natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Nedenfor gives en kort sammenfatning af disse betingelser.
A stainless steel mesh of appropriate mesh size can be used.
En stor fordel ved L. variegatus er dens hurtige reproduktion, som giver en hurtigt stigende biomasse i bestande dyrket i laboratorier (f.eks. (1), (3), (4), (5)).
Most of the overlying water is carefully decanted, and the remaining sediment and water is agitated to result in a slurry, which can be passed through the sieve.
Ormene kan dyrkes i store akvarier (57-80 l) ved 23 °C med en lysperiode på 16 timers lys (100-1000 lux) og otte timers mørke med dagligt udskiftet råvand (45-50 l pr. akvarium).
Using a 500 μm mesh, most of the sediment particles will pass the sieve very quickly;
Substratet klargøres ved at skære ublegede brune papirservietter i strimler, som derefter kan blandes med dyrkningsvand i nogle få sekunder, hvilket giver små stykker papirsubstrat.
however, sieving should be done quickly, in order to prevent the worms from crawling into or through the mesh.
Dette substrat kan derefter bruges direkte i Lumbriculus-dyrkningsakvarierne ved at dække bunden af tanken eller opbevares frosset i deioniseret vand til senere brug.
Using a 250 μm mesh will prevent the worms from crawling into or through the mesh;
Nyt substrat i tanken vil generelt kunne holde sig i ca. to måneder.
however, care should be taken that as little as possible of the sediment particles is retained on the mesh.
Hver ormekultur startes med 500-1000 orme og tilføres en 10 ml suspension, som indeholder 6 g startfoder til ørreder tre gange om ugen under udskiftnings- eller gennemstrømningsbetingelser.
The sieved slurry of each replicate vessel may be passed through the sieve a second time in order to ensure that all worms are recovered.
Statiske eller semistatiske kulturer bør modtage lavere fodermængder for at forhindre bakterie- og svampevækst.
An alternative method could be warming of the sediment by placing the test vessels in a water bath at 50 – 60 °C;
Under disse betingelser fordobles antallet af individer i kulturen generelt på ca. 10-14 dage.
the worms will leave the sediment and can be collected from the sediment surface by use of a fire-polished wide-mouth pipette.
Alternativt kan Lumbriculus variegatus dyrkes i et system, der består af et lag kvartssand som det, der bruges til det syntetiske sediment (1-2 cm dybt), og rekonstituteret vand.
Another alternative method could be to produce a sediment slurry and pour this slurry onto a shallow pan of suitable size.
Beholdere af glas eller rustfrit stål med en højde på 12-20 cm kan bruges som dyrkningsbeholdere.
From the shallow layer of slurry the worms can be picked up by a steel needle or watchmakers' tweezers (to be used rather like a fork than forceps to avoid injuring the worms) and transferred to clean water.
Vandet beluftes forsigtigt (f.eks. to bobler pr. sekund) ved hjælp af en pasteur-pipette, der er anbragt ca. 2 cm over sedimentoverfladen.
After separating the worms from the sediment slurry, these are rinsed in test medium and counted.
For at forhindre akkumulering af f.eks. ammoniak udskiftes det overliggende vand mindst en gang om ugen ved hjælp af et gennemstrømningssystem eller manuelt.
Independently of the method used, laboratories should demonstrate that their personnel are able to recover an average of at least 90 % of the organisms from whole sediment.
Oligochaeterne kan holdes ved stuetemperatur med en lysperiode på 16 timers lys (intensitet 100-1000 lux) og otte timers mørke.
For example, a certain number of test organisms could be added to control sediment or test sediments, and recovery could be determined after 1 h (7).
I den semistatiske kultur (vandudskiftning en gang om ugen) fodres ormene med TetraMin to gange om ugen (f.eks. 0,6-0,8 mg pr. cm2 sedimentoverflade), som kan tilsættes som en suspension af 50 mg TetraMin pr. ml deioniseret vand.
The total number of living and dead individuals per replicate should be recorded and assessed.
Lumbriculus variegatus kan fjernes fra kulturerne, f.eks. ved at overføre substrat med et finmasket net eller organismer med en flammepoleret glaspipette med bred åbning (ca. 5 mm i diameter) til et separat bæger.
