natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Ved disse koncentrationer kan der ikke konstateres skadevirkninger af disse stoffer, men sådanne data er vigtige for identification af PFC kilder og for at forstå det globale kredsløb af disse stoffer. 
However, these data are important to identify the sources of PFCs in the environment and to understand the global circulation of these compounds in the aquatic environment.
Yderligere 50 prøver af kysthavvand fra adskillige asiatiske land blev analyseret. 
An additional 50 samples of coastal seawater from several Asian countries were analyzed.
PFOA var det stof der forekom i størst koncentration i havvand, efterfulgt af PFOS. 
PFOA was the major contaminant detected in oceanic waters, followed by PFOS.
Koncentrationerne af PFOS og PFOA i kystfarvande var ca. en faktor 1.000 højere end dem fra oceaner. 
The concentrations of PFOS and PFOA in coastal waters were about a factor 1000 higher than those from oceanic waters.
I en generel screening af polære forbindelser i overflade- og drikkevand fra Norditalien, målte Loos et al. (2007) koncentrationer af PFC'er på mellem 0,2 og 8,1 ng/L. 
In a general screening of polar compounds in surface and drinking water from northern Italy, Loos et al. (2007) found PFCs concentrations between 0.2 and 8.1 ng/L.
Koncentrationer i vand fra hanen var meget tæt på dem, der blev fundet i søvand. 
Concentrations in tap water were very close to those found in lake water.
Da vandhanevandet blev fremstillet af søvandet, stammede drikkevandsforureningen med fluorforbindelser direkte fra forureningen af søvand. 
Since the tap water was obtained from processing of lake water, the contamination of drinking water from PFCs originates directly from the contamination of lake water.
Dette indikerer, at fluorholdige overfladeaktive stoffer ikke bliver fjernet effektivt ved vandbehandlingen. 
This indicates that perfluorinated surfactants are at present not successfully removed by water treatment steps.
Endnu højere koncentrationer af PFC'er blev fundet i drikkevand udvundet fra overfladevand i Rhinen-Ruhr distriktet i Tyskland (Skutlarek et al., 2006). 
Much higher concentrations of PFCs were found in drinking water obtained by surface water treatment in the Rhine-Ruhr region in Germany (Skutlarek et al. 2006).
Disse forskere fandt op til 598 ng/L total PFC koncentration i drikkevandet og op til 4385 ng/L total PFC i overfladevandet. 
These authors found up to 598 ng/L total PFCs concentration in drinking water and up to 4385 ng/L total PFCs in surface water.
Forurening af overfladevand med PFC'er blev også konstateret ved Cape Fear i North Carolina, USA (Nakayama et al., 2007). 
Surface water contamination by PFCs was also found in the Cape Fear drainage basin in North Carolina, USA (Nakayama et al. 2007).
Et hundrede prøver fra 80 forskellige lokaliteter blev samlet og analyseret for 10 udvalgte fluorforbindelser. 
One hundred samples from 80 different locations were collected and analysed for 10 target PFCs.
Stofferne blev fundet i alle prøver med en maksimumkoncentration af perfluorheptansyre (C7) på 329 ng/L. 
Detectable levels of the target compounds were found in all samples with maximum concentration of perfluoroheptanoic acid (C7) of 329 ng/L.
En total på 14 PFC'er blev kvantificeret i flodvandsprøver samlet i Pear flodbassinet i Sydkina og Yangtze flodbassinet iCentralkina (So et al., 2007). 
A total of 14 PFCs were quantified in river water samples collected in the Pear River basin (south China) and the Yangtze River basin (central China) (So et al. 2007).
PFOS var den dominerende forbindelse i prøverne fra Pear flodbassinet, mens PFOA var den fremherskende forbindelse, i Yangtze flodbassinet. 
PFOS was the dominant compound found in samples from the Pear River basin, while PFOA was the predominant compound found in the Yangtze River basin.
Forskellige PFC-profiler blev observeret i de to bassiner, der indikerede tilstedeværelsen af forskellige kilder i de to regioner. 
Different PFC profiles were observed in the two basins, indicating the presence of dissimilar sources in the two regions.
Udslippet af C6-C9 perfluorerede carboxylater (PFCA'er) blev undersøgt og anvendt til at vurdere europæiske emissioner af disse forbindelser (McLachlan et al., 2007). 
