natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Sidstnævnte metode bør dog bruges forsigtigt, især når man tager i betragtning, at udvaskningsprocessen ikke udelukkende involverer mættede flowbetingelser, men snarere umættede systemer.
it is not necessarily applicable to other anoxic environmental compartments.
De i denne metode beskrevne søjleudvaskningsundersøgelser giver mulighed for at bestemme testkemikaliets udvasknings- eller mobilitetspotentiale i jord (i den oprindelige udvaskningsundersøgelse) og/eller dets omdannelsesprodukters udvasknings- eller mobilitetspotentiale i jord (i undersøgelsen af ældede restkoncentrationer efter udvaskning).
Respirometric techniques that measure the amounts of gas produced, mainly methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2), under anaerobic conditions have been used successfully for assessing anaerobic biodegradability.
Disse test giver ikke en kvantitativ forudsigelse af udvaskningsegenskaber under feltbetingelser, men de kan bruges til at sammenligne et kemikalies »udvaskelighed« med andre, hvis udvaskningsegenskaber kan være kendt (24).
Birch et al (3) reviewed these procedures and concluded that the work of Shelton and Tiedje (4), based on earlier studies (5)(6)(7), was the most comprehensive.
På samme måde måler de ikke kvantitativt den procentdel af det tilførte kemikalie, som måske når grundvandet (11).
The method (4), which was further developed by others (8) and has become the American standards (9)(10), did not resolve problems related to the differing solubilities of CO2 and CH4 in the test medium and to the calculation of the theoretical gas production of a test substance.
Resultaterne af søjleudvaskningsundersøgelser kan dog være en hjælp til at afgøre, om der skal foretages supplerende tilnærmede feltforsøg eller rene feltforsøg for kemikalier, der udviser et højt mobilitetspotentiale i laboratorietest.
The ECETOC report (3) recommended the additional measurement of the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) content of the supernatant liquid, which made the technique more widely applicable.
Rapporten skal indeholde:
The ECETOC method was subjected to an international calibration exercise (or ring test) and became the ISO Standard, ISO 11734 (11).
Testkemikalie og (eventuelt) referencekemikalie:
This test method, which is based on ISO 11734 (11), describes a screening method for the evaluation of potential anaerobic biodegradability of organic substances under a specific condition (i.e. in an anaerobic digester at a given time and range of concentration of micro-organisms).
generisk navn, kemisk navn IUPAC- og CAS-nomenklatur), CAS-nummer, kemisk struktur (med angivelse af mærkets placering, når radioaktivt mærket stof anvendes) og relevante fysisk-kemiske egenskaber
Because a diluted sludge is used with a relatively high concentration of test substance and the duration of the test typically is longer than the retention time in anaerobic digesters, the conditions of the test do not necessarily correspond to the conditions in anaerobic digesters, nor is it applicable for the assessment of anaerobic biodegradability of organic substances under different environmental conditions.
renhed (urenheder) af testkemikaliet
Sludge is exposed to the test substance for up to 60 days, which is longer than the normal sludge retention time (25 to 30 days) in anaerobic digesters, though at industrial sites retention times may be much longer.
for mærkede stoffer, radiokemisk renhed og specifik aktivitet (når det er relevant).
Predictions from the results of this test cannot be made as convincingly as they can be made in the case of aerobic biodegradation, since the evidence accrued on the behaviour of test substances in “ready” aerobic tests and in simulation tests and the aerobic environment is sufficient to be confident that there is a connection;
Prøvejordtyper:
little similar evidence exists for the anaerobic environment.
enkeltheder vedrørende indsamlingsstedet
Complete anaerobic biodegradation can be assumed to occur if 75 %-80 % of theoretical gas production is achieved.
jordtypernes egenskaber, således pH, organisk kulstof- og lerindhold, tekstur og bulkdensitet (for forstyrret jord)
The high ratios of substance to biomass used in these tests mean that a substance which passes is more likely to be degraded in an anaerobic digester.
mikrobiel aktivitet i jorden (kun for jord, der bruges til ældning af testkemikaliet)
Additionally, substances which fail to be converted to gas in the test may not necessarily persist at more environmentally realistic substance-to-biomass ratios.
