natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
ISO (1995), ISO 10634 Water Quality — Guidance for the preparation and treatment of poorly water-soluble organic compounds for the subsequent evaluation of their biodegradability in aqueous medium, Den Internationale Standardiseringsorganisation.
8 - 13
OECD 2006, Current approaches in the statistical analysis of ecotoxicity data:
15 - 20
Derved fås en indikation af, om der skal træffes særlige skridt til at kontrollere sådanne tab. Er oplysningerne om testkemikaliets opløselighed og stabilitet usikre, anbefales det at vurdere disse under testbetingelserne, dvs. med samme næringssubstrat, temperatur og belysning som i testen.
22 - 27
Hvis der anvendes et opløsnings- eller dispergeringsmiddel, skal dets slutkoncentration rapporteres og holdes så lav som mulig (≤ 100 μl/l), og der skal være samme koncentration af opløsnings- eller dispergeringsmiddel i alle behandlings- og kontrolgrupper.
measurement of water quality (see paragraph 52);
Som parametre for toksicitet er der derfor fire ECx-værdier for hvert beregnet hæmningsniveau x:
end of uptake phase;
ErCx (bladantal), ErCx (totalt bladareal, tørvægt eller frisk vægt), EyCx (bladantal) og EyCx (totalt bladareal, tørvægt eller frisk vægt).
retaining of sufficient subsamples of worms for determination of analytical background values, wet and dry weight, and lipid content;
Statistiske metoder
transfer worms from remaining exposed replicates to vessels containing clean sediment for elimination phase (no gut-purging);
ASTM International (2003), Standard Guide for Conducting Static Toxicity Test With Lemna gibba G3, E 1415-91 (Reapproved 1998), s. 733-742.
sampling of water, sediment and worms from solvent controls; sampling of trapping solutions, if installed.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 11.05 Biological Effects and Environmental Fate, Biotechnology, Pesticides, ASTM, West Conshohocken, PA.
Pre-exposure activities (equilibration phase) should be scheduled taking into account the properties of the test substance.
US EPA — United States Environmental Protection Agency (1996), OPPTS 850.4400 Aquatic Plant Toxicity Test Using Lemna spp., »Public draft«, EPA 712-C-96-156, s. 8 ff.
If required, conditioning of the prepared sediment under overlying water at 20 ± 2 °C for 7 days;
AFNOR — Association Française de Normalisation (1996), XP T 90-337:
in this case, earlier preparation of the sediment!
Détermination de l'inhibition de la croissance de Lemna minor, s. 10 ff.
Activities described for day 2 should be performed daily (at least on workdays).
SSI — Swedish Standards Institute (1995), Water quality — Determination of growth inhibition (7-d) Lemna minor, duckweed, SS 02 82 13, s. 15 ff.
Elimination phase
Swedish Standards Institute (SIS) (1995), Water quality — Determination of growth inhibition (7-d) Lemna minor, duckweed, SS 02 82 13, s. 15 ff.
Mixing of all sediment constituents;
Environment Canada (1999), Biological Test Method:
incubation at test conditions;
Environment Canada (1993), Proposed Guidelines for Registration of Chemical Pesticides:
0 (day 28 of uptake phase)
I. Sims, P. Whitehouse og R. Lacey (1999), The OECD Lemna Growth Inhibition Test, Development and Ring-testing of draft OECD Test Guideline.
Measurement of water quality (see paragraph 52);
R&D Technical Report EMA 003, WRc plc — Environment Agency.
transfer worms from remaining exposed replicates to vessels containing clean sediment;
OECD (2000), Guidance Document on Aquatic Toxicity Testing of Difficult Substances and Mixtures.
after 4 - 6 h removing replicates for taking samples of water, sediment and worms for determination of test substance concentration;
OECD Environmental Health and Safety Publications, Series on Testing and Assessment No. 23, Organisationen for Økonomisk Samarbejde og Udvikling, Paris.
controlling air supply, worm behaviour, water quality (see paragraph 52);
C. T. Walbridge (1977), A flow-through testing procedure with duckweed (Lemna minor L.), Environmental Research Laboratory — Duluth, Minnesota 55804
8 - 9
L. Lockhart, B. N. Billeck og C. L. Baron (1989), Bioassays with a floating plant (Lemna minor) for effects of sprayed and dissolved glyphosate, Hydrobiologia, 118/119, 353-359.
sampling of water, sediment and worms from solvent controls;
Huebert og J.M.
sampling of trapping solutions, if installed.
