natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
På baggrund af de testede tandblegeprodukter (afsnit 4) vides, at der maksimalt vil kunne opløses 10 g produkt i reaktionskammeret (100 ml). 
On the basis of the tooth-whitening products tested (section 4), it was determined that a maximum of 10 grams of a product can be dissolved in the reaction chamber (100 ml).
Da ureaperoxid indeholder den laveste peroxid-mængde (vægtprocent), benyttes dette stof som baggrund for vurdering af nedre detektionsgrænse. 
Since urea peroxide contains the lowest quantity of peroxide (% by weight), this substance was used as the basis of an assessment of the lower detection limit.
Som vist på Figur 4 vil tilsætning af 100 µl 1 % ureaperoxid til reaktionskammeret resultere i en iltudvikling svarende til 17,5 % af reaktionskammerets iltmætning. 
As shown in Fig. 4, addition of 100 µl of 1% urea peroxide to the reaction chamber will result in an oxygen development in the reaction chamber corresponding to 17.5% of the chamber's oxygen.
Tilsætning af 100 µl 0,1 % vil derfor resultere i ca. 1,75 % af kammerets iltmætning. 
Addition of 100 µl of 0.1% urea peroxide will therefore result in approximately 1.75% of the chamber's oxygen saturation.
Et nøjagtigt resultat kan imidlertid opnås ned til en iltmætning i reaktionskammeret på 1 %, hvilket vil svare til tilsætning af 10 g af et tandblegeprodukt med et indhold på 0,00057 % ureaperoxid. 
An accurate result can however be achieved with an oxygen saturation in the reaction chamber as low as 1%, which would correspond to adding 10 grams of a tooth-whitening product with a content of 0.00057% urea peroxide.
For målinger af tandblegeprodukter er den nedre detektionsgrænse for katalase bioassayet således 0,0006 % ureaperoxid svarende til 0,0002 % brintperoxid. 
For measurements of tooth-whitening products, the lower detection limit for the catalase bioassay is therefore 0.0006% urea peroxide, corresponding to 0.0002% hydrogen peroxide.
3.2.2 Test af katalasens stabilitet 
3.2.2 Testing of the stability of the catalase
Enzymets stabilitet, pH-følsomhed og reaktionsevne blev kortlagt gennem en række forsøg. 
The stability of the catalase, its pH sensitivity and reactivity were analysed in a series of tests.
I et første forsøg blev peroxid og katalase gentagne gange tilsat det samme reaktionskammer (Figur 5). 
In the first test, peroxide and catalase were added repeatedly to the same reaction chamber (figure 5).
Figur 5: Gentagen tilsætning af H2O2 og ureaperoxid til reaktionskammeret. 
Figure 5: Repeated addition of H2O2 and urea peroxide to the reaction chamber.
Pil 3 angiver tilsætning af 100 µl 1 % ureaperoxid, mens pil 4 angiver tilsætning af 50 µl 1 % brintperoxid. 
Arrow 3 points to where 100 µl 1% urea peroxide were added, whereas arrow 4 shows where 50 µl 1% hydrogen peroxide were added.
Ved pil 5 afsluttes forsøget og elektroden overføres til en udgasset phosphat-buffer. 
Arrow 5 shows where the test stopped and the probe was transferred to an out-gassed phosphate buffer.
Dette viser, at den første reaktion er forløbet til ende, og at der derfor har været tilstrækkelig mængde aktivt enzym i systemet. 
This shows that the first reaction has proceeded to the end and that an adequate initial quantity of active enzyme was added to the system.
Ved tilsætning af 100 µl 1 % ureaperoxid (pil 3 + 4) stiger iltniveauet straks som forventet. 
When 100 µl 1% urea peroxide (arrows 3 + 4) are added, the level of oxygen rises immediately as expected.
Dette demonstrerer, at den tilsatte mængde enzym fortsat er aktivt. 
This shows that the quantity of enzyme added is still active.
Efter 9 min (1750 s) ses et kraftigt udslag i signalet, idet elektroden tages op af testkammeret og overføres til den udgassede buffer-opløsning, hvorefter signalet igen stabiliserer sig på ca. 1,5 % iltmætning. 
