natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Denne kæmpeindsats førte også til, at ECDC, WHO’s europæiske regionalkontor samt Europa-Kommissionen udformede en fælles vurderingsprocedure. 
This huge effort also led to the development of a common protocol for assessment by ECDC, the WHO European Regional Office and the European Commission.
Trusler om overførbare sygdomme ved masseforsamlinger 
Communicable disease threats at mass gatherings
Masseforsamlinger, hvorved forstås usædvanlige og lejlighedsvise forsamlinger af et stort antal mennesker i tid og sted, kan anses for at udgøre en forhøjet eller usædvanlig risiko for udbrud af overførbare sygdomme. 
Mass gatherings, being an unusual and occasional assembling of large human populations in time and place, can be considered to present an increased or unusual risk for communicable disease outbreaks.
Deltagere i disse forsamlinger, der bærer en smitsom sygdom, kan komme til at påføre en eventuelt ikke-immun befolkningsgruppe, der deltager i begivenheden, for smitten. 
Event participants carrying an infectious disease may introduce the infection to a possibly non-immune population at the event.
Tilsvarende kan smitsomme sygdomme blive bragt med hjem af rejsende og udgør en folkesundhedstrussel mod andre lande i hele verden. 
Likewise, through return travel, infectious diseases may be carried homewards and present a public health threat to other countries worldwide.
For at minimere risikoen for overførbare sygdomsudbrud tilbyder ECDC støtte til medlemsstaterne til beredskabsaktiviteter forud for begivenheder med mange mennesker forsamlet på ét sted. 
In order to minimise the risk for communicable disease outbreaks, ECDC offers support to the Member States in the preparedness activities ahead of mass gathering events.
Der er ved at blive udarbejdet en værktøjskasse for en styrket overvågning og indsats. 
A toolkit for strengthening surveillance and response is being developed.
Bioterrorisme 
Bioterrorism
I takt med at truslen om forsætlig spredning af biologiske agenser gentagne gange opstår rundt om i verden, har ECDC som det EU-agentur, der har mandat i spørgsmål vedrørende folkesundhed, udformet et strategioplæg om ECDC’s rolle i hændelser af internationalt spredning af biologiske agenser (“The role of ECDC in incidents of intentional release of biological agents: 
As the threat of deliberate release of biological agents is being repeatedly established worldwide, ECDC as the EU agency with a mandate in the area of Public Health developed a strategy paper (“The role of ECDC in incidents of intentional release of biological agents:
a strategic perspective”) med det formål at fremme medlemsstatens beredskab i kampen mod overførbare sygdomme. 
a strategic perspective” ) to enhance the preparedness of the Member State in the fight against communicable diseases.
Relationerne og interaktionerne med interessenterne og ECDC’s partnere i tilfælde af forsætlig spredning af biologiske agenser er af fælles interesse i forbindelse med folkesundhedsberedskabet i EU. 
The relationships and interactions with the stakeholders and partners of the ECDC in the event of a deliberate release of a biological agent are of common interest in the Public Health preparedness in the EU.
Partnere er agenturer og myndigheder, der på trods af deres forskellige mandat interagerer med ECDC i forbindelse med situationer, hvor biologiske agenser spredes forsætligt, og etablerer partnerskaber med centret. 
Partners are agencies and authorities that, despite their different mandate, interact with the ECDC for the purposes defined by the situation of deliberate release of a biological agent and form cooperative partnerships with the Centre.
ECDC arbejder allerede på at identificere de korrekte kontaktsteder i hver enkelt EU-medlemsstat for hver af sine centrale funktioner inden for folkesundhed og overførbare sygdomme. 
The ECDC is already working to identify the correct contact points in each MS in the EU for every one of its core functions in the area of public health and communicable diseases.
Denne identifikationsproces vil være med til at sikre, at deltagelse i alle aktiviteter og kommunikationen af alle nødvendige oplysninger, såsom trusselsvurderinger, vejledning i håndtering og kommunikation, foregår så gnidningsfrit som muligt. 
This identification process will assist in the smooth participation in all activities and the communication of all necessary information such as threat assessments, management or communication guidance.
De specifikke kompetente myndigheder er vitale knudepunkter i kommunikationsstrømmen og med hensyn til begivenheder i enhver form for sundhedskrise, og ECDC skal sikre sig, at der vedligeholdes en opdateret liste, og at enhver samt hans/hendes backup er tilgængelig 24 timer i døgnet i alle ugens syv dage. 
