natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Europa-Parlamentets og Rådets direktiv 2007/46/EF af 5. september 2007 om fastlæggelse af en ramme for godkendelse af motorkøretøjer og påhængskøretøjer dertil samt af systemer, komponenter og separate tekniske enheder til sådanne køretøjer (EUT L 263 af 9.10.2007).
dwelling unit floor space
»Sport Utility Vehicles«.
height of the building
Multifunktionelle køretøjer.
dwelling floor space per inhabitant
I emissionsmodellen tages der højde for porøse vejbelægningers absorption.
number of inhabitants
Et netværk af små barrierer på en flade med regelmæssige intervaller er et eksempel på en særlig konfiguration.
number of floors
Faktisk neden under flyet vinkelret på vingens akse og flyveretningen.
volume of residential buildings
Der tages højde for tiden ved hjælp af flyets hastighed.
CASE 1: the data on the number of inhabitants is available
Der kan tages højde for forskudte tærskler ved at fastlægge yderligere start- og landingsbaner.
The number of inhabitants is known or has been estimated on the basis of dwelling units.
Nogle gange anmodes der om at foretage beregninger ved 4 meters højde.
In this case the number of inhabitants of a building is the sum of the number of inhabitants of all dwelling units in the building:
Sammenligninger af målinger ved 1,2 m og 10 m og teoretiske beregninger af terrænvirkningen viser, at udsvingene i det A-vægtede støjeksponeringsniveau ikke påvirkes i væsentlig grad af modtagerens højde.
The number of inhabitants is known only for entities larger than a building, e.g. sides of city blocks, city blocks, districts or even an entire municipality.
Udsvingene er generelt mindre end én decibel, medmindre den maksimale indfaldsvinkel for lyden er mindre end 10°, og hvis maksimum for det A-vægtede spektrum ved modtageren ligger mellem 200 og 500 Hz.
In this case the number of inhabitants of a building is estimated based on the volume of the building:
Sådanne spektre, der domineres af lave frekvenser, kan forekomme, f.eks. ved lange distancer for motorer med lave bypassforhold og for propelmotorer med diskrete lavfrekvente toner.
The index ‘total’ here refers to the respective entity considered.
Flyenes flyvedatarekordere indeholder omfattende operationelle data.
The volume of the building is the product of its base area and its height:
Derfor anvendes de normalt kun til modellering af støj i forbindelse med særlige projekter og til undersøgelser vedrørende udvikling af modeller.
If the number of floors is also not known, a default value for the number of floors representative of the district or the borough shall be used.
Måles som oftest som flyets højde over middelvandstanden (dvs. svarende til 1013 mB) og korrigeres til lufthavnens højde ved hjælp af lufthavnens overvågningssystem.
The total volume of residential buildings in the entity considered Vtotal is calculated as the sum of the volumes of all residential buildings in the entity:
Som regel er akserne for det lokale koordinat parallelle med aksen på kortet, hvorpå konturerne tegnes.
CASE 2: no data on the number of inhabitants is available
Det kan dog nogle gange være nyttigt at vedtage, at x-aksen skal være parallel med en bane, for at få symmetriske konturer uden at bruge et fint kvadratnet til beregning (se afsnit 2.7.26-2.7.28).
In this case the number of inhabitants is estimated based on the average dwelling floor space per inhabitant FSI.
I forbindelse med ujævnt terræn er det muligt for iagttageren at befinde sig over flyet, og i disse tilfælde sættes z′ (og den tilsvarende højdevinkel β — se kapitel 4) til at være lig med nul med henblik på beregning af lydudbredelsen.
If this parameter is not known, a national default value shall be used.
Hvordan dette skal gennemføres, er op til brugeren, da det afhænger af, hvordan drejeradiusserne er defineret.
The dwelling floor space is known on the basis of dwelling units.
Når startpunktet er en række af rette eller cirkulære strækninger, kan man relativt enkelt indføre segmenter med overgang i krængningsvinklen ved drejets begyndelse og slutpunkt, hvor flyet ruller med en konstant hastighed (som f.eks. udtrykkes i °/m eller °/s).
