natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Eftersom der består en stærk korrelation mellem de to parametre k1 og k2, hvis de skønnes samtidigt, er det undertiden bedst først at beregne k2 ud fra udskillelsesdataene alene (se ovenfor); i de fleste tilfælde kan k2 beregnes ud fra optagelseskurven med relativt stor sikkerhed. k1 kan efterfølgende beregnes ved hjælp af ikke-lineær regression [6].
Equally, a laboratory-based Myriophyllum test may be required as part of a higher-tier strategy to address concerns over the risk to aquatic plants.
En af de mest almindelige komplikationer er fiskevækst under testen.
The specific reason for conducting a test will determine the route of exposure (i.e. via water or sediment).
KORRIGERING FOR VÆKSTFORTYNDING FOR KINETISK BCF OG BMF
Before use of this test method for the testing of a mixture intended for a regulatory purpose, it should be considered whether, and if so why, it may provide adequate results for that purpose.
Hvis der er tegn på, at kinetikken ikke er af første orden, anbefales det at søge råd hos en biostatistiker vedrørende korrekt korrigering for vækstfortynding eller at anvende den nedenfor beskrevne massebaserede fremgangsmåde.
The test is designed to assess chemical-related effects on the vegetative growth of Myriophyllum plants growing in standardised media (water, sediment and nutrients).
I nogle tilfælde er denne metode til at korrigere for vækstfortynding upræcis, og undertiden virker den ikke (for stoffer, der udskilles meget langsomt, og som der testes i hurtigt voksende fisk, kan den afledte udskillelseshastighedskonstant korrigeret for vækstfortynding, k2g, f.eks. være meget lille, og dermed bliver fejlprocenten i de to hastighedskonstanter, der bruges til at udlede den, kritisk, og i nogle tilfælde kan skøn over kg overstige skøn over k2).
For this purpose, shoot apices of healthy, non-flowering plants are potted in standardised, artificial sediment, which is supplemented with additional nutrients to ensure adequate plant growth, and then maintained in Smart and Barko medium (Appendix 1).
I sådanne tilfælde kan der anvendes en alternativ metode (dvs. massetilgang), som også fungerer, når vækstkinetikken ikke er af første orden, hvilket fjerner behovet for korrigering.
After an establishment period to allow for root formation, plants are exposed to a series of test concentrations added to the water column.
Denne fremgangsmåde er beskrevet i slutningen af dette afsnit.
Alternatively, exposure via the sediment may be simulated by spiking the artificial sediment with the test chemical and transplanting plants into this spiked sediment.
Metode til subtraktion af væksthastighedskonstant med henblik på vækstkorrektion
In both cases, plants are subsequently maintained under controlled environmental conditions for 14 days.
Generelt er det for korrigering for vækstfortynding mere hensigtsmæssigt at anvende vægtdata fra hele undersøgelsen for at udlede væksthastighedskonstanten (kg), men statistisk signifikante forskelle mellem væksthastighedskonstanterne for optagelsesfasen og udskillelsesfasen kan indikere, at konstanten for udskillelsesfasen skulle have været anvendt.
To quantify chemical-related effects, growth in the test solutions is compared with the growth of the control plants, and the concentration causing a specified x % inhibition of growth is determined and expressed as the ECx; “x” can be any value depending on the regulatory requirements, e.g. EC10 EC20 and EC50.
De samlede vækstrater fra undersøgelser med eksponering i vand for test- og kontrolgrupper kan anvendes til at kontrollere alle behandlingsrelaterede virkninger.
Both average specific growth rate (estimated from assessments of shoot length, shoot fresh weight and shoot dry weight) and yield (estimated from the increase in shoot length, shoot fresh weight and shoot dry weight) of untreated and treated plants should be determined.
Afvigelserne i kurvernes hældninger beregnes og anvendes til at vurdere den statistiske signifikans (p = 0,05) af forskellen mellem hældninger (væksthastighedskonstanter) ved hjælp af t-testen (eller ANOVA, hvis der testes mere end en koncentration).