The particular Competent Bodies are vital nodes in the flow of communication and events in any type of health crisis and the ECDC needs to make sure that an updated list is maintained and everyone, as well as his/her back up is accessible on a 24hr/7d basis.
I indsatsen over for en sundhedskrise som følge af forsætlig spredning af en biologisk agens er ECDC bevidst om, at der er to modsatrettede kræfter, der vil være styrende for kommunikationen med medlemsstaterne: 
In the response to a health crisis as a result of a deliberate release of a biological agent the ECDC is aware of two contradicting forces that would be guiding the communication with the MS:
behov for rådgivning, vejledning og eventuelt assistance samt behovet for at håndtere følsomme oplysninger på sikkerhedsområdet. 
need for advice, guidance and possibly assistance, and need to deal with sensitive information within the security sector.
Simuleringsøvelser 
Simulation Exercises
Simuleringsøvelserne er et instrument, der tillader organisationer, agenturer og institutioner at teste gennemførelsen af nye procedurer og udforskningen af processer eller at undersøge relevansen af godkendte procedurer. 
The simulation exercises is a instrument which enables organisations, agencies, institutions to test the implementation of new procedures and the exploration of processes or in the challenge of approved procedures pertinence.
De gør det muligt at gennemføre test af procedurer og protokoller, intern koordinering af kommunikation, aktiviteter samt koordinering med eksterne kommunikations- og indsatsaktiviteter. 
It enables to test procedures and protocols, internal coordination of communications, activities as well coordination with external communication and response actions.
ECDC har deltaget i større øvelser arrangeret af Kommissionen, såsom “New Watchman” og “Common Ground” i 2005. 
ECDC has participated in major exercises organized by the Commission as “New Watchman” and “Common Ground” in 2005.
I 2006 og 2007 deltog ECDC i nationale øvelser vedrørende pandemiberedskab, arrangeret af Frankrig og Tyskland. 
In 2006 and 2007 ECDC participated in pandemic preparedness national exercises organized by France and Germany.
I 2006 underskrev ECDC en treårig rammekontrakt med HPA om udvikling af simuleringsøvelser for sporing, undersøgelse af og indsats mod sygdomsudbrud, ligesom centret skulle udvikle sine egne øvelser. 
In 2006, ECDC signed a three years framework contract with HPA for the development of simulation exercises on outbreak detection, investigation and response, afor the Centre to develop its own exercises.
I kølvandet af evalueringen og konklusionerne reviderede ECDC sin operationelle plan for hændelser med konsekvenser for folkesundheden (PHEOP) og definerede yderligere funktioner og opgaver for ECDC’s personale. 
Following the evaluation and lesson learnt, ECDC revised its public health event operational plan (PHEOP), further defining functions and tasks of ECDC staff.
“Green Field” var den anden interne øvelse, der blev gennemført i juni 2008, og hvor anvendelsen af den reviderede PHEOP i en krisesituation blev undersøgt. 
“Green Field” was the second internal exercise that was carried out in June 2008 , exploring the application of the revised PHEOP during a crisis.
Der blev observeret store forbedringer fra den ene øvelse til den næste, navnlig med hensyn til etableringen af interne kommunikationssystemer, tilrettelæggelse af IKT og logistik samt brugen af udstyr og værktøj. 
Major improvements were observed from one exercise to another, especially in setting up internal communication systems, organisation of ICT and logistic and the use of equipments and tools.
“Red wing” var den første “desktop-øvelse” med deltagelse af aktører fra EU’s medlemsstater. 
“Red wing” was the first desktop exercise involving players from EU Member States.
Den fandt sted i september 2007, og manuskriptet tilsigtede at undersøge kontaktopsporingsprocedurer i EU, baseret på vejledningen fra Health Security Committee (HSC). 
It took place in September 2007 and the script aimed at exploring contact tracing procedures within the EU, based on the Health Security Committee ‘s (HSC) guidance document.
Der blev i større omfang taget hensyn til henstillingerne fra evalueringen, og der blev taget fat på ændringer af vejledningen fra HSC. 
Recommendations from the evaluation were considered to a greater extend and changes to the HSC document were addressed.
I juni 2008 deltog ECDC i simuleringsøvelsen “Aeolus”, en stor kommandopostøvelse arrangeret af Kommissionen med deltagelse af interessenter inden for folkesundhed, retshåndhævelse og retsvæsen. 
In June 2008 ECDC took part in the “Aeolus” Commission organised simulation exercise, a large command-post exercise organized by the Commission and involving stakeholders from public health as well as law enforcement and justice sector.