In this case the number of inhabitants of each dwelling unit is estimated as follows:
I denne forbindelse skal den totale længde af sporet på jorden altid være større end flyveprofilens længde.
The number of inhabitants of the building can now be estimated as in CASE 1A above.
Dette kan om nødvendigt opnås ved at addere rette segmenter af en passende længde til det sidste segment i sporet på jorden.
The dwelling floor space is known for the entire building, i.e. the sum of the dwelling floor spaces of all dwelling units in the building is known.
Ved at definere den totale længde af den segmenterede vej på denne simple måde bliver den lidt kortere end længden af den cirkulære vej.
In this case the number of inhabitants is estimated as follows:
Dog er den efterfølgende konturfejl ubetydelig, hvis stigningsvinklen er under 30°.
The dwelling floor space is known only for entities larger than a building, e.g. sides of city blocks, city blocks, districts or even an entire municipality.
Selv hvis motoreffektindstillingerne er konstante i løbet af et segment, kan fremdriftskraften og accelerationen variere på grund af ændringer i luftens densitet pga. højden.
In this case the number of inhabitants of a building is estimated based on the volume of the building as described in CASE 1B above with the total number of inhabitants estimated as follows:
I forhold til støjmodellering er disse ændringer dog normalt ubetydelige.
The dwelling floor space is unknown.
Dette blev anbefalet i den seneste udgave af ECAC's dokument 29, men anses stadig som foreløbig, da man afventer yderligere data fra eksperimenter, der kan bekræfte værdien.
In this case the number of inhabitants of a building is estimated as described in CASE 2B above with the dwelling floor space estimated as follows:
LE minus 10 dB kan være op til 0,5 dB lavere end LE over en længere periode.
The factor 0,8 is the conversion factor gross floor area → dwelling floor space.
Dog bevirker udefrakommende baggrundsstøj ofte, at lange måleintervaller er upraktiske, og at minus 10 dB-værdier er normen undtagen ved korte, skrå afstande, hvor begivenhedsniveauerne er høje.
If a different factor is known to be representative of the area it shall be used instead and clearly documented.
Da undersøgelser af virkningerne af støj (som bruges til at »kalibrere« støjkonturerne) desuden plejer at bero på minus 10 db-værdier, betragtes listerne i ANP-databasen som fuldt ud tilstrækkelige.
If the number of floors of the building is not known, it shall be estimated based on the height of the building, Hbuilding, typically resulting in a non-integer number of floors:
Selv om ideen om en uendelig lang flyvevej er vigtig for beregningen af begivenhedens støjeksponeringsniveau LE, er den mindre relevant i forbindelse med begivenhedens maksimale niveau Lmax, som er styret af den støj, flyet udsender ved en bestemt position eller tæt på den mindste passageafstand til iagttageren.
If neither the height of the building nor the number of floors is known, a default value for the number of floors representative of the district or the borough shall be used.
Med henblik på modellering antages NPD-afstandsparameteren at være mindsteafstanden mellem iagttageren og segmentet.
Assigning receiver points to the façades of buildings
NPD-speficikationer kræver, at dataene baseres på målinger af konstant ligeudflyvning, som ikke nødvendigvis er horisontal.
The assessment of population exposure to noise is based on receiver point levels at 4 m above the terrain level in front of building façades of residential buildings.
For at skabe de nødvendige flyveforhold kan flyets testflyvevej skråne mod det horisontale plan.
For the calculation of the number of inhabitants, either the following case 1 procedure or the case 2 procedure shall be used for land based noise sources.
Dog medfører skrånende veje beregningsmæssige vanskeligheder, hvilket vil blive vist, og når man anvender dataene til modellering, er det hensigtsmæssigt at visualisere kildevejene som både lige og horisontale.
For aircraft noise calculated according to 2.6, all population of a building is associated to the nearest noise calculation point on the grid.
