natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Forskning & innovation
Conversion factors may be higher (or lower) than unity when accounting prices are greater (or smaller) than market prices.
fordele for erhvervslivet (etablering af spin-offs og start-ups, udvikling af nye/bedre produkter og processer, videnafsmitning)
Monetisation of non-market impacts (corrections for externalities): externalities shall be estimated and valued, as appropriate, using stated or revealed preference method (e.g. hedonic pricing) or other methods.
fordele for forskere og studerende (ny forskning, dannelse af menneskelig kapital, udvikling af social kapital)
Economic analysis shall consider direct effects only in order to avoid double-counting while generally shadow pricing and monetisation of externalities account for indirect effects.
fordele for befolkningen i almindelighed (reduktion af miljørisici, reduktion af sundhedsrisici, kulturmæssige virkninger for besøgende)
Financial revenues in the form of user fees, charges and tariffs shall be excluded from the economic analysis, and replaced with estimation of the direct effects on users, either through ‘willingness to pay’ or accounting prices.
Bredbånd
User fees, charges and tariffs especially in sectors not exposed to market competition, in regulated sectors or strongly influenced by political considerations should not be used as a proxy for ‘willingness to pay’ of user.
øget anvendelse og øget kvalitet af digitale tjenester, herunder e-handel, til borgere og virksomheder (navnlig i landdistrikter),
Discounting of the estimated costs and benefits: once the stream of economic costs and benefits is estimated, the standard discounted cash flow methodology shall be applied using a social discount rate (SDR).
øget anvendelse og øget kvalitet af digitale tjenester, herunder e-handel og e-sundhed, til den offentlige administration.
On the basis of Social Rate of Time Preference (SRTP) the following benchmarks for social discount rate are estimated: 4,95 % for Cohesion Member States and 2,77 % for other Member States.
Modvirkning af og tilpasning til klimaforandringer i den økonomiske analyse
For simplification as a general rule a social discount rate of 5 % shall be used as a benchmark in Cohesion Member States (Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Greece, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia) and 3 % in other Member States (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom).
I CBA'en skal der tages hensyn til projektets omkostninger og fordele med hensyn til drivhusgasemissioner og klimaforandringer.
Member States may establish a benchmark for the social discount rate which is different from 5 % or 3 %, on the condition that they:
Fordelene ved disse foranstaltninger, f.eks. foranstaltninger, der er truffet for at reducere drivhusgasemissionerne eller øge modstandsdygtigheden over for ekstreme vejrforhold og andre naturkatastrofer, skal ligeledes vurderes og indgå i den økonomiske analyse, om muligt kvantificeret eller i modsat fald behørigt beskrevet.
provide justification for this reference on the basis of economic growth forecast and other parameters determining the SDR under the SRTP approach; and
Forenklet økonomisk analyse i særlige tilfælde
ensure its consistent application across similar projects in the same country, region or sector.
I visse begrænsede tilfælde, hvor det er meget vanskeligt eller umuligt at kvantificere og værdiansætte fordelene ved et stort projekt, men hvor omkostningerne kan anslås med rimelig sikkerhed, navnlig i forbindelse med store projekter, der skal gennemføres for at sikre overholdelsen af EU-lovgivning, kan der foretages en omkostningseffektivitetsanalyse (CEA).
Information on the different benchmark shall be made available to beneficiaries and the Commission at the start of the operational programme.
I disse tilfælde skal der i vurderingen være fokus på at kontrollere, at projektet er den mest effektive løsning for samfundet til at levere en bestemt og nødvendig tjeneste på de forud fastsatte betingelser.
Calculation of the economic performance indicators
Der skal desuden gives en kvalitativ beskrivelse af de vigtigste økonomiske fordele.
The following economic performance indicators (as defined below) are the key indicators of the economic analysis:
CEA'en foretages ved at beregne enhedsomkostningen for fordele, der ikke kan værdiansættes.
Economic Net Present Value (ENPV) is the main reference indicator for project appraisal.
Fordelene skal kvantificeres, men de skal ikke tillægges en pengeværdi eller en økonomisk værdi.
It is defined as the difference between the discounted total social benefits and costs.
