natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
NÅR SEJE VÆSKER STØRKNER 
WHEN VISCOUS LIQUIDS SET
Kristine Niss, født 1975, lektor, ph.d., Institut for Natur, Systemer og Modeller på Roskilde Universitet. 
Kristine Niss, born 1975, Associate Professor, PhD, Department of Science, Systems and Models, Roskilde University.
Bevilling: Sapere Aude: DFF- Forskningsleder på 7 millioner kr. 
Awarded a Sapere Aude: DFF-Starting Grant of DKK 7 million.
Karamelmasse, stivnende asfalt, smeltet plastik, olie, bolsje- masse, flydende glas. 
Liquid caramel, setting asphalt, molten plastic, oil, boiled syrup, liquid glass.
Seje væsker kan bestå af mange forskellige stoffer. 
Viscous liquids may be composed of many different substances.
Men hvad er dynamikken i dem? 
But what are their dynamics?
Hvordan bevæger molekyler og atomer sig i væskerne? 
What is the motion of molecules and atoms in these liquids?
Og hvordan reagerer de over tid under bestemte påvirkninger og betingelser? 
And how do they react over time when exposed to certain types of stress and under certain conditions?
I sit laboratorium på Roskilde Universitet eksperimenterer Kristine Niss med en lang række materialer, der bærer overskriften seje væske. 
In her lab at Roskilde University, Kristine Niss experiments with a wide range of materials which fall within the category of viscous liquids.
Det er væsker, der er så hårde, at de ofte er på grænsen til at kunne kaldes væsker. 
These materials are so viscous that they are often on the border of not being liquids.
”Vi arbejder mest med væsker, der er flydende ved stuetemperatur. 
”We mostly work with liquids which have a fluid state at room temperature.
Det kan være olie eller alkoholer. 
It may be various types of oils or alcohols.
For at finde ud af, hvad der styrer væskernes vej fra flydende til fast, udsætter vi dem blandt andet for systematiske temperaturskift og måler på deres mekaniske og elektriske egenskaber. 
To investigate the mechanisms that control these substances’ transformation from fluid to solid form, we expose the liquids e.g. to systematic shifts in temperature, while measuring their mechanical and electrical properties.
Vi trykker eksempelvis på dem og hiver i dem, både hurtigt og langsomt”, siger Kristine Niss. 
We do this, among other things, by pressing and pulling at them, using fast as well as slow motions,” Kristine Niss explains.
I nærmeste fremtid skal Kristine Niss i gang med at sende neutroner ind i sine seje væsker for at teste den såkaldte isomorf- teori, der giver et bud på en grundlæggende væskemodel, som indeholder essensen af alle væsker. 
In the near future Kristine Niss plans to inject neutrons into her viscous liquids to test the so-called isomorphous theory, which is an attempt to formulate a fundamental model to define the essence of all liquids.
”Teorien kan forklare rigtig meget af det, vi ser i computermodeller af væsker. 
”The theory can explain many of the observations we make when studying computer models of liquids.
Vi ved dog stadig ikke, hvor godt den beskriver de virkelige fysiske væsker. 
But we are still not sure how well it helps to describe real physical liquids.
Det kan vores eksperimenter forhåbentlig kaste lys over”, siger Kristine Niss. 
Hopefully, our experiments will shed a light on that,” Kristine Niss says.
DFF yder forskningsfaglig rådgivning til Folketinget, ud­ dannelsesministeren og andre instanser, der har ønske om at rekvirere rådgivning. 
DFF provides research advisory services to the Danish Parliament, the Minister for Science, Innovation and Higher Education, and other authorities seeking the Council’s consultancy.
I 2012 ydede rådet rådgivning i næsten 500 sager, der dækkede nationale og internationale høringssvar til relevante love og forskningsfaglige spørgs­ mål, indstillinger og udpegninger til råd, nævn og udvalg samt rådgivning om fondssager fra andre råd og fonde. 
