natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Netparitet i detailleddet opstår, når et solcelleanlæg (normalt monteret på brugerens hustag) kan producere strøm med normaliserede omkostninger ved produktion af energi, der er mindre end omkostningerne ved detailprisen på elektricitet (inkl. alle transmissions- og distributionsgebyrer, forhøjet afgift og skat).
Commercial solar systems (or installations), which are usually mounted on the rooftop of a user's building.
Kommissionen analyserede først situationen for netparitet i engrosleddet og siden for netparitet i detailleddet.
The user is a commercial entity (for example a supermarket or a warehouse) and the system is connected to a low-voltage distribution grid.
Ifølge en forretningsplan fremlagt af et af medlemmerne af SAFE kunne de opnå LCOE på 3,8 eurocent/kWh i den spanske region Cadiz, hvis de købte moduler til 0,35 EUR/W.
Commercial installations can be used for self-consumption or feeding electricity to the grid;
Denne part mente at kunne få en modulpris på 0,35 EUR/W fra kinesiske tier 1-producenter for en aftale om en stor mængde uden afgifter vedrørende et projekt leveret i begyndelsen af 2017.
Residential solar systems (or installations), which are usually mounted on the rooftops of private houses and have capacity that usually does not exceed 10 kW.
De hævdede, at solenergi ved så lave LCOE ikke kun sikrer netparitet med andre konventionelle energikilder, men at der ikke er nogen anden elproduktionsmetode, der vil kunne slå det i den nærmeste fremtid.
Residential installations are generally connected to a low-voltage distribution grid and can be used for self-consumption or feeding electricity to the grid.
Denne omkostningsfordel kombineret med andre aktiver i sydeuropæiske lande, dvs. gode nettilslutninger, stabile politiske og økonomiske forhold og en stærk og likvid valuta, giver dem en enestående mulighed for at blive nye europæiske ledere i energiproduktionen.
The Commission considered that, in the RIP and the preceding years, the demand in all three segments was driven by the support schemes as set out in Section 5.3.2 below.
Ifølge disse parter er foranstaltningerne til hinder for, at dette sker.
The Commission also considered that, at the end of the RIP and in the year 2016, important changes took place and the demand for the three segments became increasingly driven by separate forces.
Kommissionen har bemærket, at solstrålingen i den spanske region Cadiz er en af de højeste i EU (højeste antal solskinstimer om året), hvilket skaber den størst mulige energiproduktion pr. modul.
The demand for large utility scale solar parks is increasingly driven by tenders as set out in Section 5.3.3, and possibly to a very small degree by grid parity.
I betragtning af at det meste af Unionen har en langt mindre solstråling, må vi se, hvornår der kan opnås netparitet i engrosleddet på andre markeder, selv om den britiske regering tilsyneladende antager, at det snart vil være tilfældet.
The demand for commercial and residential installations is increasingly driven by the achievement of retail grid parity, both with and absent taxes as set out in Section 5.3.4.
Kommissionen bemærkede også, at der er store forskelle i engrosprisen i de forskellige medlemsstater, hvilket betyder, at engrospriserne på netparitet er forskellige afhængigt af den pågældende medlemsstat.
The impact of modifications and, in certain Member States, suspension or termination of support schemes
Derfor var Kommissionen af den opfattelse, at der ikke vil blive opnået netparitet i engrosleddet generelt i Unionen i den nærmeste fremtid, selv uden foranstaltningerne.
The opponents of the measures claimed that the MIP had prevented solar products to follow the cost learning curve, while the level of State aid had adjusted to that learning curve.
Efter fremlæggelsen af oplysninger var adskillige parter uenige i Kommissionens konklusion om, at man ikke vil opnå udbredt netparitet i engrosleddet i Unionen i den nærmeste fremtid, heller ikke selv om de handelsmæssige foranstaltninger udløber.
This mismatch between falling State aid and stagnating prices caused in their view the demand for solar panels in the Union to fall.
Disse parter fremhævede en 6-siders rapport fra Becquerel Institute, som undersøgte mulighederne for netparitet i engrosleddet i 11 medlemsstater.
In their view, the Commission's expectation expressed in the original regulation that the support schemes will be adjusted over time in line with the development of prices for projects [60] did not materialise.
Denne rapport blev finansieret af de tre parter i undersøgelsen, som var imod foranstaltningerne.
Consequently, all upstream and downstream companies are severely suffering from the Union market contraction.