Dette er kendt som varighedskorrektionen, fordi den tager højde for indvirkningen af flyets hastighed på varigheden af lydbegivenheden under den enkle antagelse, at varighed og dermed den modtagne lydenergi alt andet lige er omvendt proportional med kildens hastighed.
CASE 1
Ved ujævnt terræn kan der være forskellige definitioner af højdevinkel.
Figure a
Her defineres den ved flyets højde over iagttagerpunktet og den skrå afstand, og dermed ses der bort fra lokale terrænhældninger samt forhindringer på lydens udbredelsesvej (se afsnit 2.7.6 og 2.7.10).
Example of location of receivers around a building following CASE 1 procedure
Hvis modtagerpunktet på grund af terrænhøjden er over flyet, sættes højdevinklen β til at være lig med nul.
Segments of a length of more than 5 m are split up into regular intervals of the longest possible length, but less than or equal to 5 m.
Et »frit lydfelt«-niveau er, hvad man ville kunne måle, hvis jordoverfladen ikke eksisterede.
Receiver points are placed in the middle of each regular interval.
Vind- og temperaturgradienterne og turbulensen afhænger delvist af overfladens egenskaber for ruhed og varmeoverføring.
Remaining segments above a length of 2,5 m are represented by one receiver point in the middle of each segment.
For en iagttager, der befinder sig på segmentets højre side bliver φ til β + ε (se afsnit 2.7.19).
Remaining adjacent segments with a total length of more than 5 m are treated as polyline objects in a manner similar to that described in (a) and (b).
Tidsperioderne kan være forskellige fra disse tre, afhængigt af hvilken definition af støjindeks der anvendes.
The number of inhabitants allocated to a receiver point, shall be weighted by the length of the represented façade so that the sum over all receiver points represents the total number of inhabitants.
Medlemsstaterne sætter de nødvendige love og administrative bestemmelser i kraft for at efterkomme dette direktiv senest den 31. december 2018.
Only for buildings with floor sizes that indicate a single dwelling per floor level, the most exposed façade noise level is directly used for the statistics and related to the number of inhabitants.
De tilsender straks Kommissionen disse love og bestemmelser.
CASE 2
og er energisummen af alle bidrag fra alle køretøjer, der kører på det specifikke j'ende sporafsnit.
Figure b
Disse bidrag stammer fra:
Example of location of receivers around a building following CASE 2 procedure
Der fastlægges tre hastighedsuafhængige overføringsfunktioner: LH,TR,i LH,KØR,i og LH,KØR,VOGN,i. Den første gælder for hvert j′ende sporafsnit og de to følgende for hver t′ende køretøjstype.
Façades are considered separately or are split up every 5 m from the start position onwards, with a receiver position placed at the half-way distance of the façade or the 5 m segment
De sætter det totale effektive ruhedsniveau i forhold til lydeffekten for henholdsvis sporet, hjulene og vognkassen.
The remaining section has its receiver point in its mid-point.
Skinnens ruhed
INPUT DATA
Kontaktfilter
Input data to be used as appropriate in association with the methods described above are given in Appendix F to Appendix I.
Den modellerede kildestyrke svarer kun til maksimale belastningsforhold, hvilket resulterer i størrelserne LW,0,konst,i = LW,0,tomgang,i.
In cases where input data provided in Appendix F to Appendix I are not applicable or cause deviations from the true value that do not meet the conditions presented under 2.1.2 and 2.6.2, other values can be used, provided that the values used and the methodology used to derive them are sufficiently documented, including demonstrating their suitability.
Desuden svarer LW,0,tomgang,i til bidraget fra alle fysiske kilder på bestemt køretøj, der kan tilskrives en specifik højde, som beskrevet i 2.3.1.
This information shall be made publicly available.
Beregning af forskellen i lydvej under homogene forhold.
