natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
De indkøbte produkter er gennemgået for eventuelle mangler i mærkningen. 
The purchased products have been reviewed for possible lack of labelling.
Generelt kunne der konstateres mange mangler i mærkningen, især ved akrylprodukterne til fremstilling af kunstige negle. 
Generally, the labelling showed many discrepancies, especially the acrylic artificial nail products.
For de indkøbte produkter går følgende forhold igen som mangler på mange af produkterne: 
The following discrepancies were recurred on many of the purchased products.
For flere af produkterne var funktionen af produktet ikke klar, og indholdsdeklarationen fulgte ikke reglerne i kosmetikbekendtgørelsen. 
The functioning of most of the products was unclear, and the list of ingredients did not comply with the rules in the Statutory Order on Cosmetic
neglehærdere blev der konstateret færre mangler i mærkningen i forhold til produkter til opbygning af kunstige negle. 
In the labelling of the nail hardeners were observed fewer discrepancies than in that of artificial nails.
Klassificeringen af indholdsstoffer i de indkøbte og analyserede negleprodukter er undersøgt i henhold til kemikalielovgivningen og kravene i forhold til kosmetiklovgivningen. 
The classification of ingredients in the purchased and analysed nail products has been investigated in accordance with the chemicals legislation and the demands stipulated in the cosmetics legislation.
Det er vigtigt at pointere at denne klassificering gælder for produkter markedsført under kemikalielovgivningen og ikke for kosmetik. 
It is important to emphasize that this classification applies to products that are marketed in accordance with the chemicals legislation and not the cosmetics legislation.
Klassificeringen kan dog give gode indikationer for, om produkterne indeholder sundhedsfarlige stoffer. 
However, the classification may indicate if the products contain hazardous substances.
Lime til påsætning af kunstige negle tilhører et såkaldt ”borderline” område, hvilket betyder, at de enten klassificeres som kosmetik eller som kemiske produkter afhængigt af produktets formål, anvendelse og hvordan det præsenteres for forbrugerne. 
Glues for fixing artificial nails belong under a so-called “borderline” area meaning that they are either classified as cosmetic products or as chemical products depending on the purpose, the application, and how the product is presented to the consumer.
5.2.1 Klassificering af formaldehyd 
5.2.1 Classification of formaldehyde
Formaldehyd indeholdes i neglehærdere som set i analyserne udført på 6 forskellige neglehærdere på det danske marked. 
The content of formaldehyde in the nail hardeners is shown in the analyses of 6 different nail hardeners on the Danish market.
Tilladt i neglehærdere op til 5 % 
Permitted in nail hardeners up to 5%
Ifølge kosmetikbekendtgørelsen (1) må neglehærdere indeholde op til 5 % total formaldehyd. 
In accordance with the Statutory Order on Cosmetic Products (1), the allowed content of formaldehyde in nail hardeners is up to 5% total formaldehyde.
Derudover skal alle færdige produkter, der indeholder formaldehyd eller stoffer, der kan fraspaltes formaldehyd (se afsnit 3.4.2), være forsynet med teksten: »Indeholder formaldehyd«, på etiketten såfremt koncentrationen af formaldehyd i det færdige produkt overstiger 0,05 %. 
In addition, all final products containing formaldehyde or substances from which formaldehyde can be decomposed (see Chapter 3.4.2) can be labelled with the text “contains formaldehyde”, if the concentration of formaldehyde in the final product exceeds 0.05%.
Hvis formaldehyd er tilsat som konserveringsmiddel er den tilladte koncentration max. 0,2 %. 
If formaldehyde has been added as a preservative, the maximum permitted concentration is 0.2%.
5.2.2 Klassificering af akrylforbindelser 
5.2.2 Classification of acrylic compounds
Akrylforbindelser findes i et udvalg af produkter til fremstilling af kunstige negle indkøbt på det danske marked. 
Acrylic compounds are found in a selection of products for manufacture of artificial nails purchased on the Danish market.
5.2.3 Klassificering af screenede indholdsstoffer i produkter til fremstilling af kunstige negle 
5.2.3 Classification of screened ingredients in products for manufacture of artificial nails
Der er søgt oplysninger for de fundne indholdsstoffers klassificering. 