Betingelserne for anvendelse af CEA:
For a major project to be acceptable from an economic standpoint the project's economic net present value should be positive (ENPV>0) demonstrating that the society in a given region or country gains from the project because the project's benefits exceed its costs and therefore, the project should be implemented.
projektet har kun ét projektoutput, der er homogent og let at måle
Economic rate of return (ERR) is the internal rate of return calculated using the economic values and expressing the socio-economic profitability of a project.
dette output er en helt central forsyning, og det er således afgørende at træffe foranstaltninger for at sikre denne forsyning
Economic rate of return should be greater than the social discount rate (ERR>SDR) to justify EU support to a major project.
formålet med det store projekt er at opnå outputtet med minimale omkostninger
Benefit/Cost ratio (B/C) is defined as the net present value of project benefits divided by the net present value of project costs.
der er ingen væsentlige eksternaliteter
Benefit/Cost ratio should be greater than one (B/C>1) to justify EU support to a major project.
der er en række forskellige relevante benchmark til at kontrollere, at den valgte teknologi opfylder mindstekravene til omkostningseffektivitet.
The main economic benefits per sector to be considered in the economic analysis are set out in table 1.
Som fastsat i artikel 101, stk. 1, litra e), i forordning (EU) nr. 1303/2013 skal CBA'en omfatte en risikovurdering.
Additional economic benefits can be added if needed and justified.
Det er påkrævet for at tage højde for den usikkerhed, der altid er til stede i investeringsprojekter.
In some specific cases those benefits may become economic costs e.g. increased vehicle operating costs in certain road projects.
En risikovurdering sætter projektlederen i stand til bedre at forstå, hvordan de beregnede virkninger kan ændre sig, hvis visse nøglevariabler for projektet viser sig at være anderledes end forventet.
Sector/Subsector
En grundig risikoanalyse udgør grundlaget for en sund risikostyringsstrategi, der igen har indvirkning på projektudformningen.
Economic benefits
Der skal være særlig fokus på klimaforandringer og miljøaspekter.
Water supply and sanitation
Risikovurderingen omfatter to trin:
improved access to drinking water and wastewater treatment services in terms of availability, reliability and quality of the service
I følsomhedsanalysen fastslås modellens »kritiske« variabler eller parametre, dvs. de variabler eller parametre, hvis positive eller negative variationer har den største indvirkning på projektets resultatindikator, og der skal tages hensyn til følgende aspekter:
improved drinking water quality
de kritiske variabler er de variabler, for hvilke en variation på 1 % (positiv eller negativ) afstedkommer en variation i NPV på over 1 %
improved quality of surface waters and preservation of ecosystem services due to pollution abatement
analysen foretages ved at ændre et element ad gangen og bestemme indvirkningen af denne ene ændring på NPV
resource cost savings for both producers and customers
omlægningsværdierne angiver, hvilken procentvis ændring i den kritiske variabel der ville gøre NPV lig med nul
improved health
i analysen af scenarier undersøges den samlede indvirkning af fastsatte kritiske variabler, og navnlig kombinationen af optimistiske og pessimistiske værdier i en gruppe af variabler, for at opstille forskellige scenarier, der kan holde under bestemte forudsætninger.
reduction of GHG emissions
Den kvalitative risikoanalyse, herunder risikoforebyggelse og -afbødning, omfatter følgende elementer:
Waste management
en liste over de risici, der er forbundet med projektet
reduction of health and environmental hazards (reduced contamination of air, water, soils)
en risikomatrice med oplysninger for de enkelte konstaterede risici om:
reduction of landfill space/costs (for waste treatment facilities)
de mulige årsager til manglende succes
recovery of materials, energy and production of compost (avoided cost of alternative production/generation, including externalities)
forbindelsen til følsomhedsanalysen, hvis relevant
reduction of GHG emissions (i.e. CO2, CH4)
graden af sandsynlighed (meget usandsynligt, usandsynligt, helt usandsynligt, sandsynligt, meget sandsynligt) og virkningernes omfang i rangorden
Energy
risikoniveauet (=sandsynlighed x virkninger)
Energy Efficiency projects
identifikation af forebyggende og afbødende foranstaltninger, herunder af den enhed, der har ansvaret for at forebygge og afbøde de vigtigste risici, og af relevante standardprocedurer under hensyntagen til bedste praksis, der påtænkes anvendt til at reducere risikoeksponeringen, hvis det anses for nødvendigt
energy savings (expressed by the economic value of energy including externalities)
fortolkning af risikomatricen, herunder en vurdering af de resterende risici efter anvendelsen af forebyggende og afbødende foranstaltninger.