After 9 min. (1,750 sec.), there is a marked change in the signal when the probe is removed from the test chamber and transferred to the out-gassed buffer solution, after which the signal stabilises once more at about 1.5% oxygen saturation
3.2.2.1 Test af varierende katalase koncentration 
3.2.2.1 Testing of varying concentrations of catalase
Tilsætning af stigende mængder katalase øger hastigheden hvormed peroxiden spaltes til ilt og vand, men har ikke betydning for bestemmelsen af peroxidmængden (Figur 6). 
Increasing concentrations of catalase, increases the speed at which the peroxide is split into oxygen and water but has no bearing on the determination of the content of peroxide (Fig. 6).
Figur 6: Katalase-koncentrationens betydning for reaktionshastigheden. 
Figure 6: Effect of increasing concentrations of catalase on the reaction rate.
Der er tilsat henholdsvis 50 (1); 100 (2); 500 (3); 1250 (4); 5000 (5) og 10.000 (6)units katalase. 
50 (1); 100 (2); 500 (3); 1,250 (4); 5,000 (5); and 10,000 (6) units of catalase were added.
Forsøgene vist i Figur 6 er udført i triplikat ved pH 7. 
The tests shown in Fig. 6 were conducted in triplicate at pH 7.
Der er tilsat samme mængde (250 µl) 1 % ureaperoxid i alle forsøg. 
The same quantity (250 µl) 1% urea peroxide was added in all tests.
Ved tilsætning af 10.000 katalase-units sker reaktionen omgående og al peroxid spaltes på mindre end ½ minut. 
When 10,000 units of catalase are added, the reaction is immediate and all of the peroxide is split in less than half a minute.
Mindskes katalase-tilsætningen falder hastigheden. 
If less catalase is added, the rate of the reaction drops.
Ved tilsætning af 1250 katalase-units spaltes al peroxid indenfor 1½ minut. 
When 1,250 units of catalase are added, all of the peroxide is split within 1½ minutes.
Selv ved meget lave katalase-koncentrationer i kammeret forløber reaktionen dog til ende inden for 60 minutter og den endelige ilt-produktion er som forventet ens i alle forsøg. 
Even at very low concentrations of catalase in the chamber, however, the reaction concludes within 60 minutes, and, as expected, the final oxygen production is the same in all of the tests.
Tilsvarende forløb er set for brintperoxid (data ikke vist). 
The same was seen for hydrogen peroxide (data not shown).
Udfra disse data anbefales tilsætning af 5000 units pr. reaktion. 
Based on this data, it is recommended that 5,000 units are added per reaction.
Som brugsopløsning anvendes en fortynding på 140.000 units/ml i 50 mM phosphat-buffer. 
A stock solution of 140,000 units/ml was prepared by dilution in 50 mM phosphate buffer.
I et forsøg på at undersøge katalasen holdbarhed, blev en brugsopløsningen delt i to, hvoraf den ene halvdel blev opbevaret i køleskab ved 4 °C, mens den anden halvdel blev anbragt ved ca. 20 °C (stuetemperatur). 
In an attempt to examine the shelf life of the catalase, a stock solution was divided in two parts, of which one was stored in a refrigerator at 4°C, while the other was stored at around 20°C (room temperature).
Efter 0, 1, 2, 3, 7, 50 døgn blev opsat standardforsøg ved pH = 7. 
After 0, 1, 2, 3, 7, and 50 days, a standard test was set up at pH7.
Til kammeret blev tilsat katalase (5000 units) og 100 µl brintperoxid (1 %) svarende til en teoretisk iltudvikling på 0,5377 mg. 
Catalase (5,000 units) was added to the chamber as well as 100 µl hydrogen peroxide (1%), corresponding to a theoretical oxygen development of 0.5377 mg.
Tabel 2: Katalasens holdbarhed i opløsning ved 4 °C og 20 °C 
Table 2: Assessment of the shelf life of the catalase in a solution at 4 °C and 20 °C.
Holdbarheden af brugsopløsningen under opbevaring ved 4 °C og 20 °C er meget lang. 
The shelf life of the solution when stored at 4°C and 20°C is very long.
Som det fremgår af Tabel 2, var katalase-aktiviteten således efter 50 døgns opbevaring ved 20 °C stadig på samme niveau som umiddelbart efter fremstilling af brugsopløsningen. 
