natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Dannelsen af paraformaldehyd minimeres ved at forbedre opvarmning, isolering og cirkulering
BAT 45: In order to reduce emissions of organic compounds to air from formaldehyde production and to use energy efficiently, BAT is to use one of the techniques given below.
Materialegenvinding
Send the waste gas stream to a combustion unit
Paraformaldehyd genvindes ved opløsning i varmt vand, hvor det gennemgår hydrolyse og depolymerisering for at opnå en formaldehydopløsning, eller genbruges direkte i andre processer
See BAT 9
Kan ikke anvendes, når genvundet paraformaldehyd ikke kan bruges, fordi det er forurenet
Only applicable to the silver process
Paraformaldehyd genvindes og bruges som brændsel
Catalytic oxidiser with energy recovery
Kun anvendelig, når teknik b ikke kan anvendes
Energy is recovered as steam
BAT-KONKLUSIONER FOR FREMSTILLING AF ETHYLENOXID OG ETHYLENGLYCOLER
Only applicable to the metal oxide process.
BAT 48: For at reducere forbruget af ethylen og emissionerne til luft af organiske forbindelser og CO2 er det BAT i nye anlæg og ved væsentlig renovering af anlæg at bruge ilt i stedet for luft til direkte oxidation af ethylen til ethylenoxid.
The ability to recover energy may be restricted in small stand-alone plants
BAT 49: For at genvinde ethylen og energi og reducere emissionerne til luft af organiske forbindelser fra EO-anlæg er det BAT at anvende begge nedenstående teknikker.
Thermal oxidiser with energy recovery
Teknikker til genvinding af organiske materialer til genbrug eller genanvendelse
Table 5.1
Med PSA-teknikken adsorberes molekylerne i målgassen (her ethylen) på et fast stof (f.eks. et molekylefilter) ved højt tryk og desorberes derefter i mere koncentreret form ved lavere tryk med henblik på genbrug eller genanvendelse.
BAT-AEL
Se beskrivelsen af membranfiltrering i afsnit 12.1
(daily average or average over the sampling period)
Anvendeligheden kan være begrænset, hvis behovet for energi er alt for stort på grund af en lav ethylenmassestrøm
(mg/Nm3, no correction for oxygen content)
Energigenvindingsteknikker
< 5–30 [22]
Send udluftningsstrømmen af inerte materialer til en forbrændingsenhed
2–5
BAT 50: For at reducere forbruget af ethylen og ilt og reducere CO2-emissionerne til luft fra EO-enheden er det BAT at anvende en kombination af teknikkerne i BAT 15 og bruge inhibitorer.
The associated monitoring is in BAT 2.
Tilsætning af små mængder af en chlorholdig organisk inhibitor (f.eks. ethylchlorid eller dichlorethan) til reaktormaterialet for at reducere andelen af ethylen, som er fuldt oxideret til kuldioxid.
BAT 46: In order to prevent or reduce waste water generation (e.g. from cleaning, spills and condensates) and the organic load discharged to further waste water treatment, BAT is to use one or both of the techniques given below.
Blandt de egnede parametre til monitering af katalysatorens ydeevne kan nævnes reaktionsvarmen og CO2-dannelse pr. ton ethylenmateriale.
Aqueous streams (e.g. from cleaning, spills and condensates) are recirculated into the process mainly to adjust the formaldehyde product concentration.
BAT 51: For at reducere emissionerne til luft af organiske forbindelser fra desorption af CO2 fra skrubningsmediet i EO-anlægget er det BAT at anvende en kombination af nedenstående teknikker.
The extent to which water can be reused depends on the desired formaldehyde concentration
Procesintegrerede teknikker
Chemical pretreatment
Trinvis CO2-desorption
Conversion of formaldehyde into other substances which are less toxic, e.g. by addition of sodium sulphite or by oxidation
Teknikken består i at udføre det trykfald, der er nødvendigt for at frigive kuldioxiden fra absorptionsmediet, i to trin frem for et enkelt.