Information of the classification of the identified ingredients has been searched.
Disse oplysninger er søgt i Listen over farlige stoffer samt i Miljøstyrelsens vejledende liste til selvklassificering. 
This information has been searched in the List of Hazardous Substances and in the consultative list for self classification of the Danish Environmental Protection Agency.
De data, der er hentet fra den vejledende liste, er mærket med '*'. 
The data collected from the consultative list are marked with ‘*'.
Data hentet fra Miljøstyrelsens vejledende liste til selvklassificering er mærket med '*'. 
Data are collected from the consultative list of the Danish Environmental Protection Agency marked with ‘*'.
Yderlig er der fundet data vedrørende indholdsstoffernes tilladelse til brug i kosmetiske produkter. 
Also, data on the permitted use of the ingredients in cosmetic products have been identified
Kosmetikbekg. og andet 
Statutory Order on Cosmetic Products
T;R23/24/25 R33 R52/53 (konc > 25%) 
T;R23/24/25 R33 R52/53 (conc > 25%)
Data fra vejledende liste til selvklassificering 
Data from guide for self classification
Flere af stofferne findes formentlig i produkterne som urenheder. 
Ingredients are actively added substances that must be declared on the packing.
I kosmetiske produkter skelnes mellem ingredienser og urenheder. 
The substances to be added legally, and in which the concentrations
Sådanne urenheder skal ikke deklareres, men bør dog så vidt muligt undgås, og det er altid producentens ansvar, at det færdige produkt ikke er til skade for menneskets sundhed. 
Such impurities are not to be declared, however they should be avoided, and it is always the responsibility of the producer to ensure that the final product is not hazardous to human health.
Der er udført sundhedsvurderinger på formaldehyd fundet i neglehærdere samt på 2-hydroxyethylakrylat, 2 hydroxypropylakrylat, 2- hydroxypropyldimetakrylat og ethylendimetakrylat fundet i kunstige negleprodukter. 
Safety assessments were performed on formaldehyde found in nail hardeners, and 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl acrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl dimethacrylate and ethylene dimethacrylate found in artificial nail products.
Stoffernes toksikologiske effekt er beskrevet, herunder stoffernes evne til at inducere allergi. 
The toxicological effects of the substances are described, including the ability of the substances to induce allergy.
Denne effekt anses for at være den mest kritiske på basis af den megen litteratur, der beskriver allergi efter brug af neglehærdere og/eller kunstige negle. 
This effect is considered to be the most critical effect due to the amount of literature describing contact allergy after use of nail hardeners and/or artificial nails.
Når der var tilgængelige data, blev en NO(A)EL 
When data were available, a NO(A)EL
for stoffernes kritiske effekt fastsat. 
for the critical effect of the substances has been established.
NO(A)EL værdien anvendes i forbindelse med eksponeringsscenarier og risikovurderingerne i kapitel 7. 
The NO(A)EL value is applied in Chapter 7 on exposure scenarios and risk assessments of the products.
6.1 Sundhedsvurdering af stoffer i neglehærdere 
6.1 Safety assessment of substances in nail hardeners
Formaldehyd er en farveløs, brændbar reaktiv og let polymeriserende gas ved normal temperatur og tryk. 
Formaldehyde is a colourless, flammable, reactive and readily polymerising gas at normal temperature and pressure.
Stoffet har en stram irriterende lugt (2). 
It is a gas with a pungent, irritating odour (2).
Formaldehyd er en normal metabolit i pattedyrs organismer. 
Formaldehyde is a normal metabolite in mammalian organisms.
Den kan dannes fra visse xenobiotiske eller endogene forbindelser, f.eks. aminosyrer (3). 
It can be generated by the metabolism of certain xenobiotics or endogenous compounds, such as amino acids (3).
Formic aldehyde, methanal, methylen oxid, metylaldehyd, oxymetylen, oxometan 
Formic aldehyde, methanal, methylene oxide, methylaldehyde, oxymethylene, oxomethane
Klassificering iflg. listen over farlige stoffer (4). 
Classification in accordance with the list of hazardous substances (4)
T; R23/24/25: Giftig ved indånding, ved hudkontakt og ved indtagelse. 
T; R23/24/25: Toxic by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed.
