natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Den anaerobe gasproduktion og slammets følsomhed påvirkes af substrater, der overføres til testkolberne med inokulummet.
This is done either by blowing nitrogen gas through the dilution water (or through the dilutions) for 1 hour before adding the inoculum, or alternatively by heating the dilution water to the boiling point and cooling to room temperature in an oxygen-free atmosphere.
Udrådnet slam fra anaerobe rådnetanke til husholdningsspildevand indeholder ofte stadig genkendelige emner som hår og planterester af cellulose, hvilket kan gøre det vanskeligt at udtage repræsentative prøver.
Digested Sludge
Ved at sigte slammet kan større uopløselige emner fjernes, hvilket gør repræsentativ prøveudtagning mere sandsynlig (punkt 16).
Collect actively digesting sludge from a digester at a wastewater treatment plant, or alternatively, from a laboratory digester, treating sludge from predominantly domestic sewage.
Flygtige testkemikalier
Practical information regarding sludge from a laboratory digester can be found elsewhere (11).
Flygtige testkemikalier vil blive frigivet til testkolbernes headspace.
If use of an adapted inoculum is intended, digesting sludge from an industrial sewage treatment plant may be considered.
Det kan forårsage tab af en del af teststoffet fra systemet i forbindelse med udluftningen efter trykmålinger, hvilket giver falske høje EC50-værdier.
Use wide-necked bottles constructed from high-density polyethylene or a similar material, which can expand, for sludge collection.
Fejlen kan reduceres ved at vælge det rette forhold mellem headspacevolumen og væskevolumen og ved ikke at udlufte efter trykmålinger (10).
Add sludge to the sample bottles to within about 1 cm from the top of the bottles, seal them tightly, preferably with a safety valve (paragraph 12(e)), and place in insulated containers (paragraph 12(d)) to minimise temperature shock, until being transferred to an incubator maintained at 35 °C ± 2 °C.
Manglende linearitet for gasproduktion
When opening the bottles, take care to release excess gas pressure either by cautiously loosening the seal, or by means of the three-way pressure-release valve (paragraph 12(e)).
Hvis kurven over den gennemsnitlige kumulative gasproduktion som funktion af inkubationstiden ikke er tilnærmelsesvis lineær i perioden på 48 timer, kan testen blive mindre nøjagtig.
It is preferable to use the sludge within a few hours of collection, otherwise store at 35 °C ± 2 °C under a headspace of nitrogen for up to 3 days, when little loss of activity normally occurs.
For at afhjælpe dette fænomen kan det være hensigtsmæssigt at bruge aktivt slam fra en anden kilde og/eller tilsætte en øget koncentration af testsubstrat-næringsvæske, gærekstrakt og glucose (punkt 29).
Warning — Digesting sludge produces flammable gases which present fire and explosion risks:
Anvendelse på miljøprøver med lav biomassekoncentration — anaerobt mudder, sedimenter osv.
it also contains potentially pathogenic organisms, so take appropriate precautions when handling sludge.
A.1 Generelt er den specifikke mikrobielle aktivitet (produceret volumen gas pr. g tørstof) i naturligt forekommende anaerobt mudder, sedimenter, jord osv. langt lavere end i anaerobt slam fra spildevand.
For safety reasons, do not use glass vessels for collecting sludge.
Derfor skal visse af testbetingelserne ændres, når kemikaliers hæmmende effekt på disse mindre aktive prøver skal måles.
Immediately prior to use, mix the sludge by gentle stirring and pass it through a 1 mm2 mesh sieve (paragraph 12(f)) into a suitable bottle (paragraph 12(g)) through the headspace of which a stream of nitrogen is passed.
Der er to generelle muligheder for disse mindre aktive prøver:
Set aside a sample for measurement of the concentration of total dry solids (see e.g. ISO 11 923 (13) or equivalent EU standard).
Gennemfør en ændret indledende test (punkt 25) med den ufortyndede prøve af mudder, jord osv. ved 35 °C ± 2 °C eller ved temperaturen på det sted, hvor prøven er udtaget, med henblik på en mere nøjagtig simulation (som i del 1 i ISO 13 641).
In general, use the sludge without dilution.
