natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Pascalis Raimondos-Møller, professor, ph.d. 
Pascalis Raimondos-Møller, Professor, PhD
Ninna Nyberg Sørensen, seniorforsker, ph.d. 
Nina Nyberg Sørensen, Senior Researcher, PhD
| Sundhed og Sygdom 
| Medical Sciences (FSS)
Det Frie Forskningsråd | Sundhed og Sygdom dækker alle aspekter af såvel grundvidenskabelig som klinisk og sam­ fundsmedicinsk forskning rettet mod menneskers sundhed og sygdom. 
The Danish Council for Independent Research | Medical Sciences covers all aspects of fundamental, clinical and socio-medical research in the fields of human health and disease.
Rådets 18 medlemmer er anerkendte forskere og udpeget af uddannelsesministeren i deres personlige egenskab. 
The council’s 18 members are all recognised researchers and have been appointed by the Minister for Science, Technology and Higher Education based on their personal qualifications.
| Teknologi og Produktion 
| Technology and Production Sciences (FTP)
Niels Borregaard, klinisk professor, overlæge, dr.med. (formand) 
Niels Borregaard, Clinical Professor, Chief Physician, MD (Chair)
Jørgen Frøkiær, professor, overlæge, dr.med. (næstformand) 
Niels Frimodt-Møller, Professor, Chief Physician, MD
Cai Grau, professor, dr.med. 
Cai Grau, Professor, MD
Marianne Hokland, professor, dr.med. 
Marianne Hokland, Professor, MD
Vibeke Hjortdal, professor, overlæge, dr.med. 
Vibeke Hjortdal, Professor, Chief Physician, MD
Troels Staehelin Jensen, professor, overlæge, dr.med. 
Troels Staehelin Jensen, Professor, Chief Physician, MD
Jens Otto Lunde Jørgensen, professor, dr.med. 
Jens Otto Lunde Jørgensen, Professor, MD
Bente Kiens, professor, ph.d. 
Bente Kiens, Professor, PhD
Claus Nerlov, professor, Associate Director 
Claus Nerlov, Professor, Associate Director
Børge Grønne Nordestgaard, klinisk professor, overlæge, dr.med. 
Børge Grønne Nordestgaard, Clinical Professor, Chief Physician, MD
Mette Rosenkilde, professor, ph.d. 
Mette Rosenkilde, Professor, PhD
Bente Pakkenberg, professor, laboratoriechef, dr.med. 
Bente Pakkenberg, Professor, Head of Department, MD
Pernille Rørth, professor, ph.d. 
Pernille Rørth, Professor, PhD
Henrik Toft Sørensen, professor, overlæge, dr.med. 
Henrik Toft Sørensen, Professor, Chief Physician, MD
Ole Thybo Thomsen, professor, ph.d. (formand) 
Ole Thybo Thomsen, Professor, PhD (Chair)
Peter Sestoft, professor, ph.d. (næstformand) 
Peter Sestoft, Professor, PhD (Vice Chair)
Irini Angelidaki, professor, ph.d. 
Irini Angelidaki, Professor, PhD
Michael Brorson, Principal Research Chemist, ph.d. 
Michael Brorson, Principal Research Chemist, PhD
Svend Christensen, professor, institutleder, ph.d. 
Svend Christensen, Professor, Head of Department, PhD
Inge S. Fomsgaard, seniorforsker, ph.d. 
Inge S. Fomsgaard, Senior Researcher, PhD
Lars Kai Hansen, professor, ph.d. 
Lars Kai Hansen, Professor, PhD
Georgios Kontogeorgis, professor, ph.d. 
Georgios Kontogeorgis, Professor, PhD
Henriette Giese, professor, institutleder, ph.d. 
Henriette Giese, Professor, Head of Department, PhD
Hanne Ingmer, professor, ph.d. 
Hanne Ingmer, Professor, PhD
Asger Lundorff Jensen, professor, ph.d. 
Asger Lundorff Jensen, Professor, PhD
Søren Holdt Jensen, professor, ph.d. 
