natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
SVERIGE
solubility in water [test method A.6 (22) ];
Tyskland
octanol-water partition coefficient, Kow [test methods A.8, A.24 (22)];
pH justeres til 6,5 ± 0,2 med enten 0,1 M eller 1 M HCl eller NaOH, og der fyldes op til en liter med deioniseret vand.
sediment-water partition coefficient, expressed as Kd or Koc [test method C.19 (22)];
AAP-næringssubstrat
hydrolysis [test method C.7 (22)];
Stamopløsninger fremstilles i sterilt, destilleret eller deioniseret vand.
phototransformation in water (23);
Under disse betingelser vil stamopløsningerne have en holdbarhed på mindst 6-8 uger.
vapour pressure [test method A.4 (22)];
Næringssubstratet fremstilles ved, at der tilsættes 20 ml af hver næringssubstrat-stamopløsning til ca. 850 ml deioniseret vand. pH justeres til 7,5 ± 0,1 med enten 0,1 M eller 1 M HCl eller NaOH, og der fyldes op til en liter med deioniseret vand.
ready biodegradability [test methods C.4 and C.29 (22)];
(I. Sims, P. Whitehouse og R. Lacey (1999), The OECD Lemna Growth Inhibition Test, Development and Ring-testing of draft OECD Test Guideline.
surface tension [test method A.5 (22)];
R&D Technical Report EMA 003.
critical micelles concentration (24).
WRc plc — Environment Agency).
In addition the following information — when available- would be relevant:
Na; N
biodegradation in the aquatic environment [test methods C.24 and C.25 (22)];
190; 84
Henry's law constant.
pH skal være 5,5 +/– 0,2 (justeres ved tilsætning af mindst mulig NaOH-opløsning eller HCl).
Radiolabelled test substances can facilitate the analysis of water, sediment and biological samples, and may be used to determine whether identification and quantification of degradation products should be made.
Der fyldes op med vand til 1000 ml.
The method described here was validated in an international ring test (12) for 14C-labelled substances.
22 °C ± 10 °C
If total radioactive residues are measured, the bioaccumulation factor (BAF) is based on the parent substance including any retained degradation products.
70 % ± 25 %
It is also possible to combine a metabolism study with a bioaccumulation study by analysis and quantification of the percentage of parent substance and its degradation products in samples taken at the end of the uptake phase or at the peak level of bioaccumulation.
Antallet af og afstanden mellem koncentrationerne eller mængderne skal være tilstrækkelig til at fastlægge et pålideligt dosis/respons-forhold og en regressionsligning og beregne ECx eller ERx.
In any case, it is recommended that BAF calculation be based on the concentration of the parent substance in the organisms and not only on total radioactive residues.
De udvalgte koncentrationer/mængder skal omfatte de ECx- eller ERx-værdier, som skal bestemmes.
In addition to the properties of the test substance, other information required is the toxicity to the oligochaete species to be used in the test, such as a median lethal concentration (LC50) for the time necessary for the uptake phase, to ensure that selected exposure concentrations are much lower than toxic levels.
Hvis der f.eks. skal bestemmes en EC50-værdi, vil det være ønskeligt at teste ved mængder, som har en virkning på 20-80 %.
If available, preference should be given to toxicity values derived from long-term studies on sublethal endpoints (EC50).
For at opnå dette er det anbefalede antal testkoncentrationer/-mængder mindst fem i en geometrisk serie plus ikke-behandlet kontrol med en afstandsfaktor, som ikke overstiger tre.
If such data are not available, an acute toxicity test under conditions identical with the bioaccumulation test conditions, or toxicity data on other surrogate species data may provide useful information.
Background — Non-target Plant Testing
An appropriate analytical method of known accuracy, precision, and sensitivity for the quantification of the substance in the test solutions, in the sediment, and in the biological material must be available, together with details of sample preparation and storage as well as material safety data sheets.
C. Boutin, H.-B.
Analytical detection limits of the test substance in water, sediment, and worm tissue should also be known.
P. B. Hamill, P. B. Marriage og G. Friesen.
If a radiolabelled test substance is used, the specific radioactivity (i.e. Bq mol– 1), the position of the radiolabelled atom, and the percentage of radioactivity associated with impurities must also be known.
0,85-1,2 (14, 19)
The specific radioactivity of the test substance should be as high as possible in order to detect test concentrations as low as possible (11).
41-56 (19, 29)
Information on characteristics of the sediment to be used (e.g. origin of sediment or its constituents, pH and ammonia concentration of the pore water (field sediments), organic carbon content (TOC), particle size distribution (per cent sand, silt, and clay), and per cent dry weight) should be available (6).
