natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Det fastslås i kapitel 2 i Federal Arbitration Act (»FAA«), at »en voldgiftsaftale eller voldgiftskendelse, der følger af et kontraktligt eller ikkekontraktligt retsforhold, som betragtes som kommercielt, herunder en transaktion, kontrakt eller aftale som beskrevet i [Section 2 i FAA], henhører under konventionen [om anerkendelse og fuldbyrdelse af udenlandske voldgiftskendelser af 10. juni 1958, 21 U.S.T. 2519, T.I.A.S. No. 6997 (»New York-konventionen«)] «.
The United States must disclose to Congress and to the public each year the number of FISA orders and certifications sought and received; estimates of the number of U.S. persons and non-U.S. persons targeted and affected by surveillance; and the number of appointments of amici curiae, among other items of information [41].
Idem.
For example, one major company's recent transparency report shows that it received national security requests (pursuant to FISA or National Security Letters) affecting fewer than 20000 of its accounts, at a time when it had at least 400 million subscribers.
I henhold til kapitel 2 »kan enhver part i voldgiftssagen anmode enhver kompetent domstol under dette kapitel om en kendelse, der bekræfter voldgiftskendelsen afsagt mod enhver anden part i voldgiftssagen.
In other words, all U.S. national security requests reported by this company affected fewer than 0,005 % of its subscribers.
Domstolen bekræfter voldgiftskendelsen, medmindre den konstaterer tilstedeværelsen af en af de grunde til at nægte eller udsætte anerkendelsen eller fuldbyrdelsen af voldgiftskendelsen, der er angivet i New York]-konventionen«.
Even if every one of those requests had concerned Safe Harbor data, which of course is not the case, it is obvious that the requests are targeted and appropriate in scale, and are neither bulk nor indiscriminate.
Det fastslås endvidere i kapitel 2, at »distriktsdomstolene (district courts) i USA […] har oprindelig kompetence over […] sager [omfattet af New York-konventionen], uanset beløbsstørrelsen«.
TRANSPARENCY
Idem § 208.
The Intelligence Community has published many of its policies, procedures, Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court decisions, and other declassified materials, providing an extraordinary degree of transparency.
Det fastslås i kapitel 1, at »en skriftlig bestemmelse i […] en kontrakt om en transaktion, der involverer handel, hvor en strid, der efterfølgende opstår som følge af denne kontrakt eller transaktion eller af nægtelsen af at opfylde hele eller dele heraf, skal afgøres ved voldgift, eller en skriftlig aftale om, at en eksisterende tvist opstået som følge af en sådan aftale, transaktion eller nægtelse skal afgøres ved voldgift, er gyldig, uigenkaldelig og eksigibel, medmindre der er andre grunde i henhold til loven eller ifølge billighedsretten for ophævelse af kontrakter«.
In addition, the Intelligence Community has substantially increased its disclosure of statistics on the government's use of national security collection authorities.
Idem § 2.
On April 22, 2015, the Intelligence Community issued its second annual report presenting statistics on how often the government uses these important authorities.
Det fastslås endvidere i kapitel 1, at »enhver part i voldgiftssagen kan anmode den kompetente domstol om en kendelse, der bekræfter voldgiftskendelsen, og domstolen skal herefter afsige en sådan kendelse, medmindre voldgiftskendelsen omstødes, ændres eller rettes som foreskrevet i Section 10 og Section 11 i [FAA]«.
ODNI also has published, on the ODNI website and on IC On the Record, a set of concrete transparency principles [45] and an implementation plan that translates the principles into concrete, measurable initiatives [46].
i. I henhold til principperne til værn om privatlivets fred er retten til indsigt af afgørende betydning for beskyttelsen af privatlivets fred, især fordi den giver den enkelte mulighed for at kontrollere nøjagtigheden af sine personoplysninger.
In October 2015, the Director of National Intelligence directed that each intelligence agency designate an Intelligence Transparency Officer within its leadership to foster transparency and lead transparency initiatives [47].
Hvis europæiske arbejdstagere klager over krænkelser af deres ret til databeskyttelse og ikke er tilfredse med resultaterne af de forskellige interne kontrol-, klage- eller appelprocedurer (eller enhver anden klageprocedure inden for rammerne af en kontrakt med en fagforening), skal de henvises til de kompetente nationale databeskyttelses- eller arbejdsmarkedsmyndigheder i den jurisdiktion, de arbejder i. Dette gælder også i sager, hvor ansvaret for den formodede forkerte behandling af deres personoplysninger påhviler det amerikanske foretagende, der har modtaget oplysningerne fra arbejdsgiveren, og således medfører et formodet brud på principperne til værn af privatlivets fred.
