natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Samlet forgasset kulstof
Analyse the last samples first, and by a step-wise “backwards” selection of appropriate samples for analysis, it is possible to obtain a good description of the biodegradation curve with a relatively small number of analytical determinations.
Beregn den samlede masse af forgasset kulstof i beholderen ved hjælp af ligning [8]:
If no degradation has taken place by the end of the test, no further samples need to be analysed, and in this situation, the “backwards” stategy may save considerable analytical costs.
Ligning [8]
If a plateau on the degradation curve is observed before the 60th day, end the test.
mt = samlet masse af forgasset kulstof (mg)
If degradation has obviously started by day 60, but has not reached a plateau, extend the experiment for a further period.
mh og ml er som defineret ovenfor.
Record the analytical results on the attached data sheet (Appendix 2), and calculate the biodegradation values for both test and reference substances from the equation:
Teststoffets kulstofindhold
degradation in percentage DOC or specific substance removal at time t,
Beregn massen af kulstof i testbeholderne udledt af det tilsatte teststof ved hjælp af ligning [9]:
starting concentration of DOC or specific substance in the test medium,
Ligning [9]
concentration of DOC or specific substance in the test medium at time t,
teststoffets kulstofmasse (mg)
starting concentration of DOC or specific substance in the blank,
teststoffets kulstofkoncentration i testbeholderen (mg/l)
concentration of DOC or specific substance in the blank at time t.
væskevolumen i testbeholderen (l).
State degradation as the percentage DOC removal (ultimate degradation) or specific substance removal (primary degradation) at time t.
Bionedbrydningens omfang
Calculate the DOC concentrations to the nearest 0,1 mg per litre, and round up the means of the Dt values to the nearest whole per cent.
Beregn den procentvise bionedbrydning som følge af gas i headspace ved hjælp af ligning [10] og den samlede procentvise bionedbrydning ved hjælp af ligning [11]:
Illustrate the course of the degradation graphically in a diagram as shown in the figure in “Validity and interpretation of results”.
Ligning [10]
If there are sufficient data, calculate from the curve the lag phase (tL) and the time to reach 50 per cent removal from the end of the lag phase (t50).
Ligning [11]
The test report must contain the following information:
Dh = bionedbrydning som følge af gas i headspace ( %)
Test substance:
Dt = samlet bionedbrydning ( %)
physical nature and, where relevant, physicochemical properties;
mh, mv og mt er som defineret ovenfor.
identification data.
Graden af primær bionedbrydning beregnes ud fra de (valgfrie) målinger af teststoffets koncentration ved begyndelsen og afslutningen af inkubationen ved hjælp af ligning [12]:
location and description of the sampling site;
Ligning [12]
pollutional and nutrient status (colony count, nitrate, ammonium, phosphate if appropriate);
teststoffets startkoncentration (mg/l)
method used (if any) for ageing of the seawater;
teststofkoncentration ved afslutning (mg/l).
method used for pre-treatment (filtration/sedimentation) of the seawater;
Viser analysemetoden signifikante teststofkoncentrationer i det uændrede anaerobe inokulum af slam, benyttes ligning [13]:
method used for DOC determination;
Ligning [13]
method used for specific analysis (optional);
korrigeret primær nedbrydning af teststoffet ( %)
method used for determining the number of heterotrophs in the seawater (plate count method or alternative procedure) (optional);
»tilsyneladende« startkoncentration i teststof i blindkontroller (mg/l)
other methods (optional) used to characterise the seawater (ATP measurements, etc.).
»tilsyneladende« koncentration i teststof i blindkontroller ved afslutningen (mg/l).
analytical data reported on a data sheet (Appendix 2);
Resultaternes validitet
the course of the degradation test is represented graphically in a diagram showing the lag phase (tL), slope, and time (starting from the end of the lag phase) to reach 50 per cent removal (t50).
Trykaflæsninger må kun bruges fra beholdere, som ikke viser lyserødfarvning (se punkt 33).
The lag phase may be estimated graphically as shown in the figure in the “Validity and interpretation of results” section or conveniently taken as the time needed for 10 per cent degradation;
Forurening med ilt minimeres gennem korrekt anaerob håndtering.
percentage degradation measured after 60 days, or at end of test.
Det skal bemærkes, at testen er valid, hvis referencestoffet når et plateau, som repræsentere over 60 % bionedbrydning [17].
Discussion of results.
Hvis pH-værdien ved testens afslutning ligger over området 7 ± 1, og der har fundet en utilstrækkelig bionedbrydning sted, gentages testen med øget bufferkapacitet i mediet.
