natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Herved fordamper farvernes indhold af flygtige mineralolier. 
Thereby the printing inks contents of volatile mineral oils evaporate.
Efter nedkøling over kølevalser påføres trykket en blanding af silikone og vand for at gøre papiret mere behageligt og beskytte trykket under udskæring (falsning). 
After cooling by passing cooling rollers the print is added a mixture of silicone and water to make the paper more smooth and to protect the print during cutting.
Tryksagerne bundtes og stables. 
The printed matter are then bundled and stacked.
Det anvendte papir er som regel bestrøget papir ("coated") og glittet papir med en papirvægt på 50-150 g/m2. 
The paper used is usually coated or calendered paper with a weight of 50 to 150 g/m2.
Bestrøget papir (coated eller krideret papir) er papir, der under fremstillingen er belagt med et overfladelag. 
Coated paper is paper that during its manufacture is covered with a surface layer.
Laget består af et pigment (oftest kridt) og et bindemiddel, f.eks. latex (Hansen og Petersen 1993). 
The surface layer consists of a pigment (usually chalk) and a binding agent, e.g. latex (Hansen and Petersen 1993).
Anvendelsen af bestrøget papir giver en glansfuld og skarp trykning. 
The use of coated paper results in a glossy and sharp print.
Glittet papir er papir, der under produktionen er kalandreret, dvs. papiret er ført gennem to valser, der trykker papiret sammen og derved giver det en glat overflade. 
Calendered paper is paper that during the production process is calendered, i.e. the web has been lead through two rollers compressing the paper and thereby giving it a smooth surface.
Alle trykfarver består af hovedbestanddelene: pigment/farvestof, bindemiddel, opløsningsmiddel og additiver. 
All printing inks consist mainly of pigments/colouring agents, binders, solvents and additives.
Additiver kan have forskellige formål som f.eks. at styre farvens flydeegenskaber og forhindre afsmitning. 
Additives may have different purposes such as controlling the viscosity of printing inks and reduce smudging.
Additiverne kan f.eks. være forskellige typer af voks, ofte baseret på polyethylen. 
The additives may be e.g. different kinds of wax often based on polyethylene.
Trykfarver kan desuden indeholde harpiks samt mineralske olier (uspecificerede baseolier: destillater, hydrogenbehandlede tunge naphthener). 
The printing colours may also contain resin and mineral oils (unspecified basic oils: distillates, hydrogenated heavy naphthenes).
Den væsentligste forskel mellem trykfarver til almindelig offset, heatset og dybtryk er opløsningsmidlerne. 
The main difference between printing inks to offset, heatset and rotogravure is the solvents.
Opløsningsmidlet skal holde trykfarven flydende under trykkeprocessen. 
The solvents keep the printing ink liquid during the printing process.
I farver til heatset benyttes mineralske olier (petroleumdestillater med et kogepunkt på 210-250ºC), der er mere flygtige end de mineralske olier, der anvendes i almindelig offsettryk. 
In printing inks to heatset is used mineral oils (kerosene distillates with a boiling point of approx. 210-250ºC) which is more volatile than the mineral oils used in other kinds of offset printing.
Indholdet af mineralske olier i heatsetfarver udgør 25-40% (Bauer 1993). 
The content of mineral oils in heatset is 2540% (Bauer 1993).
I Ullmann (1993) afviger oplysningerne for en typisk formulering lidt fra Bauer (1993): 
In Ullmann (1993), the information on typical formulations deviates a little from the Bauer (1993) information:
Tabel 2.3 Typisk sammensætning af heatset (offset) trykfarve (Ullmann 1993): Organiske pigmenter 
Table 2.3 Typical formulation for heatset web offset inks (Ullmann 1993): Organic pigments
Bindere: Hårde resiner 
Binders: Hard resins
Bløde resiner + tørringsoiler 
Soft resins + drying oils
Til gengæld giver Ullmann (1993) også oplysninger om en typisk formulering af ark-offset trykfarver: 
In addition Ullmann (1993) also presents a typical formulation for sheet-fed offset printing inks:
Tabel 2.4 Typisk sammensætning af ark-offset trykfarve (Ullmann 1993): Organiske pigmenter 
Table 2.4 Typical formulation for sheet-fed offset inks (Ullmann 1993): Organic pigments
I farver til dybtryk anvendes en stor mængde opløsningsmidler (solventer), især toluen. 
