natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Klyngeorganisationer består typisk af et mindre sekretariat med en klyngeleder i spidsen for det daglige arbejde, og en bestyrelse, der har ansvaret den strategiske retning. 
Cluster organisations typically consist of a small secretariat with a cluster manager heading the day-to-day work, and a board that holds responsibility for the strategic direction.
Over de sidste 15 år er der skabt en lang række klyngeorganisationer i Danmark baseret på offentlige udbud af midler til klynge- og net- værkssekretariater. 
Over the last 15 years, a whole string of cluster organisations have been created in Denmark based on public offers of funding for cluster and network secretariats.
Klyngeorganisationerne ser det ofte som deres opgave at skabe netværk og samarbejdsprojekter mellem klyngens aktører inden for innovation, teknologi, uddannelse og træning, kommercielt samarbejde, forskning og markedsadgang til internationale markeder. 
The cluster organisations often see it as their task to create networks and collaboration projects among the cluster‘s players within innovation, technology, education and training, commercial collaboration, research and market access to international markets.
HVAD ER ”INNOVATIONSNETVÆRK DANMARK”? 
WHAT IS ‘INNOVATION NETWORK DENMARK’?
Et godkendt Innovationsnetværk er et landsdækkende innovativt netværk med egen netværksorgan- isation, hvor virksomheder møder andre virksomheder, forskere og eksperter fra ind- og udland inden for forskellige faglige fokusområder. 
An approved Innovation Network is a nationwide innovative network with its own network organisation, in which enterprises meet other enterprises, researchers and experts from Denmark and abroad within different specialised focus areas.
Der findes p.t. 22 Innovationsnetværk i Danmark, som er støttet af det statslige program ”Innovationsnetværk Danmark”. 
There are 22 Innovation Networks in Denmark, which are supported by the government programme Innovation Network Denmark.
Et Innovationsnetværk opfylder definitionen på en klyngeorganisation og er en klyngeorganisation. 
An Innovation Network complies with the definition of a cluster organisation and is a cluster organisation.
Formålet med Innovationsnetværk Danmark programmet er at etablere klyngeorganisationer, der er med til at give virksomhedsdeltagerne overblik over den nyeste viden, teknologi, forskning og udvikling på deres område og skabe samarbejdsprojekter, netværk og FUI-aktiviteter. 
The purpose of the Innovation Network Denmark programme is to establish cluster organisations that will help give the enterprise participants an overview of the most recent knowledge, technology, research and development within their field and create collaboration projects, networks and research, development and innovation activities.
Innovationsnet- værkene får statslig medfinansiering fra Rådet for Teknologi og Innovation. 
The Innovation Networks receive government funding from the Danish Council for Technology and Innovation.
For at blive godkendt som Innovationsnetværk skal klyngeorganisationen ansøge herom og opfylde et sæt af retningslinjer for at sikre, at organisationen tilbyder sine medlemmer så mange relevante klyngeservices som muligt. 
In order to be approved as an Innovation Network, the cluster organisation must apply for this and comply with a set of guidelines in order to ensure that the organisation offers its members as many different cluster services as possible.
HVAD FORSTÅS VED POLITIK/INDSATS FOR KLYNGER OG NETVÆRK? 
WHAT IS MEANT BY ‘POLICY FOR CLUSTERS AND INNOVATIVE NETWORKS’?
En indsats for klynger og netværk er de initiativer, det offentlige iværksætter for at styrke virksomheders innovation og konkurrenceevne gennem klynger og netværk, . 
A policy for clusters and networks is the initiatives that are launched by public authorities in order to strengthen innovation and competitiveness of enterprises through clusters and networks.
I EU betegner klynge- og netværks- politik (”Cluster policy”) den politik og de dertil knyttede initiativer, der aktivt understøtter etablering og udvikling af klyngeorganisationer og netværksorganisationer. 
In the EU, cluster policy denotes the policy and the associated initiatives that actively support the establishment and development of cluster organisations and network organisations.
