natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Dette giver en samlet årlig nyinstallation på 1000 MW.
The Commission also noted that Fachpartnerbeirat der Solar World AG claimed to represent over 800 installers, but the names of these installers were not provided.
Tyskland planlægger at afholde udbud om en årlig mængde for solenergi på 600 MW fra 2017 og som minimum indtil 2020.
The Commission confirmed, however, that the two installers who signed an open latter on behalf of Fachpartnerbeirat der Solar World AG came openly in support of the measures.
Det Forenede Kongerige afholder derimod ikke teknologispecifikke udbud for solenergi.
The parties opposing the measures on Union interest grounds claimed that downstream companies account for more than 80 % of the employment and value added in the European solar value chain.
I februar 2015 blev der gennemført et multiteknologisk udbud, hvor solcellemoduler konkurrerede med andre teknologier om tildeling af differencekontrakter (»CfD«).
They pointed to the much higher number of jobs that they create compared to the cell and modules manufacturers in the Union.
For Tyskland og Frankrig kan foranstaltningerne ikke få nogen indvirkning på efterspørgslen efter solcellemoduler til forsyningsanlæg, da der er »særlige« udbud for solenergi, og kapaciteten ligger fast.
However, the report did not explain the methodology for the calculation of this high number of employees.
Den eneste forskel er en marginalt højere pris for de endelige forbrugere, som skal dække udbudsomkostningerne enten via skatter eller afgifter.
Another party indicated that the downstream sector employs around 65000 people, based on the assumption of roughly 7FTE/MW/year.
Foranstaltningerne gjorde dog ikke solenergi urentabel.
However, this party did not substantiate their assumptions, either.
Ved auktionen i februar 2015 blev 18,5 % af en kombineret kapacitet på 2,1 GW stadig tildelt solenergi.
Based on the analysis of some representative projects in ground mounted, commercial and residential sectors, the Commission found that the amount of jobs involved in the downstream sector does not exceed 50000 people.
Dette udbud viser, at selv med de gældende foranstaltninger kan solenergi konkurrere med succes i et ikketeknologispecifikt udbud [103].
This figure is based on the assumption that total installation (total installation includes project and site development, distribution, logistics, actual installation and the overhead for all these activities) requires an average of 5,2 FTE/MW/year [86], while operation and maintenance requires roughly 0,08 FTE/MW/year.
Foranstaltningerne kan højst have reduceret vægten af solenergi en smule i udbudsresultaterne, dvs. solenergi kunne have vundet en større andel i de teknologineutrale udbud, hvis foranstaltningerne ikke havde været der.
Nonetheless, given that cell and module manufacturing provides roughly 8000 jobs, the claim that the downstream sector generates significantly higher employment than the production of cells and modules is correct.
Endelig fandt Kommissionen, at hvis foranstaltningerne blev fjernet, og solcellemoduler skulle købes til subsidierede priser, ville multiteknologiske udbud give solcellemoduler en urimelig fordel i forhold til andre vedvarende energikilder.
The Commission's investigation also found that most of the jobs involved in the downstream solar sector consist in the installation of modules on residential and commercial rooftops and mounting them on the ground.
Derfor sætter foranstaltningerne ikke solenergi i en ugunstig konkurrencesituation, men genskaber blot lige konkurrencevilkår mellem alle teknologier.
These jobs usually do not require a significant capital investment specific to solar installation — many tools and machines such as cranes, diggers, drills etc. can be also used for other construction works.
Kommissionen konkluderede, at der ikke var nogen forbindelse mellem faldende priser pr. kWh og en øget efterspørgsel efter solenergi.
While some installers are solely focused on the solar sector and are able to perform very high value added tasks, many installers also perform other jobs in the construction or energy sector or can easily switch to those sectors, without much impact on their revenue.
Navnlig øgede Tyskland, Frankrig og Det Forenede Kongerige ikke deres mål for udbredelse af solenergi, fordi projektudviklerne afgav lavere tilbud i forbindelse med kapacitetsauktioner.
One interested party submitted that many installers were recently switching to the building sector because of low margins in solar installation and increasing margins in the construction of buildings in Germany.
Medlemsstaterne indførte snarere udbud for især at kontrollere omfanget af udbredelsen af solenergi.
Therefore, the survival or economic welfare of many installers is not dependent on the solar sector alone.
Dette bekræftede SPE også i sit Global Outlook for 2015: »På samme måde vinder mono- eller multiteknologiske udbud også frem igen i Frankrig, Det Forenede Kongerige og Tyskland, med henblik på at sikre en bedre kontrol med udviklingen i det fotovoltaiske marked i de dermed forbundne segmenter« [104].