Only applicable to effluents which, due to their formaldehyde content, could have a negative effect on the downstream biological waste water treatment
Det gør det muligt først at isolere en kulbrinterig strøm til potentiel recirkulering og at efterlade en forholdsvis ren kuldioxidstrøm til videre behandling.
BAT 47: In order to reduce the amount of paraformaldehyde-containing waste being sent for disposal, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below.
Kan kun anvendes i nye anlæg eller ved væsentlig renovering af anlæg
Minimisation of paraformaldehyde generation
Tabel 6.1
The formation of paraformaldehyde is minimised by improved heating, insulation and flow circulation
BAT-AEL for emissioner til luft af organiske forbindelser fra desorption af CO2 fra det skrubningsmedium, der anvendes i EO-anlægget
Material recovery
1-10 g/t produceret EO [23] [24] [25]
Paraformaldehyde is recovered by dissolution in hot water where it undergoes hydrolysis and depolymerisation to give a formaldehyde solution, or is reused directly in other processes
BAT 52: For at reducere EO-emissionerne til luft er det BAT at anvende vådskrubning til restgasstrømme, der indeholder EO.
Not applicable when the recovered paraformaldehyde cannot be used due to its contamination
Skrubning med vand for at fjerne EO fra restgasstrømme før direkte frigivelse eller før yderligere reduktion af organiske forbindelser.
Paraformaldehyde is recovered and used as a fuel
BAT 53: For at forebygge eller reducere emissionerne til luft af organiske forbindelser fra køling af EO-absorptionsmidlet i EO-genvindingsenheden er det BAT at anvende en af nedenstående teknikker.
Only applicable when technique b. cannot be applied
Indirekte køling
BAT CONCLUSIONS FOR ETHYLENE OXIDE AND ETHYLENE GLYCOLS PRODUCTION
Brug indirekte kølesystemer (med varmevekslere) i stedet for åbne kølesystemer
BAT 48: In order to reduce the consumption of ethylene and emissions to air of organic compounds and CO2, BAT for new plants and major plant upgrades is to use oxygen instead of air for the direct oxidation of ethylene to ethylene oxide.
Fuldstændig fjernelse af EO ved stripning
BAT 49: In order to recover ethylene and energy and to reduce emissions of organic compounds to air from the EO plant, BAT is to use both of the techniques given below.
Oprethold passende driftsvilkår, brug onlinemonitering af EO-stripningen for at sikre, at alt EO fjernes, og sørg for tilstrækkelige beskyttelsessystemer for at undgå EO-emissioner under andre vilkår end normale driftsvilkår
Techniques to recover organic material for reuse or recycling
Kun anvendelig, når teknik a ikke kan anvendes
Use of pressure swing adsorption or membrane separation to recover ethylene from the inerts purge
BAT 54: For at reducere spildevandsmængden og den organiske belastning, der ledes fra produktrensning til endelig spildevandsbehandling, er det BAT at anvende en af nedenstående teknikker eller dem begge.
With the pressure swing adsorption technique, the target gas (in this case ethylene) molecules are adsorbed on a solid (e.g. molecular sieve) at high pressure, and subsequently desorbed in more concentrated form at lower pressure for reuse or recycling.
Brug af udluftningen fra EO-anlægget i EG-anlægget
For membrane separation, see Section 12.1
Udluftningsstrømmene fra EO-anlægget sendes til EG-processen og udledes ikke som spildevand.
Applicability may be restricted when the energy demand is excessive due to a low ethylene mass flow
I hvilket omfang udluftningen kan genbruges i EG-processen, afhænger af hensynet til EG-produktkvaliteten.
Energy recovery techniques
Destillering
Send the inerts purge stream to a combustion unit
Destillering er en teknik, der bruges til at separere forbindelser med forskellige kogepunkter ved delvis inddampning og fortætning.
BAT 50: In order to reduce the consumption of ethylene and oxygen and to reduce CO2 emissions to air from the EO unit, BAT is to use a combination of the techniques in BAT 15 and to use inhibitors.
Teknikken bruges i EO- og EG-anlæg til koncentration af vandige strømme for at genvinde eller bortskaffe glycoler (f.eks. ved forbrænding i stedet for udledning som spildevand) og for at muliggøre delvis genbrug/genanvendelse af vand.
