natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Anbringes på is under brug.
Prior knowledge of the toxicity of the test chemical from a range-finding test will help to select suitable test concentrations.
Dunns test
To determine an ECx, test concentrations should bracket the ECx to ensure an appropriate level of confidence.
Tamhane-Dunnett test
The use of more test concentrations will improve the confidence interval around the resulting ECx value.
Varianser ullige
To determine the LOEC/NOEC (optional endpoint), the lowest test concentration should be sufficiently low such that growth is not significantly different from growth in control plants.
ISO (2007) International Standard Water quality — Determination of the acute toxicity of waste water to zebrafish eggs (Danio rerio).
In addition, the highest test concentration should be sufficiently high such that growth is significantly lower than that in the control.
Nagel, R. (2002) DarT: The embryo test with the zebrafish (Danio rerio) — a general model in ecotoxicology and toxicology.
The use of more replicates will enhance the statistical power of the no effect-concentration/ ANOVA design.
Schulte, C. and Nagel, R. (1994) Testing acute toxicity in embryo of zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio as alternative to the acute fish test — preliminary results.
In cases where a range-finding test indicates that the test chemical does not have an adverse effect at concentrations up to 100 mg/l or up to its limit of solubility in the test medium, or in the case of a formulation up to the limit of dispersibility, a limit test may be undertaken to facilitate comparison of responses in a control group and one treatment group — 100 mg/l or a concentration equal to the limit of solubility, or 1000 mg/kg dry sediment.
Lange, M., Gebauer, W., Markl, J. and Nagel, R. (1995) Comparison of testing acute toxicity on embryo of zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio), and RTG-2 cytotoxicity as possible alternatives to the acute fish test.
This test should follow the general principles of a standard dose-response test, with the exception that an increase in the minimum number of replicates to six test vessels per control and concentration is advised.
Kammann, U., Vobach, M. and Wosniok, W.
Test solutions are usually prepared by dilution of a stock solution, prepared by dissolving or dispersing the test chemical in Smart and Barko media, using demineralised (i.e. distilled or deionised) water (see Appendix 1).
Groth, G., Kronauer, K. and Freundt, K.J.
The highest test concentration should normally not exceed the water solubility of the test chemical or, in the case of formulations, the dispersibility under the test conditions.
Groth, G., Schreeb, K., Herdt, V. and Freundt, K.J.
For test chemicals of low water solubility, it may be necessary to prepare a concentrated stock solution or dispersion of the chemical using an organic solvent or dispersant in order to facilitate the addition of accurate quantities of the test chemical to the test medium and aid in its dispersion and dissolution.
Nguyen, L.T. and Janssen, C.R.
Every effort should be made to avoid the use of such solvents or dispersants.
Cheng, S.H., Wai, A.W.K., So, C.H. og Wu, R.S.S.
For example, commonly used solvents, which do not cause phytotoxicity at concentrations up to 100 μl/l, include acetone and dimethylformamide.
Kimmel, C.B., Ballard, W.W., Kimmel, S.R., Ullmann, B. and Schilling, T.F.
If a solvent or dispersant is used, its final concentration should be reported and kept to a minimum (≤ 100 μl/l).
28: 1970-1978.
Under these circumstances all treatments and (solvent) controls should contain the same concentration of solvent or dispersant.
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (Den Internationale Union for Ren og Anvendt Kemi).
Untreated control replicates that do not contain a solvent or dispersant are also incorporated into the test design.
Oversigt over testproceduren for akut toksicitet for zebrafiskembryoner (fra venstre mod højre): produktion af æg, indsamling af æg, præeksponering umiddelbart efter befrugtning i glasbeholdere, udvælgelse af befrugtede æg med inverteret mikroskop eller kikkert og fordeling af befrugtede æg i plader med 24 brønde med de respektive testkoncentrationer/kontroller, n = antal æg, der kræves pr. testkoncentration/kontrol (her 20), hpf = timer efter befrugtning.
Further guidance on the use of dispersants is given in an OECD Guidance Document (11).
Udvælgelse af befrudtede æg & bestemmelse af befrugtning
The test procedure varies according to the application route of the test chemical (i.e. via the water or sediment phase).
24 timers for-konditionering
Spiked sediment tests may be preferred in some cases for chemicals that are predicted to significantly partition to sediment.
n befrugtede æg pr. testkoncentra-tion/ kontrol
Establishment phase
Estimater for toksicitetsendepunkter for responsvariablene, f.eks. EC50, EC10, EC20, med tilhørende konfidensintervaller.
Healthy shoot apices/tips, i.e. without side shoots, are cut from the culture plants to give a shoot length of 6 cm (± 1 cm).