As can be seen from Table 2, the catalase's activity after 50 days storage at 20°C remained at the same level as just after the solution was prepared.
Selve reaktionshastigheden var heller ikke påvirket af den lange opbevaring (data ikke vist). 
Furthermore, the reaction rate was not affected by the long storage time (data not shown).
3.2.2.3 Katalase-aktivitetens afhængighed af pH i bufferen 
3.2.2.3 Effects of pH on the activity of the catalase
Frigivelse af peroxid fra releaseren calciumoxid er pH-afhængig. 
The release of peroxide from the releaser calcium oxide is pH-dependent.
Det er derfor relevant at teste metodens pH følsomhed. 
It is therefore relevant to test the method's sensitivity to changes in pH.
Katalase har et pH optimum på omkring 7, hvilket svarer til fysiologisk pH i de fleste celler. 
The pH optimum for catalase is around 7, which corresponds to the physiological pH in most cells.
Afvigelser i pH vil medføre ændringer i enzymets konfiguration, hvilket mindsker enzymets aktivitet. 
Deviations in pH may lead to changes in the configuration of the enzyme, reducing the activity of the enzyme.
Figur 7: Katalasens effektivitet ved pH 4, 6, 7 og 10. 
Figure 7: The efficiency of the catalase at pH 4, 6, 7 and 10.
Katalasens pH afhængighed blev undersøgt i en serie forsøg, hvor pH i bufferen i reaktionskammeret varierede fra 4-10 (Figur 7). 
The pH dependency of the catalase was examined in a series of tests using buffer solutions of varying pH (4-10, Fig. 7) in the reaction chamber.
Alle forsøgene blev udført i triplikat, og pH i kammeret målt både før og efter reaktionen. 
All of the tests were conducted in triplicate, and the pH in the chamber was measured both before and after the reaction.
Variation i bufferens pH indenfor intervallet 4-10 påvirker reaktions-hastigheden, men ikke det målte iltniveau ved reaktionens afslutning (Figur 7). 
Using a buffer at pH values varying from 4-10 affected the reaction kinetics, however not the oxygen level measured at the end of the reaction (Fig. 7).
Reaktionen forløber hurtigst ved pH 6, hvor al peroxid er omdannet til ilt indenfor ½ minut. 
The reaction was fastest at pH 6, where all of the peroxide was converted to oxygen within half a minute.
3.3 Afprøvning af katalase bioassayet på peroxider i ren form 
3.3 Testing of the catalase bioassay on peroxides in pure form
Katalase bioassayet blev testet på forskellige peroxider med henblik på at få bekræftet et sammenfald mellem det målte og det forventede peroxidindhold i de anvendte opløsninger. 
The catalase bioassay was tested on different peroxides in order to confirm a relationship between the peroxide content expected and that measured in the solutions used.
Derudover blev metodens reproducerbarhed testet i en serie uafhængige forsøg som grundlag for en beskrivelse af metodens præcision ved anvendelse på de respektive peroxider. 
Furthermore, the reproducibility of the method was tested in a series of independent experiments to describe its accuracy when used on the respective peroxides.
3.3.1 Brint- og ureaperoxid 
3.3.1 Hydrogen and urea peroxide
Katalase bioassayet er blevet anvendt på en række forskellige koncentrationer af brint- og ureaperoxid i ren form, hvor resultatet enten er sammenlignet med det forventede i henhold til produktspecifikationen (ureaperoxid) eller med mængden fundet ved KMnO4- titrering. 
The catalase bioassay was applied to a number of different concentrations of hydrogen and urea peroxide in pure form, where the results were either compared to the expected quantity according to the product specifications (urea peroxide), or to the quantity found from KMnO4 titration (hydrogen peroxide).
Det sidste var nødvendigt med brintperoxid på grund af stoffets ustabilitet ved opbevaring og dermed usikre angivelse af indholdet fra producentens side. 
The latter was required with the hydrogen peroxide because the substance is unstable when stored and therefore the manufacturer's statement of content is uncertain.
Aflæsningerne af elektrodesignalet er ved alle målingerne foretaget efter 300 sekunder (5 minutter) efter tilsætning af katalase. 