I mange lande både i EU og resten af verden bliver ”cluster politikken” i dag anset for at udgøre en af de vigtige hjørnestene i innovationspolitikken. 
In many countries, both in the EU and in the rest of the world, cluster policy is now considered to constitute one of the important cornerstones in the innovation policy.
Indsatsen for klynger og netværk understøttes typisk af et særligt regionalt eller nationalt klyngepro- gram, som medfinansierer etableringen af og aktiviteter for klynge- og netværksorganisationer til gavn for dens medlemmer og deltagere. 
The policy for clusters and networks is typically supported by a special regional or national cluster programme, which co-funds the establishment of and activities for cluster and network organisations for the benefit of its members and participants.
Klynge- og netværkspolitikkens formål er at fremme konkurrenceevne, vækst og beskæftigelse gennem fokus på videnspredning, samarbejde, forskning, udvikling og innovation. 
The objective of the cluster and network policy is to ensure competitiveness, growth and employment by focusing on knowledge dissemination, collaboration, research, development and innovation.
Balancen i aktiviteterne varierer mellem brancher og virksomhedssektorer, idet videnspredning, teknologi og innovation er mere centrale i nogle typer klynger og netværk, mens forskning og udvikling er hovedfokus i andre mere videntunge klynger og netværk. 
The balance in the activities varies between industries and enterprise sectors, considering that knowledge dissemination, technology and innovation are more central to some types of clusters and networks than to others.
I Europa bruges forskellige betegnelser for de programmer, der understøtter skabelse af klynge- og netværksorganisationer: Klyngeprogram, program for innovationsnetværk, program for kompetencenetværk eller program for ekspertisecentre. 
In Europe, various terms are used to describe the programmes that support the creation of cluster and network programmes: cluster programme, programme for innovation networks, programme for competence networks or programme for expertise centres.
En analyse viser, at programmerne uanset navn grundlæggende dækker over samme, type af politik og indsats. 
One analysis shows that the programmes, regardless of their names, basically refer to the same policy.
– Nordic-German-Polish Cluster Benchmarking Project 
APPENDIX 2.
BILAG 2. DEN INTERMINISTERIELLE OG INTERREGIONALE ARBEJDS-GRUPPE OM KLYNGE- OG NETVÆRKSINDSATSEN 
THE INTER-MINISTERIAL AND INTER-REGIONAL WORKING GROUP ON THE CLUSTER AND NETWORK EFFORT
MINISTERIER 
MINISTRIES
Thomas Alslev Christensen (formand), FIVU/Rådet for Teknologi og Innovation 
Thomas Alslev Christensen (Chairman), the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Higher Education / the Danish Council for Technology and Innovation
Anders Ziegler Kusk, Styrelsen for Universiteter og Internationalisering/FIVU 
Anders Ziegler Kusk, the Danish Agency for Universities and Internationalisation / the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Higher Education
Uffe Andreasen, Ministeriet for By, Bolig og Landdistrikter 
Uffe Andreasen, the Ministry of Housing, Urban and Rural Districts
REGIONER 
REGIONS
Lene Brinch Knudsen, Region Midtjylland 
Lene Brinch Knudsen, Central Denmark Region
Tine Aage, Region Sjælland 
Tine Aage, Region Zealand
Thomas Kampmann, Region Nordjylland 
Thomas Kampmann, North Denmark Region
Olav Sønderskov, Region Syddanmark 
Olav Sønderskov, Region of Southern Denmark
Ebbe Mosbæk Rasmussen, Region Hovedstaden 
Ebbe Mosbæk Rasmussen, Capital Region of Denmark
Diana Lindahl, Vækstforum Bornholm 
Diana Lindahl, Growth Forum Bornholm
Lars Albæk, Klyngeudvikling Bornholm (Væksthus Hovedstadsregionen) 
Lars Albæk, Cluster Development Bornholm (Greater Copenhagen Growth Centre)
ØVRIGE ORGANISATIONER 
OTHER ORGANISATIONS
