natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Fravænningsrelateret stress hos smågrise varierer i sværhedsgrad alt efter fravænningsalder (mere stress hos de yngste smågrise) og forholdene på husdyrbruget i øvrigt, og denne stress kan påvirke sværhedsgraden af diarré efter fravænning. 
The degree of stress experienced during the weaning period in piglets varies with age of weaning (more stress in younger piglets) and husbandry conditions, and can influence the severity of post-weaning diarrhoea.
Doseringen af aniMedica's veterinærlægemidler (daglig dosis på 1 g produkt pr. 5 kg legemsvægt, svarende til 5 mg colistinsulfat og 96 mg zinkoxid pr. kg legemsvægt, i 5-7 dage), betyder, at koncentrationen af zinkoxid i foder vil være 3 000 ppm (ca. 2 400 ppm zink). 
The posology of aniMedica's veterinary medicinal products (daily dose of 1 g product per 5 kg bw, equivalent to 5 mg colistin sulphate and 96 mg zinc oxide per kg bw, for 5 - 7 days), means that the concentration of zinc oxide in-feed will be 3000 ppm (approximately 2400 ppm zinc).
Hvis den nuværende praksis ikke ændres i nær fremtid, vil der ved kontinuerlig anvendelse af gødning fra behandlede dyr inden 2060 ses en miljørisiko (defineret ved RQ-værdier > 1) i 4 ud af 19 scenarier for jord, 5 ud af 15 scenarier for overfladevand og 15 ud af 15 scenarier for sedimenter. 
If current practices remain unchanged in the near future, the continual application of manure from treated animals will result in risks (defined by RQ values >1) being established in 4 of 19 soil scenarios, 5 of 15 surface water scenarios and each of the 15 sediment scenarios by 2060.
Kombinationen af konservative PNEC-værdier (uden hensyn til biotilgængelighed) og PEC-værdier kan medføre en overvurdering af risikoen ved zink i sedimenter. 
The combination of a conservative PNEC (not accounting for bioavailability) and PEC may result in an overestimate of the risk due to zinc in sediments.
Det er påvist, at zinkresistensgenet czrC forekommer på SCCmec-elementer hos methicillin-resistent Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), samt at anvendelse af zink fører til co-selektion af MRSA-bakterier, der bærer dette gen (Cavaco et al., 2010)24. 
The czrC zinc resistance gene has been shown to occur on SCCmec of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and zinc use has been shown to result in co-selection for MRSA carrying this gene (Cavaco et al., 2010)24.
Der blev derfor ikke taget højde for biotilgængelighed i eksponeringsberegningerne (der lå til grund for PEC-værdierne), hvilket medførte en risikovurdering, der ikke var baseret på den biotilgængelige del af zink, men i stedet de samlede zinkkoncentrationer (biotilgængelige og ikkebiotilgængelige). 
Consequently, bioavailability was not considered for exposure calculations (establishing the PECs), thus leading to a risk assessment that did not account for the bioavailable fraction of zinc but rather for the total zinc concentrations (bioavailable and non-bioavailable).
I jord bestemmer egenskaber som pH, indhold af organisk kulstof, kationbytningskapacitet samt lerindhold biotilgængeligheden i delmiljøet jord. 
In soil, properties such as pH, organic carbon content, cation exchange capacity, and clay content determine bioavailability in the terrestrial compartment.
Den øgede zinkkoncentration i jord og de dermed forbundne risici for udvalgte delmiljøer bedømmes i denne vurdering alene ud fra eksponeringen for zink fra veterinærprodukter. 
This increase in zinc concentrations in soil and consequent risks identified for selected compartments is established in this assessment only considering exposure of zinc coming from veterinary products.
Trods denne usikkerhed og under hensyn til det aktive stofs natur som et uorganisk molekyle samt de vanskeligheder, der er identificeret under hele ansøgningsproceduren med hensyn til at vurdere miljørisikoen for en blanding, der ligger "uden for" de aktuelle CVMP/VICH-retningslinjer, kan det accepteres, at de skønnede PEC-værdier ekstrapoleret fra IDMM-output giver et rimeligt billede af miljøeksponeringen, som kan anvendes i risikokarakteriseringen af Gutal. 
Despite these uncertainties, considering the nature of the active substance, as an inorganic molecule, and the difficulties identified throughout the application procedure in terms of assessing the environmental risk for a compound ‘outside' of current CVMP/VICH guidance, it may be accepted that the estimated PEC values extrapolated from the IDMM outputs offer a reasonable reflection of the environmental exposure for use in the risk characterisation for Gutal.