Kommissionen bemærkede, at andre kilder er mindre optimistiske end Becquerel Institute med hensyn til de normaliserede omkostninger ved produktion af solenergi (LCOE) og dermed tidsplanen for opfyldelsen af netparitet for solenergi i Europa.
They submitted that this finding is acknowledged, inter alia, in a study by the German Ministry of Economy and Energy (‘BMWi’) [61].
F.eks. indeholder den detaljerede rapport fra BNEF [77] meget større LCOE-intervaller for de centrale markeder som Frankrig, Tyskland, Italien og Det Forenede Kongerige.
These parties claimed that while the MIP has remained fairly stable since 2013, the solar industry has continued to achieve the learning curve of 21 % [62].
Forskellene er angivet i nedenstående tabel:
Such a learning curve means that with each doubling of cumulative solar installed capacity, the cost of production goes down by 21 %.
BNEF LCOE-interval EUR/MWh [78]
This means that it has doubled by now and the predicted cost of production went down by 21 %.
Becquerel LCOE-interval EUR/MWh
They submitted that the MIP was 30 % above the world contract selling price at some point in 2016 as reported by PV Insights and other sources.
Lav
This means, in their view, that the European consumer has been effectively excluded from taking the advantage of the worldwide decrease in the cost of production.
Høj
In light of the above arguments, the Commission acknowledged that the solar industry has a steep learning curve and the cost of solar production has been going down.
Frankrig
For this reason the undertaking/MIP has been equipped with an adjustment mechanism based on prices quoted by one of the market intelligence agencies, Bloomberg.
Tyskland
The prices in a competitive market are supposed to reflect the decreases in the cost of production.
Italien
Nonetheless, the price index that the Commission has been using changed only marginally.
Becquerel anslog kapitaludgifterne til 0,726 EUR/W uden at skelne mellem medlemsstaterne.
This raises the question — which has not been analysed by the Commission in this investigation — whether the Bloomberg index still adequately reflects the evolution of world market price.
BNEF anslog meget højere kapitaludgifter og skelnede mellem medlemsstaterne: Frankrig 0,99 EUR/W; Tyskland 0,9-0,94 EUR/W, Italien 0,76-0,99 EUR/W og UK 0,9-0,94 EUR/W.
As this an expiry review, that cannot change the level or the form of measures, there was also no need to examine that matter further.
Forskellen skyldtes i et vist omfang, at Becquerel anslog modulpriserne uden foranstaltningerne.
If the interested parties consider that there is a better way to reflect the solar industry's learning curve and the resulting evolution of world market price in the level of the measures, an interim review can be opened at their request.
Imidlertid forekommer det usandsynligt med så meget lavere kapitaludgifter, navnlig i betragtning af at kapitaludgifterne ifølge BNEF under alle omstændigheder er lavere i EU end i andre lande, som ikke anvender handelspolitiske foranstaltninger, f.eks. Tyrkiet 1,04 EUR/W og De Forenede Arabiske Emirater 1,14 EUR/W.
The Commission's analysis of the study by the BMWi quoted above revealed the main reason for failing to achieve the target of 2500 MW of new installations in Germany in 2014 were the steadily declining rates of remuneration, coupled with stagnating prices for installations.
Derfor er prognoserne fra Becquerel og BNEF forskellige.
That study also pointed out that the prices in the solar market did not necessarily reflect solar production costs, but resulted from significant global overcapacities.
Der er uenighed om, hvornår det bliver billigere at opføre store solkraftværker end at drive eksisterende fossilt fyrede kraftværker.
The Commission found that the wholesale solar prices stagnated not only in the Union, but worldwide.
Endelig konkluderes det i Becquerel-rapporten, at: »Elektricitet produceret af solceller vil måske kunne blive konkurrencedygtig på flere af Europas største markeder inden 2019, og i de fleste europæiske lande … inden for de kommende fem år«.
Actually global prices of solar modules denominated in the euro even increased in the second half of 2014, as reported by several market intelligence agencies such as PV Insights [63] and BNEF [64].
Dette betyder, at de fleste medlemsstater, herunder Tyskland, først forventes at nå netparitet, når foranstaltningerne efter planen udløber i 2019, selv i det omtvistelige tilfælde, at antagelserne og konklusionerne i Becquerel-rapporten skulle vise sig at være korrekte inden da.
The Commission also found that support schemes were at a high level in certain Member States in the years preceding the measures as they were adjusted to the level of the Union prices and prices from other third countries, such as Japan, Taiwan or the United States of America.
SPE fremlagde to rapporter fra Deutsche Bank [81], som efter deres mening var imod Kommissionens opfattelse af, at man ikke vil kunne opnå netparitet i engrosleddet i den nærmeste fremtid.