Gennemfør alternativt testen med fortyndet (1 til 100) aktivt slam for at simulere den lave aktivitet, der kan forventes af miljøprøven, men hold temperaturen på 35 °C ± 2 °C (som i del 2 i ISO 13 641).
The solids concentration is usually between 2 % and 4 % (w/v).
A.2 Mulighed a) kan opnås ved at anvende den metode, der er beskrevet her (svarer til del 1 i ISO 13 641), men det er vigtigt at gennemføre en indledende test (punkt 25) for at fastslå de optimale betingelser, medmindre de allerede er kendt fra tidligere test.
Check the pH value of the sludge and, if necessary, adjust to 7 ± 0,5.
Mudder- eller sedimentprøven blandes omhyggeligt, f.eks. i en blender, og fortyndes om nødvendigt med en lille del afluftet fortyndingsvand (punkt 14), således at den er tilstrækkeligt flydende til at blive overført med en pipette med stor spids eller en målecylinder.
Test substrate
Hvis man mener, at der mangler næringsstoffer, kan mudderprøven centrifugeres (under anaerobe betingelser) og resuspenderes i det uorganiske substrat, som indeholder gærekstrakt (A.11)
Dissolve 10 g nutrient broth (e.g. Oxoid), 10 g of yeast extract and 10 g of D-glucose in deionised water and dilute to 100 ml.
A.3 Mulighed b).
Sterilise by filtration through a 0,2 μm membrane filter (paragraph 12(h)) and use immediately or store at 4 °C for not longer than 1 day.
Denne mulighed afspejler med rimelighed den lave aktivitet i miljøprøver, men mangler den høje koncentration af opslæmmede faststoffer, der er til stede i disse prøver.
Prepare a separate stock solution for each water-soluble test chemical to contain, for example, 10 g/l of the chemical in oxygen-free dilution water (paragraph 14).
Disse faststoffers rolle i inhiberingen er ukendt, men det er muligt, at reaktion mellem testkemikaliet og bestanddele af mudderet, samt adsorption af testkemikaliet til faststofferne, kan føre til en lavere toksicitet for testkemikaliet.
Use appropriate volumes of these stock solutions to prepare the reaction mixtures containing graded concentrations.
A.4 Temperatur er en anden vigtig faktor:
Alternatively, prepare a dilution series of each stock solution so that the volume added to the test bottles is the same for each required final concentration.
Med henblik på nøje simulation gennemføres test ved temperaturen på prøveudtagningsstedet, eftersom forskellige grupper af methanproducerende bakteriekolonier har vist sig at fungere inden for forskellige temperaturintervaller, navnlig termofile (~ 30-35 °C), mesofile (20-25 °C) og psykrofile bakterier (< 20 °C), som kan udvise forskellige inhiberingsmønstre.
The pH of the stock solutions should be adjusted to 7 ± 0,2 if necessary.
A.5 Varighed.
For test chemicals which are insufficiently soluble in water, consult ISO 10 634 (12) or equivalent EU standard.
I den generelle test, del 1, var gasproduktionen i de 2-4 dage altid tilstrækkelig, når der blev brugt ufortyndet slam, mens der i del 2 med 1 % fortyndet slam blev produceret utilstrækkelig gas, hvis nogen, i denne periode i ringtesten.
If an organic solvent is needed to be used, avoid solvents such as chloroform and carbon tetrachloride, which are known strongly to inhibit methane production.
Ifølge Madsen et al. (1996), i deres beskrivelse af sidstnævnte test, bør varigheden være mindst syv dage.
Prepare a solution of an appropriate concentration of water-insoluble chemical in a suitable volatile solvent, for example, acetone, di-ethylether.
Test med lav biomassekoncentration (mulighed b)
Add the required volumes of solvent solution to the empty test bottles (paragraph 12(b)) and evaporate the solvent before the addition of sludge.
Følgende ændringer bør foretages ved tilføjelser til eller erstatning af visse eksisterende punkter og underpunkter i hovedteksten.
For other treatments use ISO 10 634 (12) or equivalent EU standard, but be aware that any surfactants used to produce emulsions may be inhibitory to anaerobic gas production.
