natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Tryksagernes navne er anonymiseret, eftersom det ikke er meningen at fokusere på den enkelte tryksag, men at få et generelt indblik i eksponeringen fra tryksager baseret på målte emissioner. 
The specific names of the printed matter are made anonymous, as it was not the purpose to focus on a specific printed matter but to get a general insight on the exposures of VOCs from the printed matter based on measured emissions.
Før måling er baggrundskoncentrationen i indsugningsluften målt og trukket fra det målte resultat. 
Before the actual measuring, the background concentration in the inlet air was measured and subtracted from the measured result.
1. måling er lige efter trykning. 
1st measurement is performed just after printing.
2. måling er 1-5 dage efter trykning. 
2nd measurement is performed 1 to 5 days after printing.
Tabel 3.1 Tryksager indsamlingsdag, prøvedag og opbevaring Tryk (tryksag) 
Table 3.1 Printed matter sampling date, measuring day and way of storage Printed matter
Flexotryk med UV farver (etikette) 
Flexography with UV-curing inks (label)
Ca. 5 m rullet sammen 
Ca. 5 m wined up
En kendt luftmængde er suget igennem passende opsamlingsmateriale. 
A known volume of air is sucked through the container and then through suitable adsorption material.
Opsamlingsmaterialerne, som den afgassede luft blev opsamlet på, var Tenax-rør, aktivkul- og DNPH-rør. 
The adsorption material used to sample the exit gas was Tenax-tubes, charcoal- and DNPH-tubes.
Tenax- og kulrør er velegnede til opsamling (adsorption) af flygtige organiske forbindelser (VOC'er). 
Tenax- and charcoal tubes are suitable for adsorption of volatile organic compounds (VOC's).
Silicagel imprægneret med dinitro-phenyl-hydrazin (DNPH-rør) er velegnet til opsamling af aldehyder, acetone og 2-butanon. 
Silicagel impregnated with dinitro-phenyl-hydrazine (DNPH-tube) is suitable for the collection of aldehydes, acetone and 2-butanon.
Der blev udtaget en luftprøve over 60 minutter med et flow på 0,65 l/min. Den totale luftmængde, der blev trukket gennem beholderen var 117 liter, svarende til 39 liter luft trukket gennem hvert af de tre filtre per time. 
An air sample was extracted over 60 minutes with an air flow of 0.65 l/min. The total air volume sucked through the container was 117 litre corresponding to 39 litre of air sucked through each of the three filters (tubes) per hour.
Luftens temperatur var 23ºC med 50% relativ fugtighed. 
The air temperature was 23ºC at 50% relative humidity.
De kemiske analyser for de kvantitative bestemmelser af de enkelte flygtige organiske forbindelser (VOC'erne) foregik efter ekstraktion af stofferne fra opsamlingsmaterialet (kul- og tenaxrør) med henholdsvis carbondisulfid og diethylether med deuterium-isotopmærket intern standard. 
After extraction of the compounds from the adsorbent charcoal and tenax tubes by carbondisulphide and diethylether, respectively, the chemical analyses and quantitative measurements of the volatile organic compounds took place using deuterium-isotope labelled internal standards.
Eluaterne blev herefter analyseret med GC-MS-SIM. 
The eluates were analysed using GC-MS-SIM detection.
DNPH-rørene blev ekstraheret med acetonitril og analyseret med væskechromatografi på udstyr med diode detektor, HPLC-UV. 
The DNPH-tubes was extracted by acetonitrile and analysed using liquid chromatography with a diode detector: HPLC-UV.
Der er foretaget dobbeltbestemmelse på eluaterne og gennemsnitsmængden er beregnet. 
Double detection was performed on each eluate and the average calculated.
Ved alle analyserne er kvantificeringen foretaget i forhold til kalibreringsstandarder af det detekterede stof eller tæt beslægtede kemiske forbindelser (NIST database). 
For all analyses quantification were performed in relation to calibration standards of the detected compound or closely related compounds (NIST database).