In all the measurements, the probe signal was read 300 seconds (5 minutes) after adding the catalase.
Figur 8: Sammenhæng imellem den potentielle ilt-frigivelse beregnet på baggrund af en KMnO4 titrering (åbne symboler) og bestemt ved tilsætning af en varieret mængde H2O2 til katalase bioassayet (sorte symboler). 
Figure 8: Relationship between the potential oxygen release calculated on the basis of a KMnO4titration (unshaded symbols) and determined by adding a varying quantity of H2O2 to the catalase bioassay (shaded symbols).
På begge akser vises procent af bufferens iltmætning efter reaktionens afslutning. 
Both axes show the percentage of oxygen saturation in the buffer at the reaction's completion.
Der er en fuldstændig lineær sammenhæng mellem den forventede iltudvikling beregnet på baggrund af en redoxtitrering og iltudviklingen bestemt ved katalase bioassayet for hele måleområdet (Figur 8). 
For hydrogen peroxide, a linear relationship between the expected oxygen development calculated on the basis of a redox titration, and the oxygen development determined using the catalase bioassay was observed (Fig. 8).
Katalase bioassayet er dermed anvendeligt til brintperoxid-bestemmelse inden for hele det måleinterval som afgrænses af bufferens iltmætning. 
Thus, the catalase bioassay can be applied to hydrogen peroxide determination within the entire measurement interval, which is defined by the oxygen saturation of the buffer.
Ifølge produktoplysningerne var koncentrationen af den indkøbte brintperoxid angivet til 30 %. 
According to the product specifications, the concentration of the hydrogen peroxide purchased was stated to be 30%.
KMnO4-titrering bestemte koncentrationen til 34,4 % med en standardafvigelse på 0,2 (n=4) mens katalase bioassayet bestemte koncentrationen til 33,6 med en standardafvigelse på 0,7 (n=14). 
The KMnO4titration determined the concentration to be 34.4% with a standard deviation of 0.2 (n=4), whereas the catalase bioassay determined the concentration to be 33.6% with a standard deviation of 0.7 (n=14).
Figur 9: Sammenhæng imellem den teoretisk mulige ilt-frigivelse beregnet ud fra producentens oplysninger om stoffets renhed (åbne symboler) og bestemt ved tilsætning af en varieret mængde ureaperoxid til katalase bioassayet (sorte symboler). 
Figure 9: Relationship between the theoretically possible oxygen release calculated on the basis of the manufacturer's information about the purity of the substance (unshaded symbols) and determined by adding a varying quantity of urea peroxide to the catalase bioassay (shaded symbols).
På begge akser vises procent af bufferens iltmætning efter endt reaktion. 
Both axes show the percentage of oxygen saturation in the buffer at the reaction's completion.
For ureaperoxid ses ligeledes en fuldstændig overensstemmelse mellem den målte og den teoretisk mulige iltudvikling beregnet ud fra tilsat mængde stof (Figur 9). 
Similar to hydrogen peroxide, urea peroxide showed a linear correlation between the measured and the theoretically possible oxygen development calculated on the basis of the quantity of substance added (Fig. 9).
På den baggrund konkluderes, at al den bundne peroxid frigives fra den tilsatte ureaperoxid og spaltes af katalase-enzymet indenfor den pågældende måleperiode. 
Therefore, it can be concluded that the bound peroxide is released from the urea peroxide and that it is cleaved by the catalase enzyme within the measurement period in question.
Producenten opgiver koncentrationen af ureaperoxid til 97 % mens katalase bioassayet bestemte koncentrationen til 97,4 % med en standardafvigelse på 0,9 (n=12). 
The manufacturer stated the concentration of urea peroxide to be 97%, whereas the catalase bioassay determined it to be 97.4% with a standard deviation of 0.9 (n=12).
På baggrund af KMnO4 og S2O3-titrering blev ureaperoxid indholdet bestemt til henholdsvis 95,83 % med en standardafvigelse på 0,4 (n=3) og 99,17 % med en standardafvigelse på 0,3 (n=3), hvilket afviger noget fra producentens angivelser og bestemmelsen ved hjælp af katalase bioassayet. 