In printing inks to rotogravure a large amount of solvent, especially toluene, is used.
Toluen er meget flygtigt med et damptryk på 3000 Pa ved 20ºC og 3800 Pa ved 25ºC. 
Toluene is very volatile with a vapour pressure of 3000 Pa at 20ºC and 3800 Pa at 25ºC.
Fordelen er en hurtig tørring og derfor stor trykkehastighed. 
The advantage is quick drying and a high printing speed.
Indholdet af toluen i dybtrykfarver klar til brug er på 60-75% (Bauer 1993). 
The content of toluene in ready-to-use printing inks is 60-75% (Bauer 1993).
Tabel 2.5 Typisk sammensætning af dybtryk trykfarve (Ullmann) 1993: Pigmenter 
Table 2.5 Typical formulation of publication rotogravure inks (Ullmann) 1993: Pigments
Man kan ikke benytte lige så flygtige opløsningsmidler ved heatset som i dybtryk. 
It is not possible to use as volatile solvents in heatset as in publication gravure.
Bindemidlet har til opgave at binde pigmenterne fast til papiret. 
Binders are used to make the pigments adhere to the paper.
Til både heatset og dybtryk anvendes forskellige former for harpiks som bindemiddel. 
In both heatset and rotogravure different resins are used as binders.
resiner er naturharpikser (kolofonium) modificeret med phenol og aldehyder. 
Hard resins are rosin modified with phenols and aldehydes.
Bløde resiner (alkydharpiksolier) og tørringsolier anvendes som opløsningsmiddel for de hårde resiner. 
Soft resins and drying oils are used as solvents for hard resins.
Tørringsolier inkluderer planteolier. 
They are usually fatty alkyds.
Tabel 2.6 Typisk sammensætning af fugtevandskoncentrat (anvendt i en fortynding til 2-5%) (Ullmann): 
Table 2.6 Typical formulation of wetting agent concentrates (applied at a concentration of 2-5%) (Ullmann):
Vand, op til en total på 100% 
Water, added to make up to 100%
UV-hærdende farver og lakker anvendes til trykning af selvklæbende etiketter i flexografi, serigrafisk trykning af plakater, lakering af tryksager, som er normalt trykt i offset, osv. (Silfverberg og Sørensen 1998). 
UV-curing printing inks and lacquers are used in printing self-adhesive labels by flexography, screen printing (serigraphy) of posters, lacquering of printed matter, normally printed by offset, etc. (Silfverberg and Sørensen 1998).
Anvendelsen af UVhærdende farver og lakker i Danmark sker især indenfor flexografisk trykning, hvor etiketter er det væsentligste område (Lund og Wallström 1999). 
The use of UV-curing printing inks and lacquers in Denmark is usually in flexographic printing where labels are the dominating area (Lund and Wallström 1999).
UV-hærdende farver og lakker indholder reaktive tyktflydende bindemidler, såkaldte præpolymere acrylater, der ved hærdeprocessen (en polymerisering, som sker ved at farven udsættes for UV lys) omdannes til et fast farve eller laklag. 
UV-curing printing inks and lacquers contain reactive, high viscosity binders, so called pre-polymer acrylates, which by the curing process (a polymerisation taking place after exposure to ultraviolet light) are transformed into a solid layer of ink or lacquer.
Farver og lakker indeholder fotoinitiatorer, dvs. lysfølsomme stoffer som ved bestråling aktiveres og sætter hærdeprocessen i gang. 
Ink or lacquer contains photoinitiators, i.e. light sensitive compounds, which by radiation become active and initiate the curing process.
Som fortynder anvendes tyndtflydende reaktive monomere af acrylater eller methacrylater. 
