natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Dens oprindelige økologiske behov kendes derfor ikke.
Its original ecological requirements are therefore not known.
Nylige laboratorieforsøg i forskellige feltjorde har dog bekræftet, at denne art udviser bred tolerance over for jordegenskaber, som f.eks. pH og tekstur (Jänsch et al. 2005).
However, recent laboratory studies in various field soils have confirmed that this species has a broad tolerance towards soil properties like pH and texture (Jänsch et al. 2005).
Den er dog lille (3-12 mm; 7 mm i gennemsnit (Westheide & Müller 1996), og det gør den vanskeligere at håndtere end Enchytraeus albidus. Hvis denne art bruges i stedet for Enchytraeus albidus, kan testbeholderen være mindre, men det er ikke nødvendigt. Det skal desuden tages i betragtning, at denne art reproduceres meget hurtigt og har en generationstid på mindre end 20 dage ved 20 ± 2 °C (Achazi et al. 1999) og endda hurtigere ved højere temperaturer.
However, it is small (3-12 mm; 7 mm on average (Westheide & Müller 1996), and this makes handling more difficult compared with Enchytraeus albidus. When using this species instead of Enchytraeus albidus, the size of the test vessel can but needs not to be smaller. In addition, it should be considered that this species reproduces very rapidly having a generation time of less than 20 days at 20 ± 2 °C (Achazi et al. 1999) and even quicker at higher temperatures.
Enchytraeider af arten Enchytraeus albidus (og andre Enchytraeus-arter) kan avles i store plastikkasser (f.eks. 30 × 60 × 10 cm eller 20 × 12 × 8 cm, som er egnet til dyrkning af små orm) fyldt med en blanding af syntetisk jord og uforurenet havejord fri for additiver, som fås i handelen.
Enchytraeids of the species Enchytraeus albidus (as well as other Enchytraeus species) can be bred in large plastic boxes (e.g. 30 × 60 × 10 cm or 20 × 12 × 8 cm which is suitable for culture of worms of small size) filled with a mixture of artificial soil and commercially available, uncontaminated garden soil free of additives.
Kompostmateriale bør undgås, da det kan indeholde toksiske kemikalier, som f.eks. tungmetaller.
Compost material should be avoided since it could contain toxic chemicals like heavy metals.
Fauna fjernes fra avlsjorden inden brug ved tredobbelt dybfrysning.
Fauna should be removed from the breeding soil before use by three times deep-freezing.
Ren syntetisk jord kan også bruges, men reproduktionshastigheden kan være langsommere sammenlignet med hastigheden i blandede substrater.
Pure artificial soil can also be used but the reproduction rate could be slower compared to that obtained with mixed substrates.
Substratet skal have en pH på 6,0 ± 0,5.
The substrate should have a pH of 6,0 ± 0,5.
Bestanden holdes i en inkubator ved en temperatur på 15 ± 2 °C uden lys.
The culture is kept in an incubator at a temperature of 15 ± 2 °C without light.
Temperaturer over 23 °C skal undgås.
In any case, a temperature higher than 23 °C should be avoided.
Det syntetiske/naturlige jord bør være fugtigt, men ikke vådt.
The artificial/natural soil moisture should be moist but not wet.
Når jorden presses forsigtigt i hånden, skal små dråber vand vise sig mellem fingrene.
When the soil is gently pressed by hand, only small drops of water should appear.
Iltfattige betingelser skal undgås. Hvis der f.eks. bruges et låg, skal der være så mange huller i låget, at der kan ske en tilstrækkelig luftudskiftning.
In any case, anoxic conditions should be avoided (e.g. if a lid is used, the number of lid holes should be high enough to provide sufficient exchange of air).
Jorden i avlekassen skal beluftes ved at blande den forsigtigt en gang om ugen.
The breeding soil should be aerated by carefully mixing it once per week.
Ormene fodres mindst en gang om ugen ad libitum med havregryn, der anbringes i en fordybning på jordoverfladen og dækkes med jord.
The worms should be fed at least once per week ad libitum with rolled oats which are placed into a cavity on the soil surface and covered with soil.
Hvis der stadig er foder tilbage i beholderen fra den forrige fodringsdato, tilpasses mængden af foder i overensstemmelse hermed.
If food from the last feeding date remains in the container, the amount of food given should be adjusted accordingly.
Hvis der vokser svampe på den resterende foder, erstattes den med en ny portion havregryn.
If fungi grow on the remaining food, it should be replaced by a new quantity of rolled oats.
