natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Tilsæt derefter en tilstrækkelig mængde substratopløsning (punkt 17) til at give en koncentration på 2 g/l af henholdsvis næringsvæske, gærekstrakt og D-glucose i blandingen, imens der fortsat gennemskylles med kvælstof.
Self-collected manure obtained from an “organic” source is recommended, since experience has shown that commercially available manure used as garden fertiliser may have adverse effects on the worms.
Følgende er et eksempel på testpartier.
The medium should have a pH value of approximately 6 to 7 (adjusted with calcium carbonate), a low ionic conductivity (less than 6 mS/cm or 0,5 % salt concentration) and should not be contaminated excessively with ammonia or animal urine.
Gasvolumen = 57 ml eller 35,6 % af det samlede volumen.
The substrate should be moist but not too wet.
Reagenser og substrater
Once the culture has been established it is maintained by placing adult worms in a breeding box with fresh substrate for 14 days to 28 days to allow further cocoons to be produced.
Stamopløsning
The adults are then removed and the juveniles produced from the cocoons used as the basis for the next culture.
punkt 18
The worms are fed continuously with animal waste and transferred into fresh substrate from time to time.
1 g/l
Experience has shown that air-dried finely ground cow or horse manure or oatmeal is a suitable food.
Fortyndingsvand
It should be ensured that cows or horses from which manure is obtained are not subject to medication treatment with chemicals, such as growth promoters, that could adversely affect the worms during long term culture.
punkt 14
The worms hatched from the cocoons are used for testing when they are between 2 and 12 months old and considered to be adults.
punkt 16
Worms can be considered to be healthy if they move through the substrate, do not try to leave the substrate and reproduce continuously.
Substrat
Substrate exhaustion is indicated by worms moving very slowly and having a yellow posterior end.
punkt 17
In this case the provision of fresh substrate and/or a reduction in stocking density is recommended.
Gennemskyl på samme måde med kvælstofgas, og tøm testkolberne tilstrækkeligt til at håndtere eventuelt flygtigt og uopløseligt flydende testkemikalie (se punkt 27).
Techniques for counting juvenile worms hatched from cocoons
Kontroller og referencekemikalie
Hand sorting of worms from the soil substrate is very time-consuming.
Opstil mindst tre sæt kolber, som kun indeholder slam og substrat, og som skal fungere som kontroller.
Two alternative methods are therefore recommended:
Opstil yderligere replikatkolber, som indeholder slam og substrat plus tilstrækkelig stamopløsning af referencekemikaliet, 3,5-dichlorphenol (punkt 21), til at give en slutkoncentration på 150 mg/l.
The test containers are placed in a water bath initially at a temperature of 40 °C but rising to 60 °C.
Denne koncentration bør hæmme gasproduktionen med ca. 50 %.
After a period of about 20 minutes the juvenile worms should appear at the soil surface from which they can be easily removed and counted.
Opstil alternativt en serie af koncentrationer af referencekemikaliet.
The test soil may be washed through a sieve using the method developed by van Gestel et al.
Opstil desuden fire ekstra kolber til pH-måling, som indeholder slam, deoxygeneret vand og substrat.
providing the peat and the manure or oatmeal added to the soil were ground to a fine powder.
Tilsæt testkemikaliet til to kolber ved den højeste koncentration, der testes, og tilsæt deoxygeneret vand til de to resterende kolber.
Two 0,5 mm mesh size sieves (diameter 30 cm) are placed on top of each other.
Sørg for, at alle kolber — test- og referencekemikalier og kontroller — indeholder samme volumen (VR) væske;
The contents of a test container are washed through the sieves with a powerful stream of tap water, leaving the young worms and cocoons mainly on the upper sieve.
tilsæt om nødvendigt deoxygeneret deioniseret vand (punkt 14) for at fylde op til volumen.
It is important to note that the whole surface of the upper sieve should be kept wet during this operation so that the juvenile worms float on a film of water, thereby preventing them from creeping through the sieve pores.