The following groups of worms are considered to be dead:
Hvis substrat føres med over i dette bæger, henstår bægeret, som indeholder orme og substrat, natten over under gennemstrømning, hvilket vil fjerne substratet fra bægeret, mens ormene bliver i bunden af beholderen.
there is no reaction after a gentle mechanical stimulus
De kan derefter overføres til nye klargjorte dyrkningsbeholdere eller bearbejdes yderligere med henblik på testen som anført i (3) og (4) eller nedenfor.
there are signs of decomposition (in combination with “a”)
Det betyder, at eksponering hos L. variegatus via indtagelse af forurenet sediment ikke finder sted kontinuerligt.
number of missing worms
Derfor bør der gennemføres en synkronisering for at minimere ukontrolleret reproduktion og regenerering og efterfølgende høj variation i testresultaterne.
Additionally, the living worms can be assigned to one of three groups:
En sådan variation kan forekomme, når individer, der har fragmenteret sig og derfor ikke indtager føde i en periode, er mindre eksponeret for testkemikaliet end andre individer, der ikke fragmenterer sig under testen (9), (10), (11).
large complete worms (adults) without regenerated body regions
10-14 dage inden påbegyndelsen af eksponeringen fragmenteres ormene kunstigt (synkronisering).
complete worms with regenerated, lighter-coloured body regions (i.e., with new posterior part, with new anterior part, or with both new posterior and anterior parts)
Store (voksne) orme, der fortrinsvis ikke viser tegn på nylig regenerering, udvælges til synkronisering.
incomplete worms (i.e., recently fragmented worms with non-regenerated body regions)
Disse orme kan anbringes på en glasplade i en dråbe dyrkningsvand og dissekeres i det mediane kropsområde med en skalpel.
These additional observations are not mandatory, but can be used for additional interpretation of the biological results (for example, a high number of worms assigned to group c may indicate a delay of reproduction or regeneration in a given treatment).
Bagenderne skal have samme størrelse.
Additionally, if any differences in appearance (e.g. lesions of the integument, oedematous body sections) are observed between treated and control worms, these should be recorded.
Bagenderne henstår herefter i en dyrkningsbeholder, der indeholder samme substrat som kulturen og rekonstitueret vand, så de kan regenerere nye hoveder indtil eksponeringsperiodens start.
Immediately after counting/assessment, the living worms found in each replicate are transferred to dried, pre-weighed and labelled weigh pans (one per replicate), and killed using a drop of ethanol per weigh pan.
Det er et tegn på, at nye hoveder er regenereret, når de synkroniserede orme graver sig ned i substratet (tilstedeværelse af nye hoveder kan bekræftes ved at undersøge en repræsentativ delprøve under binokulært mikroskop).
The weigh pans are placed in a drying oven at 100 ± 5 °C to dry overnight, after which they are weighed after cooling in a desiccator, and worm dry weight is determined (preferably in g, at least 4 post-decimal digits).
Testorganismerne forventes derefter at være i tilsvarende fysiologisk tilstand.
In addition to the total dry weight, the ash-free dry weight may be determined as described in (49) in order to account for inorganic components originating from ingested sediment present in the alimentary tract of the worms.
Det betyder, at når reproduktion ved regenerering forekommer hos synkroniserede orme under testen, forventes stort set alle dyr at være eksponeret for det spikede sediment i samme grad.
The biomass is determined as total biomass per replicate including adult and young worms.
Fodring af de synkroniserede orme sker, så snart ormene begynder at grave sig ned i substratet eller syv dage efter dissektion.
Dead worms should not be taken into account for the determination of biomass per replicate.
Fodersystemet skal være sammenligneligt med fodersystemet for de almindelige kulturer, men det kan være hensigtsmæssigt at fodre de synkroniserede orme med samme fødekilde som i testen.
Verification of test chemical concentrations
Ormene holdes ved testtemperatur, 20 °C ± 2 °C.
Sampling
Efter regenerering anvendes de intakte hele orme, som aktivt svømmer eller kryber efter en let, mekanisk påvirkning, til testen.
Samples for chemical analysis of the test chemical should be taken at least of the highest concentration and a lower one, at least at the end of the equilibration phase (before adding the test organisms), and at the end of the test.
Skader eller autotomi hos ormene bør forhindres, f.eks. ved at bruge pipetter med flammepolerede kanter eller rustfrie dentale sonder til håndtering af ormene.
At least the bulk sediment and the overlying water should be sampled for analysis.
Kilder til starterkulturer til Lumbriculus variegatus (adresser i USA hentet fra (4))
At least two samples should be taken per matrix and treatment on each sampling date.
Europa
One of the duplicate samples may be stored as a reserve (to be analysed e.g. in the event that initial analysis falls outside the ± 20 % range from the nominal concentration).
USA
In case of specific chemical properties, e.g. if rapid degradation of the test chemical is expected, the analytical schedule may be refined (e.g. more frequent sampling, analysis of more concentration levels) on the basis of expert judgment.