Shay (1993), Considerations in the assessment of toxicity using duckweeds, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 12, 481-483.
Preparation of the sediment prior to start of elimination phase should be done in the same manner as before the uptake phase.
E. R. Christensen og N. Nyholm (1984), Ecotoxicological Assays with Algae:
Some physical-chemical characteristics of an acceptable dilution water
Weibull Dose-Response Curves.
< 2μg/l
Technol, 19, 713-718.
COMPOSITION OF THE RECOMMENDED RECONSTITUTED WATER
N. Nyholm, P. S. Sørensen, K. O. Kusk og E. R. Christensen (1992), Statistical treatment of data from microbial toxicity tests.
The sum of the calcium and magnesium ions in this solution is 2,5 mmol/l.
R. D. Bruce og D. J. Versteeg (1992), A statistical procedure for modelling continuous toxicity data, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 11, 1485-1494.
The pH of an acceptable dilution water should be in the range of 6 - 9.
OECD (2006), Current Approaches in the Statistical Analysis of Ecotoxicity Data:
Artificial sediment — preparation and storage recommendations
A Guidance to Application, Organisationen for Økonomisk Samarbejde og Udvikling, Paris.
In contrast to the requirements in test method C.8 (40) the peat content of the artificial sediment is recommended to be 2 % instead of 10 % of dry weight, in order to correspond to a low to moderate organic content of natural sediments (58).
T. J. Norberg-King (1988), An interpolation estimate for chronic toxicity:
Percentage of dry constituents of the artificial sediment:
The ICp approach, National Effluent Toxicity Assessment Center Technical Report 05-88.
% of dry sediment
Dunnett (1955), A multiple comparisons procedure for comparing several treatments with a control, J. Amer. Statist.
Folia urticae, powdered leaves of Urtica sp.
C. W.
(stinging nettle), finely ground (particle size ≤ 0,5 mm), or a mixture of powdered leaves of Urtica sp. with alpha-cellulose (1:1);
Dunnett (1964), New tables for multiple comparisons with a control, Biometrics, 20, 482-491.
in accordance with pharmacy standards, for human consumption;
D. A. Williams (1971), A test for differences between treatment means when several dose levels are compared with a zero dose control, Biometrics, 27:
in addition to dry sediment
D. A. Williams (1972), The comparison of several dose levels with a zero dose control, Biometrics, 28:
If elevated ammonia concentrations are expected, e.g. if the test substance is known to inhibit the nitrification, it may be useful to replace 50 % of the nitrogen-rich urtica powder by cellulose (e.g., α-Cellulose powder, chemically pure, particle size ≤ 0,5 mm).
P. Brain og R. Cousens (1989), An equation to describe dose-responses where there is stimulation of growth at low doses, Weed Research, 29, 93-96.
The peat is air-dried and ground to a fine powder (grain size ≤ 0,5 mm, no visible plant remains).
N. A. Clark (1925), The rate of reproduction of Lemna major as a function of intensity and duration of light, J. phys.
The pH is measured again and is adjusted to 6,0 ± 0,5 with CaCO3 if necessary.
935-941.
Then all of the suspension is mixed with the other dry constituents, taking into account any portion used for spiking.
Lemna minor:
The remaining deionised water is added to obtain a homogeneous sediment.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) (1996), OPPTS 850.4400 Aquatic Plant Toxicity Test Using Lemna spp., »Public draft«, EPA 712-C-96-156, s. 8 ff.