Low viscosity reactive monomer acrylates or methacrylates are used as thinners.
Desuden indeholder farverne pigmenter og tilsætningsstoffer i mindre mængder (Silfverberg og Sørensen 1998). 
Furthermore the inks contain pigments and small amounts of additives (Silfverberg and Sørensen 1998).
Tørring afgiver således ikke fordampelige stoffer, eftersom UV-hærdende farver ikke indeholder opløsningsmidler i normal forstand. 
Drying does not release volatile compounds since UV-curing printing inks do not contain solvents in the usual sense.
Det er dog en forudsætning, at hele farvelaget hærdes. 
However, a curing of the total ink layer is a prerequisite.
Hvis farvelaget er for tykt, vil noget af farven ikke hærde og kan potentielt medføre eksponering for acrylmonomere. 
If the ink layer is too thick some of the ink may not cure (polymerise) sufficiently and may lead to potential exposure from acrylate monomers.
Disse restmonomere kan senere være årsag til kontaktallergi ved berøring. 
Residue acrylic monomers may later cause contact dermatitis if exposed to skin.
Acrylmonomere er kendt for at være hudirriterende og kan give allergisk kontakteksem (Thomsen 1990, CEPE 2002). 
Acrylic monomers are recognised as skin irritating and may cause contact dermatitis (Thomsen 1990, CEPE 2002).
Teoretisk afgives der ingen flygtige stoffer fra UV-farver og lakker. 
Thus, theoretically no volatile compounds are released from UV-cured printing inks and lacquers.
Det bemærkes dog i Silfverberg og Sørensen (1998), at de trykte produkter, hvor der er anvendt UV-hærdende farver og lakker, i visse tilfælde kan have en ubehagelig lugt. 
However, it is noted in Silfverberg and Sørensen (1998) that printed matter where UV-curing inks and lacquers are used, sometimes may have an unpleasant smell/odour.
Det udsagn indikerer, at nogle stoffer kan fordampe fra tryksagen. 
The statement indicates that some compounds may evaporate from the printed matter.
Rester fra ozondannelsen ved UV-lamperne er også en mulighed. 
Residues from ozonation at the UV-lamp may also be a potential source.
2.6 Emissioner under trykning. 
2.6 Emissions during printing
Trykkerierne er som andre erhvervsvirksomheder underlagt regler for arbejdsmiljø, og der stilles krav til interne emissionerne. 
Printing facilities are as other enterprises subjected to regulations for the working environment and requirements to internal emissions are made.
De fleste emissioner under trykningen opsamles og enten genindvindes (f.eks. op til 98% toluen) eller afbrændes inden udledning til det ydre miljø. 
Most emissions from the printing process is collected and either recycled (e.g. up to 98% of toluene) or incinerated before release to the external environment.
Emissioner i distributionen, der tidligere har været undersøgt (Hansen og Petersen 1993, Jelnes 1994) er også reguleret og begrænset i forhold til arbejdsmiljø (EU 1999, Miljøministeriet 2002b). 
Emissions during the distribution ( e.g. at post offices) previously examined (Hansen and Petersen 1993, Jelnes 1994) is also regulated relating to the working environment (EU 1999, Miljøministeriet 2002).
For dybtryksager har der især været fokus på toluen, hvor emissionen fra tryksager i arbejdsmiljøet er reguleret (Arbejdstilsynet 1995). 
In rotogravure focus has been especially on toluene where emissions from printed matter in the working environment is regulated (Arbejdstilsynet 1995).
I heatset kan det dreje sig om flygtige petroleumsdestillater og alifatiske aldehyder, der er dannet under opvarmningen af de mineralske olier. 
In heatset, the releases may be volatile petrodistillates and aliphatic aldehydes formed under heating of the mineral oils.
Aldehyderne kan give lugtgener, da stofferne kan være ildelugtende som f.eks. acetaldehyd, n-butylaldehyd, crotonaldehyd (2-butenal), propionaldehyd, valerianealdehyd (pentanal) (Lauritsen 1991). 