Til estimering af eksponeringerne er resultaterne for hver tryksag opgjort som: 
To estimate the exposure the results for each printed matter is presented as:
· Koncentrationen afgasset til luften i beholderen med papirstrimler (µg/m3). 
· Concentration evaporated to the air from the shredded paper (µg/m3).
· Mængden af afgivet kemisk stof per tryksag (µg/tryksag) 
· Amount of emitted compound per printed matter (µg/printed matter)
· Mængden af afgivet stof per kg tryksag (µg/kg tryksag) 
· Amount of emitted compound per kg printed matter (µg/kg printed matter)
Detaljerede tal af de kemiske analyser af adsorbanterne kan findes i den kemiske analyserapport (bilag 4). 
Details of the chemical analyses of the adsorbants can be found in the chemical analysis report (Appendix 4).
Resultaterne af den kvalitative bestemmelse er gengivet nedenfor (tabel 3.2). 
The result of the qualitative measurements is presented below (table 3.2).
Oversigten i tabellen viser, at dybtryk adskiller sig væsentligst ved afgivelser af store mængder toluen og terpenolier/terpener, flexotryk ved alkoholer, og offset ved alifatiske kulbrinter. 
The summary table illustrate that rotogravure differs significantly by the release of large amounts of toluene and terpene oils/terpenes, flexographic by alcohols and offset by the release of aliphatic hydrocarbons.
Fælles for dem alle er toluen, aldehyder og enkelte ketoner. 
Common to all is toluene, aldehydes and single ketones.
Forskelle i sammensætninger og mængder omtales separat for hver tryksag nedenfor. 
Differences in composition and amounts are mentioned separately for each printed matter (cf. below).
Tabel 3.2 Oversigt over målte flygtige forbindelser i de udvalgte tryksager Tryksag, ID nr.: 
Table 3.2 Summary of measured volatile compounds in selected printed matter Printed matter, ID no.:
Kul / Tenax-rør:: Toluen 
Charcoal/Tenax tube: Toluene
C9 H12, arom kulbrinte C10 H14, arom kulbrinte alfa-Pinen 
C9 H12, arom hydrocarbon C10 H14, arom hydrocarbon alfa-Pinene
Nedenfor gives en oversigt over målingerne for de enkelte tryksager. 
Below is presented a summary of the measured results for each printed matter.
Eftersom trykformen er den væsentligste faktor, omend papiret kan være medvirkende, er de involverede tryksager ikke navngivet. 
Because the type of printing is the most important factor, even though the paper also may affect the results, the printed matter is not specified further.
Til målingerne er anvendt, hvad trykkerierne havde af "friske" tryksager på indsamlingstidspunktet. 
For the measurements is used what the printing works had of "fresh" printed matter if the intended printed matter was unavailable.
Det er derfor ikke nødvendigvis de samme tryksager som ved screeningen, der er anvendt. 
The printed matter therefore may not necessarily have to be the same as the ones used in the screening.
Det er dog sikret at papir og trykfarver er de samme. 
However, it has been ensured that the printing inks and paper are identical.
3.1.4.1 Tryksag nr. 2 (dybtryk) Måleresultater og beregnede værdier er gengivet i tabellen nedenfor. 
3.1.4.1 Printed matter no. 2 (rotogravure) Measured concentrations and calculated values are presented in the table below.
Tabel 3.3 Resultater af emissionsmåling af tryksag nr. 2 (dybtryk) 
Table 3.3 Results of emission measurements of printed matter no. 2 (rotogravure)
d-Limonen 2-Propynylbenzen 2,3-Dimethylphenol 1-Methyl-indan Øvrige terpener Sum: kul/ tenax Formaldehyd Acetaldehyd Acrolein 
d-Limonene 2-Propynylbenzene 2,3-Dimethylphenol 1-Methyl-indane Other terpenes Sum: charcoal/tenax Formaldehyde Acetaldehyde Acroleine
Sum DNPH-rør 
Sum DNPH tube
Det ses, at selv om nogle forbindelser aftager med tiden, mens andre skal have tid, før frigivelsen finder sted (time-lag), så falder den samlede afgivelse med tiden. 
