natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Gradvis udvanding og tilbagerulning af arbejdsmarkedsreformer i Portugal Portugal tegnede sig for de mest betydelige arbejdsmarkedsreformer. 
Gradual dilution and reversal of the labour market reforms in Portugal The most significant labour market reforms were envisaged in Portugal.
Under programmet har Portugal således gennemført en række reformer, som har ført til mindre sikkerhed i ansættelsen. 
During the programme Portugal indeed carried out a number of reforms that reduced the level of employment protection.
Forbedringen var dog ikke tilstrækkelig i en international sammenligning. 
However, the improvement was not significant enough in international comparison.
Allerede ved programmets start var reformerne ikke ambitiøse nok i forhold til sammenlignelige lande. 
Already at the onset of the programme the reforms were not designed ambitiously enough when compared with the peer countries.
Portugal blev f.eks. anmodet om at udarbejde et forslag til at bringe fratrædelsesgodtgørelse på linje med EU-gennemsnittet i stedet for med niveauet i de lande, som Portugal konkurrerer med i international handel. 
For instance, Portugal was asked to prepare a proposal to align severance payments with the EU average instead of with the set of countries that represent Portugal’s competitors in international trade.
I løbet af programmet blev de mindre ambitiøse reformer valgt. 
Then, during the programme, the less ambitious reforms were taken.
For eksempel oppebæres fratrædelsesgodtgørelse nu med 12 dage pr. tjenesteår, dvs. i den høje ende af det oprindelige interval på 8-12 dage pr. tjenesteår. 
For instance, the severance payments are now accumulated at 12 days per year of service, which was the higher end of the initial interval of 8-12 days per year of service.
Reformdagsordnen blev yderligere udvandet, da nogle reformer af afskedigelsesreglerne blev afvist af forfat-ningsdomstolen. 
The reform agenda was further diluted as some reforms of the dismissal rules were successfully challenged in the Constitutional Court.
Portugal indførte derefter lovgivning om udligningsforanstaltninger til erstatning for dem, der var blevet erklæret forfatningsstridige, men Kommissionen fandt ikke, at disse foranstaltninger ville kunne få samme effekt som de oprindelige foranstaltninger. 
In response, Portugal enacted compensatory measures for those declared uncon-stitutional, but the Commission did not find that these measures could achieve similar effects to the original ones.
Programbetingelserne omfattede ikke udligningsforanstaltninger, der ville have samme potentielle effekt på arbejdsmarkedets fleksibilitet. 
The programme conditions did not include compensatory measures that would be equivalent in terms of their potential impact on flexibility of the labour market.
Efter programmets afslutning var det nemt at rulle nogle af de allerede gennemførte arbejdsmarkedsreformer tilbage via administrative beslutninger fra regeringen. 
After the end of the programme, some labour market reforms already implemented were easily reversed through administrative decisions of the government.
Disse beslutninger blev kritiseret af Kommissionen i overvågningsrapporter efter programmets løbetid. 
These decisions were criticised by the Commission in post-programme surveillance reports.
Del IV - Programmålene blev opfyldt 66 163 Vi fandt95, at der var mærkbare forbedringer, når programmerne var målrettet mod reformer inden for de specifikke områder aktive arbejdsmarkedspolitikker, arbejdsmarkedsreformer eller erhvervsklimaet. 
Part IV — Programmes met their objectives 66 163 We found95 that there were tangible improvements when the programmes targeted reforms in the specific areas of active labour market policies, labour market reforms or the business environment.
Inden for nogle områder tilskyndede programmerne til nye reformer (f.eks. finanspolitisk ansvar), mens de på andre områder gav incitament til at øge tempoet for gennemførelse af eksisterende nationale planer (f.eks. erhvervsklimaet). 
In some areas the programmes helped to encourage new reforms (e.g. fiscal responsibility), while in others they provided an incentive to accelerate the implementation of existing national plans (e.g. business environment).
164 Adskillige betingelser gav ikke de ønskede virkninger, selv om de blev overholdt. 
164 Several conditions, while met, did not produce the desired effects.
For eksempel blev der ikke opnået budgetbesparelser i det planlagte omfang under programperioden, og rammerne for finanspolitisk ansvar udgjorde ikke et tilstrækkeligt bindende anker for finanspolitikken (jf. tekstboks 10). 
For instance, budgetary savings were not realised to the extent intended during the programme period, and the fiscal responsibility framework did not provide a sufficiently binding anchor for fiscal policy (see Box 10).
95 Vi analyserede de fem landes fremskridt inden for tre områder: arbejdsmarkedsreformer, erhvervsklimaet og finanspolitisk ansvar. 