Headspace bør være på 10-40 % af kolbens volumen, og den faktiske værdi vælges på baggrund af de data, der er opnået i den indledende test.
Best results are obtained when a showerhead is used.
Når alle bestanddele er tilsat til kolberne, fjernes den nål, der leverer gassen, og hver kolbe forsegles med en gummiprop og et aluminiumslåg (punkt 12 b), idet proppen fugtes med en dråbe deioniseret vand for at lette isætningen.
Once all the soil substrate has been washed through the sieve, juveniles and cocoons can be rinsed from the upper sieve into a bowl.
Bland indholdet i hver kolbe ved omrystning.
The contents of the bowl are then left to stand allowing empty cocoons to float on the water surface and full cocoons and young worms to sink to the bottom.
Flyt kolberne til den termostatstyrede inkubator, som helst skal være forsynet med en omrystningsanordning, og som holdes ved 35 °C ± 2 °C.
The worms can be removed for counting using a needle or a pair of tweezers.
Kolberne inkuberes i mørke.
Experience has shown that method (a) is better suited to extraction of juvenile worms that might be washed through even a 0,5 mm sieve.
Efter ca. en time udlignes trykket i kolberne til atmosfærisk tryk ved at indføre kanylen, som er fastgjort til trykmåleren (punkt 12 c), gennem låget på hver kolbe efter tur, åbne ventilen, indtil trykmåleren viser nul, og dernæst lukke ventilen.
The efficiency of the method used to remove the worms (and cocoons if appropriate) from the soil substrate should always be determined.
Nålen skal indføres i en vinkel på ca. 45° for at forhindre gas i at sive ud af kolberne.
If juveniles are collected using the hand sorting technique it is advisable to carry out the operation twice on all samples.
Hvis kolberne inkuberes uden omrystningsanordning, skal de omrystes manuelt to gange om dagen i hele inkubationsperioden for at ækvilibrere systemet.
Are both controls equal?
Kolberne inkuberes og vendes om for at forhindre tab af gas gennem septum.
U-Test
Vending er dog ikke hensigtsmæssig, i tilfælde hvor uopløselige testkemikalier klæber til bunden af kolben.
t-Test Bonferroni — U-Test
Trykmåling
Jonckheere-Terpstra Test
Når kolberne har nået en temperatur på 35 °C ± 2 °C, måles og registreres pH-værdien for indholdet i to af de fire kolber, der er opstillet til formålet, og indholdet kasseres;
Shirley Test
inkuberingen af de resterende kolber fortsættes i mørke.
Transform data
Trykket i kolberne måles og registreres to gange om dagen i de næste 48-72 timer ved at indsætte trykmålerens nål gennem låget på hver kolbe efter tur, idet nålen aftørres mellem målingerne.
William Test
Hold alle dele af kolben ved inkubationstemperatur i løbet af målingen, som bør foregå så hurtigt som muligt.
Exclude control without solvent Both controls might be pooled
Aflæs trykket, når det stabiliserer sig, og registrer det.
C.34.
Åbn derefter ventilen med henblik på udluftning, og luk den, når trykket når nul.
DETERMINATION OF THE INHIBITION OF THE ACTIVITY OF ANAEROBIC BACTERIA — REDUCTION OF GAS PRODUCTION FROM ANAEROBICALLY DIGESTING (SEWAGE) SLUDGE
Testen fortsættes normalt i 48 timer fra tidspunktet for den første trykudligning, der betegnes »tid 0«.
This test method is equivalent to the OECD test guideline (TG) 224 (2007).
Antallet af aflæsninger og udluftninger skal for flygtige kemikalier begrænses til en (ved afslutningen af inkuberingen) eller to for at minimere tabet af testkemikalie (10).
Chemicals discharged to the aquatic environment pass through both aerobic and anaerobic zones, where they may be degraded and/or can inhibit bacterial activity;
Hvis trykket aflæses som negativt, må ventilen ikke åbnes.
in some cases they can remain in anaerobic zones undisturbed for decades or longer.