jordopbevaringsvarighed og -betingelser
Also, other anaerobic reactions occur by which substances may be at least partially degraded, e.g. by dechlorination, but this test does not detect such reactions.
dato for forsøgenes udførelse
However, by applying specific analytical methods for determining the test substance, its disappearance may be monitored (see paragraphs 6, 30, 44 and 53).
udvaskningssøjlernes længde og diameter
Washed digested sludge [12], containing low (< 10 mg/l) concentrations of inorganic carbon (IC), is diluted about ten-fold to a total solids concentration of 1 g/l to 3 g/l and incubated at 35 °C ± 2 °C in sealed vessels with the test substance at 20 to 100 mg C/l for up to 60 days.
jordsøjlernes samlede jordvægt
Allowance is made for measuring the activity of the sludge by running parallel blank controls with sludge inoculum in the medium but without test substance.
mængde tilført testkemikalie og eventuelt referencekemikalie
The increase in headspace pressure in the vessels resulting from the production of carbon dioxide and methane is measured.
mængde, hyppighed og varighed af tilførslen af den kunstige regn
Much of the CO2 produced will be dissolved in the liquid phase or transformed into carbonate or hydrogen carbonate under the conditions of the test.
antal gentagelser (mindst to)
The amount of carbon (inorganic plus methane) resulting from the biodegradation of the test substance is calculated from the net gas production and net IC formation in the liquid phase in excess of blank control values.
metoder til analyse af testkemikalie, omdannelsesprodukter og eventuelt referencekemikalie i de forskellige jordsegmenter og perkolater
The extent of biodegradation is calculated from total IC and methane-C produced as a percentage of the measured or calculated amount of carbon added as test substance.
metoder til karakterisering og identifikation af omdannelsesprodukter i jordsegmenter og perkolater.
The course of biodegradation can be followed by taking intermediate measurements of gas production only.
tabeller med resultater angivet som koncentrationer og i % af den tilførte dosis til jordsegmenter og perkolater
Additionally the primary biodegradation can be determined by specific analyses at the beginning and end of the test.
eventuelt massebalance
The purity, water solubility, volatility and adsorption characteristics of the test substance should be known to enable correct interpretation of results to be made.
grafisk optegning af % fundet i jordsegmenter i forhold til jordsegmentets dybde
Information on the toxicity of the test substance for anaerobic bacteria is useful in selecting an appropriate test concentration, and for interpreting results showing poor biodegradability.
diskussion og fortolkning af resultater
It is recommended to include the inhibition control unless it is known that the test substance is not inhibitory to anaerobic microbial activities (see paragraph 21 and ISO 13641-1 (12)).
Belgirate, Italien, 18.-20. januar 1995.
The test method may be applied to water-soluble substances;
Kapitel A.4, Damptryk
it may also be applied to poorly soluble and insoluble substances, provided that a method of exact dosing is used e.g. see ISO 10634 (13).
Kapitel A.6, Vandopløselighed
In general, a case by case decision is necessary for volatile substances.
Kapitel A.8, Fordelingskoefficient, rystekolbemetode
Special steps may have to be taken, for example, not releasing gas during the test.
Kapitel A.24, Fordelingskoefficient, HPLC-metode
To check the procedure, a reference substance is tested by setting up appropriate vessels in parallel as part of normal test runs.
Kapitel C.7, Nedbrydning — abiotisk nedbrydning:
Phenol, sodium benzoate and polyethylene glycol 400 are examples and would be expected to be degraded by more than 60 % theoretical gas production (i.e. methane and inorganic carbon) within 60 days (3)(14).
hydrolyse som funktion af pH
REPRODUCIBILITY OF TEST RESULTS
Kapitel C.18, Adsorption/desorption med en batch-ligevægtmetode
In an international ring test (14) there was good reproducibility in gas pressure measurements between triplicate vessels.
Kapitel C.23, Aerob og anaerob omdannelse i jord
The relative standard deviation (coefficient of variation, COV) was mainly below 20 %, although this value often increased to > 20 % in the presence of toxic substances or towards the end of the 60-d incubation period.