Det var en mulighed for yderligere at teste PHEOP- og de interne procedurer med hensyn til katastrofesituationer af ukendt oprindelse. 
It was an opportunity to further test the PHEOP and internal procedures regarding reaction to emergencies of unknown origin.
Forbedringen af fastlæggelsesfaciliteter samt den interne og eksterne kommunikation og koordinering af risikovurdering under en krise blandt EU’s partnere og medlemsstater blev påskønnet af iagttagere og evaluatorer. 
The improvement of setting facilities as well of the internal and external communication and coordinating of risk assessment during crisis among EU partners and Member States, was well recognised by observers and evaluators.
I november 2008 blev der i ECDC gennemført en “desktop-øvelse” med det formål at teste EU’s indsats over for udbrud af levnedsmiddelbårne sygdomme (FWD) under inddragelse af forskellige medlemsstater, det europæiske netværk for FWD og andre interessenter, såsom SANCO, EFSA og WHO’s regionalkontor for Europa. 
In November 2008, a desktop exercise aiming to test EU response to food born diseases (FWD) outbreaks took place at ECDC involving different Member States, the European network on FWD and other stakeholders as SANCO, EFSA and WHO regional office for Europe.
Det var en mulighed for at identificere den bedste kommunikationsstrøm og forbedre koordineringen af informationsudveksling blandt de forskellige interessenter. 
It was an opportunity to identify the best communication flow and to improve coordination of information sharing among the different stakeholders.
ECDC planlægger at gennemføre flere simuleringsøvelser i 2009 og at deltage i øvelser arrangeret af Kommissionen og internationale organisationer. 
ECDC is planning to carry out more simulation exercises in 2009 and to participate in exercises organised by the Commission and international organisations.
Indsats 
Response
Team, der skal yde bistand ved udbrud 
Outbreak assistance teams
Med det formål at støtte medlemsstaterne i deres kapacitet til at reagere på udbrud i forbindelse med overførbare sygdomme eller sygdomme af ukendt oprindelse ønsker ECDC at sikre hurtig mobilisering af team, der skal yde bistand ved udbrud, og hvis ekspertise kan omfatte epidemiologi, klinisk medicin, folkesundhed, infektionskontrol, osv. Der vil blive lagt særlig vægt på mobilisering af ekspertise inden for mikrobiologi gennem laboratorienetværk, der skal yde bistand ved udbrud. 
In order to support the Member States in their capacity to respond to outbreak situations related to communicable diseases or diseases of unknown origin, ECDC aims to ensure the rapid mobilization of outbreak assistance teams, whose expertise may include epidemiology, clinical medicine, public health, infection control, etc. Particular attention is also given to the mobilization of microbiology expertise, through the outbreak assistance laboratories network.
ECDC sikrer øjeblikkelig adgang til det nødvendige materiale til feltmissioner, herunder det seneste kommunikationsmateriale, samt medicinsk eller beskyttelsesmateriale, og – i samarbejde med afdelingen for menneskelige ressourcer – tilvejebringes der administrativ støtte. 
ECDC ensures the immediate availability of the necessary material for field missions, including state of the art communication material, as well as medical or protective material, and - in collaboration with human resources - administrative support is provided.
Ordningen med døgnbemanding sikrer, at der til enhver tid kan trækkes på ECDC’s eksperter til støtte for medlemsstaterne. 
The 24h/7d duty system ensures the permanent availability of ECDC experts to provide support to the Member States.
Nye og genopståede sygdomme 
Emerging and re-emerging diseases
Et af fokusområderne for aktiviteterne til støtte ved beredskab og indsats omfatter nye og genopståede sygdomme, der udgør en potentiel trussel mod Europa. 
One of the focuses of the preparedness and outbreak support activities includes emerging and re-emerging diseases, which represent a potential threat to Europe.
Det er et prioriteret område for ECDC at sikre tilstrækkelig diagnosekapacitet for denne gruppe af sygdomme, og her er laboratorienetværket for støtte ved udbrud en vigtig reference. 
Ensuring sufficient diagnostic capacity for this group of diseases is a priority for ECDC, for which the outbreak assistance lab network is an important reference.
Efter udbruddene af chikungunya i Det Indiske Ocean (2005–2006) og i Italien (2007) blev der lagt vægt på at kortlægge den nuværende fordeling af vektoren samt risikoen for dens yderligere spredning i EU. 
Following the outbreaks of chikungunya in the Indian Ocean (2005-2006) and in Italy (2007), emphasis was put on mapping the current distribution of the vector, as well as the risk for its further spread in the EU.
