natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Bestemmelse af peroxid i tandblegemidler ved hjælp af katalase bioassayet er nemt og hurtigt at udføre. 
Determination of peroxide in tooth-whitening agents through use of the catalase bioassay is quick and easy.
Katalase assayet er robust, simpelt, hurtigt, og har god reproducerbarhed og nøjagtighed (variationskoefficient < 2 %). 
The catalase bioassay is robust, simple, quick and has good reproducibility and accuracy (coefficient of variation < 2%).
Projektresultater - Protokol til bestemmelse af frit og bundet brintperoxid i tandblegemidler 
Products containing several different active substances may be tested.
På baggrund af en række test-kørsler med katalase bioassayet er der beskrevet en protokol som gennemgås i det efterfølgende: 
It is probable that the catalyse bioassay developed may also be suitable for use on other product types containing hydrogen peroxide in free or bound state.
Iltmåling sker kontinuerligt og ved stabilisering af signalet aflæses iltudviklingen som herefter omregnes til peroxid-indhold i prøven. 
Based on a number of trial runs using the catalase bioassay, a protocol was described.
Peroxider i forskellige kemiske bindinger indgår i dag i næsten alle produkter til blegning af tænder, enten alene eller i kombination. 
Peroxides in different chemical forms are present in almost all products for whitening teeth, either alone or in combination.
Tandblegeprodukterne kan indeholde frit brintperoxid, eller peroxider bundet til andre stoffer ('releasere') som under behandlingen afgives som frit H2O2 (1). 
Tooth-whitening products can contain free hydrogen peroxide or peroxides bonded to other substances (releasers), which are released during the treatment as free H2O2 (1).
Ureaperoxid, perborater, og percarbonater er eksempler på sådanne H2O2-releasere som findes i tandblegeprodukter. 
Urea peroxide, perborates and percarbonates are examples of H2O2 releasers present in tooth-whitening products.
Peroxiderne findes opløst i forskellige matricer alt efter om tandblegeprodukterne skal påføres som en gel eller pensles henholdsvis sprayes på tandoverfladerne. 
The peroxides exist in a dissolved state in different matrices, depending on whether the tooth-whitening products are applied as a gel or are painted or sprayed onto the teeth.
I forbindelse med regulering af salg af tandblegemidler i detailhandlen, er der et behov for at etablere analytiske rutiner til kontrol af produkterne for indhold af peroxider. 
In order to regulate retail sales of tooth-whitening agents, analytical routines are required to control the content of peroxides in products.
Der findes i dag forskellige kemiske metoder til måling af peroxider. 
Different chemical methods for measuring peroxides exist today.
Dette sker ved redox titrering f.eks. med jod eller permanganat salte (2,3). 
These include redox titration e.g. with iodine or permanganate salts (2,3).
Da alle stoffer, der kan oxideres, vil blive titreret ved redox titrering med jod eller permanganat, kan denne metode kun anvendes til bestemmelse af H2O2 i tandblegningsprodukter, hvis der ikke findes andre stoffer i produkterne som kan oxideres. 
Since all substances that can be oxidised will be titrated in a redox titration with iodine or permanganate, this method can only be used to determine H2O2 in tooth-whitening products, if no other oxidative substances are present in the product.
Interferensen fra sådanne stoffer kan muligvis undgås ved måling af fri H2O2 ved brug af spektrofotometriske metoder (4). 
Interference from such substances could possibly be avoided by measuring free H2O2 using spectrophotometric methods (4).
Koncentrationen af frit H2O2 kan også måles ved brug af biosensorer. 
The concentration of free H2O2can also be measured with biosensors.
Biosensorer indeholdende det H2O2 nedbrydende enzym katalase har været anvendt til bestemmelse af H2O2 i desinfektionsmidler (antiseptics) og kosmetiske produkter inklusive tandblegningsmidler (5-7). 
Biosensors containing the H2O2-degrading catalase enzyme have been used for the determination of H2O2 in antiseptics and in cosmetics, including tooth-whitening agents (5-7).
Tandblegeprodukter indeholdende H2O2-releasere (f.eks. ureaperoxid) afgiver H2O2 langsomt. 