The same holds partially true for most of the EPCs that came forward in the investigation.
SPE hævdede, at Kommissionen gav et ufuldstændigt og unøjagtigt billede af deres holdning til foranstaltningernes indvirkning på udbud.
Most of them are also involved in the development of other renewable sources of energy or are large construction companies developing projects in general building sector.
Kommissionen bekræftede, at SPE i deres Global Market Outlook for 2016 og i en række andre indlæg havde anført, at minimumsimportprisen efter deres mening havde haft en negativ indvirkning på resultatet af udbuddet.
The impact of the measures on the revenue and employment of the downstream companies depend on the impact of the measures on demand, which is discussed in the section 6.3 below.
Kommissionen var imidlertid uenig i dette synspunkt, som der er redegjort for ovenfor.
Following disclosure several parties contested the Commission's consideration that the E&Y report did not explain the methodology for its calculation of employment in the solar downstream sector.
Samtidig bemærkede Kommissionen, at Solar Power Europe i Global Market Outlook for 2016-2020 stadig fandt, at regeringerne kan anvende udbud til at kontrollere eller måske endda begrænse udbredelsen af solenergi: »Politiske ledere fortrækker ofte at se tagmonterede solcellepaneler, når de udkonkurrerer andre former for vedvarende energiteknologi og — i modsætning til elværker med solcelleanlæg på jorden — ikke konkurrerer med andre anvendelsesformål.
Solar Power Europe provided some additional information on the methodology.
Dette er navnlig tilfældet for de europæiske lande, hvor solcelleanlæg på jorden undertiden endda har været begrænset i størrelse — i Tyskland f.eks. op til 10 MW, og også i mængde ved at gennemføre udbud [105].«
Even after the additional information was provided, the Commission continued to consider that the methodology was still unclear, in particular neither the report nor the additional information indicated how many people were employed in installation of a representative solar project in each key segment.
Foranstaltningernes virkninger på opnåelse af netparitet for solenergi
Following disclosure, several parties claimed that the Commission underestimated the amount of jobs involved in the downstream sector in the Union.
Udtrykket netparitet betegner et tidspunkt, hvor en teknologi under udvikling producerer elektricitet med de samme omkostninger som konventionelle teknologier.
These parties provided additional reports estimating the number of jobs at 120250 [87] in the Union in 2014 according to ‘Eurobserver’ and at 31600 in Germany according to GWS/DIW/DLR in 2015 [88].
Faktisk er der to former for netparitet.
The Commission observed that the report by the GWS/DIW/DLR covered the total employment in the whole solar value chain.
Der opstår netparitet i engrosleddet, når et solcelleanlæg (normalt et stort forsyningsanlæg, som er tilsluttet transmissions- og/eller distributionsnettet) kan producere strøm med normaliserede omkostninger ved produktion af energi (LCOE) [106], som er mindre end prisen i købekraft fra engrosmarkedet, hvor alle større (normalt konventionelle) producenter konkurrerer.
Consequently, the 31600 jobs indicated in that report includes also the upstream sector as well as cell and module manufacturing.
I engrosleddet sælges energien til meget store industrielle kunder og forsyningsvirksomheder, der distribuerer energien til husholdninger og andre mindre slutbrugere.
The German upstream sector is believed to employ several thousand people — Wacker alone claimed to provide around 3000 jobs.
Netparitet i detailleddet opstår, når et solcelleanlæg (normalt monteret på brugerens hustag) kan producere strøm med normaliserede omkostninger ved produktion af energi, der er mindre end omkostningerne ved detailprisen på elektricitet (inkl. alle transmissions- og distributionsgebyrer, forhøjet afgift og skat).
The solar manufacturing equipment and balance of plant equipment manufactures also claimed to employ a few thousand people.
Kommissionen analyserede først situationen for netparitet i engrosleddet og siden for netparitet i detailleddet.
These jobs are only partially affected by the sales in the Union as the upstream companies export most of their output outside of the Union.
Netparitet i engrosleddet.
In addition, around 10000 people are reported to be employed in the Operation and Maintenance activities (O&M).
Modstanderne af foranstaltningerne gjorde gældende, at hvis foranstaltningerne bortfalder, kan store solcelleanlæg opnå netparitet i engrosleddet i de solrigeste dele af Unionen, som f.eks. Spanien.
The report does not provide any definition of the O&M.