Part 2, Chemical and Microbiological Properties (A.L. Page, R.H. Miller og D.R. Kelney, Eds.).
Higher deviations were also found in vessels of volume < 150 ml.
OECD Guideline for Testing of Chemicals No. 4112, OECD, Paris.
Final pH values of the test media were in the range 6,5-7,0.
DEFINITIONER OG ENHEDER
The following results were obtained in the ring test.
Restkoncentration i ældet jord
Test substance
Testkemikalie og omdannelsesprodukter, der er til stede i jord efter tilførsel og efter en periode, som er lang nok til at muliggøre transport, adsorption, metabolisme og spredningsprocesser, så fordelingen og den kemiske karakter af noget af det tilførte kemikalie ændres (1).
Total data
Kunstig regn
Mean degradation
0,01 M CaCl2 opløsning i destilleret eller deioniseret vand.
(of total data)
Gennemsnitlig udvaskningsafstand
Relative Standard deviation
et stof eller en blanding.
Valid data
Udvaskning
Palmitic acid
Proces, hvorved et kemikalie bevæger sig ned gennem jordprofilen eller en jordsøjle (1).
19 = 70 % [13]
Udvaskningsafstand
Polyethylene Glycol 400
Dybeste jordsegment, hvor ≥ 0,5 % af det tilførte testkemikalie eller den ældede restkoncentration blev fundet efter udvaskningsprocessen (svarende til penetrationsdybde).
24 = 83 % [13]
Kvantificeringsgrænsen (LOQ) er den koncentration af et kemikalie, under hvilken koncentrationen ikke kan bestemmes med acceptabel nøjagtighed.
The proportions of “valid” values attaining at least 60 % degradation were 70 % for palmitic acid and 83 % for polyethylene glycol 400.
RMF, Relativ mobilitetsfaktor
The proportions of the percentage biodegradation derived from DIC measurements were relatively low but variable.
(testkemikaliets udvaskningsafstand (cm)) / (referencekemikaliets udvaskningsafstand (cm))
For palmitic acid the range was 0-35 %, mean 12 %, with COV of 92 % and for polyethyleneglycol 400 0-40 %, mean 24 %, with COV of 54 %.
Omdannelsesprodukt
Incubator — spark-proof and controlled at 35 °C ± 2 °C;
Alle kemikalier hidrørende fra biotisk eller abiotisk omdannelsesreaktioner i testkemikaliet, herunder CO2 og produkter, som er bundet i restkoncentrationer.
Pressure-resistant glass test vessels of an appropriate nominal size [14], each fitted with a gas-tight septum, capable of withstanding about 2 bar.
Jord
The headspace volume should be about 10 % to 30 % of the total volume.
En blanding af mineralske og organisk-kemiske bestanddele, hvoraf sidstnævnte indeholder højmolekylære forbindelser med stort kulstof- og kvælstofindhold og bebos af små organismer (hovedsagelig mikroskopiske).
If biogas is released regularly, about 10 % headspace volume is appropriate, but if the gas release is made only at the end of the test 30 % is appropriate.
Jord kan håndteres i to tilstande:
Glass serum bottles, of nominal volume 125 ml, total volume around 160 ml, sealed with serum septa [15] and crimped aluminium rings are recommended when the pressure is released at each sampling time;
uforstyrret, som den har udviklet sig med tiden, i karakteristiske lag af forskellige jordtyper
Pressure-measuring device [16] adapted to enable measurement and venting of the gas produced, for example, a hand-held precision pressure meter connected to a suitable syringe needle;
forstyrret, som den sædvanligvis findes i agerjord, eller når der opgraves prøver til anvendelse i denne testmetode (2).
a 3-way gas-tight valve facilitates the release of excess pressure (Appendix 1).
Eksempel på udvaskningssøjler af glas, som ikke kan skæres i tværsnit
Note — The pressure readings are used directly to calculate the amount of carbon produced in the headspace (paragraphs 42 to 44).
Med en længde på 35 cm og en indvendig diameter på 5 cm (1)
Alternatively, the pressure readings may be converted to volumes (at 35 °C, atmospheric pressure) of gas produced using a conversion graph.