In 2012, the Council offered its advisory services in almost 500 cases, ranging from national and international consultations concerning relevant laws and research-related issues, to nominations and appointments for councils, boards and committees as well as advising other councils and foundations in relation to funding.
Herunder bidrog DFF bl.a. med indstillinger til Science Europe’s Scientific Committees (der blandt andet resulterede i fire nye danske medlemmer, herunder en ny formand), ERC Scientific Council samt Udvalgene Vedr. 
Among other things, DFF has issued nominations for Science Europe’s Scientific Committees (which resulted in the appointment of four new Danish members, including a Danish Chairman), the ERC Scientific Council as well as for the Danish Committees on Scientific Dishonesty (UVVU) and the Danish agricultural foundations.
I 2012 ydede DFF desuden rådgivning til Lundbeck­ fonden i forbindelse med udmøntning af 120 mio. kr. til etablering af et dansk EMBL-center for neurovidenskab. 
In 2012, DFF also offered its consultancy to the Lundbeck Foundation in connection with the implementation of DKK 120 million for establishing a Danish EMBL centre for neuroscience.
Ligeledes leverede rådet en forskningsfaglig vurdering af indkomne ansøgninger til Rådet for Teknologi og Innovation samt forslag til internationale bedømmere til vurdering af ansøgninger til Danmarks Grundforsk­ ningsfond og Højteknologifonden. 
The Council furthermore carried out research advisory services in connection with the assessment of applications to the Danish Council for Technology and Innovation and the selection of international reviewers for processing applications to The Danish National Research Foundation and The Danish National Advanced Technology Foundation.
En forespørgsel om forskningsfaglig rådgivning rettes til DFF’s bestyrelse, som koordinerer sagen med de relevante faglige råd. 
Requests for advisory services on research-related matters are submitted to DFF’s Board of Directors, which then coordinates the work with the relevant scientific research councils.
Dermed opererer rådet som garant for, at rådgivningen varetages med den nødvendige faglige tyngde uanset fagområde. 
Thus, the Council is able to carry out its advisory tasks with the necessary scientific weight, regardless of the field of science.
Retningslinjer for ekstern bedømmelse 
Guidelines for external review
På baggrund af erfaringer fra de foregående års pilotfor­ søg med og evaluering af ekstern bedømmelse har rådet i 2012 etableret fælles DFF­retningslinjer for ekstern bedømmelse af ansøgninger om forskningsmidler. 
In 2012, based on the experiences gathered from previous years’ pilot experiments with, and evaluation of, external reviews, the Council established a set of common DFF guidelines for the use of external review in relation to applications for research funds.
DFF ønsker, at retningslinjerne skal være rummelige og til­ passet de enkelte faglige råds behov. 
It has been DFF’s aim to make the guidelines flexible, while accommodating the specific needs of the individual research councils.
Endvidere søges det tilstræbt, at alle ansøgninger inden for et virkemiddel så vidt muligt er omfattet af ekstern bedømmelse. 
It is also DFF’s objective that all applications for a given instrument are – to the extent possible – submitted for external review.
Forud er gået en proces, der blev indledt i 2011 med til­ rettelæggelse og gennemførelse af udvidet brug af ekstern bedømmelse inden for de større virkemidler. 
Prior to this, a process of planning and implementing an extended use of external review in connection with the Council’s larger instruments was initiated in 2011.
Processen indebar, at mindst en tredjedel af ansøgningerne til de store virkemidler kom i ekstern bedømmelse, svarende til i alt cirka 650 ansøgninger. 
This meant that at least one third of the applications for the larger instruments – corresponding to approximately 650 applications – were submitted for external review.
I 2012 fastlagdes så, på baggrund af erfaringerne fra indfasningsåret, de fælles retningslinjer for ekstern bedømmelse. 
It was on the basis of these experiences from 2011 that the common guidelines for external review were established in 2012.
Rådet arbejder i forlængelse heraf med at udvikle en egentlig DFF­ bedømmerdatabase over internationale forskere, der har givet tilsagn om at stå til rådighed for ekstern bedømmelse i DFF. 
