natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
En lille mængde af det cadmium, som optages, vil dog forlade kroppen langsomt via urinen og afføringen (ATSDR, 1999). 
A small amount of the absorbed cadmium will, though, leave the body slowly through the urine and faeces (ATSDR, 1999).
Måden cadmium optages på har ikke nævneværdig betydning i forhold til, hvordan det distribueres i kroppen. 
The way cadmium is absorbed does not influence the distribution in the body in a degree worth mentioning.
Absorberet cadmium bliver via blodet transporteret til andre dele af kroppen. 
Absorbed cadmium is transported to other parts of the body through the blood.
Efter re-absorbtionen brydes bindingen til metallothionein, og den frigivne cadmium stimulerer derefter produktionen af metallothionein, som igen binder cadmium i nyrecellerne - og derved forhindrer den toksiske effekt af den frie cadmium-ion. 
After the re-absorption the bonding to metal-lothioneine is broken and the free cadmium stimulates the production of metal-lothioneine, which again bind cadmium in the kidney cells - thereby preventing the toxic effect related to the free cadmium ion.
Hvis produktionen af methallothionein ikke kan følge med, sker der skade på nyrecellerne, hvilket kan ses ved en øget udskillelse i urinen af proteiner med lav molekylevægt (Friberg et al., 1986 i WHO, 2004). 
If the production of metal lothioneine cannot follow the result is damage on the kidney cells, which can be detected by an increased release of proteins (with a low molecular weight) in the urine (Friberg et al., 1986 in WHO, 2004).
I mennesker er den gennemsnitlige cadmiumkoncentration i lever og nyrer lig nul ved fødslen, men stiger jævnt til omkring 40-50 mg/kg (w/w) i nyrerne ved alderen 50-60 år, og 1-2 mg/kg (w/w) i leveren ved 20-25 års alderen (Baars et al., 2001). 
In humans the average cadmium concentration in liver and kidneys is equal to nil at birth but increases gradually to around 40-50 mg/kg (w/w) in the kidneys at the age of 50-60 and 1-2 mg/kg (w/w) in the liver at the age of 20-25 (Baars et al., 2001).
Efter ”normal” eksponering af cadmium fra baggrundsniveauer vil ca. 50% af kroppens totale mængde cadmium befinde sig i nyrerne, ca. 15% i leveren og omkring 20% i musklerne. 
After ”normal” exposure of cadmium from background levels approximately 50% of the body's total amount of cadmium is found in the kidneys, approximately 15% in the liver and around 20% in the muscles.
Det er her vigtigt at tage højde for den mængde cadmium, som hvert individ i forvejen indtager via luft, rygning, mad og vand. 
One of the reasons why copper is used in jewelleries is that copper is the only other metal except from gold which naturally gives a red or yellow colour in alloys.
Kobber er et meget anvendt metal, primært pga. dets egenskaber som et holdbart, smidigt, letbearbejdeligt metal, der kan lede elektricitet og varme. 
Therefore, it is important to take into account the amount of copper which each individual already takes in via air, food and water.
Det er primært brugt som metal i legeringer (som bronze og messing). 
Background exposure of copper via food and beverages in Denmark
En af årsagerne til, at kobber bruges i smykker er, at kobber er det eneste andet metal bortset fra guld, der naturligt giver en rød eller gul farve i legeringer. 
Thereby a number is reached (”Margin to TDI value”) representing the ”extra amount” of copper that a human can take in on a daily basis (besides what a human is exposed to through food, beverages and air) without experiencing health damaging effects.
Margen til TDI værdien (140 - total baggrundseksponering) 
Margin to the TDI value (140 - total background exposure)
NB: * Værdien hørende til luft er en gennemsnitlig værdi fra den målestation i Danmark, der har vist det højeste gennemsnit. 
NB: * The value related to air is an average value from the monitoring station in Denmark which has shown the highest average.
** Værdien for kobberindtagelse fra føde og drikke hos børn, er baseret på hvad 2-årige (15 kg) indtager. 
** The value for copper consumption from food and beverages in children is based on the intake by 2 year old children (15 kg).
Hvis personer lever i omgivelser, hvor de udsættes for en højere baggrundseksponering end de ovenfor beskrevne, vil sundhedsrisikoen ved at bruge de undersøgte smykker i dette projekt være undervurderet. 
