natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Da jorden endnu ikke var dækket af vegetation, havde vandet let ved at grave sig ned på vej mod den allerede skabte ådal.
As the land was not yet covered in vegetation, the water easily dug new channels as it flowed towards the river valley already formed.
Rebild Bakker er derfor kun bakker set fra vest, hvor dale som Store- og Lille Stendal, Hørgdalen, Pallisdal m.fl. skærer sig ind i det høje land.
Therefore, from the west, Rebild Bakker is merely hills with valleys such as Store and Lille Stendal, Hørgdalen, Pallisdal etc. cut into the high land.
Under afsmeltningen dannede en stor isklump i en periode en prop i Gravlevdalen, så det nedskyllede materiale aflejredes i søen langs isklumpen.
During the melt after the Ice Age, for a period a large lump of ice formed a cork in the Gravlevdalen valley with the effect that the material washed down material was deposited in the lake along the edge of the ice.
I takt med at isen smeltede aflejredes nye lag, der i dag ses som horisontale terrasser i flere niveauer ved foden af Rebild Bakker.
As the ice melted, new layers were deposited and these are now seen as horizontal terraces in several levels at the foot of Rebild Bakker.
På en af disse ligger krybskytten Lars Kjærs hus.
The house of the poacher, Lars Kjær, is on one of these terraces.
Det skjulte landskab
The hidden landscape
Isen efterlod et velafdrænet, bakket landskab med en jordbund af overvejende sand, grus og sten, som var en ideel grobund for den kommende skov.
The ice left behind a well-drained, hilly landscape with soil consisting mostly of sand, gravel and rocks, which were the ideal basis for the future forest.
Alligevel er det landskabet under de tynde istidslag, der har haft størst betydning for landskabet og naturen i Rold Skov området.
Despite this, the landscape underneath the thin Ice Age strata has had the most profound significance for the landscape and nature in the Rold Skov area.
Rold skovs undergrund består af skrivekridt og bryozokalk fra kridttidens slutning og tertiærtidens begyndelse for 65 mill. år siden.
The subsoil of Rold Skov forest consists of white chalk and limestone from the end of the Cretaceous Period and the beginning of the Tertiary Period, 65 million years ago.
Kalk og kridt stikker mange steder stikker frem af de overliggende lag, f.eks. ved Skillingbro Kalkgrav og Thingbæk Kalkminer eller ved Lille Blåkilde.
Chalk and limestone can be seen in many places in the overlying layers, for example at the Skillingbro Kalkgrav and the Thingbæk limestone mines or at Lille Blåkilde.
Kalkaflejringerne har stor betydning for landskabets udformning og for skovens jordbund og dermed plantevæksten.
The limestone deposits have had a great impact on the formation of the landscape, the soil, and thus on plant growth in the forest.
Undersøgelser viser, at Lindenborg ådal er dannet af bevægelser i jordskorpen langs forkastninger.
Studies show that the Lindenborg Ådal river valley was formed by movements in the earth's crust along faults.
Dalen har formodentlig eksisteret allerede i tertiærtiden og er blot blevet "trimmet" i sin form af den fremskridende is og af smeltevandet.
The valley probably already existed in the Tertiary Period and was merely trimmed in its current form by the advancing ice and melt water.
Forkastningerne indgår i et stort net parallelt med den skandinaviske halvø's grundfjeld.
The faults are part of a large network parallel to the Scandinavian peninsula bedrock.
Voldsomme bevægelser i jordskorpen har gennem millioner af år hævet kalk og kridt op fra mere end 1 km dybde og fjernet de overliggende lag.
Violent movements in the earth's crust throughout millions of years have pushed chalk and limestone up from more than 1 kilometre beneath the surface and removed the overlying layers.
Lindenborg Ådal er blot en lille ”ridse” i dette kæmpe system, hvor kalkaflejringerne lokalt måske er sunket lidt ned eller bare har været så knuste, at de nemt blev fjernet af vand og fremtrængende is.
