natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Især blev produktionsudstyr og medarbejderne hos en af de største EU-cellefabrikanter, Bosch Solar Energy, bevaret, da de blev overtaget af SolarWorld i 2014.
For example, the detailed report by BNEF [107], forecasts much higher LCOE ranges for the key markets such as France, Germany, Italy and the United Kingdom.
Hvis foranstaltningerne vedrørende celler blev ophævet, ville kinesisk celleeksport til subsidierede priser finde sted igen i store mængder og forvolde EU-erhvervsgrenen væsentlig skade med meget negative konsekvenser for Unionens celleindustri.
The differences are indicated in the table below:
Store kapitalinvesteringer i avanceret celleproduktionsudstyr ville blive overflødige.
Member State
Op til 1700 højt kvalificerede arbejdstagere kunne miste deres job.
BNEF LOCE range EUR/MWh [108]
Kommissionen blev også underrettet om, at nogle få EU-virksomheder havde til hensigt at genoprette en kapacitet på ca. 300 MW, hvis foranstaltningerne opretholdes.
Becquerel LCOE range EUR/MWh
Nedgangen i cellefremstillingsindustrien i EU vil også have en negativ indvirkning på Unionens FoU-aktiviteter.
Low
Cellen er den centrale komponent i et modul, og meget FoU i solenergiværdikæden fokuserer på celler.
High
Hvis foranstaltningerne for celler blev fjernet, ville de europæiske FoU-investeringer aftage og den knowhow, der er akkumuleret hidtil, blive overflødige eller ville skulle overføres til tredjelande.
France
Der er derfor risiko for, at en udelukkelse af celler ville cementere EU-modulproducenternes afhængighed af importerede celler.
Germany
En ophævelse af foranstaltningerne for celler kan også undergrave foranstaltningerne for moduler.
Italy
Det ville gøre det muligt for de kinesiske producenter at eksportere celler til urimelige priser og samle dem i moduler, enten via deres datterselskaber eller via kontraktproducenter med hjemsted i Unionen.
Becquerel assumed CAPEX costs at 0,726 EUR/W without differentiating between Member States.
Modulsamlebånd kan opsættes relativt hurtigt, hvilket ses af en hurtig opbygning af modulproduktionskapacitet i Sydøstasien (se betragtning 734).
BNEF assumed much higher CAPEX and differentiated by Member States: France 0,99 EUR/W; Germany 0,9-0,94 EUR/W, Italy 0,76-0,99 EUR/W and the UK 0,9-0,94 EUR/W.
EU ProSun anførte, at et sådant scenario havde udspillet sig i USA mellem 2012 og 2014, da foranstaltningerne vedrørende moduler ikke var effektive.
The difference could be explained to some extent by the fact that Becquerel assumed the module prices free of the measures.
Situationen ændrede sig først, da den oprindelige definition af den pågældende vare blev udvidet til at omfatte celler.
However, so much lower CAPEX appears unlikely, especially given that, according to BNEF, CAPEX is anyway lower in the Union than in other countries where trade defence measures do not apply, e.g. Turkey 1,04 EUR/W and the United Arab Emirates 1,14 EUR/W.
Følgelig er opretholdelsen af foranstaltningerne for celler klart i EU-celleproducenternes interesse og kan også give visse fordele for EU-modulproducenterne.
Therefore, Becquerel and BNEF have divergent forecasts.
Efter fremlæggelsen anfægtede Jabil Kommissionens konklusion om, at ophævelsen af foranstaltningerne for celler ville gøre det muligt for de kinesiske producenter at eksportere celler til urimelige priser og samle dem i moduler, enten via deres datterselskaber eller via kontraktproducenter i Unionen.
They disagree about the point in time when building utility scale solar plant will become definitively cheaper than operating an existing fossil fuel plant.
Som reaktion på Jabils påstand mindede Kommissionen om, at der var en sandsynlighed for fortsat dumping og skade, hvis foranstaltningerne ophæves.
For France, Becquerel assumes that it has already happened, for the United Kingdom; and Germany Becquerel assumes it will happen in 2018 and in 2020 respectively.
Kommissionen forklarede også, at kontraktproducenter, såsom Jabil, har en ganske anderledes forretningsmodel og omkostningsstruktur end resten af EU-erhvervsgrenen.
BNEF, however, assumes that utility-scale solar power will become definitively cheaper than fossil power plants only somewhere between 2025 and 2030 for all the three Member States [109].