The Transparency Officer will work closely with each intelligence agency's Privacy and Civil Liberties Officer to ensure that transparency, privacy, and civil liberties continue to remain top priorities.As an example of these efforts, NSA's Chief Privacy and Civil Liberties Officer has released several unclassified reports over the past few years, including reports on activities under section 702, Executive Order 12333, and the USA FREEDOM Act [48].
b. Denne liste er blot beskrivende og ikke udtømmende, eftersom der i den private sektor kan oprettes yderligere håndhævelsesmekanismer, når blot kravene i princippet om klageadgang, håndhævelse og ansvar og de supplerende principper overholdes.
In addition, the IC works closely with the PCLOB, Congress, and the U.S. privacy advocacy community to provide further transparency relating to U.S. intelligence activities, wherever feasible and consistent with the protection of sensitive intelligence sources and methods.
Afsnit I.5 i principperne.
Taken as a whole, U.S. intelligence activities are as transparent as or more transparent than those of any other nation in the world and are as transparent as it is possible to be consistent with the need to protect sensitive sources and methods.
Jeg har udvidet denne funktion ved at oprette en ombudsmandsmekanisme i værnet om privatlivets fred på de vilkår, som er fastlagt i bilag A, og som er blevet ajourført siden mit brev af 22. februar 2016.
To summarize the extensive transparency that exists about U.S. intelligence activities:
Jeg har anmodet viceminister Catherine A. Novelli om at påtage sig denne opgave.
The IC has released and posted online thousands of pages of court opinions and agency procedures outlining the specific procedures and requirements of our intelligence activities.
1.
Senior intelligence officials regularly speak publicly about the roles and activities of their organizations, including descriptions of the compliance regimes and safeguards that govern their work.
Ombudsmanden i værnet om privatlivets fred Seniorkoordinatoren vil fungere som ombudsmanden i værnet om privatlivets fred og i relevant omfang udpege yderligere embedsmænd i det amerikanske udenrigsministerium, der skal hjælpe seniorkoordinatoren med at varetage de opgaver, der redegøres for i detaljer i dette memorandum (i det følgende vil koordinatoren og embedsmænd, der varetager sådanne opgaver, blive benævnt »ombudsmanden i værnet om privatlivets fred«).
The IC released numerous additional documents about intelligence activities pursuant to our Freedom of Information Act.
Effektiv koordinering Ombudsmanden i værnet om privatlivets fred har mulighed for at gøre effektiv brug af og koordinere med de nedenfor beskrevne tilsynsorganer for at sikre, at ombudsmandens svar på anmodninger, som indgives af det organ med ansvar for behandling af klager fra personer i EU, baseres på de nødvendige oplysninger.
The IC is now required by law to release significant legal opinions issued by the FISA Court, or summaries of those opinions.
FTC vil ligeledes arbejde tæt sammen med EU's databeskyttelsesmyndigheder om håndhævelsesforanstaltninger.
This extensive transparency will continue going forward.
SAFE WEB Act overholdes.
The annual review between Commerce and the European Commission on the implementation of the Privacy Shield will provide an opportunity for the European Commission to discuss any questions raised by any new information released, as well as any other matters concerning the Privacy Shield and its operation, and we understand that the Department may, in its discretion, invite representatives of other agencies, including the IC, to participate in that review.
Kongressen har også vedtaget love, som forpligter visse virksomheder, der indsamler sundhedsoplysninger, til at underrette forbrugerne i tilfælde af sikkerhedsbrud [11].
V. REDRESS
Delstaterne har også været meget aktive, når det drejer sig om at vedtage love vedrørende privatlivets fred og sikkerhed.
U.S. law provides a number of avenues of redress for individuals who have been the subject of unlawful electronic surveillance for national security purposes.
L. 111-203, 124 Stat. 1955 ( July 21, 2010) (også kendt som »Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act«) blev de fleste af FTC's lovgivningsbeføjelser under Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act overført til Consumer Financial Protection Bureau ( »CFPB«).
§ 1810.
L. No. 111-5, 123 Stat. 115 (2009) og relevante forordninger, 45 C.F.R.
Individuals who can establish their standing to sue also have a civil cause of action for money damages, including litigation costs, against the United States when information about them obtained in electronic surveillance under FISA has been unlawfully and willfully used or disclosed.
