natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
25 ± 2 °C
The amount of sand provided by the test-substance-and-sand mixture has to be taken into account when preparing the sediment, i.e. the sediment should thus be prepared with less sand (6).
26 °C ± 2 °C
With a natural sediment, the test substance may be added by spiking a dried portion of the sediment as described above for the artificial sediment, or by stirring the test substance into the wet sediment, with subsequent evaporating of any solubilising agent used.
Testorganismers alder
Suitable solvents for spiking wet sediment are ethanol, methanol, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, dimethylformamide and triethylene glycol (5)(34).
Voksne fisks omtrentlige vådvægt (g)
Toxicity and volatility of the solvent and the solubility of the test substance in the chosen solvent should be the main criteria for the selection of a suitable solubilising agent.
21 dage
Additional guidance on spiking procedures is given in Environment Canada (1995)(41).
Indlejret ANOVA normal
Care should be taken to ensure that the test substance added to sediment is thoroughly and evenly distributed within the sediment.
Variansstabiliserende transformation
Replicated sub-samples of the spiked sediment should be analysed to check the concentrations of the test substance in the sediment, and to determine the degree of homogeneity of test substance distribution.
>= 4 replikater pr. konc.
Once the spiked sediment with overlying water has been prepared, it is desirable to allow partitioning of the test substance between the sediment and the aqueous phase.
Der er udført forberedende arbejde vedrørende eksponering gennem føden, men denne eksponeringsvej benyttes almindeligvis ikke.
Appropriate equilibration time is sediment and substance specific, and can be in the order of hours to days and in rare cases up to several weeks (4-5 weeks) (28)(42).
fysisk-kemiske egenskaber, information om stabilitet og bionedbrydelighed
Depending on the purpose of the study, e.g., when environmental conditions are to be mimicked, the spiked sediment may be equilibrated or aged for a longer period (11).
blanding af fortyndinger: metode og frekvens.
It may be useful to conduct a preliminary experiment in order to optimise the test conditions of the definitive test, e.g. selection of test substance concentration(s) and duration of the uptake and elimination phases.
Efter stadium 60 er haletudsernes størrelse og vægt mindsket på grund af vævsresorption og reduktion af absolut vandindhold.
Duration of the uptake phase
Målinger af vådvægt og SVL kan således ikke bruges hensigtsmæssigt i statistiske analyser med henblik på forskelle i vækstrater.
The test organisms are exposed to the test substance during the uptake phase.
Derfor bør vådvægts- og længdedata fra organismer > NF60 bortcensureres og kan ikke bruges i analyser af gennemsnit eller medianer fra replikater.
The first sample should be taken between 4 and 24 h after start of uptake phase.
To forskellige metoder kan bruges til at analysere disse vækstrelaterede parametre.
The uptake phase should be run for up to 28 days (1)(6)(11) unless it can be demonstrated that equilibrium has been reached earlier.
Chemosphere 39, s. 539-551
The steady state occurs when:
Dodd (1976) Physiology of Amphibia.
a plot of the bioaccumulation factors at each sampling period against time is parallel to the time axis;
A Guidance to Application.
three successive analyses of BAF made on samples taken at intervals of at least two days vary no more than ± 20 % of each other;
Den Internationale Standardiseringsorganisation (ISO), Geneve
Duration of the elimination phase
A. Burges og F. Raw (red.) (1967) Soil Biology.
The first sample should be taken between 4 and 24 h after start of elimination phase, since during the initial period, rapid changes in tissue residue may occur.
H. Petersen og M. Luxton (1982) A comparative analysis of soil fauna populations and their role in decomposition processes.
It is recommended to terminate the elimination phase either when the concentration of test substance is less than 10 % of steady-state concentration, or after a maximum duration of 10 days.
H. Petersen (1994) A review of collembolan ecology in ecosystem context.
The residue level in the worms at the end of the elimination phase is reported as a secondary endpoint.
S.P. Hopkin (1997).
The period may, however, be governed by the period over which the concentration of the test substance in the worms remains above the analytical detection limit.
330 s.
Numbers of test worms
(ISBN 0-19-854084-1)
The number of worms per sample must provide a mass of worm tissue such that the mass of test substance per sample at the beginning of the uptake phase and at the end of the elimination phase, respectively, is significantly higher than the detection limit for the test substance in biological material.
B. Ulber (1983) Einfluss von Onychirurus fimatus Gisin (Collembola, Onychiuridae) und Folsomia fimetaria L.
In the mentioned stages of uptake and elimination phases the concentration in the test animals is usually relatively low (6)(8)(18).