The aldehydes may release unpleasant odours as the compounds may be malodorous like acetaldehyde, nbutylaldehyde, crotonaldehyde (2-butenal), propionic aldehyde, or valerianealdehyde (pentanal) (Lauritsen 1991).
2.7 Tryksager i husstanden 
2.7 Printed matter in the household
Mængden af tryksager, der finder vej til forbrugeren, er f.eks. opgjort i en undersøgelse, som har beregnet det potentielle papir- og papforbrug i private husstande i år 2000 (Højen og Petersen 2002). 
The amount of printed matter reaching the consumer has for instance been assessed in a study calculating the potential consumption of paper and cardboard from private households in the year 2000 (Højen and Petersen 2002).
Papir- og papforbruget er fordelt på kategorier, som er gengivet i nedenstående tabel. 
The potential paper and cardboard consumption has been distributed on categories presented in the table below.
Tabel 2.7 Potentielt papir- og papforbrug i år 2000 (Højen og Petersen 2002) kg pr.husstand 
Table 2.7 Potential paper and cardboard consumption, 2000 (Højen and Petersen 2002) kg per household
Ugeblade og månedsmagasiner 
Weekly and monthly magasines
Distribution af telefonbøger 2) 
Distribution af telefone books 2)
3) Ekskl. husstande tilmeldt "Reklamer Nej tak" 
3) Excluding housholds registered as not wanting advertising matter
Det samlede potentielle papir- og papforbrug i private husstande er beregnet til 432.000 tons eller 177 kg. per husstand. 
The total potential annual consumption of paper and cardboard in private households is estimated to 432,000 tonnes eller 177 kg. per household.
Det beregnede landsgennemsnit dækker imidlertid over større forskelle både med hensyn til såvel sammensætningen som den samlede mængde. 
The estimated country average covers large differences in both categories and in the total amount.
Variationen for hver kategori er vist som et interval opgjort i kg/husstand per kommune. 
The variation in each category is presented as an interval in kg/household per municipality.
Brancheforeningen af Danske Distributionsvirksomheder (BDD) har angivet gennemsnitstal for omdelte tryksager, gældende uanset om tryksagerne er omdelt privat eller omdelt af Post Danmark. 
The association of Danish distribution enterprises (Brancheforeningen af Danske Distributionsvirksomheder, BDD) has information on the average number of distributed printed matter covering private and Post Denmark distributions.
BDD opgiver, at 1934 millioner tryksager er omdelt til danske husstande i 2001, svarende til 15 stk. pr. uge eller ca. 38 kg pr. år. 
BDD informs that a number of 1934 million printed matter are distributed to Danish households in 2001 corresponding to 15/week or 38 kg per household.
Heraf er skønnet, at ca. 18% er produceret i dybtryk (BDD 2002). 
Of these approx. 18% is produced in rotogravure (BDD 2002).
Baseret på disse oplysninger antages forbruget af tryksager til 61,1 kg per husstand per år svarende til 1,2 kg om ugen. 
Based on this information the consumption of printed matter is 61.1 kg per household annually, corresponding to 1.2 kg per week.
Deraf antages 18% at være dybtryk svarende til ca. 0,2 kg og resten offset svarende til ca. 1 kg. 
Rotogravure processed printed matter is assumed to be 18% corresponding to 0.2 kg and the remaining part offset corresponding to approx. 1 kg.
Ved bortskaffelse bliver tryksagerne enten genbrugt eller sendt til forbrænding eller losseplads. 
At disposal, printed matter is recycled, incinerated or landfilled.
De fordampelige organiske stoffer (VOC) vurderes at blive frigjort ved disse processer. 
Volatile organic compounds are estimated to be released during the processes.
Ved genbrug kan VOC blive frigjort eller forblive i papirmassen (se afsnittet nedenfor). 
During recycling the VOCs may be emitted or remain in the paper pulp (cf. below).
Ved anbrigelse på losseplads vil de VOC' er, der er tilbage i papiret, blive frigjort efterhånden som papiret nedbrydes. 