0,8-1,5 (14, 19)
The test consists of two phases;
POST (4, 22-26)
the uptake (exposure) phase and the elimination (post-exposure) phase.
3 (19)
During the uptake phase, worms are exposed to sediment spiked with the test substance, topped with reconstituted water and equilibrated as appropriate (11).
C. Boutin, H.-B.
Groups of control worms are held under identical conditions without the test substance.
(http://plants.usda.gov), National Plant Data Centre, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.
For the elimination phase the worms are transferred to a sediment-water-system free of test substance.
P. Zwerger og W.
An elimination phase is necessary to gain information on the rate at which the test substance is excreted by the test organisms (19)(25).
350 ± 50 ppm
An elimination phase is always required unless uptake of the test substance during the exposure phase has been insignificant (e.g. there is no statistical difference between the concentration of the test substance in test and control worms).
Bærestoffet sprøjtes på eller blandes med en lille mængde, f.eks. 2,5 g, fint kvartssand.
If a steady state has not been reached during the uptake phase, determination of the kinetics — BAFk, uptake and elimination rate constant(s) — may be done using the results of the elimination phase.
Alternativt kan der bruges flere U-test, f.eks. Bonferroni-U-test ifølge Holm (29), eller når dataene udviser heteroskedasticitet, men ellers svarer til et underliggende monotont dosis/respons-forhold, en anden ikke-parametrisk test [f.eks. Jonckheere-Terpstra (30)(31) eller Shirley (32)(33)], som generelt ville være at foretrække frem for t-test justeret for forskel i varians (se også figuren i tillæg 7).
Change of the concentration of the test substance in/on the worms is monitored throughout both phases of the test.
Amsterdam Elsevier,
During the uptake phase, measurements are made until BAF has reached a plateau or steady state.
A. W.
By default, the duration of the uptake phase should be 28 days.
C. W.
Practical experience has shown that a 12 to 14-day uptake phase is sufficient for several stable, neutral organic substances to reach steady-state (6)(8)(9).
C. W.
However, if the steady state is not reached within 28 d, the elimination phase is started by transferring exposed oligochaetes to vessels containing the same medium without the test substance.
355-361.
The elimination phase is terminated when either the 10 % level of the concentration measured in the worms on day 28 of the uptake phase is reached, or after a maximum duration of 10 d.
The principles and practice of statistics in biological research, 2nd edition.
The residue level in the worms at the end of the elimination phase is reported as an additional endpoint, e.g. as Non-eliminated residues (NER).
Enchytraeus crypticus (Westheide og Graefe 1992):
The bioaccumulation factor (BAFss) is calculated preferably both as the ratio of concentration in worms (Ca) and in the sediment (Cs) at apparent steady state, and as a kinetic bioaccumulation factor, BAFK as the ratio of the rate constant of uptake from sediment (ks) and the elimination rate constant (ke) assuming first-order kinetics.
Enchytraeus bulbosus (Nielsen og Christensen 1963):
If a steady state is not reached within 28 days, calculate BAFK from the uptake rate and elimination rate constant(s).
Oversigt over den statistiske vurdering af data (bestemmelse af NOEC)
For calculation see Appendix 2.
Nej
If first-order kinetics are not applicable, more complex models should be employed (Appendix 2 and reference (25).
Nej
If a steady state is not achieved within 28 days, the uptake phase may optionally be extended subjecting groups of exposed worms — if available — to further measurements until steady state is reached;
Parametriske test
in parallel, the elimination phase should nevertheless be started on day 28 of the uptake phase.
log Kow
The uptake rate constant, the elimination rate constant (or constants, where more complex models are involved), the kinetic bioaccumulation factor (BAFK), and where possible, the confidence limits of each of these parameters are calculated from computerised model equations (see Appendix 2 for models).
P. W.
The goodness of fit of any model can be determined from the correlation coefficient or the coefficient of determination (coefficients close to 1 indicate a good fit).
ISO (Den Internationale Standardiseringsorganisation) (1994), Soil Quality — Determination of pH, No. 10390, ISO, Genève.
To reduce variability in test results for organic substances with high lipophilicity, bioaccumulation factors should be expressed additionally in relation to the lipid content of the test organisms and to the organic carbon content (TOC) in the sediment (biota-sediment accumulation factor or BSAF in kg sediment TOC kg– 1 worm lipid content).
J. Römbke og Th.
This approach is based on experiences and theoretical correlations for the aquatic compartment, where — for some chemical classes — there is a clear relationship between the potential of a substance to bioaccumulate and its lipophilicity, which has been well established for fish as model organisms (14)(25)(27).
