natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
< 5 g/l
Smaller AICc values denote better fits and if AICc(B)-AICc(A)≥10, the model A is almost certainly better than model B (Motulsky and Christopoulos (2004).
Testkammerstørrelse
Compare the two models visually by how well they meet the single model criteria above.
Volumen testopløsning
The parsimony principal is advised, whereby the simplest model that fits the data reasonably well is used (Ratkowsky 1993, Lyles et.al 2008).
Volumenudskiftning af testopløsninger
Quality of ECx estimate
Mindst 6 dagligt
The confidence interval (CI) for ECx should not be too wide.
Mindst 5 dagligt
Statistical judgment is needed in deciding how wide the confidence interval can be and ECx still be useful.
Testorganismers alder
Simulations for regression models fit to egg hatching and size data show that about 75 % of confidence intervals for ECx (x = 10, 20 or 30) span no more than two test concentrations.
Jf. punkt 21
This provides a general guide for what is acceptable and a practical guide for what is achievable.
Voksne fisks omtrentlige vådvægt (g)
Numerous authors assert the need to report confidence intervals for all model parameters and that wide confidence intervals for model parameters indicate unacceptable models (Ott and Longnecker 2008, Alvord and Rossio 1993, Motulsky and Christopoulos 2004, Lyles et al.
Hunner: 1,5 ± 20 %
2008, Seber and Wild 2003, Bunke et al.
Hanner: 0,35 ± 20 %
This is the regression equivalent the minimum significant difference that is often cited in hypothesis testing approaches (e.g. Wang et al 2000).
Hunner: 0,65 ± 20 %
It also corresponds to the confidence interval for the mean responses at the LOEC not contain the control mean.
Hanner: 0,4 ± 20 %
One should wonder whether the parameter estimates are scientifically plausible.
Antal fisk pr. testbeholder
E.g. if the confidence interval for y0 is ± 20 %, no EC10 estimate is plausible.
6 (2 hanner og 4 hunner)
If the model predicts a 20 % effect at a concentration C and the maximum observed effect at C and lower concentrations is 10 %, then the EC20 is not plausible (Motulsky and Christopoulos 2004, Wang et al.
6 (3 hanner og 3 hunner)
2000, Environment Canada 2005).
10 (5 hanner og 5 hunner)
ECx should not require extrapolation outside the range of positive concentrations (Draper and Smith 1999, OECD 2006).
Antal behandlinger
For example, a general guide might be for ECx to be no more than about 25 % below the lowest tested concentration or above the highest tested concentration.
= 3 (plus passende kontroller)
Brain P. and Cousens R. (1989); An equation to describe dose responses where there is stimulation of growth at low doses.
Antal beholdere pr. behandling
Weed res.
Minimum 4
29: 93-96.
Minimum 2
OECD (2006); Current approaches in the statistical analysis of ecotoxicity data: A guidance to application.
Antal fisk pr. testkoncentration
Series Testing and Assessment, No. 54, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, OECD, Paris.
16 voksne hunner og 8 hanner (4 hunner og 2 hanner i hver replikatbeholder)
C.48 Fish Short Term Reproduction Assay
12 voksne hunner og 12 hanner (3 hunner og 3 hanner i hver replikatbeholder)
This test method is equivalent to OECD test guideline (TG) 229 (2012).
10 voksne hunner og 10 hanner (5 hunner og 5 hanner i hver replikatbeholder)
The need to develop and validate a fish assay capable of detecting endocrine active chemicals originates from the concerns that environmental levels of chemicals may cause adverse effects in both humans and wildlife due to the interaction of these chemicals with the endocrine system.
Fodring
In 1998, the OECD initiated a high-priority activity to revise existing guidelines and to develop new guidelines for the screening and testing of potential endocrine disruptors.
Levende eller frosne saltsøkrebs, voksne eller nauplii, to eller tre gange om dagen (ad libitum), kommercielt tilgængeligt foder eller en kombination af ovenstående
One element of the activity was to develop a test guideline for the screening of chemicals active on the endocrine system of fish species.
Saltsøkrebs, voksne eller nauplii, to eller tre gange om dagen (ad libitum), kommercielt tilgængeligt foder eller en kombination af ovenstående
The Fish Short Term Reproduction Assay underwent an extensive validation programme consisting of inter-laboratory studies with selected chemicals to demonstrate the relevance and reliability of the assay for the detection of chemicals that impact reproduction in fish by various mechanisms including endocrine modalities (1, 2, 3, 4, 5).