Nogle gange akkumuleres der fugt i kanylen og røret, hvilket kommer til udtryk ved en mindre negativ trykmåling.
In waste water treatment the first stage, primary settlement, is aerobic in the supernatant liquid and anaerobic in the subnatant sludge.
I givet fald fjernes nålen, røret omrystes og tørres med en klud, og der isættes en ny nål.
This is followed in the secondary stage by an aerobic zone in the activated sludge aeration tank and an anaerobic zone in the subnatant sludge in the secondary settlement tank.
pH-måling
Sludge from both of these stages is usually subjected to anaerobic treatment, producing methane and carbon dioxide which are normally used to produce electricity.
pH-værdien for indholdet i hver kolbe måles og registreres efter den sidste trykmåling.
In the wider environment, chemicals reaching sediments in bays, estuaries and the sea are likely to remain in these anaerobic zones indefinitely if they are not biodegradable.
Angivelse af resultaterne
Larger proportions of some chemicals will preferably reach these zones because of their physical properties, such as low solubility in water, high adsorption to suspended solids, as well as inability to be biodegraded aerobically.
Beregn summen og gennemsnittet af de tryk, der er registreret for hvert tidsinterval for hvert sæt replikatkolber, og beregn det gennemsnitlige kumulerede bruttogastryk for hvert tidsinterval for hvert sæt replikater.
While it is desirable that chemicals discharged to the environment should be biodegradable under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, it is essential that such chemicals do not inhibit the activity of microorganisms in either zone.
I inhibering i %
Only one test method, C.11 (1), deals with inhibition of bacterial activity (Respiration of activated sludge), which assesses the effect of test chemicals on the rate of oxygen uptake in the presence of substrate.
det producerede gastryk med teststoffet på det valgte tidspunkt, i pascal (Pa)
The method has been widely used to give early warning of possible harmful effects of chemicals on the aerobic treatment of wastewaters, as well as indicating non-inhibitory concentrations of test chemicals to be used in the various tests for biodegradability.
det producerede gastryk i kontrollen på samme tidspunkt, i pascal (Pa).
Test method C.43 (2) offers a limited opportunity for determining the toxicity of a test chemical to gas production by anaerobic sludge, diluted to one tenth of its normal concentration of solids to allow the required precision in the assessment of percentage biodegradation.
Det tilrådes at optegne begge kurver, dvs. kurve I som funktion af koncentration og også som funktion af logaritmen for koncentrationen, således at den kurve, der er tættest på linearitet, kan vælges.
Because diluted sludge could be more sensitive to inhibitory chemicals, the ISO group decided to prepare a method using undiluted sludge.
Vurder EC50-værdien (mg/l) visuelt eller ved regressionsanalyse, ud fra den kurve der er tættest på linearitet.
At least three texts were examined (from Denmark, Germany and the UK) and finally two ISO standards were prepared, one using undiluted sludge, ISO 13 641-1 (3) and the other using one hundredth diluted sludge, ISO 13 641-2 (4), to represent muds and sediments having low bacterial populations.
Med henblik på sammenligning kan det være mere hensigtsmæssigt at udtrykke koncentrationen af kemikaliet som mg kemikalie/g tørstof i alt.
Both methods were subjected to a ring-test (5);
For at opnå denne koncentration divideres volumenkoncentrationen (mg/l) med volumenkoncentrationen af tørre slamfaststoffer (g/l) (punkt 16).
part 1 was confirmed as an acceptable standard but there was disagreement over part 2.
Beregn enten inhiberingen i procent opnået ved den enkelte koncentration af det anvendte referencekemikalie eller EC50, hvis der er undersøgt et tilstrækkeligt antal koncentrationer.
The UK considered that, because a significant proportion of participants reported very little or no gas production, partly because the percentage gas space was too high (at 75 %) for optimal sensitivity, the method requires further investigation.
Omregn det gennemsnitlige tryk for den gas, der er produceret i kontrollen Pc(Pa) til volumen ved henvisning til kalibreringskurven for trykmåleren (tillæg 2), og beregn på grundlag heraf gasudbyttet udtrykt som det volumen, der er produceret på 48 timer af 100 ml ufortyndet slam ved en faststofkoncentration på 2 % (20 g/l) til 4 % (40 g/l).