Some of the support systems were not designed to cope with a massive influx of modules form China at dumped prices.
Kommissionen konstaterede, at de to rapporter faktisk omhandler netparitet i detailleddet og ikke netparitet i engrosleddet, hvilket bekræftes ikke kun af teksten, men også af de høje normaliserede omkostninger ved produktion af energi, som sammenlignes mod de normaliserede omkostninger ved produktion af solenergi.
Such an influx caused an installation boom in the years preceding the measures.
Som forklaret i de umiddelbart efterfølgende betragtninger bestred Kommissionen ikke, at der allerede var opnået netparitet i visse dele af Unionen.
The solar installations peaked in 2011 and at that time the solar deployment targets were significantly exceeded in certain Member States.
I Tyskland er prisen pr. kWh i øjeblikket omkring 20 eurocent/kWh, mens de normaliserede omkostninger ved produktion af energi for et tagmonteret solcelleanlæg ligger på omkring 10 eurocent/kWh.
The Commission's Renewable Energy Progress Report from June 2015 states that at technology level, photovoltaic (i.e. solar power) has already reached the initially planned 2020 deployment levels as early as in 2013 [65].
Dette var ikke tilfældet i den oprindelige undersøgelse, hvor elektricitet fremstillet ved hjælp af solenergi altid krævede støtte for at være levedygtig.
The policy reaction was a reduction in the level of support, or even a suspension and/or modification of the support scheme.
I en situation, hvor støtte ikke længere er relevant, er det den endelige modulpris, som påvirker kundens beslutning om at installere solcelleanlægget, og i øjeblikket øges denne pris på grund af foranstaltningerne.
Those changes were also necessary for installations already installed where otherwise, the support would have led to an overcompensation of the investors [66].
Kommissionen har undersøgt markedet for netparitet i detailleddet nærmere i Tyskland, fordi parterne har kommenteret det indgående i løbet af undersøgelsen.
The evolution of the solar UK market in 2014-2016 serves yet as another piece of evidence that the level of the support schemes has been the main driver of the demand in the Union.
Det er nødvendigt at sondre mellem anlæg, der producerer til eget forbrug, og anlæg, som leverer el til forsyningsnettet.
As long as there were high feed-in tariffs available the market was booming, even if the trade defence measures were in place.
Kommissionen var enig i, at det er en meget ønskelig udvikling at nå netparitet for solenergi, da det bidrager til at bekæmpe klimaændringerne og mindske forbrugernes elregning.
Once the feed-in tariffs were discontinued at the beginning of 2016, the volume of new installations collapsed.
Den fastslog, at det ville mindske prisen på solcellepaneler at ophæve foranstaltningerne og dermed øge antallet af steder, hvor der kan opnås netparitet i detailleddet.
This is also acknowledged in the SPE's Global Outlook: A European latecomer, the UK's recent solar boom was also primarily triggered by incentives for utility-scale systems, which ended in March 2016 [67].
Samtidig fandt Kommissionen, at investeringerne i løbet af NUP i erhvervsmæssige og private tagmonterede anlæg til eget forbrug, som ikke er omfattet af nogen støtteordning, er blevet tilbageholdt på grund af lovgivningsmæssig usikkerhed om, hvorvidt disse anlæg var inkluderet i afgiften til finansiering af den tyske støtteordning — EEG-afgiften.
While most of the reports by market intelligence agencies usually point to decreasing support schemes and the regulatory uncertainty as the main reasons for the stagnation in the Union demand for solar power, they hardly ever point to the measures.
Efter en ændring af lovgivningen foreslået af Tyskland for at overholde de EU-retlige regler om statsstøtte skal de enheder, som selv forbruger strømmen fra deres vedvarende energikilder (undertiden kaldet producent-forbrugere), betale en afgift på mere end 2 eurocent pr. kWh i Tyskland.
The Global Market Outlooks by Solar Power Europe also points to reduced incentives and uncertainties about market development as well as cuts in support schemes for existing installations in order to avoid overcompensation as the main cause of a decrease in European solar markets, for example regarding the German situation the SPE's Global Outlook 2015 states: ‘Second in 2014, Germany installed less than 2 GW (1,9 GW), below the official target of 2,5 GW.
Hvis et projekt har normaliserede omkostninger ved produktion af energi på 10 eurocent/kWh, gør afgiften alene derfor den producerede elektricitet 20 % dyrere [82].