Saltsøkrebs, voksne eller nauplii, to eller tre gange om dagen (ad libitum), kommercielt tilgængeligt foder eller en kombination af ovenstående
All endpoints of the OECD test guideline have been validated on the fathead minnow, and a subset of endpoints has been validated in the Japanese medaka (i.e. vitellogenin and secondary sex characteristics) and the zebrafish (i.e. vitellogenin).
Ingen, medmindre DO-koncentration falder under 60 % luftmætning
The validation work has been peer-reviewed by a panel of experts nominated by the National Coordinators of the OECD Test Guideline Programme (6) in part, and by an independent panel of experts commissioned by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (29).
Fortyndingsvand
The assay is not designed to identify specific mechanisms of hormonal disruption because the test animals possess an intact hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, which may respond to chemicals that impact on the HPG axis at different levels.
Rent overflade- eller brøndvand, rekonstitueret vand eller afkloret ledningsvand
This test method describes an in vivo screening assay where sexually mature male and spawning female fish are held together and exposed to a chemical during a limited part of their life-cycle (21 days).
Præeksponeringsperiode
At termination of the 21-day exposure period, two biomarker endpoints are measured in males and females as indicators of endocrine activity of the test chemical; these endpoints are vitellogenin and secondary sexual characteristics.
7-14 dage anbefales
Vitellogenin is measured in fathead minnow, Japanese medaka and zebrafish, whereas secondary sex characteristics are measured in fathead minnow and Japanese medaka.
Varighed af eksponering for kemikaliet
Additionally, quantitative fecundity is monitored daily throughout the test.
Biologiske endepunkter
Gonads are also preserved and histopathology may be evaluated to assess the reproductive fitness of the test animals and to add to the weight of evidence of other endpoints.
overlevelse
This bioassay serves as an in vivo reproductive screening assay and its application should be seen in the context of the “OECD Conceptual Framework for the Testing and Assessment of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals” (30).
adfærd
In this Conceptual Framework the Fish Short Term Reproduction Assay is proposed at Level 3 as an in vivo assay providing data about selected endocrine mechanism(s)/pathway(s).
frugtbarhed
Vitellogenin (VTG) is normally produced by the liver of female oviparous vertebrates in response to circulating endogenous oestrogen.
sek. kønskarakteristika
It is a precursor of egg yolk proteins and, once produced in the liver, travels in the bloodstream to the ovary, where it is taken up and modified by developing eggs.
eventuelt histopatologisk undersøgelse af kønskirtler
Vitellogenin is almost undetectable in the plasma of immature female and male fish because they lack sufficient circulating oestrogen; however, the liver is capable of synthesising and secreting vitellogenin in response to exogenous oestrogen stimulation.
Testgodkendelse
The measurement of vitellogenin serves for the detection of chemicals with various oestrogenic modes of action.
Opløst ilt ≥ 60 % af mætning; gennemsnitlig temperatur på 25 ± 2 °C; 90 % overlevelse for fisk i kontrollerne; målte koncentrationer inden for 20 % af de gennemsnitlige målte værdier pr. behandlingsniveau.
The detection of oestrogenic chemicals is possible via the measurement of vitellogenin induction in male fish, and it has been abundantly documented in the scientific peer-reviewed literature (e.g. (7)).
Opløst ilt ≥ 60 % af mætning; gennemsnitlig temperatur på 26 ± 2 °C; 90 % overlevelse for fisk i kontrollerne; målte koncentrationer inden for 20 % af de gennemsnitlige målte værdier pr. behandlingsniveau.
Vitellogenin induction has also been demonstrated following exposure to aromatisable androgens (8, 9).
KEMISKE EGENSKABER FOR ACCEPTABELT FORTYNDINGSVAND
A reduction in the circulating level of oestrogen in females, for instance through the inhibition of the aromatase converting the endogenous androgen to the natural oestrogen 17β-estradiol, causes a decrease in the VTG level which is used to detect chemicals having aromatase inhibiting properties (10, 11).
KOMPONENT
The biological relevance of the vitellogenin response following oestrogenic/aromatase inhibition is established and has been broadly documented.
Organiske phosphorpesticider i alt
This is the case of species-specific Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) methods using immunochemistry for the quantification of VTG produced in small blood or liver samples collected from individual fish (12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18).
< 50 μg/l
Fathead minnow blood, zebrafish blood or head/tail homogenate, and medaka liver are sampled for VTG measurement.
Tillæg 4A
In medaka, there is a good correlation between VTG measured from blood and from liver (19).
GYDNINGSSUBSTRAT TIL ZEBRAFISK
Appendix 6 provides the recommended procedures for sample collection for VTG analysis.