Validity and interpretation of results
Hæmning af bionedbrydning
The results obtained with the reference substances e.g. sodium benzoate, sodium acetate or aniline, should be comparable to results obtained in the ring test (3) (refer to section on “Reference substances”, paragraph 7).
Gasproduktionen i beholdere, som indeholder både teststof og referencestof, skal som minimum være den samme som i beholdere, der kun indeholder referencestof.
If results obtained with reference substances are atypical, the test should be repeated using another seawater sample.
Ellers er det tegn på hæmning af gasproduktionen.
Although results of inhibition tests may not always be straightforward to interpret because of the contribution of DOC by the test substance, a significant reduction of the total DOC removal rate, compared with that of the control, is a positive sign of toxic effects.
I nogle tilfælde vil gasproduktionen i beholdere, der indeholder teststof uden referencestof, være lavere end i blindkontrollerne, hvilket er tegn på, at teststoffet er hæmmende.
Owing to the relatively high test concentrations used as compared with most natural systems (and consequently an unfavourable ratio between the concentrations of test substances and other carbon sources), the method is to be regarded as a preliminary test which can be used to indicate whether or not a substance is easily biodegradable.
Testrapporten skal indeholde følgende oplysninger:
Accordingly a low result does not necessarily mean that the test substance is not biodegradable in marine environments, but indicates that more work will be necessary in order for this to be established.
generisk navn, kemisk navn, CAS-nummer, strukturformel og relevante fysisk-kemiske egenskaber
An example of a theoretical degradation experiment illustrating a feasible way of estimating the values of tL (length of “lag phase”) and t50 (time interval, starting at tL), needed to reach 50 per cent removal, is given in the figure below.
renhed (urenheder) i teststoffet.
Non-parametric Tests
volumen af den fortyndede opløsning i rådnetanken (Vl) og headspace (Vh) i beholderen
Parametric Tests CLOSED BOTTLE METHOD
beskrivelse af testbeholderne, primære karakteristika for biogasmålingen (f.eks. type trykmåler) og kulstofanalysatoren
This method is a seawater variant of the Closed Bottle Test (5) and was finalised as a result of a ring test organised for the European Commission (EC) by the Danish Water Quality Institute (3).
anvendelse af teststof og referencestof på testsystemet:
In common with the accompanying marine Shake Flask Method, results of this test are not to be taken as indications of ready biodegradability, but are to be used specifically for obtaining information about the biodegradability of substances in marine environments.
anvendt testkoncentration og eventuel anvendelse af opløsningsmidler
A pre-determined amount of the test substance is dissolved in the test medium in a concentration of usually 2-10 mg of test substance per litre (one or more concentrations may be used).
rensningsanlæggets navn, beskrivelse af kilden til det behandlede spildevand (f.eks. driftstemperatur, slamretentionstid, overvejende husholdningsspildevand osv.), koncentration, eventuelt nødvendige oplysninger til dokumentation af dette og oplysninger om eventuel forbehandling af inokulummet (f.eks. udrådning på forhånd, præeksponering)
The solution is kept in a filled closed bottle in the dark in a constant temperature bath or enclosure controlled to ± 1 °C within a range of 15-20 °C.
inkubationstemperatur
In those cases where the objective of the study is to simulate environmental situations, tests may be carried out beyond this normal temperature range providing suitable adjustments are made for temperature control.
pH- og IC-værdier ved testens afslutning
The degradation is followed by oxygen analyses over a 28-day period.
teststoffets koncentration ved begyndelsen og afslutningen af testen, hvis der er foretaget en særlig måling
The ring test showed that if the test was extended beyond 28 days no useful information could be gathered, in most cases, due to severe interferences.
statistisk databehandling, testvarighed og et diagram over bionedbrydningen af teststof og referencestof samt hæmningskontrol
Thus, the recommended duration is 28 days, but if the blank BOD value remains within the 30 per cent limit (paragraphs 15 and 40) the test could be prolonged.
årsager til eventuel afvisning af testresultaterne
otherwise the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the substance must be determined to serve as the reference value.
diskussion af resultater.
The use of COD is less satisfactory since some substances are not fully oxidised in the COD test.
Følgende kapitler i dette bilag:
The solubility of the substance should be at least 2 mg/l, though in principle less soluble substances could be tested (e.g. using ultra sonication) as could volatile substances.
C.4, Bestemmelse af let bionedbrydelighed
Information on the toxicity of the substance to bacteria e.g. as measured in short-term respiration tests (4) may be very useful when selecting appropriate test concentrations and may be essential for the correct interpretation of low biodegradation values.