← Glasuldsprop for at holde jorden i søjlen
This graph is constructed from data obtained by injecting known volumes of nitrogen gas into a series of test vessels (e.g. serum bottles) at 35° +/– 2 °C and recording the resulting stabilised pressure readings (See Appendix 2).
← Lag kvartssand
The calculation is shown in the Note in paragraph 44.
← Glassøjle fyldt med testjord (ved testning af fotolabile produkter pakkes søjlerne i aluminiumsfolie)
Warning — Take care to avoid needle-stick injuries when using micro-syringes.
← Sintret glasskive for at undgå at forstyrre jordover-fladen og for at fordele den kunstige regn jævnt
Carbon analyser, suitable for the direct determination of inorganic carbon in the range of 1 mg/l to 200 mg/l;
← Tildrypningstragter til tilfør-sel af kunstig regn
Syringes of high precision for gaseous and liquid samples;
← Rundbundet kolbe til op-samling af perkolat.
Magnetic stirrers and followers (optional);
Pakket i aluminiumsfolie for at udeluk-ke fotolyse
Glove box (recommended).
Eksempel på en metalsøjle, der kan skæres i tværsnit, med en indvendig diameter på 4 cm (1)
Distilled or deionised water (de-oxygenated by sparging with nitrogen gas containing less than 5 μl/l oxygen), containing less than 2 mg/l dissolved organic carbon (DOC).
Model systems for studying the environmental behaviour of pesticides.
Prepare the dilution medium to contain the following constituents at the stated amounts;
Environmental Quality and Safety, Suppl.
Anhydrous potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4)
Vol. III, 203-213.
Disodium hydrogen phosphate dodecahydrate (Na2HPO4 · 12H2O))
Eksempler på relative mobilitetsfaktorer [1] (RMF) for forskellige plantebeskyttelseskemikalier (1)(2) og tilsvarende mobilitetsklasser [3]RMF-område
Ammonium chloride (NH4Cl)
Kemikalie (RMF)
Calcium chloride dihydrate (CaCl2·2H2O)
Mobilitetsklasse
0,075 g
immobil
Magnesium chloride hexahydrate (MgCl2·6H2O)
0,15-0,8
Iron (II) chloride tetrahydrate (FeCl2·4H2O)
Profenophos (0,18), Propiconazol (0,23), Diazinon (0,28), Diuron (0,38), Terbuthylazin (0,52), Methidathion (0,56), Prometryn (0,59), Propazin, (0,64), Alachlor (0,66), Metolachlor (0,68)
Resazurin (oxygen indicator)
let mobil
0,001 g
0,8-1,3
Sodium sulphide nonahydrate (Na2S·9H2O)
Monuron [2] (1,00), Atrazin (1,03), Simazin (1,04), Fluometuron (1,18)
Stock solution of trace elements (optional, paragraph 18)
moderat mobil
Add de-oxygenated water (paragraph 15)
1,3-2,5
to 1 litre
Prometon (1,67), Cyanazin (1,85), Bromacil (1,91), Karbutilat (1,98)
Freshly supplied sodium sulphide should be used or it should be washed and dried before use, to ensure sufficient reductive capacity.
ret mobil
The test may be performed without using a glove box (see paragraph 26).
2,5-5,0
In this case, the final concentration of sodium sulphide in the medium should be increased to 0,20 g of Na2S · 9H2O per litre.
mobil
Sodium sulphide may also be added from an appropriate anaerobic stock solution through the septum of the closed test vessels as this procedure will decrease the risk of oxidation.
meget mobil
Sodium sulphide may be replaced by titanium (III) citrate, which is added through the septum of closed test vessels at a final concentration of 0,8 to 1,0 mmol/l.
Adsorption/desorption.
Titanium (III) citrate is a highly effective and low-toxicity reducing agent, which is prepared as follows:
In Joint International Symposium »Physicochemical Properties and their Role in Environmental Hazard Assessment.« Canterbury, UK, 1.-3. juli 1985.
Dissolve 2,94 g of trisodium citrate dihydrate in 50 ml of de-oxygenated water (to result in a solution of 200 mmol/l) and add 5 ml of a 15 % (w/v) titanium (III) chloride solution.