Lone Vingtoft, Danske Regioner 
Lone Vingtoft, Danish Regions
Anne Sofie Sørensen, Danske Regioner 
Anne Sofie Sørensen, Danish Regions
Lotte Langkilde, REG X 
Lotte Langkilde, REG X
Merete Daniel Nielsen, Netmatch 
Merete Daniel Nielsen, Netmatch
Kim Bech, Copenhagen Capacity 
Kim Bech, Copenhagen Capacity
DET FRIE FORSKNINGSRÅD 
THE DANISH COUNCIL FOR INDEPENDENT RESEARCH
Fri forskning med effekt 
Independent research with impact
Hovedtal for Det Frie Forskningsråd 2012 
Key figures for The Danish Council for Independent Research, 2012
Postdocer med stjernepotentiale 
6 Postdocs with star potential
DFF i 2012 
9 The Danish Council for Independent Research in 2012
At teste modeller på fortiden 
Testing models on the past
Når seje væsker størkner 
When viscous liquids set
Med immunforsvaret på barrikaderne 
18 On the barricades with the immune defence system
Året der gik i DFF 2012 
22 Overview of activities in 2012
Det Frie Forskningsråds sekretariat 
Secretariat of The Danish Council for Independent Research
Medlemmer af Det Frie Forskningsråd 
Members of The Danish Council for Independent Research
Fri forskning med effekt‌ 
Independent research with impact
I det lys er det tilfreds­ stillende endnu en gang at kunne konstatere, at Det Frie Forskningsråds bevillinger fører til glimrende forskning og styrker et solidt dansk forskningsmiljø, der kan måle sig med de bedste internationalt. 
Therefore, it is gratifying that it has been documented once again that the grants awarded by The Danish Council for Independent Research help to create excellent research and further strengthen the Danish research environments which ranks among the best internationally.
Ved udgangen af 2012 slog endnu en undersøgelse nemlig fast, at forskere støttet af Det Frie Forskningsråd klarer sig rigtig godt. 
At the end of 2012, yet another evaluation demonstrated that researchers supported by The Danish Council for Independent Research produce impressive results.
Finansiering af postdocer har altid haft høj prioritet i Det Frie Forskningsråd. 
Postdoc financing has always had a high priority in The Danish Council for Independent Research.
Igennem de seneste otte år har rådet finansieret omkring 2.300 postdocer. 
Within the last eight years, the Council has financed approximately 2,300 postdocs.
Det er derfor glædeligt, at bevillingerne med al tydelighed højner forskningsniveauet og bidrager til at fastholde de mest talentfulde forskere på de danske universiteter. 
Therefore, it is gratifying to see that the grants clearly contribute to an increased level of excellence of Danish research and to retaining the most talented researchers in the Danish universities.
Læs mere om resultaterne af evalueringen i artiklen Postdocer med stjernepotentiale på side 6. 
To read more about the results of the evaluation, please see the article ‘Postdocs with star potential’ on page 6 in this Annual Report.
Rådets øvrige virkemidler giver sig også udslag i markante resultater og opdagelser. 
The Council’s other instruments also lead to significant scientific results and discoveries.
Forskerkarriereprogrammet Sapere Aude blev endvidere for første gang udmøntet på alle tre niveauer: DFF­Ung Eliteforsker, DFF-Forskningsleder og DFF-Topforsker. 
In addition, the research career programme Sapere Aude was for the first time implemented on all three levels, offering DFF-Research Talents, DFF-Starting Grants and DFF-Advanced Grants.
Rådet ser med glæde, at programmet opfylder sine formål: at styrke karriereveje, at finde og fastholde de bedste talenter i forskningen, og at øge internationalise­ ringen også hos de helt unge forskertalenter. 
The Council is pleased to see that the programme fulfils its objectives of strengthening the career paths of researchers, finding and retaining the greatest research talents and increasing the internationalisation, also among the young research talents.