If required, the lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) and the no observed effect concentration (NOEC) may be statistically determined from estimates of average specific growth rates and yield.
Vægtdata foretrækkes generelt til vækstkorrektion.
An analytical method with adequate sensitivity for quantification of the chemicals in the test medium should be available.
Længdedata, der er behandlet på samme måde, kan bruges til at sammenligne kontrol- og testgrupper med hensyn til behandlingsrelaterede virkninger.
Information on the test chemical which may be useful in establishing the test conditions includes the structural formula, composition in the case of multi-constituent substances, UVCBs, mixtures or formulations, purity, water solubility, stability in water and light, acid dissociation constant (pKa), partition coefficient octanol-water (Kow), if available Kd to sediments, vapour pressure and biodegradability.
Hvis der ikke er nogen statistisk signifikant forskel i analysen af vægtdata, kan test- og kontroldata samles og en overordnet væksthastighedskonstant for undersøgelsen (kg) beregnes som den lineære korrelations samlede hældning.
Water solubility and vapour pressure can be used to calculate Henry's Law constant, which will indicate whether significant losses of the test chemical during the test period are likely.
Hvis der observeres statistisk signifikante forskelle, rapporteres væksthastighedskonstanter for hver fiskegruppe og/eller undersøgelsesfase hver for sig.
If losses of the test chemicals are likely, the losses should be quantified and the subsequent steps to control such losses should be documented.
Hastighedskonstanten fra hver behandlet gruppe bør efterfølgende anvendes til at korrigere for vækstfortynding i denne gruppe.
Where information on the solubility and stability of the test chemical(s) is uncertain, it is recommended that these properties are assessed under the conditions of the test, i.e. growth medium, temperature, lighting regime to be used in the test.
Hvis der konstateres statistiske forskelle mellem optagelses- og udskillelseshastighedskonstanter, bør hastighedskonstanter udledt fra udskillelsesfasen anvendes.
Note: when light dependent peroxidising herbicides are tested, the laboratory lighting used should contain the equivalent presence of solar ultraviolet light found in natural sunlight.
Den beregnede væksthastighedskonstant (kg udtrykt som dag-1) kan trækkes fra den samlede udskillelseshastighedskonstant (k2) og giver så udskillelseshastighedskonstanten k2g.
The pH should be measured and adjusted in the test medium as appropriate.
[Ligning A5.27]
The pH control of the test medium is particularly important, e.g. when testing metals or chemicals which are hydrolytically unstable.
Optagelseshastighedskonstanten divideres med den vækstkorrigerede udskillelseshastighedskonstant og giver den vækstkorrigerede kinetiske BCF, benævnt BCFKg (eller BMFKg).
Further guidance for testing chemicals with physical-chemical properties that make them difficult to test is provided in a OECD Guidance Document (11).
[Ligning A5.28]
For the test results to be valid, the mean total shoot length and mean total shoot fresh weight in control plants at least double during the exposure phase of the test.
Væksthastighedskonstanten udledt fra en undersøgelse af eksponering i foder anvendes i ligning A7.5 til at beregne den vækstkorrigerede BMFKg (jf. tillæg 7).
In addition, control plants must not show any visual symptoms of chlorosis and should be visibly free from contamination by other organisms such as algae and/or bacterial films on the plants, at the surface of the sediment and in the test medium.
Massebaseret metode til vækstkorrektion
The mean coefficient of variation for yield based on measurements of shoot fresh weight (i.e. from test initiation to test termination) in the control cultures does not exceed 35 % between replicates.
Vævskoncentrationer fra udskillelsesfasen (masse af teststof/fiskemasseenhed) konverteres til masse af teststof/fisk: koncentrationer og de enkelte fisks vægt opstilles i tabelform (f.eks. ved hjælp af et elektronisk regneark), og hver koncentration multipliceres med fiskenes samlede vægt, således at denne måling giver et sæt masseteststof/fisk for alle prøver fra udskillelsesfasen.