In continuation of this work, the Council is currently in the process of developing a DFF reviewer database of international researchers who have agreed to serve as external reviewers for DFF.
FIGUR 8: 
FIGURE 8:
Antal ansøgninger og bevillinger opdelt på bevillingsstørrelser 2012. 
Number of applications and grants, 2012, distributed by grant size.
FIGUR 9: 
FIGURE 9:
Ansøgt og bevilget beløb opdelt på bevillingsstørrelser, 2012 (mio. kr.). 
Amounts applied for and granted, 2012, distributed by grant size (DKK million).
3.000 10.000 
10,000
2.500 
2,500
2.379 
2,379
8.541 
8,541
Større virkemidler 
Larger instruments
Mellemstore virkemidler 
Medium-sized instruments
Mindre virkemidler 
Smaller instruments
Figurernes fordeling er baseret på opdelingen: mindre bevillinger på under 1 mio. kr., mellemstore bevillinger på mellem 1 mio. kr. og 1,5 mio. kr., større bevillinger på mindst 1,5 mio. kr. 
In Figures 8 and 9, smaller instruments comprise instruments under DKK 1 million, while medium-sized instruments are instruments between DKK 1-1.5 million and larger instruments are instruments of minimum DKK 1.5 million.
FIGUR 10: 
FIGURE 10:
Succesrater fordelt på køn, 2012 . 
Success rates distributed by gender, 2012 (%).
FIGUR 11: 
FIGURE 11:
Antal ph.d.- og postdocstipendier, indlejrede* og individuelle 
Number of PhD and Postdoctoral grants, 2012, embedded* and individual.
18 18 
18 18
14 14 
14 14
Antal bevillinger/ antal ansøgninger 
Success rates for applications
*Postdocstipendier finansieret som del af et samlet forskningsprojekt. 
* Postdoctoral grants which are financed as part of a larger research project.
FIGUR 12: 
FIGURE 12:
Det Frie Forskningsråds rådgivningsopgaver, 2012. 
Advisory tasks of The Danish Council for Independent Research, 2012.
FIGUR 13: 
FIGURE 13:
Samlet antal bevillinger og antal bevillinger til store og længerevarende projekter (over 3 mio. kr.), 2006-2012. 
Total number of grants awarded and number of grants awarded to larger and long-term projects (exceeding DKK 3 million), 2006-2012.
300 1.000 
300 1,000
628 62 
628 62
282 923 922 
282 923 922
Høringer Indstillinger 
Hearings Nominations
Fondsrådgivning* mv. 
Consultancy of foundations, etc.*
Internationale sager 
International consultations
*Rådgivning i forbindelse med ansøgninger til andre råd og fonde. 
* Advisory services in connection with applications to other councils and foundations.
TABEL 1: 
TABLE 1:
Det Frie Forskningsråds midler, budget 2012 (mio. kr.) 
Funds of The Danish Council for Independent Research. 2012 budget (DKK million)
Råd 
Council
Grundbevilling 
Basic grants
Særlige midler* 
Special funds*
128,7 
128.7
161,9 
161.9
219,7 
219.7
81,6 
81.6
301,3 
301.3
99,7 
99.7
33,5 
33.5
133,2 
133.2
258,4 
258.4
55,3 
55.3
313,7 
313.7
261,3 
261.3
41,2 
41.2
302,5 
302.5
I alt 
I alt
967,8 
967.8
244,9 
244.9
1.212,7 
1,212.7
* De særlige midler benyttes primært til DFF’s forskerkarriereprogram Sapere Aude. 
* The special funds are primarily allocated to DFF’s research career programme Sapere Aude.
Udover det i tabellen angivne beløb blev der afsat midler til bestyrelsens budget. 
In addition to the amounts listed in the table, funds were allocated to the budget of the Board of Directors.
DFF på den internationale scene 
DFF’s international activities
DFF har tætte internationale forbindelser. 
DFF has strong international connections.