Navnlig opererer kontraktproducenter med langt mindre faste indtægter, da de ikke har samme ansvar i forbindelse med salg, marketing og FoU af deres produkter, jf. betragtning 513 og 563.
Consequently, according to BNEF utility scale solar power plants will be deployed on a larger scale only after 2025 in most parts of the Union [110].
Hvis Kommissionen ophæver foranstaltningerne over for celler i EU-modulproducenternes interesse, vil intet således kunne standse en EU-baseret kontraktproducent i at samle moduler med dumpede kinesiske celler.
Finally, the Becquerel report concludes that: ‘PV electricity could become competitive in several of Europe's largest markets by 2019, and in most European countries […] within the five coming years’.
En kontraktproducent er faktisk ikke engang forpligtet til at kende den faktiske pris for en celle, da dennes normale forretningsmodel består i at opkræve et gebyr fra en anden virksomhed, der leverer input og påtager sig det fulde ansvar for salg af varerne.
This means that most of the Member States, including Germany, are expected to achieve grid parity only when the measures are set to expire in 2019, even in the disputed case that the assumptions and findings of the Becquerel report were proven to be correct by then.
Derfor antog Kommissionen fortsat, at en ophævelse af foranstaltningerne over for celler kan føre til urimelige priser på moduler, som kan samles i Unionen med dumpede kinesiske celler, enten af forretningsmæssigt forbundne virksomheder eller kontraktproducenter.
SPE provided two reports by Deutsche Bank [111] which, in their view, opposed the Commission's view that wholesale grid parity would not be achieved in the near future.
Efter fremlæggelsen af oplysninger påstod SPE, at der ikke var nogen årsagssammenhæng mellem importen af celler fra Kina og salget af EU-producerede celler; efter deres opfattelse blev EU-erhvervsgrenen udsat for konkurrence fra tredjelande.
The Commission observed that the two reports actually referred to retail grid parity instead of wholesale grid parity, which is confirmed not only by the text, but also by the high electricity price that is compared against the solar LCOE.
Den samme part hævdede, at foranstaltningerne ikke beskytter investeringer i celleindustrien, og at de ansatte i celleindustrien ikke vil være truet af afskedigelse, hvis foranstaltningerne udløber.
As explained in the immediately subsequent recitals, the Commission did not deny that retail grid parity had been already achieved in some parts of the Union.
Parten hævdede også, at det bundne marked for celler ikke blev påvirket af importen af kinesiske celler.
Retail grid parity.
Kommissionen foretog en yderligere analyse af virkningerne af salget af solceller fra tredjelande, jf. betragtning 579, og gentog, at salget af varer fra tredjelande ikke forvoldte skade.
The opponents of the measures also submitted that the rooftop solar installations have already achieved retail grid parity, i.e. they became economically viable, even without subsidies, in the Member States where the retail electricity prices are high, such as Germany.
Den foretog desuden en yderligere analyse af foranstaltningernes indvirkning på investeringer i EU-celleerhvervsgrenen, jf. betragtning 571, og gentog, at foranstaltningerne har haft en positiv indvirkning på investeringerne.
One of the parties illustrated the point with an example of a commercial centre.
Endvidere fandt Kommissionen, at den kinesiske import til Unionen havde en indvirkning på det bundne EU-marked for celler, jf. betragtning 508.
It has a large rooftop area for the panels to be installed and it needs energy during daytime while the main activity goes on.
Ikke forretningsmæssigt forbundne celleimportørers interesser
In Germany the price they need to pay for each kWh is currently around EUR 20 cents/kWh, while the LCOE of a rooftop solar installation is around EUR 10 cents/kWh.
Ingen ikke forretningsmæssigt forbundne celleimportører, der var aktive i NUP, gav sig til kende.
Therefore, installing the panels can yield significant savings on electricity charges, especially to customers who use a lot of energy during the day.
Celler importeres enten af EU-modulproducenter eller af kinesiske producenters forretningsmæssigt forbundne importører.
This has not been the case in the original investigation when solar-generated electricity always required subsidies to be viable.
Aftagerindustriens interesser — modulproducenter
In the situation when the subsidies are no longer relevant, it is the final module price that influences a customer's decision to install solar system and currently this price is increased by the measures.
Syv europæiske modulproducenter henvendte sig med en opfordring til at udelukke celler fra foranstaltningen.
The Commission investigated in more detail the market for retail grid parity in Germany, because parties have extensively commented on it during the investigation.
Nogle af disse virksomheder er tilhængere af EU ProSuns holdning til en videreførelse af foranstaltningerne vedrørende moduler.
