natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Efter Kommissionens opfattelse passer dette med den standard, som Domstolen har sat i Schrems-dommen, ifølge hvilken den lovgivning, som indebærer et indgreb i de ved chartrets artikel 7 og 8 sikrede grundlæggende rettigheder, skal indføre »minimumsgarantier« [98] og »på generel vis tillader opbevaring af samtlige personoplysninger fra samtlige de personer, hvis oplysninger er blevet overført fra Unionen til USA, uden at der bliver foretaget nogen form for differentiering, begrænsning eller undtagelse under hensyn til det forfulgte mål, og uden at der bliver fastsat noget objektivt kriterium, som gør det muligt at afgrænse de offentlige myndigheders adgang til oplysningerne og deres senere anvendelse heraf med henblik på veldefinerede formål, der er strengt begrænsede, og som kan begrunde det indgreb, som såvel adgangen til disse oplysninger som anvendelsen heraf indebærer, er således ikke begrænset til det strengt nødvendige« [99].
To qualify for retention or dissemination as foreign intelligence, personal information must relate to an authorized intelligence requirement, as determined in the NIPF process described above; be reasonably believed to be evidence of a crime; or meet one of the other standards for retention of U.S. person information identified in Executive Order 12333, section 2.3.
Der vil heller ikke være ubegrænset indsamling og opbevaring af oplysninger for alle personer uden nogen begrænsninger eller ubegrænset adgang.
Information for which no such determination has been made may not be retained for more than five years, unless the DNI expressly determines that continued retention is in the national security interests of the United States.
Agenturernes procedurer skal navnlig sikre, at alvorlige tilfælde af manglende overholdelse, der involverer personoplysninger, uanset for hvem og uanset nationalitet, indsamlet gennem signalefterretning, straks indberettes til lederen af efterretningsenheden, som herefter underretter direktøren for National Intelligence, der i henhold til PPD-28 beslutter, om der skal træffes korrigerende foranstaltninger [120].
In addition, all agency policies implementing PPD-28 now explicitly require that information about a person may not be disseminated solely because an individual is a non-U.S. person, and ODNI has issued a directive to all IC elements [8] to reflect this requirement.
I henhold til E.O.
Intelligence Community personnel are specifically required to consider the privacy interests of non-U.S. persons when drafting and disseminating intelligence reports.
I henhold til National Security Act, »sikrer præsidenten, at kongressens efterretningsudvalg orienteres fuldt ud og løbende om amerikanske efterretningsaktiviteter, herunder om betydelige forventede efterretningsaktiviteter som krævet i dette afsnit« [123].
In particular, signals intelligence about the routine activities of a foreign person would not be considered foreign intelligence that could be disseminated or retained permanently by virtue of that fact alone unless it is otherwise responsive to an authorized foreign intelligence requirement.
Det anføres ligeledes, at »præsidenten sikrer, at enhver ulovlig efterretningsaktivitet og enhver gennemført eller planlagt korrigerende foranstaltning over for denne ulovlige aktivitet straks indberettes til kongressens efterretningsudvalg« [124].
This recognizes an important limitation and is responsive to European Commission concerns about the breadth of the definition of foreign intelligence as set forth in Executive Order 12333.
I henhold til FISA skal den amerikanske justitsminister f.eks. »orientere« Repræsentanternes Hus og Senatets efterretnings- og retsudvalg »fuldt ud« om regeringens aktiviteter i henhold til bestemte paragraffer i FISA [126].
d.
I bestemmelserne om adgang til retlig prøvelse i Administrative Procedure Act [191] slås det fast, at »enhver person, mod hvem der er begået juridisk uret på grund af et agenturs foranstaltninger, eller som er blevet krænket eller forurettet herved« kan begære retligs prøvelse [192].
In addition, the Department of Justice provides extensive oversight of intelligence activities, and oversight is also provided by the Department of Defense.
Det omfatter muligheden for at anmode domstolen om at »erklære agenturets foranstaltninger, konstateringer og konklusioner for ulovlige og annullere dem, hvis de er vilkårlige, ustadige eller udtryk for magtmisbrug eller på anden vis ikke i overensstemmelse med loven« [193].