Dette gav sig bl.a. udslag i årets første måneder, hvor en lille gruppe af repræsentanter for rådet besøgte den nederlandske søsterorganisation, NWO, i Haag. 
During the first months of 2012, a small group of DFF representatives visited the Council’s Dutch sister organisation, NWO, in The Hague.
Her havde rådet lejlighed til at drøfte fælles problemstillinger og udvikle en platform for videre samarbejde. 
This gave the two councils an opportunity to discuss common challenges and develop a platform for their continued collaboration.
Desuden havde repræsentanter for rådet i januar måned 2012 en række møder med de canadiske forskningsråd. 
Moreover, in January 2012 DFF representatives held several meetings with the Canadian research councils.
Her var emnerne bl.a. forskningspolitik og nye tilgange til screening og evaluering af ansøgninger. 
Among the subjects discussed were research policies and new approaches to screening and evaluating applications.
Besøg af denne type er vig­ tige for rådet, da de bidrager til at udvikle rådets arbejde og processer og giver nyttig inspiration og viden om, hvordan andre lande tackler fælles problemstillinger. 
Visits like these play a significant role, as they help to develop the Council’s work and processes and provide inspiration and useful knowledge on how other countries tackle similar challenges.
I maj 2012 deltog DFF i et topmøde arrangeret af National Science Foundation (NSF). 
In May 2012, DFF participated in a summit arranged by the National Science Foundation (NSF).
Mødet samlede lederne af de mest fremtrædende forskningsfinansierende organisationer i verden for blandt andet at drøfte og vedtage nogle fælles retningslinjer for ekspertbedømmelse af forsknings­ ansøgninger (peer review). 
At the summit, Chairs from the world’s leading research financing organisations had the opportunity to discuss and adopt common guidelines for peer reviews of research applications.
Samtidig var mødet anledning til at stifte et nyt globalt forskningsråd, Global Research Council, der skal have til opgave at fremme kvaliteten og dermed promovere excellence­tankegangen i forskningen på globalt plan. 
In addition to this a new council, the Global Research Council, was formed, for the purpose of furthering the quality of research and thus promote the idea of research excellence on a global scale.
Mødet var det første, vigtige skridt i retning mod at etablere en global enighed om, hvordan bedømmel­ sesprocessen bør foregå. 
The summit was the first important step towards establishing global consensus on how the assessment process should be carried out.
På mødet blev der vedtaget seks overordnede principper for peer review, som blandt andet handler om ekspertvurdering, etik og gennemsigtighed i bedømmelsesprocessen. 
Six overall principles for peer review were adopted, concerning – among other things – professional evaluation, ethics and transparency in the assessment process.
DFF arbejder i forvejen efter disse principper i sin ansøgningsbehandling. 
These principles are already part of DFF’s practice in relation to processing applications.
DFF er medlem af Science Europe, der i efteråret 2011 afløste den mere uformelle organisation for de europæi­ ske forskningsråd, EUROHORCs. 
DFF is a member of Science Europe, which replaced the more informal organisation of European research councils, EUROHORCs, in the Autumn of 2011.
Science Europe har etableret sig med en bestyrelse og seks videnskabelige komitéer, som til sammen omfatter alle videnskabelige områder. 
Science Europe has organised itself with a Board of Directors and six scientific committees which cover all fields of science.
Da langt fra alle medlemslande er repræsente­ rede i de forholdsvis små komitéer, må det betegnes som et meget flot resultat for Danmark, at der er opnået dansk repræsentation i fire ud af i seks videnskabelige komitéer. 
Far from all member countries are represented in the relatively small committees, and thus it is an impressive result that Denmark has achieved representation in four of the committees.
På det politiske plan har Science Europe forpligtet sig til at bistå EU-Kommissionen i bestræbelserne på at reali­ sere det europæiske forskningsrum ERA fuldt ud. 
At the political level, Science Europe has committed itself to assisting the EU Commission in the effort to fully implement the European Research Area (ERA).