increase of comfort
Derudover kan risikovurderingen (afhængigt af projektets størrelse og adgangen til data) omfatte en probabilistisk risikoanalyse, hvis det er relevant, og den bør foretages, hvis den resterende risikoeksponering stadig er væsentlig.
reduction of GHG and non-GHG emissions
Analysen omfatter følgende trin:
Renewable Energy Sources projects
Sandsynlighedsfordeling for kritiske variabler, der angiver sandsynligheden for en bestemt procentvis ændring i de kritiske variabler.
reduction of energy costs for substitution of the energy source e.g. by displacement of fossil fuels alternatives (expressed by the economic value of energy generated by likely displaced alternative, including externalities)
Det er nødvendigt at beregne sandsynlighedsfordelingen for kritiske variabler for at foretage den kvantitative risikoanalyse.
Electricity/gas grids and infrastructure
Kvantitativ risikoanalyse baseret på en Monte Carlo-simulering til beregning af sandsynlighedsfordelingen og statistiske indikatorer for forventet resultat, STD, osv. for projektets finansielle og økonomiske præstationsindikatorer.
increase and diversification of energy supply (value of incremental gas/electricity supplied, including externalities)
De vigtigste risici på sektorniveau, der skal tages højde for i risikoanalysen, er anført i tabel 2.
increase of security and reliability of energy supply (reduction in supply disruptions)
Medlemsstaterne opfordres (hvis de finder det relevant og/eller muligt) til at opstille nationale retningslinjer for vurdering af en række almindelige projektrisici og en liste over afbødende og forebyggende foranstaltninger i de forskellige sektorer for at bistå projektlederne under udarbejdelsen af den kvalitative risikoanalyse i overensstemmelse med nærværende forordning
reduction of energy costs for substitution of the energy source
Specifikke risici
market integration: variation in surpluses stemming from price alignment effects across places (for transmission) or time (for storage)
Efterspørgselsrisici:
improved energy efficiency
vandforbrug lavere end forventet
Roads, Railways, Public Transport
tilslutning til det offentlige kloaknet langsommere end forventet
reduction in generalised costs (for movement of goods/people):
Designrisici:
time savings
utilstrækkelige undersøgelser, f.eks. unøjagtige hydrologiske prognoser
vehicle operating costs savings
utilstrækkelige skøn over designomkostninger
accident savings
Risici i forbindelse med erhvervelse af jord:
reduction of non-GHG emissions (i.e. local air pollution impacts)
proceduremæssige forsinkelser
reduction of noise emissions (e.g. some urban projects)
højere jordpriser end forventet
Airports, Seaports, Intermodal
Administrations- og indkøbsrisici:
reduction in generalised costs (for movement of goods/people)
byggetilladelser og andre tilladelser
quality of service improvements (e.g. provision of airport contact gates)
godkendelser af forsyningstjeneste
reduction of non-GHG emissions
retslige procedurer
reduction of noise emissions
Konstruktionsrisici:
Research & Innovation
projektudgiftsoverskridelser og anlægsforsinkelser
benefits to businesses (establishment of spin-offs and start-ups, development of new/improved products and processes; knowledge spillovers)
kontrahentrelaterede risici (konkurs, manglende ressourcer)
benefit to researchers and students (new research, human capital formation, social capital development)
Operationelle risici:
benefits to the general public (reduction of environmental risks, reduction of health risks, cultural effects for visitors)
pålidelighed af identificerede vandkilder (mængde/kvalitet)
Broadband
omkostninger til vedligeholdelse og reparation højere end forventet, flere tekniske nedbrud
Increased take-up and improved quality of digital services, including e-Commerce, for citizens and businesses (especially in rural areas);
Finansielle risici:
Increased take-up and improved quality of digital services, including e-Government and e-Health, for public administration.
takststigninger langsommere end forventet
Climate change mitigation and adaptation in the economic analysis
takstopkrævning lavere end forventet
The CBA must take into account costs and benefits of the project in the context of Greenhouse Gas emissions and climate change.
Reguleringsrisici
The quantification of the project's Greenhouse Gas emissions and the estimate of economic cost of carbon (or CO2) emissions used to monetise the externalities of such emissions shall be based on a transparent methodology aligned with the EU 2050 decarbonisation objectives.
uventede politiske eller lovgivningsmæssige faktorer, der påvirker vandprisen
As for climate adaptation, costs of measures aiming at enhancing the resilience of the project to climate change impacts that are duly justified in feasibility studies should be included in the economic analysis.