De Forenede Staters transportministerium (»ministeriet«) glæder sig over at få lejlighed til at redegøre for sin rolle i håndhævelsen af ordningen for EU's og USA's værn om privatlivets fred.
See 18 U.S.C.
Denne ordning spiller en kritisk rolle med hensyn til at fremme beskyttelsen af personoplysninger, der overføres i forbindelse med kommercielle transaktioner, i en stadig mere forbundet verden.
§ 2712.
Ministeriets Office of Aviation Enforcement and Proceedings (Aviation Enforcement Office) undersøger sager og rejser tiltale under 49 U.S.C.
In the event the government intends to use or disclose any information obtained or derived from electronic surveillance of any aggrieved person under FISA against that person in judicial or administrative proceedings in the United States, it must provide advance notice of its intent to the tribunal and the person, who may then challenge the legality of the surveillance and seek to suppress the information.
Ministeriet har ikke beføjelse til at tilkende erstatning eller give økonomisk godtgørelse til individuelle klagere, men ministeriet har beføjelse til at godkende forlig, der indgås på baggrund af undersøgelser foretaget af Aviation Enforcement Office, og som er til direkte gavn for forbrugerne (kontante beløb, vouchere) i form af en udligning af de gebyrer, der ellers skulle betales til de amerikanske myndigheder.
§ 1806.
Jeg håber, at disse oplysninger er nyttige, og står naturligvis til rådighed, såfremt De måtte have spørgsmål eller ønske yderligere oplysninger.
Finally, FISA also provides criminal penalties for individuals who intentionally engage in unlawful electronic surveillance under color of law or who intentionally use or disclose information obtained by unlawful surveillance.
Der føres tilsyn på flere niveauer, og der er fokus på vigtige prioriteter for udenlandsk efterretningsvirksomhed og den nationale sikkerhed.
The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act prohibits intentional unauthorized access (or exceeding authorized access) to obtain information from a financial institution, a U.S. government computer system, or a computer accessed via the internet, as well as threats to damage protected computers for purposes of extortion or fraud.
Efterretningsenhederne skal i denne forbindelse rette søgninger om personer mod de kategorier af signalefterretningsoplysninger, der imødekommer et behov for udenlandske efterretninger eller retshåndhævelse, for at hindre anvendelsen af personoplysninger, der ikke opfylder behov for udenlandske efterretninger eller retshåndhævelse.
§ 1030.
Det er vigtigt at understrege, at enhver masseindsamling af internetkommunikation, som de amerikanske efterretningstjenester foretager gennem signalefterretning, foretages på en lille del af internettet.
Any person, of whatever nationality, who suffers damage or loss by reason of a violation of this law may sue the violator (including a government official) for compensatory damages and injunctive or other equitable relief under section 1030(g), regardless of whether a criminal prosecution has been pursued, provided the conduct involves at least one of several circumstances set forth in the statute.
Præsidenten fastsætter hvert år nationens højeste prioriteter for indsamling af udenlandske efterretninger efter en omfattende, formel tværorganisatorisk proces.
The Electronic Communications Privacy Act (ECPA) regulates government access to stored electronic communications and transactional records and subscriber information held by third-party communications providers.
Ud over disse formelle tilsynsmekanismer har de amerikanske efterretningstjenester indført en række mekanismer for at sikre, at efterretningstjenesterne overholder de begrænsninger for indsamlingen, der er beskrevet ovenfor: For eksempel:
ECPA authorizes an aggrieved individual to sue government officials for intentional unlawful access to stored data.
Som anført ovenfor har præsidenten i PPD-28 pålagt de amerikanske efterretningstjenester at indføre yderligere beskyttelsesforanstaltninger for personoplysninger om ikkeamerikanske personer, og disse beskyttelsesforanstaltninger finder anvendelse på oplysninger indsamlet under Section 702.
ECPA applies to all persons regardless of citizenship and aggrieved persons may receive damages and attorney's fees.
Når domstolen har godkendt målretnings- og minimeringsprocedurerne, er indsamling under Section 702 ikke omfattende eller vilkårlig, men »udelukkende rettet mod specifikke [ikke-amerikanske] personer, som er blevet individuelt identificeret«, som anført af PCLOB [19].
The Right to Financial Privacy Act (RFPA) limits the U.S. government's access to the bank and broker-dealer records of individual customers.
Den styrker beskyttelsen af privatlivets fred og borgerlige rettigheder og øger gennemsigtigheden.