It is necessary to distinguish between installations that are for self-consumption, and installations that feed electricity into the grid.
Nogle leverandør- og aftagervirksomheder indsendte bemærkninger imod foranstaltningerne specifikt vedrørende celler.
The Commission concurred with the view that achieving the grid parity by solar energy is a very desirable development as it helps combatting climate change and reducing consumers' electricity bill.
De fleste leverandør- og aftagervirksomheder fokuserede dog på årsagerne til og virkningerne af en ophævelse af foranstaltningerne for moduler.
It found that removing the measures would reduce the price of solar panels, hence increasing the number of locations at which retail grid parity can be achieved.
De parter, som opfordrede til at ophæve foranstaltningerne vedrørende celler, gjorde opmærksom på, at næsten alle de celler, der fremstilles i Unionen, bruges internt af vertikalt integrerede virksomheder.
At the same time the Commission found that during the RIP, investments into commercial and residential rooftop installations for self-consumption, which do not benefit from any support scheme, have been hold back by regulatory uncertainty about the inclusion, or not, of those installations into the levy for financing the German support scheme — EEG surcharge.
Det er grunden til, at ikke vertikalt integrerede modulproducenter, som udgør mere end 65 % af Unionens moduloutput, er afhængige af import af celler.
Following a regulatory change proposed by Germany in order to comply with Union State aid law, the entities which self-consume the power from their renewable energy sources (sometimes called prosumers) are obliged to pay a levy of more than EUR 2 cents per kWh in Germany.
Disse parter påstod, at næsten al import af celler i Unionen er omfattet af enten foranstaltninger eller øget toldkontrol som følge af antiomgåelsesforanstaltningerne over for celler fra Malaysia og Taiwan.
Therefore, if a project has an LCOE of 10 cents/kWh, the levy alone makes the electricity generated by it 20 % more expensive [112].
Dette medfører yderligere administrative og økonomiske byrder for ikke vertikalt integrerede modulproducenter.
The Commission aims at decreasing regulatory uncertainty for the future.
Parterne imod foranstaltningerne vedrørende celler hævdede også, at foranstaltningerne over for celler var ineffektive, da de ikke skabte ny kapacitet i Unionen.
Under the proposal for the Electricity Market Design and the Renewable Energy Directive, ‘renewable self-consumers […] are entitled to carry out self-consumption […] without being subject to disproportionate procedures and charges that are not cost-reflective’ [113].
Foranstaltningerne øger efter deres opfattelse også prisen på den endelige vare, dvs. moduler, og har en negativ indvirkning på efterspørgslen, kunderne og Unionens bredere miljøpolitiske målsætninger.
Reports by market intelligence also point to the fact that regulatory changes have an impact on demand.
Forsyningsmangel for solceller i Unionen
One of the latest BNEF's reports states: the German commercial and residential small-scale PV sector was languishing ever since monthly digressions [in the feed-in remuneration] and the surcharge on self-consumption came into force [114].
De parter, som opfordrer til at ophæve foranstaltningerne vedrørende celler, hævdede, at der ikke er adgang til celler fremstillet i Unionen på EU-markedet.
All elements considered, the example of retail price parity achievement set out above shows that solar modules can already generate the electricity much below the retail delivery price in Germany.
De små mængder, der sælges, er normalt af dårlig kvalitet.
That demand is likely to be more sensitive to the price level of solar panels, and therefore likely to be more sensitive to the measures as well.
På baggrund af sin undersøgelse fastslog Kommissionen, at de celler, der sælges af EU-erhvervsgrenen på EU-markedet, dækker under 5 % af de ikke vertikalt integrerede EU-modulproducenters efterspørgsel.
For installations feeding into the grid, demand is mainly determined by support schemes, which may continue to be used without carrying out tenders for installations of up to 1 MW.
Parterne påstod endvidere, at selv om der blev solgt flere EU-celler på det åbne marked, ville Unionens celleproduktionskapacitet være helt utilstrækkelig til at dække hele EU-efterspørgslen efter celler og endnu mindre tilstrækkelig til at dække den samlede efterspørgsel efter moduler.
At a given level of support, demand is slightly higher if measures are removed.
Kommissionen konstaterede, at celleproduktionen i Unionen var på 1270 MW i NUP, hvilket betyder, at den kunne dække 37 % af den samlede efterspørgsel efter celler i Unionen, som blev anslået til 3409 MW.
At the same time, for budgetary reasons, most Member States have significantly reduced support, so that this demand is shrinking irrespective of the measures.