Dette vigtige arbejde vil DFF naturligvis bidrage til på lige fod med andre medlemmer af Science Europe. 
DFF will obviously contribute to this important work, along with the other members of Science Europe.
DFF betragter etableringen af det europæiske forsk­ ningsrum ERA som en vigtig del af EU’s strategi for at blive den mest konkurrencedygtige og dynamiske økonomi i verden. 
DFF considers the establishment of the European Research Area as an important part of the EU’s strategy to become the most competitive and dynamic economy in the world.
I løbet af det seneste årti har rådet deltaget i en række ERA-Net, som har til formål at udvikle og forbedre samarbejdet mellem nationale forsk­ ningsfinansierende enheder, eksempelvis forskningsråd eller ministerier, så der i fællesskab kan udvikles nye, varige samarbejdsformer. 
Within the last decade, the Council has participated in various ERA-Net activities, whose purpose is to develop and improve the collaboration between units that finance research, such as research councils or ministries, so as to create new, permanent forms of collaboration.
Rådet ønsker med sin fondsfunktion, bl.a. Sapere Aude­programmet, at styrke danske forskeres muligheder for at opnå bevilling ved Det Europæiske Forskningsråd. 
With its funding function, as exemplified by the Sapere Aude programme, the Council wishes to improve the opportunities for Danish researchers to obtain grants through the European Research Council.
Bedre rammer for tværvidenskabelig forskning 
Better framework for cross-disciplinary research
For at styrke rammerne for den tværvidenskabelige forsk­ ning har DFF etableret en ny procedure for behandling af tværfaglige ansøgninger. 
In order to strengthen the framework for cross-disciplinary research, DFF has established a new procedure for processing cross-disciplinary applications.
Succesrateanalyse 2012 
Success rate analysis for 2012
Som i 2010 har DFF i 2012 gennemført en analyse af succesraten for rådsmedlemmers ansøgninger til DFF. 
As in 2010, DFF carried out an analysis of the success rate for council members’ applications to DFF in 2012.
Den seneste analyse fra 2012 giver overordnet set samme resultat som den tidligere. 
The latest survey generally shows the same results as in 2010.
Den gennemsnitlige succesrate for rådsmedlemmerne er fortsat højere end for øvrige ansøgere, men dette påvirkes ikke væsent­ ligt af ind­ og udtrædelse af rådet. 
The average success rate for DFF’s council members is still higher than for other applicants, but it does not change significantly in relation to applicants joining or retiring from the Council.
Der er fortsat en lidt højere succesrate for siddende rådsmedlemmer end for kommende og tidligere rådsmedlemmer. 
18 be slightly higher than for coming and previous members.
Men samtidig viser analysen, at selv om siddende rådsmedlemmer i lidt højere grad har succes med deres ansøgninger – sammenlignet med før de blev medlemmer – søger og får de bevilget færre midler sam­ menlignet med før, de blev medlemmer. 
But at the same time, the analysis shows that while sitting members applying for funding have a slightly higher success rate than before they became members, they generally apply for and are awarded smaller grants than before they became members.
“Fri Forskning – Forskning for Fremtidens Samfund”. 
“Independent research – researching for our future society”
Årsrapport 2011. 26 sider. 
Annual Report 2011. 26 pages.
Marts 2012. 
March 2012.
Nøgletal, statistikker og forskningshistorier fra DFF i 2011. 
Key figures, statistics and presentations of a selection of researchers and their research from DFF in 2011.
“Identifying excellent researchers through their curiosity”. 
“Identifying excellent researchers through their curiosity”.
Folder 2012. 6 sider. 
Information leaflet, 2012. 6 pages.
November 2012. 
November 2012.
Folderen giver overblik over samapillet mellem DFF’s Sapere Aude-program og Det Europæiske Forskningsråds bevillingssystem. 
The leaflet gives an overview of the interplay between DFF’s Sapere Aude programme and the grant schemes of the European Research Council.
December 2012. 
December 2012.