Resume af ringtestens resultater
Samples may then be taken on intermediate sampling dates (e.g. on day seven after start of exposure).
»Sedimenttest med Lumbriculus variegatus«
The overlying water should be sampled by carefully decanting or siphoning off the overlying water so as to minimise perturbation of the sediment.
Resultater af individuelle ringtestserier:
The volume of the samples should be recorded.
Gennemsnitligt antal orme i kontrollerne og opløsningsmiddelkontrollerne ved afslutningen af testen;
After the overlying water has been removed, the sediment should be homogenised and transferred to a suitable container.
SD = standardafvigelse;
The weight of the wet sediment sample is recorded.
CV = variationskoefficient.
If analysis of the test chemical in the pore water is required additionally, the homogenised and weighed sediment samples should be centrifuged to obtain the pore water.
gennemsnitligt antal orme i kontrollerne
For example, approximately 200 ml of wet sediment can be filled into 250 ml centrifugation beakers.
gennemsnitligt antal orme i opløsningsmiddelkontrollerne
Thereafter the samples should be centrifuged without filtration to isolate the porewater, e.g. at 10000 ± 600 × g for 30 - 60 min at a temperature not exceeding the temperature used in the test.
Gennemsnits-værdi af sammenlignende laboratorietest
After centrifugation, the supernatant is decanted or pipetted taking care that no sediment particles are introduced, and the volume is recorded.
Gennemsnitlig tørvægt af orme pr. replikat i kontrollerne og opløsningsmiddelkontrollerne ved afslutningen af testen;
The weight of the remaining sediment pellet is recorded.
CV = variationskoefficient.
It may facilitate the estimation of the mass balance or recovery of the test chemical in the water-sediment system, if the sediment dry weight is determined at each sampling date.
samlet tørvægt af orme pr. replikat (kontroller)
In some cases it might not be possible to analyse concentrations in the pore water as the sample size is too small.
samlet tørvægt af orme pr. replikat (opløsnings-middelkontroller)
Failing immediate analysis, all samples should be stored by an appropriate method, e.g. under the storage conditions recommended for minimum degradation of the particular test chemical (e.g., environmental samples are commonly stored at – 18 °C in the dark).
gennemsnitsværdier af sammenlignende laboratorietest for EC50, NOEC og LOEC;
Since the whole procedure is governed essentially by the accuracy, precision and sensitivity of the analytical method used for the test chemical, check experimentally that the precision and reproducibility of the chemical analysis, as well as the recovery of the test chemical from water and sediment samples are satisfactory for the particular method at least at the lowest and highest test concentrations.
laveste påviselige forskel (minimum detectable difference) i forhold til kontrolværdierne ved hypotesetest;
Also, check that the test chemical is not detectable in the control chambers in concentrations higher than the limit of quantification.
mål for den statistiske styrke
If necessary, correct the nominal concentrations for the recoveries of quality control spikes (e.g. where recovery is outside 80 - 120 % of spiked amount).
Biologisk parameter
Handle all samples throughout the test in such a manner so as to minimise contamination and loss (e.g. resulting from adsorption of the test chemical on the sampling device).
Gennemsnits-værdi af sammen-lignende laboratorietest (mg/kg)
The recovery of test chemical, the limit of quantification, and the limit of detection in sediment and water should be recorded and reported.
Faktor for sammen-lignende laboratorie-test
The main mandatory response variables of the test to be evaluated statistically are the biomass and the total number of worms per replicate.
geometrisk middel-værdi (mg/kg)
Optionally, reproduction (as increase of worm numbers) and growth (as increase of dry biomass) could be also evaluated.
antal orme i alt
In this case, an estimate of the dry weight of the worms at start of exposure should be obtained e.g. by measurement of the dry weight of a representative sub-sample of the batch of synchronised worms to be used for the test.
samlet tørvægt af orme
Although mortality is not an endpoint of this test, mortalities should be evaluated as far as possible.
dødelighed/overlevelse
In order to estimate mortalities, the number of worms that do not react to a gentle mechanical stimulus or showed signs of decomposition, and the missing worms should be considered dead.
reproduktion (forøgelse af antal orme pr. replikat)
Mortalities should at least be recorded and considered when interpreting the test results.
vækst (biomasse-forøgelse pr. replikat)
Effect concentrations should be expressed in mg/kg sediment dry weight.
C.36 ROVMIDE (HYPOASPIS (GEOLAELAPS) ACULEIFER) — FORMERINGSTEST I JORD
If the recovery of test chemical measured in the sediment, or in sediment and overlying water at start of exposure, is between 80 and 120 % of the nominal concentrations, the effect concentrations (ECx, NOEC, LOEC) may be expressed based on nominal concentrations.