Toxicol.
There is also a relationship between the lipid content of the test fish and the observed bioaccumulation of such substances.
Serumflasker af glas med et nominelt volumen på 125 ml og et faktisk volumen på ca. 160 ml, forseglet med serumflaskesepta [5] og crimplåg (aluminiumsringe), anbefales, men flasker med et samlet volumen på 0,1-1 liter kan også bruges.
However, it is practical to use acclimatised control animals at least at start or — preferably — at the end of the uptake phase to measure the lipid content, which can then be used to normalise the BAF values.
diskussion af resultater, herunder eventuelle afvigelser fra fremgangsmåderne i testmetoden og diskussion af eventuelle afvigelser i testresultaterne som følge af interferens og fejl, i forhold til hvad der kan forventes
For a test to be valid the following conditions apply:
Den Internationale Standardiseringsorganisation (2003), ISO 13 641-1 Water Quality — Determination of inhibition of gas production of anaerobic bacteria — Part 1:
The cumulative mortality of the worms (controls and treatments) until the end of the test should not exceed 20 % of the initial number.
Den Internationale Standardiseringsorganisation (2003), ISO 13 641-2 Water Quality — Determination of inhibition of gas production of anaerobic bacteria — Part 2:
In addition, it should be demonstrated that the worms burrow in the sediment to allow for maximum exposure.
K. Kawahara, Y.
For details see paragraph 28.
Den Internationale Standardiseringsorganisation (1995) ISO 10 634 Water Quality — Guidance for the preparation and treatment of poorly water-soluble organic compounds for the subsequent evaluation of their biodegradability in an aqueous medium.
Several species of aquatic oligochaetes can be used for the test.
Koncentration af inokulum i testkolber (g/l)
Toxicity tests (96 h, in water only) should be conducted at regular intervals (e.g. every month) with a reference toxicant such as potassium chloride (KCl) or copper sulfate (CuSO4) (1) to demonstrate the health conditions of the test animals (1)(6).
G. L. Phipps, G. T. Ankley, D. A. Benoit og V. R. Mattson (1993), Use of the aquatic Oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus for assessing the toxicity and bioaccumulation of sediment-associated contaminants.
If reference toxicity tests are not conducted at regular intervals, the batch of organisms to be used in a sediment bioaccumulation test should be checked using a reference toxicant.
I. R. Hill, P. Matthiessen og F. Heimbach (eds.) (1993), Guidance document on Sediment Toxicity Tests and Bioassays for freshwater and Marine Environments, From the SETAC-Europe Workshop On Sediment Toxicity Assessment, 8.-10. november 1993, Renesse (NL).
Measurement of the lipid content might also provide useful information on the condition of the animals.
HENVISNING
Culture of the test organisms
J. S. Meyer, C. J. Boese og S. A. Collyard (2002), Whole-body accumulation of copper predicts acute toxicity to an aquatic oligochaete (Lumbriculus variegatus) as pH and calcium are varied, Comp.
In order to have a sufficient number of worms for conducting bioaccumulation tests the worms may have to be kept in permanent single-species laboratory culture.
M. K. Schubauer-Berigan, J. R. Dierkes, P. D. Monson og G. T. Ankley (1993), pH-dependent toxicity of cadmium, copper, nickel, lead and zinc to Ceriodaphnia dubia, Pimephales promelas, Hyalella azteca and Lumbriculus variegatus, Environ.
Laboratory culture methods for the selected test species are summarised in Appendix 6.
M. Oetken, K.-U.
For details see references (8)(9)(10)(18)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32).
M.T.
Care should be taken to avoid the use of materials for all parts of the equipment that can dissolve, absorb test substances or leach other substances and have an adverse effect on the test animals.
Ph.
Standard rectangular or cylindrical chambers, made of chemically inert material and of suitable capacity in compliance with the loading rate, i.e. the number of test worms can be used.
Egeler, J. Römbke, Th. Knacker, C. Franke og G. Studinger (1999), Workshop on »Bioaccumulation:
The use of soft plastic tubing for administering water or air should be avoided.
C. W.
Polytetrafluoroethylene, stainless steel and/or glass should be used for any equipment having contact with the test media.
D. A. Williams (1972), The comparison of several dose levels with a zero dose control, Biometrics 28, 519 531.
For substances with high adsorption coefficients, such as synthetic pyrethroids, silanised glass may be required.