95 We analysed the progress achieved by the five countries in three areas: labour market reforms, the business environment and fiscal responsibility.
Vi benyttede internationale lovgivningsmæssige indikatorer, inputindikatorer samt vurderinger fra Kommissionen, IMF og andre internationale institutioner. 
We relied on international regulatory indicators, input indicators and the assessments by the Commission, the IMF and other international institutions.
Når overholdelse ikke gav de ønskede virkninger ο I Ungarn blev støttepakken til bankerne stort set ikke udnyttet, fordi den i sin endelige form ikke var attraktiv for bankerne. ο I overensstemmelse med programbetingelserne skar Ungarn ned på de kommunale udgifter i sin finanslov, men det resulterede ikke i betydelige besparelser. ο Rumænien overholdt betingelsen om at vedtage en rammelov om offentlige lønninger, men godtgørelsesska-laen, som var et centralt element i reformen, blev ikke anvendt, da der ikke var midler nok på budgettet. ο Irland og Rumænien vedtog nye rammer for finanspolitisk ansvar i løbet af programmet. 
When compliance did not deliver the desired effects ο In Hungary, the bank support package was largely unused because, in its final form, it was unattractive to banks. ο In line with the programme conditions, Hungary included cuts in local government expenditure in its budget law, but no substantial savings were achieved. ο Romania complied with the condition to adopt a public-sector wages framework law, but the compensation grids, which were one of key elements of this reform, were not applied owing to the lack of budget funds. ο Ireland and Romania adopted a new fiscal responsibility framework during the programme.
I begge tilfælde rapporterede Kommissionen imidlertid om adskillige mangler i gennemførelsen. 
However, in both cases the Commission reported several shortcomings in implementation.
Blandt de vigtigste var, at rammerne ikke var effektive med hensyn til at holde regeringens finanspolitik på linje med de mellemlange mål. ο Portugal skar ned på beskæftigelsen i den offentlige sektor i overensstemmelse med programmets milepæle, men en ikke nærmere angivet del af nedskæringen blev opnået ved førtidspensionering af embedsmænd, så budgetvirkningen var begrænset. 
Most importantly, the framework was not effective in constraining the government’s fiscal policy in line with the medium-term targets. ο Employment in the Portuguese public sector was decreased in line with the programme milestones; however, an unspecified part of this decrease was achieved through the early retirement of civil servants, and the budgetary impact was therefore contained.
Del IV - Programmålene blev opfyldt 67 I hvilken grad har landene forbedret deres konkurrenceevne? 
Part IV — Programmes met their objectives 67 How well did countries increase their competitiveness?
Forbedret konkurrenceevne, men i varierende grad 165 Et centralt mål med programmerne var at genoprette balancen over for udlandet ved at forbedre den økonomiske konkurrenceevne. 
Competitiveness gains, but to varying degrees 165 One of the programmes’ key underlying objectives was to restore external balances by enhancing economic competitiveness.
166 Alle programmerne medførte en tilpasning af de løbende poster. 
166 All the programmes achieved a current-account adjustment.
I fire ud af de fem modtagerlande blev de løbende poster tilpasset hurtigere end forventet. 
In four of the five countries covered this occurred faster than expected.
Kun den irske tilpasning svarede stort set til programprognosen. 
Only the Irish adjustment was broadly in line with the programme forecast.
167 Fællesnævneren for den hurtigere tilpasning af de løbende poster var en uventet forbedring af indkomstbalan-cen97. 
167 The common factor explaining the more rapid current-account adjustment was an unexpected improvement in the income balance97.
Også i Irlands tilfælde kan udviklingen af de løbende poster i overensstemmelse med prognosen tilskrives, at indkomstbalancen mere end levede op til forventningerne, hvilket kompenserede for en handelsbalance langt under forventning (jf. figur 11). 
Also in Ireland, the evolution of the current-account balance in line with the forecast can be attributed to an overperforming income balance, which compensated for major underperformance in the trade balance (see Figure 11).
96 Landenes konkurrenceevne er et komplekst begreb med mange facetter. 
96 Countries’ competitiveness is a multifaceted and complex concept.
Vi valgte at fokusere på disse to indikatorer, fordi de indgik i programfremskrivningerne for alle landene. 
We chose to focus on these two indicators because they were part of the programme projection for all countries.
Det gav os mulighed for at vurdere, hvorfor konkurrenceevnen nogle gange ikke udviklede sig som forventet. 
This allowed us to assess the reasons why competitiveness sometimes did not evolve as expected.