Der blev gennemført en generel risikovurdering af vektorbårne sygdomme i Europa, og resultaterne heraf vil blive offentliggjort i nær fremtid. 
A general risk assessment of vector-borne diseases in Europe was carried out, the results of which will be published in the near future.
Retningslinjer og procedurer 
Guidelines and procedures
Retningslinjer og operationelle standardprocedurer er operationelle værktøjer, der skal sikre, at internationale varslinger ved trusler mod folkesundheden i EU som følge af overførbare sygdomme bliver undersøgt effektivt og koordineret. 
Guidelines and standard operating procedures are operational tools to ensure that international public health alerts, caused by communicable diseases, and threatening the EU are investigated in an effective and coordinated manner.
Den primære indsats over for disse hændelser sikres af medlemsstaterne, mens ECDC supplerer op med hensyn til de aspekter, der vedrører indsatsaktiviteterne på europæisk plan. 
While the frontline response to these events is ensured by the Member States, ECDC provides an added value for those aspects relating to the European level of the response activities.
Retningslinjernes og procedurernes kontekst defineres således af udbrud af europæisk betydning, herunder udbrud i flere medlemsstater og udbrud uden for EU’s grænser, som potentielt berører EU. 
Hence, the context of the guidelines and procedures is defined by outbreaks of European importance, including multi-Member State outbreaks and outbreaks outside the EU borders but potentially affecting the European Community.
kapacitetsopbygning 
Capacity building
Der arrangeres i samarbejde med uddannelsesteamet korte kurser i ledelseskvalifikationer for koordinatorer af indsatsen ved udbrud, der tilstræber at styrke ledelsesaspektet af kapaciteten for indsatsen ved udbrud i EU’s medlemsstater. 
In collaboration with the training team, short courses on managerial skills for outbreak response coordinators are organized, aiming at reinforcing the management aspect of the outbreak response capacity in the European Member States.
Uddannelsen er bygget op om tre grundpiller: 
The training is constructed around three main pillars:
beslutningstagning, kommunikation, og teamledelse. 
decision making, communication, and team management.
Uddannelsen er rettet mod fagfolk i sundhedssektoren (for det meste medicinske epidemiologer) med erfaring i feltundersøgelse af udbrud og i ledelse af små team. 
It targets experienced health professionals (mostly medical epidemiologists) with experience in field outbreak investigation and in the management of small teams.
Der gives ligeledes aktivt input til en ny række korterevarende kurser, dvs. fælles uddannelse i epidemiologiske og mikrobiologiske aspekter af udbrudsundersøgelser. 
Active input is also given in a second series of short courses, i.e. the joint training on epidemiological and microbiological aspects of outbreak investigation.
Denne uddannelse har til formål at styrke kommunikationen mellem laboratoriespecialister og epidemiologer med henblik på at etablere et netværk mellem laboratorier og feltepidemiologi for sporing og undersøgelse af samt indsats på nationalt og internationalt plan. 
This training aims at strengthening communication between laboratory specialists and epidemiologists in order to create an integrated laboratory-field epidemiology network for outbreak detection, investigation and response on a national and international level.
Endelig støttes kapacitetsopbygning i medlemsstaterne også gennem det europæiske program for uddannelse i interventionsepidemiologi (EPIET) ved inddragelse af EPIET-stipendiater i forskellige feltmissioner, der har relation til indsatsen mod udbrud. 
Finally, capacity building in Member States through the European Programme for Intervention Epidemiology Training (EPIET) is also supported via the involvement of EPIET fellows in various international field missions related to outbreak response.
Der er gennemført flere undersøgelser af udbrud af mæslinger og fugleinfluenza. 
Several investigations of measles and avian influenza outbreaks have been carried out.
Desuden er der siden september 2008 optaget to teknikere i EPIET, hvilket giver dem muligheden for at styrke deres epidemiologiske færdigheder og viden. 
Moreover, since September 2008, two laboratory technicians are integrated in EPIET, providing them the opportunity to strengthen their epidemiological skills and knowledge.
Eksempler på støtte ved udbrud 
Examples of outbreak support
Hepatitis A i den tjekkiske republik, Letland og slovakiet – September 2008 
Hepatitis A in Czech Republic, Latvia, and Slovak Republic – September 2008
I september 2008 rapporterede Den Tjekkiske Republik om et udbrud af hepatitis A blandt intravenøse stofbrugere; 
In September 2008, the Czech Republic reported on an outbreak of hepatitis A among intravenous drug users;
og der blev observeret en tilsvarende stigning i Letland. 
a similar increase in cases was also observed in Latvia.