On the basis of KMnO4 and S2O3 titrations, the content of urea peroxide was determined to be 95.83% with a standard deviation of 0.4 (n=3) and 99.17% with a standard deviation of 0.3 (n=3), respectively, which deviates somewhat from the manufacturer's specifications and the result determined by the catalase bioassay.
Calciumperoxid har ved fysiologisk pH (pH=7) en meget lav opløselighed i vand (<0,01 % v. 20 °C), og calciumperoxid indgår i forskellige reaktioner med vand afhængigt af pH. 
At physiological pH (pH=7), calcium peroxide has a very low solubility in water (<0.01% at 20°C), and calcium peroxide reacts differently with water at different pH values.
Opløseligheden af calciumperoxid stiger med faldende pH og under dannelse af frit brintperoxid. 
The solubility of calcium peroxide increases as the pH value drops, and during the production of free hydrogen peroxide.
Mængden af dannet brintperoxid afhænger helt af pH. 
The quantity of hydrogen peroxide being produced depends entirely on the pH value.
Med henblik på at fastlægge den optimale pH for analyse af produkter indeholdende calciumperoxid, blev der udført en serie forsøg hvor pH i blev varieret fra 4-10. 
In order to determine the optimal pH value when analysing products containing calcium peroxide, a series of tests in which the pH value was set at various values from 4-10 were carried out.
Calciumperoxid har ifølge producenten (Sigma, MA USA) en renhed på 75 %. 
According to the manufacturer (Sigma, MA, USA), the calcium peroxide has a purity of 75%.
Dermed vil 1 mg calciumperoxid maksimalt kunne frigøre 0,16647 mg O2. 
Thus 1 mg calcium peroxide will be able to release a maximum of 0.16647 mg O2.
Genfindingsprocenten er herefter beregnet ud fra formlen: 
The recovery percentage was then calculated using the following formula:
(mg O2 produceret/ 0,16647 mg) x 100 = genfinding (%) 
mg O2 produced/ 0.16647 mg) x 100 = recovery (%)
Iltudviklingen er fundet ved aflæsning af den producerede mængde ilt efter 10 minutter, da signalet endnu ikke var stabiliseret efter 5 minutter. 
The release of oxygen was found by conducting a reading of the oxygen produced after 10 minutes, as the signal was still not stable after 5 minutes.
Alle forsøg er udført i 3-6 gentagelser og pH i reaktionskammeret er målt både før og efter forsøget. 
All tests were conducted in repetitions of 3-6, and the pH in the reaction chamber was measured both before and after the test.
Figur 10: Sammenhæng mellem ilt-produktionen (procent af maximalt mulige) fra calciumperoxid som funktion af pH. 
Figure 10: Relationship between oxygen production (as a percentage of the maximum possible) from calcium peroxide and pH.
Ved høj pH er iltudviklingen fra calciumperoxid lavere end ved de optimale pH-værdier omkring 6-7 (Figur 10). 
At a high pH value, the production of oxygen from calcium peroxide was lower than at around 6-7 (Fig. 10).
Calciumperoxid kræver lav pH (surt miljø) for at kunne bringes på en opløst form. 
Calcium peroxide requires a low pH value (an acidic environment) to dissolve in water.
Figur 11: Sammenhæng mellem reaktionshastighed og pH i calciumperoxid stamopløsningen. 
Figure 11: Correspondence between reaction rate and pH in the calcium peroxide stock solution.
Det ses af Figur 11, at reaktionshastigheden er størst når calciumperoxid tilsættes efter at være opløst i en H2SO4 -opløsning ved pH 2. 
Fig. 11 shows that the reaction rate was highest when calcium peroxide was added after it had been dissolved in an H2SO4 solution of pH 2.
Injiceres i stedet en opslemning af calciumperoxid i vand med pH 11,2, foregår reaktionen noget langsommere, men ender på fuldstændig samme niveau efter 10 minutter. 
If calcium peroxide in water at pH 11.2 was injected instead, the reaction rate was slower, but it ended at the same level after 10 minutes.
Denne forskel skyldes dels, at calciumperoxid ved den lave pH allerede har frigivet den samlede brintperoxid-pulje, og dels at tilsætningen af calciumperoxid i uopløst form sænker hastigheden for frigivelsen af brintperoxid til væskefasen. 