EU's celleproduktionskapacitet kunne dække ca. 18 % af den samlede efterspørgsel efter moduler i Unionen — ca. 7200 MW i NUP.
Following disclosure, SPE claimed that the Commission wrongly drew its conclusions on the impact on the regulatory uncertainty and EEG-surcharge based on a German illustration alone.
SolarWorld tegnede sig for over 70 % af den samlede celleproduktion i Unionen i NUP.
The same was observed by SPE in their latest Global Market Outlook 2016 – 2020 for Spain: ‘[…] the Spanish Government […] hindered the emerging self-consumption market with a solar tax and high fines for non-declared prosumers’ [115] and ‘The fate of solar in Spain is similar in several other former high feed-in-tariff markets: Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic and Greece.
SolarWorld sælger kun celler på det åbne marked, som efter virksomhedens opfattelse ikke opfylder dens høje standarder.
The solar markets in Slovakia and Slovenia have almost completely come to a halt’ [116]; as well as: ‘Even several developed distributed rooftop solar markets are struggling as they are transforming from feed-in tariff or net-metering markets to self-consumption schemes.
Disse parter påstod, at deres eneste mulighed for at købe celler er gennem import fra tredjelande.
This is despite the fact that solar in many instances is cheaper than retail electricity.
Hvis foranstaltningerne for celler ikke ophæves, vil de fortsat være i en ufordelagtig konkurrencesituation i forhold til den dominerende producent af solceller i Unionen.
The barriers that have been implemented for rooftop solar in certain European countries (taxes on self-consumed solar power, hindering sales of excess power or only offering wholesale prices) and continued discussion on further limitations have kept many potential buyers away from investing in their own solar system’ [117].
Kommissionen mindede også om, at den gennemsnitlige udgift til cellefremstilling i Unionen var højere end den gennemsnitlige aftalte salgspris for Kina og Taiwan (som oplyst af PV Insights).
The Commission thus rejected this argument.
Dette betyder, at ikke vertikalt integrerede EU-modulproducenter kunne købe celler fra lande uden for EU til de samme eller endda lavere priser.
Conclusion on the impact of measures on demand
Denne konklusion gælder også under hensyntagen til, at celler fremstillet i Unionen af vertikalt integrerede producenter er højeffektive og af høj kvalitet og derfor er dyrere.
Following an in-depth analysis the Commission found that with regard to the impact of measures on demand, it is important to distinguish different sectors and different types of demand.
Derfor giver foranstaltningerne ikke vertikalt integrerede celle- og modulproducenter en konkurrencemæssig fordel i forhold til ikke vertikalt integrerede celle- og modulproducenter.
Demand from support schemes.
Det kinesiske mål for installation af solcelleanlæg blev understøttet af generøse belønningsordninger, der medførte et midlertidigt opsving i antallet af installationer.
Where support schemes are technology-specific, measures do not have an impact on demand.
Selv den betydelige kinesiske overkapacitet i forbindelse med produktion af solceller var midlertidigt utilstrækkelig til at dække den usædvanlige stigning i efterspørgslen.
Where support schemes are technology-neutral, measures reduce the chances of solar energy of winning.
Nogle kinesiske modulproducenter var undtagelsesvis nødt til at ty til import af celler fra udlandet, hvilket medførte en midlertidig global mangel på solceller og øgede cellepriser.
However, even for those tenders, the Commission observes that solar energy has won a significant market share, which shows that even with the measures, it is capable of competing for utility-scale projects.
Denne periode med overophedet efterspørgsel efter celler faldt også delvis sammen med Kommissionens antiomgåelsesundersøgelse af kinesiske celler og moduler via Malaysia og Taiwan.
Wholesale grid parity at this stage and in the near future years can only be achieved, if at all, at ideal locations, even if prices for solar panels are reduced because measures are lifted.
Registrering af celler og moduler med virkning fra datoen for indledningen af antiomgåelsessagen, dvs. maj 2015, skabte yderligere forsyningsvanskeligheder for Unionens modulproducenter.
Again, the additional demand to be expected in the absence of the measures is low, and in addition depends on the level of the wholesale price in the Member State in question.
Modulproducenterne oplevede en periode med usikkerhed, da de ikke vidste, om deres taiwanske og malaysiske leverandører var egentlige producenter og ville blive fritaget for told.
Retail grid parity.
Til sidst blev det i februar 2016 konstateret, at mere end 20 malaysiske og taiwanske celleproducenter, der samarbejdede i forbindelse med undersøgelsen, blev anset for at være egentlige producenter.