A.6 I punkt 6 tilføjes:
If it is thought that the presence of organic solvents and emulsifying agents causes artefacts, the test chemical could be added directly to the test mixture as a powder or liquid.
Princip for testen
Volatile chemicals and water-insoluble liquid test chemicals may be injected into inoculated serum bottles, using micro-syringes (paragraph 12(i)).
»Denne teknik kan bruges med 1 % fortyndet anaerobt slam, til dels for at simulere den lave aktivitet i mudder og sedimenter.
Add test chemicals to the bottles to give a geometric series of concentrations, for example, 500 mg/l, 250 mg/l, 125 mg/l, 62,5 mg/l, 31,2 mg/l and 15,6 mg/l.
A.7 I punkt 12 a tilføjes:
Then add de-oxygenated dilution water (paragraph 14) to the required volume;
»Inkubatoren skal kunne operere ned til temperaturer på 15 °C.«
sonication may aid dissolution.
A.8 En ekstra reagens tilføjes efter punkt 13:
Other reference chemicals may be used when the average range of the EC50 has been obtained in at least three tests with different inocula (different sources or different times of collection).
»Phosphorsyre (H3PO4), 85 vægtprocent i vand.«
INTERFERENCE/ERRORS
A.9 Følgende tilføjes i slutningen af punkt 16:
Some constituents of sludge presumably could react with potential inhibitors making them unavailable to micro-organisms so giving lower, or no, inhibition.
»Brug en slutkoncentration på 0,20 ± 0,05 g/l tørstof i alt i testen.«
Also, if the sludge already contains a chemical which is inhibitory, erroneous results would be obtained when that chemical was subjected to the test.
A.10 Præmis 17.
Apart from these possibilities, there are a number of identified factors which can lead to false results.
Dette substrat må ikke bruges, men erstattes af gærekstrakt (se punkt 17, A.11, A.12, A.13).
These are listed in Appendix 3, together with methods of eliminating or at least reducing errors.
A.11 Der skal bruges et uorganisk substrat, herunder sporstoffer, til fortynding af anaerobt slam, og for nemheds skyld tilsættes det organiske substrat, gærekstraktet, til dette substrat.
The number of necessary replicates depends on the degree of precision required for the inhibition indices.
Følgende tilføjes efter punkt 17:
If the bottle seals are sufficiently gas-tight over the duration of the test, set up just one batch (at least triplicates) of test bottles at each concentration required.
Uorganisk testsubstrat med gærekstrakt.
Similarly, set up one batch of bottles with reference chemical and one set of controls.
Dette substrat fremstilles af et 10-dobbelt koncentreret testsubstrat (punkt 17 b, A.12) med en opløsning af sporstoffer (punkt 17 c, A.13).
However, if the seals of the bottles are reliable for only one or a few piercings, set up a batch (e.g. triplicates) of the test bottles for each interval (t) for which results are required for all concentrations of a test chemical to be tested.
Brug frisk natriumsulfidnonahydrat (punkt 17 b, A.12), eller vask og tør det før brug, for at sikre at det har tilstrækkelig reducerende kapacitet.
Similarly, set up “t” batches of bottles for the reference chemical and for the controls.
Hvis testen udføres uden brug af handskekasse (punkt 12 j), øges koncentrationen af natriumsufid i stamopløsningen til 2 g/l (fra 1 g/l).
The use of a glove box (paragraph 12(j)) is recommended.
Natriumsulfid kan også tilsættes fra en passende stamopløsning gennem septum på de lukkede testkolber, eftersom denne fremgangsmåde vil mindske risikoen for iltning, så der opnås en slutkoncentration på 0,2 g/l.
At least 30 minutes before starting the test, start a flow of nitrogen gas through the glove box containing all the necessary equipment.
Alternativt kan der bruges titanium(III)citrat (punkt 17 b).
Ensure that the temperature of the sludge is within 35 °C ± 2 °C during handling and sealing of the bottles.
Tilsæt det gennem septum på de lukkede testkolber til en koncentration på 0,8-1,0 mmol/l.
Preliminary Test
Titanium(III)citrat er et meget effektivt reduktionsmiddel med lav toksicitet, der fremstilles som følger:
If the activity of the sludge is unknown, it is recommended to carry out a preliminary test.