It is observed that even if the release of some compounds decrease with time while others need time before release takes place (time-lag) the total emission is reduced with time.
For tryksag nr. 2 er halveringstiden for emissionen 2 dage, hvis der antages en eksponentiel aftagen. 
For printed matter no. 2, the emission half-life is 2 days if exponential decrease is assumed.
Tabel 3.4 Emission af VOC per time i de tre måleperioder Dag 
Table 3.4 Emission of VOC per hour at the three measuring times Day
µg/ tryksag/ t µg/kg tryksag/ t 
µg/ printed matter/ h µg/kg printed matter/ h
En betydende faktor kan være, at tryksagen er et ugeblad, som har en kort leveringstid fra trykkeri til forbruger (ca. 2 dage). 
An important factor could be that it concerns a weekly magazine, which has a short delivery time from printing to consumer (approx. 2 days).
Det bemærkes, at toluenafdampningen overskrider de 300 mg/kg tryksag, der efter aftale mellem industrien og Arbejdstiltynet er fastlagt som en specifik grænseværdi for reklametryksager i distributionsleddet (Arbejdstilsynet 1995), i de to første dage. 
It is noted that toluene emission exceeds the 300 mg/kg printed matter agreed as threshold limit for the distribution environment (Arbejdstilsynet 1995) during the first two days.
Subjektiv vurdering af lugt 
Subjective evaluation of odour
Tryksagen lugter meget af toluen og lidt af terpener. 
The printed matter has a strong odour of toluene and to a lesser extent of terpenes.
Lugten var aftagende med tiden. 
The odour intensity decreases with time.
Tabel 3.5 Resultater af emissionsmåling af tryksag nr. 3 (Dybtryk) 
Table 3.5 Results of emission measurements of printed matter no. 3 (Rotogravure) Compound
Tryksagen vejede 166 g. 
The printed matter weighed 166 g.
Afgivelsen af flygtige organiske forbindelser målt over 1 time for tryksag nr. 3 er gengivet i tabellen nedenfor. 
The emission of volatile organic compounds measured during 1 hour for printed matter no. 3 is presented in the table below.
Det ses, at nogle forbindelser aftager med tiden mens andre skal have tid før frigivelsen finder sted (time-lag), og endelig at for nogle stoffer stiger afgivelsen med tiden. 
It is observed that some of the compounds decrease with time while others need time before release takes place (time-lag) and finally for some the release increases.
Den samlede afgivelse er dog faldende i måleperioden. 
However, the total emission is reduced with time.
Toluenafdampningen overholder Arbejdstilsynets grænseværdi for distributionsleddet på 300 mg/kg tryksag (Arbejdstilsynet 1995), når tryksagen, der er trykt i udlandet, kommer til landet. 
The toluene emission complies with the threshold value for distributors of 300 mg/kg printed matter (Arbejdstilsynet 1995) when the printed matter that is printed abroad reaches the country.
Subjektiv vurdering af lugt 
Subjective evaluation of the odour
Tryksagen lugter af toluen og meget tydeligt af terpener. 
The printed matter has an odour of toluene and strong odour of terpenes.
3.1.4.3 Tryksag nr. 4 (flexotryk) Måleresultater og beregnede værdier er gengivet i tabellen nedenfor. 
3.1.4.3 Printed matter no. 4 (flexography) Measured concentrations and calculated values are presented in the table below.
Tabel 3.7 Resultater af emissionsmåling af tryksag nr. 4 (Flexotryk) 
Table 3.7 Results of the emission measurements of printed matter no. 4 (flexography) Compound
*: Emissionen målt fra delmængde på 27 g. 
*: Emission measured from test sample of 27 g.
-: Mindre end baggrundskoncentrationen i målelaboratoriet 
-: below the detection limit or less than the background concentration in the laboratory
Afgivelsen af flygtige organiske forbindelser målt over 1 time for tryksag nr. 4 er gengivet i tabellen nedenfor. 
The release of the volatile organic compounds measured over 1 hour for printed matter no. 4 is presented in the table below.
Det ses, at den samlede afgivelse falder med tiden. 