Generelt fremgår det tydeligt, at kontinuerlig anvendelse af zinkholdige veterinærlægemidler i længere tid vil medføre en gradvis nettobelastning af miljøet. 
Overall, it is apparent that the long-term, continual use of zinc-containing veterinary medicinal products will result in a gradual net input of zinc to the environment.
Premix til medicineret foder 
Premix for medicated feedingstuff
Der er udført en undersøgelse af sikkerheden ved den anbefalede daglige dosis (100 mg/kg legemsvægt i 14 dage) hos måldyrene, og der er ikke observeret nogen signifikante bivirkninger. 
A target animal safety study was performed at the recommended dose (100 mg/kg bw per day during 14 days) and no significant side effects have been observed.
Trods denne usikkerhed og i mangel af et bedre alternativ skønnes det, at IDMM-modellen kan anvendes til at opnå en rimelig vurdering af den miljørisiko, som brug af Gutal eller andre zinkholdige veterinærprodukter udgør. 
Despite these uncertainties, and in the absence of a better alternative, it is considered that the IDMM can be used to gain a reasonable assessment of the risk to the environment posed by the use of Gutal or any other zinc containing veterinary product.
I undersøgelsen fra Trckova et al. (2015)5 viste kliniske observationer af fravænnede smågrise, der havde problemer med enterotoksisk E. coli, en lavere score for diarré og diarré-hændelser hos behandlede dyr (fodret med foder tilsat 2 500 ppm zinkoxid) end hos kontroldyrene (ubehandlede svin). 
In the study from Trckova et al. (2015)5, clinical observation of weaned piglets challenged with enterotoxic E. coli demonstrated a lower diarrhoea score and diarrhoea incidence in the treated animals (fed with a diet containing 2500 ppm zinc oxide in feed) than in the control animals (untreated pigs).
Eksponering: akkumulering, biotilgængelighed og modelberegning af zinkkoncentrationer i miljøet Det er anerkendt, at zinks fysisk-kemiske egenskaber (ikkeflygtig og ikkenedbrydelig) betyder, at kontinuerlig anvendelse af gødning fra behandlede dyr på jord i forbindelse med intensivt svineopdræt vil medføre en gradvis forøgelse af zinkkoncentrationen i de øverste jordlag efterfulgt af en forøgelse i andre relevante delmiljøer over tid. 
Exposure: accumulation, bioavailability and model calculation of zinc concentrations in the environment It is acknowledged that due to the physico-chemical properties of zinc (non-volatile and nondegradable), continual application of manure from treated animals to land under practices of intensive pig breeding will cause a gradual increase in the topsoil zinc concentration, followed by an increase in other relevant compartments, over time.
Markedsføringstilladelsesindehaveren Huvepharma havde en pragmatisk tilgang til deres eksponeringsvurdering af Gutal og inddrog resultaterne fra en såkaldt IDMM-model (Intermediate Dynamic Model for Metal udarbejdet af Monteiro et al. (2010))19, som EFSA anvender til vurdering af miljøeksponeringen ved anvendelse af zinkoxid som fodertilsætning. 
The marketing authorisation holder Huvepharma presented a pragmatic approach on their exposure assessment on Gutal and considered the results from a model used by EFSA (the Intermediate Dynamic Model for Metal (IDMM) by Monteiro et al. (2010))19 for estimating the environmental exposure from the use of zinc oxide as feed additive.
I delmiljøet jord og det akvatiske delmiljø blev der fundet en risiko (RQ > 1) i 4 ud af 19 scenarier og i 5 ud af 15 scenarier fra 2060 og frem for henholdsvis worst-case doseringen og den laveste dosering. 
In the terrestrial and aquatic compartments a risk (RQ >1) was found at 4 out of 19 scenarios and at 5 of out 15 scenarios from 2060 onwards, for the worst case and lower application rate, respectively.
Denne danske overvågningsundersøgelse bekræfter de resultater, man er nået frem til ved brug af IDMM-modellen og CVMP-retningslinjerne, nemlig at anvendelse af zinkoxid-holdige veterinærlægemidler medfører en signifikant stigning i jordens indhold af zink (der senere afspejles i zinkkoncentrationen i vandmiljøerne). 
This Danish national monitoring study confirms the results obtained with the IDMM and CVMP guidelines that the use of veterinary medicinal products containing zinc oxide leads to a significant increase in the soil zinc concentrations (and such is ultimately reflected in water concentrations).
• CVMP mener, at de risikoreducerende foranstaltninger kun vil fortynde og ikke sænke den samlede zink-emission til miljøet, og at det derfor kun vil være et spørgsmål om tid, før risikoen er til stede i alle delmiljøer. 
