natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Hvis dataene eller historiske databaser tyder på en log-normal fordeling af de enkelte fisks størrelsesværdier, kan det logaritmiske replikatgennemsnit for de enkelte fisks værdier alternativt beregnes, og de data, der skal analyseres, kan i givet fald være anti-logaritmerne til disse gennemsnitslogaritmer for replikaterne.
the mean amount of TIC present in the blank controls FB at the end of the test is < 3mg C/l.
Dataene evalueres med hensyn til overensstemmelse med normal fordeling og varianshomogenitet.
If these limits are not met, the test should be repeated with an inoculum from another source and/or the procedures used should be reviewed.
Med henblik herpå anvendes residualerne fra en variansanalyse med koncentration som den eneste forklarende klassevariabel.
For example, if high blank IC production is a problem the procedure given in paragraphs 27 to 32 should be followed.’
Visuel bestemmelse kan foretages ud fra spredningsplot og histogrammer eller stamme-og-blad-plot.
In Part C, the following Chapters are added:
Alternativt kan en formel test, f.eks. Shapiro-Wilk eller Anderson-Darling, anvendes.
Fish, Early-life Stage Toxicity Test
Overensstemmelse med varianshomogenitet kan vurderes ud fra en visuel undersøgelse af samme spredningsplot eller formelt på grundlag af Levenes test.
This test method is equivalent to OECD test guideline (TG) 210 (2013).
Parametriske test (f.eks. Williams' eller Dunnetts test) skal som de eneste vurderes med hensyn til normalitet eller varianshomogenitet.
Tests with the early-life stages of fish are intended to define the lethal and sub-lethal effects of chemicals on the stages and species tested.
Man bør være opmærksom på mulige afvigende værdier og deres indvirkning på analysen.
They yield information of value for the estimation of the chronic lethal and sub-lethal effects of the chemical on other fish species.
Tukeys test for afvigende værdier og visuel kontrol af samme diagrammer over residualer som beskrevet ovenfor kan anvendes.
Test guideline 210 is based on a proposal from the United Kingdom which was discussed at a meeting of OECD experts convened at Medmenham (United Kingdom) in November 1988 and further updated in 2013 to reflect experience in using the test and recommendations from an OECD workshop on fish toxicity testing, held in September 2010 (1).
Det skal bemærkes, at observationerne er hele replikater, hvilket betyder, at udeladelse af en afvigende værdi fra analysen kun må ske efter omhyggelig afvejning.
The early-life stages of fish are exposed to a range of concentrations of the test chemical dissolved in water.
De statistiske test, der bruger de særlige kendetegn ved forsøgsdesignet og biologisk forventning, er step-down trend test som f.eks. Williams' test og Jonckheere-Terpstra-testen.
Flow-through conditions are preferred; however, if it is not possible semi-static conditions are acceptable.
Disse test forudsætter et monotont koncentration/respons-forhold, og data bør vurderes med hensyn til overensstemmelse med denne antagelse.
For details the OECD guidance document on aquatic toxicity testing of difficult substances and mixtures should be consulted (2).
Det kan ske visuelt ud fra et spredningsplot af replikatgennemsnittene i forhold til testkoncentrationen.
The test is initiated by placing fertilised eggs in test chambers and is continued for a species-specific time period that is necessary for the control fish to reach a juvenile life-stage.
Spredningsplottet kan med fordel suppleres med et stykvist lineært plot, der forbinder koncentrationsgennemsnittene vægtet i forhold til replikatprøvestørrelsen.
Lethal and sub-lethal effects are assessed and compared with control values to determine the lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) in order to determine the (i) no observed effect concentration (NOEC) and/or (ii) ECx (e.g. EC10, EC20) by using a regression model to estimate the concentration that would cause a x % change in the effect measured.
Stor afvigelse fra monotoni i dette stykvise lineære plot tyder på, at det er nødvendigt at bruge andre test end trend test.
Reporting of relevant effect concentrations and parameters may depend upon the regulatory framework.
Alternativt kan der anvendes formelle test.
The test concentrations should bracket the ECx so that the ECx comes from interpolation rather than extrapolation (see Appendix 1 for definitions).
En enkel formel test er beregning af lineære og kvadratiske kontraster af koncentrationsgennemsnittene.
Test chemical refers to what is being tested.
Hvis den kvadratiske kontrast er signifikant, og den lineære kontrast ikke er signifikant, er det et tegn på, at der kan være et problem med monotoni, som bør evalueres yderligere ud fra diagrammer.