Søren Holdt Jensen, Professor, PhD
Karen Angeliki Krogfelt, professor, ph.d. 
Karen Angeliki Krogfelt, Professor, PhD
C. Christian Larsen, underdirektør, lic.scient. 
C. Christian Larsen, Vice President, lic.scient.
Søren Rud Keiding, professor, dr.scient. 
Søren Rud Keiding, Professor, DSc
Jesper Henri Hattel, professor, ph.d. 
Jesper Henri Hattel, Professor, PhD
Raewyn M. Town, professor, ph.d. 
Raewyn M. Town, Professor, PhD
Se Det Frie Forskningsråds medlemmer 
See members of The Danish Council for Independent Research
Det Frie Forskningsråds årsrapport 2012 
The Danish Council for Independent Research: Annual Report 2012
Udgivet marts 2013 af: 
Published March 2012 by:
Ministeriet for Forskning, Innovation og Videregående Uddannelser Bredgade 40, 1260 København K 
The Danish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Higher Education Bredgade 40, DK-1260 København K, Denmark
Telefon: +45 3544 6200 fi@fi.dk / www.fivu.dk 
Tel.: +45 3544 6200 fi@fi.dk / www.fivu.dk
Indhold, tilrettelæggelse og redaktion: Grete Kladakis og Jane Benarroch Design: Advice A/S 
Editors: Grete Kladakis and Jane Benarroch Graphic design: Advice A/S
Fotos: Piet Simonsen 
Photos: Piet Simonsen
Det Frie Forskningsråd takker 
The Danish Council for Independent Research wishes to thank:
Panum Instituttet, Zoologisk Museum, Det Juridiske Fakultet og Karamelleriet for venlig udlån af lokaler til fotografering af DFF’s Sapere Aude-modtagere. 
The Panum Institute, the Natural History Museum of Denmark, the Faculty of Law at the University of Copenhagen and Karamelleriet, for the use of their premises for the photos of DFF’s Sapere Aude recipients.
Tryk: Rosendahls – Schultz Grafisk Oplag: 3.000 
Printers: Rosendahls-Schultz Grafisk Number of copies: 1.000
ISSN: 1604-9887 
ISSN: 1604-9887
Herstedvang 10 
Rosendahls - Schultz Distribution Herstedvang 10
2620 Albertslund 
DK- 2620 Albertslund Denmark
Telefon: 4322 7300 
Tel.: +45 4322 7300
E-mail: distribution@rosendahls-schultzgrafisk.dk 
E-mail: distribution@rosendahls-schultzgrafisk.dk
Publikationen kan også hentes på Uddannelsesministeriets hjemmeside www.fivu.dk/dff 
This publication is also available at the website of the Danish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Higher Education: www.fivu.dk/dff
December 2012 
December 2012
Danmark – Løsningernes land. 
Denmark – a nation of solutions.
Styrket samarbejde og bedre rammer for innovation i virksomhederne 3 
Enhanced cooperation and improved frameworks for innovation in enterprises 3
Vi står midt i en global omstilling. 
We are standing in the middle of a global transition.
Den globale middelklasse vokser. 
The global middle class is growing.
Flere får en uddannelse, bedre helbred og mulighed for et bedre liv. 
More people are getting an education, have a better quality of health, and have the opportunity of a better life.
For de millioner af mennesker, der nu har muligheder, deres forældre aldrig har haft, er det en god fortælling om en mere ressourcestærk verden. 
For the millions of people who now have opportunities never within reach of their parents it is a positive tale of a more resourceful world.
Men det skaber også udfordringer. 
This transition also creates challenges, however.
En høj befolkningstilvækst og øget forbrug skaber et stigende pres på klodens miljø, knappe naturressourcer og råvarer. 
Large population growth and increased consumption place a growing pressure on the environment, the scarce natural resources, and raw materials.
Vækstøkonomierne får samtidig stigende betydning. 
Emerging economies are generating greater impact.
Nye afsætningsmarkeder og samarbejdspartnere skaber nye kilder til viden og investeringer. 