Rådet arbej­ der stadig på at sikre, at programmet også tiltrækker flere kvindelige forskertalenter, end det er tilfældet i dag. 
The Council continues its effort of ensuring that the programme will attract more talented women researchers than today.
I 2012 har Det Frie Forskningsråd gjort en stor indsats for at lette forskernes arbejde i forbindelse med ansøg­ ning om forskningsmidler. 
In 2012, The Danish Council for Independent Research has put a large effort into making the application process easier for researchers who apply for funding.
Det er især sket ved, at rådet har udarbejdet ét årligt opslag med et overskueligt antal virkemidler, der er fælles for de fem faglige råd. 
Thus the Council has created one annual Call containing a more manageable range of instruments which are common to all the five research councils.
Formålet er at gøre ansøgningsmulighederne mere enkle og trans­ parente, så ansøgere kan koncentrere sig om at skrive så gode ansøgninger som muligt. 
The objective is to make the application options simpler and more transparent, so that applicants may focus on writing the best possible applications.
I 2012 var Det Frie Forskningsråd endvidere initiativtager til udarbejdelse af en fælles Open Access­politik for de offentlige forskningsråd og fonde. 
In 2012 The Danish Council for Independent Research was the driving force behind the preparation of a joint Open Access policy for public research councils and foundations in Denmark.
Politikken skal fremme allerede igangværende initiativer, der vil give fri adgang til flere af de offentligt finansierede forskningsresultater end i dag, hvilket vil kræve et samarbejde med forsknings­ institutioner og forlag. 
The objective of the policy is to strengthen already existing initiatives to provide free access to a higher number of publicly financed research results than today, which will require an increased level of collaboration with research institutions and publishers.
Dette er en udvikling, der ligger i tråd med politikken i andre internationale forskningsråd og i EU. 
This development corresponds with the line of policy adopted by other international research councils and the EU.
Initiativet til det verdensomspændende forskningsråd er taget af National Science Foundation, og med det arbejdes der på at udvikle en fælles forståelse for grundlæggende principper som videnskabelig redelighed og Open Access til forsk­ ningsresultater. 
The initiative for the Global Research Council has been taken by the National Science Foundation, and the purpose of the collaboration is to establish a common understanding of basic principles such as academic honesty and Open Access to research results.
Professor Jens Christian Djurhuus afsluttede efter næsten seks år som bestyrelsesformand sin anden udpegnings­ periode ved årets udgang. 
After almost 6 years as Chair of the Council’s Board of Directors, Professor, MD Jens Christian Djurhuus ended his second term of appointment at the end of 2012.
Under hans formandskab er der sket en markant udvikling i rådets aktiviteter og virke­ midler. 
During his chairmanship there have been significant developments in the Council’s activities and instruments.
Blandt andet har rådet styrket sin profil betydeligt og har udviklet sine eksterne samarbejdsflader både nationalt og internationalt. 
The Council has strengthened its profile considerably and extended its external collaborations, both nationally and internationally.
Uddannelsesminister Morten Østergaard takkede Jens Christian Djurhuus for den store indsats, han har gjort for dansk forskning som rådsmedlem, rådsformand og bestyrelsesformand gennem en meget lang årrække. 
Danish Minister for Science, Innovation and Higher Education Morten Østergaard thanked Jens Christian Djurhuus for his tremendous effort for Danish research, carried out for many years in his various capacities as research council member, council chairman and not least as Chair of the Council’s Board of Directors.
Fra 1. januar 2013 er opgaven som bestyrelsesformand overtaget af undertegnede: professor Peter Munk Christiansen. 
As from 1 January 2013, the position as Chair of the Board of Directors has been taken over by yours truly.
Peter Munk Christiansen 
Professor Peter Munk Christiansen
Bestyrelsesformand for Det Frie Forskningsråd 
Chairman of The Danish Council for Independent Research
Det Frie Forskningsråd er et uafhængigt råd, som sekretariatsbetjenes af Styrelsen for Forskning og Innovation. 