Lebrun, H.M. André, A. De Medts, Grégoire-Wibo, G. Wauthy (red.), Proceedings of the VI. international colloquium on soil zoology, Louvain-la-neuve (Belgien), 30. august-2. september 1982, I Dieu-Brichart, Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, s. 261-268
It should however be noted that B. sowerbyi was not included in the ring test (12), and is therefore not recommended as a preferable species in the method.
J.J. Scott-Fordsmand og P.H. Krogh (2005) Background report on prevalidation of an OECD springtail test guideline.
Worms of similar size should be used (for L. variegatus see Appendix 6).
Miljøstyrelsen s. 61 ff. Det danske Miljøministerium.
They should come from the same source, and should be adult or large animals of the same age class (see Appendix 6).
P.H. Krogh, 2009.
The weight and age of an animal may have a significant effect on the BAF-values (e.g. due to different lipid content and/or presence of eggs);
P.H. Krogh, K. Johansen og M. Holmstrup (1998) Automatic counting of collembolans for laboratory experiments.
these parameters should be recorded accurately.
A. Fjellberg (1980) Identification keys to Norwegian collembolans.
To measure the mean wet and dry weight a sub-sample of worms should be weighed before starting the test.
Efter 12 t. ved 40 °C er ekstraktionen slut.
High sediment-to-worm and water-to-worm ratios should be used in order to minimise the reduction of test substance concentration in the sediment during the uptake phase, and to avoid decreases in dissolved oxygen concentration.
den gennemsnitlige kønsfordeling af fuldt udviklede og levende voksne (som andel hunner eller hanner) i kontrolbehandlingen af begge generationer bør være mindst 0,4, men højst 0,6
The chosen loading rate should also correspond to naturally occurring population densities of the chosen species (43).
for hvert avlsbur bør antallet af æggesnore i kontrollerne af første generation være mindst 0,6 pr. hun, der indsættes i avlsburet
For example, for Tubifex tubifex, a loading rate of 1-4 mg of worm tissue (wet weight) per gram of wet sediment is recommended (8)(11).
andelen af fertile æggesnore i hvert avlsbur for kontrolgrupperne af første generation bør være mindst 0,6
References (1) and (6) recommend a loading rate of ≤ 1 g dry weight of worm tissue per 50 g sediment organic carbon for L. variegatus.
ved afslutningen af eksponeringsperioden for begge generationer måles pH og koncentrationen af opløst ilt i hver beholder.
The worms to be used in a test are removed from the culture by sieving the culture sediment.
Koncentrationen af opløselighedsfremmere i det færdige testmedium skal være så lille som muligt (dvs. ≤ 0,1 ml/l) og bør være den samme i alle behandlingsprøver.
The animals (adult or large worms without signs of recent fragmentation) are transferred to glass dishes (e.g. petri dishes) containing clean water.
Når der benyttes opløselighedsfremmere, må dette ikke have nogen væsentlig virkning på overlevelsen, hvilket kan afsløres ved en kontroltest med opløsningsmiddel sammenlignet med en negativ (vand)kontrol.
If the test conditions differ from the culture conditions, an acclimation phase of 24 h should be sufficient.
Det undgås så vidt muligt at bruge sådanne materialer.
Prior to weighing, excess water should be removed from the worms.
Stamopløsninger — forurenet sediment
This can be done by gently placing the worms on a pre-moistened paper tissue.
Centrifugering ved f.eks. 10000 g og 4 °C i 30 minutter er den anbefalede fremgangsmåde til isolering af interstitielt (pore-) vand.
It is not recommended to use absorbing paper to dry the worms as this may cause stress or damage to the worms.
Hvis det påvises, at testkemikaliet ikke adsorberer til filtre, kan filtrering dog accepteres.
recommend using non-blotted worms of approximately 1,33 times the target biomass.
SETAC (1993), Guidance Document on Sediment toxicity Tests and Bioassays for Freshwater and Marine Environments, fra WOSTA Workshop, som blev afholdt i Nederlandene.
At the start of the uptake phase (day 0 of the test), the test organisms are removed from the acclimatisation chamber and distributed randomly to vessels (e.g. petri dishes) containing reconstituted water by adding groups of two worms to each vessel, until each vessel contains ten worms.
US-EPA (2000), Methods for Measuring the Toxicity and Bioaccumulation of Sediment-associated Contaminants with Freshwater Invertebrates, Second edition, EPA 600/R-99/064, March 2000, revision af den første udgave, dateret juni 1994.