The addition of small amounts of an organochlorine inhibitor (such as ethylchloride or dichloroethane) to the reactor feed in order to reduce the proportion of ethylene that is fully oxidised to carbon dioxide.
BAT 55: For at reducere den mængde organisk affald, der sendes til bortskaffelse fra EO- og EG-anlægget, er det BAT at anvende en kombination af nedenstående teknikker.
Suitable parameters for the monitoring of catalyst performance include the heat of reaction and the CO2 formation per tonne of ethylene feed.
Optimering af hydrolysereaktion
BAT 51: In order to reduce emissions of organic compounds to air from the desorption of CO2 from the scrubbing medium used in the EO plant, BAT is to use a combination of the techniques given below.
Optimering af forholdet vand til EO for både at opnå en lavere samproduktion af tungere glycoler og undgå et uforholdsmæssigt stort energibehov til glycolafvandingen.
Process-integrated techniques
Det optimale forhold afhænger af produktionsmålet for di- og triethylenglycoler
Staged CO2 desorption
Isolering af biprodukter på EO-anlæg til brug
The technique consists of conducting the depressurisation necessary to liberate the carbon dioxide from the absorption medium in two steps rather than one.
På EO-anlæg destilleres den koncentrerede organiske fraktion, der fås efter afvanding af det flydende spildevand fra EO-genvinding, for at få værdifulde korte glycoler og et tungere restprodukt
This allows an initial hydrocarbon-rich stream to be isolated for potential recirculation, leaving a relatively clean carbon dioxide stream for further treatment.
Isolering af biprodukter på EG-anlæg til brug
Only applicable to new plants or major plant upgrades
På EG-anlæg kan den længere glycolfraktion enten bruges som sådan eller fraktioneres yderligere for at give værdifulde glycoler
Table 6.1
BAT-KONKLUSIONER FOR PHENOLPRODUKTION
BAT-AEL for emissions of organic compounds to air from the desorption of CO2 from the scrubbing medium used in the EO plant
BAT-konklusionerne i dette afsnit er anvendelige på produktionen af phenol fra cumen og gælder ud over de generelle BAT-konklusioner i afsnit 1.
1–10 g/t of EO produced [23] [24] [25]
BAT 56: For at genvinde råmaterialer og reducere den organiske belastning, der sendes fra cumenoxidationsenheden til endelig restgasbehandling, er det BAT at anvende en kombination af nedenstående teknikker.
BAT 52: In order to reduce EO emissions to air, BAT is to use wet scrubbing for waste gas streams containing EO.
Teknikker til genvinding af organiske materialer til genbrug
Scrubbing with water to remove EO from waste gas streams before direct release or before further abatement of organic compounds.
Adsorption (regenerativ)
BAT 53: In order to prevent or reduce emissions of organic compounds to air from cooling of the EO absorbent in the EO recovery unit, BAT is to use one of the techniques given below.
BAT 57: For at reducere emissionerne til luft af organiske forbindelser er det BAT at anvende nedenstående teknik d til restgas fra cumenoxidationsenheden.
Indirect cooling
For enhver anden individuel eller kombineret restgasstrøm er det BAT at anvende en af nedenstående teknikker eller en kombination af disse.
Use indirect cooling systems (with heat exchangers) instead of open cooling systems
Kan kun anvendes, hvor der findes tilgængelige anvendelsesmuligheder for restgassen som gasformigt brændsel
Complete EO removal by stripping
Tabel 7.1
Maintain appropriate operating conditions and use online monitoring of the EO stripper operation to ensure that all EO is stripped out; and provide adequate protection systems to avoid EO emissions during other than normal operating conditions
BAT-AEL'er for emissioner til luft af TVOC og benzen fra phenolproduktion
Only applicable when technique a. cannot be applied
Kilde
BAT 54: In order to reduce the waste water volume and to reduce the organic load discharged from the product purification to final waste water treatment, BAT is to use one or both of the techniques given below.