Ifølge en forretningsplan fremlagt af et af medlemmerne af SAFE kunne de opnå LCOE på 3,8 eurocent/kWh i den spanske region Cadiz, hvis de købte moduler til 0,35 EUR/W.
The Commission assumed that O&M referred to all the activities that are necessary to ensure a smooth operation of the existing solar facilities, such as cleaning the panels, reparations, running the dispatch centres, etc.
Denne part mente at kunne få en modulpris på 0,35 EUR/W fra kinesiske tier 1-producenter for en aftale om en stor mængde uden afgifter vedrørende et projekt leveret i begyndelsen af 2017.
These jobs are counted on the basis of the existing, cumulative solar capacity, which is close to 40 GW in Germany [89].
De hævdede, at solenergi ved så lave normaliserede omkostninger ved produktion af energi ikke kun sikrer netparitet med andre konventionelle energikilder, men at der ikke er nogen anden elproduktionsmetode, der vil kunne slå det i den nærmeste fremtid.
Consequently, the already existing 10000 O&M jobs can only be influenced by the measures that were going to be imposed to the extent that they prevent replacement of aging installations.
Denne omkostningsfordel kombineret med andre aktiver i sydeuropæiske lande, dvs. gode nettilslutninger, stabile politiske og økonomiske forhold og en stærk og likvid valuta, giver dem en enestående mulighed for at blive nye europæiske ledere inden for energiproduktion.
However, on the basis of the average lifetime of twenty years and the relatively recent installation date of most installations, those jobs would only be affected if the measures where to remain in place for more than the period proposed in the present regulation.
Ifølge disse parter hindrer foranstaltningerne, at dette sker.
Therefore, the number of people employed in the downstream sector in Germany that might be affected by the measures is substantially less than 31600 people.
Kommissionen har bemærket, at solstrålingen i den spanske region Cadiz er en af de højeste i EU (højeste antal solskinstimer om året), hvilket skaber den størst mulige energiproduktion pr. modul.
The Eurobserver report does not make any distinction between upstream, downstream and manufacturing jobs either.
I betragtning af at det meste af Unionen har en langt mindre solstråling, må vi se, hvornår der kan opnås netparitet i engrosleddet på andre markeder, selv om den britiske regering tilsyneladende antager, at det snart vil være tilfældet.
In addition, the employment figure in the solar sector in Germany quoted in that report is the same as the one reported in the GWS, DIW, DLR study for 2014.
Kommissionen bemærkede også, at der er store forskelle i engrosprisen i de forskellige medlemsstater, hvilket betyder, at engrospriserne på netparitet er forskellige afhængigt af den pågældende medlemsstat.
Therefore, the Commission considered that the number of people employed in the downstream sector in the Union that might be allegedly affected by the measures is much less than 120250 people.
Derfor var Kommissionen af den opfattelse, at der ikke vil blive opnået netparitet i engrosleddet generelt i Unionen i den nærmeste fremtid, selv uden foranstaltningerne.
Following disclosure several parties disagreed with the Commission's finding that it is easier to switch jobs from the installation of modules to the general construction sector than from manufacturing of modules to other sectors.
Efter fremlæggelsen af oplysninger var adskillige parter uenige i Kommissionens konklusion om, at man ikke vil opnå udbredt netparitet på i engrosleddet i Unionen i den nærmeste fremtid, heller ikke selv om de handelsmæssige foranstaltninger udløber.
However, none of the parties provided any precise data what proportion of the jobs in the installation of the panels is carried out by general construction companies (i.e. ground works and landscaping for ground mounted installations and reinforcing the structure of the roof for rooftop installations).
Disse parter fremhævede en 6-siders rapport fra Becquerel Institute, som undersøgte mulighederne for netparitet i engrosleddet i elleve medlemsstater.
The Commission had already agreed that a significantly larger number of people were employed in the downstream sector than in the manufacturing of modules.
Denne rapport blev finansieret af tre parter i undersøgelsen, som var imod foranstaltningerne.
It had also observed that many jobs in the downstream sector required specific skills that made them hard to switch to other sectors.
Kommissionen bemærkede, at andre kilder er mindre optimistiske end Becquerel Institute med hensyn til de normaliserede omkostninger ved produktion af solenergi og dermed tidsplanen for opfyldelsen af netparitet for solenergi i Europa.
It had, however, also concluded that the impact of the measures on demand is the key factor affecting the jobs in the downstream industry.