It is observed that the total VOC emission decreases with time.
For tryksag nr. 4 er halveringstiden for emissionen 2 dage, hvis der antages en eksponentiel aftagen. 
For printed matter no. 4, the half-life of emission is 2 days if exponential decrease is assumed.
UV hærdende lakker og farver indeholder reaktive tyktflydende bindemidler, der ved hærdeprocessen omdannes til fast farve- eller laklag. 
UV-curing inks and lacquers contain high viscose reactive binders which by the hardening process polymerise to solid layer of ink or lacquer.
For flexografiske tryksager er emissionen, sammenlignet med de andre tryksager, lav efter produktionen. 
For flexographic printed matters the emission after production is low compared to the other printed matter.
Ved flexotryk er emissionen af VOC stærkt reduceret, når tryksagen når frem til forbrugeren. 
At flexographic printing the emission of VOC is strongly reduced when the printed matter reaches the consumer.
Tryksagen lugter tydeligt af ikke-identificerbare opløsningsmidler. 
The printed matter has a distinct odour of non-identifiable solvents.
Lugten var aftagende med tiden. 
The odour intensity decreased with time.
Tabel 3.9 Resultater af emissionsmåling af tryksag nr. 8 Stof 
Table 3.9 Results of the emission measurements of printed matter no. 8 Compound
Det ses, at nogle forbindelser aftager med tiden, mens andre skal have tid, før frigivelsen finder sted (time-lag). 
It is observed that the release from some of the compounds decreases with time, while others need a period before the release takes place (time-lag).
Den samlede afgivelse falder med tiden. 
The total emission of VOC decreases with time.
For tryksag nr. 8 ser det ud til, at emissionen topper omkring dag 4 og derefter falder. 
For printed matter no.8 the emission peaked around day 4 and then decreases.
Det præcise toppunkt kan dog ikke fastlægges ud fra måle punkterne. 
The exact peak time can not be estimated from the measuring points.
For tryksag nr. 8 er halveringstiden for emissionen 2 dage, hvis der antages en eksponentiel aftagen efter toppunktet. 
For printed matter no. 8 the emission half-life is 2 days if exponential decrease of emission after the peak is assumed.
Tabel 3.11 Resultater af emissionsmåling af tryksag nr. 17 
Table 3.11 Results of emission measurements of printed matter no. 17 Compound
C9H12, arom kulbrinte 
C9H12, arom hydrocarbon
Sum: kul/ tenax 
Sum: charcoal/tenax
Det ses, at nogle forbindelser aftager med tiden, mens andre skal have tid, før frigivelsen finder sted (time-lag). 
It is observed that the release rate of some of the compounds decreases with time while others need time before the release takes place (time lag).
Det ses også her, at der er flere flygtige kemiske stoffer, som øger emissionen i løbet af den første uge (måleperioden). 
In this printed matter it is also observed that several volatile organics increase their emissions during the first week (measuring period).
Det betyder, at for denne tryksag, så stiger den samlede afgivelse med toppunkt på dag 2, hvorefter den langsomt aftager i måleperioden. 
It means that for this printed matter the total VOC emission increases, peaks on day 2 and then decreases at the final measuring period.
Det præcise toppunkt kan dog ikke fastlægges ud fra målepunkterne. 
The exact peak time can not be estimated from the measuring points.
For tryksag nr. 17 er halveringstiden for emissionen 15,5 dage, hvis der antages en eksponentiel aftagen efter dag 2. 
For printed matter no. 17, the half-life of emission is 15.5 days if exponential decrease after day 2 is assumed.
Tabel 3.13 Resultater af emissionsmåling af tryksag nr. 19 Stof 
Table 3.13 Results of emission measurement of printed matter no. 19 Compound
Afgivelsen af flygtige organiske forbindelser målt over 1 time for tryksag nr. 19 er vist i tabellen nedenfor. 
The release of the volatile organic compounds measured over 1 hour for printed matter no. 19 is presented in the table below.
Der ses ligesom for de forrige offset tryksager en stigning i afgivelsen af visse af stofferne. 