If people live in areas where they are exposed to a higher background concentration than the one mentioned above, the health risk by using the examined jewelleries in this project will be underestimated.
I naturen findes nikkel primært som oxid eller sulfidforbindelser. 
Nickel occurs in nature primarily as oxide or sulphide compounds.
Jordens kerne består af 6% nikkel, men nikkel findes også i meteoritter og på havbunden i form af mineraler (ATSDR, 2005a). 
The earths crust consists of 6% nickel, but nickel is also found in meteorites and on the sea bed as minerals (ATSDR, 2005a).
Rent nikkel er et hårdt, sølv-hvidt metal, der er nemt at bearbejde. 
Pure nickel is a hard, silver-white metal, which is easy to mould.
Derudover er det ferromagnetisk og en god leder af varme og elektricitet. 
Furthermore it is ferromagnetic and a good conductor of heat and electricity.
Nikkel anvendes ofte i legeringer med jern, kobber, chrom eller zink. 
Nickel is often used in alloys with iron, copper, chromium or zinc.
De forskellige legeringer bruges i forskellige sammenhænge. 
The different alloys are used in different situations.
Bl.a. bruges kobber/nikkellegeringer til mønter, rørlægning, marint udstyr, petrokemisk udstyr, varmevekslere, pumper og elektroder for svejsning, mens nikkel/chromlegeringer typisk anvendes til varmeelementer. 
Copper/nickel alloys are for instance used in coins, pipe laying, maritime equipments, petrochemical equipment, heat exchangers, pumps and electrodes for welding, while nickel/chromium alloys typically are used for heating elements.
Derudover bruges store mængder nikkel/jernlegeringer til at producere stållegeringer, rustfrit stål og støbejern (ATSDR, 2005a). 
Furthermore, large amounts of nickel/iron alloys are used for producing steel alloys, corrosion-resistant steel and cast iron (ATSDR, 2005a).
Andre nikkelforbindelser inkluderer klor, svovl og oxygen. 
Other nickel compounds include chlorine, sulphur and oxygen.
Endelig anvendes nikkel også i smykker. 
Finally, nickel is used in jewelleries.
Nikkel anvendes i denne forbindelse hyppigt som underbelægning til guldoverflader, idet dette medfører mere skinnende guldbelægninger. 
In this context nickel is frequently used as “sub-coating” for golden surfaces, since this results in a more shining gold coating.
Nikkel danner også såkaldte diffusionsbarrierer, som forhindrer at metaller fra grundmaterialet diffunderer op til overfladebelægningen og derved forringer udseendet af smykket. 
Nickel also forms diffusions barriers which prevent the metal from the parent material to diffuse to the surface, and thereby deteriorates the look of the jewellery.
Miljøstyrelsen har i 2006 lavet en EU-risikovurdering af nikkel og nikkelforbindelser (Andersen, et al., 2006), hvori de konkluderer på baggrund af en lang række studier, at til brug i risikovurdering burde en værdi for oral optagelse på 30% anvendes. 
The Danish Environmental and Protection Agency has in 2006 performed a risk assessment of nickel and nickel compounds (Andersen et al., 2006), in which they conclude that based on a number of studies, an oral absorption value of 30% should be used for risk assessments.
Denne værdi refererer til oral optagelse af følgende nikkelforbindelser: nikkelsulfat, nikkelchlorid, nikkelnitrat og nikkelcarbonat i fastende mennesker. 
This value refers to oral absorption of the following nickel compounds: nickel sulphate, nickel chloride, nickel nitrate and nickel carbonate in fasting people.
For ikke-fastende mennesker anbefaler de en værdi på 5%. 
For non-fasting people a value of 5% is recommended.
Et studie har vist, at biotilgængeligheden af nikkel nedsættes, når nikkel gives sammen med sødmælk, kaffe, the eller appelsinjuice (ATSDR, 2005a). 
A study has shown that the bioavailability of nickel is reduced when nickel is given along with full-cream milk, coffee, tea or orange juice (ATSDR, 2005a).
Andre studier har vist et maksimalt nikkeloptag på mellem 11,07 og 37,42%. 
Other studies have shown a maximum nickel uptake of between 11.07 and 37.42%.
Her var nikkel (12 µg Ni/kg) tildelt 4 timer efter indtagelse af røræg. 