Each of these groups of worms are then randomly transferred to separate test vessels, e.g. using soft steel forceps.
D. Milani, K.E. Day, D.J. McLeay og R.S.
The test vessels are subsequently incubated under test conditions.
J. Sanit.
In order not to underestimate the exposure of the test organisms, e.g. by selectively feeding uncontaminated food, the food necessary for reproduction and growth of the test organisms should be added to the sediment once before or during application of the test substance (see Appendix 5).
K. Kawai (1986), Fundamental studies on chironomid allergy, I. Culture methods of some Japanese chironomids (Chironomidae, Diptera), Jp.
Sediment-water ratio
L. Weltje, H. Rufli, F. Heimbach, J. Wheeler, M. Vervliet-Scheebaum, og M. Hamer (2010), The chironomid acute toxicity test:
The recommended sediment-water ratio is 1:4 (45).
M. Oetken, G. Nentwig, D. Löffler, T. Ternes, og J. Oehlmann (2005), Effects of pharmaceuticals on aquatic invertebrates, Part I, The antiepileptic drug carbamazepine, Arch.
This ratio is considered suitable to maintain oxygen concentrations at appropriate levels, and to avoid the build-up of ammonia in the overlying water.
C. Naylor og C. Rodrigues (1995), Development of a test method for Chironomus riparius using a formulated sediment, Chemosphere, 31:
The oxygen content in the overlying water should be maintained at ≥ 40 % saturation.
Dunnett (1964), A multiple comparisons procedure for comparing several treatments with a control.
The overlying water of the test vessels should be gently aerated (e.g. 2 - 4 bubbles per second) via a pasteur pipette positioned approximately 2 cm above the sediment surface so as to minimise perturbation of the sediment.
Dunnett (1964), New tables for multiple comparisons with a control, Biometrics, 20:
The photoperiod in the culture and the test is 16 hours (1)(6).
J. Soils Sediments 9:
Light intensity in the test area should be kept at about 500-1000 lx.
C. Vogt, D. Belz, S. Galluba, C. Nowak, M. Oetken og J. Oehlmann (2007), Effects of cadmium and tributyltin on development and reproduction of the non-biting midge Chironomus riparius (Diptera) — baseline experiments for future multi-generation studies, J. Environ.
The temperature should be 20 ± 2 °C throughout the test.
B.P. Elendt og W.-R.
One test concentration (as low as possible) is used for determination of the uptake kinetics, but a second (higher) concentration may be used (e.g. (46)).
M. Meller, P. Egeler, J. Roembke, H. Schallnass, R. Nagel og B. Streit (1998), Short-term toxicity of lindane, hexachlorobenzene and copper sulfate on tubificid sludgeworms (Oligochaeta) in artificial media, Ecotox.
In that case, samples are taken and analysed at steady state or after 28 d to confirm the BAF measured at the lower concentration (11).
A glasrør (indvendig diameter ca. 5 mm) forbundet til en selvansugende pumpe
The higher concentration should be selected so that adverse effects can be excluded (e.g. by choosing approximately 1 % of the lowest known chronic effect concentration ECx as derived from relevant chronic toxicity studies).
B prop af vulkaniseret gummi, perforeret med glasrør (A).
The lower test concentration should be significantly higher than the detection limit in sediment and biological samples by the analytical method used.
Virkemåde
If the effect concentration of the test substance is close to the analytical detection limit, the use of radiolabelled test substance with high specific radioactivity is recommended.
En oversigt over relevante testbetingelser for validerede arter, japansk risfisk, trepigget hundestejle og zebrafisk, kan ses i tillæg 2.
Treated and Control Replicates
I den semistatiske teknik kan man følge to forskellige procedurer ved udskiftning af testopløsningen.
The minimum number of treated replicates for kinetic measurements should be three per sampling point (11) throughout uptake and elimination phase.
Enten fremstilles nye testopløsninger i rene testbeholdere, og overlevende æg og larver flyttes forsigtigt ind i de nye testbeholdere, eller testorganismerne bibeholdes i testbeholderne, medens mindst to tredjedele af testvandet udskiftes dagligt.
Additional replicates should be employed e.g. for optional additional sampling dates.
Relevante fysisk-kemiske egenskaber, kemiske identifikationsdata, herunder renhedsgrad og analysemetode til kvantitativ bestemmelse af testkemikaliet.
For the elimination phase, a matching number of replicates is prepared with non-spiked sediment and overlying water, so that the treated worms can be transferred from designated treated vessels to non-treated vessels at the end of the uptake phase.