Modified MITI Test (II), OECD Guideline for Testing of Chemicals, No. 302C, OECD, Paris
However, such information is not always sufficient for interpreting results obtained in the biodegradation test and the procedure described in paragraph 27 is more suitable.
Young og P.L. McCarty (1979) Bioassay for monitoring biochemical methane potential and anaerobic toxicity.
Aniline, sodium acetate or sodium benzoate (for example) may be used for this purpose.
Water Res.
A degradation of these substances of at least 60 per cent (of their ThOD) must occur within a reasonably short time span, otherwise it is recommended that the test be repeated using another seawater sample.
13, 485-492.
In the EC ring-test where seawater samples were taken at different locations and at different times of the year, the lag phase (tL) and the time to achieve 50 per cent degradation (t50), not including the lag phase, were 0 to 2 days and 1 to 4 days respectively for sodium benzoate.
1 Trykmåler
For aniline the tL and t50 values were 0 to 7 and 2 to 12 days respectively.
5 Headspace (Vh)
REPRODUCIBILITY
6 Inokulum af udrådnet slam (Vl)
The reproducibility of the methods was established in the EC ring test (3).
Trykmåleraflæsningerne kan sættes i forhold til gasvolumen ved hjælp af en standardkurve, som frembringes ved at indsprøjte en kendt mængde luft ved 35 °C ± 2 °C i serumflasker, der indeholder en mængde vand, som svarer til reaktionsblandingens, VR:
Normal laboratory equipment and:
Forsegl flaskerne, og anbring dem i et vandbad ved 35 °C i en time med henblik på ækvilibrering.
250-300 ml BOD bottles with glass stoppers or narrow neck 250 ml bottle with glass stoppers may be used;
Indfør kanylen gennem låget på hver af flaskerne, åbn ventilen, og lad den være åben, indtil trykmåleren viser nul, og luk ventilen.
Several 2-, 3- and 4- litre bottles with litre marks for the preparation of the experiment and for the filling of the BOD bottles;
Gentag denne procedure med de resterende flasker.
Waterbath or constant temperature room for keeping the bottles at constant temperature (± 1 °C) with the exclusion of light.
Gentag hele proceduren med 2 ml, 3 ml, 4 ml, 5 ml, 6 ml, 8 ml, 10 ml, 12 ml, 16 ml, 20 ml og 50 ml luft.
Equipment for analysis of dissolved oxygen;
Optegn en omregningskurve for tryk (Pa) mod indsprøjtet volumen gas, Vb (ml).
Membrane filters, 0,2-0,45 μm (optional);
Eksempel på en nedbrydningskurve (stigning i akkumuleret nettotryk)
Equipment for specific analysis (optional).
Eksempel på resultatskemaer for anaerob bionedbrydningstest — resultatskema for teststoffet
Collect a seawater sample in a thoroughly cleansed container and transport to the laboratory, preferably within one or two days of collection.
Testnr.:
During transport do not allow the temperature of the sample to exceed significantly the temperature to be used in the test.
Testtemperatur:(°C):
Identify the sampling location precisely and describe it in terms of its pollutional and nutritional status.
Headspacevolumen (Vh):
Especially for coastal or polluted waters, include in this characterisation a heterotrophic microbial colony count and the determination of concentrations of dissolved nitrate, ammonium and phosphate.
Væskevolumen (Vl ):
appearance of sample — turbid etc.;
Kulstof i teststoffet Cc,v:
dissolved organic carbon (DOC);
Dag
If the DOC content of the sample is found to be high or if it is thought that the blank BOD after 28 days would be more than 30 per cent of that of the reference substances, it is recommended that the seawater be aged for about a week prior to use.
p4 (blindprøve)
Age the sample by storing it under aerobic conditions at the test temperature and in the dark or in diffuse light.
p5 (blindprøve)
In the ring-test (3), no difference was revealed between the degradation potential of aged and freshly collected seawater samples.
p (blindprøve)
Report the procedure used.
p (netto)
Pretreat after ageing, if used.
test – blindprøve
Prepare the following stock solutions using analytical grade reagents:
middelværdi (mbar)
Add per litre of pre-treated seawater 1 ml of each of the above stock solutions.
Δp (netto)
Saturate the test medium with air at the test temperature by aerating with clean compressed air for about 20 minutes.
Kumuleret
Determine the concentration of dissolved oxygen for control purposes.