A reference chemical(s), such as 3,5-dichlorophenol used in the ring test (9), should be periodically tested in order to check the performance of the test procedure over time.
Den deraf resulterende naturlige logaritme for stofmassedata plottes mod tid for forsøget (udskillelsesfasen), som man normalt ville gøre.
The ring test data indicate that the mean EC50 values of 3,5-DCP for the different response variables were between 4,7 and 6,1 mg/l (see the ring-test report for details of anticipated confidence interval around these values).
For metoden med eksponering i vand udledes optagelseshastighedskonstanten rutinemæssigt (se afsnit 4 og 6).
It is advisable to test a reference chemical at least twice a year or, where testing is carried out infrequently, in parallel with the definitive toxicity tests.
Det bemærkes, at den »normale« k2-værdi bør anvendes i kurvefitningsligningerne for k1, og hastighedskonstanten udledes af ovennævnte data.
A guide to expected EC50 values for 3,5-DCP is provided in the Statistical Report of the International Ring-test (9).
Fordi den fremkomne værdi for udskillelseshastighedskonstanten er uafhængig af vækst, fordi den er beregnet ud fra et massegrundlag pr. hel fisk, bør den benævnes k2g og ikke k2.
Test apparatus
LIPIDNORMALISERING TIL 5 % FEDTINDHOLD (KUN FOR METODEN MED EKSPONERING I VAND)
The test should be conducted under controlled environmental conditions, i.e. in a growth chamber, growth room or laboratory, with controllable day length, lighting and temperature (see section “Test conditions”, paragraphs 56-58).
BCF-resultater (kinetisk og ligevægt) fra test med eksponering i vand bør også anføres i forhold til et standardfedtindhold på 5 % vådvægt, medmindre det kan hævdes, at teststoffet ikke primært opkoncentreres i fedtvæv (f.eks. kan visse perflourinerede stoffer binde til proteiner).
Stock cultures should be maintained separately from test vessels.
Data for koncentration i fisk, eller BCF, skal konverteres til et 5 % fedtindhold på vådvægtsbasis.
The study should be conducted using glass test vessels such as aquaria or beakers; 2-l glass beakers (approximately 24 cm high and 11 cm in diameter) are commonly used.
Hvis de samme fisk er anvendt til at måle stofkoncentrationer og fedtindhold ved alle prøveudtagningspunkter, kræver dette, at hver enkelt målte koncentration i fisk korrigeres for dette fedtindhold.
However, other (i.e. larger) vessels may be suitable provided that there is sufficient depth of water to allow unlimited growth and keep the plants submerged throughout the test duration.
23: 2343-2355.
Plastic or glass plant pots (approximately 9 cm diameter and 8 cm high and 500 ml volume) may be used as containers for potting the plants into the sediment.
Bioconcentration of 2,2',4,4' tetrachlorobiphenyl in rainbow trout as measured by an accelerated test.
Alternatively, glass beakers may be used and are preferred in some cases (e.g. testing hydrophobic chemicals or chemicals with high Kow).
BEREGNING AF ASSIMILERINGSEFFEKTIVITET OG BIOMAGNIFICERINGSFAKTOR
The choice of pot/beaker size needs to be considered alongside the choice of test vessels and the preferred test design (see below).
For at beregne assimileringseffektiviteten bør den samlede udskillelseshastighedskonstant først bestemmes i henhold til afsnit 4 i tillæg 5 (her anvendes den »sekventielle metode«, dvs. lineær standardregression) ved hjælp af gennemsnitlige prøvekoncentrationer fra udskillelsesfasen.
If using Test Design A (one shoot per pot with three pots per vessel) then smaller pots or larger vessels may be needed.
Fodringshastighedskonstanten I og optagelsens varighed t er kendte parametre.
If using Test Design B (three shoots per pot and one pot per vessel) then the stated pot and vessel sizes should be adequate.