• the CVMP considered that risk mitigation measures will only dilute and not decrease the total zinc emission output to the environment, and thus it will only be a matter of time before risks are present in all compartments;
Hvad angår miljørisici, mener markedsføringstilladelsesindehaverne, at CVMP i den første vurdering ikke har anvendt den risikovurderingsmetode, der er anvendt i EU's risikovurderingsrapport for zink, og henviser til, at der ikke er taget hensyn til udviklingen i den videnskabelige litteratur, der er publiceret efter EU's risikovurderingsrapport for zink, med hensyn til hvordan man inddrager metals biotilgængelighed i en risikovurdering. 
With regard to environmental risks, the marketing authorisation holders consider that in the initial assessment the CVMP did not use the risk assessment methodology applied during the EU RAR on zinc, and argues that the developments in the scientific literature published after the EU RAR on zinc, on how to incorporate metal bioavailability in the a risk assessment, were not taken into consideration.
For højere doseringer end dem, der rapporteres ved brug af IDMMmodellen (EFSA, 2012)20, er ekstrapolering nødvendigt; forholdet mellem zinkbelastningen og de PECværdier, der beregnes i henhold til IDMM-modellen, er ikke lineært, hvilket kan så tvivl om gyldigheden af de ekstrapolerede PEC-værdier ved den højeste zinkdosering. 
Yet, for higher application rates than those reported using the IDMM (EFSA, 2012)20 extrapolation is required, and the relationship between the zinc loading rate and the PEC values calculated by the IDMM is not linear, which could question the validity of the extrapolated PECs at the highest zinc application rates.
10 CVMP procedure under Article 35 of Directive 2001/82/EC for veterinary medicinal products containing colistin as a sole active substance to be administered orally (Procedure no. EMEA/V/A/106) - link 11 CVMP guideline on pharmaceutical fixed combination products (EMEA/CVMP/83804/2005) - link kombinationsprodukt skal være indiceret til brug på behandlingstidspunktet og administreres i den korrekte dosis." 
10 CVMP procedure under Article 35 of Directive 2001/82/EC for veterinary medicinal products containing colistin as a sole active substance to be administered orally (Procedure no. EMEA/V/A/106) - link 11 CVMP guideline on pharmaceutical fixed combination products (EMEA/CVMP/83804/2005) - link combination.
Markedsføringstilladelsesindehaverne påberåber sig imidlertid, at anvendelse af supplerende risikoreducerende foranstaltninger vil reducere eller begrænse emissionen af zinkoxid til miljøet fra brugen af svinegødning; de har dog ikke foreslået nogen supplerende risikoreducerende foranstaltninger. 
However, the marketing authorisation holders argue that additional risk mitigation measures could be considered to reduce or limit emission of zinc oxide to the environment from the use of pig manure, but did not propose any additional risk mitigation measures.
IDMM-modellen beregner den langsigtede massebalance af metaller med definerede input (f.eks. anvendelse af veterinærlægemidler) og output (f.eks. optagelse i afgrøder, ældning) og konkluderer, at zink akkumuleres i jord ved kontinuerlig anvendelse af behandlet gødning, idet sur sandjord er mest sårbar, da denne jordtype har en tendens til at akkumulere zink hurtigere end andre typer jord og også vil have en større dræning og afstrømning af zink til overfladevand. 
The IDMM predicts the long-term mass balance of metals, with defined inputs (e.g. veterinary medicinal products usage) and outputs (e.g. crop off-take, ageing), and concludes that zinc will accumulate in soil following continual application of treated manure with acidic sandy soils being most vulnerable as these soils have a tendency to accumulate zinc more rapidly than other type of soils and will also have a higher drainage and run-off of zinc to surface water.
Data tyder på, at anvendelse år efter år af gødning fra farme, hvor dyrene behandles med zinkoxidholdige veterinærprodukter, fører til gradvis og kontinuerlig øgning af zinkindholdet i jord, vand og sedimenter. 
Data indicates that the annual application of manure coming from farms where animals are treated with veterinary products containing zinc oxide, results in the gradual and continuous increase of zinc in soil, water and sediment systems.
Undersøgelsen viste, at foder med tilsætning af 2,5 % syre i kombination med 2 500 ppm zink i de første 14 dage efter fravænning medførte en signifikant reduktion i prævalensen af diarré og mortalitet hos smågrise. 
The study showed that feed to which 2.5% acid was added in combination with 2500 ppm zinc during the first 14 days post-weaning significantly reduced the prevalence of diarrhoea and the mortality of piglets.