OECD (1992), Fish, Early Life Stage Toxicity Test, Test Guideline No. 210, Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, OECD, Paris.
The total number of treated replicates should be sufficient for both uptake and elimination phase.
C.R. Tyler, R.van Aerle, T.H.
Alternatively, the worms designated for sampling during the elimination phase may be exposed in one large container containing spiked sediment of the same batch as used for uptake kinetics.
K. Nishi, M. Chikae, Y.
It should be demonstrated that the test conditions (e.g. sediment depth, sediment water ratio, loading, temperature, water quality) are comparable to the replicates designated for the uptake phase.
E. Hahlbeck, I. Katsiadaki, I. Mayer, M. Adolfsson-Erici, J. James og B.E.
At the end of the uptake phase, water, sediment and worm samples should be taken from this container for analysis, and a sufficient number of large worms that show no sign of recent fragmentation, should be removed carefully and transferred to the replicates prepared for the elimination phase (e.g. ten organisms per replicate vessel).
K.M. Jensen og G.T.
If no solvent other than water is used, at least 9 replicates of a negative control (at least 3 sampled at start, 3 at end of uptake and 3 at end of elimination) should be provided for biological and background analysis.
T. Kobayashi, M. Matsuda, H. Kajiura-Kobayashi, A. Suzuki, N. Saito, M. Nakamoto, N. Shibata og Y.
If any solubilising agent is used for application of the test substance, a solvent control should be run (at least 3 replicates should be sampled at start, 3 at the end of the uptake phase, and 3 at the end of the elimination phase).
H. Holbech, K. Kinnberg, G.I.
In this case, at least 4 replicates of a negative control (no solvent) should be provided for sampling at the end of the uptake phase.
K. Kinnberg, H. Holbech, G.I.
These replicates can be compared biologically with the solvent control in order to gain information on possible influence of the solvent on the test organisms.
OECD (2012), Fish Toxicity Testing Framework, Series on Testing and Assessment No. 171, OECD, Paris.
Details are given in Appendix 3.
27 ± 2 °C
Frequency of water quality measurements
20 ± 2 °C
As a minimum, the following water quality parameters should be measured in the overlying water during uptake and elimination phase:
30-70 %
Temperature
Absorbansen måles ved 450 nm (f.eks. på en Molecular Devices Thermomax-mikropladeaflæser).
in one vessel of each treatment level per sampling date, and in one control vessel once per week and at the start and the end of the uptake and elimination period;
Data analyseres på den tilknyttede software (f.eks. Softmax).
temperature in the surrounding medium (ambient air or water bath) or in one representative test vessel may also be recorded e.g. in continuous or hourly intervals;
5 min. 95 °C
Dissolved oxygen content
DOC
in one vessel of each treatment level, and in one control vessel per sampling date;
Et eksempel på et teoretisk nedbrydningsforsøg, som illustrerer en gennemførlig måde, hvorpå man kan anslå de værdier for tL (»lag-fasens« længde) og t50 (tidsinterval, der starter ved tL), som er nødvendige for at nå 50 % fjernelse, er anført i nedenstående figur.
expressed as mg/L and % ASV (air saturation value);
Mæt testmediet med luft ved testtemperaturen ved at belufte med ren komprimeret luft i omkring 20 minutter.
Air supply
Som kontrol bestemmes koncentrationen af opløst ilt.
controlled at least once per day (workdays) and adjusted if needed;
blindværdien af BOD i havvandet og
in one treated vessel of each treatment level per sampling date, and in one control vessel once per week and at the start and the end of the uptake and elimination period;
% bionedbrydelighed
Total water hardness
mgtestet stof
at least in one treated vessel and one control test vessel at the start and the end of the uptake and elimination period, expressed as mg/l CaCO3;
Prøver på høje chloridkoncentrationer og/eller større prøvevoluminer kan analyseres ifølge denne metode, forudsat at chloridopbygning i iltningsbeholderen forhindres.
Total ammonia content
Flygtigt organisk kulstof kan efterfølgende bestemmes for den pågældende prøve, hvis det er relevant.
at least in one treated vessel and one control test vessel at the start and the end of the uptake and elimination period;
% abiotisk nedbrydning
Sampling and analysis of worms, sediment, and water
mgglukose
Sampling Schedule
mgstof
Examples of sampling schedules for a 28-day uptake phase and a 10-day elimination phase are given in Appendix 3.
teststofmg
Sample the water and sediment from the test chambers for determination of test substance concentration before adding the worms, and during both uptake and elimination phases.