The Lindenborg Å stream is merely a “crack” in this gigantic system where limestone deposits locally might have sunk down or merely been so crushed that they were easily removed by water and advancing ice.
Kilder og jordfaldshuller
Springs and sinkholes
Brydes låget f.eks. med et rør, sprøjter vandet frem under tryk som i ”Springkilden” eller ”Skillingbro kilde”.
If the lid is broken e.g. by a pipe, the water will spurt out under the pressure like at “Springkilden” or “Skillingbro Kilde”.
Den kalkrige undergrund i Rold Skov er også forklaringen på de såkaldte jordfaldshuller.
The calcareous subsoil in the Rold Skov forest also explains the so-called sinkholes.
Når regnvandet trænger gennem skovens jordbund med rådnende plantedele, forsures det af humussyrer.
When rainwater permeates the forest soil with rotting plant parts, it is acidified by humic acids.
Det sure vand siver så ned gennem sprækker i jorden og opløser kalken.
The acidified water seeps down through the rifts in the soil and dissolves the chalk.
Når kalken opløses, dannes hulrum, som pludselig en dag kan styrte sammen.
When the chalk is dissolved, holes are formed which can suddenly collapse.
Huller på 4 - 5 meter i diameter er hyppigt forekommende i Nørreskoven.
Holes of 4-5 meters in diameter are common in the Nørreskoven forest.
Et af de største kegleformede jordfaldshuller kaldes ”Hestegraven”.
One of the largest cone-shaped sinkholes is called “Hestegraven”.
Navnet stammer måske fra et sagn om et brudepar, der kom kørende her ved midnatstide.
The name is from a legend about a bridal couple who drove here at midnight.
Måske mere troværdig er beretningen om, at man brugte Hestegraven til at skjule heste for tyskerne, da de kom til egnen under krigen i 1864, og at stedet siden hen blev kaldt ”Hestegraven”.
A more believable story is perhaps that Hestegraven was used to hide horses from the Germans when they arrived during the war in 1864 and that the place was since called Hestegraven (horse pit).
Det nærliggende ”Røverstuen” er også et jordfaldshul, et af skovens største, 12 m dybt og 35 m i diameter.
The nearby “Røverstuen” is another sinkhole and one of the largest in the forest at 12 meters deep and 35 meters in diameter.
Sagnet fortæller, at hullet i fordums tid var tilholdssted for en røverbande.
Legend says that the hole used to be the hideout of a gang of robbers.
Jordfaldhullet udgjorde et fint skjul, tæt ved skovvejen Roldvej vest for hullet.
The sinkhole was a good hiding place close to the forest road, Roldvej, west of the hole.
Roldvej var dengang hovedlandevej gennem skoven fra Rold til Skørping.
Back then Roldvej was the country road through the forest from Rold to Skørping.
Røverne spændte snore over vejen og ned i hullet, hvor ”sølvklokker” varskoede, når en vejfarende passerede.
The robbers would make tripwires across the road and into the hole, where bells would alert them of travellers passing through.
Den kilometertykke is over Danmark havde trykket jordskorpen ned, så da isen smeltede, trængte havet i stenalderen ind over lavtliggende landområder og ind i istidslandskabets dale.
When the kilometre-thick ice across Denmark pushed down on the earth's crust so that the ice melted, the Stone Age sea permeated low-lying land and the valleys of the glacial landscape.
Da Stenalderhavet var på sit højeste for 6500 år siden, lå strandkanten ved foden af Rebild Bakker, der var dækket af uigennemtrængelig urskov.
When the Stone Age sea was at its highest, 6500 years ago, the beach came up to the foot of Rebild Bakker which was covered by impenetrable old-growth forest.
En snæver fjord strakte sig fra Kattegat i øst og Limfjorden i nord gennem et øhav ind i Gravlevdalen, som Lindenborg Ådal kaldes lokalt.
A narrow inlet stretched from Kattegat in the east and Limfjorden in the north through an archipelago into the Gravlevdalen valley, as the Lindenborg Å stream is called locally.