I de litteraturhenvisninger, som markedsføringstilladelseindehaverne har anført, var der generelt problemer med undersøgelsesdesignene, der ikke gjorde det muligt at understøtte anvendelsen af 2 500 ppm zinkoxid i foder i 14 dage efter fravænning i de godkendte indikationer. 
Overall, of the bibliographic references provided by the marketing authorisation holders there were issues with the study designs that preclude support of 2500 ppm zinc oxide in feed for 14 days post-weaning as described in the approved indications.
PNEC-værdierne i denne rapport anses for at være pålidelige og er således egnede til brug ved risikokarakterisering af veterinærlægemidler, der indeholder zinkoxid og skal administreres oralt til fødevareproducerende dyr. 
The PNEC values in this report are considered reliable and, hence, are suitable for use in the risk characterisation veterinary medicinal products containing zinc oxide administered orally to food producing animals.
Selv om der således var en vis usikkerhed med hensyn til både PEC og PNEC for delmiljøer, skønnedes den overordnede risikovurdering at være konservativ, hvorfor der blev foreslået diverse risikoreducerende foranstaltninger, der skulle mindske akkumuleringen af zink i miljøet. 
Although there were uncertainties in both PEC and PNEC calculations on environmental compartments, the overall risk assessment was viewed as conservative and as a result various risk mitigation measures were proposed, which were anticipated to reduce the accumulation of zinc in the environment.
Mens markedsføringstilladelsesindehaverne anerkender, at akkumuleringen af zink udgør en risiko for miljøet, foreslår de, at man indsamler data om salget og forbruget af zinkoxid-holdige veterinærlægemidler i forbindelse med ESVAC-aktiviteterne, hvor man allerede overvåger forbruget af antibiotika, da sådanne data kan bruges til yderligere at undersøge anvendelsen af zinkoxid i veterinærlægemidler og den dermed forbundne miljøpåvirkning. 
The marketing authorisation holders, while acknowledging that there is a risk to the environment due to accumulation of zinc, are proposing to collect data on the sale and consumption of veterinary medicinal products containing zinc oxide within the ESVAC activity, as it is already done with antibiotics, as such data would help to further investigate the use and consequent environmental impact of zinc oxide when used as a veterinary medicinal product.
De tilgængelige data understøtter en behandlingsvarighed på 12-14 dage til forebyggelse af diarré hos fravænnede smågrise. 
Recommended duration of administration The available information supports the duration of 12 to 14 days for prevention of post-weaning diarrhoea in piglets.
Undersøgelsen er en komparativ enkeltfarmsundersøgelse med 3 200 smågrise, hvor god klinisk praksis ikke er overholdt (ikke-GCP). 
The study was a nonGood Clinical Practice (GCP) single-farm comparative study conducted with 3200 piglets.
Brugen af zinkoxid kan øge selektionen af bakterier, der udtrykker zinkresistens. 
The use of zinc oxide may promote the selection of bacteria expressing zinc resistance.
Det vurderes således, at indikationen bør begrænses til forebyggelse af uspecificeret diarré efter fravænning, dvs. diarré induceret af fravænningspraksis under visse avlsforhold. 
Thus, it seems that the indication should be limited to the prevention of unspecific diarrhoea of post-weaning i.e. induced by the practice of weaning in certain conditions of breeding.
Resultaterne af miljørisikovurderingen for Gutal afspejler EFSA's konklusion om zink, nemlig at zink kan være potentielt belastende for det akvatiske delmiljø (herunder sedimenter), idet sur veldrænet sandjord er mest sårbar over for disse processer. 
The results of the environmental risk assessment for Gutal reflect the conclusion from EFSA on zinc i.e. there is a potential environmental concern related to the aquatic compartment (including sediment), with acidic, sandy, well-drained soils being most vulnerable to these processes.
Resultaterne viste, at der blandt de smågrise, der fik 2 500 eller 4 000 ppm zink, var et signifikant lavere antal, der krævede diarrébehandling. 
The results demonstrated that, among the piglets fed with 2500 ppm or 4000 ppm zinc, a significantly lower number of piglets required anti-diarrhoea treatment.
CVMP blev bedt om at gennemgå alle tilgængelige data og evaluere den overordnede benefit/risk-balance for de pågældende produkter for at vurdere fordelene ved brug af zinkoxid til fødevareproducerende arter samt miljørisikoen og risikoen for (co-)selektion for resistensgener. 
The CVMP was requested to review all available data and to evaluate the overall benefit-risk balance of the products concerned in order to determine the benefits associated with the use of zinc oxide in food producing species and also the risks for the environment and risks of (co-)selection of resistance genes.
Dataene viser, at anvendelsen af svinegylle på jord har ført til en signifikant stigning i jordens indhold af zink, navnlig i den seneste overvågede periode (1998-2014). 