Inspectors General are statutorily independent; have broad power to conduct investigations, audits and reviews of programs, including of fraud and abuse or violation of law; and can recommend corrective actions.
Se også det supplerende princip om »Obligatoriske aftaler om videreoverførsel« (bilag II, afsnit III, punkt 10.b).
While Inspector General recommendations are non-binding, the Inspector General's reports are often made public, and in any event are provided to Congress; this includes follow-up reports in case corrective action recommended in previous reports has not yet been completed.
Selv om dette princip giver mulighed for overførsler, der også er baseret på ikke-kontraktlige instrumenter (f.eks. koncerninterne overholdelses- og kontrolprogrammer), fremgår det klart af teksten, at disse instrumenter altid skal »sikre kontinuitet i beskyttelsen af personoplysninger i henhold til principperne«.
Congress is therefore informed of any non-compliance and can exert pressure, including through budgetary means, to achieve corrective action.
Se Sec.
Other IC elements have their own privacy officers.
, (b) i E.O.
The Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board (PCLOB), an independent body established by statute, is charged with analyzing and reviewing counterterrorism programs and policies, including the use of signals intelligence, to ensure that they adequately protect privacy and civil liberties.
For så vidt som det præsidentielle dekret er offentligt tilgængeligt, definerer det efterretningsindsatsens formål, retning, opgaver og ansvarsområder (herunder de forskellige efterretningsenheders rolle) og fastlægger de generelle parametre for udøvelsen af efterretningsaktiviteter (navnlig nødvendigheden af at fastlægge specifikke procedureregler).
It has issued several public reports on intelligence activities.
I henhold til Sec.
As discussed more fully below, the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court, a court composed of independent federal judges, is responsible for oversight and compliance of any signals intelligence collection activities conducted pursuant to FISA.
12333 er direktøren for National Security Agency ((NSA) — Director of the National Security Agency — den funktionelle leder af signalefterretning og styrer en fælles organisation for signalefterretningsaktiviteter.
Apart from these formal oversight mechanisms, the Intelligence Community has in place numerous mechanisms to ensure that the Intelligence Community is complying with the limitations on collection described above.
For en definition af de amerikanske efterretningstjenester (»Intelligence Community«) se Sec.
For example:
4(b),(c) i PPD-28.
Cabinet officials are required to validate their signals intelligence requirements each year.
Se også ODNI Status Report 2014.
Additional procedures ensure that selection terms are reviewed periodically.
Med hensyn til anmodninger om indsigt under Sec.
Based on a recommendation from an independent Review Group appointed by President Obama, the DNI has established a new mechanism to monitor the collection and dissemination of signals intelligence that is particularly sensitive because of the nature of the target or the means of collection, to ensure that it is consistent with the determinations of policymakers.
Det bør ligeledes bemærkes, at de forskellige efterretningsenheder i henhold til Sec.
Finally, ODNI annually reviews the IC's allocation of resources against the NIPF priorities and the intelligence mission as a whole.
12333 »anvender de mindst indgribende indsamlingsteknikker i USA«.
This review includes assessments of the value of all types of intelligence collection, including signals intelligence, and looks both backward — how successful has the IC been in achieving its goals? — and forward — what will the IC need in the future?
ODNI's udredninger (bilag VI), s. 2.
As evidenced by this comprehensive overview, the Intelligence Community does not decide on its own which conversations to listen to, try to collect everything, or operate free from scrutiny.
De anførte begrænsninger i E.O.
Its activities are focused on priorities set by policymakers, through a process that involves input from across the government, and that is overseen both within NSA and by the ODNI, Department of Justice, and Department of Defense.
I dette retsgrundlag stilles der krav om en »erklæring om de faktiske forhold og omstændigheder, som den anmodende part gør gældende for at begrunde sin antagelse om, at (A) målet for den elektroniske overvågning er en fremmed magt eller en agent fra en fremmed magt«, og sidstnævnte kan omfatte ikke-amerikanske personer involveret i international terrorisme eller international spredning af masseødelæggelsesvåben (herunder forberedende foranstaltninger) (50 U.S.C. § 1801 (b)(1)).