Denne testmetode svarer til OECD Test Guideline (TG) 226 (2008).
If recovery deviates from the nominal concentrations by more than ± 20 % of the nominal concentrations, the effect concentrations (ECx, NOEC, LOEC) should be based on the initially measured concentrations at the beginning of the exposure, e.g. taking into account the mass balance of the test chemical in the test system (see paragraph 30).
Denne testmetode er beregnet til vurdering af kemikaliers virkninger på reproduktionen hos rovmidearten Hypoaspis (Geolaelaps) aculeifer Canestrini (Acari: Laelapidae), idet den giver mulighed for vurdering af hæmningen af den specifikke bestands væksthastighed (1,2).
In these cases, additional information can be obtained from analysis of stock and/or application solutions in order to confirm that the test sediments were prepared correctly.
Ved formeringsevne forstås her antal unger ved testperiodens afslutning.
ECx-values for the parameters described in paragraph 60 are calculated using appropriate statistical methods (e.g. probit analysis, logistic or Weibull function, trimmed Spearman-Karber method, or simple interpolation).
H. aculeifer repræsenterer et yderligere trofisk niveau for den art, for hvilken der allerede foreligger testmetoder.
Guidance on statistical evaluation is given in (15) and (50).
En formeringstest uden skelnen mellem og kvantificering af de forskellige trin i reproduktionscyklussen betragtes som hensigtsmæssig i forbindelse med denne testmetode.
To compute the EC50 or any other ECx, the per-treatment means ( X
For kemiske stoffer med et andet eksponeringsscenarie end via jorden kan andre tilgange være hensigtsmæssige (3).
) should be subjected to regression analysis.
Hypoaspis (Geolaelaps) aculeifer betragtes som en relevant repræsentant for jordfauna og nærmere bestemt rovmider.
If a statistical analysis is intended to determine the NOEC/LOEC, per-vessel statistics (individual vessels are considered replicates) are necessary.
Den findes i hele verden (5) og kan let indsamles og dyrkes i laboratorier.
Appropriate statistical methods should be used.
Der foreligger baggrundsinformation om miders økologi og deres brug i økotoksikologisk testning (4), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9), (10), (11) og (12).
Examples are given in the following paragraphs.
Voksne hunner udsættes for en række koncentrationer af testkemikaliet blandet i jorden.
Guidance on selection of appropriate statistical methods is given in (15) and (50).
Derudover ville anvendelse af hanner forlænge testen, hvilket ville gøre det nødvendigt at skelne mellem alderstrin.
If the prerequisites of parametric test procedures (normality, variance homogeneity) are fulfilled, One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and subsequent multi-comparison tests can be performed.
For den primære målte variabel bestemmes antallet af unger pr. testbeholder og desuden antallet af overlevende hunner.
The unequal-variance t-test (Welch t-test) or a non parametric test, such as the Mann-Whitney-U-test may be used, if these requirements are not fulfilled.
Testkemikaliets vandopløselighed, log Kow, fordelingskoefficient mellem jord og vand og damptryk skal helst være kendt.
Some information on the statistical power found during hypothesis testing in the ring test of the method is given in Appendix 6.
Yderligere oplysninger om testkemikaliets skæbne i jord, såsom biotisk og abiotisk nedbrydning, er ønskelige.
To determine significant differences between the controls (control and solvent control), the replicates of each control can be tested as described for the limit test.
Følgende kriterier skal opfyldes i de ubehandlede kontroller, hvis testresultatet skal anses for gyldigt:
If these tests do not detect significant differences, all control and solvent control replicates may be pooled.
Den gennemsnitlige dødelighed blandt voksne hunner må ikke overstige 20 % ved forsøgets afslutning.
Otherwise all treatments should be compared with the solvent control.
Det gennemsnitlige antal unger pr. replikat (med ti voksne hunner) skal være mindst 50 ved testens afslutning.
The results should be interpreted with caution if there were deviations from this test method, and where measured concentrations of test concentrations occur at levels close to the detection limit of the analytical method used.
Variationskoefficienten beregnet for antal unger pr. replikat må ikke overstige 30 % ved den endelige tests afslutning.
Any deviations from this test method must be noted.
ECx og/eller NOEC for et referencekemikalie skal bestemmes, for at give sikkerhed for at laboratorietestbetingelserne er tilstrækkelige, og kontrollere, at testorganismernes respons ikke har ændret sig over tid.