Opløs 2,94 g trinatriumcitratdihydrat i 50 ml iltfrit fortyndingsvand (punkt 14) (hvilket giver en opløsning på 200 mmol/l), og tilsæt 5 ml af en opløsning af titanium(III)chlorid (15 g/100 ml fortyndingsvand).
Set up controls to give, for example, concentrations of solids of 10 g/l, 20 g/l and 40 g/l plus substrate but use no test chemical.
Neutraliser til pH 7 ± 0,5 med natriumcarbonat, og hæld i en passende serumflaske med en strøm af kvælstofgas.
Also, use different volumes of reaction mixture in order to have three or four ratios of volume of headspace to volume of liquid.
Koncentrationen af titanium(III)citrat i denne stamopløsning er på 164 mmol/l.
From the results of gas volumes produced at various time intervals, the most suitable conditions which allow two daily measurements yielding significant volumes of gas and release of pressure per day at optimal sensitivity [7] without fear of explosions.
Brug testsubstratet med det samme, eller opbevar det ved 4 °C i højst en dag.
Addition of test chemicals
A.12 b) 10-dobbelt koncentreret testsubstrat fremstillet med følgende:
Add water-soluble test chemicals to empty test bottles (paragraph 12(b)) as aqueous solutions (paragraph 18).
vandfrit kaliumdihydrogenphosphat (KH2PO4)
Use at least triplicate sets of bottles for each of a range of concentrations (paragraph 20).
dinatriumhydrogenphosphat (Na2HPO4)
In the case of insoluble and poorly soluble test chemical, inject solutions of these in organic solvents using a micro-syringe into empty bottles to give replicate sets of each five concentrations of test chemical.
(eller 11,2 g dodecahydrat)
Evaporate the solvent by passing a jet of nitrogen gas over the surface of the solutions in the test bottles.
ammoniumchlorid (NH4Cl)
Alternatively, add insoluble solid chemicals as weighed amounts of the solid directly to the test bottles.
calciumchloriddihydrat (CaCl2 · 2H2O)
If insoluble and poorly water-soluble liquid test chemicals are not added using a solvent, add them directly by micro-syringe to the test bottles after addition of inoculum and test substrate (see paragraph 30).
magnesiumchloridhexahydrat (MgCl2 · 6H2O)
Volatile test chemicals may be added in the same way.
jern(II)chloridtetrahydrat (FeCl2 · 4H2O)
Addition of inoculum and substrate
resazurin (redoxindikator)
Stir an appropriate volume of sieved digesting sludge (see paragraph 16) in a 5 litre bottle (paragraph 12(g)), while passing a stream of nitrogen gas through the headspace.
natriumsulphidnonahydrat (Na2S · 9H2O)
Flush test bottles, containing aqueous solutions or evaporated solvent solutions of test chemicals, with a stream of nitrogen gas, for about two minutes to remove air.
(eller titanium(III)citrat) slutkoncentration
Dispense aliquots, e.g. 100 ml, of the well-mixed sludge into the test bottles using a large-tipped pipette or a measuring cylinder.
0,8-1,0 mmol/l
It is essential to fill the pipette in one step to the exact volume of sludge required because of the ease of settlement of sludge solids.
opløsning af sporstoffer (se punkt 17 c, A.13)
If more is taken up, empty the pipette and start again.
gærekstrakt
Then add sufficient substrate solution (paragraph 17) to give a concentration of 2 g/l of each of the nutrient broth, yeast extract and D-glucose in the mixture, while nitrogen is still flushing through.
Opløses i fortyndingsvand (punkt 14) og fortyndes til:
The following is an example for test batches.
A.13 c) Opløsning af sporstoffer fremstillet med følgende:
Total volume of bottle = 160 ml.
mangan(II)chloridtetrahydrat (MnCl2 · 4H2O)
Volume of liquid = 103 ml
ortoborsyre (H3BO3).