PPD-28 also contains numerous other provisions to ensure that personal information collected pursuant to signals intelligence is protected, regardless of nationality.
Der er imidlertid kun en teoretisk forbindelse til personoplysninger overført under EU's og USA's værn om privatlivets fred, da redegørelsen for sagens kendsgerninger også skal begrunde antagelsen om, at »de enkelte faciliteter eller steder, der skal overvåges elektronisk, anvendes eller snart vil blive anvendt af en fremmed magt eller en agent fra en fremmed magt«.
For instance, PPD-28 provides for data security, access, and quality procedures to protect personal information collected through signals intelligence, and provides for mandatory training to ensure that the workforce understands the responsibility to protect personal information, regardless of nationality.
For at opnå denne tilladelse skal der under alle omstændigheder indgives en anmodning til FISC, der bl.a. vil vurdere, om der på grundlag af de forelagte faktiske forhold er begrundet mistanke ( »probable cause«) om, at dette reelt er tilfældet.
The PPD also provides for additional oversight and compliance mechanisms.
Selv om FBI i henhold til Sec.
Additionally, PPD-28 provides that significant compliance issues related to non-U.S. persons will be addressed at senior levels of government.
501 i FISA (ex-Sec.
Should a significant compliance issue occur involving the personal information of any person collected as a result of signals intelligence activities, the issue must, in addition to any existing reporting requirements, be reported promptly to the DNI.
215 U.S. PATRIOT ACT) har bemyndigelse til at anmode om en retsafgørelse om udlevering af »materielle genstande« (navnlig telefonmetadata, men også forretningsoplysninger) til udenlandske efterretningsformål, kan amerikanske efterretningselementer i henhold til Sec.
If the issue involves the personal information of a non-U.S. person, the DNI, in consultation with the Secretary of State and the head of the relevant IC element, will determine whether steps should be taken to notify the relevant foreign government, consistent with the protection of sources and methods and of U.S. personnel.
702 i FISA søge indsigt i oplysninger, herunder i indholdet af internetkommunikation, fra USA, men som vedrører ikke-amerikanske personer uden for USA.
Moreover, as directed by PPD-28, the Secretary of State has identified a senior official, Under Secretary Catherine Novelli, to serve as a point of contact for foreign governments that wish to raise concerns regarding signals intelligence activities of the United States.
I henhold til denne bestemmelse kan FBI anmode om materielle ting — »tangible things« — (f.eks. optegnelser, papirer, dokumenter) ved at dokumentere over for den amerikanske domstol for overvågning af efterretningsvirksomhed i udlandet, Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court (FISC), at der er rimelige grunde til at antage, at de er relevante for en specifik FBI-undersøgelse.
This commitment to high-level engagement exemplifies the efforts the U.S. government has made over the past few years to instill confidence in the numerous and overlapping privacy protections in place for U.S. person and non-U.S. person information.
Ved søgningen skal FBI anvende FISC-godkendte selektorer, hvor der er en begrundet og klar mistanke ( »reasonable, articulable suspicion«) om, at disse termer er relateret til en eller flere fremmede magter eller deres agenter involveret i international terrorisme eller forberedelse heraf.
e.
4(a)(ii) i PPD-28.
In particular, these processes ensure that our Intelligence Community focuses on its national security mission as authorized by applicable laws, executive orders, and presidential directives; safeguards information from unauthorized access, use and disclosure; and conducts its activities under multiple layers of review and oversight, including by congressional oversight committees.
2.3 i E.O.
Personal information obtained through U.S. signals intelligence collection is subject to the principles and requirements of U.S. law and Presidential direction, including the protections set forth in PPD-28.
4(a)(i) i PPD-28, ODNI's udredninger (bilag VI), s. 7.
These principles and requirements ensure that all persons are treated with dignity and respect, regardless of their nationality or wherever they might reside, and recognize that all persons have legitimate privacy interests in the handling of their personal information.
Hvad angår personoplysninger indsamlet i henhold til Sec.
FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE SURVEILLANCE ACT — SECTION 702
702 i FISA, Minimization Procedures, Sec.