Earlier work in the UK (6)(7) described a manometric method using undiluted digesting sludge, plus raw sewage sludge as the substrate, in 500 ml flasks;
Validitetskriterier
the apparatus was cumbersome and the stench of the raw sludge was offensive.
Resultater fra ISO-forsøget blandt forskellige laboratorier (5) viste, at referencekemikaliet (3,5-dichlorphenol) forårsagede 50 % inhibering af gasproduktionen i et koncentrationsinterval på 32 mg/l til 510 mg/l, gennemsnit 153 mg/l (punkt 10).
Later the more compact and convenient apparatus of Shelton and Tiedje (8) as developed by Battersby and Wilson (9) was successfully applied by Wilson et al.
Dette interval er så bredt, at faste grænser for inhibering ikke kan fastsættes med sikkerhed som validitetskriterier;
(10).
det bør være muligt, når udviklingen har vist, hvordan man fremstiller mere ensartede inokula.
Kawahara et al (11) successfully prepared more standard sludges in the laboratory for use in tests for anaerobic biodegradability and inhibition on a number of chemicals.
Det volumen gas, der blev produceret i kontrolkolberne på 48 timer, lå på mellem 21 ml/g og 149 ml/g tørre slamfaststoffer (gennemsnit 72 ml/g).
Also, raw sludge as the substrate was replaced to carry out a test either with one hundredth diluted anaerobic sludge or with muds, sediments etc. of low bacterial activity.
Der var ingen åbenlys forbindelse mellem det producerede volumen gas og den tilsvarende EC50-værdi.
This method can provide information that is useful in predicting the likely effect of a test chemical on gas production in anaerobic digesters.
Testrapport
The amount of gas (methane plus carbon dioxide) produced is measured by the increase in pressure (Pa) in the bottles.
generisk navn, kemisk navn, CAS-nummer, strukturformel og relevante fysisk-kemiske egenskaber
The percentage inhibition of gas production brought about by the various concentrations of the test chemical is calculated from the amounts produced in the respective test and control bottles.
renhed (urenheder) af testkemikaliet.
The EC50 and other effective concentrations are calculated from plots of percentage inhibition against the concentration of the test chemicals or, more usually, its logarithm.
volumen af væske og headspace i testbeholderne
Test chemicals should normally be used in the purest form readily available, since impurities in some chemicals, e.g. chlorophenols, can be much more toxic than the test chemical itself.
beskrivelse af testbeholderne og gasmåling (f.eks. type trykmåler)
However, the needs to test chemicals in the form in which they are produced/made commercially available should be considered.
tilsætning af testkemikalie og referencekemikalie til testsystemet, testkoncentrationer anvendte opløsningsmidler og brug af opløsningsmidler
The use of formulated products is not routinely recommended, but for poorly soluble test chemicals the use of formulated material may be appropriate.
oplysninger om anvendt inokulum:
Properties of the test chemical which should be available include solubility in water and some organic solvents, vapour pressure, adsorption coefficient, hydrolysis and biodegradability under anaerobic conditions.
rensningsanlæggets navn, beskrivelse af kilden til det behandlede spildevand (f.eks. driftstemperatur, slamretentionstid, overvejende husholdningsspildevand eller industrielt spildevand osv.), koncentration af faststoffer, gasproduktion i anaerob rådnetank, tidligere eksponering eller mulig præadaptation til toksiske kemikalier eller sted for indsamling af mudder, sedimenter osv.
APPLICABILITY OF THE METHOD
inkubationstemperatur og -interval
The test is applicable to chemicals which are soluble or insoluble in water, including volatile chemicals.
antal replikater.