Tooth-whitening products that contain H2O2 releasers (e.g. urea peroxide) release H2O2 slowly.
Derfor kan det totale indhold af bundet H2O2 i disse produkter kun bestemmes enten ved teoretisk beregning, måling af H2O2-releaseren direkte, eller ved måling af totalt frigjort H2O2. 
Therefore, the total content of bound H2O2 in these products can only be determined either by theoretical calculation, by measuring the H2O2 releaser directly, or by measuring the total H2O2 released.
I denne rapport gives en kort oversigt over de forskellige peroxider som er rapporteret tilstede i tandblegemidler. 
This report gives a short overview of the different peroxides which have been reported to be present in tooth-whitening agents.
De testede produkter er alle indkøbt enten i butik eller ved bestilling via internet. 
The products tested were either bought in a shop or over the internet.
Disse indeholdt alle enten frit brintperoxid eller ureaperoxid. 
All the products contained either free hydrogen peroxide or urea peroxide.
De øvrige peroxider, som er blevet omtalt og testet i ren form, indgår i produkter som ordineres af tandlæge. 
The other peroxides mentioned and tested in pure state are found in products prescribed by dentists.
I rapporten beskrives en ny protokol til måling af peroxider i tandblegemidler, hvad enten de er tilsat i form af frit H2O2 eller en eller flere releasere eventuelt anvendt i kombination. 
This report describes a new protocol for the measurement of peroxides in tooth-whitening products, whether these are added as free H2O2 or as one or more releasers, possibly in combination.
Metodens præcision og anvendelighed er sammenlignet med kemiske metoder til bestemmelse af peroxiderne. 
The accuracy and applicability of the method are compared to chemical methods to determine peroxides.
2 Analyse af peroxider 
2 Analysis of peroxides
2.2 Analyse af peroxid ved brug af katalase bioassay 
2.2 Analysis of peroxide using catalase bioassay
2.1 Kemisk analyse af peroxid i tandblegningsprodukter 
2.1 Chemical analysis of peroxide in tooth-whitening products
Tandblegemidler kan enten indeholde aktivstoffet brintperoxid i fri form eller bundet i en eller flere såkaldte ”releasere”. 
Tooth-whitening agents can contain the active substance hydrogen peroxide either in a free state or bound in one or more releasers.
Flere tandblegeprodukter indeholder ”releaserne” ureaperoxid eller calciumperoxid, som indstiller en kemisk ligevægt med frit brintperoxid (det aktive stof). 
Several tooth-whitening products contain the releasers urea peroxide or calcium peroxide, which creates a chemical equilibrium with free hydrogen peroxide (the active substance).
De hidtil anvendte metoder til bestemmelse af brintperoxid er hovedsageligt baseret på kemiske redox-titreringer eller kolorimetriske metoder. 
The methods for determination of hydrogen peroxide used so far are based primarily on chemical redox titrations or colorimetric methods.
I et foreløbigt udkast til etablering af en Japansk Industri Standard for tandblegeprodukter (Bilag 5) indgår f. eks. en kaliumpermanganat titreringsmetode til brintperoxid-bestemmelse, mens ureaperoxid bestemmes med natriumthiosulfat-titrering. 
A draft proposal for the establishment of a Japanese Industrial Standard for tooth-whitening products (Annex 5) includes e.g. a potassium permanganate titration method for hydrogen peroxide determination, whereas urea peroxide is determined using sodium thiosulfate titration.
Nogle produkter indeholder blandinger af forskellige former af peroxider, som potentielt kræver hver sin kemiske analyse. 
Some products contain mixtures of different forms of peroxides, which, potentially, require their own separate chemical analysis.
Den nyudviklede metode til bestemmelse af peroxid-indholdet i tandblegeprodukter bygger på enzymatisk omdannelse af brintperoxid (CAS nr. 7722-84-1) til vand og ilt under løbende måling af iltudviklingen. 
The newly developed method to determine the peroxide content in tooth-whitening products involves enzymatic conversion of hydrogen peroxide (CAS no. 7722-84-1) to water and oxygen while continuously measuring the oxygen released.