Collection under Section 702 of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act [11] is not ‘mass and indiscriminate’ but is narrowly focused on the collection of foreign intelligence from individually identified legitimate targets; is clearly authorized by explicit statutory authority; and is subject to both independent judicial supervision and substantial review and oversight within the Executive Branch and Congress.
6(a)(1), NSA CLPO, NSA's Implementation of Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act, Sec.
Collection under Section 702 is considered signals intelligence subject to the requirements of PPD-28 [12].
702 i FISA kun til godkendte udenlandske efterretnings- eller retshåndhævelsesformål.
It authorizes the acquisition of foreign intelligence information through targeting of non-U.S. persons located outside the United States, with the compelled assistance of U.S. electronic communications service providers.
Se også Inspector General Act fra 1978, paragraf 4(5),.
The certifications also are required to include ‘targeting’ and ‘minimization’ procedures that must be reviewed and approved by the FISA Court [18].
Jf. United States Code, afsnit 50, paragraf 1808, 1846, 1862, 1871 og 1881f.
Moreover, as described above, in PPD-28 the President directed that the Intelligence Community provide additional protections for personal information about non-U.S. persons, and those protections apply to information collected under Section 702.
Jf. United States Code, afsnit 50, paragraf 1881 a(l)(1).
Collection is targeted through the use of individual selectors, such as e-mail addresses or telephone numbers, which U.S. intelligence personnel have determined are likely being used to communicate foreign intelligence information of the type covered by the certification submitted to the court [20].
L. No. 114-23, Sec.
The basis for selection of the target must be documented, and the documentation for every selector is subsequently reviewed by the Department of Justice [21].
602(a).
The U.S.
215 Report, s. 178.
Information collected under Section 702 is subject to the court-approved minimization procedures, which provide protections to non-U.S. persons as well as U.S. persons, and which have been publicly released [23].
Brev fra Reggie B. Walton, retspræsident for U.S.
For example, communications acquired under Section 702, whether of U.S. persons or non-U.S. persons, are stored in databases with strict access controls.
FISCR består af tre dommere udnævnt af USA's højesteretspræsident og hentet fra amerikanske distriktsdomstole eller appeldomstole, og de sidder i en forskudt 7-årig embedsperiode.
Use of the data is limited to identification of foreign intelligence information or evidence of a crime [25].
Se United States Code, afsnit 50, paragraf 1803 (b), 1861 a (f), 1881 a (h), 1881 a (i)(4).
Pursuant to PPD-28, this information may be disseminated only if there is a valid foreign intelligence or law enforcement purpose; the mere fact that one party to the communication is not a U.S. person is not sufficient [26].
United States Code, afsnit 50, paragraf 1804(a), 1801 (g).
And the minimization procedures and PPD-28 also set limits on how long data acquired pursuant to Section 702 may be retained [27].
United States Code, afsnit 50, paragraf 1803 (i)(1),(3)(A).
Oversight of Section 702 is extensive, and is conducted by all three branches of our government.
United States Code, afsnit 50, paragraf 1861.
Those incidents are investigated, and all compliance incidents are reported to the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court, the President's Intelligence Oversight Board, and Congress, and remedied as appropriate [28].
United States Code, afsnit 50, paragraf 1861(b).
To date, there have been no incidents of willful attempts to violate the law or circumvent legal requirements [29].
United States Code, afsnit 50, paragraf 1881a (a).
The FISA Court plays an important role in implementing Section 702.
United States Code, afsnit 50, paragraf 1881a (h).
It is composed of independent federal judges who serve for a term of seven years on the FISA Court but who, like all federal judges, have life tenure as judges.
United States Code, afsnit 50, paragraf 1881a (g).
As noted above, the Court must review the annual certifications and targeting and minimization procedures for compliance with the law.
United States Code, afsnit 50, paragraf 1881a.
In addition, as also noted above, the Government is required to notify the Court immediately of compliance issues [30], and several Court opinions have been declassified and released showing the exceptional degree of judicial scrutiny and independence it exercises in reviewing those incidents.