MEASUREMENT METHODS
O, O1 og O2 er diffraktionspunkterne
In cases when, for any reason, measurements are performed, these shall be in accordance with the principles governing long term average measurements stated in ISO 1996-1:2003 and ISO 1996-2:2007 or, for aircraft noise, ISO 20906:2009.
I dette tilfælde estimeres retrodiffraktionen ved væggene ved at tage højde for vejen mellem kilden og det første diffraktionspunkt R′ (som derfor betragtes som modtageren i ligning (2.5.36)).
Directive 2007/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 September 2007 establishing a framework for the approval of motor vehicles and their trailers, and of systems, components and separate technical units intended for such vehicles (OJ L 263, 9.10.2007, p.
Dette princip er vist i figur 2.5.j.
1).
Lokale koordinater
Sport Utility Vehicles.
Akkumulering af flyvninger
Multi-Purpose Vehicles.
Det lokale koordinatsystem (x,y,z) og fast koordinat s for sporet på jorden
The absorption of porous road pavements is taken into account in the emission model.
Sporet på jorden
A network of small obstacles in a plane and at regular intervals constitutes one example of a special configuration.
sStart
Actually beneath the aircraft perpendicular to the wing axis and direction of flight; taken to be vertically below the aircraft when in non-turning (i.e. non-banked) flight.
Bane
Time is accounted for via the aircraft speed.
for 3300 m ≤ s ≤15000 m
Displaced thresholds can be taken into account by defining additional runways.
Den anfører Lmax og LE som funktioner af udbredelsesafstanden d for bestemte flytyper, -varianter, flyvekonfigurationer (indflyvning, start, klapindstillinger) og effektindstillinger P. De gør sig gældende ved konstant flyvning ved bestemte referencehastigheder Vref langs en teoretisk uendelig, lige flyvevej [20].En nærmere beskrivelse af de uafhængige variabler P og d følger senere.
Calculated levels at 4 m or higher are sometimes requested.
Ved et enkelt opslag med inputværdierne P og d er de nødvendige outputværdier referenceniveauerne Lmax(P,d) og/eller LE∞(P,d) (anvendes på en uendelig flyvevej).
Comparison of measurements at 1,2 m and 10 m and theoretical calculation of ground effects show that variations of the A-weighted sound exposure level are relatively insensitive to receiver height.
Skrogmonterede motorer
The variations are in general smaller than one decibel, except if the maximum angle of sound incidence is below 10° and if the A-weighted spectrum at the receiver has its maximum in the range of 200 to 500 Hz.
hvis 90° ≤ ψ < 148,4
Such low frequency dominated spectra may occur e.g. at long distances for low-bypass ratio engines and for propeller engines with discrete low frequency tones.
Hvis det vurderes, at støj i forbindelse med motorafprøvning og hjælpemotoranordninger skal modelleres, sker dette i henhold til kapitlet om støj fra virksomheder.
Aircraft flight data recorders provide comprehensive operational data.
LW,i,ret
Usually measured as altitude above MSL (i.e. relative to 1013 mb) and corrected to airport elevation by the airport monitoring system.
(dB/m)
Usually the axes of the local coordinate are parallel to the axis of the map that contours are drawn on.
,i,m
This can be achieved, if necessary, by adding straight segments of suitable length to the last segment of the ground track.
ΔLpigdæk,i,m ≠ 1 = 0
Defined in this simple way, the total length of the segmented path is slightly less than that of the circular path.
LW′,eq,T,ret,i
down LE may be up to 0,5 dB lower than LE evaluated over a longer duration.
′,eq,linje,x
However, except at short slant distances where event levels are high, extraneous ambient noise often makes longer measurement intervals impractical and 10-dB down values are the norm.
LW,0,ret,i
NPD specifications require that the data be based on measurements of steady straight flight, not necessarily level; to create the necessary flight conditions, the test aircraft flight path can be inclined to the horizontal.
lgTtomgang
However, as will be seen, inclined paths lead to computational difficulties and, when using the data for modelling, it is convenient to visualise the source paths as being both straight and level.