Hvis der forventes høje ammoniakkoncentrationer, f.eks. hvis testkemikaliet har vist sig at hæmme nitrifikation, kan det være hensigtsmæssigt at erstatte 50 % af det kvælstofrige urtica-pulver med cellulose (f.eks. α-cellulose-pulver, kemisk rent, partikelstørrelse ≤ 0,5 mm; (1)(2)).
In these situations the equipment will have to be discarded after use (5).
Reproduktionen hos mider, der eksponeres for testkemikaliet, sammenlignes med reproduktionen hos mider i kontrollerne med henblik på at bestemme ECx (f.eks. EC10, EC50) eller nuleffektkoncentrationen (NOEC) (definitioner er anført i tillæg 1), afhængigt af forsøgsdesign (se punkt 29).
For radiolabelled test substances, and for volatile substances, care should be taken to avoid stripping and the escape of stripped test substance.
Tillæg 8 indeholder en oversigt over testplanen.
Traps (e.g. glass gas washing bottles) containing suitable absorbents to retain any residues evaporating from the test chambers should be employed (11).
Bærestoffet sprøjtes på eller blandes med en lille mængde, f.eks. 10 g, fint kvartssand.
The overlying water must be of a quality that will allow the survival of the test species for the duration of the acclimation and test periods without them showing any abnormal appearance or behaviour.
I specifikke tilfælde (f.eks. når aldring betragtes som en afgørende faktor) kan tidsrummet mellem klargøringen af det endelige testsubstrat og tilsætningen af miderne forlænges (flere oplysninger om en sådan aldring findes i (18)).
Reconstituted water according to test method C.1 (25) is recommended for use as overlying water in the tests as well as in the laboratory cultures of the worms.
Der skal dog gives en videnskabelig begrundelse.
It has been demonstrated that several test species can survive, grow, and reproduce in this water (8), and maximum standardisation of test and culture conditions is provided.
Passende statistiske metoder anvendes (i overensstemmelse med OECD Document 54, Current Approaches in the Statistical Analysis of Ecotoxicity Data: a Guidance to Application).
The water should be characterised at least by pH, conductivity and hardness.
Multiple sammenligninger (f.eks. Dunnetts test) eller step-down trend test (f.eks. Williams' test, hvis der er tale om et monotont dosis/respons-forhold) kan benyttes til at beregne, om der er signifikante forskelle (p ≤ 0,05) mellem kontrollerne og de forskellige testkemikaliekoncentrationer (valg af den anbefalede test ifølge OECD Document 54, Current Approaches in the Statistical Analysis of Ecotoxicity Data: a Guidance to Application).
Analysis of the water for micro-pollutants prior to use might provide useful information (Appendix 4).
Modern Acarology, Academia Prague & SPD Academic Publishing bv, The Hague, Vol. 2, 487-492.
The water should be of constant quality during the period of a test.
A. Fairbrother, P. W.
The pH of the overlying water should be between 6 and 9.
Der lægges flest æg i alderen 10-40 dage (efter at hunnen er blevet voksen), nemlig 2,2 æg pr. hun pr. dag.
The total hardness should be between 90 and 400 mg CaCO3 per litre at the start of the test (7).
Udviklingstiden fra æg til voksen hun er ca. 20 dage ved 20 °C.
Ranges for pH and hardness in the mentioned reconstituted water are given in test method C.1 (25).
Der bør holdes mere end en kultur på forhånd.
If there is an interaction suspected between hardness ions and the test substance, lower hardness water should be used.
Dyrkning af Typrophagus putrescentiae:
Appendix 4 summarises additional criteria of an acceptable dilution water according to OECD TG 210 (34).
Miderne holdes i en glasbeholder fyldt med fint, pulveriseret bryggerigær, som sættes i en plastspand fyldt med KNO3-opløsning for at forhindre miderne i at slippe ud.
The sediment must be of a quality that will allow the survival and preferably the reproduction of the test organisms for the duration of the acclimation and test periods without them showing any abnormal appearance or behaviour.
Fodermiderne anbringes oven på dette pulver.
The worms should burrow into the sediment.
Derefter blandes de forsigtigt med pulveret (som skal udskiftes to gange om ugen) med en spatel.
Burrowing behaviour can have an influence on the exposure, and consequently on the BAF.
Synkronisering af kulturen:
Therefore, sediment avoidance or burrowing behaviour of the test organisms should be recorded, where turbidity of the overlying water allows such observations.
Dyr, der bruges i testen, skal have nogenlunde samme alder (ca. syv dage efter at de er nået voksenstadiet).
The worms (control and treatments) should burrow in the sediment within a period of 24 h after addition to the test vessels.