Der blev i samme periode identificeret et begrænset udbrud i et specifikt geografisk område af Slovakiet. 
During the same period a limited outbreak was identified among a specific geographical area in Slovak Republic.
Oprindeligt var disse stigninger i Letland og Den Tjekkiske Republik begrænset til intravenøse stofbrugere, men udbruddet spredte sig senere til også at ramme den almindelige befolkning. 
While initially the increases in Latvia and Czech Republic was limited to the specific population of IDUs, the outbreak later spread to the general population as well.
Set i lyset af omfanget af disse udbrud arrangerede ECDC i samarbejde med de lettiske sundhedsmyndigheder i november 2008 en eksperthøring i Riga med det formål at udveksle erfaringer omkring indsatsen over for udbrud af hepatitis A, med særlig fokus på vaccination. 
Considering the extent of these outbreaks, ECDC, in collaboration with the Latvian Public Health authorities, organised an expert consultation in Riga in November 2008, to share experience in response activities to the hepatitis A outbreaks, with a particular focus on vaccination.
Læs møderapporten (på engelsk) 
Read the meeting report
Mæslinger i østrig – April 2008 
Measles in Austria – April 2008
Mæslingeudbruddet i Østrig, der antog et betydeligt omfang i årets første halvdel, hang med stor sandsynlighed sammen med et stort udbrud i Schweiz, hvor der blev rapporteret om over 2 000 tilfælde siden november 2007. 
The measles outbreak in Austria, which took important proportions in the first semester of the year, was most likely linked to a large outbreak in Switzerland, where more than 2000 cases have been reported since November 2007.
Eftersom europamesterskabet i fodbold i juni 2008 fandt sted i Schweiz og Østrig og forventedes at tiltrække mange europæiske og internationale besøgende, samarbejdede ECDC med de østrigske sundhedsmyndigheder om at sikre en risikovurdering fra et europæisk perspektiv. 
Because the European football championship of June 2008 took place in both Switzerland and Austria, and was expected to draw many European and international visitors, ECDC collaborated with the Austrian health authorities to ensure a risk assessment from a European perspective.
Ved slutningen af hvert besøg fra to eksperter fra ECDC og EU’s overvågningsnetværk for sygdomme, der kan forebygges med vaccine (EUVAC.NET), arrangerede det østrigske sundhedsministerium et afsluttende ekspertmøde. 
At the end of the visit by two experts from ECDC and the EU surveillance network for vaccine-preventable diseases (EUVAC.NET), a final expert meeting was organised by the Austrian Ministry of Health.
På dette møde blev den epidemiologiske mæslingesituation i Østrig og naboområderne i Schweiz og Tyskland gennemgået. 
During this meeting the epidemiological situation of measles in Austria and in the neighbouring regions of Switzerland and Germany was reviewed.
Desuden var mæslinger medtaget på listen over prioriterede sygdomme, der skulle overvåges og kontrolleres under og efter europamesterskabet i fodbold i 2008. 
In addition, measles was included in the list of priority diseases for surveillance and control during and after the EURO 2008 football cup.
Læs missionsrapporten (på engelsk) 
Read the mission report
Chikungunya i Italien – August 2007 
Chikungunya in Italy – August 2007
Da de italienske myndigheder i august 2007 registrerede et udbrud af chikungunya-virus i den nordlige region af Emilia-Romagna, udgjorde denne begivenhed den første dokumenterede autoktone overførsel af virusset på det europæiske kontinent. 
When in August 2007 the Italian authorities notified an outbreak of Chikungunya virus in the northern region of Emilia-Romagna, this event represented the first documented autochthonous transmission of the virus on the European continent.
De italienske sundhedsmyndigheder aftalte, at et fælles ECDC/WHO-team af europæiske eksperter skulle besøge det berørte område for at opdatere risikoevalueringen for Europa. 
The Italian health authorities agreed on a joint ECDC/WHO team of European experts visiting the affected area in order to update the risk assessment for Europe.
Besøget havde til formål at skønne risikoen for etablering og spredning af overførslen af chikungunya-virus i EU og at undersøge de potentielle virkninger for EU og andre europæiske lande. 
The visit aimed at estimating the risk of establishment and spread of Chikungunya virus transmission in the European Union, and at exploring the potential implications of the outbreak for the EU and other European countries.
X/MDR TB hos en Amerikansk rejsende – Maj/Juni 2007 
X/MDR-TB in an American traveller – May/June 2007