The water solubility (see chapter A.6 of this Annex) and the vapour pressure (see chapter A.4 of this Annex) of the test chemical should be known and a reliable analytical method for the quantification of the chemical in the test solutions with known and reported accuracy and limit of quantification should be available.
Hvis normalitet eller varianshomogenitet kan være et problem, kan disse kontraster udledes af rangordentransformerede data.
Although not necessary to conduct the test, results from an acute toxicity test (see chapters C.1 or C.49 of this Annex), preferably performed with the species chosen for this test, may provide useful information.
Alternative procedurer, såsom Bartholomews test for monotoni, kan anvendes, men tilfører kompleksitet.
If the test method is used for the testing of a mixture, its composition should as far as possible be characterised, e.g. by the chemical identity of its constituents, their quantitative occurrence and their substance-specific properties (like those mentioned above).
Figur 2
Before use of the test method for regulatory testing of a mixture, it should be considered whether it will provide acceptable results for the intended regulatory purpose.
NOEC-flowdiagram — størrelsesmålinger (længde og vægt) Nej Nej Nej Nej Nej Nej JA JA JA JA JA JA JA
Useful information includes the structural formula, purity of the substance, water solubility, stability in water and light, pKa, Pow and results of a test for ready biodegradability (e.g. chapters C.4 or C.29 of this Annex).
Dunnetts test
the dissolved oxygen concentration should be > 60 % of the air saturation value throughout the test;
Normaliserende transformation?
the water temperature should not differ by more than ± 1,5 °C between test chambers or between successive days at any time during the test, and should be within the temperature ranges specified for the test species (Appendix 2);
Tamhane-Dunnett test Dunnetts test
the analytical measure of the test concentrations is compulsory.
Transformation til normalt, homogent?
overall survival of fertilised eggs and post-hatch success in the controls and, where relevant, in the solvent controls should be greater than or equal to the limits defined in Appendix 2.
Step-down (Williams eller Jonckherre) Rep.gns. normalt, homogent?
If a minor deviation from the validity criteria is observed, the consequences should be considered in relation to the reliability of the test data and these considerations should be included in the report.
Rep.gns. normalt?
Effects on survival, hatch or growth occurring in the solvent control, when compared to the negative control, should be reported and discussed in the context of the reliability of the test data.
Varianser lige?
Test chambers
Hvis procentvis effect ved NOEC er høj, eller procentvis effect ved LOEC er lav, forsøges ECx
Any glass, stainless steel or other chemically inert vessels can be used.
<=3 rep. pr. konc.
As silicone is known to have a strong capacity to absorb lipophilic substances, the use of silicone tubing in flow-through studies and use of silicone seals in contact with water should be minimised by the use of e.g. monoblock glass aquaria.
Disse responser opfylder aldrig forudsætningerne for parametriske analyser eller modeller
The dimensions of the vessels should be large enough to allow proper growth in the control, maintenance of dissolved oxygen concentration (e.g. for small fish species, a 7 L tank volume will achieve this) and compliance with the loading rate criteria given in paragraph 19.
Medmindre dataene ikke opfylder betingelserne for disse test, bestemmes NOEC ved hjælp af step-down-anvendelse af Williams' test eller Jonckheere-Terpstra-testen.
It is desirable that test chambers be randomly positioned in the test area.
OECD (2006) indeholder nærmere oplysninger om disse metoder.
A randomised block design with each treatment being present in each block is preferable to a completely randomised design.
For så vidt angår data, der ikke opfylder betingelserne for en step-down trend test, kan Dunnetts test eller Tamhane-Dunnett-testen (T3) anvendes.
The test chambers should be shielded from unwanted disturbance.
Begge har indbyggede justeringer for multiplicitet.
The test system should preferably be conditioned with concentrations of the test chemical for a sufficient duration to demonstrate stable exposure concentrations prior to the introduction of test organisms.
Disse test forudsætter normalitet og, i forbindelse med Dunnetts test, varianshomogenitet.
Recommended fish species are given in Table 1.
Hvis disse betingelser ikke er opfyldt, kan Dunns ikke-parametriske test anvendes.
This does not preclude the use of other species, but the test procedure may have to be adapted to provide suitable test conditions.
OECD (2006) indeholder nærmere oplysninger om alle disse test.
Holding of the brood fish
Figur 2 giver et overblik over, hvordan man finder den foretrukne test.