The global PV leader [i.e. Germany] was under pressure to lower the costs of the support system, with new regulations leading to a 75 % reduction of the market over two years (from 7,6 GW to 1,9 GW)’ [68].
Kommissionen tager sigte på at mindske retsusikkerheden i fremtiden.
The Commission observed that there had been a boom in solar installation demand in the years 2010 to 2013 driven, in certain Member States, by a mismatch between feed-in tariffs set at the level of a fair module price and the overall level of prices driven by unfairly dumped Chinese modules.
Ifølge forslaget til direktiv om udformning af elektricitetsmarkedet og vedvarende energi, »har egenforbrugere af vedvarende energi … ret til at have et eget forbrug … uden at blive udsat for uforholdsmæssige procedurer og gebyrer, der ikke er omkostningsrelaterede« [83].
The decline in demand in 2013 and the following years was an inevitable consequence of an installation boom in the preceding years.
Rapporter fra markedsanalysevirksomheder viser også, at ændringer i lovgivningen påvirker efterspørgslen.
The significant decline in solar module consumption/installation had already started in 2012, which coincided with a significant cut in feed-in tariffs in that year in certain Member States.
I en af de seneste rapporter fra BNEF hedder det: Den tyske solcellesektor for mindre solcelleanlæg til erhvervs- og boligbyggeri har været skrantende, lige siden de månedlige afvigelser [i de faste høje afregningspriser] og afgiften på eget forbrug trådte i kraft [84].
In the years 2014 — RIP, the Union demand was increasing only in the UK, the Member State that had the most attractive support schemes in that time.
Alle elementer taget i betragtning viser ovennævnte eksempel om opnåelse af paritet i detailleddet, at solcellemoduler allerede kan producere elektricitet til langt under detailprisen for levering i Tyskland.
Therefore, the Commission found that the support schemes were the main driver of demand in the RIP and in the preceding years.
Når den nødvendige retssikkerhed er opnået ved EU-lovgivning, kan en efterspørgsel, som ikke er baseret på støtteordninger, forventes at stige.
It can thus be concluded that the unrelated importers, downstream and upstream industry suffered to a significant extent from the collapse of the Union consumption that is unrelated to the imposition of the measures.
Denne efterspørgsel vil sandsynligvis være mere følsom over for prisen på solcellepaneler og kan derfor også forventes at være mere følsom over for foranstaltningerne.
The impact of the measures on large utility-scale solar systems
For anlæg, der leverer elektricitet til nettet, afgøres efterspørgslen hovedsagelig af de støtteordninger, som fortsat kan benyttes uden at gennemføre udbud om anlæg på op til 1 MW.
Under the new Union state aid rules [69], support schemes need to be ‘market based’ for all larger installations above 1 MW [70] by the beginning of 2017, except where the support schemes had been authorized prior to the entry into force of the new rules.
Ved et givet støtteniveau er efterspørgslen lidt højere, hvis foranstaltningerne fjernes.
In that case, they may remain unchanged until the end of the authorisation period [71].
Samtidig har de fleste medlemsstater af budgetmæssige årsager skåret kraftigt ned på støtten, således at denne efterspørgsel er faldende uafhængigt af foranstaltningerne.
Market-based mechanisms are green certificates and competitive tenders.
Efter fremlæggelsen af oplysninger påstod SPE, at Kommissionens konklusioner om konsekvenserne om indvirkningen på den lovgivningsmæssige usikkerhed og EEG-afgiften fejlagtigt var baseret på det tyske eksempel alene.
Competitive tenders are one of the market based mechanisms required by these new state aid rules.
Kommissionen gentog, at de samme negative forhold gjorde sig gældende i mange medlemsstater.
Under such a mechanism governments put a desired amount of capacity to be installed up for an auction In line with the Union state aid rules, competitive tenders are in principle technology-neutral, but may also be technology-specific, for instance where this is necessary in order to ensure the necessary diversity of energy sources.
Dette sker til trods for, at solenergi i mange tilfælde er billigere end detailsalg af elektricitet.
According to these parties the tenders for capacity coupled with the termination of measures can yield significant savings.
De barrierer, der er blevet gennemført for tagmonterede solcelleanlæg i visse europæiske lande (afgifter på selvforsyning af solenergi, som hindrer salg af overskydende elektricitet eller kun tilbyder engrospriser) og fortsatte drøftelser om yderligere begrænsninger har afholdt mange potentielle købere fra at investere i deres egne solcelleanlæg« [87].
The cheaper the solar systems become, the more appetite the governments may have to build solar installations as the cost savings are going to be directly reflected in the final price of electricity.