The pH is measured again and is adjusted to 6,5 to 7,5 with CaCO3 if necessary.
, XP T 90-337:
If ammonia development is expected, the artificial sediment may be conditioned for seven days under the same conditions which prevail in the subsequent test (e.g. sediment-water ratio 1: 4, height of sediment layer as in test vessels) before it is spiked with the test substance, i.e. it should be topped with water, which should be aerated.
Détermination de l'inhibition de la croissance de Lemna minor, s. 10 ff.
Samples of the sediment are taken to determine dry weight and total organic carbon content (e.g. 3 samples).
(på svensk).
Thereafter, the spiked quartz sand is mixed with the sediment for each treatment level, the sediment is distributed to the replicate test vessels, and topped with the test water (e.g. sediment-water ratio 1 : 4, height of sediment layer as in test vessels).
Lemna gibba:
The chosen food source should be added prior to or during spiking the sediment with the test substance.
ASTM International (2003), Standard Guide for Conducting Static Toxicity Test With Lemna gibba G3, E 1415-91 (Reapproved 1998), s. 733-742.
In order to ensure that the food is in sufficient contact with the test substance, the food source should be mixed with the sediment not later than on the day the test substance is spiked to the sediment.
Lemna paucicostata: Y.
Exceptions may be made where the length of the equilibration period leads to excessive microbial degradation of the food before the test organisms are added.
Nasu og M. Kugimoto (1981), Lemna (duckweed) as an indicator of water pollution.
Samples of the sediment are taken to determine dry weight and total organic carbon (e.g. 3 samples of spiked or control sediment).
I. The sensitivity of Lemna paucicostata to heavy metals, Arch.
The dry weight of the components (peat, sand, kaolin) should be reported in g and in per cent of total dry weight.
J. R. Clark et al.
The volume of water to be added to the dry components during preparation of the sediment should also be reported in per cent of total dry weight (e.g. 100 % dry weight + 46 % water means 1000 g d.w. receive a total of 460 ml water, which results in 1460 g wet sediment).
, Accumulation and depuration of metals by duckweed (Lemna perpusilla), Ecotoxicol.
The dry constituents of the artificial sediment may be stored in a dry, cool place at room temperature.
Environ.
The prepared, wet sediment may be stored (for further use in the culture only) at 4 ± 2 °C in the dark for a period of 2 to 4 weeks from the day of preparation (8).
D. B. Huebert og J. M. Shay (1993), Considerations in the assessment of toxicity using duckweeds, Environ.
Sediment spiked with the test substance should be used immediately unless there is information indicating that the particular sediment can be stored without affecting the toxicity and bioavailability of the test substance.
T. C. Hutchinson og H. Czyrska (1975), Heavy metal toxicity and synergism to floating aquatic weeds, Verh.-Int.
Samples of spiked sediment may be stored under the conditions recommended for the particular test substance until analysis.
Ver.
Oligochaetes species recommended for bioaccumulation testing
CCAP, Culture Collection of Algae and Protozoa
Tubifex tubifex (MÜLLER),Tubificidae, Oligochaeta
Tlf.:
The tubificid oligochaete (Tubificidae, Oligochaeta) Tubifex tubifex (Müller) lives in freshwater sediments in tubes which are lined with mucus.
+1 (919) 515-7572
In these tubes the worms dwell head down, ingesting sediment particles utilising the associated microorganisms and organic debris.
+46 8 674 7240 Fax:
The posterior portion usually undulates in the overlying water for respiration purposes.
+46 8 674 7636
Although this species inhabits a wide range of sediment types all over the northern hemisphere, Tubifex tubifex prefers relatively fine grain sizes (59).
S. Hillman (1961), The Lemnaceae or duckweeds:
The suitability of this species for ecotoxicological testing is described for example in (8)(29)(31)(39)(60)(62)(63).
A review of the descriptive and experimental literature, The Botanical Review, 27:221-287.