Retail grid parity is today achieved for commercial installations in Member States, which have high retail prices, such as Germany, even if sun is not abundant there.
Den midlertidige leveringsusikkerhed blev afsluttet, og leveringsusikkerheden ophørte.
The main drivers here are taxes, fees for the network and levies for support schemes.
Kommissionen fandt også, at påstanden om, at foranstaltningerne over for celler kun beskyttede én virksomhed — SolarWorld — er ubegrundet.
New energy market design rules announced by the Commission on 1st December 2016 [118] and new rules for consumer centred clean energy transition proposed by the Commission on 30th November 2016 [119] are an important step towards achieving a stable and growth friendly environment.
Som anført i betragtning 751 har yderligere fem celleproducenter udtrykkeligt støttet videreførelsen af foranstaltningerne over for celler.
Once the Commission's proposal is adopted by the co-legislators demand for commercial installations that auto-consume is expected to pick up.
Kommissionen har kendskab til mere end 10 celleproducenter i EU.
In that case, for commercial systems the removal of measures may have more important impact, as there is no limit to demand in the form of a limited amount of production to be supported by support schemes, and no competition from other energy sources, contrary to wholesale grid parity.
Den vigtigste årsag til, at en enkelt producent i øjeblikket tegner sig for over 70 % af samtlige celler, der fremstilles i EU, er, at mange andre celleproducenter forlod markedet, da de ikke kunne modstå den illoyale konkurrence fra kinesiske subsidierede produkter.
For residential installations, achieving retail grid parity will take longer, as they need to be fitted with costly storage devices to be suitable for most users who auto-consume [120].
Selv om de fleste af disse producenter forlod markedet, overtog SolarWorld en af de største EU-celleproducenter i 2014.
Following disclosure, several parties disagreed with the finding that the measures had only a limited impact on the demand for modules.
Denne producent var ved at forlade markedet, og hvis overtagelsen ikke var sket, ville mere end 500 højt kvalificerede arbejdstagere have mistet deres job.
They contended that investments are driven by the expected rate of return and therefore the lower the price of solar module, the higher the return on investment and the likelihood of realisation.
SolarWorld hævdede, at de uden foranstaltningerne ikke alene ikke ville have været i stand til at overtage den anden virksomhed og redde beskæftigelsen dér, men deres egen cellefabrik ville have været gået konkurs nu.
The Commission recalled that it had always agreed that the price has an impact on demand.
Derfor oplever ikke vertikalt integrerede modulsamlevirksomheder i Unionen hverken forsyningsknaphed eller en konkurrencemæssig ulempe i forhold til de vertikalt integrerede virksomheder.
Nonetheless, in its view other factors exert currently much more significant impact on demand than a relatively mild increase in the price of modules caused by the MIP.
Følgelig er Unionens forbrugere af moduler ikke negativt påvirket af, at EU-produktionen af celler kun kan dække en relativt lille andel af modulforbruget.
These factors are on the one hand regulatory uncertainty, but on the other hand, the intentional actions by the government to control the level of solar deployment.
Den administrative byrde som følge af foranstaltningerne
These actions include setting of overall annual installation targets, introduction of tenders for capacity, and imposition of the taxes on self-consumption.
De parter, som opfordrer til at ophæve foranstaltningerne vedrørende celler, hævdede, at de yderligere medfører betydelige erhvervsmæssige risici, nødvendiggør yderligere driftskapital og pålægger en administrativ byrde for ikke vertikalt integrerede modulproducenter.
The Commission also recognised that in some instances, such as technology neutral tenders, the MIP may have a more significant impact on the solar demand.
Dette skyldes angiveligt, at de skal følge komplekse procedurer i forbindelse med pristilsagnet.
At the same time, the Commission observed that without the MIP removing the effect of dumping solar energy would have an unfair competitive advantage over other renewable sources of energy.
Nogle modulproducenter anførte, at situationen blev værre, efter at antiomgåelsesundersøgelsen over for Taiwan og Malaysia blev indledt.
The Commission also observed that solar energy was relatively successful in the technology neutral tenders even with the MIP that merely restores the level-playing field.
De ikke vertikalt integrerede producenter er underlagt streng dokumentkontrol, mens varerne fortoldes, også selv om de importerer fra virksomheder, der er blevet fritaget herfor.
Finally, the Commission found further evidence that in the near future the governments may take further actions to control solar deployment, such as introduction more cost-reflective grid usage tariffs on solar installations.