CARC3; R40: Mulighed for kræftfremkaldende effekt. 
CARC3; R40: Limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect
R43: Kan give overfølsomhed ved kontakt med huden. 
R43: May cause sensitization by skin contact.
Der er tilladt en maksimal mængde på 5 % i neglehærdere 
A maximum amount of 5% in nail hardeners allowed
Molvægt (g/mol) Smeltepunkt, 
No Observed (Adverse) Effect Level
3890 mm Hg ved 25° C (5) 
3890 mm Hg at 25° C (5)
Oktanol/vand fordeling (log Kow) 
Octanol/water partition coefficient (log Kow)
De toksiske effekter der er fundet efter eksponering af formaldehyd (ved inhalation) kan afhængig af dosis være slaphed, hovedpine, mavesmerter, besvimelse, angstfornemmelse, brændende følelse i næse og svælg, tørst, klam hud, påvirkning af centralnervesystemet, cyanosis, diarre, svimmelhed, irritation og nekrose i slimhinder og svælg, opkastning, kvalme, koma og chok (6). 
The toxic effect observed after exposure of formaldehyde (by inhalation) may be, depending on dose, weakness, headache, abdominal pain, anaesthesia, anxiety, burning sensation in the nose and throat, thirst, clammy skin, central nervous system depression, cyanosis, diarrhoea, dizziness, irritation and necrosis of mucous membranes and gastrointestinal tract, vomiting, nausea, coma, and shock (6).
Indtagelse af vandige opløsninger kan forårsage nyreskader og føre til øget forekomst af format i urinen (6). 
Ingestion of aqueous solutions of formaldehyde may cause renal injury and lead to an increase in formate levels in the urine (6).
Irritation og allergi 
Skin irritation and sensitisation
Formaldehyd forårsager irritation i øjne, hud og slimhinder (3). 
Formaldehyde is irritating to eyes, skin and mucosal membranes (3).
Ved standardiserede lappetest ses formaldehydkoncentrationer at forårsage hudirritation hos raske personer ved 2 % og højere (7). 
With standard patch test protocols, formaldehyde concentrations of 2% and higher is observed to produce skin irritation in non-sensitised individuals (7).
Induktion af hudallergi er set ved eksponering for formaldehyd. 
Induction of dermal sensitisation to formaldehyde has been observed after dermal exposure.
En induktionsgrænse er ikke klart fastsat, men den er estimeret til mindre end 5 % vandig opløsning (3). 
A threshold for induction has not been clearly established, but it is estimated to be less than 5 % aqueous solution (3).
Forskellige studier har klassificeret formaldehyd som moderat til stærk allergifremkaldende (9,10,11). 
Different studies has classified formaldehyde as a moderate to strong sensitizer (9,10,11).
I en undersøgelse (maksimization test) på marsvin blev der observeret kontaktallergi i 100 % af dyrene ved en formaldehydkoncentration på 2 % (7). 
In an guinea pig maximization test sensitisation was observed in 100% of the animals at a formaldehyde concentration of 2% (7).
Allergi blev påvist ved en koncentration på 0,96 % formaldehyd (12). 
Induction of sensitisation was observed at a concentration of 0.96% formaldehyde (12).
I en anden LLNA undersøgelse fremkaldte en formaldehydkoncentration på 0,4 % allergi (9). 
In another LLNA test a formaldehyde concentration of 0.4 % induced sensitisation (9).
I en undersøgelse (serial dilution test) blev 8/35 formaldehyd-overfølsomme personer eliciteret med allergi ved den lavest testede koncentration (0,1 %) (7). 
In a serial dilution test 8/35 formaldehyde-sensitised subjects developed allergy to the lowest concentration tested (0.1%) (7).
I et andet studie, sås få positive reaktioner ved koncentrationer under 0,1 % formaldehyd. 
In another test, a few positive reactions were observed at concentrations below 0.1% formaldehyde.
Følgende responsfrekvenser blev observeret: 9/20 ved 0,5 %, 3/20 ved 0,1 %, 2/20 ved 0,05 %, and 1/20 ved 0,025 % (7). 
The following response frequencies were observed: 9/20 at 0.5%, 3/20 at 0.1%, 2/20 at 0.05%, and 1/20 at 0.025% (7).