The Danish Council for Independent Research is an independent council to which the Danish Agency for Science, Technology and Innovation serves as secretariat.
Rådet består af fem faglige råd og en bestyrelse. 
The Council comprises five scientific research councils and a Board of Directors.
Det Frie Forskningsråd | Kultur og Kommunikation 
The Danish Council for Independent Research | Humanities
Direktion 
Executive Management
Center for Strategisk Forskning og Vækst 
Centre for Strategic Research and Growth
DET FRIE FORSKNINGSRÅD I ALT 
The Danish Council for Independent Research
Succesrate 
Success rate 14%
Antal ansøgninger 
Number of applications 2,925
Antal bevillinger 
Number of grants 535
Succesrate 
Success rate 18%
DFF | KULTUR OG KOMMUNIKATION 
DFF | SOCIAL SCIENCES (FSE)
Ansøgt beløb, mio. kr. 
Amount applied for (DKK million) 778
Bevilget beløb, mio. kr. 
Amount granted (DKK million) 142
Antal ansøgninger 
Number of applications 281
Antal bevillinger 
Number of grants 70
Succesrate 
Success rate 25%
Ansøgt beløb, mio. kr. 
Amount applied for (DKK million) 1,317
Bevilget beløb, mio. kr. 
Amount granted (DKK million) 170
Antal ansøgninger 
Number of applications 438
Antal bevillinger 
Number of grants 85
Succesrate 
Success rate 19%
DFF | SUNDHED OG SYGDOM 
DFF | MEDICAL SCIENCES (FSS)
Ansøgt beløb, mio. kr. 
Amount applied for (DKK million) 2,377
Bevilget beløb, mio. kr. 
Amount granted (DKK million) 324
Antal ansøgninger 
Number of applications 969
Antal bevillinger 
Number of grants 172
DFF | TEKNOLOGI OG PRODUKTION 
DFF | NATURAL SCIENCES (FNU)
Succesrate 
Success rate 15%
Antal ansøgninger 
Number of applications 591
Antal ansøgninger 
Number of applications 646
Antal bevillinger 
Number of grants 94
FIGUR 1: 
FIGURE 1:
Antal ansøgninger og antal bevillinger i Det Frie Forskningsråd 2004-2012. 
Number of applications received and grants distributed by The Danish Council for Independent Research, 2004-2012.
1.000 
1,000
1.002 
1,002
2.675 
2,675
FIGUR 2: 
FIGURE 2:
Ansøgt og bevilget beløb i Det Frie Forskningsråd, 2004-2012 (mio. kr., faste priser 2012). 
Amounts applied for and granted by The Danish Council for Independent Research, 2004-2012 (DKK million, fixed prices 2012).
9.000 
9,000
4.735 
4,735
1.007 
1,007
4.998 
4,998
5.394 
5,394
6.086 
6,086
1.060 
1,060
7.943 
7,943
1.157 
1,157
10.497 
10,497
1.272 
1,272
9.824 
9,824
9.378 
9,378
1.188 
1,188
8.908 
8,908
1.253 
1,253
FIGUR 3: 
FIGURE 3:
Gennemsnitlige succesrater i Det Frie Forskningsråd, 2004-2012 
Average success rates at The Danish Council for Independent Research, 2004-2012 (%).
Antal bevillinger/antal ansøgninger og bevilget beløb/ansøgt beløb 
Success rates for applications and the amounts applied for.
Det Frie Forskningsråd modtog knap 3.000 ansøgninger i 2012 og kunne sætte 535 nye forskningsprojekter i 
The Danish Council for Independent Research received just under 3,000 applications in 2012 and helped to launch 535 new research projects.
14 således konstatere, at rådet fortsat modtager mange ansøgninger af meget høj kvalitet, som det ikke er muligt at give bevillinger til. 