For at stimulere reproduktionen kan havregrynene hver anden uge suppleres med vitaminberiget proteinpulver, som fås i handelen.
In order to stimulate reproduction, the rolled oats may be supplemented with commercially available, vitamin amended protein powder every two weeks.
Efter tre måneder overføres ormene til friskfremstillet dyrknings- eller avlesubstrat.
After three months, the animals are transferred to a freshly prepared culture or breeding substrate.
Havregrynene, som skal opbevares i lukkede beholdere, autoklaveres eller opvarmes inden brug for at undgå infektion med melmider (f.eks. Glyzyphagus sp., Astigmata, Acarina) eller rovmider (f.eks. Hypoaspis (Cosmolaelaps) miles, Gamasida, Acarina).
The rolled oats, which have to be stored in sealed vessels, should be autoclaved or heated before use in order to avoid infections by flour mites (e.g. Glyzyphagus sp., Astigmata, Acarina) or predacious mites (e.g. Hypoaspis (Cosmolaelaps) miles, Gamasida, Acarina).
Efter desinfektion males foderet, så det nemt kan strøs ud på jordoverfladen.
After disinfecting, the food is ground up so that it can easily be strewn on the soil surface.
Gær eller fiskefoderet TetraMin® kan også bruges som foder.
Another possible food source is baker’s yeast or the fish food TetraMin®.
Generelt er dyrkningsbetingelserne hensigtsmæssige, hvis ormene ikke forsøger at forlade substratet, bevæger sig hurtigt gennem jorden, har en blank overflade uden fastsiddende jordpartikler eller er mere eller mindre hvide, og hvis der ses orme i forskellige aldre.
In general, the culturing conditions are sufficient if worms do not try to leave the substrate, move quickly through the soil, exhibit a shiny outer surface without soil particles clinging to it, are more or less whitish coloured, and if worms of different ages are visible.
Orm betragtes faktisk som sunde, hvis de kontinuerligt formerer sig.
Actually, worms can be considered healthy if they reproduce continuously.
Denne oplysning er kun til orientering for brugerne.
This information is only given for the convenience of users.
Andre tilsvarende softwareprogrammer kan anvendes, hvis det kan dokumenteres, at de giver de samme resultater.
Other equivalent computer programmes may be used if they can be shown to produce the same results.
Hovedårsagen er den øgede variation, som uundgåeligt følger ikkefaste, og som vil kunne maskere små effekter og derved gøre tolkningen vanskelig.
The major reason for this preference is that the increased variability which would inevitably result from non-fasting, would tend to mask more subtle effects and make interpretation difficult.
På den anden side vil faste kunne influere på dyrenes almindelige stofskifte, specielt i forsøg, hvor foderindtagelse står centralt, og derved forstyrre den daglige belastning med testkemikaliet.
On the other hand, however, overnight fasting may interfere with the general metabolism of the animals and, particularly in feeding studies, may disturb the daily exposure to the test chemical.
Da en langvarig fasteperiode kan medføre bias i glukosemålinger hos de behandlede dyr i forhold til kontroldyrene, afgør forsøgslederen, om det er hensigtsmæssigt, at dyrene faster.
Because a lengthy fasting period can introduce bias in glucose measurements for the treated versus control animals, the study director should determine whether it is appropriate to fast the animals.
Hvis en fasteperiode anvendes, bør den tilpasses den anvendte art. For rotter kan den være 16 timer (natten over).
If a fasting period is used, it should be appropriate to the species used; for the rat this may be 16 h (overnight fasting).
Bestemmelse af fasteglukose kan foretages efter faste natten over i løbet af den sidste eksponeringsuge eller efter faste natten over inden obduktion (i sidstnævnte tilfælde samme med alle de øvrige kliniske patologiske parametre).
Determination of fasting glucose may be carried out after overnight fasting during the last exposure week, or after overnight fasting prior to necropsy (in the latter case together with all other clinical pathology parameters).
Til en del analyser på serum og plasma, mest udtalt for glukose, foretrækkes fastende blodprøver.
For a number of measurements in serum and plasma, most notably for glucose, overnight fasting is preferable.
På den anden side vil faste kunne influere på dyrenes almindelige stofskifte, specielt i forsøg, hvor foderindtagelse står centralt, og derved forstyrre den daglige belastning med testkemikaliet.
However it should be noted that overnight fasting may interfere with the general metabolism of the animals and, particularly in feeding studies, may disrupt the daily exposure to the test chemical.
Alle dyr bør vurderes i samme fysiologiske tilstand, og detaljerede eller neurologiske vurderinger bør derfor efter planen gennemføres en anden dag end udtagningen af de klinisk-biokemiske prøver.