LOEC og/eller NOEC (hvis disse er beregnet) og de statistiske metoder, der anvendt til at beregne dem.
For Test Design A (one shoot per pot and three pots per vessel) single shoot tips are planted into each pot.
Anbring skuddene i et 20-liters akvarium med 5 cm sterilt sediment som er dækket af kvartssand eller f.eks. af Turface® og 18 l reagensvand.
For Test Design B (three shoots per pot and one pot per vessel) four to five shoot apices are planted into each pot containing the sediment.
Beluft akvariet, og hold en temperatur på 15 °C og en fluenshastighed på 200 til 300 μmol m– 2 s– 1 i 16 timer pr. dag.
In both cases surplus pots should be planted to allow for selection of uniform plants at test initiation, as well as to provide spare plants to be used for inspection of root growth immediately prior to treatment and spare plants to be harvested for shoot biomass and length measurements on Day 0.
Christensen, E.R., N. Nyholm (1984), Ecotoxicological Assays with Algae: Weibull Dose-Response Curves, Environmental Science Technology, Vol. 18/9, pp.
Shoots are inserted such that approximately three cm, covering at least two nodes, are beneath the sediment surface.
713-718.
Pots are then transferred to test vessels under the same environmental conditions as for the exposure phase and maintained for seven days in Smart and Barko medium to induce root development.
Brain, P., R. Cousens (1989), An equation to describe dose-responses where there is stimulation of growth at low doses, Weed Research, Vol. 29/2, pp/ 93-96.
After this time, several plants in spare pots should be removed for inspection of root growth.
Formand
If root growth is not visible (i.e. root tips are not visible), then the establishment phase should be extended until root growth is visible.
Oplysninger om procedure, forholdsregler og beregning findes i standardtest, f.eks. henvisning (1), (2), (3) og (4).
This step is recommended to ensure that plants are actively growing at the time of test initiation.
Spektrofotometrisk metode
Selection of uniform plant material
Dette kan gøres ved enten at tilsætte flere portioner koncentreret syre (base) til en relativt stor mængde opløsning af stoffet i en flerkomponentbuffer, i første omgang ved høj (lav) pH (henvisning 5), eller ved at tilføje lige store mængder af en stamopløsning af stoffet i f.eks. vand, methanol, til konstante mængder af forskellige bufferopløsninger, der dækker det ønskede pH-interval.
For Test Design A (one shoot per pot and three pots per vessel) pots are selected for uniformity prior to test initiation.
Ud fra pH- og absorbansværdier på den valgte bølgelængde beregnes et tilstrækkeligt antal værdier for pKa ved hjælp af data fra mindst fem pH-værdier, når stoffet er mindst 10 % og højst 90 % ioniseret.
For Test Design B (three shoots per pot and one pot per vessel), surplus plants are removed to leave three plants that are uniform in size and appearance.
Ved undersøgelse af væsker anvendes 0,1 ml. Der bør ikke anvendes pumpespray til direkte instillation af kemikaliet i øjet.
Exposure via the water phase
SUPPLEMENT TIL FORSØGSMETODE B.5 [5]
Pots, selected for uniformity, are placed into the test vessels as required for the experimental design.
SEKVENTIEL TESTSTRATEGI FOR ØJENIRRITATION OG -ÆTSNING
Smart and Barko medium is then added to the test vessels.
For fremstillede nanomaterialer kan der være behov for særlige tilpasninger af denne forsøgsmetode, men disse er ikke beskrevet i denne forsøgsmetode.
Care should be taken to avoid disturbance of the sediment.
Brud og gaps er defineret i tillæg 1 i henhold til (45) (46).
For this purpose, media may be added using a funnel or a plastic disc to cover the sediment while the medium is poured into the test vessels provided that the disc is removed immediately afterwards.
OECD, “Draft Introduction to the OECD guidelines on genetic toxicology testing and guidance on the selection and application of assays”, OECD Environment, Health and Safety Publications (EHS), Series on Testing and Assessment.
Alternatively, plant pots may be placed in the test vessels after the addition of the media.
Under preparation.
In both cases, fresh media may be used at the beginning of the exposure phase, if necessary to minimise the potential build-up of algae and bacteria or to allow preparation of single batches of test solution across replicates.
In vivo-testen for kromosomaberrationer i knoglemarv hos pattedyr er navnlig relevant ved vurdering af genotoksicitet, da faktorer for in vivo-metabolisme, farmakokinetik og DNA-reparationsprocesser er aktive og bidrager til responserne, selv om de kan være forskellige fra art til art. En in vivo-test er ligeledes nyttig til yderligere undersøgelse af genotoksicitet, der er påvist ved en in vitro-test.