The discharge of C6-C9 perfluorinated carboxylates (PFCAs) was studied and employed to assess European emissions of these compounds (McLachlan et al. 2007).
PFCAer blev bestemt i vand, som blev samlet ved udmundingen af 14 større europæiske floder, deriblandt Rhinen, Elben, Donau, Oder, Seinen, Loire og Po. 
PFCAs were determined in water collected to the mouth of 14 major European rivers, including the Rhine, Elbe, Danube, Oder, Seine, Loire and Po.
Den højeste PFOA-udslip blev fundet i floden Po (Italien), og forfatterne antog, at disse koncentrationer skyldtes industrielle kilder. 
The highest PFOA discharge was found for river Po (Italy) and the authors suggested that these concentrations were due to industrial sources.
PFOA-koncentrationer i det nedre ng/L-område blev fundet for de andre floder, som indikerede meget udbredte kilder som markante bidragsydere til PFAS-emissionerne til vandene i Europa. 
PFOA concentrations in the lower ng/L range were found for the other rivers, indicating widely distributed sources as significant contributors to the PFCs emissions to waters in Europe.
Direkte forurening af grundvand fra ulykkesmæssige spild er ikke blevet rapporteret på det seneste. 
Direct contamination of groundwater from accidental spill has not been reported recently.
Særligt forurenet overfladevand fx nogle floder I Centraleuropa bidrag I betydelig grad til belastningen af havområder. 
Particularly contaminated surface waters (e.g. some rivers in central Europe) significantly contribute to discharge of PFCs in seas and oceans.
6.2.6 Niveauer i spildevand og slam 
6.2.6 Levels in wastewater and sludge
I de sidste to år har der været mere fokus på undersøgelse af omsætningen af PFC'er i kommunale spildevandsanlæg, da disse er blevet kendt som en vigtig punktkilde til forurening af vandmiljøet med PFC'er. 
In the past two years there has been more focus on investigation of mass flow of PFCs in municipal and industrial wastewater plants, since these have been recognized as important point source to the diffuse pollution of the aquatic environment from PFCs.
Bioomdannelsen af EtFOSE blev også undersøgt for at bestemme, om EtFOSE kunne være forstadieforbindelse for forekomst af PFOS-relaterede forbindelser efter behandling. 
The biotransformation of EtFOSE was also investigated in order to determine whether EtFOSE could be the precursor compound for the presence of PFOS-related compounds after treatment.
Resultaterne antydede, at omdannelse af forstadier ikke er en vigtig kilde til PFOS og PFOA sammenlignet med direkte brug og bortskaffelse af produkter, der indeholder slutprodukterne som restmængder. 
The results suggested that transformation of precursors is not an important source for PFOS and PFOA compared to direct use and disposal of products containing the end products as residual amounts.
Higgins et al. (2005) udviklede en analysemetode for analyse af perfluoralkylsulfonater, perfluorcarboxylater og PFOS-forstadier (MeFOSAA og EtFOSAA). 
Higgins et al. (2005) developed an analytical method for the analysis of perfluoroalkyl sulfonates, perfluoroalkyl carboxylates, and PFOS precursors (MeFOSAA and EtFOSAA).
Metoden blev anvendt til en begrænset undersøgelse af disse forbindelser i husholdsningsslam og bundfald fra området ved San Francisco-bugten. 
The method was applied to a limited survey of these compounds in domestic sludge and sediments from the San Francisco Bay Area.
Koncentrationen af fluorforbindelser i husholdsningsslam spændte over 5 til 153 ng/g for totale PFCA'er og fra 55 til 3370 ng/g for perfluoralkylsulfonater. 
The concentration of PFCs in domestic sludge ranged from 5 to 153 ng/g for total PFCAs and from 55 to 3370 ng/g for perfluoroalkyl sulfonates.
PFOS-forstadier blev også fundet i både bundfald og husholdsningsslam på niveauer, der ofte oversteg niveauerne for PFOS. 
PFOS precursors were also found in both sediment and domestic sludge at levels often exceeding those of PFOS.
En anden metode blev udviklet af Schultz et al. (2006a) for analyse af fluorforbindelser i indløbs- og udløbsvand fra ti kommunale spildevandsbehandlingsanlæg, der var placeret rundt om i USA. 