By landfilling, the VOCs remaining in then printed matter will slowly be released during the degradation of the paper.
Ved forbrænding skønnes VOC' erne at blive nedbrudt under forbrændingen. 
By incineration the VOCs are estimated to be destroyed during the incineration process.
Restemission og de rester, der stadig er tilbage i papir og trykfarver, er ikke målt og kan derfor ikke vurderes. 
The residual emissions and the residuals remaining in the paper and printing inks at disposal were not measured.
Som illustreret med eksemplet fra dybtryk nedenfor kan restmængden være betydelig. 
As illustrated by rotogravure below the residuals remaining in the paper at disposal may be significant.
I Hansen og Petersen (1993) vurderedes det, at 16% af dybtrykte tryksager bortskaffedes ved deponering, 23% genanvendes og 61% forbrændes. 
In Hansen and Petersen (1993), it is estimated that 16% of the rotogravure printed matter is disposed of by landfilling, 23% is reused (recycled) and 61% incinerated.
Størsteparten af de rester af flygtige stoffer, der er tilbage i de tryksager, der forbrændes, antages at blive destrueret under forbrændingen eller omdannes til andre stoffer. 
The main fraction of residual volatile organic compounds in printed matter that is incinerated is assumed destroyed during the process of incineration or transformed into other compounds.
Undersøgelsen fra 1993 (Hansen og Petersen 1993) antyder, at ca. 9 tons toluen per år emitteres fra deponerede og genanvendte dybtryksager. 
The study from 1993 (Hansen and Petersen 1993) indicates that approx. 9 tonnes of toluene each year is released from landfilled and recycled rotogravure printed matter.
Resultatet er baseret på en totalmængde på 40.000 tons dybtryksager og et restindhold på 690 mg ekstraherbart toluen i tryksagerne. 
The result is based on a total volume of 40,000 tonnes of rotogravure with a residue content of 690 mg/kg extractable toluene in the printed matter.
Med de nye regler for indsamling og genanvendelse skal mindst 60% være indsamlet som returpapir senest 2004 (Tønning 2000). 
According to current regulations, at least 60% paper and cardboard should be collected and recycled by 2004 at the latest (Tønning 2000).
Hvis det antages, at de fleste kommuner opfylder betingelserne på 55% i 2002, kan emissionen omregnes til ca. 13 tons toluen. 
If assumed that most municipalities fulfil the requirement of 55% in 2002, the release to the atmosphere may be estimated to approx. 13 tonnes of toluene.
Toluen bruges stadig i stort omfang, selv om tekniske ændringer såsom opvarmning, papirtype og farvesammensætning er sket i perioden og utvivlsomt har reduceret afgivelsen. 
Toluene is still used to a great extent even though a technical progress such as heating, paper types and formulations of printing ink has happened during the later years and may have reduced the emission.
Ved genbrug af tryksager skal alt papiret igennem en afsværtningsproces ("deinking"), hvor der fjernes trykfarver og lakker, lim og andre urenheder, så nyt papir kan fremstilles af fibrene. 
At recycling printed matter, all paper has to go through a de-inking process where printing inks, lacquer, glue and other impurities are removed before new paper can be made from the fibres.
Begge metoder begynder med en opslemning af tryksagerne i rigelige mængder vand under mekanisk og kemisk påvirkning. 
Both methods start with the printed matter being suspended in large amounts of water under mechanical and chemical influence.
Ved vaskning udvaskes farve og det oprindelige papirs fyldstoffer, mens cellulosefibrene opkoncentreres. 
In the "washing" process, inks and additives of the original paper are washed out while the cellulose fibres are concentrated.
Metoden er mest anvendt i USA. 
The method is mostly used in America.
Ved flotation, som er den mest anvendte metode i Europa, tilsættes kemikalier, som får cellulosefibrene til at svulme op og afstøde farve. 
In the "flotation" process, which is the most used method in Europe, chemicals are added that make the cellulose fibres swell and reject the printing inks.
Ved gennembobling med luft bringes urenheder op til overfladen, hvor de afskummes. 