LW,0,ret,i(ψ,φ) = LW,0,i + ΔLW,ret,vert,i + ΔLW,ret,hor,i
This is known as the duration correction because it makes allowance for the effects of aircraft speed on the duration of the sound event — implementing the simple assumption that, other things being equal, duration, and thus received event sound energy, is inversely proportional to source velocity.
Ruhedsniveauet L beregnes ofte som et spektrum af bølgelængde λ, og det skal konverteres til et frekvensspektrum f 2= v/λ, hvor f er centerfrekvensen for et bestemt 1/3-oktavbånd i Hz, λ er bølgelængden i m og v er togets hastighed i km/t, Ruhedsspektret som en funktion af frekvens ændrer sig langs frekvensaksen ved forskellige hastigheder.
In the case of non-flat terrain there can be different definitions of elevation angle.
,KØR,i
Here it is defined by the aircraft height above the observation point and the slant distance — hence neglecting local terrain gradients as well as obstacles on the sound propagation path (see Sections 2.7.6 and 2.7.10).
LW,0,KØRVOGN,i = LR,TOT,i + LH,KØRVOGN,i + 10 × lg(Na)
A ‘free-field’ level is that which would be observed if the ground surface were not there.
Lw,0,kør
The time periods may differ from these three, depending on the definition of the noise index used.
Lw,0,tr
Member States shall bring into force the laws, regulations and administrative provisions necessary to comply with this Directive by 31 December 2018 at the latest.
SLAG,i
They shall forthwith communicate to the Commission the text of those provisions.
,SLAG,i
and is the energy sum of all contributions from all vehicles running on the specific j-th track section.
ENKELT,i
Three speed-independent transfer functions, LH,TR,i LH,VEH,i and LH,VEH,SUP,i, are defined: the first for each j-th track section and the second two for each t-th vehicle type.
LW,0,rulle–og–bro,i = LW,0,kun-rulle,i + Cbro
Vehicle transfer function for superstructure emission
for en punktkilde: lydeffekt LW og retningsvirkningen som en funktion af de tre vinkelrette koordinater (x, y, z)
Vehicle transfer function for wheel and bogie emission
to typer kildelinjer kan defineres:
Sound power of wheel and bogie emission
for kildelinjer, der repræsenterer transportbånd, rørledninger osv.: lydeffekt pr. længdemeter LW og retningsvirkning som en funktion af de to vinkelrette koordinater på kildelinjens akse
Rail roughness
Retningsvirkningen skal i beregningen udtrykkes som en faktor ΔLW,ret,xyz (x, y, z), som adderes til lydeffekten for at bestemme den korrekte retningsbestemte lydeffekt fra en referencekilde, som ses ved lydudbredelsen i den pågældende retning.
Contact filter
Faktoren kan beregnes som en funktion af retningsvektoren defineret ved (x,y,z) med x2
Wheel roughness
AH = Aafv + Aatm + Agrænse,H
Taking a simple approach, squeal noise shall be considered by adding 8 dB for R < 300 m and 5 dB for 300 m < R < 500 m to the rolling noise sound power spectra for all frequencies.
Aafv = 20 × lg(d) + 11
Squeal contribution shall be applied on railway track sections where the radius is within the ranges mentioned above for at least a 50 m length of track.
G′vej =
The source strength modelled only corresponds to maximum load conditions and this results in the quantities LW,0,const,i = LW,0,idling,i.
Gvej
Also, the LW,0,idling,i corresponds to the contribution of all physical sources of a given vehicle attributable to a specific height, as described in 2.3.1.
ellers
Various sources like depots, loading/unloading areas, stations, bells, station loudspeakers, etc. can be present and are associated with the railway noise.
Aterræn
These sources are to be treated as industrial noise sources (fixed noise sources) and shall be modelled, if relevant, according to the following chapter for industrial noise.
Δterræn(S,O)
This information shall be based on a yearly average.