Details on holding the brood stock under satisfactory conditions may be found in Appendix 3 and the references cited (3)(4)(5).
Klækkede æg og larveoverlevelse
Handling of fertilised eggs, embryos and larvae
Dataene er andele af æg, der klækkes, eller larver, der overlever, i de enkelte replikater.
Initially, fertilised eggs, embryos and larvae may be exposed within the main vessel in smaller glass or stainless steel vessels, fitted with mesh sides or ends to permit a flow of test solution through the vessel.
Disse andele bør vurderes med hensyn til ekstra-binomial varians, som er almindelig, men ikke universel for sådanne målinger.
Non-turbulent flow-through in these small vessels may be induced by suspending them from an arm arranged to move the vessel up and down but always keeping the organisms submerged.
Flowdiagrammet i figur 3 kan bruges til at vælge test; detaljerede beskrivelser findes i teksten.
Fertilised eggs of salmonid fishes can be supported on racks or meshes with apertures sufficiently large to allow larvae to drop through after hatching.
To test er almindeligt brugt.
Where egg containers, grids or meshes have been used to hold eggs within the main test vessel, these restraints should be removed after the larvae hatch, according to the guidance in Appendix 3, except that meshes should be retained to prevent the escape of the larvae.
Der er tale om Tarones C(α)-test (Tarone, 1979) og »chi-i anden-testen«, som anvendes særskilt på hver testkoncentration.
If there is a need to transfer the larvae, they should not be exposed to the air and nets should not be used to release larvae from egg containers.
Hvis der konstateres ekstra-binomial varians i blot en testkoncentration, bør der anvendes metoder, som tilgodeser dette.
The timing of this transfer varies with the species and should be documented in the report.
Formel 1
However, a transfer may not always be necessary.
Tarones C(α)-test (Tarone 1979)
Any water in which the test species shows suitable long-term survival and growth may be used as test water (see Appendix 4).
hvor ̂ er den gennemsnitlige andel for en given koncentration, m er antallet af replikatbeholdere, nj er antallet af emner i replikat j, og xj er antallet af emner i den pågældende replikat med respons, f.eks. ikke udklækkede eller døde.
It should be of constant quality during the period of the test.
Denne test anvendes særskilt på hver enkelt koncentration.
In order to ensure that the dilution water will not unduly influence the test result (for example by complexation of test chemical), or adversely affect the performance of the brood stock, samples should be taken at intervals for analysis.
Denne test kan betragtes som en »tilpasset chi-i anden-test«, men begrænsede power-simuleringer med Tarones test har vist, at den er mere velegnet end en »chi-i anden-test«.
Measurements of heavy metals (e.g. Cu, Pb, Zn, Hg, Cd, Ni), major anions and cations (e.g. Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl–, SO42–), ammonia, total residual chlorine pesticides, total organic carbon and suspended solids should be made, for example, on a bi-annual basis where a dilution water is known to be relatively constant in quality.
Fig. 3
If the water is known to be of variable quality the measurements have to be conducted more often; the frequency is dependent of how variable the quality is.
Dunnett test Dunn test eller Mann-Whitney
Some chemical characteristics of an acceptable dilution water are listed in Appendix 4.
Er data (*) i overensstemmelse med monotont koncentration/respons-forhold?
For flow-through tests, a system which continually dispenses and dilutes a stock solution of the test chemical (e.g. metering pump, proportional diluter, saturator system) is required to deliver a series of concentrations to the test chambers.
Step-down Rao-Scott Cochran-Armitage eller Jonckheere test eller, efter arc-sin-kvadratrodstrans-formation, Williams test
The flow rates of stock solutions and dilution water should be checked at intervals during the test and should not vary by more than 10 % throughout the test.
Step-down Cochran-Armitage eller Jonckheere test eller, efter arcsin-kvadratrodstranformation , Williams test
A flow rate equivalent to at least five test chamber volumes per 24 hours has been found suitable (3).
Data normalt fordelt, homogene efter arcsin-kvadratrodstransformation?
However, if the loading rate specified in paragraph 19 is respected, a lower flow rate of e.g. 2-3 test chamber volumes is possible to prevent quick removal of food.
Data er replikatandel.
Test solutions of the chosen concentrations are prepared by dilution of a stock solution.
Hvis der ikke er nogen signifikant dokumentation for ekstra-binomial varians, kan step-down Cochran-Armitage-testen anvendes.