97 Indkomstbalancen registrerer finansielle strømme mellem residenter og ikkeresidenter i relation til indkomst fra arbejde, direkte investeringer, porteføljeinvesteringer og andre investeringer. 
97 The Income balance records financial flows between residents and non-residents related to income from labour, direct investments, and portfolio and other investments.
Den omfatter også betalinger mellem den offentlige sektor og ikkeresidenter i relation til skatter og tilskud vedrørende produkter og produktion. 
It also includes payments between government and non-residents related to taxes and subsidies on products and production.
Mulige årsager til den hurtige tilpasning af betalingsbalancens løbende poster 40 30 20 10 0 -10 Ungarn -20 -30 -40 Letland Portugal Underskud, løbende poster Underskud, handelsbalancen Underskud, indkomstbalancen Underskud, løbende overførsler netto Rumænien Irland NB: Diagrammet viser i procent af BNP de kumulerede forskelle mellem resultatet og referencescenariet, dvs. den oprindelige programfremskriv-ning. 
Possible reasons for the rapid adjustment of the current-account balance 40 30 20 10 0 -10 Hungary -20 -30 -40 Latvia Portugal Net Current Transfers gap Income balance gap Trade balance gap Current Account Balance gap Romania Ireland Note: The graph shows the cumulative differences, in percentage points of GDP, between the outcome and the baseline, i.e. the initial programme projection.
Beregnet for følgende programperioder: 2009-2011 for Ungarn og Rumænien, 2009-2013 for Letland og 2011-2015 for Irland og Portugal. 
Calculated over the following programme periods: 2009-2011 for Hungary and Romania, 2009-2013 for Latvia and 2011-2015 for Ireland and Portugal.
Kilde: Revisionsretten på grundlag af data fra Europa-Kommissionen. 
Source: ECA, based on European Commission data.
Procent af BNP kumulativt over programperioden Figur 11 
Percentage of GDP cummulatively over programme period Figure 11
Del IV - Programmålene blev opfyldt 68 168 Handelsbalancen (eksport/import) er en mere nøjagtig indikation af virkningerne af ændringerne i et lands konkurrenceevne end betalingsbalancens løbende poster. 
Part IV — Programmes met their objectives 68 168 The trade (export/import) balance captures more closely the effects of the changes in a country’s competitiveness than the current account.
Handelsbalancen fulgte programprognoserne i Portugal og Rumænien. 
The trade balance evolved in line with the programme forecasts in Portugal and Romania.
Den overgik forventningerne i Letland (i gennemsnit 2 % om året). 
It performed better than expected in Latvia (an average of 2 % per year).
Den lå imidlertid under prognosen i Ungarn (2,8 % om året) og Irland (5,1 % om året). 
However, it was below forecast in Hungary (2.8 % per year) and Ireland (5.1 % per year).
169 Udsvingene i handelsbalancens to komponenter kan skyldes en række variabler. 
169 A number of variables can account for fluctuations in the two components of the trade balance.
Det kan f.eks. være udefrakommende stød (som påvirker eksporten), en uventet tendens i BNP (som påvirker importen) og uventede udsving i konkurrenceevnen (som påvirker begge komponenter). 
These include external shocks (affecting exports), an unexpected trend in GDP (affecting imports) and unexpected swings in competitiveness (affecting both).
170 Letland og Rumænien oplevede betydelige stigninger i konkurrenceevnen98, som forklarer, hvorfor handelsbalancen havde ligget over de oprindelige prognoser siden 2010. 
170 In Latvia and Romania, competitiveness gains98 were significant and explain why the trade balance had been above initial forecasts since 2010.
En anden faktor, der har bidraget til stigningerne, er de to landes øgede andel af den globale eksport. 
The gains are also illustrated by these two countries’ increased share of global exports.
171 For de tre andre landes vedkommende var stigningerne i konkurrenceevnen lavere end forventet, og i alle tre lande var andelen af den globale eksport faldet siden 2008. 
171 The other three countries had lower than expected competitiveness gains, and in all three the share of global exports had fallen since 2008.
Ungarns og Portugals eksport lå under de oprindelige prognoser, mens Irlands eksport lå over prognosen99. 
Hungary’s and Portugal’s exports were below the initial forecasts, but Irish exports exceeded what was forecast99.
172 I Portugal og Ungarn var tilpasningen af handelsbalancen mere eller mindre i overensstemmelse med fremskrivnin-gerne, men det skyldtes alene, at både eksporten og importen var lavere end oprindeligt forventet. 
172 In Portugal and Hungary the trade balance adjustment was more or less in line with projections, but this was achieved only because both exports and imports were below the level initially expected.