Gas volume = 57 ml, or 35,6 % of total volume.
zinkchlorid (ZnCl2)
Final mass concentration of test chemical in test bottles
kobber(II)chlorid (CuCl2)
Volume of test chemical
natriummolybdatdihydrat (Na2MoO4 · 2H2O)
Reagents and media
cobalt(II)chloridhexahydrat (CoCl2 · 6H2O)
Stock solution
nikkel(II)chloridhexahydrat (NiCl2 · 6H2O)
para.
dinatriumselenit (Na2SeO3)
18
1000 ml«
1 g/l
A.14 Punkt 25:
Dilution water
Indledende test
para.
Det er vigtigt, at der gennemføres en indledende test som beskrevet i punkt 24, bortset fra at koncentrationen af slamfaststoffer skal være en hundrededel af det oplyste, dvs. 0,1 g/l, 0,2 g/l og 0,4 g/l.
14
Varigheden af inkubationen skal være mindst syv dage.
para.
I ringtesten (5) var headspacevolumenet alt for højt, nemlig 75 % af det samlede volumen;
16
det skal ligge inden for det anbefalede interval på 10-40 %.
Substrate
Det relevante kriterium er, at det producerede volumen gas ved en inhibering på ca. 80 % skal kunne måles med tilstrækkelig præcision (f.eks. ± 5 % til ± 10 %).
para.
A.15 Punkt 26-30:
17
Tilsætning af testkemikalie, inokulum og substrat
Similarly flush out with nitrogen gas sufficient empty test bottles to deal with any volatile and insoluble liquid test chemical (see paragraph 27).
Tilsætningen foregår på samme måde som beskrevet i disse punkter, men substratopløsningen (punkt 17) erstattes af testsubstratet plus gærekstraktsubstrat (A.11).
Controls and reference chemical
Slutkoncentrationen af tørre slamfaststoffer reduceres desuden fra 2-4 g/l til 0,2 ± 0,05 g/l (A.9).
Set up at least triplicate sets of bottles, containing sludge and substrate only, to act as controls.
To eksempler på tilsætning af komponenter til testblandingen fremgår af tabel A.1, som erstatter tabellen i punkt 29.
Set up further replicate bottles containing sludge and substrate plus sufficient stock solution of the reference chemical, 3,5-dichlorophenol (paragraph 21) to result in a final concentration of 150 mg/l.
A.16 Stk. 33:
This concentration should inhibit gas production by about 50 %.
På grund af den forventede lavere gasproduktionshastighed skal inkubationsperioden være på mindst syv dage.
Alternatively, set up a range of concentrations of the reference chemical.
A.17 Punkt 34:
In addition, set up four extra bottles for pH measurement which contain sludge, de-oxygenated water and substrate.
Trykmålinger
Add the test chemical to two bottles at the highest concentration being tested and add de-oxygenated water to the remaining two bottles.
Der bruges samme fremgangsmåde til måling af trykket i kolbernes headspace som beskrevet i punkt 34, hvis mængderne i gasfasen skal angives.
Ensure that all bottles — test and reference chemicals, and controls — contain the same volume (VR) of liquid;
Hvis de samlede mængder CO2 plus CH4 skal måles, reduceres væskefasens pH-værdi til ca. 2 ved indsprøjtning af H3PO4 i hver relevant koble og måling af trykket efter 30 minutters omrystning ved testtemperaturen.
where necessary, add de-oxygenated deionised water (paragraph 14) to make up the volume.
Der kan dog opnås flere oplysninger om inokulummets kvalitet ved at måle trykket i hver kolbe før og efter tilsætning af syre.
The headspace should be between 10 % and 40 % of the bottle volume, the actual value being selected from the data obtained from the preliminary test.
Hvis CO2-produktionen f.eks. er langt højere end methanproduktionen, kan de gærende bakteriers følsomhed have ændret sig, og/eller det er fortrinsvis de methandannende bakterier, der påvirkes af testkemikaliet.
After adding all constituents to the bottles, remove the needle supplying the gas and seal each bottle with a rubber stopper and an aluminium cap (Paragraph 12(b)) moistening the stopper with a drop of deionised water to aid insertion.
A.18 Punkt 36:
Mix the contents of each bottle by shaking.
Tabel A.1.
Incubation of bottles
Eksempler på testopstilling for testpartier
Transfer the bottles to the thermostatically controlled incubator, preferably equipped with a shaking device, and maintained at 35 °C ± 2 °C.
Bestanddele i reaktionsblandingen
The bottles are incubated in the dark.