Derfor foreslås følgende fremgangsmåde (24) (25):
If permanent burrowing failure or sediment avoidance are observed (e.g. more than 20 % over more than half of the uptake phase), this indicates that either the test conditions are not appropriate, or the test organisms are not healthy, or that the concentration of the test substance elicits this behaviour.
Apparatur:
In such a case the test should be stopped and repeated at improved conditions.
Tullgren-tragt eller tilsvarende metoder som f.eks. McFadyen (opvarmning ovenfra, prøven anbringes over en tragt)
Additional information on sediment ingestion can be obtained by using methods described in (35)(36), which specify sediment ingestion or particle selection in the test organisms.
Varmeforhold:
If observable, at least the presence or absence of fecal pellets on the sediment surface, which indicate sediment ingestion by the worms, should be recorded and considered for the interpretation of the test results with respect to exposure pathways.
25 °C i 12 timer, 35 °C i 12 timer, 45 °C i 24 timer (i alt 48 timer).
An artificial sediment based on the artificial soil described in test method C.8 (40) is recommended for use in both the tests and the laboratory cultures of the worms (Appendix 5), since natural sediments of appropriate quality may not be available throughout the year.
Temperaturen måles i substratet.
In addition, indigenous organisms as well as the possible presence of micropollutants in natural sediments might influence the test.
Fikseringsvæske:
Several test species can survive, grow, and reproduce in the artificial sediment (8).
Karg (1993), Die freilebenden Gamasina (Gamasides), Raubmilben, Tierwelt Deutschlands 59, 2nd revised edition:
The artificial sediment should be characterised at least by origin of the constituents, grain size distribution (percent sand, silt, and clay), organic carbon content (TOC), water content, and pH.
Med henblik herpå gennembores byttets overhud med chelicererne, og et sekret til ekstraintestinal fordøjelse sprøjtes ind i byttet.
Measurement of redox potential is optional.
Herefter kan miden suge fødemassen op.
However, natural sediments from unpolluted sites may serve as test and/or culture sediment (1).
OECD 2007, Final report of the Validation of the 21-day Fish Screening Assay for the Detection of Endocrine Active Substances.
Natural sediments should be characterised at least by origin (collection site), pH and ammonia of the pore water, organic carbon content (TOC), particle size distribution (percent sand, silt, and clay), and percent water content (6).
Testing Negative Substances, OECD Environmental Health and Safety Publications Series on Testing and Assessment No.78, ENV/JM/MONO(2007)25.
It is recommended that, before it is spiked with the test substance, the natural sediment be conditioned for seven days under the same conditions which prevail in the subsequent test, if ammonia development is expected.
J. W.
Analysis of the sediment or its constituents for micro-pollutants prior to use might provide useful information.
67(1):121-30.
Handling of natural sediments prior to their use in the laboratory is described in (1)(6)(44).
L. G. Parks, A. O. Cheek, N. D. Denslow, S. A. Heppell, J. A. McLachlan, G. A. LeBlanc og C. V. Sullivan (1999), Fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) vitellogenin:
The preparation of the artificial sediment is described in Appendix 5.
119-131.
The storage of natural sediments in the laboratory should be as short as possible.
H. Yokota, H. Morita, N. Nakano, I. J. Kang, H. Tadokoro, Y.
U.S.
Oshima, T. Honjo og K. Kobayashi (2001), Development of an ELISA for determination of the hepatic vitellogenin in Medaka (Oryzias latipes), Jpn J Environ Toxicol 4:87-98.
EPA (6) recommends a maximum storage period of 8 weeks at 4 ± 2 °C in the dark.
T. H. Hutchinson, N. Shillabeer, M. J. Winter og D. B. Pickford (2006), Acute and chronic effects of carrier solvents in aquatic organisms:
There should be no headspace above the sediment in the storage containers.
s. 69-92.
Recommendations for the storage of artificial sediment are given in Appendix 5.
114 Suppl 1:106-14.
Application of the test substance
S. R. Miles-Richardson, V. J. Kramer, S. D. Fitzgerald, J. A. Render, B. Yamini, S. J. Barbee og J. P. Giesy (1999), Effects of waterborne exposure to 17β-estradiol on secondary sex characteristics and gonads of the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), Aquat.
The sediment is spiked with the test substance.
Chem.
The spiking procedure involves coating of one or more of the sediment constituents with the test substance.
A Guidance to Application, OECD environmental Health and Safety Publications Series on Testing and Assessment No.54.
For example, the quartz sand, or a portion thereof (e.g. 10 g of quartz sand per test vessel), can be soaked with a solution of the test substance in a suitable solvent, which is then slowly evaporated to dryness.
Japansk risfisk
The coated fraction can then be mixed into the wet sediment.