This difference is due partly to the fact that the calcium peroxide at low pH had already released the total pool of peroxide, and partly because the addition of calcium peroxide in undissolved form slowed down the speed at with which hydrogen peroxide was released to the liquid phase.
3.3.3 Natriumperborater og natriumpercarbonat 
3.3.3 Sodium perborates and sodium percarbonate
Traditionelt har natriumperborate-monohydrat, NaBO3·H2O (CAS nr. 10332-33-9) og natriumperborate-tetrahydrat, NaBO3·4H2O (CAS nr. 10486-00-7) været brugt som blegemidler i vaskemidler. 
Traditionally, sodium perborate monohydrate, NaBO3H2O (CAS no. 10332-33-9) and sodium perborate tetrahydrate, NaBO34H2O (CAS no. 10486-00-7) have been used as bleaching agents in washing powder.
Indenfor de seneste år, er natriumperborat også taget i brug i tandblegemidler. 
In recent years, sodium perborate has also been used in tooth-whitening agents.
Modsat produkterne indeholdende brintperoxid og ureaperoxid findes natriumperborater herhjemme kun i produkter der benyttes af tandlæger. 
In contrast to products containing hydrogen peroxide and urea peroxide, in Denmark sodium perborates are only found in products used by dentists.
Brintperoxid releaseren natriumpercarbonat findes endnu ikke i tandblegeprodukter som anvendes i Danmark (1, 8). 
The hydrogen peroxide releaser, sodium percarbonate, is not yet found in tooth-whitening products in use in Denmark (1, 8).
Peroxid-dannelsen og iltudviklingen fra de to natriumperborater og natriumpercarbonat blev testet. 
Peroxide release and oxygen development from the two sodium perborates and sodium percarbonate were tested.
De to perborater adskiller sig ved at have en forskellig mængde krystalvand bundet. 
The two perborates differ from one another by having a differing amount of crystal water bound in them.
Natriumperborat-monohydrat kan teoretisk frigive brintperoxid svarende til 34 % af molekylevægten, mens natriumperborat-tetrahydrat afgiver brintperoxid svarende til 22 % af molekylevægten. 
Theoretically, sodium perborate monohydrate can release hydrogen peroxide corresponding to 34% of its molecular weight, whereas sodium perborate tetrahydrate releases hydrogen peroxide corresponding to 22% of its molecular weight.
Natriumpercarbonat kan potentielt frigive en brintperoxid andel svarende til 28 % af stoffets molekylvægt. 
Sodium percarbonate can potentially release hydrogen peroxide corresponding to 28% of its molecular weight.
Disse andele indgår i beregningen af genfindingsprocenten efter iltdannelsen i katalase bioassayet. 
These percentages are included in the calculation of the recovery percentage after the formation of oxygen in the catalase bioassay.
Der blev for alle tre stoffer lavet en forsøgsserie med fire gentagelser. pH var justeret til 7, og der blev injiceret 100 - 250 µl af en 1 % opløsning af de tre stoffer. 
For all three substances, a series of tests were made with four repetitions. pH was adjusted to 7 and 100-250 µl of a 1% solution of the three substances were injected.
Signalet var i alle tilfælde stabiliseret inden for ca. 2 minutter, resultaterne blev aflæst efter 5 minutter og iltmængden anvendt til beregning af genfindingsprocenterne (se Tabel 3). 
The signal stabilised in all cases within about 2 minutes, the results were read after 5 minutes, and the oxygen quantity was used to calculate the recovery percentages (see table 3).
Tabel 3: Genfinding - natriumperborater og natriumpercarbonat. 
Table 3: Recovery - sodium perborates and sodium percarbonate.
Valideringen viste, at der for alle de testede stoffer var en meget fin overensstemmelse mellem den teoretiske og den målte iltudvikling. 
The validation showed that for all substances tested there was very good correspondence between the theoretical and the measured oxygen development.
Genfindingsprocenterne afviger i alle tilfælde mindre end 1,9 %, hvilket dermed beskriver metodens usikkerhedsmargin under de valgte analysebetingelser. 
The recovery percentages deviated in all cases by less than 1.9%, and this describes the method's level of uncertainty under the analytical conditions chosen.