10 i Classified Information Procedures Act skal den amerikanske regering i forbindelse med enhver retsforfølgning, hvor den amerikanske regering skal dokumentere, at materiale udgør klassificerede informationer (f.eks. fordi det skal beskyttes mod uautoriseret videregivelse af nationale sikkerhedshensyn), desuden underrette sagsøgte om, hvilke dele af materialet, som den amerikanske regering med rimelighed forventer at anvende til at dokumentere de klassificerede informationer, som lovovertrædelsen omfatter.
This degree of involvement by a country's independent judiciary in foreign intelligence activities directed at persons who are neither citizens of that country nor located within it is unusual if not unprecedented, and helps ensure that Section 702 collection occurs within appropriate legal limits.
United States Code, afsnit 18, paragraf 2712.
Congress exercises oversight through statutorily required reports to the Intelligence and Judiciary Committees, and frequent briefings and hearings.
United States Code, afsnit 18, paragraf 2701-2712.
These include a semiannual report by the Attorney General documenting the use of Section 702 and any compliance incidents [33]; a separate semiannual assessment by the Attorney General and the DNI documenting compliance with the targeting and minimization procedures, including compliance with the procedures designed to ensure that collection is for a valid foreign intelligence purpose [34]; and an annual report by heads of intelligence elements which includes a certification that collection under Section 702 continues to produce foreign intelligence information [35].In short, collection under Section 702 is authorized by law; subject to multiple levels of review, judicial supervision and oversight; and, as the FISA Court stated in a recently declassified opinion, is ‘not conducted in a bulk or indiscriminate manner,’ but ‘through. .. discrete targeting decisions for individual [communication] facilities’ [36].
United States Code, afsnit 5, paragraf 552.
The USA FREEDOM Act, signed into law in June 2015, significantly modified U.S. surveillance and other national security authorities, and increased public transparency on the use of these authorities and on decisions of the FISA Court, as set out below [37].
Den amerikanske højesteret har gentagne gange henvist til ransagninger uden kendelse som »undtagelser«.
The Act ensures that our intelligence and law enforcement professionals have the authorities they need to protect the Nation, while further ensuring that individuals' privacy is appropriately protected when these authorities are employed.
Den amerikanske højesteret har ligeledes jævnligt understreget, at »den mest grundlæggende forfatningregel på området er, at ransagninger foretaget uden retslig proces og uden en dommers forudgående godkendelse, i sig selv er urimelige i henhold til fjerde amendment, med undtagelse af ganske få specifikke og velafgrænsede tilfælde«.
The Act prohibits bulk collection of any records, including of both U.S. and non-U.S. persons, pursuant to various provisions of FISA or through the use of National Security Letters, a form of statutorily authorized administrative subpoenas [38].
443, 454-55 (1971), G.M.
This prohibition specifically includes telephone metadata relating to calls between persons inside the U.S. and persons outside the U.S., and would also include collection of Privacy Shield information pursuant to these authorities.
Jf. United States Code, afsnit 5, paragraf 704.
The Act requires that the government base any application for records under those authorities on a ‘specific selection term’—a term that specifically identifies a person, account, address, or personal device in a way that limits the scope of information sought to the greatest extent reasonably practicable [39].
United States Code, afsnit 18, paragraf 2510 ff.
This further ensures that collection of information for intelligence purposes is precisely focused and targeted.The Act also made significant modifications to proceedings before the FISA Court, which both increase transparency and provide additional assurances that privacy will be protected.
United States Code, afsnit 28, paragraf 2671 ff.
As noted above, it authorized creation of a standing panel of security-cleared lawyers with expertise in privacy and civil liberties, intelligence collection, communications technology, or other relevant areas, who may be appointed to appear before the court as amicus curiae in cases that involve significant or novel interpretations of law.
United States Code, afsnit 12, paragraf 3401 ff.
These lawyers are authorized to make legal arguments that advance the protection of individual privacy and civil liberties, and will have access to any information, including classified information, that the court determines is necessary to their duties [40].The Act also builds on the U.S.
United States Code, afsnit 15, paragraf 1681-1681x.
Government's unprecedented transparency about intelligence activities by requiring the DNI, in consultation with the Attorney General, to either declassify, or publish an unclassified summary of, each decision, order, or opinion issued by the FISA Court or the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review that includes a significant construction or interpretation of any provision of law.