I vandig opløsning spaltes brintperoxid spontant, men kun meget langsomt, til ilt og vand. 
In an aqueous solution, hydrogen peroxide will spontaneously split into oxygen and water, but the process is very slow.
Ved tilstedeværelse af katalase øges reaktionshastigheden imidlertid betydeligt. 
If catalase is present, however, the rate of reaction is increased significantly.
Reaktionen er som følger: 
The reaction is as follows:
I det tilfælde hvor f.eks. ureaperoxid (CAS nr. 124-43-6) indgår, ser ligevægten imellem ureaperoxid og frit brintperoxid således ud: 
In cases where, for instance, urea peroxide (CAS no. 124-43-6) is contained in the product, the equilibrium between urea peroxide and the free hydrogen peroxide is as follows:
Den frigjorte brintperoxid vil herefter løbende omdannes af katalasen til vand og ilt efter formel (1) ovenfor, der gør at ligevægten forskydes mod højre. 
The released hydrogen peroxide is cleaved by the catalase into water and oxygen according to formula (1) above, shifting the equilibrium towards the right.
For de øvrige releasere, som er testet i denne rapport, findes nedenfor en gennemgang af de kemiske ligevægte som resulterer i en frigivelse af brintperoxid. 
For the remaining releasers tested in this report, an outline of their chemical equilibrium as a result of the release of hydrogen peroxide is given below.
Calciumperoxids (CAS nr. 1305-79-9) opløselighed er stærkt pH-afhængig, ligesom ligevægten der indstilles i henhold til nedenstående reaktion afhænger af pH: 
The solubility of calcium peroxide (CAS no. 1305-79-9) is highly dependent on pH, as is the equilibrium created according to the reaction below:
Natriumperborate-monohydrat (CAS nr. 10332-33-9) er en dimer, der er bundet sammen af ægte peroxygen-bindinger. 
Sodium perborate monohydrate (CAS no. 10332-33-9) is a dimer that is bonded together by genuine peroxygen bonds.
I vandig opløsning ved pH 7, dannes brintperoxid og natriumborat, og der indstilles følgende ligevægt: 
In an aqueous solution at pH7, hydrogen peroxide and sodium borate are created and the following equilibrium is created:
Natriumpercarbonat (CAS nr. 15630-89-4) har en stor vandopløselighed og frigiver i vand carbonat og brintperoxid efter følgende reaktion 
Sodium percarbonate (CAS no. 15630-89-4) is highly water soluble and when dissolved in water releases carbonate and hydrogen peroxide according to the following reaction:
I produkter indeholdende en til flere ”releasere”, vil assayet fremme omdannelsen af den bundne fraktion af peroxider til frit brintperoxid. 
In products containing one or more releasers, the assay will promote the conversion of the bound fraction of peroxides to free hydrogen peroxide.
Derved opnås en bestemmelse af den totale mængde brintperoxid i produktet. 
In this way, determination of the total quantity of hydrogen peroxide in the product is achieved.
Enzymet findes naturligt intracellulært i alle aerobt respirerende organismer, hvor dets funktion er at nedbryde reaktive ilt-radikaler, der dannes som et biprodukt i åndingsprocessen. 
The enzyme is naturally present intracellularly in all aerobically respirating organisms, where its function is to break down the reactive oxygen radicals created as a by-product of the respiratory process.
Indholdet af peroxider i tandblegeprodukter opgives normalt i vægt-procent. 
The content of peroxides in tooth-whitening products is usually stated as a percentage of weight.
Det vil sige, at et tandblegemiddel som f.eks. indeholder ureaperoxid udgør selve brintperoxiden kun ca. 35 % af molekylets vægt. 
That is, in a tooth-whitening agent which contains, for instance, urea peroxide, the hydrogen peroxide represents only about 35% of the weight of the molecule.
Dermed vil blegeeffekten af et produkt indeholdende f.eks. 18 % ureaperoxid omtrent svare til et produkt indeholdende 6 % brintperoxid. 
The bleaching effect of a product containing e.g. 18% urea peroxide will therefore approximately correspond to a product containing about 6% hydrogen peroxide.