Læsioner hos forsøgsdyr sker typisk i næsen efter inhalation, i maven efter oral indtagelse og på huden efter dermal påføring. 
The typical locations of lesions in experimental animals are the nose after inhalation, the stomach after oral administration and the skin after dermal application.
Læsionernes art afhænger af vævenes iboende evner til at respondere på skaden og af stoffets koncentration (3). 
The nature of the lesions depends on the inherent abilities of the tissues involved to respond to the noxious event and on the local concentration of the substance (3).
Under et 2 års kronisk foderstudie i rotter blev der fundet en NOAEL på 15 mg/kg/dag. 
In a 2 years chronic feeding study in rats a NOAEL of 15 mg/kg/day was obtained.
NOAEL var baseret på udvikling af læsioner i mavetarmkanalens slimhinde og histopatologiske ændringer i nyrerne efter indtagelse af formaldehyd via drikkevand (13). 
The NOAEL was based on development of lesions of the gastric mucosa and histopathological changes in the kidneys after administration of formaldehyde via the drinking water (13).
En oral RfD 
An oral RfD
Formaldehyd er genotoksisk i forskellige in vitro systemer (14,15,16). 
Formaldehyde is genotoxic in different in vitro systems (14,15,16).
Der findes adskillige in vivo studier, der belyser formaldehyds mutagene potentiale. 
Several in vivo studies are available on the mutagenic potential of formaldehyde.
er rapporteret for rotter og mus. 
has been reported for rats and mice.
Den laveste TD50 blev fundet for rotter ved 1,35 mg/lgv/dag (17). 
The lowest TD50 was found for rats at 1.35 mg/kg bw/day (17).
Baseret på denne værdi kan en acceptabel dosis sættes til 2,7 x 10 
Based on this value, an acceptable dose may be estimated to 2.7 × 10
Dette livstidsrisiko er generelt accepteret. 
This level of risk is generally accepted.
Der er ingen evidens for, at formaldehyd kan forårsage fosterskade eller kan påvirke reproduktionen ved inhalation (6). 
There is no evidence that formaldehyde may induce teratogenicity or may affect reproduction by inhalation exposure (6).
Desuden er der udført en lang række humane lappetests. 
Furthermore, a large number of human patch tests have been performed.
Det konkluderes af disse, at formaldehydkoncentrationer under 0,025 - 0,05 % sjældent fremkalder allergi hos formaldehyd-overfølsomme personer. 
From these it is concluded that formaldehyde concentrations below 0.025 - 0.05% rarely elicitate sensitisation in formaldehyde-sensitised subject.
Derfor kan en koncentration på 0,01 % formaldehyd betragtes som en sikker koncentration, der omfatter både formaldehyd-overfølsomme personer og induktion af ikke-overfølsomme personer. 
Therefore, a concentration of 0.01% formaldehyde may be considered as a safe concentration including both formaldehyde-sensitised subjects and the induction of non-sensitised subjects.
Der er sat en sikkerhedsfaktor på 100 for data fra LLNA undersøgelserne om ekstrapolering af data fra dyr til mennesker og ved at inkludere særligt følsomme menneskelige individer. 
A safety factor of 100 is included for the data from LLNA tests for extrapolation of data from animals to humans and including of particularly sensitive human individuals.
En oral referencedosis (RfD) på 0,2 mg/kg lgv/dag er fastsat for formaldehyd baseret på en NOAEL på 15 mg/kg lgv/dag i rotter, der har indtaget formaldehyd via drikkevandet. 
An oral Reference Dose (RfD) of 0.2 mg/kg bw/day is established for formaldehyde based on a NOAEL of 15 mg/kg bw/day in rats administrated formaldehyde by drinking water.
Virkningerne var reduceret øgning af legemsvægt og påvirkninger i mavetarmkanalen. 
The effects were reduced body weight gain and effects in the gastro-intestinal tract.
Formaldehyd har et kræftfremkaldende potentiale. 
Formaldehyde has a carcinogenic potential.
En acceptabel livstidsrisikodosis for cancer er vurderet til 2,7 x 10 
An acceptable dose for lifetime risk of cancer has been estimated to 2.7 × 10
mg/kg/lgv/dag. 
mg/kg bw/day.