A different method was developed by Schultz et al. (2006a) for the analysis of PFCs in municipal wastewater influents and effluents.
Metoden inkluderede perfluoralkylsulfonater, fluortelomersulfonater, perfluorcarboxylater og udvalgte perfluoralkylsulfonamider. 
The method included perfluoroalkyl sulfonates, fluorotelomer sulfonates, perfluorocarboxylates, and selected perfluoroalkylsulfonamides.
Fluorforbindelser blev målt i spildevandet i alle behandlingsanlæg, og hvert anlæg udviste enestående fordelinger af fluorforbindelser trods ens behandlingsprocesser. 
The method was applied to analysis of raw influent and final effluent of ten wastewater treatment plants located nationwide in USA.
I nogle anlæg blev reducerede koncentrationer i afløbsvandet forklaret med adsorption til slam. 
In nine out of ten plants, at least one class of PFCs showed increased concentrations in the effluent water.
Forstadiet af syreforbindelserne, som f.eks. perfluoralkylsulfanamider og 6:2 fluortelomersulfonat blev inkluderet i analyseprogrammet. 
Precursor of the acidic compounds, such as perfluoroalkyl sulfonamides and 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate were included in the analytical program.
Massestrømmen af 6:2 fluortelomersulfonat og PFOA var uændret efter spildevandsbehandlingen, mens en nettostigning i massestrømmen af PFOS og PFDS fandt sted ved behandlingen. 
Mass flows of 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate and PFOA were unchanged after wastewater treatment, while a net increase in the mass flow of PFOS and perfluorodecane sulfonate (PFDS) occurred after treatment.
Massestrøm af perfluoralkylsulfonamider og PFNA steg også efter almindelig aktiveret slam behandling. 
Mass flows of perfluoroalkyl sulfonamides and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) also increase after activated sludge treatment.
Forfatterne konkluderede, at konventionel behandling i spildevandsanlæg er ineffektive ved fjernelse af de fleste perfluorforbindelser, og der er brug for flere data om forstadierne, som f.eks. perfluoralkylsulfonamider, perfluoralkylethanoler eller fluortelomerolefiner, som kunne forklare de observerede stigninger i fluorkemiske massestrømme. 
The authors concluded that conventional treatment in wastewater plants are ineffective in removing most of PFCs and more data are needed on the precursors such as perfluoroalkyl sulfonamides, perfluoroalkylethanols or fluorotelomer olefins, which could account for the observed increases in fluorochemical mass flow.
I en lignende undersøgelse observerede Sinclair og Kannan (2006) en stigning i masseflow af adskillige perfluorforbindelser, som blev målt i seks spildevandsbehandlingsanlæg fra Staten New York. 
In a similar study Sinclair and Kannan (2006) observed an increase in mass flow of several PFCs measured in six wastewater treatment plants from New York State.
Dominans af de længere kulstofskædede PFCAer blev fundet i slamprøver, hvad der tyder på at disse forbindelser fortrinsvis ophobes i slammet. 
Dominance of the longer carbon chained PFCAs were found in sludge samples, suggesting a preferential partitioning of these compounds to sludge.
Mens husholdningsaffald synes at være en konsistent kilde til PFOS, har erhvervsaffald højere og varierende indhold af PFOA. 
While domestic waste appears to be a consistent source of PFOS, commercial waste introduces higher and more variable levels of PFOA.
Forstadier sådan som fluortelomeralkoholer og sulfonamider omdannes til PFOS og PFCA efter aktiveret slambehandling. 
Precursor, such as PFOS-based chemicals, fluorotelomer alcohols and sulfonamides are transformed to PFOS and PFCAs after activated sludge treatment.
Flere undersøgelser viser at PFC ikke fjernes fra spildevand med de den normale spildevandsrensning og deres udledning til vandrecipienter er derfor bekymrende. 
Several studies provide evidence that PFCs are not removed from wastewater by conventional treatment and therefore their dischare into receiving waters is of particular concern.
6.2.7 Niveauer i jord og sediment 
6.2.7 Levels in soil and sediments
Der er nogle få undersøgelser af PFC niveauer i jord og sediment,samt undersøgelser af bioaccumulering i sediment or soil. 