The stock solution should preferably be prepared by simply mixing or agitating the test chemical in dilution water by using mechanical means (e.g. stirring and/or ultrasonication).
Denne test tager ikke højde for replikater, så hvis der er dokumentation herfor, tager Rao-Scotts justering af Cochran-Armitage-testen (RSCA) højde for replikater, replikatstørrelser og ekstra-binomial varians og anbefales.
Saturation columns (solubility columns) or passive dosing methods (6) can be used for achieving a suitable concentrated stock solution.
Alternative test omfatter step-down Williams- og Jonckheere-Terpstra-test og Dunnetts test som beskrevet for størrelsesmålinger.
The use of a solvent carrier is not recommended.
Disse test finder anvendelse, uanset om der er ekstra-binomial varians, men har en noget lavere power (Agresti 2002, Morgan 1992, Rao and Scott 1992, 1999, fung et al. 1994, 1996).
However, in case a solvent is necessary, a solvent control should be run in parallel, at the same solvent concentration as the chemical treatments; i.e. the solvent level should preferably be equal across all concentrations as well as the solvent control.
Første eller sidste dags klækning eller swim-up
For some diluter systems this might be technically difficult; here the solvent concentration in the solvent control should be equal to the highest solvent concentration in the treatment group.
Responsen er et heltal, der angiver, hvilken dag i testen den angivne observation er foretaget for en given replikatbeholder.
For difficult to test substances, the OECD Guidance Document No. 23 on aquatic toxicity testing of difficult substances and mixtures should be consulted (2).
Værdiintervallet er generelt meget begrænset, og der er ofte høje andele af bundne værdier, f.eks. observeres samme første klækningsdag i alle kontrolreplikater og eventuelt i en eller to lave testkoncentrationer.
If a solvent is used, the choice of solvent will be determined by the chemical properties of the substance.
Parametriske test, som Williams' and Dunnetts test, er ikke egnede til sådanne data.
The OECD Guidance Document No. 23 recommends a maximum concentration of 100 μl/l.
Medmindre der er dokumentation for betydelig manglende monotoni, er step-down Jonckheere-Terpstra-testen meget velegnet til at spore testkemikaliets virkninger.
To avoid potential effect of the solvent on endpoints measured (7), it is recommended to keep solvent concentration as low as possible.
I modsat fald kan Dunns test anvendes.
For a semi-static test, two different renewal procedures may be followed.
Responsen er antallet af larver med en form for abnormitet.
The test should start as soon as possible after the eggs have been fertilised and preferably being immersed in the test solutions before cleavage of the blastodisc commences, or as close as possible after this stage.
Responsen forekommer ofte sjældent og har visse af de samme problemer som første klækningsdag og udviser undertiden uregelmæssigheder i koncentrationsrespons.
The test duration will depend upon the species used.
Hvis dataene i det mindste nogenlunde følger en monoton koncentrationsform, er step-down Jonckheere-Terpstra-testen velegnet til at påvise virkninger.
Some recommended durations are given in Appendix 2.
STATISTISK VEJLEDNING I REGRESSIONSBEREGNING
They should be randomly distributed among treatments, and at least 80 eggs, divided equally between at least four replicate test chambers, should be used per concentration.
De observationer, der bruges til fitning af en model, er replikatgennemsnit (længde og vægt) eller replikatandele (klækkede æg og larvedødelighed) (OECD 2006).
The loading rate (biomass per volume of test solution) should be low enough in order that a dissolved oxygen concentration of at least 60 % of the air saturation value can be maintained without aeration during the egg and larval stage.
Det anbefales generelt at anvende vægtet regressionsanalyse med replikatprøvestørrelse som vægt.
For flow-through tests, a loading rate not exceeding 0,5 g/l wet weight per 24 hours and not exceeding 5 g/l of solution at any time has been recommended (3).
Der kan bruges andre vægtningsmetoder, f.eks. vægtning i forhold til forventet gennemsnitsrespons eller en kombination af denne og replikatprøvestørrelsen.
The photoperiod and water temperature should be appropriate for the test species (see Appendix 2).
Vægtning i forhold til den reciprokke værdi for variansen i koncentrationsprøven anbefales ikke (Bunke et al. 1999, Seber and Wild, 2003, Motulsky and Christopoulos 2004, Huet et al. 2003).
Food and feeding are critical, and it is essential that the correct food for each life-stage is supplied from an appropriate time and at a level sufficient to support normal growth.