Efter eksponering for denne dosis er der en risiko for cancer i 1 ud af 1 million eksponerede personer. 
After exposure to this dose, there is a risk of cancer in 1 out of 1 million exposed persons.
Dette risikoniveau er generelt accepteret. 
This risk level is generally accepted.
Tabel 6.1 Sammendrag af data for formaldehyd 
Table 6.1 Summary of data for formaldehyde
NOAEL, indtagelse, rotte 
NOAEL, intake, rat
Acceptabel dosis - livstids risiko, cancer 
Acceptable dose - lifetime risk, cancer
Oral reference dosis (RfD) 
Oral Reference Dose (RfD)
6.2 Sundhedsvurdering af stoffer i kunstige negle 
6.2 Safety assessment of substances in artificial nails
2-Hydroxyethylakrylat er en farveløs væske med en sød, behagelig duft (5). 
2-Hydroxyethyl acrylate is colourless liquid with a sweet pleasant odour (5).
2-Hydroxyethylakrylat er anført i positivlisten for monomerer og andre opstartsstoffer for plastik og emballage beregnet til kontakt med fødevarer. 
2-Hydroxyethyl acrylate is included in the positive list of monomers and other starting substances for plastics and coatings intended to come into contact with foodstuffs.
Ethylenglycol, monoakrylat, hydroxyethylakrylat, 2-propenoic acid, 2hydroxyethyl ester 
Ethylene glycol, monoacrylate, hydroxyethyl acrylate, 2-propenoic acid, 2-hydroxyethyl ester
T; R24: Giftig ved hudkontakt. 
T; R24: Toxic in contact with skin
Studier om akut toksicitet hos 2-hydroxyethylakrylat angiver den orale LD50 værdi til at være 540 - 1070 mg/kg lgv. 
Studies on the acute toxicity of 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate indicate oral LD50 values of 540 - 1070 mg/kg bw.
Ufortyndet materiale kan forårsage ætsning i mund, hals, og mavetarmkanalen (18). 
Neat material may have caused chemically burns in the tissues of the mouth, throat, and gastrointestinal tract (18).
I akutte dermale toksikologiske studier blev der observeret LD50 værdier på 154 (kaniner, ufortyndet materiale) og >1000 mg/kg lgv (rotter, hjælpestof olivenolie). 
Acute dermal toxicity studies showed LD50 values of 154 (rabbits, undiluted material) and >1000 mg/kg bw (rats, vehicle olive oil).
Ved høje koncentrationer blev reduceret øjenlågsfarve, reduceret hornhinde refleks, tab af evne til at rejse sig og muskelkoordinering observeret (18). 
At high concentrations decreased eyelid tone, decreased corneal reflex, loss of righting reflex and muscle coordination were noted (18).
Akutte inhalationsstudier, hvor rotter blev eksponeret for 333 til 394 ppm (≈ 1580 - 1870 mg/m 
Acute inhalation data indicate that exposures of rats to 333 to 394 ppm (≈ 1580 - 1870 mg/m
Disse data indikerer at 2-hydroxyethylakrylat er moderat akut toksisk. 
These data indicate that 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate is moderately acute toxic.
2-Hydroxyethylakrylat virker meget irriterende på huden (5,18). 
2-Hydroxyethyl acrylate is severely irritating to the skin (5,18).
Flere studier har vist, at ufortyndet 2-hydroxyethylakrylat virker meget irriterende på huden, hvis stoffet er i kontakt med huden tilstrækkeligt længe (18). 
Several studies have shown that undiluted 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate is severely irritating to the skin if left in contact with the skin for a sufficient period of time (18).
Ved øjenkontakt kan 2-hydroxyethylakrylat forårsage alvorlig irritation og forvolde uigenkaldelig skade på hornhinden (18). 
Upon eye contact, 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate may cause severe irritation with irreversible corneal injury (18).
Allergistudier på dyr og mennesker viser, at 2-hydroxyethylakrylat er et allergen og kan krydsreagere med andre akrylater. 
Skin sensitization studies in animals and humans indicate that 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate is a sensitizer and may cross-react with other acrylates in some exposed individuals.