Betingelser
Use of the purge from the EO plant in the EG plant
Cumenoxidationsenhed
The purge streams from the EO plant are sent to the EG process and not discharged as waste water.
BAT-AEL gælder, hvis emissionen overstiger 1 g/t.
The extent to which the purge can be reused in the EG process depends on EG product quality considerations.
5-30
Distillation
BAT 58: For at reducere emissionerne til vand af organiske peroxider fra oxidationsenheden og om nødvendigt beskytte det biologiske spildevandsbehandlingsanlæg nedstrøms er det BAT at forbehandle spildevand, der indeholder organiske peroxider, ved hjælp af hydrolyse, før dette kombineres med andre spildevandsstrømme og ledes til endelig biologisk rensning.
Distillation is a technique used to separate compounds with different boiling points by partial evaporation and recondensation.
Se beskrivelsen af hydrolyse i afsnit 12.2.
The technique is used in EO and EG plants to concentrate aqueous streams to recover glycols or enable their disposal (e.g. by incineration, instead of their discharge as waste water) and to enable the partial reuse/recycling of water.
Spildevand (primært fra kondensatorerne og adsorptionsregeneringen efter faseseparation) behandles termisk (ved temperaturer over 100 oC og en høj pH-værdi) eller katalytisk for at nedbryde organiske peroxider til ikke-økotoksiske og lettere bionedbrydelige forbindelser.
BAT 55: In order to reduce the amount of organic waste being sent for disposal from the EO and EG plant, BAT is to use a combination of the techniques given below.
Tabel 7.2
Hydrolysis reaction optimisation
BAT-AEPL for organiske peroxider ved udløbet fra peroxidnedbrydningsenheden
Optimisation of the water to EO ratio to both achieve lower co-production of heavier glycols and avoid excessive energy demand for the dewatering of glycols.
(gennemsnitsværdi fra mindst tre stikprøver taget med mindst en halv times mellemrum)
The optimum ratio depends on the target output of di- and triethylene glycols
Tilknyttet monitering
Isolation of by-products at EO plants for use
Organiske peroxider i alt, udtrykt som cumenhydroperoxid
For EO plants, the concentrated organic fraction obtained after the dewatering of the liquid effluent from EO recovery is distilled to give valuable short-chain glycols and a heavier residue
Der findes ingen EN-standard.
Isolation of by-products at EG plants for use
Mindstefrekvensen for monitering er en gang om dagen og kan nedsættes til fire gange om året, hvis der påvises tilstrækkelig ydeevne for hydrolysen ved kontrol af procesparametrene (f.eks. pH, temperatur og opholdstid)
For EG plants, the longer chain glycols fraction can either be used as such or further fractionated to yield valuable glycols
BAT 59: For at reducere den organiske belastning fra nedbrydningsenheden og destillationsenheden til yderligere spildevandsbehandling er det BAT at genvinde phenol og andre organiske forbindelser (f.eks. acetone) ved hjælp af ekstraktion efterfulgt af stripning.
BAT CONCLUSIONS FOR PHENOL PRODUCTION
Genvinding af phenol fra phenolholdige spildevandsstrømme ved justering af pH-værdien til < 7 efterfulgt af ekstraktion med et egnet opløsningsmiddel og stripning af spildevandet for at fjerne rester af opløsningsmidler og andre lavtkogende forbindelser (f.eks. acetone).
The BAT conclusions in this section apply to the production of phenol from cumene, and apply in addition to the general BAT conclusions given in Section 1.
Se beskrivelsen af behandlingsteknikkerne i afsnit 12.2.
BAT 56: In order to recover raw materials and to reduce the organic load sent from the cumene oxidation unit to the final waste gas treatment, BAT is to use a combination of the techniques given below.
BAT 60: For at forebygge eller reducere den mængde tjære, der sendes til bortskaffelse fra phenolrensning, er det BAT at anvende en af nedenstående teknikker eller dem begge.
Techniques to recover organic material for reuse
(f.eks. ved destillering eller krakning)
Adsorption (regenerative)
Se BAT 17c.
BAT 57: In order to reduce emissions of organic compounds to air, BAT is to use technique d given below for waste gas from the cumene oxidation unit.