Enhver transformation af responser inden analysen bør sikre observationernes uafhængighed, og ECx og denne værdis konfidensgrænser bør udtrykkes i de oprindelige måleenheder og ikke de transformerede enheder.
Feeding should be approximately equal across replicates unless adjusted to account for mortality.
En ændring på 20 % i logaritmen for længde svarer f.eks. ikke til en ændring på 20 % i længde (Lyles et. al 2008, Draper and Smith 1999).
Surplus food and faeces should be removed as necessary, to avoid accumulation of waste.
Flowdiagrammet i figur 4 giver et overblik over beregninger af ECx.
Detailed feeding regimes are given in Appendix 3 but, as experience is gained, food and feeding regimes are continually being refined to improve survival and optimise growth.
De nærmere detaljer er beskrevet i teksten nedenfor.
Live food provides a source of environmental enrichment and therefore should be used in place of or in addition to dry or frozen food whenever appropriate to the species and life stage.
Figur 4
Normally five concentrations of the test chemical, with a minimum of four replicates per concentration, spaced by a constant factor not exceeding 3,2 are required.
Er a) den forventede respons ved ECx inden for CI for kontrol, eller b) den forventede kontrolrespons inden for CI for forventet respons ved ECx eller c) CI for ECx for bred?
If available, information on the acute testing, preferable with the same species and/or a range finding test should be considered (1) when selecting the range of test concentrations.
Passer også til OECD 4 & 5, Hill, Michaelis-Menton eller andre modeller med 3-5 parametre
However, all sources of information should be considered when selecting the range of test concentrations, including sources like e.g. read across, fish embryo acute toxicity test data.
Betragtninger om klækkede æg og larvedødelighed
A limit test, or an extended limit test, with fewer than five concentrations as the definitive test may be acceptable where empirical NOECs only are to be established.
Dvs. at der bør opstilles en model for andelen af æg, der ikke klækker, eller larver, der dør.
Concentrations of the test chemical higher than the 96 hour LC50 or 10 mg/l, whichever is the lower, need not be tested.
Hvis 5 % af kontrolæggene ikke klækker, og modellen er manglende klækning, henviser EC20 til en koncentration, hvor der er en ændring svarende til 20 % af de 5 % manglende klækning i kontrollen, dvs. en ændring på 0,2 × 0,05=0,01 eller 1 procentpoint til 6 % manglende klækning.
Frequency of Analytical Determinations and Measurements
En så lille ændring kan ikke beregnes på en meningsfuld måde ud fra de tilgængelige data og er ikke biologisk vigtig.
Prior to initiation of the exposure period, proper function of the chemical delivery system across all replicates should be ensured (for example, by measuring test concentrations).
Hvis der opstilles en model for andelen af æg, der klækker, ville kontrolandelen i dette eksempel være 95 %, og en reduktion på 20 % i forhold til kontrolgennemsnittet ville være en ændring på 0,95 × 0,2=0,18, dvs. fra en klækningssucces på 95 % til en klækningssucces på 77 % (= 95 – 18), og denne effektkoncentration kan beregnes og er formodentlig af større interesse.
Analytical methods required should be established, including an appropriate limit of quantification (LOQ) and sufficient knowledge on the substance stability in the test system.
Dette er ikke et problem med størrelsesmålinger, selv om skadelige virkninger på størrelsen normalt indebærer et fald i størrelsen.
During the test, the concentrations of the test chemical are determined at regular intervals to characterise exposure.
Modeller for størrelse (længde eller vægt) og ægklækningssucces eller larveoverlevelse
A minimum of five determinations is necessary.
Med undtagelse af Brain-Cousens hormetiske model er alle disse modeller beskrevet og anbefalet i OECD (2006).
In flow-through systems, analytical measurements of the test chemical in one replicate per concentration should be made at least once a week changing systematically amongst replicates.
De såkaldte OECD 2-5-modeller drøftes også i forbindelse med økotoksicitetsforsøg i Slob (2002).
Additional analytical determinations will often improve the quality of the test outcome.
Der findes selvfølgelig mange andre modeller, som kan være nyttige.
Samples may need to be filtered to remove any particulate matter (e.g. using a 0,45 μm pore size) or centrifuged to ensure that the determinations are made on the chemical in true solution.
nævner mange modeller, der ikke er medtaget her, og indeholder mange henvisninger til andre modeller.
In order to reduce adsorption of the test chemical, the filters should be saturated before the use.