But special care is necessary with materials of low water-solubility (see ref.
pH-værdier ved afslutningen af testen
(12)) and of high volatility.
alle de måledata, der er indsamlet i test-, blind- og referencekemikaliekontrolbeholderne, alt efter hvad der er relevant (f.eks. tryk i Pa eller millibar), i tabelform
Also, inocula from other anaerobic sites, e.g. muds, saturated soils, sediments, may be used.
inhibering i procent i test- og referencekolberne og inhibering/koncentration-kurver
Anaerobic bacterial systems that have previously been exposed to toxic chemicals may be adapted to maintaining their activity in the presence of xenobiotic chemicals.
beregning af EC50-værdier, udtrykt som mg/l og mg/g
Inocula from adapted bacterial systems may show a higher tolerance to the test chemicals compared to inocula obtained from non-adapted systems.
gasproduktion pr. g slam på 48 timer
To check the procedure, a reference chemical is tested by setting up appropriate vessels in parallel as part of normal test runs;
angivelse af, hvorvidt formålet med testen var at måle toksiciteten for præeksponerede eller ikke-præeksponerede mikroorganismer.
3, 5-dichlorophenol has been shown to be a consistent inhibitor of anaerobic gas production, as well as of oxygen consumption by activated sludge and other biochemical reactions.
Kapitel C.11 i dette bilag:
Two other chemicals have been shown to be more inhibitory to methane production than 3, 5-dichlorophenol, namely methylene bis-thiocyanate and pentachlorophenol but results with them have not been validated.
Aktiveret slam, respirationshæmningstest.
Pentachlorophenol is not recommended since it is not readily available in a pure form.
Kapitel C.43 i dette bilag:
REPRODUCIBILITY OF THE RESULTS
Int.
In an international ring test (5) there was only fair reproducibility in EC50 values between the 10 participating laboratories for 3, 5-dichlorophenol and 2-bromo-ethane sulphonic acid.
Symp. on Ecotoxicology, Ecotoxicological Relevance of Test Methods, GSF Forschungzentrum, Neuherberg, Tyskland (1990).
(The range for the former was 32 mg/l to 502 mg/l and for the latter 220-2190 mg/l.)
C. Steinberg og A. Kettrup, s. 117-132 (1992).
Number of laboratories
Eksempel på et apparat til måling af biogasproduktion ved gastryk
As mg/l
1 Trykmåler
As mg/g sludge
2 3-Gastæt trevejsventil
mean
3 Kanyle
3, 5-Dichlorophenol
4 Gastæt forsegling (crimplåg og septum)
romo-ethane sulphonic acid
5 Headspace
data from ring test — undiluted sludge
6 Inokulum af udrådnet slam
The high coefficients of variation between laboratories to a large extent reflect differences in the sensitivity of the sludge microorganisms due to either pre-exposure or no pre-exposure to the test chemical or other chemically related chemicals.
Testbeholdere i et miljø på 35 °C ± 2 °C
The precision with which the EC50 value based on the sludge concentration was determined was barely better than the “volumetric” value (mg/l).
Omstilling af trykmåleren
The three laboratories which reported the precision of their EC50 values for 3,5-dichlorophenol showed much lower coefficients of variation (22, 9, and 18 % respectively for EC50 mg/g) than those of the means of all ten laboratories.
Trykmåleraflæsningerne kan sættes i forhold til gasvolumen ved hjælp af en standardkurve, hvorfra det producerede volumen gas pr. g tørt slam pr. 48 timer kan beregnes.
The individual means for the three laboratories were 3,1, 3,2 and 2,8 mg/g, respectively.
Dette aktivitetsindeks bruges som et af de kriterier, hvorudfra testresultaternes validitet vurderes.
The lower, acceptable coefficients of variation within laboratories compared with the much higher coefficients between laboratory values, namely 9-22 % cf.
Kalibreringskurven frembringes ved at indsprøjte et kendt volumen gas ved 35 °C ± 2 °C i serumflasker, der indeholder et vandvolumen svarende til reaktionsblandingsvolumenet, VR.
92 %, indicate that there are significant differences in the properties of the individual sludges.
Fordel VR ml aliquoter vand, holdt ved en temperatur på 35 °C ± 2 °C, i fem serumflasker.