Bioned-brydelighed [3](%)
The saturated concentration of dissolved oxygen as a function of salinity and temperature may be read from the nomogram enclosed with this test method (Appendix 4).
test middel
Determine (optionally) the number of colony-forming heterotrophs in the seawater test medium (and preferably also in the original seawater sample), e.g. by plate count using a marine agar.
blindprøve
Preparation of test bottles
blindprøve middel
Perform all necessary manipulations including ageing and pre-treatment of the seawater at the chosen test temperature between 15 to 20 °C, ensuring cleanliness, but not sterility of all glassware.
test – blindprøve
Prepare groups of BOD bottles for the determination of the BOD of the test and reference substances in simultaneous experimental series.
væske C [4](mg)
Perform all analyses on duplicate bottles (blanks, reference and test substances), i.e. prepare two bottles for each determination.
C i alt [5](mg)
Perform analyses at least on days 0, 5, 15 and 28 (four determinations).
Bioned-brydelighed [6](%)
For oxygen analyses, four determinations require a total of 3 × 2 × 4 = 24 bottles (blank, reference and test substance), and thus about 8 litres of test medium (for one concentration of test substance).
IC (slut)
Prepare separate solutions of test and reference substances in large bottles of sufficient volume (paragraph 11) by first adding test and reference substances either directly or by using a concentrated stock solution to the partly filled large bottles.
pH (slut)
Add further test medium to give the final desired concentrations.
Referencestof:
If stock solutions of test and/or reference substances are used, ensure that the salinity of the seawater medium is not significantly altered.
Kulstof i referencestof Cc,v (mg/l):
Select concentrations of test and reference substances by taking into account:
p4 (hæmn.)
the solubility of dissolved oxygen in seawater at the prevailing test temperature and salinity (see the enclosed nomogram — Appendix 4);
p5 (hæmn.)
the blank BOD of the seawater;
p6 (hæmn.)
and
p (hæmn.)
the expected biodegradability of the test substance.
ref. — blindprøve
At 15 °C and 20 °C and 32 parts per thousand salinity (ocean water), the solubility of dissolved oxygen is about 8,1 and 7,4 mg/l respectively.
kumuleret
The oxygen consumption of the seawater itself (blank respiration) may be 2 mg O2/l or more, if the seawater is not aged.
Bioned-brydelighed [9](%)
Therefore in order to ensure a significant oxygen concentration remaining after oxidation of the test substance, use a starting concentration of test substance of about 2-3 mg/l (depending on the ThOD) for the substances that are expected to become completely degraded under the conditions of the test (such as reference substances).
ref. middel
Test less degradable substances at higher concentrations, up to about 10 mg/l, provided that toxic effects do not occur.
hæmn.
It can be advantageous to run parallel tests with a low (about 2 mg/l) and a high (about 10 mg/l) concentration of test substance.
hæmn. middel
An oxygen blank must be determined in parallel in bottles containing neither test or reference substance.
ref. — hæmn.
If inhibitory effects are to be determined, prepare the following series of solutions in separate large bottles (paragraph 13):
væske C [10](mg)
2 mg per litre of an easily-degradable substance, e.g. any of the reference substances mentioned;
C i alt [11](mg)
x mg per litre of test substance (x is usually 2);
Bioned-brydelighed [12](%)
2 mg per litre of the easily-degradable substance plus x mg per litre of test substance.
Kulstofindhold i testbeholderen, mv (mg):
If the option of using specific analyses is used, a physical-chemical experiment may be performed in order to check whether the test substance is removed by abiotic mechanisms, such as hydrolysis or adsorption.
mv = CC,v × Vl
A physical-chemical control test may be performed by adding mercury (II) chloride (HgCl2) [11] (50-100 mg/l) to duplicate flasks with test substance in order to stop microbial activity.
Kulstofindhold i headspace, mh (mg) ved normal inkubationstemperatur (35 °C):
A significant decrease in specific substance concentration in the course of the test indicates abiotic removal mechanisms.
Bionedbrydning beregnet ud fra headspace-gas, Dh (%):
Number of BOD bottles in a typical run
Dh = (mh × 100) / mv
In a typical run the following bottles are used:
Kulstof i væske, ml (mg):
at least 8 containing test substance;
Samlet forgasset kulstof, mt (mg):
at least 8 containing nutrient-fortified seawater only;
Samlet bionedbrydning, Dt (%):
at least 8 containing reference substance, and when necessary
Dt = (mt × 100) / mv
6 bottles containing test and reference substances (toxicity control).
Udvaskning i jordsøjler
After preparation, immediately siphon each solution, from the lower quarter (not from the bottom) of the appropriate large bottle, to fill the respective group of BOD bottles.
Denne testmetode svarer til OECD Test Guideline (TG) 312 (2004).
Immediately analyse the zero controls (time zero) for dissolved oxygen (paragraph 33) or preserve them for later chemical analysis by precipitation with MnCl2 (manganese (II) chloride) and NaOH (sodium hydroxide).