Tilsvarende forskelle i blegeeffekt vil gøre sig gældende også for de øvrige releasere. 
Similar differences in bleaching effect will apply for the remaining releasers.
3 Udvikling og test af katalase bioassay til bestemmelse af peroxider 
3 Development and testing of catalase bioassay to determine peroxides
Dernæst er der blevet gennemført en metodeindkøring, hvor 
the optimal quantity of active substance (peroxide) was determined;
den optimale mængde aktiv stof (peroxid) er fastlagt 
the optimal quantity of enzyme was determined;
den hensigtsmæssige reaktionstid er kortlagt 
the optimal pH was identified.
Protokollen er efterfølgende blevet afprøvet på forskellige tandblegeprodukter indkøbt i detailhandlen. 
This protocol was subsequently tested on different tooth-whitening products purchased on the Danish retail market.
3.1 Teknisk design af målekammer, elektrode og dataopsamling 
3.1 Technical design of measuring chamber, probe and data collection
Der er benyttet et iltmåle- og regulatorsystem designet og fremstillet i samarbejde med Loligo Systems, Tjele, Danmark. 
An oxygen measurement and regulator system was used, designed and developed in cooperation with Loligo Systems, Tjele, Denmark.
I målekammeret findes en glascoatet magnet som ved omrøring (1000 rpm) sikrer en ensartet opblanding af alle komponenterne under reaktionen og iltmålingen. 
Inside the measuring chamber is a glass-coated magnet, which, when rotated (1,000 rpm) ensures uniform mixture of all the components during the reaction and oxygen measurement.
Figur 1: Opstilling til katalase bioassay. 
Figure 1: Set-up for catalase bioassay
Elektroden har en maksimal måleusikkerhed i følge specifikationerne på +/- 1 % af den målte værdi. 
According to the specifications the probe has a maximum measurement uncertainty of +/- 1% of the measured value.
Data opsamles hvert sekund ved hjælp af datalogger (fra Measurement Computing, MA, USA) og overføres til Windows-baseret software (TracerDAQ) til online måling af iltudviklingen. 
Data is collected every second using a data logger (from Measurement Computing, MA, USA) and transferred to a Windows-based software (TracerDAQ.
Elektrodens specifikationer er vedlagt i Bilag 1 og ordre-oversigt fra Loligo Systems findes i Bilag 2. 
Specifications for the probe are included in Annex 1 and an order overview from Loligo Systems is in Annex 2.
Ved målingens start fyldes glaskammeret med kvælstof gennemboblet autoklaveret fosfatbuffer (pH = 7), hvorefter akryllåget med ilt-elektroden monteres. 
Before measuring commences, the glass chamber is filled with autoclaved phosphate buffer (pH = 7) purged with nitrogen, after which the acrylic lid with the oxygen probe is mounted.
Fjernelse af ilten i bufferen ved kvælstof-gennembobling sikrer, at iltudviklingen kan følges uden risiko for bobledannelse p.gr.a. overmætning i kammeret. 
Removal of oxygen in the buffer by nitrogen gassing ensures that the changes in oxygen concentrations can be monitored without bubbles forming due to over saturation in the chamber.
Bufferen steriliseres ved autoklavering ligesom udstyret steriliseres ved afspritning for at forhindre at biologisk iltforbrug under kørslen påvirker måleresultatet. 
The buffer is sterilised using autoclaving, while the equipment is sterilised with alcohol in order to prevent biological oxygen consumption during the run from affecting the measurements.
Enzymet katalase (Sigma-Aldrich, katalognummer C100) tilsættes nu i kendt mængde. 
Catalase (Sigma-Aldrich, cat. no. C100) is now added in a known quantity.
I alle forsøgene er det tilsat ca. 5000 units katalase til forsøgskammeret (1 unit nedbryder 1 µmol H2O2 pr. min. ved 25 °C). 
In all of the tests, about 5,000 units of catalase were added to the test chamber (1 unit degrades 1 µmol H2O2 per minute at 25°C).
Umiddelbart inden målingen påbegyndes, tilsættes en kendt mængde peroxid eller tandblegemiddel. 