The shoot length above sediment is measured, either prior to or after the addition of the medium.
For gnavere bør det første prøveudtagningsinterval være den tid, som er nødvendig til at gennemføre 1,5 normal cellecykluslængde (idet sidstnævnte normalt følger 12-18 timer efter behandlingsperioden).
The relevant amounts of the test chemical may be added to the test medium before it is added to the test vessels.
Statistical Principles in Experimental Design.
Alternatively, the test chemical may be introduced into the medium after it has been added to the test vessels.
In vivo-testen for mikrokerner hos pattedyr er navnlig relevant ved vurdering af genotoksicitet, da faktorer for in vivo-metabolisme, farmakokinetik og DNA-reparationsprocesser er aktive og bidrager til responserne, selv om de kan være forskellige fra art til art. En in vivo-test er ligeledes nyttig til yderligere undersøgelse af genotoksicitet, der er påvist ved en in vitro-test.
In this case, care should be taken to ensure that the test chemical is homogeneously distributed throughout the test system without disturbing the sediment.
Selv om det ikke normalt sker som en del af testen, kan kromosomfragmenter skelnes fra hele kromosomer ved en række kriterier, bl.a. om der er en kinetokor eller DNA-centromer til stede, hvilket er tegn på intakte kromosomer.
In all cases, the appearance (e.g. clear, cloudy, etc.) of the test media is recorded at test initiation.
Anvendelse af corneae fra yngre (dvs. 6-12 måneder gamle) dyr er imidlertid tilladelig, eftersom det giver visse fordele, såsom øget tilgængelighed, et snævert aldersinterval og nedsat risiko for potentiel arbejdstagereksponering for bovin spongiform encefalopati (BSE) (15).
Exposure via sediment
United Nations Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS), ST/SG/AC.10/30 Rev 4, New York and Geneva: De Forenede Nationer.
Spiked sediments of the chosen concentration are prepared by addition of a solution of the test chemical directly to fresh sediment.
Den er et mål for forsøgsmetodens ydeevne og et af aspekterne af »relevans«.
A stock solution of the test chemical dissolved in deionised water is mixed with the formulated sediment by rolling mill, feed mixer or hand mixing.
Udtrykket benyttes ofte som synonym for »konkordans«, forstået som den andel af korrekte udfald, forsøgsmetoden fører til.
If poorly soluble in water, the test chemical can be dissolved in as small a volume as possible of a suitable organic solvent (e.g. hexane, acetone or chloroform).
De vigtigste forskelle mellem den oprindelige version fra 2009 og den ajourførte version fra 2013 af OECD's vejledning omfatter, men er ikke begrænset til, brug af ICE-forsøgsmetoden til at identificere kemikalier, der ikke kræver klassificering i henhold til UN GHS-klassificeringssystemet, en ajourføring af testrapportens elementer, en ajourføring af tillæg 1 om definitioner og en ajourføring af tillæg 2 om kompetencekemikalierne.I dag er det generelt accepteret, at der i den nærmeste fremtid ikke vil være en enkelt in vitro-øjenirritationstest, der vil kunne erstatte in vivo-Draize-øjentesten til forudsigelse af hele spektret af irritation for forskellige kemikaliegrupper.
This solution is then mixed with ca.
Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS), Second revised edition, UN New York & Geneva, 2011.
10 g of fine quartz sand for one test vessel.
Dokument til baggrundsrevision: Current Status of In Vitro Test Methods for Identifying Ocular Corrosives and Severe Irritants: Isolated Chicken Eye Test Method.
The solvent is allowed to evaporate and the sand is then mixed with the suitable amount of sediment per test beaker.
M. (1993).
Only agents that volatilise readily can be used to solubilise, disperse or emulsify the test chemical.
Justification of the enucleated eye test with eyes of slaughterhouse animals as an alternative to the Draize eye irritation test with rabbits.
It should be borne in mind that the volume/weight of sand spiked with the test chemical has to be taken into account in the final preparation of the sediment (i.e. the sediment should thus be prepared with less sand).
Fenech, M., A. A. Morley (1985).
Care should be taken to ensure that the test chemical added to sediment is thoroughly and evenly distributed within the sediment.
Fenech, M., A. A. Morley (1986).
The spiked sediment is filled into the pots (as described above).
Garriott, M. L., J. B. Phelps, W.
Plants, selected for uniformity and an adequate root system, are removed from the pots used during the establishment phase and transplanted into the spiked sediment as described above.
P. Hoffman (2002).
Pots are placed into the test vessels as required for the experimental design.