Den relative mobilitetsfaktor udledes som følger (3):RMFtestkemikaliets udvaskningsafstandcmreferencekemikaliets udvaskningsafstandcm
Neutralise to pH 7 ± 0,2 with mineral alkali and dispense to an appropriate vessel under a stream of nitrogen.
+ Andre systemer til at klassificere et kemikalies mobilitet i jord er baseret på Rf-værdier fra tyndtlagskromatografi i jord (4) og på Koc-værdier (5)(6).
The concentration of titanium (III) citrate in this stock solution is 164 mmol/l.
SKØN OVER EMISSIONER FRA KEMISK BESKYTTET TRÆ TIL MILJØET:
Mix the components of the test medium except the reducing agent (sodium sulphide titanium citrate) and sparge the solution with nitrogen gas for about 20 min immediately before use to remove oxygen.
LABORATORIEMETODE FOR TRÆVARER, DER ER I DIREKTE KONTAKT MED FERSKVAND ELLER HAVVAND
Then add the appropriate volume of freshly prepared solution of the reducing agent (prepared in de-oxygenated water) just before use of the medium.
Denne testmetode svarer til OECD Test Guideline (TG) 313 (2007).
Adjust the pH of the medium, if necessary, with dilute mineral acid or alkali to 7 ± 0,2.
Emissionerne fra kemisk behandlet træ til miljøet skal bestemmes kvantitativt, så der kan foretages en miljørisikovurdering af det behandlede træ.
Stock solution of trace elements (optional)
I denne testmetode beskrives en laboratoriemetode til at foretage skøn over emissioner fra kemisk behandlet træ i to situationer, hvor der kan trænge emissioner ud i miljøet:
It is recommended that the test medium should contain the following trace elements to improve anaerobic degradation processes, especially if low concentrations (e.g. 1g/l) of inoculum are used (11).
emissioner fra behandlet træ i kontakt med ferskvand.
Manganese chloride tetrahydrate (MnCl2 · 4H2O)
Emissioner fra det behandlede træs overflade kan trænge ud i vandet.
50 mg
emissioner fra behandlet træ i kontakt med havvand.
Boric acid (H3BO3)
Emissioner fra det behandlede træs overflade kan trænge ud i havvandet.
5 mg
Denne testmetode har til formål at teste emissioner fra træ og trævarer, som ikke er dækket og er i kontakt med ferskvand eller havvand.
Zinc chloride (ZnCl2)
Brugsklasser benyttes internationalt til at kategorisere den biologiske fare, det behandlede træ udsættes for.
Copper (II) chloride (CuCl2)
Brugsklasser definerer også den situation, hvor den behandlede vare bruges, og bestemmer, hvilke delmiljøer (luft, vand, jord) der potentielt er i fare på grund af det kemisk beskyttede træ.
3 mg
Testmetoden er en laboratorieprocedure til at udtage prøver fra vand, der har været brugt til at nedsænke beskyttet træ, med stigende tidsintervaller efter eksponeringen.
Disodium molybdate dihydrate (Na2MoO4 · 2H2O)
Mængden af emissioner i prøven hænger sammen med træets overfladeareal og eksponeringens længde med henblik på at anslå en udstrømning i mg/m2/dag.
Cobalt chloride hexahydrate (CoCl2 · 6H2O)
Udstrømningen (udvaskningshastigheden) efter perioder med stigende eksponering kan således anslås.
100 mg
Emissionsmængden kan bruges i en miljørisikovurdering af det beskyttede træ.
Nickel chloride hexahydrate (NiCl2 · 6H2O)
Karakteren og sværhedsgraden af mekanismen for ferskvands udvaskning ved træoverfladen formodes ikke at være identisk med havvands udvaskning fra en træoverflade.
10 mg
For træbeskyttelsesmidler eller blandinger, som anvendes til behandling af træ, der bruges i nærheden af havvand, er en undersøgelse af udvaskning fra træ derfor nødvendig for havvand.
Disodium selenite (Na2SeO3)
I tilfælde af træ behandlet med et træbeskyttelsesmiddel skal træet være repræsentativt for træ, som bruges erhvervsmæssigt.