Hvis teststoffet blev administreret ved hjælp af glasfiberfiltre eller organiske opløsningsmidler, tilsættes blindprøverne et filter eller en tilsvarende mængde opløsningsmiddel, som er fordampet.
During the test the concentrations of test substance are determined in the worms, sediment, and water in order to monitor the distribution of the test substance in the compartments of the test system.
Fremstil et ekstra replikat med teststof til måling af pH-værdi.
Sample the worms, sediment, and water on at least six occasions during the uptake as well as the elimination phase.
C.9, Biologisk nedbrydning — Zahn-Wellens Test
Continue sampling until a plateau (steady state) has been established (see Appendix 1) or for 28 days.
C.10, Simuleringsforsøg vedrørende aerob spildevandsrensning:
If the plateau has not been reached within 28 days, begin the elimination phase.
Aktiverede slamenheder, B:
When beginning the elimination phase, transfer the designated worms to replicate chambers containing untreated sediment and water (see also paragraphs 17 and 18).
C.11, Biologisk nedbrydning — aktiveret slam — respirationshæmningstest
Obtain water samples by decanting, siphoning or pipetting a volume sufficient for measuring the quantity of the test substance in the sample.
N. S. Battersby og V. Wilson (1988) Evaluation of a serum bottle technique for assessing the anaerobic biodegradability of organic chemicals under methanogenic conditions.
Transfer the worms carefully to a pre-weighed vessel and weigh them.
Schmedding (1983).
If the purpose of a specific study is to measure the bioavailability and true tissue residues in the test organisms, then at least a sub-sample of treated animals (e.g. from three additional replicate vessels), preferably sampled during steady state, should be weighed, purged in clean water for a period of 6 hours (47), and weighed again before analysis.
Partition equilibria of non-ionic organic compounds between soil organic matter and water.
Data on worm weight and body concentration of this sub-sample can then be compared to values obtained from un-purged worms.
Soil Texture Classification (US and FAO systems):
Preferably analyse the water, sediment, and worm samples immediately (i.e. within 1-2 d) after removal in order to prevent degradation or other losses and to calculate the approximate uptake and elimination rates as the test proceeds.
J.W. Hamaker (1975).
Failing immediate analysis, the samples should be stored under appropriate conditions.
Interpretation of soil leaching experiments.
Obtain information on the stability and proper storage conditions for the particular test substance before beginning the study, (e.g. duration and temperature of storage, extraction procedures, etc.).
In Environmental Dynamics of Pesticides (R. Haque, V.H. Freed, Eds), 115-133.
If such information is not available and it is judged to be necessary, spiked control tissues can be run concurrently to determine storage stability.
Measurements of sorption coefficients of organic chemicals and their use in environmental fate analysis.
Since the use of radiolabelled substances is recommended, it is possible to analyse for total radioactivity (i.e. parent and degradation products).
J.M.
However, if analytically feasible, quantification of parent substance and degradation products at steady state or at the end of the uptake phase can provide important information.
Europæisk standard, EN 84 — 1997.
If it is intended to perform such measurements, the samples should then be subjected to appropriate extraction procedures so that the parent substance can be quantified separately.
Europæisk standard, EN 113/A1 — 2004.
Where a detected degradation product represents a significant percentage (e.g. > 10 %) of the radioactivity measured in the test organisms at steady state or at the end of the uptake phase, it is recommended to identify such degradation products (5).
Holdbarhed af træ og træbaserede produkter — Definition af brugsklasser — Del 1:
If a specific statistical procedure and power are important considerations, then an adequate number of test animals and/or replicate test chambers to accommodate the desired pooling, procedure and power, should be included in the test.
Ækvilibreringsperiode skal give mulighed for fordeling af teststoffet mellem den faste fase, porevandet og det overliggende vand;
Since the various methods do not give identical values (48), it is important to detail the method used.
J.R. Kelly, S.N.
at steady state or at day 28mean
M. Nendza (1991).
Determine the kinetic bioaccumulation factor (BAFK) as the ratio ks/ke.
P.F. Landrum, H. Lee II og M.J. Lydy.
The elimination constant (ke) is usually determined from the elimination curve (i.e. a plot of the concentration of the test substance in the worms during the elimination phase).
R.D.
The uptake rate constant ks is then calculated from the uptake curve kinetics.
A.J.
The preferred method for obtaining BAFK and the rate constants, ks, and ke, is to use non-linear parameter estimation methods on a computer (see Appendix 2).
M.D. Antoine, S. Dewanathan og G. Patonay (1991).
If the elimination is obviously not first-order, then more complex models should be employed (25)(27)(52).