Genotoxicity of a Freshwater Cyanotoxin, Cylindrospermopsin, in Two Human Cell Lines: Caco-2 and HepaRG.
Smart and Barko medium is then added carefully (i.e. using a funnel) in order to avoid disturbance of the sediment.
Garriott, W.
The shoot length above sediment is measured, either prior to or after the addition of the media.
Denne forsøgsmetode indeholder en kemisk procedure (direkte peptidreaktivitetsassay — DPRA), der anvendes til at underbygge sondringen mellem hudsensibiliserende og ikke-hudsensibiliserende stoffer i henhold til UN GHS og CLP.Der hersker almindelig enighed om de centrale biologiske begivenheder, som ligger til grund for hudsensibilisering.
Maintenance of water levels over the test duration
De nøjagtige værdier, der her angives for DPRA som en selvstændig forsøgsmetode, er imidlertid kun vejledende, da forsøgsmetoden bør betragtes i kombination med andre informationskilder i forbindelse med en IATA og i overensstemmelse med bestemmelserne i punkt 9 ovenfor.
The final water volume must be recorded and the water level marked on each test vessel.
I forbindelse med vurderingen af metoder til test af hudsensibilisering uden brug af dyr bør man desuden holde sig for øje, at LLNA-test samt andre dyreforsøg ikke fuldt ud afspejler situationen hos arten af interesse, dvs. mennesker.
If water evaporates during the test by more than 10 %, the water level should be adjusted with distilled water.
På grundlag af de samlede tilgængelige data har DPRA vist sig at være relevant for testkemikalier, der dækker en række forskellige organiske funktionelle grupper, reaktionsmekanismer, hudsensibiliseringsstyrke (som fastlagt ved in vivo-undersøgelser) og fysisk-kemiske egenskaber (8) (9) (10) (19).
If necessary, beakers may be loosely covered by a transparent cover such as transparent plastic lids to minimise evaporation and contamination with algal spores.
Samlet set viser disse oplysninger nytteværdien af DPRA som bidrag til identifikation af hudsensibiliseringsfare.
Warm and/or cool white fluorescent lighting are used to provide light irradiance in the range of about 140 (± 20) μE·m–2 s–1 when measured as a photosynthetically active radiation (400-700 nm) at the water surface and using a light:dark ratio of 16:8 h.
Betegnelsen “testkemikalie” anvendes i denne forsøgsmetode om det, der testes, og vedrører ikke anvendeligheden af DPRA til test af stoffer og/eller blandinger.
Any differences from the selected light irradiance over the test area should not exceed the range of ± 15 %.
Denne forsøgsmetode er ikke anvendelig til test af metalforbindelser, da de er kendt for at reagere med proteiner gennem andre mekanismer end kovalent binding.
The temperature in the test vessels is 20 ± 2 °C.
Toxicology in vitro 27:609618.
The pH of the control medium should not increase by more than 1,5 units during the test.
Overensstemmelsen mellem forsøgsmetodens resultater og accepterede referenceværdier.
However, deviation of more than 1,5 units would not invalidate the test when it can be shown that the validity criteria specified previously are met.
Denne forsøgsmetode indeholder en in vitro-procedure (ARE-Nrf2-luciferase-assayet), der anvendes til at underbygge sondringen mellem hudsensibiliserende og ikke-hudsensibiliserende stoffer i henhold til FN's GHS (1) og CLP.Der hersker almindelig enighed om de centrale biologiske begivenheder, som ligger til grund for hudsensibilisering.
Test duration
Gene expression changes induced by skin sensitizers in the KeratinoSensTM cell line: Discriminating Nrf2-dependent and Nrf2-independent events.
The exposure period is 14 days.
OECD Environment, Health and Safety publications, Series on Testing and Assessment No. 213.
After the establishment phase and immediately prior to treatment (i.e. on Day 0), spare plants from five randomly selected pots for the three plants per pot design or 15 pots for the one plant per pot design, are harvested for assessment of shoot length and fresh and dry weight as described below.
OECD Environment, Health and Safety publications, Series on Testing and Assessment No. 34.
For plants transferred into the exposure phase, the following assessments are made as shown in Table 1:
EGDMA 1 000
Assessments of main shoot length, side shoot number and side shoot length are recorded at least at the end of the exposure period (e.g. on day 14).
EGDMA 2 000
Visual assessments of plant health are recorded at least three times during the exposure period (e.g. on days 0, 7 and 14).