The test report should include at least the following information:
Dimethoat (CAS 60-51-5) er et egnet referencekemikalie, der har vist sig at have indvirkning på populationsstørrelsen (4).
chemical identification data (common name, chemical name, structural formula, CAS number, etc.) including purity and analytical method for quantification of test chemical; source of the test chemical, identity and concentration of any solvent used.
Borsyre (CAS 10043-35-3) kan bruges som alternativt referencekemikalie.
any information available on the physical nature and physical-chemical properties as obtained prior to start of the test, (e.g. water solubility, vapour pressure, partition coefficient in soil (or in sediment if available), log Kow, stability in water, etc.);
Der er mindre erfaring med dette kemikalie.
scientific name, source, any pre-treatment, acclimation, culture conditions, etc..
Der er to mulige design:
test procedure used (e.g. static, semi-static or flow-through);
Referencekemikaliet kan testes samtidig med bestemmelsen af hvert testkemikalies toksicitet ved en koncentration, som skal påvises på forhånd i en dosis/respons-undersøgelse, hvor antallet af unger reduceres med > 50 %.
test design (e.g. number, material and size of test chambers, water volume per vessel, sediment mass and volume per vessel, (for flow-through or semi-static procedures: water volume replacement rate), any aeration used before and during the test, number of replicates, number of worms per replicate at start of exposure, number of test concentrations, length of conditioning, equilibration and exposure periods, sampling frequency);
I dette tilfælde bør antallet af replikater være det samme som i kontrollerne (se punkt 29).
depth of sediment and overlying water;
Alternativt testes referencekemikaliet 1-2 gange om året i en dosis/respons-test.
method of test chemical pre-treatment and spiking/application;
Antallet af koncentrationer og replikater og afstandsfaktoren varierer afhængigt af det valgte design (se punkt 29), men der bør opnås en respons på 10-90 % effekt (afstandsfaktor på 1,8).
the nominal test concentrations, details about the sampling for chemical analysis, and the analytical methods by which concentrations of the test chemical were obtained;
for dimethoat baseret på antal unger bør være på 3,0-7,0 mg aktivt stof/kg jord (tørvægt).
sediment characteristics as described in paragraphs 24 - 25, and any other measurements made;
Baseret på de resultater, der er opnået med borsyre hidtil, bør EC50 baseret på antal unger være på 100-500 mg/kg jord (tørvægt).
preparation of formulated sediment;
Testbeholdere og -udstyr
preparation of the test water (if reconstituted water is used) and characteristics (oxygen concentration, pH, conductivity, hardness, and any other measurements made) before the start of the test;
Der bruges testbeholdere med en diameter på 3-5 cm (jordhøjde ≥ 1,5 cm) af glas eller et andet kemisk inert materiale og med et tætsluttende låg.
detailed information on feeding including type of food, preparation, amount and feeding regimen;
Skruelåg foretrækkes, og beholderne beluftes i givet fald to gange om ugen.
light intensity and photoperiod(s);
Alternativt kan der bruges låg, som tillader direkte gasudveksling mellem substratet og atmosfæren (f.eks. gaze).
methods used for determination of all biological parameters (e.g. sampling, inspection, weighing of test organisms) and all abiotic parameters (e.g. water and sediment quality parameters);
Eftersom fugtindholdet skal holdes tilstrækkeligt højt under testen, er det vigtigt at kontrollere hver testbeholders vægt under testen og om nødvendigt tilsætte vand.
volumes and/or weights of all samples for chemical analysis;
Det kan være særlig vigtigt, hvis der ikke anvendes skruelåg.
detailed information on the treatment of all samples for chemical analysis, including details of preparation, storage, spiking procedures, extraction, and analytical procedures (and precision) for the test chemical, and recoveries of the test chemical.
Hvis der bruges en uigennemsigtig testbeholder, bør låget være fremstillet af et materiale, der giver adgang til lys (f.eks. kan låget være perforeret og gennemsigtigt), men som samtidig forhindrer miderne i at slippe ud.
water quality within the test vessels (pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen concentration, hardness, ammonia concentrations, and any other measurements made);
Testbeholderens størrelse og type afhænger af ekstraktionsmetoden (flere oplysninger findes i tillæg 5).
total organic carbon content (TOC), dry weight to wet weight ratio, pH of the sediment, and any other measurements made;
Hvis der anvendes varmeekstraktion direkte på testbeholderen, kan der tilføjes et bundnet af en passende maskestørrelse (forseglet indtil ekstraktion), og jorddybden bør være tilstrækkelig til at sikre en temperatur- og fugtgradient.
total number, and if determined, number of complete and incomplete worms in each test chamber at the end of the test;