F.eks. indeholder den detaljerede rapport fra BNEF [107] meget større LCOE-intervaller for de centrale markeder som Frankrig, Tyskland, Italien og Det Forenede Kongerige.
The absolute number of employees and the questions whether it is hard to switch to other sectors or not, is becoming irrelevant in this respect.
Forskellene er angivet i nedenstående tabel:
As discussed extensively in section 6.3 the Commission found that the measures had only a limited impact on demand for solar module and therefore also a limited impact on the downstream employment.
Medlemsstat
Upstream Industry
BNEF LCOE-interval EUR/MWh [108]
Upstream operators produce raw materials, such as polysilicon and wafers; manufacturing equipment for cells and modules as well as balance of system components, such as inverters, storage, mounting etc.
Becquerel LCOE-interval EUR/MWh
On the one hand, Solar World, which is also the largest Union wafer manufacturer, supports the measures.
Lav
In addition, one more Union wafer manufacturer came forward in favour of the measures.
Høj
On the other hand, eight other Union upstream companies that came forward opposed the measures.
Frankrig
However, most of these upstream operators came forward at a later stage or did not provide a questionnaire reply.
Tyskland
Only the polysilicon manufacturer — Wacker Chemie AG (‘Wacker’) provided a questionnaire reply and was verified as set out in recital 30 above.
Italien
The upstream operators calling to terminate the measures reiterated the argument that the measures depress the demand through increased prices, which negatively affects the whole solar value chain.
Becquerel anslog kapitaludgifterne til 0,726 EUR/W uden at skelne mellem medlemsstaterne.
Several companies claimed that due to depressed demand they suffer from a reduction in turnover, profits, loss of jobs, and inadequate resources to invest in R&D.
BNEF anslog meget højere kapitaludgifter og skelnede mellem medlemsstaterne: Frankrig 0,99 EUR/W; Tyskland 0,9 -0,94 EUR/W, Italien 0,76 -0,99 EUR/W og UK 0,9 — 0,94 EUR/W.
However, due to the fact that they sent their submissions late and did not reply to the questionnaires, their situation could not be verified.
Imidlertid forekommer det usandsynligt med så meget lavere kapitaludgifter, navnlig i betragtning af, at kapitaludgifterne ifølge BNEF under alle omstændigheder er lavere i EU end i andre lande, som ikke anvender handelspolitiske foranstaltninger, f.eks. Tyrkiet 1,04 EUR/W og De Forenede Arabiske Emirater 1,14 EUR/W.
The verified polysilicon producer provides more than 2000 direct jobs and around 1000 indirect jobs in the Union.
Derfor er prognoserne fra Becquerel og BNEF forskellige.
It also has a large direct R&D budget exceeding EUR 17 million related to solar raw material production.
Der er uenighed om, hvornår det bliver billigere at opføre store solkraftværker end at drive eksisterende fossilt fyrede kraftværker.
Although Wacker's turnover and employment remained stable in the period under investigation, it vehemently opposed the measures claiming that they have a negative impact on the trade relations with the PRC.
Endelig konkluderes det i Becquerel-rapporten, at: »Elektricitet produceret af solceller vil måske kunne blive konkurrencedygtig på flere af Europas største markeder inden 2019, og i de fleste europæiske lande […] inden for de kommende fem år«.
The PRC is by far the largest producer of solar wafers and cells; therefore the polysilicon manufacturer's turnover and several thousand jobs are dependent on an unrestricted access to the Chinese market, which is declining.
Dette betyder, at de fleste medlemsstater, herunder Tyskland, først forventes at nå netparitet, når foranstaltningerne efter planen udløber i 2019, selv i det omtvistelige tilfælde, at antagelserne og konklusionerne i Becquerel-rapporten skulle vise sig at være korrekte inden da.
Wacker and several other parties claimed that by protecting an inefficient industry — solar cell and module manufacturing, the measures cause serious damage to the industries in which Europe has still a competitive edge.
SPE fremlagde to rapporter fra Deutsche Bank [111], som efter deres mening var imod Kommissionens opfattelse af, at man ikke vil kunne opnå netparitet i engrosleddet i den nærmeste fremtid.
The association of the German equipment manufacturers (VDMA) sent a letter calling to review the level of the MIP, pointing to the fact that manufacturing costs in the solar sector have been continually decreasing.
Kommissionen konstaterede, at de to rapporter faktisk omhandler netparitet i detailleddet og ikke netparitet i engrosleddet, hvilket bekræftes ikke kun af teksten, men også af de høje elpriser, som sammenlignes med de normaliserede omkostninger ved produktion af solenergi.