New commercial markets and collaborators create new sources of knowledge and investment.
Det betyder stærkere konkurrence og et større pres på virksomheder og medarbejdere for konstant at forny, udvikle og forbedre sig. 
This means stronger competition and greater pressure on enterprises and employees to constantly renew, develop, and improve.
I kølvandet på den internationale økonomiske krise er væksten i verdensøkonomien skrøbelig, og der er fortsat store udfordringer i en række lande. 
In the wake of the international economic crisis, the growth of the world economy is fragile and a number of countries continue to face great challenges.
I Danmark har væksten fået et knæk, siden den økonomiske krise satte ind i 2008. 
Since the economic crisis took hold in 2008 in Denmark economic growth has dipped.
Fra toppen af højkonjunkturen i 2008 til lavpunktet i 2009 faldt bruttonationalproduktet (BNP) med godt 8 pct. Vi har endnu ikke indhentet det tabte. 
From the peak of the boom in 2008 to the lowest levels in 2009, GDP fell by at least 8 percent.
Danmarks produktivitetsniveau er i dagmar- kant lavere end i de lande, der skaber mest værdi per arbejdstime. 
most value per work hour.
Konsekvensen er, at vores velstandsniveau udvikler sig mindre fordelagtigt end i de fleste andre OECD-lande. 
Consequently, in Denmark the level of prosperity is developing less favourably than it is in most other OECD countries.
Den globale omstilling og de økonomiske udfordringer stiller krav til politisk handling og et tættere samspil om nye løsninger. 
The global transition and the economic challenges require political action and closer collaboration towards new solutions.
For at øge de langsigtede vækstmuligheder har regeringen lanceret en ambitiøs reformdagsorden, og der er allerede taget en række tiltag for skabe vækst og beskæftigelse i 
In order to increase long-term growth opportunities, the Danish government has introduced an ambitious reform agenda.
Danmark, herunder skattereformen, regeringens tiltag for at sikre finansiel stabilitet, nedsættelse af vækstteams på områder, hvor danske virksomheder har særlige styrker og potentialer, arbejdet med modernisering af den offentlige sektor og nedsættelsen af produktivitetskommissionen. 
A number of steps have already been taken to create jobs and growth, including a tax reform, the Danish government’s initiative to ensure financial stability, the establishment of growth teams in areas where Danish enterprises have particular strengths and potential, the modernisation of the public sector and the establishment of the Productivity Commission.
Med innovationsstrategien vil regeringen sikre, at de betydelige offentlige investeringer i forskning, innovation og uddannelse i højere grad end i dag omsættes i vækst og jobskabelse i erhvervslivet. 
With the innovation strategy, the Danish government will ensure that the substantial public investments in research, innovation, and education will translate to more growth and job creation.
Vi skal som led heri blive bedre til at finde nye løsninger på de globale samfundsudfordringer. 
Part of the rationale behind this innovation strategy is that we need to become better at finding solutions to the global societal challenges.
Morten Østergaard Annette Vilhelmsen 
Morten Østergaard Minister for Science,
4 Danmark – Løsningernes land. 
4 Denmark – a nation of solutions.
Styrket samarbejde og bedre rammer for innovation i virksomhederne 
Enhanced cooperation and improved frameworks for innovation in enterprises
Innovative virksomheder 
Innovative enterprises
Innovation er en central drivkraft for vækst og jobskabelse.1 
Innovation is a central driver of growth and job creation.1
Innovation er viden og ideer, der omsættes til produkter og processer, der skaber forretningsmæssig og samfundsmæssig værdi.2 Innovation omfatter ofte organisatorisk udvikling, uddannelse, afprøvning, markedsføring og design på tværs af fagligheder og sektorer. 
Innovation is knowledge and ideas translated into products and processes, which create commercial and societal value.2 Innovation often encompasses organisational development, education, testing, marketing, and design across professions and sectors.
Innovation er nærværende for virksomheder. 
In enterprises innovation prevails.