Here nickel (12 µg/kg) was administered 4 hours after ingestion of scrambled eggs.
Et andet studie indikerer, at nikkeloptagelse falder med alderen (Hindsen et al., 1994 i ATSDR, 2005a). 
Another study indicates that nickel absorption reduces with age (Hindsen et al., 1994 in ATSDR, 2005a).
Dyreforsøg har vist, at de forskellige nikkelforbindelser optages forskelligt. 
Animal studies have shown that different nickel compounds are absorbed differently.
Generelt var absorptionen højere for opløselige nikkelforbindelser (ATSDR, 2005a). 
Generally, the absorption was higher for soluble nickel compounds (ATSDR, 2005a).
Det antages i dette projekt, at den orale optagelse for nikkel er 30%. 
In this project it is assumed that the oral absorption of nickel is 30%.
Værdien er dog gældende for fastende mennesker, men for at antage worst case anvendes den alligevel. 
The value is valid for fasting people, but in order to stick to a conservative approach the value is used anyway.
Risikovurderingen af nikkel fra 2005 (Andersen et al., 2005a - draft) konkluderer, at absorption af nikkel gennem huden kan finde sted, men at en stor del af den tilførte dosis forbliver på huden. 
The risk assessment of nickel from 2005 (Andersen et al., 2005a - draft) concludes that absorption of nickel through the skin can occur but that a large proportion of the added dose remains on the skin.
De hævder, at der er begrænset data tilgængelig vedrørende præcis hvilken fraktion, der absorberes, men anvender en værdi på 0,2% for dermal optagelse af nikkel i relation til risikovurdering. 
They state that limited data is available regarding exactly which fraction that is absorbed, but apply a value of 0.2% regarding dermal absorption of nickel for use in risk assessments.
Andersen et al. (2006) konkluderer imidlertid, at til brug for risikovurdering anvendes en værdi for dermalt optag på 2% for absorption af nikkel som følge af eksponering af nikkelchlorid. 
Andersen et al. (2006), however, concludes that for use in risk assessments a value of 2% should be applied, related to dermal absorption of nickel following exposure of nickel chloride.
Til brug i dette projekt anvendes en værdi på 2% for dermal optagelse af nikkelchlorid, idet denne metalforbindelse findes i sved, der har kontakt med smykker. 
For use in this project a value of 2% is applied in terms of dermal absorption of nickel chloride, since this metal compound exists in sweat that is in contact with jewellery.
Nikkel bindes i blodet til serumproteiner og transporteres rundt i kroppen. 
Nickel is bound to serum proteins in the blood and is transported around the body.
Nikkel koncentreres derefter i nyrer, lever og lunger samt lymfeknuder (Baars et al., 2001). 
Nickel is subsequently concentrated in kidneys, liver and lungs as well as the lymph nodes (Baars et al., 2001).
En undersøgelse af individer, som ikke til daglig var udsat for nikkel gennem deres arbejde, viste, at den højeste nikkelkoncentration fandtes i lungerne, fulgt af skjoldbruskkirtlen, binyrerne, nyrerne, hjertet, leveren, hjernen, milten og bugspytkirtlen (ATSDR, 2005a). 
A study examining individuals who were not on a daily basis exposed to nickel through work showed that the highest concentration of nickel was found in the lungs, followed by the thyroid gland, the suprarenal glands, the kidneys, the heart, the liver, the brain, the spleen and the pancreas (ATSDR, 2005a).
Et studie har desuden vist, at nikkel kan krydse placenta, hvilket bekræftes af stigende nikkelkoncentrationer i musefostre, hvor moderen var udsat for nikkel under svangerskabet (ATSDR, 2005a). 
A study has furthermore showed that nickel can cross the placenta, which was confirmed by increasing concentrations of nickel in mice foetuses whose mothers have been exposed to nickel during the pregnancy (ATSDR, 2005a).
6.4.7 Allergi og lokal irritation 
6.4.7 Local irritation and allergy
Nikkel kan forårsage hudallergi, og opfylder kriterierne for at klassificeres med risikosætningen R43: kan give overfølsomhed ved kontakt ved hud. 
Nickel can cause skin allergy and fulfils the criteria for being classified with the following risk phrase: R43: May cause sensitization by skin contact.