In order to have a sufficient number of Tubifex tubifex for conducting bioaccumulation tests the worms have to be kept in permanent laboratory culture.
E. Landolt (1986), Biosystematic investigations in the family of duckweed (Lemnaceae), Vol. 2, Geobotanischen Inst.
A system consisting of artificial sediment based on the artificial soil according to Test Method C.8 (40) and reconstituted water according to test method C.1 is recommended for T. tubifex culture (8).
ETH, Stiftung Rubel, Zürich, Switzerland.
Each culture container is loaded with a layer of wet artificial sediment prepared as described in Appendix 5.
Seed Germination/Root Elongation Toxicity Test
Only intact and clearly identified specimens of Tubifex tubifex (e.g. (64)) are used to start a test or new cultures.
L. J. Audus (1964), Herbicide behaviour in the soil, in:
Information on the biology, culture conditions, and sensitivity of the species can be obtained from (1)(6)(9)(36).
Implications for risk assessment, Ecotoxicology vol. 13(4):
Static or semi-static cultures should receive lower feeding rates to prevent bacterial and fungal growth.
A Guidance to Application, Series on Testing and Assessment No 54, Organisationen for Økonomisk Samarbejde og Udvikling, Paris.
Injuries or autotomy in the worms should be prevented, e.g. by using pipettes with fire polished edges, or stainless steel picks for handling these worms.
K. K. Hatzios og D. Penner (1985), Interactions of herbicides with other agrochemicals in higher plants, Rev.
An issue to be regarded critically when using L. variegatus in sediment bioaccumulation tests is its reproduction mode (architomy followed by morphallaxis).
, A method for assessing herbicide performance in small plot experiments, Weed Science 25:386-389.
This means that in L. variegatus sediment and contaminant uptake via ingestion may not take place continuously as in tubificids, which do not reproduce by fragmentation.
PRÆ & POST (31)
A lack of reproduction in a bioaccumulation test with L. variegatus should be recorded, and considered when interpreting the test results.
PRÆ & POST (28)
1996, (67) respectively).
C. C. Baskin og J. M. Baskin (1998), Seeds, Academic Press, Toronto.
No single technique for culturing the test organisms is required.
L. G. Blackburn og C. Boutin (2003), Subtle effects of herbicide use in the context of genetically modified crops:
The organisms can be cultured using uncontaminated, natural sediment (31).
a case study with glyphosate (Round-Up®), Ecotoxicology, 12:271-285.
Practical experience showed that a medium consisting of natural sediment and sand improves the condition of the worms compared to pure natural sediment (32)(67).
Lee, T. Peart, P. S. Batchelor og R. J. Maguire (2000), Effects of the sulfonylurea herbicide metsulfuron methyl on growth and reproduction of five wetland and terrestrial plant species, Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry, 19(10):2532-2541.
3 L-beakers containing 1500 ml sediment/water medium, consisting of 375 ml of natural uncontaminated sediment (about 10 % Total Organic Carbon; about 17 % of the particles ≤ 63 μm), 375 ml of clean sand (M32), and 750 ml of reconstituted or dechlorinated tap water can be used for the culture (31)(32)(67).
C. Boutin, N. Elmegaard og C. Kjær (2004), Toxicity testing of fifteen non-crop plant species with six herbicides in a greenhouse experiment:
Paper towels also can be used as a substrate for culturing, but population growth is lower than in natural sediment.
implications for risk assessment, Ecotoxicology, 13:349-369.
In semi-static systems the water layer in the beaker is slowly aerated, and the overlying water should be renewed weekly.
V. Breeze, G. Thomas og R. Butler (1992), Use of a model and toxicity data to predict the risks to some wild plant species from drift of four herbicides, Annals of Applied Biology, 121:669-677.
Each beaker contains 25 young worms to start with.
R. A. Brown og D. Farmer (1991), Track-sprayer and glasshouse techniques for terrestrial plant bioassays with pesticides, in:
After two months the large worms are picked out of the sediment with a pair of tweezers and are put in a new beaker with freshly made sediment/water medium.