Δterræn(O,R)
The correction for the working hours, to be added to the source sound power to define the corrected sound power that shall be used for calculations over each time period, CW in dB is calculated as follows:
G′vej
The sound levels, noted by the capital letter L, are expressed in decibels (dB) per frequency band when index A is omitted.
Aterræn,H
The sound levels in decibels dB(A) are given the index A.
,Aterræn,H,min
Calculation of the path difference in homogeneous conditions.
Ḡw = G′vej
O, O1, and O2 are the diffraction points
Ḡm = G′vej
In this case, the retrodiffraction by the walls is estimated by considering the path between source and first diffraction point R′ (therefore considered as the receiver in equation (2.5.36)).
Ḡm = G′vej.
This principle is illustrated in Figure 2.5.j.
Δterræn S,O
Local coordinates
Δterræn On
Post-Processing; data export Calculation of noise contours
Aafv
Accumulation of flights
Avej
Although ANP aerodynamic and engine data are based on these conditions, they can be used as tabulated for non-reference runway elevations and average air temperatures in ECAC states without significantly affecting the accuracy of the calculated contours of cumulative average sound level.
terræn,H
(see Appendix B.)
terræn,F
Local coordinate system (x,y,z) and ground-track fixed coordinate s
Middelvandstanden (MSL) Den standardiserede højde for jordens overflade, som → ISA refererer til.
sDeparture
Beregning af støjkonturer
sApproach
Data vedrørende start- og landingsbane
Runway
For hver start- og landingsbane:
Standard instrument departure route
Standardiseret startrute
for s > 30000 m
Det er mere kompliceret at tilpasse et basisspor til radardata, for det første fordi drej i virkeligheden foretages ved forskellige hastigheder, og for det andet fordi linjen tilsløres af spredningen af data.
for 3300 m ≤ s ≤ 15000 m
nstykke = int(1 + (Δξ – 2 · Δξovergang)/30)
for s > 15000 m
Δξstykke = (Δξ – 2 · Δξovergang)/nstykke
zi′ = 304,8 [zi/334,9] (i = 1..N)
ΔP = (PTO – Pindl)/nTO
Either metric can be measured on different scales of noise; in this document only A-weighted sound level is considered.
Efter at den segmenterede flyvevej er blevet bestemt i henhold til proceduren, der er beskrevet i afsnit 2.7.13, og den beskrevne undersegmentering har fundet sted, kan det være nødvendigt at foretage yderligere tilpasninger af segmenterne, heriblandt
Symbolically, the scale is usually indicated by extending the metric suffix, i.e. LAE, LAmax.
(Støj- eller) lydeksponeringsniveauer, der er anført i ANP-databasen, er minus 10 dB-værdier [19].
This tabulates Lmax and LE as functions of propagation distance d — for specific aircraft types, variants, flight configurations (approach, departure, flap settings), and power settings P. They relate to steady flight at specific reference speeds Vref along a notionally infinite, straight flight path [20].How values of the independent variables P and d are specified is described later.
hvor t0 = 1 sekund
In a single look-up, with input values P and d, the output values required are the baseline levels Lmax(P,d) and/or LE∞(P,d) (applicable to an infinite flight path).
ΔImpedans
Wing-mounted jets
Δ Impedans
if 90° ≤ ψ < 148,4°
Enhver indvirkning fra overfladen på begivenhedens støjniveau under flyet, som kan forårsage, at de anførte niveauer afviger fra de frie lydfeltværdier [24], antages at være indeholdt i dataene (dvs. i form af forholdet mellem niveau og afstand).
In such cases where it is considered that noise associated with engine testing and auxiliary power-units are to be modelled, these are modelled according to the chapter on industrial noise.
Den laterale retningsvirkning eller »installationseffekterne«, som er beskrevet ovenfor, skyldes en overskydende lateral dæmpning, som medfører, at lydniveauet sænkes hurtigere med afstand, end NPD-kurverne indikerer.
Although it is normally not the case, noise from aircraft engine tests (sometimes referred to as ‘engine run-ups’) at airports can make a contribution to noise impacts.