Under the RFPA, a bank or broker-dealer customer can sue the U.S. government for statutory, actual, and punitive damages for wrongfully obtaining access to the customer's records, and a finding that such wrongful access was willful automatically triggers an investigation of possible disciplinary action against the relevant government employees.
De amerikanske efterretningsaktiviteter er som helhed lige så eller mere gennemsigtige end mange andre nationers efterretningsaktiviteter verden over og er så gennemsigtige som muligt under hensyntagen til behovet for at beskytte følsomme kilder og metoder.
Finally, the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) provides a means for any person to seek access to existing federal agency records on any topic subject to certain categories of exemptions.
Sammenfatning af den omfattende gennemsigtighed omkring amerikanske efterretningsaktiviteter:
These include limits on access to classified national security information, personal information of other individuals, and information concerning law enforcement investigations, and are comparable to the limitations imposed by nations with their own information access laws.
Rådet er i øjeblikket i færd med at foretage en undersøgelse af efterretningsaktiviteter foretaget som led i Executive Order 12333 [54].
Disputes over the release of records requested pursuant to FOIA can be appealed administratively and then in federal court.
For så vidt angår rådgivning sørger PCLOB for, at der i forbindelse med udarbejdelsen og gennemførelsen af love, bestemmelser og politikker, som vedrører bestræbelserne på at beskytte nationen mod terrorisme, tages tilstrækkeligt hensyn til betænkeligheder på frihedsområdet [55].For at gennemføre sin mission er rådet ved lov tillagt beføjelser til at få indsigt i samtlige organers relevante optegnelser, rapporter, revisioner, evalueringer, dokumenter, papirer og anbefalinger, herunder klassificerede oplysninger i overensstemmelse med loven [56].
In some cases courts have overturned government assertions that information should be withheld as classified [49].
Dog er udøvelsen af denne beføjelse yderst usædvanlig, og det kræver, at lederen af agenturet inden for 30 dage underretter kongressen om begrundelsen herfor [66].
Although no monetary damages are available, courts can award attorney's fees.VI.
Faktisk har direktøren for den nationale efterretningstjeneste aldrig udøvet denne beføjelse i forbindelse med en aktivitet udført af en generalinspektør.
CONCLUSION
L. No. 114-23, § 401, 129 Stat. 268.
The United States only uses signals intelligence to advance its national security and foreign policy interests and to protect its citizens and the citizens of its allies and partners from harm.
§ 3414, 15 U.S.C.
In short, the IC does not engage in indiscriminate surveillance of anyone, including ordinary European citizens.
Act og Section 17(b) i CIA Act.
Within this framework, U.S. intelligence agencies do not have the legal authority, the resources, the technical capability or the desire to intercept all of the world's communications.
Se Section 4(a) og 6(a)(2) i IG Act fra 1947, Section 103H(e) og (g)(2)(A) i Nat'l Sec.
Those agencies are not reading the emails of everyone in the United States, or of everyone in the world.
Section 3(d), 6(a)(7) og 6(f) i IG Act, Section 103H(d), (i), (j) og (m) i Nat'l Sec.
To the maximum extent feasible consistent with the national security, this includes policies and procedures to minimize the retention and dissemination of personal information concerning non-U.S. persons comparable to the protections enjoyed by U.S. persons.
Act og Section 17(e)(7) og (f) i CIA Act.
Moreover, as discussed above, the comprehensive oversight regime of the targeted Section 702 FISA authority is unparalleled.
Act og Section 17(e)(1), (2), (4) og (5) i CIA Act.
June 21, 2016
Se f.eks. Section 8(b) og 8E(a) i IG Act, Section 103H(f) i Nat'l Sec.
I am writing to provide further information about the manner in which the United States conducts bulk collection of signals intelligence.
Act og Section 17(b) i CIA Act.
As explained in footnote 5 of Presidential Policy Directive 28 (PPD-28), ‘bulk’ collection refers to the acquisition of a relatively large volume of signals intelligence information or data under circumstances where the Intelligence Community cannot use an identifier associated with a specific target (such as the target's e-mail address or phone number) to focus the collection.
Section 4(a)(5) i IG Act, Section 103H(a)(b)(3) og (4) i Nat'l Sec.
However, this does not mean that this sort of collection is ‘mass’ or ‘indiscriminate.’
Act og Section 17(d) i CIA Act.