Immediately prior to analysis, a known quantity of peroxide or tooth-whitening agent is added.
Da ilts opløselighed i væske er temperaturafhængig er alle målinger foretaget ved samme temperatur (22 °C) i et airconditioneret rum. 
Since the solubility of oxygen in a liquid is temperature-dependent, all measurements were carried out at the same temperature (22°C) in an air-conditioned room.
Ved de endelige udregninger er der korrigeret for de små variationer i kammervolumen. 
The final calculations include adjustments for the small variations in chamber volume.
3.1.2 Test af elektrodens stabilitet 
3.1.2 Testing of the stability of the probe
En sammenligning mellem elektrodens udslag målt i volt (V) ved uafhængige kalibreringer foretaget over 20 dage demonstrerer en stor elektrode-stabilitet, idet afvigelsen er mindre end 1 % af gennemsnitsværdien (Tabel 1). 
A comparison of probe outputs measured in volts (V) in independent calibrations conducted over a 20-day period demonstrated great probe stability, as the deviation was less than 1% of the average value (Table 1).
Stabilitet af ilt-elektroden testet ved at måle output (Volt) ved 0 og 100 % iltmætning (n = 20). 
Stability of the oxygen probe tested by measuring output (volts) at 0 and 100% oxygen saturation (n = 20).
3.1.3 Test af reaktionskammerets tæthed 
3.1.3 Testing of the tightness of the reaction chamber
For at forhindre tab af ilt under målingen, og modsvarende forhindre luft i at trænge ind i reaktionskammeret, er det vigtigt at reaktionskammer og elektrode udgør en tætsluttende enhed. 
In order to prevent the loss of oxygen during measuring, and correspondingly, to prevent air from entering the reaction chamber, the reaction chamber and the probe must comprise a tightly sealed unit.
Figur 2: Reaktionskammerets tæthed og egetforbrug af ilt. 
Figure 2: Reaction chamber tightness and consumption of oxygen
Dette skyldes sandsynligvis et mikrobielt forbrug af ilt, da målingen i dette tilfælde ikke blev gennemført under sterile forhold. 
This is probably due to microbial consumption of oxygen, as the measurement in this case was not conducted under sterile conditions.
I de efterfølgende måleserier (22 og 75 %) og i alle efterfølgende målinger er væsken forinden steriliseret og kamrene aftørret med sprit for at minimere denne usikkerhedsfaktor. 
In the subsequent series of measurements (22% and 75%) and in all subsequent measurements, the liquid was sterilised and the chambers wiped off with alcohol beforehand to minimise this factor of uncertainty.
3.2 Fastlæggelse af optimale betingelser for katalase bioassay 
3.2 Determination of the optimal conditions for the catalase bioassay
Indkøring af metoden er sket ved anvendelse af enten brintperoxid og ureaperoxid i kendte mængder og i ren form. 
The method was tested using either hydrogen peroxide and urea peroxide in known quantities or in pure forms.
Disse to stoffer er i dag de hyppigst anvendte peroxider i tandblegemidler. 
These two substances are the most commonly used peroxides in tooth-whitening products.
Det drejer sig om natriumperborat-monohydrat, natriumperborat-tetrahydrat og natriumpercarbonat, der i reaktionsmønster minder om brintperoxid og ureaperoxid, samt calciumperoxid der er lidt anderledes, idet dets reaktion med vand er meget pH-afhængig. 
The method was moreover tested on four pure substances, which are also used in tooth-whitening products, namely sodium perborate monohydrate, sodium perborate tetrahydrate and sodium percarbonate.
3.2.1 Test af metodens optimale måleområde og nedre detektionsgrænse. 
3.2.1 Testing the optimal measurement scope and lower detection limit of the method
Der er lavet en forsøgsserie med varierende koncentrationer af både brintperoxid (50, 150 og 170 µl af en 1 % opløsning tilsat reaktionskammeret) og ureaperoxid (100, 250 og 500 µl af en 1 % opløsning), for at fastslå metodens optimale måleområde (Figur 3 og 4). 