Menneskeskabte kemikalier kan nå jorden direkte via bevidst anvendelse (f.eks. agrokemikalier) eller indirekte (f.eks. via spildevand → kloakslam → jord eller luft → våd-/tørdeposition).
Incubate the remaining parallel BOD bottles at the test temperature (15-20 °C), keep in the dark, and remove from the incubation area at appropriate time intervals, (e.g. after 5, 15 and 28 days as a minimum) and analyse for dissolved oxygen (paragraph 33).
Ved risikovurdering af disse kemikalier er det vigtigt at anslå deres potentiale for omdannelse i jord og for bevægelse (udvaskning) til dybere jordlag og med tiden til grundvandet.
Membrane filter (0,2-0,45 μm) or centrifuge, for 15 minutes, samples for specific analyses (optional).
Der findes flere metoder til at måle kemikaliers potentiale for udvaskning i jord under kontrollerede laboratoriebetingelser, dvs. tyndtlagskromatografi i jord, tyktlagskromatografi i jord, jordsøjlekromatografi samt adsorptions-/desorptionsmålinger (1)(2).
Store for up to 48 hours at 2-4 °C, or for longer periods at – 18 °C, if not analysed immediately (if it is known that the test substance will remain unaffected, acidify to pH 2 before storing).
For ikkeioniserede kemikalier giver n-octanol/vand-fordelingskoefficienten (Pow) mulighed for et tidligt skøn over deres adsorptions- og udvaskningspotentiale (3)(4)(5).
Dissolved oxygen determination
Den metode, som beskrives i denne testmetode, er baseret på jordsøjlekromatografi i forstyrret jord (se definition i tillæg 1).
Determine the concentration of dissolved oxygen using a chemical or electrochemical method which is recognised nationally or internationally.
Testmetoden er baseret på eksisterende metoder (6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11).
Record analytical results on the attached data sheets (Appendix 5).
På en OECD-workshop om valg af jord-/sedimenttype, som blev holdt i Belgirate, Italien, i 1995 (12), enedes man om antal og art af de jordtyper, som skal anvendes i denne test.
Calculate the BOD as the difference of the oxygen depletion between a blank and a solution of test substance under the conditions of the test.
Der blev også fremsat anbefalinger for prøvetagning samt håndtering og opbevaring af jordprøver til udvaskningsforsøg.
Divide the net oxygen depletion by the concentration (w/v) of the substance in order to express the BOD as mg BOD/mg test substance.
Søjler fremstillet af passende inaktivt materiale (f.eks. glas, rustfrit stål, aluminium, teflon, PVC osv.) pakkes med jord og mættes og ækvilibreres efterfølgende med en »kunstig regn«-opløsning (se definition i tillæg 1) og lades dræne.
The degradation is defined as the ratio of the biochemical oxygen demand to either, preferably, the theoretical oxygen demand (ThOD) or the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and expressed as a percentage (see paragraph 36).
Herefter behandles overfladen af hver jordsøjle med testkemikaliet og/eller med ældede restprodukter af testkemikaliet.
Calculate the biodegradation values for each sampling time for both test and reference substances using one or other of the equations:
Kunstig regn tilsættes jordsøjlerne, og perkolatet udtages.
ThOD theoretical oxygen demand (calculation, Appendix 3)
Efter udvaskningsprocessen fjernes jorden fra søjlerne og udskæres i et passende antal segmenter, alt efter hvilke oplysninger der ønskes fra undersøgelsen.
COD chemical oxygen demand, determined experimentally.
Hvert jordsegment og perkolatet analyseres herefter for testkemikalie og eventuelt for omdannelsesprodukter eller andre kemikalier af interesse.
Sometimes the two ways of calculation (percentage of the ThOD or percentage of the COD) do not give the same results;
Testmetoden finder anvendelse på testkemikalier (umærkede eller radioaktivt mærkede: f.eks. 14C), for hvilke der foreligger en tilstrækkeligt nøjagtig og følsom analysemetode.
it is preferable to use ThOD, since some substances are not fully oxidised in the COD test.
Testmetoden må ikke anvendes på kemikalier, som er flygtige fra jord og vand og således ikke forbliver i jord og/eller perkolat under denne testmetodes forsøgsbetingelser.
Illustrate the course of the degradation test graphically in a diagram (see example in section on “Validity and interpretation of results”.
Umærkede eller radioaktivt mærkede testkemikalier kan bruges til at måle udvaskningsegenskaberne i jordsøjler.
If there are sufficient data, calculate the lag phase (tL) and the time (t50) to reach 50 per cent removal from the end of the lag phase from the biodegradation curve.