Usual laboratory equipment and the following are required:
Forsegl flaskerne, og anbring dem i et vandbad ved 35 °C ± 2 °C i en time med henblik på ækvilibrering.
Incubator — spark-proof and controlled at 35 °C ± 2 °C;
Tænd trykmåleren, lad den stabilisere sig, og indstil til nul.
Pressure-resistant glass test vessels of an appropriate nominal size [4], each fitted with a gas-tight coated septum, capable of withstanding about 2 bar or 2 × 105 Pa (for coating use e.g. PTFE = polytetrafluorethene).
Indsprøjt 1 ml luft med en temperatur på 35 °C ± 2 °C i hver flaske.
Precision pressure-meter [6] and needle attachment
Indfør nålen (på trykmåleren) gennem låget på en af flaskerne, og aflæs trykket, når det stabiliserer sig.
Total gas production (methane plus carbon dioxide) measured by means of a pressure-meter adapted to enable measurement and venting of the gas produced.
Registrer trykket, åbn ventilen, og lad den være åben, indtil trykmåleren viser nul, og luk ventilen.
An example of a suitable instrument is a hand-held precision pressure-meter connected to a syringe needle;
Gentag hele proceduren med 2 ml, 3 ml, 4 ml, 5 ml, 6 ml, 8 ml, 10 ml, 12 ml, 16 ml, 20 ml og 50 ml luft.
a three-way gas-tight valve facilities the release of excess pressure (Appendix 1).
Optegn en omregningskurve for tryk (Pa) som funktion af indsprøjtet volumen gas (ml).
It is necessary to keep the internal volume of the pressure transducer tubing and valve as low as possible, so that errors introduced by neglecting the volume of the equipment are insignificant;
Instrumentets respons er lineært i intervallet 0-70000 Pa, og 0-50 ml gasproduktion.
Insulated containers, for transport of digesting sludge;
Identificerede faktorer, der kan føre til falske resultater
Three-way pressure valves;
Flaskelågenes kvalitet
Sieve, having a 1 mm square mesh;
Forskellige typer septa til serumflaskerne er kommercielt tilgængelige;
Reservoir, for digesting sludge, a glass or high-density polyethylene bottle, capacity about 5 litre, fitted with a stirrer and facilities for passing a stream of nitrogen gas (see paragraph 13) through the headspace;
mange af dem, herunder butylgummi, mister deres stramhed, når de gennembores af en nål under testbetingelserne.
membrane filters (0,2 μm) for sterilising the substrate;
Nogle gange falder trykket meget langsomt, når septum er blevet gennemboret af kanylen.
micro syringes, for the gas-tight connection of the pressure transducer (see paragraph 12(c)) to the headspace in the bottles (see paragraph 12(b));
Brug af gastætte septa anbefales for at forhindre lækager (punkt 12 b).
also for adding insoluble liquid test materials into the bottles;
Fugt i kanylen
glove box, optional but recommended, with a slight positive pressure of nitrogen.
Nogle gange akkumuleres der fugt i kanylen og røret, hvilket kommer til udtryk ved en mindre negativ trykmåling.
Use analytical grade reagents throughout.
For at afhjælpe dette fænomen fjernes nålen, røret omrystes og tørres med en klud, og der isættes en ny nål (punkt 12 c og punkt 35).
Nitrogen gas, of high purity with a content of less than 5 μl/l oxygen, should be used throughout.
Forurening med ilt
If dilution is necessary at any stage, use deionised water previously de-aerated.
Anaerobe metoder kan være behæftet med fejl som følge af forurening med ilt, som kan forårsage lavere gasproduktion.
Analytical controls on this water are not necessary, but ensure that the deionising apparatus is regularly maintained.
I denne metode bør denne mulighed minimeres ved brug af anaerobe teknikker, herunder brug af en handskekasse.
Use deionised water also for the preparation of stock solutions.
Større substrater i slam
Prior to the addition of the anaerobic inoculum to any solution or dilution of test material, make sure that these are oxygen-free.