All animals should be assessed in the same physiological condition and preferably detailed or neurological assessments should therefore be scheduled for a different day than clinical biochemistry sampling.
Evalueringen af ætsende virkning kan af eksperter ved hjælp af dokumentation, som f.eks. erfaringer fra mennesker og dyr, eksisterende (in vitro-) data, f.eks. kapitel B.40 (10) og B.40.A (11) i dette bilag eller OECD TG 435 (12), pH-værdier, information fra lignende stoffer eller andre relevante data.
The corrosivity evaluation could be based on expert judgment using such evidence as: human and animal experience, existing (in vitro) data, e.g. chapter B.40 (10), B.40 bis (11) of this annex or OECD TG 435 (12), pH values, information from similar chemicals or any other pertinent data.
SiO2 blev tilsat for at neutralisere toksicitet.
SiO2 was added to neutralize toxicity.
Den procentvise nedbrydning i FC-flasker med referencestoffet.
The percentage degradation in Vessels FC containing the reference substance.
Den procentvise nedbrydning i FI-flasker.
The percentage degradation in Vessels FI.
Der er ingen indholdsmæssig forskel mellem den nuværende version og versionen fra 1981.
There is no difference of substance between the current version and that from 1981.
Det er primært formatet, som er ændret.
Mainly the format has been changed.
Pinsuwan S, Li A og Yalkowsky S.H.
Pinsuwan S, Li A and Yalkowsky S.H.
Findes på: [http://www.oecd.org/env/testguidelines]
Available at: [http://www.oecd.org/env/testguidelines]
Pauluhn J og Thiel A (2007).
Pauluhn J and Thiel A (2007).
Ten Berge WF og Zwart A (1989).
Ten Berge WF and Zwart A (1989).
Den oprindelige Test Guideline 407 blev vedtaget i 1981.
The original Test Guideline 407 was adopted in 1981.
I 1995 blev en revideret udgave vedtaget med henblik på at indhente flere informationer fra de anvendte forsøgsdyr, navnlig om neurotoksicitet og immunotoksicitet.
In 1995 a revised version was adopted, to obtain additional information from the animal used in the study, in particular on neurotoxicity and immunotoxicity.
OECD (2012). Conceptual Framework for Testing and Assessment of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals. http://www.oecd.org/document/58/0,3343,fr_2649_37407_2348794_1_1_1_37407,00.html
OECD (2012).Conceptual Framework for Testing and Assessment of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals. http://www.oecd.org/document/58/0,3343,fr_2649_37407_2348794_1_1_1_37407,00.html
Latendresse JR, Warbrittion AR, Jonassen H, Creasy DM. (2002) Fixation of testes and eyes using a modified Davidson's fluid: comparison with Bouin's fluid and conventional Davidson's fluid.
Latendresse JR, Warbrittion AR, Jonassen H, Creasy DM.(2002) Fixation of testes and eyes using a modified Davidson’s fluid: comparison with Bouin’s fluid and conventional Davidson’s fluid.
Målorganet (-organerne) identificeres.
The target organ(s) should be identified.
NOAEL og LOAEL bestemmes.
The NOAEL and LOAEL should be determined.
Whalan JE og Redden JC (1994).
Whalan.E and Redden JC (1994).
Den oprindelige TG 452 blev vedtaget i 1981.
The original TG 452 was adopted in 1981.
Denne reviderede testmetode B.30 blev udviklet for at tage højde for den seneste udvikling på området for dyrevelfærd og myndighedsbestemmelser (1) (2) (3) (4).
Development of this revised Test Method B.30 was considered necessary in order to reflect recent developments in the field of animal welfare and regulatory requirements (1) (2) (3) (4).
Den oprindelige TG 451 vedrørende karcinogenicitetsforsøg blev vedtaget i 1981.
The original TG 451 on Carcinogenicity Studies was adopted in 1981.
Denne reviderede testmetode B.32 blev udviklet for at tage højde for den seneste udvikling på området for dyrevelfærd og lovgivningskrav (2) (3) (4) (5) (6).
Development of this revised Test Method B.32 was considered necessary, in order to reflect recent developments in the field of animal welfare and regulatory requirements (2) (3) (4) (5) (6).
Combes RD, Gaunt I, Balls M (2004).
Combes RD, Gaunt, I, Balls M (2004).
Cohen SM, Meek ME, Klaunig JE, Patton DE og Fenner-Crisp PA (2003).