A series of tests were conducted with varying concentrations of both hydrogen peroxide (50, 150 and 170 µl of a 1% solution added to the reaction chamber) and urea peroxide (100, 250 and 500 µl of a 1% solution) in order to determine the method's optimal measurement range (Figs. 3 and 4).
Figur 3: Iltudvikling i reaktionskammeret ved tilsætning af henholdsvis 50, 150 og 170 µl af en 1 % brintperoxidopløsning. 
Figure 3: Changes in oxygen concentration in the reaction chamber after addition of 50, 150 and 170 µl, respectively, of a 1% hydrogen peroxide solution.
Figur 4: Iltudvikling i reaktionskammeret ved tilsætning af 100, 250 og 500 µl af en 1 % ureaperoxidopløsning. 
Figure 4: Changes in oxygen concentration in the reaction chamber after addition of 100, 250 and 500 µl, respectively, of a 1% urea peroxide solution.
Ved tilsætning af katalase efter 110 sek. ses en meget hurtig iltudvikling på grund af enzymets spaltning af brintperoxid (Figur 3). 
When catalase is added after 110 sec., oxygen is rapidly released because the enzyme splits the hydrogen peroxide (Fig. 3).
Det bemærkes, at tilsætning af 170 µl brintperoxid resulterer i et ustabilt signal, hvilket sandsynligvis skyldes dannelse af bobler omkring elektrodens overflade som forstyrrer målingen. 
Note that addition of 170 µl hydrogen peroxide results in an unstable signal, probably due to the formation of bubbles on the surface of the probe.
Bobledannelsen skyldes formentlig at ligevægten mellem opløst og frit ilt ikke kan opretholdes under den voldsomme momentane reaktion og iltudvikling. 
The formation of bubbles is presumably because the equilibrium between dissolved and free oxygen cannot be maintained during the extreme, momentary reaction and oxygen release.
Da målemetoden forudsætter at ilten forbliver opløst i væsken, er det vigtigt at tage højde for dette - for eksempel ved at tilstræbe et forsøgsdesign, hvor den udviklede mængde ilt svarer til mindre end 80 % af iltmætningen. 
Since the method requires the oxygen to remain dissolved in the liquid, it is important to take this into account, for instance by aiming for a test design in which the quantity of oxygen released corresponds to less than 80% of the oxygen saturation.
Alternativt kan mindre mængde enzym tilsættes, hvorved reaktionen vil forløbe langsommere. 
Alternatively, a smaller quantity of enzyme can be added, whereby the reaction will run more slowly.
Det ses også, at problemet med ustabilt signal ved høj iltudvikling er mindre, sandsynligvis fordi iltudviklingen foregår over et længere tidsrum. 
Here, the problem of an unstable signal when the release of oxygen is high is less significant, probably because the release takes place over a longer period of time.
Som det ses af Fig. 4, er der en direkte proportionalitet mellem tilsat mængde ureaperoxid og iltudvikling. 
As can be seen in Fig. 4, there is direct proportionality between the quantity of urea peroxide added and the development of oxygen.
Dette skyldes, at brintperoxid kun udgør ca. 35 % af vægten i ureaperoxid-molekylet. 
This is because hydrogen peroxide makes up only about 35% of the weight of the urea peroxide molecule.
Det vil sige, at der fra en ureaperoxid-opløsning kun kan frigives ca. 35 % af den iltmængde, der kan frigives fra en brintperoxid-opløsning af samme koncentration. 
In other words, the quantity of oxygen that can be released from urea peroxide solution is only about 35% of the quantity of oxygen that can be released from a hydrogen peroxide solution in the same concentration.
3.2.1.1 Vurdering af den nedre detektionsgrænse for katalase bioassayet. 
3.2.1.1 Assessing the lower detection limit for the catalase bioassay
Katalase bioassayet er meget følsomt, og det er muligt at måle præcist indhold af peroxid i en prøve, når iltudviklingen holdes mellem 1og 80 % af kammerets iltmætning. 
The catalase bioassay is very sensitive, and it is possible to measure the precise quantity of peroxide in a sample, when oxygen development is kept between 1 and 80% of the chamber's oxygen saturation.