It is observed as in the previous mentioned offset printed matters an increase in the release of some of the compounds.
Især aldehyderne gør sig bemærket ved at stige i måleperioden. 
Especially the aldehydes are noted to increase during the measuring period.
Da skønnet er baseret på to målepunkter skal estimatet tages med forbehold. 
However, as the estimate is based on two measuring points the estimate should be used with reservation.
Dette forhold tilskrives alene en væsentlig større farvedækning. 
This relationship is attributed to a significantly higher ink covering.
Farvedækningen er således en væsentlig faktor for emissionerne. 
The ink covering is thus an essential factor for the emissions.
Sundhedsvurderingerne baseres på den dosis og herigennem den udsættelse (eksponering), der medfører en given virkning. 
The human health evaluation is based on the dosis and thereby the exposure leading to a certain response.
Dosis er et udtryk for den mængde kemisk stof, der tilføres organismen. 
Dosis is an expression of the amount of chemical compound brought into the organism.
Mennesker og dyr er ikke altid selv bestemmende over den eksponering, de udsættes for. 
Humans and animals are not always masters of the exposure they incur.
Det gælder specielt for kemiske stoffer, der tilføres med indåndingsluften eller ved hudkontakt. 
This applies especially to chemical compounds exposed to either by inhalation or dermal contact.
Disse to tilførselsveje er de hyppigste indenfor arbejdsmiljø og for forbrugere. 
These two exposure routes are the most common in the working environment and to consumers.
Det er muligt ved måling af blodkoncentrationer, urinkoncentrationer eller udskillelse heri at få et udtryk for eksponeringen og optagelsen af det kemiske stof. 
It is possible by measuring blood concentrations, urinary concentrations or the metabolism/elimination to get an impression of the exposure and uptake of the chemical compound.
Man kan også anvende luftkoncentrationen som mål. 
However, the concentration in air may also be used as a measure of the exposure.
Det er ganske vist en tilnærmet værdi, fordi der vil være en vis proportionalitet mellem koncentrationen i indåndingsluften og den i lungerne optagne stofmængde. 
It is an approximate value because there is a certain proportionality between the concentration in the inhaled air and the amount of compound taken up by the lungs.
Dosis kan også udtrykkes som produktet af luftkoncentrationen og eksponeringstiden. 
Dosis may be expressed as the product of the concentration in air and the exposure time.
Eksponeringen fra fordampelige kemiske stoffer i tryksager kompliceres af, at der er tale om en blandingseksponering og ikke udsættelse for enkeltstoffer. 
The exposure from volatile chemical compounds in printed matter is complicated by the fact that it is a mixed exposure and not exposure to single compounds.
Det er i rapporten tilstræbt at anvende samme effekt (irritation) og at gå ud fra at virkningerne af de enkelte indholdsstoffer er additive, dvs. summen af de enkelte stoffers virkning er lig med blandingens virkning. 
In the report it is attempted to use the same effect (irritation) and to assume that the effects from single chemical compounds are additive, i.e. the sum of the effect from single compounds are equal to the effects of the mixture.
Der har været en del oplysninger om, at visse tryksager afgiver lugte. 
Information has been available that certain printed matter release odour.
Lugte er sanseindtryk, som efter påvirkning af lugtepitelet i næsehulen registreres i hjernen. 
Odour is an olfactory sensation (impression) that after affecting the olfactory epithelium in the nasal cavity is registered in the brain.
Der er to receptorsystemer i næsehulen. 
Two receptor systems exist in the nasal cavity.
Den ene type er knyttet til specielle celler i lugtepitelet, som sender informationer til hjernen via hjernenerven Nervus olfactorius. 
One type is attached to special cells in the olfactory epithelium which send information to the brain via the brain nerve Nervus olfactorius.
Denne receptortype antages at registrere de almindelige lugtindtryk, især svage lugte eller lugte af behagelig karakter. 
This receptor type is assumed to register common senses of odour, especially weak odours or odours of a pleasant character.
De to receptortyper bidrager med varierende informationsmængde, afhængig af det givne stofs egenskaber. 