Innovationspolitikken trænger derimod til at blive mere konkret og målfast. 
Innovation policy on the other hand needs to become more specific and measurable.
Ambitionen med innovationsstrategien er derfor at skabe bedre rammer for øget innovation i Danmark med fokus på vækst og jobskabelse. 
The ambition with the innovation strategy is therefore to create better framework conditions for more innovation in Denmark focusing on growth and job creation.
Den digitale udvikling har gennem de seneste 10 til 15 år øget hastigheden og globaliseringen af innovationsprocesserne. 
Over the past 10 to 15 years the digital development has increased the speed and globalisation of innovation processes.
Det stiller øgede krav til virksomhederne, der løbende skal udvikle produkter og processer. 
This requires enterprises to continuously develop new products and processes.
Derfor er adgang til viden og veluddannede medarbejdere vigtig for virksomhedernes innovation. 
This is why access to knowledge and well-educated workers is important for business innovation.
– af en række generelle rammevilkår som makroøkonomiske forhold, adgang til risikovillig kapital, konkurrence fra ind- og udland samt presset fra nye vækstvirksomheder. 
These include macro-economic conditions, access to risk capital, national and international competition, as well as pressure from new growth enterprises.
Endvidere kan danske virksomheder få skræddersyet bistand til internationalisering af deres innovations- og afsætningsaktiviteter via Eksportrådet og de danske ambassader, generalkonsulater, handelskontorer og innovationscentre i udlandet. 
Furthermore, Danish enterprises can get tailormade assistance for the internationalisation of their innovation and commercial activities via the Trade Council and Danish embassies, general consulates, trade offices and innovation centres abroad.
OECD (2010). 
OECD (2010).
The OECD Innovation Strategy: Getting af Head Start on Tomorrow; 
The OECD Innovation Strategy: Getting af Head Start on Tomorrow;
Økonomi- og Erhvervsministeriet (2011): Vækst gennem innovation. 
Danish Ministry of Economic and Business Affairs (2011): Growth through innovation.
Økonomisk Analyse. 
Economic Analyses.
Nr. 3, 5. maj. 
Nr. 3, May 5th.
Innovation handler om at omsætte nytænkning til kommerciel værdi og til værdi for samfundet. 
Innovation is about translating new thinking into commercial and societal value.
Fx gennem nye serviceydelser, produkter, processer, organisationsformer osv. 
This could be expressed in new ser-vices, products, processes, organisational forms, etc.
Innovation handler i særlig grad om kompetencer. 
Innovation is specifically about competencies.
Innovationsstrategien skal derfor sikre en tættere kobling mellem forskning, uddannelse og innovation i virksomhederne. 
The innovation strategy must therefore ensure a closer link between research, education, and innovation in enterprises.
Udgangspunktet er, at det er mennesker, der er innovative, og virksomheder der omsætter innovation til vækst og jobskabelse. 
The point of departure is that individuals are innovative and that enterprises are translating innovation to growth and job creation.
Regeringen vil derfor understøtte innovation i virksomhederne gennem gode rammebetingelser, intelligent efterspørgsel, en stærk videnbase og en veluddannet arbejdsstyrke. 
The Danish government will support innovation in enterprises through strong framework conditions, intelligent demand, a strong knowledge base, and a well-educated workforce.
I løbet af de seneste 10 år er der gennemført et massivt løft i de offentlige investeringer i forskning og uddannelse. 
In the past 10 years, public investment in research and education has been extensively boosted.
Det offentlige investerer i dag op mod 20 mia. kr. årligt svarende til 1 pct. af bruttonationalproduktet (BNP) i forskning og innovation. 
Today the public sector invests more than DKK 18 billion (€2.4 billion) annually, equivalent to 1 per cent of GDP, in research and innovation.
I 2012 investerede det offentlige næsten 24 mia. kr. i undervisning og SU alene på de videregående uddannelser. 
In 2012, the public sector alone invested almost DKK 24 billion (€3.2 billion) in teaching and Study Grants and Loans (SU) in higher education.