As an example, the Intelligence Community may be asked to acquire signals intelligence about the activities of a terrorist group operating in a region of a Middle Eastern country, that is believed to be plotting attacks against Western European countries, but may not know the names, phone numbers, e-mail addresses or other specific identifiers of individuals associated with this terrorist group.
Section 7 i IG Act, Section 103H(g)(3) i Nat'l Sec.
We might choose to target that group by collecting communications to and from that region for further review and analysis to identify those communications that relate to the group.
Act og Section 17(e)(3) i CIA Act.
In so doing, the Intelligence Community would seek to narrow the collection as much as possible.
For så vidt angår offentlige myndigheders beslaglæggelse af oplysninger, er det værd at bemærke fjerde amendment til den amerikanske forfatning, hvor det fastslås at, [f]olkets ret til sikkerhed for deres personer, boliger, papirer og ejendele imod urimelige ransagninger og anholdelser må ikke krænkes, og ingen kendelse herom må afsiges uden en sandsynlig årsag, der støtter sig til ed eller højtidelig erklæring og nøje beskriver det sted, der skal ransages, de personer, der skal arresteres, eller de ting, der skal beslaglægges, den amerikanske forfatning, fjerde amendment.
This would be considered collection in ‘bulk’ because the use of discriminants is not feasible, but it is neither ‘mass’ nor ‘indiscriminate’; rather it is focused as precisely as possible.
Som fastslået af den amerikanske højesteret i sagen Berger v. State of New York, »er det grundlæggende formål med denne forfatningsændring — som anerkendt i utallige af denne domstols afgørelser — at beskytte den enkeltes privatliv og sikkerhed mod embedsmænds vilkårlige indgreb«, 388 U.S. 41, 53 (1967) (citing Camara v. Mun.
Thus, even when targeting through the use of specific selectors is not possible, the United States does not collect all communications from all communications facilities everywhere in the world, but applies filters and other technical tools to focus its collection on those facilities that are likely to contain communications of foreign intelligence value.
Court of San Francisco, 387 U.S. 523, 528 (1967)).
In so doing, the United States' signals intelligence activities touch only a fraction of the communications traversing the Internet.
I henhold til fjerde amendment skal de retshåndhævende myndigheder generelt have en dommerkendelse inden en ransagning i forbindelse med indenlandske strafferetlige efterforskninger.
Moreover, as noted in my earlier letter, because ‘bulk’ collection entails a greater risk of collecting non-pertinent communications, PPD-28 limits the use that the Intelligence Community may make of signals intelligence collected in bulk to six specified purposes.
Se Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 357 (1967).
PPD-28, and agency policies implementing PPD-28, also place restrictions on the retention and dissemination of personal information acquired through signals intelligence, regardless of whether the information was collected in bulk or through targeted collection, and regardless of the individual's nationality.
I de tilfælde, hvor der ikke skal udstedes en kendelse, er regeringsforanstaltningen betinget af en »rimelighedstest« i henhold til fjerde amendment.
Thus, the Intelligence Community's ‘bulk’ collection is not ‘mass’ or ‘indiscriminate,’ but involves the application of methods and tools to filter collection in order to focus the collection on material that will be responsive to policy-makers' articulated foreign intelligence requirements while minimizing the collection of non-pertinent information, and provides strict rules to protect the non-pertinent information that may be acquired.
Forfatningen sikrer derfor i sig selv, at den amerikanske regering ikke har ubegrænsede eller vilkårlige beføjelser til at beslaglægge privatoplysninger.
The policies and procedures described in this letter apply to all bulk signals intelligence collection, including any bulk collection of communications to and from Europe, without confirming or denying whether any such collection occurs.
Strafferetlige håndhævende myndigheder:
You have also asked for more information about the Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board (PCLOB) and Inspectors General, and their authorities.
Forbundsanklagerne, der er embedsmænd i det amerikanske justitsministerium, og føderale efterforskningsagenter, herunder agenter i Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), et retshåndhævelsesorgan under justitsministeriet, kan anmode virksomheder i USA om at udlevere dokumenter og andre optegnelser til strafferetlige efterforskningsformål gennem flere forskellige former for pålæg, herunder stævninger udstedt af anklagejuryen (grand jury subpoenas), administrative pålæg (administrative subpoenas) og ransagningskendelser, og kan indhente anden kommunikation i medfør af føderale tilladelser til aflytning i straffesager og til installation af pen-register.
The PCLOB is an independent agency in the Executive Branch.
R. Crim.
Each Member of the Board serves a six-year term.