Cohen SM, Meek ME, Klaunig JE, Patton DE, and Fenner-Crisp PA (2003).
Barton HA, Pastoor TP, Baetcke T et al.
Barton HA, Pastoor TP, Baetcke T et al (2006).
Rhomberg LR, Baetcke K, Blancato J, Bus J, Cohen S, Conolly R, Dixit R, Doe J, Ekelman K, Fenner-Crisp P, Harvey P, Hattis D, Jacobs A, Jacobson-Kram D, Lewandowski T, Liteplo R, Pelkonen O, Rice J, Somers D, Turturro A, West, W, Olin S (2007).
Rhomberg LR, Baetcke K, Blancato J, Bus J, Cohen S, Conolly R, Dixit R, Doe J, Ekelman K, Fenner-Crisp P, Harvey P, Hattis D, Jacobs A, Jacobson-Kram D, Lewandowski T, Liteplo R, Pelkonen O, Rice J, Somers D, Turturro A, West, W, Olin S(2007).
Griffiths SA, Parkinson C, McAuslane JAN og Lumley CE (1994).
Griffiths SA, Parkinson C, McAuslane JAN and Lumley CE (1994).
Usui T, Griffiths SA og Lumley CE (1996).
Usui T, Griffiths SA and Lumley CE (1996).
Diehl K-H, Hull R, Morton D, Pfister R, Rabemampianina Y, Smith D, Vidal J-M, van de Vorstenbosch C. 2001. A good practice guide to the administration of substances and removal of blood, including routes and volumes.
Diehl K-H, Hull R, Morton D, Pfister R, Rabemampianina Y, Smith D, Vidal J-M, van de Vorstenbosch C. (2001).
Den oprindelige TG 453 blev vedtaget i 1981.
The original TG 453 was adopted in 1981.
Denne opdaterede testmetode B.33 blev udviklet for at tage højde for den seneste udvikling på området for dyrevelfærd og lovgivningskrav (1) (2) (3) (4) (5).
Development of this updated Test Method B.33 was considered necessary, in order to reflect recent developments in the field of animal welfare and regulatory requirements (1) (2) (3) (4) (5).
Efter administration af testkemikaliet overvåges udskillelsen af radioaktivitet/testkemikalie i galde så længe som nødvendigt for at anslå den procentdel af den administrerede dosis, der udskilles ad denne vej, og denne værdi kan bruges til direkte at beregne den orale absorptionsgrad:
Following administration of the test chemical, excretion of radioactivity/test chemical in bile should be monitored as long as necessary to estimate the percentage of the administered dose that is excreted via this route, which can be used to directly calculate the extent of oral absorption, as follows:
Procent absorption
Percent absorption
mængde i galde
amount in bile
urin
urine
udåndet luft
expired air
kadaver uden indhold i mave-tarmkanal
carcass without GI tract contents
Evaluering af fordelingen i væv på flere tidspunkter, f.eks. tidspunktet for spidskoncentration i plasma/blod (dvs. Tmax) eller spidsudskillelse i urin, fremskaffet fra de forskellige forsøg vedrørende plasma-/blodkinetik eller udskillelse, kan også være nødvendig eller kræves af en kompetent myndighed.
The evaluation of tissue distribution at additional time points such as the time of peak plasma/blood concentration (e.g. Tmax) or the peak rate of urinary excretion, obtained from the respective plasma/blood kinetic or excretion experiments, may also be needed or required by a competent authority.
Disse oplysninger kan bruges til at forstå toksicitet og testkemikaliets potentiale, metabolitakkumulering og persistens. Udvælgelsen af prøver skal begrundes.
This information can be useful for understanding toxicity and the potential for test chemical and metabolite accumulation and persistence.
Loizou G, Spendiff M, Barton HA, Bessems J, Bois FY, d'Yvoire MB, Buist H, Clewell HJ 3rd, Meek B, Gundert-Remy U, Goerlitz G, Schmitt W.
Loizou G, Spendiff M, Barton HA, Bessems J, Bois FY, d’Yvoire MB, Buist H, Clewell HJ 3rd, Meek B, Gundert-Remy U, Goerlitz G, Schmitt W.
Gibaldi M og Perrier D, (1982), Pharmacokinetics, 2nd edition, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York.
Gibaldi M and Perrier D, (1982), Pharmacokinetics, 2nd edition, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York.
Akkumulering (bioakkumulering)
Accumulation (Bioaccumulation)
Forøgelse af mængden af et testkemikalie over tid i væv (normalt fedtvæv, efter gentagen eksponering); hvis tilførslen af et testkemikalie til kroppen er større end den hastighed, hvormed det elimineres, akkumulerer organismen testkemikaliet, og der kan opnås toksiske koncentrationer af et testkemikalie.