14 connection it should be noted that DFF receives many applications of a high standard which, unfortunately, are not offered grants.
2005 2006 
2005 2006
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Postdocer med stjernepotentiale 
Postdocs with star potential
At sikre fremragende forskeruddannelse har været alfa og omega for Det Frie Forskningsråd, siden rådet blev etableret i sin nuværende form i 2004. 
Since The Danish Council for Independent Research was established in its present form in 2004, ensuring excellence in the development of researchers has been a central objective.
Rådet ser det som en af sine fremmeste opgaver at spotte de aller­ dygtigste forskertalenter og sende dem godt på vej i forskerkarrieren med et postdocstipendium i ryggen. 
The Council sees it as one of its principal tasks to spot the best research talents and help them along in their research careers through postdoc grants.
Til det formål har rådet gennem mange år haft to typer af postdocstipendier til uddeling til yngre forskere med en nylig erhvervet ph.d.­grad: de individuelle post­ docstipendier, der søges af postdoc­kandidaten selv, og de indlejrede postdocstipendier, der typisk søges af en hovedansøger på lektor/professorniveau og uddeles som led i et større forskningsprojekt. 
For that purpose the Council has for several years operated with two types of postdoc grants intended for young researchers who have recently obtained a PhD: the individual postdoc grants, which have to be applied for personally by the postdoctoral candidate, and the embedded postdoc grants, which are typically applied for by a main applicant at an associate professor/professor level and awarded as part of a larger research project.
I perioden 2004­2012 har DFF i alt uddelt omkring 2.300 postdocbevillinger. 
Between 2004-2012, DFF has awarded a total of approximately 2,300 postdoc grants.
Begge typer af stipendier har igennem årene ført til glimrende forskning og bragt et stort antal postdocer i faste stillinger på universiteterne. 
Both types of grants have over the years facilitated research activities of a high quality and helped a large number of postdocs in getting permanent tenure at the universities.
I 2012 satte DFF sig dog for at undersøge, om der er forskel på, hvordan stipendiater med individuelt eller indlejret stipendium klarer sig. 
In 2012 though, DFF decided to investigate if there are any discernible differences in how the recipients of individual and embedded postdoc grants get along in their research careers.
Opnår individuelt finansierede postdocer eksempelvis bedre og flere publikationer og citationer end postdocer med et indlejret postdocstipendium? 
For instance, do postdocs financed through individual grants achieve more and better research publications and citations than postdocs with embedded grants?
Er de forskere, der får et individuelt postdocstipendium, mere selvstændige og dermed måske længere fremme i karrieren end de forskere, som modtager et indlejret postdocstipendium? 
Are the researchers with individual postdoc grants generally more independent, and thus perhaps further ahead in their careers, than the researchers who are awarded embedded postdoc grants?
Klarer individuelt finansierede postdocer sig bedre på den internationale scene end postdocer finansieret ved hjælp af midler bundet i et større forskningsprojekt? 
Are the individually financed postdocs better at establishing themselves internationally than the postdocs who receive grants which are awarded as part of a larger research project?
Stor efterspørgsel efter postdocstipendier 
Postdoc grants in great demand
Baggrunden for at iværksætte undersøgelsen har været, at Det Frie Forskningsråd altid ønsker at uddele forskningsbevillinger på en måde, der er til størst gavn for dansk forskning. 
The reason for carrying out such an evaluation has been that The Danish Council for Independent Research always strives to distribute its research grants in a manner that will be of the greatest possible benefit to Danish research.
Når det har været særlig påkrævet at undersøge effekten af netop postdocstipendierne, skyldes det ikke mindst, at antallet af ph.d.er er mere end fordoblet gennem de seneste fem år, hvilket har øget efterspørgslen på postdocbevillinger markant. 
When it has been deemed particularly important to examine the effect of the postdoc grants, it is partly because the number of PhDs in Denmark has more than doubled over the last five years, which has led to a considerable increase in the demand for postdoc grants.