Investeringerne bidrager til, at dansk forskning i dag har høj kvalitet, at antallet af ph.d.er er fordoblet, og at der er opbygget et innovationssystem, der i international sammenhæng fremhæves som velfungerende. 
The investments have contributed to Danish research being of the high quality it is today, the doubling of the number of PhD students, and the development of an innovation system that is considered well-functioning internationally.
Men de store investeringer i viden og uddannelse omsættes ikke i tilstrækkeligt omfang til vækst og jobskabelse i virksomhederne. 
However, the significant investments in knowledge and education are not sufficiently being translated to growth and job creation in enterprises.
Der skabes for få nye job på baggrund af ny viden og forskning. 
Too few new jobs are being created on the background of new knowledge and research.
Det giver sig blandt andet udslag i, at Danmark har færre innovative virksomheder end flere af de lande, vi normalt sammenligner os med, og at de offentlige investeringer i viden omsættes til for få nye vækstvirksomheder. 
This is reflected in the fact that Denmark has a lower number of innovative enterprises than most of the countries we usually compare ourselves to, and that public investment in knowledge is translated into too few new growth enterprises.
Arbejdet med innovationsstrategien har taget afsæt i en åben og bred dialog med virksomheder, organisationer, institutioner, eksperter og enkeltpersoner om det danske potentiale for innovation, herunder det danske “innovations-DNA”. 3 
The starting point for the work with the innovation strategy has been an open and broad dialogue with enterprises, organisations, institutions, experts and individuals about the Danish potentials for innovation, including the Danish “innovation DNA”. 3
De konkrete indspil mv. kan findes på www.innovationsstrategi.dk 
Specific input, etc. can be found at: www.innovationsstrategi.dk
6 Danmark – Løsningernes land. 
6 Denmark – a nation of solutions.
Boks 1. 
Box 1.
Internationale hovedtendenser 
Main international trends
EU’s vækststrategi, Europa 2020, fastsætter mål forforskning og innovation, herunder at medlemsstaterne skal bruge 3 pct. af BNP på forsknings- og innovationsaktiviteter inden 2020. 
The EU’s growth strategy, Europe 2020, sets objectives for research and innovation, including the objective that by 2020 Member States should use 3 percent of GDP on research and innovation activities.
Der lægges endvidere op til et paradigmeskifte i forsknings- og innovationspolitikken på europæisk plan i retning af fokus på store samfundsmæssige udfordringer og en tættere kobling mellem forskning og innovation. 
The Strategy also introduces the idea of a paradigm shift in European research and innovation policy in favour of focusing on great societal challenges and a closer connection between research and innovation.
Målsætningerne er afspejlet i Kommissionens forslag til nyt rammeprogram for forskning og innovation, Horizon 2020, bl.a. i initiativet om at etablere innovationspartnerskaber. 
The objectives are reflected in the Commission’s proposal for the new research and innovation framework programme, Horizon 2020, e.g. in the initiative to establish innovation partnerships.
Desuden er innovation et vigtigt element i køreplanen til et ressourceeffektivt Europa, som er ét af flagskibsinitiativerne i Europa 2020. 
Innovation is also an important element in the roadmap for a resource efficient Europe, which is one of the flagship initiatives in Europe 2020.
OECD fokuserer i innovationsstrategien fra 2010, Getting a Head Start on Tomorrow, på at øge innovationskapaciteten via eksempelvis målrettet uddannelse, skabe bedre rammebetingelser for innovation med særligt fokus på nye små og mellemstore virksomheder, skabelse og anvendelse af viden – med fokus på bl.a. at sikre tilstrækkelige offentlige investeringer og effektiv ledelse af videninstitutioner samt fremhæve behovet for at anvende innovation til at løse store samfundsmæssige udfordringer. 
The OECD innovation strategy from 2010, Getting a Head Start on Tomorrow, focuses on increasing innovation capacity via objective-oriented education, creating better framework conditions for innovation with a special focus on new SMEs, the creation and utilisation of knowledge with a focus on ensuring adequate public investments and effective management at knowledge institutions, as well as highlighting the need to use innovation to solve great societal challenges.