The data showed that the use of pig slurry on soils has led to a significant increase in soil concentrations of zinc, especially in the latest period monitored (1998 to 2014).
Værktøjet til vurdering af metallers biotilgængelighed kræver færre data for at kunne beregne zinks biotilgængelighed i vand end ovennævnte Biotic Ligand Model og kan anvendes til at beregne stedsspecifikke PNEC-værdier. 
The Metal Bioavailability Assessment Tool requires fewer data inputs to predict zinc bioavailability in water than the Biotic Ligand Model, and can be used to calculate site-specific PNECs.
Selv om et sådant tiltag er i overensstemmelse med kriterierne i CVMP's arbejdsdokument om risikoreducerende foranstaltninger, kan det være svært at gennemføre; dette skyldes ikke alene de tilfælde, hvor der ikke er mulighed for at anvende behandlet gødning på forskellige jordområder, men også handlen med gødning medlemsstaterne imellem og muligheden for, at gødning, der indeholder høje koncentrationer af zinkoxid, anvendes på følsomme jordtyper. 
Although this is in line with the criteria set out by the CVMP reflection paper on risk mitigation measures, it might be difficult not only in instances where there may not be the possibility to apply treated manure on different areas of land, but also because of the trade on manure between EU Member States and possibility for manure containing high concentrations of zinc oxide being used in susceptible soil types.
Markedsføringstilladelsesindehaveren anfører, at hans produkter ikke giver anledning til bekymringer for antibiotikaresistens relateret til høje doser zinkoxid, og at de fleste bekymringer er hypotetiske. 
The marketing authorisation holder states that concerns for antimicrobial resistance related to high dose zinc oxide do not apply to their products, and most concerns are hypothetical.
Efter en indbringelsesprocedure i 2015 (EMEA/V/A/108) i medfør af artikel 33, stk. 4, i direktiv 2001/82/EF, hvad angår Gutal 1 000 g/kg premix til medicineret foder til smågrise (i det følgende benævnt "Gutal")1, har man identificeret en risiko for miljøet i form af akkumuleret zink i jord- og vandområder (herunder sedimenter), idet sure, sandede og veldrænede jorder er de mest sårbare. 
In 2015 following a referral procedure (EMEA/V/A/108) under Article 33(4) of Directive 2001/82/EC, for Gutal 1000 g/kg premix for medicated feeding stuff for piglets (thereafter called ‘Gutal')1, a risk to the environment has been identified due to accumulation of zinc, in the terrestrial and aquatic compartment (including sediment), with acidic, sandy, well-drained soils being most vulnerable.
Markedsføringstilladelsesindehaveren påberåber sig imidlertid, at hans produkter giver en lavere eksponering og en lavere årlig belastning end andre zinkoxid-holdige veterinærlægemidler, men han har ikke fremlagt data, der kan understøtte en kvantitativ risikovurdering, ligesom han ikke inddrager det faktum, at hans produkter er tiltænkt svin med en legemsvægt på op til 40 kg, selv om hans påberåbelse af en begrænset zinkoxidfrigivelse til miljøet gælder anvendelse af produkterne til smågrise i alderen 3-4 uger (7-8 kg); behandling af større svin vil desuden øge belastningen af miljøet. 
However, while the marketing authorisation holder claims a lower exposure and annual load from their products compared to other zinc oxide veterinary medicines, they have not submitted data supporting a quantitative risk assessment, and have not considered that, while their conclusion on a limited environmental release of zinc oxide was estimated from the use of these products on 3-4 week old piglets (7-8 kg), the claim for their products is for pigs up to 40 kg/bw, and treating heavier pigs would also increase the environmental load.
I alt fem forskellige miljørisikovurderinger vedrørende produkter, der indeholder zinkoxid og skal administreres oralt til smågrise i 2-6 uger i en koncentration på 2 500-3 100 ppm zinkoxid i foder, blev fremlagt for CVMP under denne indbringelsesprocedure. 
A total of five different environmental risk assessments on products containing zinc oxide to be administered orally to piglets for 2-6 weeks, at concentrations ranging between 2500 to 3100 ppm zinc oxide in feed were made available to the CVMP during this referral procedure.
Mange af de fremlagte publikationer til understøttelse af doseringen har ingen relevans, da de enten understreger de vækstmæssige fordele ved zinkoxid eller omfatter kliniske undersøgelser, hvor zinkoxid og antibiotika kombineres. 
Several of the publications submitted in support of the dose were not relevant since the investigations either focused on the growth benefits of zinc oxide or clinical trials combining both zinc oxide and antimicrobials.