Ifølge Andersen et al. (2006) er Ni2+ ionen ansvarlig for de immunologiske effekter af nikkel. 
According to Andersen et al. (2006) it is the Ni2+ ion, which is responsible for the immunological effects of nickel.
Tilgængelige data viser at sålænge en migrationsrate på 0,5 µg Ni/cm²/uge ikke overskrides, så er der ingen fare for hudallergi hos ikke-følsomme individer i en stor del af populationen (som udsættes for kontakt gennem længere tid med nikkel og nikkellegeringer) (Andersen, et al. 2005a - draft). 
Available data shows that as long as a migration rate of 0.5 µg Ni/cm²/uge is not exceeded, there is no risk of causing skin allergy in non-sensitive individuals in a large part of the population (who are exposed to nickel and nickel alloys for an extended period of time) (Andersen et al., 2005a - draft).
Ifølge risikovurderingen af nikkel fra 2005 (Andersen, et al. 2005a - draft) er der ingen simpel sammenhæng mellem indhold af nikkel og frigivelse af nikkel (relateret til studier af mønter). 
According to the risk assessment of nickel from 2005 (Andersen et al., 2005a - draft) there is no simple correlation between the content of nickel and the release of nickel (related to a study of coins).
Ligeledes nævner de, at når man skal vurdere risikoen for sensibilisering af nikkel, så er det koncentrationen af nikkelioner pr. cm² hud, der er interessant og ikke den totale nikkeldosis på huden. 
Likewise they mention that when one is to evaluate the risk of sensitization due to nickel, it is the concentration of nickel ions per cm² skin that is interesting and not the total dose of nickel on the skin.
Kontaktdermatitis som følge af nikkelallergi er velkendt. 
Contact dermatitis caused by nickel allergy is a well-known phenomenon.
Kontaktdermatitis blev fundet i 15,5% af 75.000 individer, som undergik en test med nikkelsulfat (Uter et al., 2003 i ATSDR, 2005a), hvilket indikerer, at det er en hyppig reaktion (ATSDR, 2005a). 
Contact dermatitis was found in 15.5% of 75,000 individuals who participated in a test with nickel sulphate (Uter et al., 2003 in ATSDR, 2005a), which demonstrates that it is a common reaction (ATSDR, 2005a).
De fleste tilfælde af nikkelallergi skyldes hudkontakt med metalliske produkter som øreringe, smykker og knapper (European Environmental Contact Dermatitis Group, 1990 i Andersen et al., 2006). 
The majority of the cases of nickel allergy is caused by skin contact with metallic products such as earrings, jewelleries and buttons (European Environmental Contact Dermatitis Group, 1990 in Andersen et al., 2006).
Et studie af skolebørn i alderen 7-12 år viste, at blandt børn med huller i ørerne havde 30,8% nikkelallergi, mens der blandt de børn, der ikke havde huller i ørerne, kun var 16.3% med nikkelallergi (Dotterud and Falk, 1994 i ATSDR, 2005a). 
A study of school children in the age of 7-12 years showed that among children with pierced ears 30.8% had nickel allergy while among the children who did not have pierced ears only 16.3% were allergic to nickel (Dotterud and Falk, 1994 in ATSDR, 2005a).
De fleste nikkeltests laves med nikkelsulfat, fordi dette er mindre irriterende end nikkelchlorid. 
The majority of nickel tests are made using nickel sulphate since this substance is less irritating than nickel chloride.
Menne and Calvin (1993) refereret fra ATSDR (2005a) undersøgte hudreaktioner over for forskellige nikkelchloridkoncentrationer hos 51 følsomme og 16 ikke-følsomme mennesker. 
Menne and Calvin (1993) quoted from ATSDR (2005a) examined skin reactions related to different nickel chloride concentrations in 51 sensitive and 16 non-sensitive people.
Ved en koncentration på 0,01% sås ingen reaktion. 
At a concentration of 0.01% no reaction was observed.
Ved 0,1% sås reaktioner hos 4 ud af de 51 personer. 
At a concentration of 0.1% reactions in 4 out of the 51 people were observed.
Alt i alt konkluderes i EU-risikovurderingen af nikkel og nikkelforbindelser fra 2006 (Andersen et al, 2006), at der ikke er nok data tilgængelig vedrørende dermal eksponering af nikkelchlorid til at fastsætte hvilken dosis, der udløser en reaktion. 