2-Hydroxyethylakrylat er fundet allergifremkaldende i både LLNA tests, Buehler tests og maximazation tests i marsvin; dog er nogle af studierne af ældre dato (1970-1995) (18). 
2-Hydroxyethyl acrylate has been found to be a sensitizer in both local Lymph Node Assays (LLNA), Buehler tests and maximization tests in guinea pigs; however some of the studies being of older date (19701995) (18).
Tolv akrylat-overfølsomme patienter blev testet med forskellige stoffer inklusive 2-hydroxyethylakrylat i en lappetest. 
Twelve acrylate-sensitised patients were tested with various substances including 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate in a patch test.
Ti af tolv patienter viste positive reaktioner over for 2-hydroxyethylakrylat, når de blev testet med en koncentration på 0,1 % (20). 
Ten out of twelve patients had a positive reaction to 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate when tested at a concentration of 0.1% (20).
I en anden human lappetest med akrylatoverfølsomme testpersoner reagerede 8 % positivt over for 2hydroxyethylakrylat i en koncentration på 0,1 % (21). 
In another human patch test with acrylatesensitised subjects 8% of the test persons reacted positive to 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate in a 0.1% concentration (21).
På grundlag af disse studier vurderes 2-hydroxyethylakrylat at have et moderat potentiale for at fremkalde allergi hos akrylat-overfølsomme individer. 
Based on these studies 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate is evaluated to have a moderate potential to elicitate sensitisation in acrylate-sensitised subjects.
Toksicitet ved gentagen eller længerevarende eksponering Gentagen eksponering for 2-hydroxyethylakrylat (0, 5, 10, 25 ppm ≈ 0, 24, 48, 119 mg/m 
Toxicity from repeated or prolonged exposure Repeated exposures to vapours of 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate (0, 5, 10, 25 ppm ≈ 0, 24, 48, 119 mg/m
3) af rotter via inhalation (7 t/dag, 5 dage/uge i fire uger) forårsagede alvorlig nasal irritation som medførte død på grund af svigtende åndedræt ved højere koncentrationer. 
3) to rats via inhalation (7 hr/day, 5 days/week for four weeks) caused severe nasal irritation, resulting in death due to respiratory failure at higher concentrations.
I et mg/m andet studie var effekten på forsøgsrotter efter 18 måneders eksponering for 5 ppm 2-hydroxyethylakrylat irritation af åndedrætsorganerne, uden signifikant tegn på systemisk toksicitet (18). 
In another study the effects observed following 18 months exposure of laboratory rats to 5 ppm of 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate were related to irritation of the respiratory tract, without significant evidence of systemic toxicity (18).
Foderstudier med rotter og hunde har vist, at 2-hydroxyethylakrylat har lav toksicitet efter gentagen dosering via denne rute. 
Dietary studies with rats and dogs have shown that 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate has a low toxicity after repeated dosing via this route.
Der blev ikke påvist effekter ved den højest testede dosis op til 131 mg/kg/lgv i foderet. 
No effects were observed in the highest tested dose up to 131 mg/kg bw/day.
En NOAEL på 131 mg/kg/lgv blev fastsat hos hunde, der blev fodret med op til 131mg/kg lgv i deres foder (18). 
A NOAEL of 131 mg/kg bw/day was established in dogs fed up to 131 mg/kg bw in their diet (18).
2-Hydroxyethylakrylat havde ikke mutagen effekt på S.typhimurium (bakteriel reverse mutation assay) in vitro med eller uden metabolisk aktivering, men var positiv med metabolisk aktivering hvis testet med to E.coli stammer. 
2-Hydroxyethyl acrylate was not mutagenic to S. typhimurium (bacterial reverse mutation assay) in vitro with or without metabolic activation but was positive with metabolic activation when tested with two E. coli strains.
Der blev ikke set kromosomskader i et 18-måneders inhalationsstudie. 
No evidence of chromosomal damage was seen in an 18-month inhalation study.
Fire rotter pr. køn pr. gruppe blev aflivet efter eksponering i 12 måneder og benmarvsceller blev undersøgt for kromosomskader. 
Four rats pr. sex pr. group were killed after 12-months exposure and the bone marrow cells examined for chromosomal damage.
Ingen effekter blev observeret (18). 
No effects were observed (18).