VDMA indicated that the solar cell and module producers had been following a historic solar learning curve of 21 %.
Som forklaret i de umiddelbart efterfølgende betragtninger, bestred Kommissionen ikke, at der allerede var opnået netparitet i visse dele af Unionen.
VDMA also claimed that the German photovoltaic equipment manufacturers are the key enabler of such a cost reduction.
Netparitet i detailleddet: Modstanderne af foranstaltningerne gjorde også gældende, at tagmonterede solcelleanlæg allerede har opnået netparitet i detailleddet, dvs. at de blev økonomisk levedygtige selv uden tilskud i de medlemsstater, hvor detailpriserne på elektricitet er høje, f.eks. Tyskland.
The equipment manufacturers are estimated to employ several thousand people and are key contributors to R&D in the solar sector.
I Tyskland er prisen pr. kWh i øjeblikket omkring 20 eurocent/kWh, mens LCOE for et tagmonteret solcelleanlæg ligger på omkring 10 eurocent/kWh.
Several parties claimed that the Commission did not properly weigh the interest of upstream operators against the interest of the Union industry.
Derfor kan installation af paneler give betydelige besparelser på elektricitetsudgifterne, navnlig for kunder, der bruger meget energi i løbet af dagen.
The Commission reiterated that only one upstream operator –Wacker — had sent a complete reply to the questionnaire and could be verified.
Dette var ikke tilfældet i den oprindelige undersøgelse, hvor elektricitet fremstillet ved hjælp af solenergi altid krævede støtte for at være bæredygtig.
The interests of this company were taken into account in the analysis as set out in recital 661.
I en situation, hvor støtte ikke længere er relevant, er det den endelige modulpris, der påvirker kundens beslutning om at installere solcelleanlægget, og i øjeblikket øges denne pris på grund af foranstaltningerne.
Several other upstream operators came forward only at a very late stage with short submissions.
Kommissionen har undersøgt det tyske marked for netparitet i detailleddet nærmere, da parterne har kommenteret det indgående i løbet af undersøgelsen.
The Commission could not properly verify the impact of the measures on the other upstream operators.
Det er nødvendigt at skelne mellem anlæg, der producerer til eget forbrug, og anlæg, som leverer el til forsyningsnettet.
In any case, the Commission had found that the measures had only a limited impact on the demand for solar modules and consequently the Union sales and profitability of other upstream operators.
Kommissionen var enig i, at det er en meget ønskelig udvikling at nå netparitet for solenergi, da det bidrager til at bekæmpe klimaændringerne og mindske forbrugernes elregning.
Conclusion on the interest of unrelated importers, downstream and upstream industries
Den fastslog, at det ville mindske prisen på solcellepaneler at ophæve foranstaltningerne og dermed øge antallet af steder, hvor der kan opnås netparitet i detailleddet.
The Commission acknowledged the basic assumption of the unrelated importers, downstream and upstream industries that the lapse of the measures may be beneficial for the turnover and the number of jobs in these industries.
Samtidig fandt Kommissionen, at investeringerne i løbet af NUP i erhvervsmæssige og private tagmonterede anlæg til eget forbrug, som ikke er omfattet af nogen støtteordning, er blevet tilbageholdt på grund af lovgivningsmæssig usikkerhed om, hvorvidt disse anlæg var inkluderet i afgiften til finansiering af den tyske støtteordning — EEG-afgiften.
It can thus be concluded that prolongation of measures is not in their interest.
Efter en ændring af lovgivningen foreslået af Tyskland for at overholde de EU-retlige regler om statsstøtte skal de enheder, som selv forbruger strømmen fra deres vedvarende energikilder (undertiden kaldet producent-forbrugere), betale en afgift på mere end 2 eurocent pr. kWh i Tyskland.
However, at the same time the Commission found that the impact of the measures and the likely effect of terminating them on these economic operators and new installations in the Union were substantially overstated in most of the submissions by the companies opposing the measures, as analysed in detail in the section 6.3 below.
Hvis et projekt har normaliserede omkostninger ved produktion af energi på 10 eurocent/kWh, gør afgiften alene derfor den producerede elektricitet 20 % dyrere [112].
With respect of the alleged administrative burden arising from the undertaking an interim review on the form of the measures could be initiated to better protect the interests of the unrelated importers and the downstream operators.
Kommissionen tager sigte på at mindske retsusikkerheden i fremtiden.
Several parties contended that the Commission did not take into account the interest of the consumers.