Stenalderfjorden har været kanal for menneskenes første bosættelse af Rold Skov, hvor der i kanten af ådalen er fundet enkelte bopladslag fra jægerstenalderen.
The Stone Age inlet was the site of the first settlement by people in Rold Skov forest where, in the edge of the river valley, layers of Stone Age villages have been found.
I bondestenalderen begyndte man på skovrydning, antagelig først ud mod ådalens åbne landskab.
In the Neolithic period, the cutting down of the forest began, most likely towards the open countryside of the river valley.
I den næringsrige aske dyrkedes primitive hvedesorter som enkorn og emmer.
In the nutrient-rich ashes, primitive kinds of wheat such as one-grained wheat and amelcorn were grown.
Efter få år var jorden udpint, og man ryddede et nyt stykke skov, mens markerne overgik til græsgang eller sprang i skov igen.
After a few years, the soil was impoverished and a new plot of the forest had to be cut down whilst the old fields became grazing grounds or returned to forest again.
Der er endnu ikke fundet bopladser fra bondestenalderen, men gravminderne giver et fingerpeg om, hvor bønderne boede.
So far, no settlements from the Neolithic period have been found, but the sepulchral monuments give us an indication of where the farmers lived.
I Nørreskoven nær ådalen findes flere langhøje, antagelig fra begyndelsen af bondestenalderen.
In the Nørreskoven forest near the river valley, there are several burial mounds, probably from the early Neolithic period.
De allerførste langhøje er næsten 6000 år gamle og var begyndelsen til en skik, der holdt sig gennem de næste 5000 år - at bygge en gravhøj af jord og sten.
The very first burial mounds are almost 6000 years old and began a custom which lasted for the next 5000 years; building a grave mound of soil and rocks.
Vi må forestille os, at et højbyggeri var en nøje iscenesat proces, der forudsatte hele samfundets opmærksomhed og deltagelse.
We must imagine that most of the construction was a carefully orchestrated process that demanded the participation of the whole community.
Gravhøjen blev bygget for at kunne ses, og anlæggelsen har tjent de efterlevende til lige så meget ære som den døde.
The grave mound was built to be seen, and the construction served the surviving relatives as much as the dead.
Og sidst men ikke mindst udtrykte gravlægningen med gravgaver en tro på et liv efter døden.
Entombment with tomb gifts expressed a belief in life after death.
Bondestenalderen er i Danmark mest kendt for sine imponerende storstensgrave - dysser og jættestuer, og Rold Skov har da også enkelte dysser.
In Denmark, the Neolithic period is mostly known for its impressive stone graves; dolmen and passage graves, and Rold Skov forest also boasts dolmen.
I Havdalen, et smalt dalstrøg der starter ved skovfogedstedet Hollandshus og udmunder i ådalen ved jernbanebroerne, ligger de to stendysser Stenstuen og Ønskestenen.
There are two dolmen, Stenstuen and Ønskestenen, in Havdalen, a narrow valley starting near the forest supervisor's house at Hollandshus and ending at the river valley near the railway bridges.
Måske var Havdalen et opdyrket frodigt dalstrøg, der fra fjorden skar sig ind i Rold Skov.
Havdalen might have been a cultivated, fertile valley which cut into Rold Skov forest from the sea inlet.
De mest markante kulturspor i Rold Skov er bronzealderens mange gravhøje.
The most characteristic cultural remains in Rold Skov forest are the many grave mounds from the Bronze Age.
Selvom de færreste er udgravet, peger deres størrelse og placering entydigt på denne periode.
Even though only a few mounds have been dug out, their size and location unequivocally point to this period.
Fire områder er særligt interessante: Nørreskoven nord for Rebild, skoven syd for Rebild Skovhuse, skoven syd for Skørping samt den sydøstlige del af Siem Skov.
Four areas are of particular interest: Nørreskoven forest north of Rebild, the forest south of Rebild Skovhuse, the forest south of Skørping, as well as the south-eastern part of Siem Skov.