ASTM STP 1115, J. W.
The old beaker also contains cocoons and young worms.
R. Lower, W.
Up to 400 young worms per beaker can be harvested in this way.
D. D. Buhler og M. L. Hoffman (1999), Anderson's guide to practical methods of propagating weeds and other plants, Weed Science Society of America, K. Lawrence.
Adults worms can be used for reproduction for at least one year.
A. R. Clapham, T. G. Tutin og E. F. Warburg (1981), Excursion flora of the British Isles, 3rd ed., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
The cultures should be maintained at a temperature of 21 to 25 °C.
P. A. Clay og J. L. Griffin (2000), Weed seed production and seedling emergence response to late-season glyphosate applications, Weed Science, 48:481-486.
Variation of temperature should be kept below ± 2 °C.
R. H. Webster (1979), Technical Report No. 56:
Chapter C.29, Ready biodegradability CO2 in sealed vessels
Westheide og D. Bethge-Beilfuss (1991), The sublethal enchytraeid test system:
A. Mudroch, J.M.
Determination of acute toxicity using Artificial Soil substrate, No. 11268-1, ISO, Genève.
The same procedure should be followed with the reference chemical, to give flasks FR1-3
Determination of effects on reproduction, No. 11268-2, ISO, Genève.
The use of gas-tight silicone septa is recommended.
S. Rundgren og A. K. Augustsson (1998), Test on the enchytraeid Cognettia sphagnetorum (Vejdovsky 1877), in:
It is further recommended that the gas-tightness of caps, especially butyl rubber septa, be tested because several commercially available septa are not sufficiently gas-tight against methane and some septa do not stay tight when they are pierced with a needle under the conditions of the test.Gas tight coated septa are recommended and must be used for volatile chemicals (some commercial septa are relatively thin, less than 0,5 cm, and do not stay gas tight after piercing with syringe needle);Butyl rubber septa (about 1 cm) are recommended, if the test substances are not volatile (these normally stay gas tight after piercing.)Prior to the test it is recommended that the septa are carefully examined for their ability to stay gas tight after piercing.
H. Løkke og C. A. M. Van Gestel, Handbook of soil invertebrate toxicity tests, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, 73-94.
The meter should be used and calibrated at regular intervals, according to the manufacturer's instructions.
S. Heiden, R. Erb, W.
It is recommended to set bubblers at levels that do not create undue stress on the tadpoles.
Dott og A. Eisentraeger (eds.), Spektrum Verl., Heidelberg.
At 20 °C under standard atmospheric pressure the ASV in freshwater equals 9,1 mg/l (60 % equals 5,46 mg/l)
ISO (Den Internationale Standardiseringsorganisation) (1994), Soil Quality — Determination of pH, No. 10390, ISO, Genève.
Mercury (II) chloride (HgCl2) is a very toxic substance which should be handled with suitable precautions.
Bell (1958), The anatomy of Enchytraeus albidus, with a key to the species of the genus Enchytraeus, Ann.
Aqueous wastes containing this chemical should be disposed of appropriately;
C. O. Nielsen og B. Christensen (1959), The Enchytraeidae, critical revision and taxonomy of European species, Natura Jutlandica 8-9, 1-160.
they should not be discharged into the waste water system.
Remarques sur le genre Enchytraeus, Ann.
Digested sludge is a mixture of the settled phases of sewage and activated sludge, which have been incubated in an anaerobic digester at about 35 °C to reduce biomass and odour problems and to improve the dewater-ability of the sludge.
D. J. Finney (1971), Probit Analysis (3rd ed.), s. 19-76, Cambridge Univ.
It is further recommended that the gas-tightness of caps, especially butyl rubber septa, be tested because several commercially available septa are not sufficiently gas-tight against methane and some septa do not stay tight when they are pierced with a needle under the conditions of the test.