All in all it is concluded in the EU risk assessment of nickel and nickel compounds from 2006 (Andersen et al., 2006) that there is not enough data available regarding dermal exposure of nickel chloride to determine which dose that triggers a reaction.
I relation til akut nikkelforgiftning er nikkelcarbonyl, en flygtig væske af Ni(CO)4, den mest kritiske. 
Regarding acute nickel poisoning nickel carbonyl, a fugitive fluid of Ni(CO)4, is the most critical.
Effekterne af akut nikkelcarbonylforgiftning inkluderer hovedpine, svimmelhed, kvalme, opkastning, søvnløshed og irritation fulgt af symptomer, som minder om lungebetændelse (WHO, 1991). 
The effects of acute nickel carbonyl poisoning include headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, sleeplessness and irritation followed by symptoms which resemble pneumonia (WHO, 1991).
Et studie (Daldrup et al., 1983 i ATSDR, 2005a) har rapporteret et dødsfald hos et 2-årigt barn efter indtagelse af 570 mg Ni/kg (groft estimat) i form af nikkelsulfatkrystaller. 
A study (Daldrup et al., 1983 in ATSDR, 2005a) has reported a death of a 2 year old child following ingestion of 570 mg Ni/kg (crude estimate) in the form of nickel sulphate crystals.
Fire timer efter indtagelse indtræf hjertesvigt, og barnet døde 8 timer efter indtagelsen. 
Four hours after ingestion heart failure occurred and the child died 8 hours after ingestion.
Studier har indikeret, at opløselige nikkelforbindelser er mere toksiske end mindre-opløselige nikkelforbindelser. 
Studies have indicated that soluble nickel compounds are more toxic than less-soluble nickel compounds.
Orale LD50værdier for nikkelsulfat på henholdsvis 46 mg Ni/kg (hunrotter) og 39 mg Ni/kg (hanrotter) er rapporteret (Mastromatteo, 1986 i ATSDR, 2005a). 
Oral LD50values related to nickel sulphate of respectively 46 mg Ni/kg (female rats) and 39 mg Ni/kg (male rats) have been reported (Mastromatteo, 1986 in ATSDR, 2005a).
Ligeledes er orale LD50 værdier for nikkelacetat på henholdsvis 116 (hunrotter) og 136 mg Ni/kg (hanrotter) rapporteret (Haro et al., 1968 i ATSDR, 2005a). 
Likewise, oral LD50 values related to nickel acetate of 116 (female rats) and 136 mg Ni/kg (male rats) respectively have been reported (Haro et al., 1968 in ATSDR, 2005a).
Orale LD50værdier for mindre-opløselige nikkeloxider og -subsulfider er rapporteret til at ligge omkring henholdsvis >3,930 og > 3,665 mg Ni/kg (Mastromatteo, 1986 i ATSDR, 2005a). 
Oral LD50values for less-soluble nickel oxides and -subsulphides have been reported to >3.930 and > 3.665 mg Ni/kg respectively (Mastromatteo, 1986 in ATSDR, 2005a).
Denne værdi blev fundet for en hanrotte efter indtagelse af nikkelsulfat (Mastromatteo, 1986 i ATSDR, 2005a). 
This value is derived from a study in which a male rat ingested nickel sulphate (Mastromatteo, 1986 in ATSDR, 2005a).
Den laveste værdi rapporteret i relation til systemiske effekter som følge af akut eksponering er en NOAEL værdi på 0,014 mg/kg/dag. 
The lowest value reported in terms of systemic effects caused by acute exposure is a NOEAL value of 0.014 mg/kg/day.
Denne værdi er rapporteret i forbindelse med dermatitis hos nikkel-sensitive mennesker. 
This value is reported in relation to dermatitis in nickel-sensitive humans.
Nikkel blev administreret i form af nikkelsulfat (ATSDR, 2005a). 
Nickel was administered in the form of nickel sulphate (ATSDR, 2005a).
6.4.9 Længerevarende, gentagen påvirkning og genskadende effekter 
6.4.9 Long-lasting, repeated effect and gene-damaging effects
Meget høje risici for lungekræft har desuden været rapporteret blandt arbejdere på nikkelraffinaderier. 
