
Experiments using humans with low iron deposits have shown an absorption of 8.9% while humans with adequate iron deposits had an absorption of 2.3% (Flanagen et al., 1978 in ATSDR, 1999).
EU's risikovurdering af cadmium fra 2007 konkluderer, at den orale absorption af CdO/Cd metal generelt er lavere end 5%, men kun gældende, når jerndepoter er tilstrækkelige. 
The EU risk assessment of cadmium from 2007 concludes that the oral absorption of CdO/Cd metal generally is lower than 5%, but only when iron deposits are adequate.
Når jerndepoter er lave (gælder typisk for kvinder, herunder gravide kvinder), kan den orale optagelse stige til 5-10%. 
When iron deposits are low (typically for women including pregnant women), the oral absorption can rise to 5-10%.
På baggrund af ovenstående oplysninger vælges en oral optagelse af cadmium at ligge på 8,9%. 
Based on the information above an oral absorption of cadmium for use in this project is set at 8.9%.
Denne værdi er valgt, idet det ikke kan udelukkes, at en del af den danske befolkning lider af jernmangel, her især kvinder (som jo ofte er dem, der bærer smykker). 
This value has been chosen because it cannot be ruled out that a part of the Danish population suffers from iron deficiency, among these especially women (who often are those wearing jewellery).
Værdien på 8,9% er valgt i modsætning til de 10% der nævnes som maksimal optagelse i EU risikovurderingen, idet forsøgene, der ligger til grund for de 10% ikke er beskrevet nærmere. 
The value of 8.9% has been chosen as opposed to the 10% mentioned as maximum absorption in the EU risk assessment, because the experiments that the 10% are based on are not described in details.
Hertil kommer, at værdien på de 8,9% repræsenterer et forsøg udført med cadmiumchlorid, som vurderes relevant for dette projekt. 
In addition, the value of 8.9% represents an experiment performed with cadmium chloride, which is seen as relevant for this project.
Et studie (Wester et al., 1992) undersøgte dermal absorption af cadmium ved brug af in vitro hudceller fra mennesker. 
A study (Wester et al., 1992) investigated dermal absorption of cadmium by using in vitro skin cells from humans.
Et tilsvarende forsøg med en hårløs mus, som blev behandlet med CdCl2 på huden med en 2% salve (indeholdende 0,61 mg Cd), viste et optag af cadmium i nyrer og lever på mellem 0,2 og 0,87% (ATSDR, 1999). 
A similar experiment with a hairless mouse, which was treated with CdCl2 on the skin using a 2% ointment (containing 0.61 mg Cd) showed an absorption of cadmium in kidneys and liver of between 0.2 and 0.87% (ATSDR, 1999).
Et studie beskrevet i EU's risikovurdering af cadmium fra 2007, viser et dermalt optag af cadmium gennem hud fra mennesker på 0,6% (optag i plasma). 
A study described in EU's risk assessment of cadmium from 2007 shows a dermal absorption of cadmium through human skin of 0.6% (absorption into plasma).
Dette studie beskriver den umiddelbart højest målte værdi for dermalt optag gennem menneskehud og vælges derfor som gældende for dermalt optag af cadmium i dette projekt. 
This study describes the highest measured value for dermal absorption through human skin (sofar identified in this project) and is therefore chosen as valid for dermal absorption of cadmium in this project.
Det meste af det cadmium, som optages, ender i lever og nyrer og forbliver der i flere år. 
Most of the absorbed cadmium ends up in liver and kidneys and stays there for several years.