Gydningsbakke
Kits for the measurement of VTG are widely available; such kits should be based on a validated species-specific ELISA method.
instrumentbakke af glas, f.eks. 22 × 15 × 5,5 cm (l × b × d), dækket med et aftageligt rustfrit metalgitter (maskebredde 2 mm).
Secondary sex characteristics in male fish of certain species are externally visible, quantifiable and responsive to circulating levels of endogenous androgens; this is the case for the fathead minnow and the medaka — but not for zebrafish which does not possess quantifiable secondary sex characteristics.
Gitteret bør dække instrumentbakkens åbning på et niveau under kanten.
Females maintain the capacity to develop male secondary sex characteristics, when they are exposed to androgenic chemicals in water.
Gydningssubstratet fastgøres på gitteret.
Several studies are available in the scientific literature to document this type of response in fathead minnow (20) and medaka (21).
Plastmaterialet bør være udvasket i et tilstrækkeligt volumen varmt vand, til at sikre at ingen kemikalier kan afgives til testvandet.
A decrease in secondary sex characteristics in males should be interpreted with caution because of low statistical power, and should be based on expert judgement and weight of evidence.
Ved brug af glasmaterialer sikres det, at fiskene hverken skades eller sidder fast i forbindelse med deres kraftige aktivitet.
There are limitations to the use of zebrafish in this assay, due to the absence of quantifiable secondary sex characteristics responsive to androgenic acting chemicals.
Afstanden mellem bakken og glaspladen bør være mindst 3 cm, for at sikre at gydningen ikke sker uden for bakken.
In the fathead minnow, the main indicator of exogenous androgenic exposure is the number of nuptial tubercles located on the snout of the female fish.
De æg, der lægges på bakken, falder gennem gitteret og kan udtages 45-60 min. efter belysningens start.
In the medaka, the number of papillary processes constitutes the main marker of exogenous exposure to androgenic chemicals in female fish.
De gennemsigtige æg er ikke-klæbende og kan let tælles med tværgående lys.
Appendix 5A and Appendix 5B indicate the recommended procedures to follow for the evaluation of sex characteristics in fathead minnow and in medaka, respectively.
Når der bruges fem hunner pr. beholder, kan et antal æg på op til 20 om dagen betragtes som lavt, op til 100 som middel og over 100 som højt.
The 21-day fish assay includes the evaluation of quantitative egg production and preservation of gonads for optional histopathology examination.
Gydningsbakken fjernes, æggene indsamles, og gydningsbakken anbringes i testbeholderen igen, enten så sent som muligt om aftenen eller meget tidligt om morgenen.
Some regulatory authorities may require this additional endpoint for a more complete evaluation of the reproductive fitness of the test animals, or in cases where vitellogenin and secondary sex characteristics did not respond to the chemical exposure.
Bakken skal anbringes senest efter en time, da gydningssubstratet ellers kan forårsage individuel parring og gydning på et usædvanligt tidspunkt.
Although some endpoints may be highly diagnostic (e.g. VTG induction in males and tubercle formation in females), not all endpoints (e.g. fecundity and gonad histopathology) in the assay are intended to unequivocally identify specific cellular mechanisms of action.
Hvis situationen kræver, at gydningsbakken anbringes senere, skal det ske mindst ni timer efter belysningens start.
Rather, the suite of endpoints, collectively, allows inferences to be made with regard to possible endocrine disturbances and thus provide guidance for further testing.
På dette sene tidspunkt på dagen induceres gydning ikke længere.
Although not endocrine specific, fecundity, due to its demonstrated sensitivity across known endocrine active chemicals (5), is an important endpoint to include because when it and other endpoints are unaffected one is more confident that a compound is not likely endocrine active.
Tillæg 4B
However, when fecundity is affected it will contribute heavily in weight of evidence inferences.
GYDNINGSSUBSTRAT TIL TYKHOVEDET ELRITSE
Guidance on data interpretation and acceptance of test results is provided further in this test method.
To eller tre kombinerede gydningsfliser og bakker af plast/keramik/glas eller rustfrit stål anbringes i hvert testkammer (f.eks. 80 mm lang grå halvcirkelformet rende på en 130 mm lang bakke med kanter) (se billede).
Definitions used in this test method are given in Appendix 1.
Korrekt tørrede PVC-fliser eller keramikfliser har vist sig at være egnede til at modtage et gydningssubstrat (Thorpe et al., 2007).
In the assay, male and female fish in a reproductive status are exposed together in test vessels.
Det anbefales, at fliserne slibes for at fremme adhæsion.
Their adult and reproductive status enables a clear differentiation of each sex, and thus a sex-related analysis of each endpoint, and ensures their sensitivity towards exogenous chemicals.