Omkring 80 % af denne uventede nedgang i importen kan forklares med en dårligere udvikling i BNP end forventet. 
Around 80 % of this unexpected contraction in imports can be explained by GDP underperformance.
Ikke desto mindre har også disse to lande tydelige forbedringer af konkurrenceevnen på nogle områder, f.eks. steg eksporten som andel af BNP i forhold til perioden før programmet. 
Nevertheless, even for these two countries some competitiveness gains are apparent; for instance the ratio of exports to GDP increased compared with the pre-programme period.
Intern devaluering virkede via løntilpasning for nyansatte 173 Intern devaluering var et centralt element i den makroøkonomiske strategi i tre lande (Letland, Irland og Portugal). 
Internal devaluation worked through the adjustment of the wages of the newly hired 173 Internal devaluation was a key element of macroeconomic strategy in three countries (Latvia, Ireland and Portugal).
Det omfatter et sæt politikker med sigte på at genoprette den internationale konkurrenceevne hovedsagelig ved at reducere priserne eller lønomkostnin-gerne100. 
This is a set of policies designed to restore international competitiveness, mainly by reducing prices or labour costs100.
Nedskæringer i lønninger og job i den offentlige sektor forventes at blive efterfulgt af lønnedskæringer i den private sektor. 
Public-sector pay and job reductions are expected to be followed by private-sector pay cuts.
Det skyldes, at justeringerne i den offentlige sektor frigør ressourcer og dermed øger udbuddet af arbejdskraft til den private sektor samt lægger en dæmper på lønniveauet i økonomien som helhed. 
This should occur because public-sector adjustments free up resources, thus increasing labour availability for the private sector and depressing pay levels in the economy at large.
En lavere samlet efterspørgsel bør bidrage til pris-og løntilpasningen i økonomien. 
Reduced aggregate demand should contribute to the price and wage adjustment in the economy.
I en valutaunion, hvor landene ikke har deres egen valuta, er intern devaluering en væsentlig strategi for justering af prisniveauet. 
In absence of national currencies, internal devaluation is a key strategy for adjustment of price levels within a currency union.
98 Som indikeret af forskellige makroøkonomiske indikatorer for konkurrenceevne, f.eks. den reale effektive valutakurs, reale enhedslønomkostninger og arbejdsproduktiviteten, samt sammensatte indikatorer som den globale position målt efter konkurrenceevne. 
98 As indicated by various macroeconomic indicators of competitiveness, such as the real effective exchange rate, real unit labour costs and labour productivity, as well as composite indicators such as the global competitiveness ranking.
99 Det skyldtes især, at en stor del af Irlands samlede eksport går til lande uden for euroområdet. 
99 The main reason was that a large share of total Irish exports goes outside the euro area.
Irland nød således godt af euroens fald over for den amerikanske dollar, hvilket ikke indgik i den oprindelige programprognose. 
Ireland therefore benefited from the euro’s depreciation against the US dollar, which was not part of the initial programme forecast.
Euroens depreciering øgede også værdien af Irlands import. 
The euro's depreciation also increased the value of imports to Ireland.
Irland har et højt importindhold i eksporten - den andel af eksporten, som produceres ved hjælp af importerede halvfabrikata og tjenesteydelser - på ca. 50 %. 
The import content of Ireland’s exports — the proportion of exports produced using imports of intermediate goods and services — is high, at around 50%.
100 Kommissionen definerer intern devaluering som politikker, der har til formål at reducere de indenlandske priser enten ved at påvirke relative eksport-importpriser eller ved at sænke de indenlandske produktionsomkostninger og dermed opnå en depreciering af den reale valutakurs. 
100 The Commission defines internal devaluation as policies aiming ‘to reduce domestic prices either by affecting relative export-import prices or by lowering domestic production costs and thereby yielding a real exchange rate depreciation.’
Kilde: Europa-Kommissionen: Quarterly Report on the Euro Area, III/2011, Volume 10, s. 
Source: European Commission: Quarterly report on the euro area, III/2011, Volume 10, p.
Del IV - Programmålene blev opfyldt 69 174 I Letland virkede intern devaluering primært ved at påvirke lønningerne for nyansatte, mens lønningerne for etablerede ansatte i den private sektor næsten ikke faldt. 
Part IV — Programmes met their objectives 69 174 In Latvia, internal devaluation worked mainly by affecting the pay of newly hired workers, while the salaries of incumbent workers in the private sector hardly declined at all.
En del af løntilpasningen var resultatet af tilpasning af løn for sort arbejde, men omfanget var begrænset (jf. tekstboks 11). 