There are few studies reporting the levels of PFCs in soil and sediment and investigations about the potential for bioaccumulation of PFCs from sediment or soil.
Forekomsten af forstadier komplicerer undersøgelserne af PFC'er skæbne I jord eller sediment-vand systemer. 
Complicating the study of PFC fate in soil or sediment-water systems is the presence of precursors.
Det er ikke klart hvordan disse forstadier bidrager til bioaccumulering af PFOS. 
It is not yet clear whether these precursors can contribute to PFOS bioaccumulation or they are a less bioavailable form of PFOS.
En nyudviklet analysemetode til bestemmelse af perfluorcarboxylsyrer blev anvendt til en screening af disse forbindelser i havnesediment fra Barcelona, Spanien (Alzaga et al., 2005). 
A newly developed analytical method for determination of perfluorocarboxylic acids was applied to a screening of these compounds in harbour sediments from Barcelona, Spain (Alzaga et al. 2005).
Indhold af organisk kulstof i sedimentet var den dominerende parameter, der indvirker på adsorption og indikerer vigtigheden af hydrofobiske vekselvirkninger. 
Sediment content of organic carbon was the dominant parameter affecting sorption, indicating the importance of hydrophobic interactions.
Både længden af perfluorkulstofskæden og den funktionelle gruppe var vigtig for at bestemme adsorptionen. 
Both the length of the perfluorocarbon tail and the functional group were important to determine sorption.
Adsorptionen af perfluorsulfonater var i gennemsnit 1,7 gange stærkere end for de analoge perfluorcarboxylater. 
The sorption of perfluorosulfonates was on average 1.7 times stronger than the perfluorocarboxylate analogues.
I en opfølgende undersøgelse vurderede Higgins et al. (2007) bioakkumulation af de samme klasser af PFAS from forurenede sedimenter ved brug af ferskvandsbørsteormen Lumbriculus variegatus. 
In a follow up study Higgins et al. (2007) assessed the bioaccumulation of the same classes of PFAS from contaminated sediments using the freshwater oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus.
Resultaterne tydede på, at PFC'er i sediment er biolettilgængelige, og at optagelsen fra sediment ikke stiger med stigende længde af perfluorkulstofskæden. 
The results suggested that PFCs in sediments are readily bioavailable and that bioaccumulation from sediments does not increase with increasing perfluorocarbon chain length.
PFOS og PFBA var de mest bioakkumulerende perfluorforbindelser. 
PFOS and PFBA were the most bioaccumulative PFCs.
Et-FOSAA akkumulerede i ormevæv og så ud til at undergå bioomdannelse til PFOS og andre PFOS-forstadier. 
EtFOSAA accumulated in the worm tissues and appeared to undergo biotransformation to PFOS and other PFOS precursors.
6.2.8 Niveauer i natur og dyreliv 
6.2.8 Levels in biota and wildlife
De fleste af de undersøgelser, som er offentliggjort indtil 2004, har været fokuseret på koncentrationen af PFC'er i udvalgte organismer fra et specifikt område/økotype eller på bioakkumulering gennem fødekæder. 
Most of the studies published until 2004 have been focused on concentration of PFCs in selected biota from a specific area/ecotype or on bioaccumulation through the food chain of these compounds.
I de senere år er adskillige undersøgelser blevet offentliggjort af tidsstudier for PFAS-koncentrationer fra for 25-30 år siden til i dag. 
In the recent years several studies have been published on temporal trends of PFAS concentrations from 25-30 years ago to the present year.
Adskillige undersøgelser har udvidet deres analyseprogram til nye forbindelser som f.eks. fluortelomersulfonater og fluortelomercarboxylater, mættede og umættede telomersyrer (FTCA'er, FTUCA'er). 
Several studies have extended their analysis program to new compounds such as fluorotelomer sulfonates and fluorotelomer saturated and unsaturated carboxylates (FTCAs, FTUCAs).
Sidstnævnte er nedbrydningsprodukter af fluortelomeralkoholer (FTOH). 
The last ones are degradation products of fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOH).
Et af de første offentliggjorte tidsstudier blev udført med arkiverede æg fra langnæbet lomvie fra Østersøen (Holmström et al., 2005). 