Bakken bør desuden afskærmes for at hindre fiskenes adgang til de nedfaldne æg, medmindre det har vist sig, at æg klæber til det anvendte gydningssubstrat.
At test termination, sex is confirmed by macroscopic examination of the gonads following ventral opening of the abdomen with scissors.
Bunden er udformet, så den indeholder eventuelle æg, der ikke klæber til flisens overflade og derfor falder ned i bunden af beholderen (eller de æg, der lægges direkte på den flade plastbund).
An overview of the relevant bioassay conditions are provided in Appendix 2.
Alt gydningssubstrat bør udvaskes i mindst 12 timer i fortyndingsvand inden brug.
The assay is normally initiated with fish sampled from a population that is in spawning condition; senescent animals should not be used.
Tillæg 5A
Guidance on the age of fish and on the reproductive status is provided in the section on Selection of fish.
VURDERING AF SEKUNDÆRE KØNSKARAKTERISTIKA HOS TYKHOVEDET ELRITSE MED HENBLIK PÅ PÅVISNING AF VISSE HORMONFORSTYRRENDE KEMIKALIER
The assay is conducted using three chemical exposure concentrations as well as a water control, and a solvent control if necessary.
Oversigt
Two vessels or replicates per treatment are used for zebrafish (each vessel containing 5 males and 5 females).
Potentielt vigtige udseenderelaterede karakteristika hos voksne fisk af arten tykhovedet elritse i test til påvisning af hormonforstyrrende stoffer omfatter kropsfarve (lys/mørk), farvemønstre (tilstedeværelse eller fravær af lodrette bånd), kropsform (hoved- og brystområde, udvidet abdomen) og specifikke sekundære kønskarakteristika (antal og størrelse af legevorter, størrelse af nakkefremspring og æglægningsorgan).
Four vessels or replicates per treatment are used for fathead minnow (each vessel containing 2 males and 4 females).
Legevorter befinder sig på hovedet (nakkefremspringet) hos formeringsaktive tykhovedet elritse-hanner og er sædvanligvis arrangeret i et bilateralt symmetrisk mønster (Jensen et al., 2001).
This is to accommodate the territorial behaviour of male fathead minnow while maintaining sufficient power of the assay.
Hunner og afkom af hankøn og hunkøn i kontrollerne udvikler ikke vorter (Jensen et al., 2001).
Four vessels or replicates per treatment are used for medaka (each vessel containing 3 males and 3 females).
Der kan være op til otte individuelle vorter omkring hannernes øjne og mellem næseborene.
The exposure is conducted for 21-days and sampling of fish is performed at day 21 of exposure.
Det største antal og de største vorter befinder sig i to parallelle linjer umiddelbart under næseborene og omkring munden.
Quantitative fecundity is monitored daily.
Det faktiske antal vorter er sjældent højere end 30 (interval: 18-28; Jensen et al., 2001).
Secondary sex characteristics are measured in fathead minnow and medaka (see Appendix 5A and Appendix 5B); blood samples are collected for determination of VTG in zebrafish and fathead minnow, alternatively head/tail can be collected for the determination of VTG in zebrafish (Appendix 6); liver is collected for VTG analysis in medaka (Appendix 6); gonads are fixed either in whole or dissected for potential histopathological evaluation (22).
De fremherskende vorter (for så vidt angår antal) er til stede som en enkelt, relativt rund struktur med en højde omtrent svarende til radius.
TEST ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA
De fleste formeringsaktive hanner har også, i det mindste nogle, vorter, som er så forstørrede og fremtrædende, at de ikke kan skelnes som individuelle strukturer.
For the test results to be acceptable the following conditions apply:
Visse typer hormonforstyrrende kemikalier kan forårsage abnormal forekomst af visse sekundære kønskarakteristika hos det modsatte køn; androgenreceptoragonister, såsom methyltestosteron-17α eller trenbolon-17β, kan f.eks. få tykhovedet elritse-hunner til at udvikle legevorter (Smith, 1974; Ankley et al., 2001; 2003), mens østrogenreceptoragonister kan mindske antallet eller størrelsen af legevorter hos hanner (Miles-Richardson et al., 1999; Harries et al., 2000).
the mortality in the water (or solvent) controls should not exceed 10 per cent at the end of the exposure period;
Specifikke produkter og/eller specifikt udstyr kan erstattes med tilgængelige sammenlignelige alternativer.
the dissolved oxygen concentration should be at least 60 per cent of the air saturation value (ASV) throughout the exposure period;
Observation opnås bedst med et forstørrelsesglas med lys eller et 3X-dissektionsmikroskop med lys.
the water temperature should not differ by more than ± 1,5 °C between test vessels at any one time during the exposure period and be maintained within a range of 2 °C within the temperature ranges specified for the test species (Appendix 2);
Observer fisken fra ryggen og med forenden fremad (hoved mod objektiv).
evidence should be available to demonstrate that the concentrations of the test chemical in solution have been satisfactorily maintained within ±20 % of the mean measured values;
Anbring fisken i en lille petriskål (f.eks. 100 mm i diameter) med forenden fremad og bugen nedad.
evidence that fish are actively spawning in all replicates prior to initiating chemical exposure and in control replicates during the test.