Eksempel 1
After about 1 hour, equalise the pressure in the bottles to atmosphere by inserting the syringe needle, attached to the pressure-meter (paragraph 12(c)), through the seal of each bottle in turn, open the valve until the pressure-meter reads zero and finally close the valve.
Eksempel 2
The needle should be inserted at an angle of about 45° to prevent gas leaking from the bottles.
Normal tilsætnings-rækkefølge
If the bottles are incubated without shaking facility, shake manually twice each day during the total incubation period to equilibrate the system.
Koncentration af fremstillet inokulum (g/l)
Incubate the bottles and invert them to prevent any loss of gas through the septum.
Volumen tilsat inokulum (ml)
Inversion is, however, not appropriate in cases in which insoluble test chemicals may adhere to the bottom of the flask.
Volumen tilsat testsubstrat (ml)
Pressure measurement
Volumen tilsat fortyndingsvand (ml)
When the bottles have reached 35 °C ± 2 °C, measure and record the pH of the contents of two of the four bottles set up for the purpose and discard the contents;
Koncentration af gærekstrakt i testkolber (g/l)
continue incubating remaining bottles in the dark.
Volumen stamopløsning af testkemikalie (ml)
Measure and record the pressure in the bottles twice a day over the following 48 hours to 72 hours by inserting the needle of the pressure-meter through the seal of each bottle, in turn, drying the needle between measurements.
Samlet volumen væske (ml)
Keep all parts of the bottle at the incubation temperature during the measurement, which should be carried out as quickly as possible.
I forbindelse med denne testmetode anvendes følgende definitioner:
Allow the pressure reading to stabilise and record it.
C.35 TOKSICITETSTEST — SEDIMENT/VAND PÅ LUMBRICULUS MED FORURENET SEDIMENT
Then open the valve for ventilation and close it when the pressure reads zero.
Endobentiske sedimentædere risikerer potentielt høj eksponering for sedimentbundne kemikalier og bør derfor være genstand for særlig fokus, f.eks. (1), (2), (3).
The number of readings and ventilations should be limited for volatile chemicals to one (at the end of incubation) or two to minimise loss of test chemical (10).
Blandt disse sedimentædere spiller akvatiske oligochaeter en vigtig rolle i akvatiske systemers sedimenter.
If the pressure reading is negative, do not open the valve.
Ved bioturbation af sedimentet og som byttedyr kan disse dyr have en stærk indvirkning på biotilgængeligheden af sådanne kemikalier for andre organismer, f.eks. bentivore fisk.
Moisture sometimes accumulates in the syringe needle and tubing, indicated by a small negative pressure reading.
I modsætning til epibentiske organismer, graver endobentiske akvatiske oligochaeter (f.eks. Lumbriculus variegatus) sig ned i sedimentet og indtager sedimentpartikler under sedimentoverfladen.
In this case remove the needle, shake the tubing, dry with a tissue and fit a new needle.
Metoden er beskrevet for statiske testbetingelser.
Calculate the sum and average of the pressures recorded at each time interval for each set of replicate bottles and calculate the mean cumulative gross gas pressure at each time interval for each set of replicates.
Eksponeringsscenariet i denne testmetode er spiking (forurening) af sediment med testkemikaliet.
Plot curves of mean cumulative gas production (Pa) against time for control, test and reference bottles.
Brug af spiket sediment skal simulere et sediment, der er forurenet med testkemikaliet.
Select a time on the linear part of the curve, usually 48 hours, and calculate the percentage inhibition (I) for each concentration from equation [1]:
Kemikalier, der skal testes i forbindelse med organismer, der lever i sediment, forefindes normalt i dette rum over længere tid.
I percentage inhibition,in %;
Organismer, der lever i sediment, kan eksponeres ad flere veje.
the gas pressure produced with test material at selected time, in Pascal (Pa);
Den relative betydning af den enkelte eksponeringsvej og den tid, der tager for hver enkelt at bidrage til de generelle toksiske virkninger, afhænger af det pågældende kemikalies fysisk-kemiske egenskaber og dets skæbne i dyret i sidste ende.
the gas pressure produced in the control at the same time, in Pascal (Pa).