One of the first published temporal trend study of PFCs was performed using archived guillemot eggs from the Baltic Sea (Holmström et al. 2005).
Prøver blev samlet fra Stora Karlsö (Sverige) mellem 1968 og 2003. 
Samples were collected from Stora Karlsö (Sweden) between 1968 and 2003.
PFOA blev ikke sporet i nogen prøve (MDL 3 ng/g friskvægt). 
PFOA was not detected in any sample (MDL 3 ng/g ww).
En stigning på 30 gange blev observeret for PFOS-koncentrationer, fra 25 ng/g ww i 1968 til 614 ng/g ww i 2003, hvilket svarede til en gennemsnitlig stigning på 7-11% pr. år (se Figure 6.1). 
A 30-fold increase was observed for PFOS concentrations, from 25 ng/g ww in 1968 to 614 ng/g ww in 2003, which corresponded to a 7-11% average increase per year (see Figure 6.1).
Figure 6.1: Udvikling i PFOS Koncentration i Guillemot æg fra Stora Karlsö ved Gotland i Sverige (Holmström et al. 2005). 
Figure 6.1: Trends of PFOS concentration in Guillemot eggs from Stora Karlsö at Gotland in Sweden (Holmström et al. 2005).
En tidsstudie af koncentrationsudviklingen af fluorforbindelser i hvidfisk (Delphinapterus leucas) fra Baffin Island i canadisk Arktis er udført for perioden 1982-2002 (Tomy et al., 2005). 
A time trend study of PFCs concentrations was performed in beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) from Baffin Island in the Canadian Arctic in the period 1982-2002 (Tomy et al. 2005).
PFOS, PFOSA og PFCA'er (C8-C12) blev analyseret gammen med FTCA'er, FTUCA'er og EtFOSA. 
PFOS, PFOSA and PFCAs (C8-C12) were analyzed together with FTCAs, FTUCAs and EtFOSA.
De sidste tre nævnte forbindelser blev ikke sporet i nogen prøve. 
The last three groups of compounds were not detected in any sample.
Eksponentiel stigning i både PFOA og PFDA-koncentrationerne blev observeret med respektive fordoblingstider på 6 og 11 år. 
Exponential increase in both PFOA and PFDA concentrations were observed with respective doubling times of 6 and 11 years.
Koncentrationsprofilen for både PFOSA og PFOS var ens. 
The concentration profile for both PFOSA and PFOS were similar.
Det så ud til, at PFOS og PFOSA-koncentrationerne var stigende op til 2002, skønt der var et mindre fald i koncentrationen i 1995 for begge forbindelser. 
PFOS and PFOSA concentrations were found to be increasing up to 2002 although there was a small decrease in concentration in 1995 for both compounds.
Steds- og tidsstudier af koncentrationerne af udvalgte PFC'er blev målt ved brug af arkiverede leverprøver fra ringsæl (Phoca hispida) fra Øst- og Vestgrønland (Bossi et al., 2005a). 
Spatial and temporal trends in the concentrations of selected PFCs were measured using archived liver samples of ringed seal (Phoca hispida) from East and West Greenland (Bossi et al. 2005a).
Prøverne blev samlet i fire forskellige år på hver lokalitet, mellem 1986 og 2003 i Østgrønland og mellem 1982 og 2003 i Vestgrønland. 
The samples were collected in four different years at each location, between 1986 and 2003 in East Greenland and between 1982 and 2003 in West Greenland.
PFOS var den største bidragsyder til perfluorforbindelser i prøver, fulgt af perfluorundecansyre (PFUnA). 
PFOS was the major contributor to the burden of PFCs in samples, followed by perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnA).
Der blev også fundet spor af perfluornonansyre (PFNA) og perfluordecansyre (PFDA) i de fleste prøver. 
Perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) were also detected in most samples.
Regressionsanalyse af logaritmisk transformerede PFOS, PFDA og PFUnA mediankoncentrationer indikerede en markant tidstendens med stigende koncentrationer begge steder. 
Regression analysis of logarithmic transformed PFOS, PFDA and PFUnA median concentrations indicated a significant temporal trend with increasing concentrations at both locations.
En geografisk forskel i PFOS-koncentrationer blev observeret mellem de to prøvelokaliteter, med markant højere koncentrationer i sæler fra Østgrønland. 