Evalueringen belyser DFF’s finansiering af postdocforløb, både individuelt finansierede postdocstipendier og post­ docstillinger, som er indlejret i andre typer bevillinger i perioden fra 2001 til 2009. 
The evaluation examines the Council’s financing of both individual postdocs and embedded postdocs (postdocs which are financed as part of other types of instruments), during the period 2001-2009.
TABEL 2: 
TABLE 2:
Andel af flerfaglige ansøgninger og bevillinger i DFF (%), 2012. 
Share of multi-disciplinary applications and grants at DFF (%), 2012.
Andel ansøgninger/bevillinger, hvor ansøger har angivet, at forskningen vil være flerfaglig inden for det pågældende råds faglige felt 
Share of applications/grants where applicant has indicated that the research will be multi-disciplinary within the scientific fields of the relevant council applied to.
TABEL 3: 
TABLE 3:
DFF samlet 
DFF as a whole 40 33
Andel ansøgninger/bevillinger, hvor ansøger har angivet, at forskningen vil være flerfaglig tværs af flere råds faglige felter 
Share of applications/grants where applicant has indicated that the research will be multi-disciplinary across the scientific fields of several councils.
Tallene i tabel 2 og 3 er baseret på ansøgers egne oplysninger om ansøgningens faglige karakter. 
The numbers in Tables 2 and 3 are based on the applicants’ own statements about the scientific nature of their proposed research projects.
Da et mindre antal ansøgninger er ufuldstændige vedr. disse oplysninger, er den totale population for disse tabeller godt 1 pct. mindre end for de øvrige figurer i årsrapporten. 
As a small number of the applications were incomplete with regard to this information, the total population of these tables is approximately 1% lower than in the other figures in this annual report.
Beregningerne bag tabellerne baserer sig på OECDs fagkoder. 
The calculations in these tables are based on OECD’s field of science classification.
Da disse ikke i alle tilfælde er overensstemmende med opdelingen mellem de faglige råd under DFF, er skellet mellem flerfaglige og tværrådsligt flerfaglige ansøgninger ikke helt retvisende. 
As OECD’s fields do not always correspond to the delimitations between DFF’s respective research councils, the division between multi-disciplinary and cross-council multi-disciplinary applications here is not entirely accurate.
Derfor er tallene for FTP i tabel 2 efterreguleret på basis af et skøn. 
Consequently, the figures for FTP in Table 2 have been adjusted based on an estimate.
MED IMMUNFORSVARET PÅ BARRIKADERNE 
ON THE BARRICADES WITH THE IMMUNE DEFENCE SYSTEM
Søren Riis Paludan, født 1972, professor, dr.med., Institut for Biomedicin ved Aarhus Universitet. 
Søren Riis Paludan, born 1972, Professor, MD, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University.
Bevilling: Sapere Aude: DFF-Topforsker på 12 millioner kr. 
Awarded a Sapere Aude: DFF- Advanced Grant of DKK 12 million.
Hvad sker der i vores krop, når den angribes af mikroorganismer? 
What happens inside the human body when it is being attacked by micro-organisms?
Hvordan aktiveres immunforsvaret helt præcist? 
How, exactly, is our immune system activated?
Hvilke receptorer og sensorer er på spil, og hvordan virker de? 
What receptors and sensors are engaged, and how do they work?
Søren Riis Paludan kigger dybt i kroppens molekylærbiologiske byggesten i forsøget på at afdække nye sider af immunforsvarets evne til at genkende og nedkæmpe udefra kommende mikroorganismer. 
Søren Riis Paludan investigates the body’s molecular biological building blocks in his attempt to uncover new aspects of our immune system’s ability to detect and combat alien microorganisms.
For selvom videnskaben anno 2013 har et ret godt billede af, hvordan det medfødte immunsystem fungerer, er der stadig meget at lære, når det gælder de konkrete mekanismer, som styrer immunforsvaret under en infektionssygdom. 
Because even though science currently has a fairly good picture of how our innate immune system works, there is still much to discover when it comes to the concrete mechanisms that control the immune defence during an infection.