Part of the wage adjustment happened through the adjustment of undeclared wages, but the magnitude was limited (see Box 11).
Virkningen af intern devaluering på lønniveauet i Letland Intern devaluering blev betragtet som en grundpille i Letlands tilpasning. 
The impact of internal devaluation on pay levels in Latvia Internal devaluation was regarded as a key pillar of the Latvian adjustment.
En af grundene til forventningen om, at intern devaluering ville virke, var opfattelsen af arbejdsmarkedet som særligt fleksibelt. 
One reason why internal devaluation was expected to work was the belief that the labour market is particularly flexible.
I praksis var den observerede lønsænkning i den private sektor forholdsvis lille101. 
In practice the reduction observed in private-sector pay was relatively small101.
Selv om lønvæksten aftog ret hurtigt i både den offentlige og den private sektor, efterhånden som krisen udviklede sig i 2008, og lønvæksten blev negativ i 2009102, var både dybden og varigheden af negativ lønvækst meget mindre i den private sektor. 
While wage growth slowed quite rapidly in both the public and private sectors as the crisis developed during 2008, turning negative in 2009102, both the depth and the duration of negative wage growth was much smaller in the private sector.
Lønnedgangen i forhold til året før toppede med 6,6 % (i oktober 2009) i den private sektor, mens nedgangen toppede med 26 % (i november 2009) i den offentlige sektor. 
The largest year-on-year decline in private-sector pay was 6.6 % (in October 2009), while the largest public-sector fall was just over 26 % (in November 2009).
Den overordnede lønudvikling fanger ikke den underliggende tilpasningsproces, eller forklaringen skal muligvis findes i, at udviklingen delvis skete inden for sort arbejde (’kuvertløn’). 
The aggregate wage dynamics do not capture the underlying process of the adjustment or allow for the possible explanation that it was partly located in the sphere of undeclared wage payments (‘envelope wages’).
En analyse af individuelle løndata103 viser, at lønningerne for arbejdstagere, der blev ansat under recessionen, var betydeligt lavere end lønningerne for etablerede ansatte, som næsten ikke faldt. 
The analysis of data on individuals pay103 shows that the wages of workers hired during the recession were significantly lower than those enjoyed by incumbent workers, which hardly declined at all.
Det er i overensstemmelse med konklusionerne fra anden relevant litteratur, som indikerer, at lønningerne for nyansatte er mere konjunk-turfølsomme end lønningerne for etablerede ansatte, og at de kan fungere som en mekanisme til at reducere omkostningerne. 
This result is consistent with evidence found in the relevant literature suggesting that wages at recruitment are more cyclical than those of incumbents and offer a mechanism for reducing costs.
Jobnedskæringer og en stigning i andelen af deltidsarbejde spillede også en rolle. 
Job cuts and an increase in the share of part-time work also played a part.
Den retrospektive undersøgelse af arbejdsgivere viser, at det »sande« fald i lønomkostningerne var mellem 6 % og 11 % i 2008-2009 og næsten uændret (under 2 %) i 2009-2010. 
The retrospective survey of employers gives evidence that the ‘true’ wage-cost decline was between 6 % and 11 % in 2008-2009 and almost flat (below 2 %) in 2009-2010.
Faldet var altså større, end den officielle statistik indikerede (en stigning på 1,3 % i 2009 og et fald på 2,9 % i 2010). 
Therefore, the decline was larger than suggested by official statistics (growth by 1.3 % in 2009 and decline by 2.9 % in 2010).
Det tyder på, at lønningerne i den private sektor faktisk reagerede på recessionen, men reaktionen var ikke tilstrækkelig til at hindre en betydelig og langvarig nedgang i beskæftigelsen. 
This indicates that the private-sector pay did respond to the recession, but the response was not sufficient to prevent a large and prolonged fall in employment.
Kilde: Revisionsretten på grundlag af en undersøgelse af Andrejs Semjonovs, Alf Vanags og Anna Zasova: What happened to wages in Latvia’s ’internal devaluation’?, Baltic International Centre for Economic Policy Studies. 
Source: ECA, based on a study by Andrejs Semjonovs, Alf Vanags and Anna Zasova, What happened to wages in Latvia’s ‘internal devaluation’?, Baltic International Centre for Economic Policy Studies.
101 Det er i den private sektor, og i særdeleshed den handelsbare sektor, at lønudviklingen bestemmer konkurrenceevnen. 
101 It is the private sector, and in particular the tradable sector, where wage developments determine competitiveness.
102 Marts 2009 i den offentlige sektor og juli i den private sektor. 
102 March 2009 in the public sector and July in the private sector.