A spatial trend in PFOS concentrations was observed between the two sampling locations, with significantly higher concentrations in seals from East Greenland.
Levervævsprøver fra arkiverede isbjørne (Ursus maritimus) fra to lokaliteter i det nordamerikanske Arktis blev analyseret for perfluorforbindelser (Smithwick et al., 2006). 
Archived polar bears (Ursus maritimus) liver tissue samples from two locations in the North American Arctic were analyzed for PFCs (Smithwick et al. 2006).
Undersøgelsen dækkede perioden 1972-2002. 
The study covered the period 1972-2002.
Prøverne stammede fra en østlig lokalitet (Baffin Island, Canada) og en vestlig lokalitet (Barrow, Alaska). 
The samples originated from an eastern location (Baffin Island, Canada) and a western location (Barrow, Alaska).
SPFCA med 8 til 15 kulstofatomer viste også en markant stigning i perioden 1983-2003, og kun et svagt fald i perioden 1993-2003. 
The SPFCAs (8 to 15 C) also showed a marked increase in 1983-2003 and only a weak decrease in the period 1993-2003.
Akkumuleringsprofilen af PFCAer blev karakteriseret ved en højere andel af forbindelser med ulige kulstofskædelængde. 
The accumulation profile of PFCAs was characterized by a higher proportion of odd carbon chain length compounds.
Tidstudier af koncentrationer af perfluorforbindelser blev undersøgt i leverprøver fra to ringsælpopulationer (Phoca hispida) i canadisk Arktis i perioden 1992-2005 (Arviat, West Hudson Bay) og i perioden 1972-2005 (Resolute bay, Lancaster Sound) (Butt et al., 2007a). 
Temporal trends in PFCs concentrations were investigated in liver samples from two ringed seals (Phoca hispida) populations in the Canadian Arctic in the period 1992-2005 (Arviat, West Hudson Bay) and in the period 1972-2005 (Resolute bay, Lancaster Sound) (Butt et al. 2007a).
Det analyserede PFAS inkluderede C7-C15 perfluorerede carboxylater (PFCA'er) og deres sandsynlige forstadier, mættede og umættede 8:2 og 10:2 fluortelomercarboxylater, (FTCA'er, FTUCA'er), C4, C6, C8, C10-sulfonater, og perfluoroctansulfonamid (PFOSA). 
PFAS analysed included C7-C15 perfluorinated carboxylates (PFCAs) and their suspected precursors, the 8:2 and 10:2 fluorotelomer saturated and unsaturated carboxylates (FTCAs, FTUCAs), C4, C6, C8, C10 sulfonates, and perfluorooctane sulfonamide (PFOSA).
Perfluorheptanoat (PFHpA), perfluorhexansulfonat (PFHxS), perfluordecansulfonat (PFDS) blev ikke fundet i nogen prøve. 
Perfluoroheptanoate (PFHpA), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), perfluorodecane sulfonate (PFDS) were not detected in any sample.
Mættede og umættede fluortelomersyrer blev bestemt i nogle individer, dog det meste af tiden i koncentrationer tæt på detektionsgrænsen. 
Fluorotelomer saturated and unsaturated acids were detected in some individuals, most of the time at concentrations close to the detection limit.
Fundet af fluortelomersyrer understøtter hypotesen om FTOH som en kilde til perfluorforbindelser i miljøet. 
The detection of fluorinated telomer acids supports the hypothesis of FTOH as a source of PFCs in the environment.
Markant faldende PFOS-koncentrationer i henhold til statistikkerne blev observeret i begge populationer fra 2000 til 2005. 
Statistically significant decreasing PFOS concentrations were observed in both populations from 2000 to 2005.
Et anden tidsstudie undersøgte koncentrationerne af fluorforbindelser i leverprøver fra to søfuglearter, kortnæbbet lomvie (Uria lomvia) og isstormfugl (Fulmaris glacialis), fra canadisk Arktis (Butt et al., 2007b). 
Another temporal trend study investigated the concentrations of PFAS in liver samples from two seabird species, thick-billed murre (Uria lomvia) and northern fulmars (Fulmaris glacialis) from the Canadian Arctic (Butt et al. 2007b).