Add the test substance as a stock solution, suspension, emulsion, or directly as solid or liquid, or as absorbed on to glass-fibre filter to give a concentration of no more than 100 mg/l organic carbon.
Det bør behandles i overensstemmelse med producentens instrukser og i henhold til relevante standarder og specifikationer.
If stock solutions are used, prepare a suitable solution with water (paragraph 15) (previously de-oxygenated by sparging with nitrogen gas) of such a strength that the volume added is less than 5 % of the total volume of reaction mixture.
Parametrene for efterbehandling af træet før påbegyndelse af testen anføres.
Adjust the pH of the stock solution to pH 7 ± 0,2 if necessary.
De anvendte træprøver skal være repræsentative for de benyttede varer (f.eks. med hensyn til art, tæthed eller andre kendetegn).
For test substances which are insufficiently soluble in water, consult ISO 10634 (13).
Testen kan foretages på træ, hvor der benyttes en gennemtrængningsproces eller påføring på overfladen, eller på behandlet træ, som har fået en supplerende obligatorisk overfladebehandling (f.eks. maling, der er påført som et krav for kommerciel brug).
If a solvent is used, prepare an additional control, with the solvent only added to the inoculated medium.
Vandets sammensætning, mængde, pH-værdi og fysiske form er vigtig ved bestemmelse af kvantitet, indhold og art af emissionerne fra træet.
Organic solvents which are known to inhibit methane production, such as chloroform and carbon tetrachloride, should be avoided.
Kemisk behandlede testemner af træ nedsænkes i vand.
Warning — Handle with care toxic test substances, and those whose properties are not known.
Vandet (prøven) optages og analyseres kemisk tilstrækkeligt mange gange i løbet af eksponeringsperioden til, at der kan foretages statistiske beregninger.
Reference substances
Emissionsrater i mg/m2/dag beregnes på grundlag af analyseresultater.
Reference substances such as sodium benzoate, phenol and polyethylene glycol 400 have been used successfully to check the procedure, being biodegraded by more than 60 % within 60 days.
Prøvetagningsperioderne skal registreres.
Prepare a stock solution (in de-oxygenated water) of the chosen reference substance in the same way as for the test substance and adjust to pH 7 ± 0,2 if necessary.
Test med ubehandlede prøver kan afbrydes, hvis der ikke påvises nogen baggrund i de første tre datapunkter.
Inhibition control (conditional)
Når ubehandlede træprøver medtages, giver det mulighed for at bestemme baggrundsniveauer for andre emissioner fra træ end det anvendte beskyttelsesmiddel.
In order to obtain information on the toxicity of the test substance to anaerobic micro-organisms to find the most appropriate test concentration, add the test substance and reference substance to a vessel containing the test medium (see paragraph 16), each at the same concentrations as added, respectively (see paragraphs 19 and 20 and see also ISO 13641-1 (12)).
Nøjagtighed
Digested sludge
Testmetodens nøjagtighed med hensyn til at anslå emission afhænger af, at testemnerne er repræsentative for erhvervsmæssigt behandlet træ, i hvilken grad vandet er repræsentativt for rigtigt vand, og på hvilken måde eksponeringen er repræsentativ for naturlige betingelser.
Collect digested sludge from a digester at a waste water treatment plant which treats predominantly domestic sewage.
Analysemetodens nøjagtighed, præcision og repeterbarhed bør bestemmes, før testen udføres.
The sludge should be fully characterised and its background information should be reported (see paragraph 54).
Reproducerbarhed
If use of adapted inoculum is intended, digested sludge from an industrial sewage treatment plant may be considered.
Tre vandprøver udtages og analyseres, og middelværdien bruges som emissionsværdi.
Use wide-necked bottles constructed from high-density polyethylene or a similar material, which can expand, for the collection of the digested sludge.
Resultaternes reproducerbarhed i et laboratorium og mellem forskellige laboratorier afhænger af nedsænkningsbetingelserne og det træ, der bruges som testemner.
Add sludge to within about 1cm of the top of the bottles and seal tightly, preferably with a safety valve.