The two receptor types contributes a variety of information, depending on the properties of the substance.
Lugtindtrykket opstår som et samlet indtryk. 
The odour is an expression of the total impression.
Opfattelsen varierer stærkt mellem personer som: stærk, svag, ubehagelig, behagelig osv. Selv om lugte i nogle tilfælde kan anvendes som advarselssignal for, om et farligt stof forekommer i indåndingsluften, har der ikke kunnet påvises en generel sammenhæng mellem lugttærskel og sundhedsskadende virkning af kemiske forbindelser (Hille 1977). 
The perception vary strongly between individuals as strong, weak, unpleasant, pleasant etc. Even if odours sometimes may be used as warning signals reflecting the existence of a hazardous substance in the inhaled air, no general correlation between odour threshold and hazardous effects from chemical compounds has been proved (Hille 1977).
For nogle kemiske stoffer er der dog en lineær sammenhæng mellem logaritmen til intensiteten af lugtindtrykket og logaritmen til størrelsen af stimulus ("den psyko-fysiske lov"): 
For some chemical compounds, a linear correlation exists between the logarithm to the intensity of the odour and the logarithm to the size of stimulus ("the psycho-physical law"):
hvor I er intensiteten, C er stimulus og n og k er konstanter knyttet til en given stimulus-effekt sammenhæng. 
where I is the intensity, C is a stimulus and n and k are constants describing a given stimulus-effect relationship.
Funktionen danner en ret linie ved afbildning i et dobbeltlogaritmisk koordinatsystem. 
The function will present a straight line when related values are placed in a double logarithmic co-ordinate system.
Det gælder f.eks. alkoholerne n-propanol, n-butanol, n 
This applies to e.g. the alcohols n
hexanol og n-oktanol (Cain 1969, Moskowitz et al. 1974). 
propanol, n-butanol, n-hexanol and n-octanol (Cain 1969, Moskowitz et al.1974).
Det vil sige, at enkraftigere lugt ofte hænger sammen med en større luftkoncentration. 
It means that a stronger odour often is correlated with a higher air concentration.
Så sanseindtrykket er ikke helt ligegyldigt, selv om det ikke altid fortæller noget om en potentiel sundhedsfare. 
Thus, the olfactory sensation is not entirely unimportant even it does not always tell you anything about potential health hazards.
Derfor har lugttærskelværdier ikke kunnet benyttes alene til vurderingen udover en subjektiv vurdering af, om det er sandsynligt, at stoffet kan lugtes. 
Therefore, odour threshold values have been used in the assessment as a subjective evaluation whether it was likely that the substance could be sensed by odour.
Der er derimod anvendt grænseværdier som grundlag for vurderingerne. 
The threshold limit values have been used as basis for the evaluations.
Metodikken er nærmere beskrevet i afsnit 4.2. 
The methodology is described in section 4.2.
I denne rapport anvendes alene udtrykket mg/m3 eller µg/m3 for ikke at blande de to enheder sammen. 
In this report only mg/m3 or µg/m3 is used to avoid confusion.
Eksponeringen vil variere meget efter forbrug af tryksager, hvilke lokaler (størrelse osv.) de anbringes i, ventilation og eksponeringstiden. 
The exposure varies according to consumption of printed matter, the room (size, etc) in which they are located, ventilation and the time of exposure (duration).
Til at vurdere eksponeringen på en standardiseret måde er der derfor opstillet teoretiske eksponeringsscenarier, der skal illustrere værst tænkelige men dog realistiske eksponeringer. 
For the evaluation of the exposure in a standardised matter, theoretical exposure scenarios have been developed to illustrate a reasonable worst case scenario.
Til vurdering af eksponering under distribution (detailled, bude m.v.) og af forbrugerne er der opstillet nedennævnte scenarier: 
For the evaluation of exposure during distribution (to distributors in shops and delivery persons, etc.) and handling by the consumers the below mentioned scenarios have been developed:
1 Direkte eksponering (distribution) 
1. Direct exposure of distributors
2. Direkte eksponering af forbrugere 
2. Direct exposure of the consumer