Brug destillering til at genvinde cumen, α-methylstyrenphenol osv.
For any other individual or combined waste gas streams, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below.
Se BAT 17e
Only applicable where there are available uses for the waste gas as gaseous fuel
BAT-KONKLUSIONER FOR ETHANOLAMINPRODUKTION
Table 7.1
BAT 61: For at reducere ammoniakemissionerne til luft og ammoniakforbruget fra fremstillingen af vandigt ethanolamin er det BAT at anvende et vådskrubningssystem i flere trin.
BAT-AELs for emissions of TVOC and benzene to air from the production of phenol
Ikke-reageret ammoniak genvindes fra røggassen fra ammoniakstripperen og også fra inddampningsenheden ved vådskrubning i mindst to trin efterfulgt af genanvendelse af ammoniakken i processen.
Source
BAT 62: For at forebygge eller reducere emissionerne til luft af organiske forbindelser og emissionerne til vand af organiske stoffer fra vakuumsystemer er det BAT at anvende en af nedenstående teknikker eller en kombination af disse.
Conditions
Brug af tørpumper, f.eks. stempelpumper
Cumene oxidation unit
Anvendeligheden i eksisterende anlæg kan være begrænset af design og/eller driftsvilkår
The BAT-AEL applies if the emission exceeds 1 g/h
Brug af vandringsvakuumpumper med recirkulering af ringvandet
5–30
Det vand, der bruges som forseglingsvæske i pumpen, recirkuleres til pumpehuset via et lukket kredsløb med kun små udluftninger, så spildevandsproduktionen minimeres
BAT 58: In order to reduce emissions to water of organic peroxides from the oxidation unit and, if necessary, to protect the downstream biological waste water treatment plant, BAT is to pretreat waste water containing organic peroxides using hydrolysis before it is combined with other waste water streams and discharged to the final biological treatment.
Kun anvendelig, når teknik a ikke kan anvendes.
For the description of hydrolysis, see Section 12.2.
Kan ikke anvendes til triethanolamindestillering
Waste water (mainly from the condensers and the adsorber regeneration, after phase separation) is treated thermally (at temperatures above 100 °C and a high pH) or catalytically to decompose organic peroxides to non-ecotoxic and more readily biodegradable compounds.
Genbrug af vandige strømme fra vakuumsystemer i processen
Table 7.2
Returner vandige strømme fra vandringspumper eller dampejektorer til processen for genvinding af organisk materiale og genbrug af vandet.
BAT-AEPL for organic peroxides at the outlet of the peroxides decomposition unit
Det omfang, hvori vand kan genbruges i processen, begrænses af, hvor meget vand der kræves til processen
(average value from at least three spot samples taken at intervals of at least half an hour)
Kondensering af organiske forbindelser (aminer) opstrøms vakuumsystemer
Associated monitoring
Råmaterialeforbrug
Total organic peroxides, expressed as cumene hydroperoxide
BAT 63: For at opnå effektiv ethylenoxidudnyttelse er det BAT at anvende en kombination af nedenstående teknikker.
No EN standard available.
Brug af overskydende ammoniak
The minimum monitoring frequency is once every day and may be reduced to four times per year if adequate performance of the hydrolysis is demonstrated by controlling the process parameters (e.g. pH, temperature and residence time)
Opretholdelse af et højt ammoniakniveau i reaktionsblandingen er en effektiv måde at sikre, at alt ethylenoxid omdannes til produkter
BAT 59: In order to reduce the organic load discharged from the cleavage unit and the distillation unit to further waste water treatment, BAT is to recover phenol and other organic compounds (e.g. acetone) using extraction followed by stripping.
Optimering af vandindhold i reaktionen
Recovery of phenol from phenol-containing waste water streams by adjustment of the pH to < 7, followed by extraction with a suitable solvent and stripping of the waste water to remove residual solvent and other low-boiling compounds (e.g. acetone).
Vand bruges til at fremskynde de primære reaktioner uden at ændre produktfordelingen og uden væsentlige sidereaktioner med ethylenoxid til glycoler
For the description of the treatment techniques, see Section 12.2.