Kommissionen afviste derfor denne påstand.
In addition, decreasing the price of the solar system will make it easier for Member States to achieve the targets for renewable energy deployment.
Konklusion om foranstaltningernes indvirkning på efterspørgslen
These parties referred to Germany as an example.
Efter en grundig analyse konkluderede Kommissionen, at det med hensyn til foranstaltningernes indvirkning på efterspørgslen, er vigtigt at skelne mellem forskellige sektorer og forskellige typer efterspørgsel.
According to them, a couple of pilot auctions have already taken place and they were quite successful in pushing an average price down to EUR 7,25 cents/kWh in August 2016.
Såfremt støtteordningerne er teknologineutrale, mindsker foranstaltningerne chancerne for, at solenergi vinder.
SPE and SAFE provided an analysis indicating that the removal of the MIP could result in a potential system price decrease by 10 % for utility-scale PV installations in the Union through tenders.
Men selv i forbindelse med de udbud bemærker Kommissionen, at solenergi har vundet en betydelig markedsandel, hvilket viser, at den selv med foranstaltningerne kan konkurrere om forsyningsanlægsprojekter.
The negative impact of the measures on the outcome of the tenders is also acknowledged in the latest SPE's Global Market Outlook [72].
Den yderligere efterspørgsel, der kan forventes i en situation uden foranstaltninger, er lav, og afhænger desuden af engrosprisniveauet i den pågældende medlemsstat.
One other party assumed that given the current decreasing trend in the world markets, the price of solar energy can fall in Germany to EUR 5 cents/kWh if the measures are lifted, though they did not substantiate their findings.
De vigtigste faktorer her er skatter, gebyrer til nettet og afgifter til støtteordninger.
The parties opposing the measures submitted that in some jurisdictions, in particular in the United Kingdom, solar was bound to compete against other renewable forms of energy, such as on-shore wind.
Nye regler for udformning af energimarkedet, som Kommissionen offentliggjorde den 1. december 2016 [88], og nye regler for forbrugercentreret overgang til renere energi som foreslået af Kommissionen den 30. november 2016 [89] er et vigtigt skridt i retning af at opnå et stabilt og vækstfremmende miljø.
As no trade measures apply to wind energy, solar was unable to compete against wind and very few solar projects went ahead through those auctions.
Når Kommissionens forslag er vedtaget af medlovgiverne, forventes efterspørgslen efter selvkonsumerende kommercielle anlæg at stige.
Some parties claimed that Germany also considers introducing technology neutral tenders, and that such neutral tenders exacerbate the disadvantage of higher prices caused by the measures as it makes solar power lose in tenders against other renewable technologies in particular wind.
I så fald kan en ophævelse af foranstaltninger få større indvirkning på kommercielle anlæg, da der ikke er nogen begrænsning af efterspørgslen i form af en begrænset produktionsmængde, der skal støttes gennem støtteordninger, og ingen konkurrence fra andre energikilder i modsætning til netparitet i engrosleddet.
The parties supporting the measures submitted that the tenders and overall installation targets were introduced exactly for the purpose to enable the governments to control the level of solar deployment and to avoid installation boom and bust cycles that happened before.
For private anlæg vil det tage længere tid at opnå netparitet i detailleddet, da de skal udstyres med dyre oplagringsanordninger, hvis de skal være egnede til de fleste brugere, der producerer til eget forbrug [90].
The Commission limited its analysis of support schemes for large utility-scale solar systems to Germany, France and the United Kingdom.
Efter fremlæggelsen af oplysninger var adskillige parter uenige i konklusionen om, at foranstaltningerne kun havde en begrænset indvirkning på efterspørgslen efter moduler.
That choice is justified by the fact that they accounted for roughly 80 % of annual new solar installations in the Union during the RIP.
De hævdede, at investeringer styres af det forventede afkast og dermed en lavere prisen på solcellemoduler, højere investeringsafkast og sandsynligheden for gennemførelse.
It was thus appropriate to look at the developments in these three Member States as a proxy for the situation in the Union as a whole.
Kommissionen mindede om, at den altid havde været enig i, at prisen har en indvirkning på efterspørgslen.
The analysis is based on information submitted by interested parties, information collected by the Commission during the investigation and information submitted by Member States to the Commission for the purpose of State aid control.
Disse tiltag omfatter bl.a. overordnede årlige installationsmål, udbud om kapacitet og afgifter på selvforsyning.
Germany and France have already set their targets for the three years to come.