Rul forsigtigt og langsomt fisken fra side til side for at identificere områder med vorter.
oxygen and pH meters;
Tæl og scor vorterne.
equipment for determination of water hardness and alkalinity;
Gentag observationen for den ventrale overflade af hovedet ved at anbringe fisken på ryggen med forenden fremad i petriskålen.
adequate apparatus for temperature control and preferably continuous monitoring;
Observationer skal være afsluttet inden for to minutter pr. fisk.
tanks made of chemically inert material and of a suitable capacity in relation to the recommended loading and stocking density (see Appendix 2);
Tælling og vurdering af vorter
spawning substrate for fathead minnow and zebrafish, Appendix 4 gives the necessary details.
Der er identificeret seks områder for vurdering af tilstedeværelsen og udviklingen af vorter hos voksen tykhovedet elritse.
suitably accurate balance (i.e. accurate to ± 0,5 mg).
Der er udviklet en model for kortlægning af placering af og antal vorter (se sidst i dette tillæg).
Any water in which the test species shows suitable long-term survival and growth may be used as test water.
Antallet af vorter registreres, og deres størrelse kan kvantitativt vurderes som følger: 0 — fraværende, 1 — tilstedeværende, 2 — forstørret og 3 — udtalt for hver organisme (figur 1).
The pH of the water should be within the range 6,5 to 8,5, but during a given test it should be within a range of ± 0,5 pH units.
Score 0 — fravær af vorter.
In order to ensure that the dilution water will not unduly influence the test result (for example by complexion of test chemical); samples should be taken at intervals for analysis.
Score 1 — tilstedeværelse af vorter; identificeres som vorter med et enkelt punkt, hvis højde stort set svarer til dets radius.
Measurements of heavy metals (e.g. Cu, Pb, Zn, Hg, Cd, and Ni), major anions and cations (e.g. Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl–, and SO42–), pesticides (e.g. total organophosphorus and total organochlorine pesticides), total organic carbon and suspended solids should be made, for example, every three months where dilution water is known to be relatively constant in quality.
Score 2 — forstørret vorte; identificeres som væv, der ligner en asterisk, normalt med en stor radial base med fordybninger ud fra midten.
If water quality has been demonstrated to be constant over at least one year, determinations can be less frequent and intervals extended (e.g. every six months).
Vorten er ofte mere forrevet, men kan undertiden være en smule afrundet.
Some chemical characteristics of acceptable dilution water are listed in Appendix 3.
Score 3 — udtalt vorte; er normalt ret stor og afrundet med mindre defineret struktur.
The stock solution should preferably be prepared by simply mixing or agitating the test chemical in dilution water by using mechanical means (e.g. stirring or ultrasonication).
Vorterne løber nogle gange sammen og danner en enkelt masse i et område eller en kombination af områder (B, C og D, beskrevet nedenfor).
Saturation columns (solubility columns) can be used for achieving a suitable concentrated stock solution.
Farve og mønster ligner score 2, men kan være forholdsvis vilkårligt.
However, in case a solvent is necessary, a solvent control should be run in parallel, at the same solvent concentration as the chemical treatments.
Med dette vurderingssystem opnås normalt en samlet score for vorter på < 50 hos en normal han i kontroller med 18-20 vorter (Jensen et al., 2001).
For difficult to test chemicals, a solvent may be technically the best solution; the OECD guidance document on aquatic toxicity testing of difficult substances and mixtures should be consulted (23).
Det faktiske antal vorter kan hos nogle fisk være større end antallet af kasser i modellen for et givet vurderingsområde.
The choice of solvent will be determined by the chemical properties of the substance or mixture.
Yderligere vurderingstal kan i givet fald markeres i, til højre for eller til venstre for kassen.
The OECD guidance document recommends a maximum of 100 μl/l, which should be observed.
Modellen skal således ikke nødvendigvis være symmetrisk.
However a recent review (24) highlighted additional concerns when using solvents for endocrine activity testing.