Kan kun anvendes i den vandige proces
BAT 60: In order to prevent or reduce the amount of tar being sent for disposal from phenol purification, BAT is to use one or both of the techniques given below.
Optimering af driftsvilkårene for processen
(e.g. by distillation, cracking)
Bestem og oprethold optimale driftsvilkår (f.eks. temperatur, tryk, opholdstid) for at maksimere omdannelsen af ethylenoxid til den ønskede blanding af mono-, di-, og triethanolaminer
See BAT 17c.
BAT-KONKLUSIONER FOR FREMSTILLING AF TOLUENDIISOCYANAT (TDI) OG METHYLENDIPHENYLDIISOCYANAT (MDI)
Use distillation to recover cumene, α-methylstyrene phenol, etc.
BAT-konklusionerne i dette afsnit dækker fremstilling af:
See BAT 17e.
dinitrotoluen (DNT) fra toluen
BAT CONCLUSIONS FOR ETHANOLAMINES PRODUCTION
toluendiamin (TDA) fra DNT
BAT 61: In order to reduce ammonia emissions to air and to reduce the consumption of ammonia from the aqueous ethanolamines production process, BAT is to use a multistage wet scrubbing system.
TDI fra TDA
Unreacted ammonia is recovered from the off-gas of the ammonia stripper and also from the evaporation unit by wet scrubbing in at least two stages followed by ammonia recycling into the process.
methylendiphenyldiamin (MDA) fra anilin
BAT 62: In order to prevent or reduce emissions of organic compounds to air and emissions to water of organic substances from the vacuum systems, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below.
MDI fra MDA
Use of dry-running pumps, e.g. positive displacement pumps
og gælder ud over de generelle BAT-konklusioner i afsnit 1.
Applicability to existing plants may be restricted by design and/or operational constraints
BAT 64: For at reducere belastningen af organiske forbindelser, NOX, NOX-prækursorer og SOX, der sendes til endelig restgasbehandling (se BAT 66) fra DNT-, TDA- og MDA-anlæg, er det BAT at anvende en kombination af nedenstående teknikker.
Use of water ring vacuum pumps with recirculation of the ring water
I mange tilfælde øges skrubningseffektiviteten ved den kemiske reaktion i det absorberede forurenende stof (delvis oxidation af NOX med genvinding af salpetersyre, fjernelse af syrer med kaustisk opløsningsmiddel, fjernelse af aminer med sure opløsninger, reaktion mellem anilin og formaldehyd i kaustisk opløsningsmiddel)
The water used as the sealant liquid of the pump is recirculated to the pump casing via a closed loop with only small purges, so that waste water generation is minimised
Termisk reduktion
Only applicable when technique a. cannot be applied.
Katalytisk reduktion
Not applicable for triethanolamine distillation
BAT 65: For at reducere mængden af HCl og phosgen, der sendes til endelig restgasbehandling, og øge ressourceeffektiviteten er det BAT at genvinde HCl og phosgen fra procesrøggasstrømmene fra TDI- og/eller MDI-anlæg ved at anvende en passende kombination af nedenstående teknikker.
Reuse of aqueous streams from vacuum systems in the process
Absorption af HCl gennem vådskrubning
Return aqueous streams from water ring pumps or steam ejectors to the process for recovery of organic material and reuse of the water.
Se BAT 8d.
The extent to which water can be reused in the process is restricted by the water demand of the process
Absorption af phosgen gennem skrubning
Condensation of organic compounds (amines) upstream of vacuum systems
Overskydende phosgen absorberes ved hjælp af et organisk opløsningsmiddel og returneres til processen
Raw material consumption
Kondensering af HCl/phosgen
BAT 63: In order to use ethylene oxide efficiently, BAT is to use a combination of the techniques given below.
BAT 66: For at reducere emissionerne til luft af organiske forbindelser (herunder chlorerede kulbrinter), HCl og chlor er det BAT at behandle kombinerede restgasstrømme ved hjælp af en termisk oxidator efterfulgt af kaustisk skrubning.
Use of excess ammonia