By letting air bubble though the solution, impurities are brought to the surface where they can be removed by defoaming.
I genbrugsprocessen vil en del rest-toluen kunne emitteres, mens en del vil forblive i opløsningen. 
In the recycling process a fraction of the residue toluene may be released while a fraction may remain in the solution.
Udvælgelsen var baseret på tryksagskategorier og det endelige valgt blev afgjort af tilgængeligheden af den udvalgte tryksag. 
The primary selection was based on the printed matter category and the final selection was based on the availability of the selected printed matter.
For eksempel distribueres tryksager rimelig hurtigt efter trykning, så de enkelte valg kunne være et spørgsmål om, hvad der var muligt på indsamlingstidspunkterne (6-12 september 2002). 
For instance, printed matter is distributed rather quickly after printing meaning that the final choice could depend on which printed matter that was available at the sampling time (September 6 to 12, 2002).
Efter en første screening af 21 tryksager udvalgte Miljøstyrelsen på basis af resultaterne 6 tryksager til nærmere analyse af indholdsstoffer og deres mængde. 
After the first screening of the 21 printed matter and on the basis of results of the chemical screening, the Danish Environmental Agency selected 6 items of printed matter for further analysis of VOC content and quantity of chemical substances.
3.1.1 Indsamling og analyse 
3.1.1 Sampling and analyses
Tryksagerne til den første screening blev indsamlet direkte på trykkeriet lige efter trykning. 
The printed matter for the first screening was sampled directly at the printing works right after their printing.
3.1.2 Screening af indholdsstoffer 
3.1.2 Screening of volatiles
Den indledende kvalitative screening blev foretaget som en headspaceanalyse. 
The qualitative screening was performed as a headspace analysis.
En kendt mængde tryksag blev opklippet i 1 cm brede strimler og anbragt i "red cap" glasbeholder i en mængde på 45 g/l beholdervolumen. 
A known amount of printed matter was shredded into 1 cm strips and quickly placed in "red cap" glass containers at 45 g/l container volume.
Beholderen blev opvarmet til 100ºC i 1 time, hvorefter gasprøver blev udtaget. 
The container was heated to 100ºC for 1 hour after which gas samples was collected.
Opvarmningen sikrer, at alle potentielle flygtige forbindelser opsamles. 
The heating ensures that all potential volatile compounds were released.
Gasprøverne blev analyseret med kapillarkolonne gaschromatografi kombineret med massespektrometrisk detektion (GC-MS). 
The gas samples was analysed using capillary column gaschromatography combined with mass spectrophotometric detection (GC-MS).
Resultaterne viser, hvilke organiske forbindelser, der afgasser fra tryksagen og deres indbyrdes relative forhold. 
The results showed which organic compounds evaporated from the printed matter and their relative distribution.
Ved de indledende headspaceanalyser er de fleste af de stoffer, der kunne tænkes at afgasse fra tryksagerne (på nær lette aldehyder), identificeret. 
In the headspace analyses most potential volatile organic compounds except the low molecular weight aldehydes are identified.
For eksempel var dybtryk præget af store mængder organiske opløsningsmidler, hvoraf toluen udgjorde størsteparten. 
matter had a common feature in large amounts of organic solvents of which toluene was the main compound.
For offset (heatset og ark-offset) udgjorde tunge kulbrinter (C8-C19) alkaner den største andel. 
Offset (heatset and sheet offset) had a common feature in hydrocarbons where long chained alkanes (C8-C19) constituted the main fraction.
Begge kunne tages som udtryk for de basale arbejdsmetoder ved trykningen. 
Both observations could be seen as an expression of the basic printing techniques.
De kvantitative bestemmelser blev udført efter et møde med Miljøstyrelsen, hvor det diskuteredes, hvilke stoffer der kunne være mest interessante at gå i dybden med. 
The quantitative measurements were performed after a meeting at the Danish Environmental Protection Agency where it was discussed which compounds that could be the most interesting to focus on.
De udvalgte tryksager er listet i tabellen nedenfor. 
The selected printed matters are listed in the table below.