Cfood, den gennemsnitlige målte koncentration af teststoffet i foderet, er en målt variabel i undersøgelsen.
In all cases, the minimum overlaying water depth should be 12 cm above the top of the sediment and the ratio of sediment surface area/volume to water surface area/volume should be recorded.
C0,d, teststoffets koncentration i fiskene ved optagelsesfasens afslutning, udledes normalt af skæringspunktet mellem en graf over ln(koncentration) mod udskillelsesdag.
The general approaches described in this test method can be used to test a range of aquatic plant species.
Stoffets assimileringseffektivitet (a, absorption af teststoffet i tarmen) beregnes som:
However, the conditions outlined in this test method have been tailored for testing the water milfoil species, Myriophyllum spicatum.
[Ligning A7.1]
This species belongs to the dicotyledonous family, Haloragaceae.
udledt koncentration i fisk ved nulstilling af udskillelsen (mg kg– 1)
Myriophyllum spicatum (Eurasian water milfoil) is a submerged, rooted species which tolerates a wide range of conditions and is found in both static and flowing water bodies.
koncentration i foder (mg kg– 1 foder)
M. spicatum is a perennial which dies back to the roots over winter.
t fordringsperiodens varighed (dag)
Plants usually flower and set seed freely although vegetative propagation from axillary buds or stem fragments that detach naturally or after disturbance, is often the primary method of colonisation.
Det kan dog blive nødvendigt at tilpasse den fodermængde I, der er anvendt til beregningen, til fiskenes vækst for at give en præcis assimileringseffektivitet, a. I en test, hvor fiskene vokser meget i optagelsesfasen (uden at fodermængden korrigeres for at beholde den fastsatte fodermængde) vil den effektive fodermængde i løbet af optagelsesfasen være lavere end den fastsatte, hvilket vil resultere i en højere »reel« assimileringseffektivitet.
Cultivation of the test organism
[Ligning A7.2]
Plants may be obtained from natural populations or via aquatic plant suppliers.
fiskenes gennemsnitlige vægt på optagelsesdag t
In both cases, the source of the plants should be documented and species identity should be verified.
fiskenes gennemsnitlige vægt ved forsøgets start
If in doubt, use of verified laboratory cultures from known sources is recommended.
På denne måde kan (som minimum) fiskenes gennemsnitlige vægt på den sidste eksponeringsdag (Wf,end-of-uptake) anslås.
Plants that have been exposed to any chemical contaminants, or collected from sites known to be contaminated, should not be used in this test.
Da fodermængden er fastsat på baggrund af Wf,0, kan den effektive fodermængde for hver optagelsesdag beregnes ved hjælp af disse to vægtværdier.
In regions where M. spicatum is not readily available during the winter months, long-term maintenance of stock cultures may be necessary under glasshouse or laboratory conditions.
Den vækstkorrigerede fodermængde, Ig (g foder g– 1 fisk dag– 1), som kan anvendes i stedet for I i tilfælde af kraftig vækst i optagelsesfasen, kan derefter beregnes som
Stock cultures should be maintained under conditions similar to the test conditions although irradiance and temperature may be reduced in order to reduce the frequency of culture maintenance (e.g. when Myriophyllum tests are not planned for a period).
Der beregnes 95 % konfidensintervaller for de enkelte behandlingers middelværdier.
Use of larger aquaria and plant pots, than would be used in tests, is recommended in order to allow space for proliferation.
Antallet af overlevende hunner i de ubehandlede kontroller er et validitetskriterium og bør dokumenteres og rapporteres.
Sediment and water-media composition should be the same as would be used for tests although alternative methods of sediment fertilisation may be adopted (e.g. use of commercial slow-release fertiliser formulations)
Andre skadelige virkninger, f.eks. unormal adfærd og betydelige toksikologiske resultater, bør også anføres i den endelige rapport.
Stock plants should be visibly free of contamination with any other organisms, including snails, filamentous algae, fungi and insects, e.g. eggs or larvae of the moth Paraponyx stratiotata and larve or adults of the curculionidae Eubrychius velutus.