Endvidere skal styringen og effektmåling af innovationspolitik styrkes – bl.a. ved at øge sammenhængen mellem innovation og andre politikområder. 
Furthermore, the management and impact measurement of innovation policy must be strengthened, e.g. by increasing the cohesion between innovation and other policy areas.
Desuden er der inden for de seneste år kommet nye innovationsstrategier i bl.a. Finland, Nederlandene, Irland, Singapore, Storbritannien, Sverige, Sydkorea, Tyskland og USA. 
In recent years, we have also seen new innovation strategies from other countries such as Finland, the Netherlands, Ireland, Singapore, Great Britain, Sweden, South Korea, Germany, and USA.
En række hovedtendenser gå igen på tværs af landene: 
A number of main trends emerged from all the countries:
Øget fokus på at optimere effekten af innovationsindsatsen inden for rammerne af det eksisterende budgetniveau. 
Increased focus on optimising the effect of the innovation effort within the framework of the existing budget level.
Udfordringsbaseret tilgang med særlig fokus på mulighederne inden for grøn vækst. 
Challenge-based approach with particular focus on the opportunities within green growth.
Bedre koordinering af uddannelses- og innovationspolitik så det sikres, at uddannelser i højere grad understøtter innovationspolitikken. 
Better coordination of education and innovation policy that ensures that education supports the innovation policy.
Øget kommercialisering af forskningsresultater og særligt samarbejde mellem erhvervsliv og videninstitutioner. 
Increased commercialisation of research results and especially cooperation between the business community and knowledge institutions.
Et generelt bredere syn på innovationspolitik, hvor fx den kreative industri og social innovation i højere grad indtænkes. 
A generally broader view of innovation policy e.g. including the creative industry and social innovation more.
Styrket samarbejde og bedre rammer for innovation i virksomhederne 7 
Enhanced cooperation and improved frameworks for innovation in enterprises 7
Som led i arbejdet har European Research Area Committee gennemført en evaluering af det danske innovationssystem (ERAC-evalueringen). 
As part of the work, the European Research Area Committee carried out an evaluation of the Danish innovation system (the ERAC evaluation).
Den overordnede konklusion er, at Danmark har et velfungerende forsknings- og innovationssystem, men at der er en række udfordringer. 
The overall conclusions of the committee was that Denmark has a well-functioning research and innovation system, but there are still a number of challenges.
Boks 2. 
Box 2.
Konklusioner fra ERAC-evalueringen af det danske forsknings- og innovationssystem 
Conclusions from the ERAC evaluation of the Danish research and innovation system
Styrker 
Strengths
Hovedstyrkerne ligger i en stærk placering på de fleste internationale indikatorer for forskning og innovation, som reflekterer vores stærke forsknings- og uddannelsessystemer. 
The main strengths lie in a strong standing in most international indicators for research and innovation, which reflects our strong research and education systems.
Både den offentlige og den private sektor har opretholdt et højt investeringsniveau i forskning, uddannelse og innovation på trods af krisen. 
Despite the crisis, both the public and private sectors have maintained a high level of investment in research, education, and innovation.
Danmark har en særegen tilgang og kultur, når det kommer til innovation og innovationspolitik, der afspejler den dynamiske og åbne velfærdssamfund, det “danske innovations-DNA”. 
Denmark has a unique approach and culture for innovation and innovation policy, which reflects the dynamic and open welfare society, the “Danish innovation DNA”.
Udfordringer 
Challenges
En række udfordringer kræver dog politisk handling. 
A number of challenges, however, require political action.
Den lave økonomiske vækst og Danmarks utilstrækkelige produktivitetsniveau er bekymrende. 
The slow economic growth and Denmark’s insufficient productivity level are worrying.
Der er behov for, at danske virksomheder skifter fokus fra Europa til at fokusere på at kunne konkurrere på globalt plan. 
There is a need for Danish enterprises to switch their focus from Europe to focusing on being able to compete at a global level.