Extremely high risk of lung cancer has furthermore been reported amongst workers in nickel refineries.
Arbejderne var udsat for nikkelsubsulfider, nikkeloxid og muligvis nikkelsulfat (WHO, 1991). 
The workers were exposed to nickel subsulphides, nickel oxides and possible nickel sulphate (WHO, 1991).
De laveste NOAEL værdier rapporteret for mellemlang og lang eksponering af nikkel hos mennesker er ifølge ATSDR (2005a) 20 µg/kg/dag. 
The lowest NOAEL value reported related to medium long and long exposure of nickel to humans is according to ATSDR (2005a) 20 µg/kg/day.
Denne værdi er rapporteret i forbindelse med et forsøg, hvor 8 nikkelfølsomme mennesker gradvist havde indtaget stigende doser af nikkelsulfat i drikkevand over 91-178 dage. 
This value is reported in relation to a study in which 8 nickel sensitive humans gradually ingested increasing doses of nickel sulphate (in tap water) over a period of 91-178 days.
Ved den rapporterede værdi viste ingen individer sundhedsskadelige effekter på huden (Santucci et al., 1994 i ATSDR, 2005a). 
At the reported value no individuals showed signs of health related effects on the skin (Santucci et al., 1994 in ATSDR, 2005a).
Nikkel blev tilført som nikkelsulfat. 
Nickel was administered as nickel sulphate
Nikkel forbindelser er ifølge IARC (1997) kræftfremkaldende for mennesker, mens metallisk nikkel er muligvis kræftfremkaldende for mennesker. 
Nickel compounds are according to IARC (1997) carcinogenic in humans, while metallic nickel is potential carcinogenic in humans.
Baars et al. (2001) kunne ikke finde nye relevante data vedrørende toksicitet som følge af oral eksponering af nikkel eller nikkelforbindelser hos mennesker eller dyr efter 1990. 
Baars et al. (2001) was not able to find new relevant data (after 1990) regarding toxicity caused by oral exposure of nickel or nickel compounds in humans or animals.
De konkluderede derfor, at den TDI værdi på 50 µg/kg lgv/dag foreslået af Vermerie et al. (1991) (samt CEPA (1993), WHO (1996) og ATSDR (1997) i Baars et. al, 2001) stadig er gældende. 
Thus, they concluded that the TDI value of 50 µg/kg bw/day suggested by Vermerie et al. (1991) (and CEPA (1993), WHO (1996) and ATSDR (1997) in Baars et al., 2001) still is valid.
Studiet, der ligger til grund for TDI'en på 50µg/kg lgv/dag, er et studie foretaget af Ambrose et al. i 1976. 
The study from which the TDI value of 50 µg/kg bw/day was derived is a study performed by Ambrose et al. in 1976.
Dette studie fandt, som beskrevet ovenfor, en NOAEL værdi på 5000 µg Ni/kg lgv. 
The study found, as described above, a NOAEL value of 5000 µg Ni/kg bw.
Forsøget var baseret på et 2-års studie af rotter, og effekterne undersøgt var nedsat kropsvægt og højere hjerte/krops vægt ratio. 
The study included a 2-year study of rats and the effects observed were reduced bodyweight and higher heart/bodyweight ratio.
Et senere studie af American Biogenics Corp. (1988) fandt ligeledes en NOAEL værdi på 5000 µg/kg/dag. 
A later study by American Biogenics Corp. (1988) likewise found a NOAEL value of 5000 µg/kg/day.
Miljøstyrelsens EU-risikovurdering af nikkel sulfat fra 2005 (Andersen et al., 2005b - draft) når frem til to NOAEL værdier til brug i risikovurderingen. 
The EU risk assessment of nickel sulphate from 2005 (Andersen et al., 2005b - draft) arrives at two NOAEL values for use in risk assessment.
Den ene er en NOAEL værdi på 2200 µg/kg lgv/dag for oral administration af nikkel i et kronisk cancerforsøg. 
One is a NOAEL value of 2200 µg/kg bw/day for oral administration of nickel - derived from a chronic cancer study.
Effekt ved højere eksponeringsniveau var nedsat overlevelse hos hunrotter og nedsat kropsvægt hos begge køn. 
The effects at high exposure level were reduced survival in female rats and reduced bodyweight in both sexes.