ECx-værdier, herunder de dermed associerede øvre og nedre konfidensgrænser, beregnes med passende statistiske metoder (f.eks. logistisk funktion eller Weibull-funktion, Trimmed Spearman-Karber-metoden eller simpel interpolering).
Rinsing plant material in fresh water may be necessary to eliminate visible contamination.
For at beregne EC10, EC50 eller enhver anden ECx-værdi underkastes det komplette datasæt en regressionsanalyse.
In addition, efforts should be made to minimise the development of unicellular algae and bacterial contamination although complete sterility of the plant material is not necessary.
Hvis en statistisk analyse skal bruges til at bestemme NOEC/LOEC, bør der anvendes passende statistiske metoder i overensstemmelse med OECD Document 54, Current Approaches in the Statistical Analysis of Ecotoxicity Data: a Guidance to Application(4).
Stock cultures should be monitored and transplanted as necessary to avoid development of algal and bacterial contamination.
Generelt undersøges negative virkninger af testkemikaliet sammenlignet med kontrollerne ved hjælp af en ensidet hypotesetest ved p ≤ 0,05.
Aeration of stock cultures may be beneficial should algal or bacterial contamination become problematic.
de nominelle testkoncentrationer og resultatet af alle analyser til bestemmelse af koncentrationen af testkemikaliet i testbeholderne (se eksempel på dataark i tillæg 5); metodens genfindingsgrad og kvantificeringsgrænsen bør også rapporteres
In all cases, plants are cultured/ acclimatised under conditions that are similar, but not necessarily identical, to those used in the test for an adequate period (i.e. > 2 weeks) before their use in a test.
kvaliteten af vandet i testbeholderne (dvs. pH, temperatur, koncentration af opløst ilt og TOC og/eller COD samt hårdhedsgrad, hvor dette er relevant) (se eksempler på dataark i tillæg 4)
Flowering stock cultures should not be used in a test as vegetative growth rates generally decline during and after flowering.
OECD (2006).
Sediment
Protoplasma, 154, 25-
The following formulated sediment, based on the artificial sediment used in Chapter C.28 of this Annex (8), is recommended for use in this test.
I: Annual Book of ASTM Standards; Water and Environmental Technology, vol. 11.04; ASTM E729 — 96 (2007) American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA
The sediment is prepared as described in TM C.28, except for the addition of nutrients as described below:
I: Proceedings of the 1st European Conference on Ecotoxicology.
4-5 % peat (dry weight, according to 2 ± 0,5 % organic carbon) as close to pH 5,5 to 6,0 as possible; it is important to use peat in powder form, finely ground (preferably particle size < 1 mm) and only air dried.
Bemærk:
20 % (dry weight) kaolin clay (kaolinite content preferably above 30 %).
Bemærk:
75-76 % (dry weight) quartz sand (fine sand should predominate with more than 50 % of the particles between 50 and 200 μm).
Bemærk:
An aqueous nutrient medium is added such that the final sediment batch contains 200 mg/Kg dry sediment of both ammonium chloride and sodium phosphate and the moisture content of the final mixture is in a range of 30-50 %.
Brauhn, J.L. and R.A.
Calcium carbonate of chemically pure quality (CaCO3) is added to adjust the pH of the final mixture of the sediment to 7,0 ± 0,5.
Brungs, W.
The source of peat, kaolin clay and sand should be known and documented.
Adolfsson-Erici, et al.
If the origin is unknown or gives some level of concern, then the respective components should be checked for the absence of chemical contamination (e.g. heavy metals, organochlorine compounds, organophosphorous compounds).
Hansen, D.J. and P.R.
The dry constituents of the sediment should be mixed homogenously prior to mixing the aqueous nutrient solution thoroughly into the sediment.
Kimmel, H. B.et al.