Andre risici:
The benefits of those measures, e.g. measures taken to limit the emissions of GHG or enhance the resilience to climate change and weather extremes and other natural disasters, should also be assessed and included in the economic analysis, if possible quantified, otherwise they should be properly described.
offentlig modstand
Simplified economic analysis in special cases
affaldsproduktion lavere end forventet
In certain limited cases where the benefits of a major project are very difficult or impossible to quantify and monetise, but where costs can be predicted with reasonable confidence, notably for major projects driven by necessity to ensure compliance with EU legislation, a cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) can be performed.
kontrol/levering af spildevandsudledning utilstrækkelig
In such cases the appraisal shall focus on verifying that the project is the most efficient solution for the society to supply a given, necessary service at the pre-defined conditions set out.
utilstrækkelige undersøgelser
In addition, qualitative description of main economic benefits should be provided.
valg af uegnet teknologi
CEA is carried out by calculating the cost per unit of ‘non monetised’ benefit and is required to quantify benefits but not to attach a monetary price or economic value to the benefits.
byggetilladelser og andre tilladelser
The conditions for applying CEA are as follows:
godkendelser af forsyningstjeneste
the project produces only one project output which is homogenous and easily measurable;
affaldssammensætningen en anden end forventet eller med uventet store variationer
this output is a crucial supply, entailing that action to secure it is essential;
procesoutput opfylder ikke kvalitetsmål
the aim of the major project is to achieve the output at minimum cost;
manglende overholdelse af grænserne for emissioner fra anlægget (til luft og/eller vand)
there are no significant externalities;
Reguleringsrisici:
there is a wide evidence of appropriate benchmarks to verify that the chosen technology meets the minimum required cost performance criteria.
ændringer af miljøkrav, økonomiske og regulerende instrumenter (indførelse af deponeringsafgifter, forbud mod deponering)
As set out in Article 101(1)(e) of Regulation (EU) No 1303/2013, a risk assessment must be included in the CBA.
manglende efterspørgsel
This is required to deal with the uncertainty that always permeates investment projects.
udvikling af priserne på forskellige konkurrerende brændstoffer
Risk assessment enables the project promoter to better understand the way the estimated impacts are likely to change should some key project variables turn out to be different from those expected.
mangelfuld analyse af klimaforhold, der påvirker energiefterspørgslen vedrørende opvarmning og/eller køling
A thorough risk analysis constitutes the basis for a sound risk-management strategy, which in turn feeds back into the project design.
utilstrækkelige undersøgelser på stedet
Particular attention should be paid to climate change and environmental aspects.
innovation i energiproduktions-/-transmissions- eller –oplagringsteknologi, der gør innovationen i projektet forældet
The risk assessment shall comprise two steps:
Risici i forbindelse med erhvervelse af jord:
Sensitivity analysis, which determines the ‘critical’ variables or parameters of the model i.e. those whose variations, positive or negative, have the greatest impact on the project's performance indicators, shall take the following aspects into consideration:
proceduremæssige forsinkelser Indkøbsrisici:
the critical variables are the ones whose 1 % variation results in more than 1 % variation of the NPV;
større udgifter til køb af anlægsrettigheder
the analysis is carried out by varying one element at a time and determining the effect of that change on the NPV;
oversvømmelser, jordskred osv.
the switching values are defined as the percentage change the critical variable should assume to make the NPV equal to zero;
ulykker
scenario analysis allowing the study of the combined impact of determined sets of critical values and in particular, the combination of optimistic and pessimistic values of a group of variables to build different scenarios, which may hold under certain hypotheses.
omkostninger til vedligeholdelse og reparation højere end forventet, flere tekniske nedbrud, f.eks. følge af indvirkningen af klimaforandringer
Qualitative risk analysis including risk prevention and mitigation, which shall include the following elements:
lange forsyningsafbrydelser som følge af ulykker eller eksterne forhold
a list of risks to which the project is exposed;
ændringer i takstsystemet og/eller incitamentsystemet
a risk matrix showing for each identified risk:
mangelfuldt estimat over energipristendenserne
the possible causes of failure,
ændringer af miljøkrav, økonomiske instrumenter (VE-støtteordninger, EU's ETS-system)
the link with the sensitivity analysis, where applicable,
Veje, jernbaner, offentlig transport, lufthavne, søhavne, intermodal transport
the negative effects generated on the project,
andre trafikprognoser end forventet
the ranked (e.g. very unlikely, unlikely, about as likely as not, likely, very likely) levels of probability of occurrence and of the severity of impact,
byggetilladelser
the risk level (i.e. combination of probability and impact).