Et godt eksempel er de to velbevarede, store gravhøje "Svinehøjene" i Bjergeskoven.
A good example is the two well-preserved, large grave mounds “Svinehøjene” in the Bjergeskoven forest.
Navnet stammer fra, da man for over 200 år siden holdt svin ”på olden”.
The name (pig mounds) derives from when pigs pastured here more than 200 years ago.
Hvis højene i dag ikke var omgivet af skov, ville de kunne ses viden om.
If the mounds were not surrounded by forest they would be visible from a great distance.
I bronzealderen var her sikkert en åben skov med græssende kvæg og små marker.
In the Bronze Age there was probably an open forest with grazing cattle and small fields.
Gravhøjen blev opført af opstablede græstørv, der skrælledes af de omkringliggende græsgange og brakmarker, som herefter var værdiløse i årtier.
The grave mound was built by piling up turf peeled off from the surrounding pasture and fallow fields which were then rendered worthless for decades.
Et areal svarende til adskillige fodboldbaner blev ødelagt og signalerede derigennem stammens offervilje.
An area corresponding to several football fields was destroyed, thus signalling the spirit of self-sacrifice in the tribe.
Mest markant er fortidsminderne i Nørreskoven med omkring 50 store gravhøje på 1 km2, mange af dem fra bronzealderen.
The most significant graves are in Nørreskoven forest, with about 50 large grave mounds in an area of 1 km2, many of them from the Bronze Age.
Her findes også en 70 m lang stenrække med favnstore sten, som kan have fungeret som et led i bronzealderens soldyrkelse.
There is also a 70-meter-long row of huge rocks which may have been part of the sun worship cultivated in the Bronze Age.
Rækken peger præcist mod solens nedgang ved vintersolhverv.
The row points directly towards the sunset at winter solstice.
I Siem Skov er udgravet en bebyggelse fra bronzealderen, beliggende nær en samling gravhøje fra samme tid.
In Siem Skov forest, a settlement from the Bronze Age has been dug out near a group of grave mounds from the same period.
Dette giver en ide om, at bronzealderens bebyggelse skal søges tæt ved gravminderne, f.eks. i Rebild Skovhuse, på markerne nord for Rebild og på plateauet Slettingen.
This indicates that it is likely there were Bronze Age settlements near the sepulchral monuments, e.g. in Rebild Skovhuse, the fields north of Rebild and on the Slettingen plateau.
Store dele af Rold Skov vest for den gamle hovedvej A10 samt store dele af den østlige del af skoven mangler synlige fortidsminder.
Large parts of the Rold Skov forest west of the old A10 main road as well as large parts of the eastern part of the forest have no visible prehistoric remains.
Måske har disse dele aldrig været beboet?
Perhaps these parts were never inhabited?
Skoven skjuler stadig mysterier.
The forest still has its mysteries.
Landsbyerne tager form
The villages take form
Den tidsperiode vi kalder jernalderen varer ca. 1.500 år og afspejler en samfundsændring, hvor der sker en udvikling fra bronzealderens høvdingesamfund til vikingetidens kongemagt.
The time period known as the Iron Age lasted about 1,500 years and during this period society changed from chieftain rule in the Bronze Age to the royal power of the Viking Age.
Gennem jernalderen opstår de første egentlige landsbyer, hvor alle beboelser ligger inden for et fælles hegn.
Throughout the Iron Age, the first actual villages emerged, in which all the dwellings were built within a common fence.
Landsbyerne flytter rundt indenfor et mindre lokalområde i takt med at den nærliggende jord udpines og bebyggelsen forfalder.
The villages were moved around within a small local area as the adjacent soil was exhausted through cultivation and as the dwellings fell into decay.
Mange af nutidens landsbyer ligger stadig hvor jernalderbyen til slut endte i vikingetiden, og hvor de første kirker blev rejst.
Many of the present day villages are still located on sites where the Iron Age towns ended up in the Viking Age and where the first churches were erected.