D. J. Finney (1978), Statistical Method in Biological Assay, Charles Griffin & Company Ltd, London.
The device should be used and calibrated at regular intervals, according to the manufacturer's instructions.
M. A. Hamilton, R. C. Russo og R. V. Thurston (1977), Trimmed Spearman-Karber Method for estimating median lethal concentrations in toxicity bioassays, Environ.
The accuracy of the calibration can be checked at the laboratory with a one-point measurement at 1 × 105 Pa against a pressure-meter with a mechanical display.
M. A. Hamilton, R. C. Russo og R. V. Thurston (1977), Trimmed Spearman-Karber Method for estimating median lethal concentrations in toxicity bioassays, Environ.
If other measurement devices are used (without certified calibration by the manufacturer), calibration is recommended over the total range at regular intervals.
Technol.
This should be re-evaluated if adsorptive and insoluble reference chemicals are included.
D. A. Williams (1971), A test for differences between treatment means when several dose levels are compared with a zero dose control, Biometrics 27, 103-117.
Column leaching studies with crop protection products may provide mobility information on a test chemical and its transformation products and may supplement batch sorption studies.
Ass.
§ The respective variables should preferably show values within the range given.
Dunnett (1964), New Tables for Multiple Comparisons with a Control, Biometrics 20, 482-491.
If, however, difficulties in finding appropriate soil material occur, values below the indicated minimum are accepted.
N. van der Hoeven (1998), Power analysis for the NOEC:
‡ Soils with less than 0,3 % organic carbon may disturb correlation between organic content and adsorption.
What is the probability of detecting small toxic effects on three different species using the appropriate standardized test protocols?, Ecotoxicology 7:
Thus, it is recommended to use soils with a minimum organic carbon content of 0,3 %.
P. H. Van Ewijk og J. A. Hoekstra (1993), Calculation of the EC50 and its confidence interval when sub-toxic stimulus is present, Ecotox, Environ.
The original proposal for this test method was based on an article by C.V. Eadsforth and P. Moser (1).
Bundesamst. f. Land- Forstwirtsch.
J.E.
ISO, Genève.
C. Hansch, chairman;
C. A. Edwards og J. P. Bohlen (1996), Biology and ecology of Earthworms, 3rd Edition, Chapman and Hall, London.
Toshio Fujita, Junkichi Iwasa & Corwin Hansch (1964).
Der henvises desuden bl.a. til ASTM Standard Guide for Determination of the Bioaccumulation of Sediment-Associated Contaminants by Benthic Invertebrates (3), the U.S.
CCAP, Culture Collection of Algae and Protozoa
EPA Methods for Measuring the Toxicity and Bioaccumulation of Sediment-Associated Contaminants with Freshwater Invertebrates (7) og ASTM Standard Guide for Collection, Storage, Characterization, and Manipulation of Sediments for Toxicological Testing and for selection of samplers used to collect benthic invertebrates (12).
Collection of Algal Cultures
Hvis det antages, at tørstofindholdet er på 17,1 % (48), giver det ca. 9-17 mg tør biomasse pr. beholder.
Nikolausberger Weg 18
EC (2003), Technical Guidance Document in support of Commission Directive 93/67/EEC on Risk Assessment for new notified substances, Commission Regulation (EC) No 1488/94 on Risk Assessment for existing substances and Directive 98/8/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning the placing of biocidal products on the market;
UTEX Culture Collection of Algae
Biotechnology;
60-80 [1]
A review of methods and applications, Environ.
Painter, H. A. (1986).
Implications for sediment toxicity testing, Environ.
ISO (1995).
M. T. Leppänen og J. V. K. Kukkonen (1998b), Factors affecting feeding rate, reproduction and growth of an oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus (Müller), Hydrobiologia 377:
ISO 10634 Water Quality — Guidance for the preparation and treatment of poorly water-soluble organic compounds for the subsequent evaluation of their biodegradability in aqueous medium, International Organization for Standardization.