Fluoresceinudsivnings- (FL) forsøgsmetoden er en in vitro-forsøgsmetode, som kan anvendes under visse omstændigheder og med særlige begrænsninger til at klassificere kemikalier (stoffer og blandinger) som øjenætsende stoffer og stærkt øjenirriterende stoffer som defineret i De Forenede Nationers (FN) globalt harmoniserede system for klassificering og mærkning af kemikalier (GHS) (kategori 1), forordning (EF) nr. 1272/2008 om klassificering, mærkning og emballering af stoffer og blandinger (CLP) [19] (kategori 1) og U.S.
Assessments of shoot fresh weight and dry weight are made at the end of the test (i.e. on Day 14).
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (Kategori I) (1)(2).
Shoot length is determined using a ruler.
Disse kemikalier klassificeres som UN GHS-kategori 1, EU CLP-kategori 1 eller U.S.
If side shoots are present, their numbers and length should also be measured.
EPA-kategori I.Selv om FL-forsøgsmetoden ikke betragtes som værende en fuldstændig erstatning for in vivo-kaninøjentesten, anbefales det at anvende FL som del af en trindelt teststrategi for forskriftsmæssig klassificering og mærkning.
Visual assessments of plant health are made by recording the appearance of plants and the general condition of the test medium.
Kulturerne opbevares ved stuetemperatur i 30 minutter.
Necrosis, chlorosis or other discoloration such as excessive reddening relative to control plants.
Ved afslutningen af inkuberingen med fluorescein fjernes indsatserne forsigtigt fra hver brønd.
Development of bacterial or algal contamination;
Det er på baggrund af erfaringer fra metodeudviklere påvist, at en optagelsesfase på 7-14 dage normalt er tilstrækkeligt (38) (39); dette burde mindske omkostningerne ved testen og samtidig sikre tilstrækkelig eksponering for de fleste stoffer.
60 °C and dried to a constant weight, prior to re-weighing and recording the dry weight.
Oncorhynchuss mykiss
A summary of the minimum biological assessments required over the test duration is provided in Table 1.
Hvis C0,m ikke kan måles, bør detektionsgrænsen i fiskevæv anvendes.
The temperature of the medium in a supplementary vessel held under the same conditions in the growth chamber, incubator or room should be recorded at least daily (or continuously with a data logger).
A Primer of Population Biology.
Measurements should be made at least once at test initiation or during the test.
Testen bør påbegyndes så hurtigt som muligt efter befrugtningen, og det foretrækkes, at æggene nedsænkes i testopløsningerne, inden blastocysten begynder at dele sig eller så hurtigt som muligt efter denne fase.
The method of light detection and measurement, in particular the type of sensor, will affect the measured value.
OECD (2012), Fish Toxicity Testing Framework, Environmental Health and Safety Publications Series on Testing and Assessment No.171, OECD, Paris.
Analytical measurements of test chemical
McClave, J.T., J.H.
However, if the test chemical is demonstrated not to absorb to filters, filtration may also be acceptable.
Variansstabiliserende transformation?
Alternatively, the test solutions of all replicates for each concentration may be pooled for analyses.
Felter med stiplet linje er forløb for første og sidste dags klækning eller swip-up (*) eller abnorme larver
In these cases, effect concentrations should be based on nominal or measured water concentrations at the beginning of the test.
Screening and testing for endocrine disruption in fish-biomarkers as “signposts,” not “traffic lights,” in risk assessment.
Estimates of the ECx (e.g. EC50) should be based upon both average specific growth rate (ErCx) and yield (EyCx), each of which should in turn be based upon total shoot fresh weight, total shoot dry weight and total shoot length.
OECD (2006c), Current Approaches in the Statistical Analysis of Ecotoxicity Data: A Guidance to Application, OECD Environmental Health and Safety Publications, Series on Testing and Assessment No.54, OECD, Paris.
Approaching either zero or total inhibition such irregularities may be magnified by the transformation, interfering with the analysis (13).
25 ± 2 °C
The 95 % confidence limits for each estimate are determined and goodness of fit of the response data to the regression model should be assessed either graphically or statistically.
Ankley GT, Jensen KM, Makynen EA, Kahl MD, Korte JJ, Hornung MW, Henry TR, Denny JS, Leino RL, Wilson VS, Cardon MC, Hartig PC, Gray EL.
REPORTING
Kommissionens gennemførelsesforordning (EU) 2017/736
Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2017/736
om ændring af bilag VIII til Europa-Parlamentets og Rådets forordning (EF) nr. 999/2001 for så vidt angår godkendelse af Sloveniens nationale program for bekæmpelse af klassisk scrapie
amending Annex VIII to Regulation (EC) No 999/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards the approval of Slovenia's national control programme for classical scrapie