projektudgiftsoverskridelser
identification of prevention and mitigation measures, including the entity in charge of preventing and mitigating the main risks, standard procedures, where appropriate and taking into account best practices, where possible, to be applied to reduce risk exposure, where considered necessary.
arkæologiske fund
interpretation of risk matrix including an assessment of the residual risks after the application of prevention and mitigation measures;
højere drifts- og vedligeholdelsesomkostninger end forventet
In addition the risk assessment may, where appropriate (depending on project size, data availability), and should, where the residual risk exposure is still significant, include the probabilistic risk analysis, which involves the following steps:
afgiftsopkrævning lavere end forventet
Probability distributions for critical variables informing about the likelihood of occurring a given percentage change in the critical variables.
ændringer af miljøkrav
Computing the probability distribution of critical variables is necessary to carry out a quantitative risk analysis.
udvikling af relevant industri (efterspørgsel efter forskningsresultater og efterspørgsel efter privat forskning)
Quantitative risk analysis based on Montecarlo simulation, providing probability distributions and statistical indicators for expected result, STD, etc. of project financial and economic performance indicators.
udvikling på arbejdsmarkedet (efterspørgsel efter universitetsuddannede og indvirkning på efterspørgslen efter uddannelsestjenester på området)
The main risks per sector to be taken into account in the risk assessment are set out in Table 2.
almen interesse anderledes end forventet
In order to assist the project promoters in preparation of qualitative risk analysis in line with this Regulation, Member States are encouraged (if they consider this appropriate and/or feasible) to develop national guidelines on valuation of certain standard project risks, and list of mitigation and prevention measures across sectors.
uhensigtsmæssig udvælgelse af sted eller forsinkelser i fuldførelse af projektdesign
Specific risks
opfindelse af en ny FUI-teknologi, der gør infrastrukturens teknologi forældet
Demand risks:
mangel på veletableret teknisk ingeniørekspertise
Water consumption lower than predicted
Administrations- og indkøbsrisici:
Connection rate to public sewage system slower than predicted
forsinkelser i udstedelse af byggetilladelser
Design risks:
uafklarede ejendomsrettigheder
Inadequate surveys and investigation e.g. inaccurate hydrological predictions
forsinkelser i erhvervelse af intellektuelle ejendomsrettigheder eller større udgifter til erhvervelsen heraf
Inadequate design cost estimates
proceduremæssige forsinkelse i udvælgelse af leverandør og i undertegnelse af indkøbsaftale
Land acquisition risks:
flaskehalse fra forsyningssiden
Procedural delays
projektforsinkelser og udgiftsoverskridelser i forbindelse med installeringen af videnskabeligt udstyr
Land cost higher than predicted
mangel på brugsklare løsninger til imødekommelse af behov, der er opstået under anlægget eller driften af infrastrukturen
Administrative and procurement risks:
forsinkelser i komplementært arbejde uden for projektlederens kontrol
building or other permits
mangel på akademisk personale/forskere
utility approval
uv entede komplikationer i forbindelse med installering af specialiseret udstyr
Legal proceedings
forsinkelser i at få gang i udstyret i fuldt omfang og på en pålidelig måde
Construction risks:
utilstrækkelig produktion af forskningsresultater
Project cost overruns and delays in construction
uventede miljøpåvirkninger/ulykker
Contractor related (bankruptcy, lack of resources)
utilstrækkelige bevillinger på nationalt/regionalt niveau i driftsfasen
Operational risks:
mangelfuldt skøn over finansielle indtægter
Reliability of identified water sources (quantity/quality)
manglende imødekommelser af behov hos brugerne
Maintenance and repair costs higher than predicted, accumulation of technical breakdowns
uhensigtsmæssigt system til beskyttelse og udnyttelse af intellektuelle ejendomsrettigheder
Financial risks:
tab af eksisterende kunder/brugere som følge af konkurrence fra andre F&U-centre
Tariff increases slower than predicted
Kontekst- og reguleringsrisici:
Tariff collection lower than predicted
ændring af retningen af den strategiske politik
Regulatory risks