Jernalderen i Rold skov er ikke særlig tydelig i form af gravminder, selvom der er en række fund der peger på, at skovens fremtidige struktur med lysningen Rebild Skovhuse og landsbyen Rebild begynder at tage form.
The Iron Age in Rold Skov forest is not particularly visible through old graves, even though a number of findings indicate that the future structure of the forest, with the clearing, Rebild Skovhuse and the village of Rebild started to take form at this time.
Fund i nutidens Rebild fra denne periode bekræfter dette.
Findings in present day Rebild from this period confirm this.
Den lette jord omkring byen var let at dyrke.
The light soil around the town was easy to cultivate.
Rebild lå som en skovbygd centralt i skoven, mens de øvrige landsbyer lå i periferien af det store skovkompleks: Rold, Gravlev, Oplev, Gl. Skørping, Fræer, Hellum, Siem, Møldrup, Astrup og Arden.
Rebild was a centrally located settlement in the forest, whereas the other villages were in the periphery of the large forest complex: Rold, Gravlev, Oplev, Gl. Skørping, Fræer, Hellum, Siem, Møldrup, Astrup and Arden.
Omkring år 120 f. Kr. sker der fra det jyske område en udvandring af folkestammer.
Around 120 B.C., a tribe of peoples emigrated from the Jutland area.
Måske var det fra det central himmerlandske område omkring Rold Skov, at folkeslaget Kimbrerne udvandrede.
The Cimbrian tribe might have emigrated from the central Himmerland area around Rold Skov forest.
Sammen med Teutonerne og adskillige andre germanske folkestammer drog Kimbrerne hærgende gennem Europa og rystede det romerske rige i sin grundvold.
Together with the Teutons and many other Germanic tribes, the Cimbrians rampaged through Europe and shook the foundations of the Roman Empire.
Da Kimbrerne blev endeligt besejrede af romerne i Norditalien i 101 f. Kr. talte deres hær omkring 180.000 mand.
When the Cimbrians were finally defeated by the Romans in the North of Italy in 101 B.C., their army was about 180,000 strong.
I Rebild Bakker er rejst en mindesten for Kimbrerne.
In Rebild Bakker, a memorial stone has been raised for the Cimbrians.
Rold Skov i vikingetid og middelalder
Rold Skov forest during the Viking Age and the Middle Ages
Selvom der er meget få fund fra vikingetiden omkring Rold Skov, så er de få til gengæld forbløffende.
Even though there are not many findings from the Viking Age in Rold Skov forest, the few we have are astonishing.
Det er umuligt at sige, hvorfor disse rigdomme er havnet i en fattig, øde egn i Himmerland.
It is impossible to say why these riches ended up in a poor, desolate area of Himmerland.
De kan være hjembragt bytte fra et vikingetogt, men snarere er de udtryk for tilfældige begivenheder under handelsfolks passage af landsdelen, hvor skatten er blevet midlertidigt skjult i jorden.
They may have been loot brought back from a Viking raid but, and more likely, they may just be from tradesmen passing through the region who temporarily buried their wealth under ground.
Ved Sebbersund og Aalborg lå rige handelspladser, hvorfra transport gik over land mod syd gennem Rold Skov.
At Sebbersund and Aalborg there were wealthy trading posts from where goods were transported across country towards the south through Rold Skov forest.
Nyere teorier peger på, at også vandvejen op ad Lindenborg Å kan have haft en betydning i vikingetiden.
More recent theories indicate that the route by water up the Lindenborg Å stream may have been of importance in the Viking Age.
Selvom der kun er få skriftlige kilder fra den tidlige middelalder, fortæller pollendiagrammer fra skovens søer om skovens udvikling, som spejl af menneskets påvirkning.
Even though there are only a few written sources from the early Middle Ages, pollen diagrams from the forest lakes show the development of the forest as a mirror of human impacts.
Siden bronzealderen havde Rold Skov været en åben egeskov med underskov af især hassel.
Since the Bronze Age, Rold Skov forest has been an open oak forest with an undergrowth of mainly hazel.