The moist sediment should be prepared at least two days before use to allow thorough soaking of the peat and to prevent hydrophobic peat particles floating to the surface when the sediment is overlaid with media; before use, the moist sediment may be stored in the dark.
Gonzalez-Doncel, M. et al (2005), A quick reference guide to the normal development of Oryzias latipes (Teleostei, Adrinichthydae) Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 20:1–14.
For the test, the sediment is transferred into a suitable size containers, such as plant pots of a diameter which fit into the glass vessels (the sediment surface area should cover approximately 70 % or more of the vessel surface area).
Rao, J.N.K. and A.J.
In cases where the container has holes at the bottom, a piece of filter paper in the bottom of the container will help to keep the sediment within the container.
Rand, G.M. and S.R.
The pots are filled with the sediment such that the sediment surface is level, prior to covering with a thin layer (~ 2 to 3 mm) of an inert material such as sand, fine horticultural grit (or crushed coral) to keep the sediment in place.
Nej
Smart and Barko medium (12) is recommended for culturing and testing Myriophyllum spicatum.
Flowdiagram for ECx-beregning af replikatgennemsnit (længde, vægt eller andel af klækkede æg eller larvedødelighed); flere oplysninger findes i teksten.
Preparation of this media is described in the Appendix 1.
Vurden modellers til pasningsgrad: a) visuelt, b) sammenlign forventet procentvis effect med observeret procentvis effect, c) sammenlign kontrollers gennemsnitsrespons med forventet gennemsnitsrespons, d) sammenlign den resiguale kbadratsum ved regression med kvadrat-summen af tilfældig variation ved hjælp af F-test.
The pH of the media (water phase) at test initiation should be between 7,5 and 8,0 for optimum plant growth.
Afvis modeler med lav tilpasningsgrad.
Experimental design
For Bruce-Versteeg, simpel eksponentiel (OECD 2), simpel eksponentiel med form parameter (OECD 3) eller anden model med 2-3 parametre Seks eller syv koncentrationer plus kontrol
The test should incorporate a minimum of six replicate test vessels for the untreated control and a minimum of four replicate test vessels for each of a minimum of five concentration levels.
Vælg en højere værdi for x eller en anden model
Each test vessel represents a replicate containing three shoots.
Beregn 95 % CI for forventet respons ved control og ved ECx.
There are two options for growing three shoots in each test vessel:
Hver ELISA-plade, der bruges til VTG-assay, skal omfatte følgende kvalitetskontrolprøver: mindst seks kalibreringsstandarder, som omfatter det forventede interval af VTG-koncentrationer, og mindst en ikke-specifik bindingsassayblindprøve (analyseres i duplikat).
Test Design A: one shoot per pot and three pots per vessel.
Disse blindprøvers absorbans bør være under 5 % af den maksimale kalibreringsstandardabsorbans.
Test Design B: three shoots per pot and one pot per vessel.
Seki M, et al (2004).
Alternative test designs of one shoot per pot per test vessel are acceptable provided that replication is adjusted as required to achieve the required validity criteria.
Japansk risfisk
The individual test vessels should be randomly assigned to the treatment groups.
Lysperiode (daggry/skumringsovergange er valgfri, men betragtes ikke som nødvendige)
A randomised design for the location of the test vessels in the test area is required to minimise the influence of spatial differences in light intensity or temperature.
16 t. lys, 8 t. mørke
Test chemical concentrations and control groups
Homogeniseringsbuffer:(50 mM Tris-HCl pH 7,4; 1 % proteaseinhibitorblanding (Sigma)): 12 ml Tris-HCl pH 7,4 + 120 μl proteaseinhibitorblanding.TRIS: TRIS-ULTRA PURE (ICN), f.eks. fra Bie & Berntsen, Danmark.Proteaseinhibitorblanding: Fra Sigma (til pattedyrvæv), produktnummer P 8340.BEMÆRK: Homogeniseringsbufferen skal anvendes samme dag, som den er fremstillet.
Concentrations should typically follow a geometric series; the separation factor between test concentrations should not exceed 3,2.