Bøgen indvandrede til Rold Skov omkring Kristi fødsel, men formåede ikke som andre steder i landet at fortrænge egeskoven, som her blev vedligeholdt af massiv skovgræsning med kvæg og svin.
The beech came to Rold Skov forest around the birth of Christ, but unlike other places in Denmark, it did not force out the oak forest which was maintained by extensive forest grazing by cattle and pigs.
Eg tåler langt bedre end bøg gentagen nedbidning.
Oak can survive constant chewing down through grazing much better than beech.
Pesten omkring1340 lagde mange gårde øde, og dette kan have betydet, at skovgræsningen forsvandt i en periode, så bøgen kunne etablere sig.
The plague around 1340 laid many farms to waste and this could have meant that forest grazing disappeared for a period, giving beech room to establish.
I løbet af de næste 200 år overtog bøgen Rold Skov.
Over the next 200 years, the beech took over Rold Skov forest.
Egeskoven overlevede kun i Skindbjerglund, hvor der den dag i dag findes egeskov med aner næsten 4000 år tilbage.
The oak forest only survived in Skindbjerglund, where today the forest goes back almost 4,000 years.
Historiens spor i skovens træer
Traces of history in the trees of the forest
Vikingetiden og den tidlige middelalder kendetegnes ved etablering af en kongemagt, ved jordlove der fastlagde ejendomsforhold og ved etablering af en adelstand, der kappedes med kirken om skov og jord.
The Viking Age and early Middle Ages saw the establishment of royal power, with land laws that determined property rights and created a nobility which fought the church for forest and lands.
Rold Skov blev herremændenes ejendom, men bøndernes rettigheder til udnyttelse af skoven til græsning og hugst af brænde var så vigtige for landsbyernes overlevelse, at de kom til at indgå i skovens ejendomsforhold.
Rold Skov forest became the property of the nobility, but the farmers' rights to use the forest for grazing and wood were so important for the survival of the villages that they were incorporated in the property rights for the forest.
Populært sagt: Overskoven tilhørte herremanden, underskoven var bøndernes.
In popular terms: The upper-growth belonged to the lord; the under-growth belonged to the farmers.
Skovgræsning var udbredt, der blev høstet løvhø til vinterfoder og underskoven blev ryddet for at skaffe ved til brænde, byggeri og svidning af trækul.
Forest grazing became widespread, foliage hay was harvested for winter feed and the under-growth was cleared of wood for firewood, building and charcoal burning.
Denne udnyttelse er afspejlet i den gamle bøgeskov den dag i dag.
This exploitation is still reflected in the old beech forest today.
I datiden var der ingen skovbrug, der blev ikke plantet træer, men til alt held for bønderne kunne de udnytte en helt speciel egenskab ved de bøge, der var indvandret i Rold Skov.
In the past, there was no forestry and no new trees were planted, but fortunately for the farmers they could exploit a special property of the beech trees which had immigrated to Rold Skov forest.
Her, nær sin nordlige udbredelsesgrænse, har bøgen udviklet en særlig egenskab.
Here, near its northern limit, the beech has developed a special attribute.
Når den fældes skyder den en masse vanris fra stubben og rødderne.
When it is cut down, it shoots lots of water sprouts from the stump and roots.
Vanris er træets panikreaktion, når det registrerer, at det har mistet en betydelig del af sin bladmasse og mest, når skaden er sket i vintertiden, mens træet er i dvale.
Water sprouts are a panic reaction of the tree when it registers that it has lost a significant part of its foliage, and they are most common if the damage occurs in the winter, while the tree is dormant.
Fænomenet hos bøg forekommer kun i den nordlige del af Jylland.
In beeches this only occurs in the northern part of Jutland.
Man kalder det at ”stævne” træerne.
It is called coppicing the trees.
Kreaturerne sørgede for en passende beskæring, der dog gav en kroget vækst af de enkelte stammer.
The cattle ensured appropriate pruning, although they left a crooked growth of the individual stems.