Increase of the amount of a test chemical over time within tissues (usually fatty tissues, following repeated exposure); if the input of a test chemical into the body is greater than the rate at which it is eliminated, the organism accumulates the test chemical and toxic concentrations of a test chemical might be achieved.
En proces, der er lineær med hensyn til kinetik, når alle overførselshastigheder mellem rum er proportionale med de tilstedeværende mængder eller koncentrationer, dvs. første orden.
A process is linear in terms of kinetics when all transfer rates between compartments are proportional to the amounts or concentrations present, i.e. first order.
Som følge deraf er clearance- og fordelingsvolumener konstante, og det samme gælder halveringstid.
Consequently, clearance and distribution volumes are constant, as well as half-lives.
Systemmodellering (fysiologibaseret toksikokinetisk, farmakokinetisk, fysiologibaseret farmakokinetisk, biologisk osv.)
Systems Modelling (Physiologically-based Toxicokinetic, Pharmacokinetic-based, Physiologically-based Pharmacokinetic, Biologically-based, etc.)
abstrakt model, der bruger matematisk sprog til at beskrive systemets funktion.
Abstract model that uses mathematical language to describe the behaviour of a system.
Den første TG 403 for akut toksicitet ved inhalation blev vedtaget i 1981 og er siden blevet revideret (se kapitel B.2 i dette bilag (1)).
The first acute inhalation TG 403 was adopted in 1981, and has since been revised (see chapter B.2 of this Annex (1)).
Efter vedtagelsen af akut toksicitetsklassemetoden (oral) (kapitel B.1.B i dette bilag) (5) vurderede man, at en akut toksicitetsklassemetode (inhalation) (ATC) skulle udvikles (2) (3) (4).
Development of an Inhalation Acute Toxic Class (ATC) method (2) (3) (4) was considered appropriate following the adoption of the revised oral ATC method (chapter B.1 tris of this Annex) (5).
En retrospektiv resultatvurdering af ATC-testmetoden for akut toksicitet ved inhalation viste, at metoden med fordel kan anvendes i forbindelse med klassificering og mærkning (6).
A retrospective performance assessment of the ATC test method for acute inhalation toxicity showed that the method is suitable for being used for Classification and Labelling purposes (6).
ATC-testmetoden for inhalation er en trinvis metode, hvor der anvendes faste målkoncentrationer til at rangordne toksiciteten af testkemikaliet.
The inhalation ATC Test Method will allow the use of serial steps of fixed target concentrations to provide a ranking of test chemical toxicity.
Letalitet er en central effektparameter, men dyr, som udviser svære smerter og/eller vedvarende tegn på svære lidelser eller er døende, aflives humant for at mindske deres lidelser.
Lethality is used as key endpoint, however, animals in severe pain or distress, suffering or impending death should be humanely killed to minimise suffering.
Vejledning om parametre for human behandling af dyr findes i OECD Guidance Document No. 19 (7).
Guidance on humane endpoints is available in the OECD Guidance Document No 19 (7).
Holzhütter H-G, Genschow E, Diener W og Schlede E (2003).
Holzhütter H-G, Genschow E, Diener W, and Schlede E (2003).
Diener W, Kayser D og Schlede E (1997).
Diener W, Kayser D and Schlede E (1997).
Diener W og Schlede E (1999).
Diener W and Schlede E (1999).
FN (2007), United Nations Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS), ST/SG/AC.10/30, UN New York og Genève.
UN (2007), United Nations Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS), ST/SG/AC.10/30, UN New York and Geneva.
Findes på: [http://www.unece.org/trans/danger/publi/ghs/ghs_welcome_e.html].
Available: [http://www.unece.org/trans/danger/publi/ghs/ghs_welcome_e.html]
En sådan metode er beskrevet af Birch (13) (14) og sammenfattet i tillæg 6.
For a fully comprehensive method, tests should also be run at two or three different temperatures: such a method is described by Birch (13)(14) and summarised in Appendix 6.
Den nuværende viden er imidlertid ikke tilstrækkelig til at afgøre, hvilken af de kinetiske modeller der kan anvendes i forbindelse med bionedbrydning af kemikalier ved spildevandsrensning og i vandmiljøet generelt.
However, present knowledge is insufficient to decide which of the kinetic models are applicable to the biodegradation of chemicals in waste water treatment and in the aquatic environment generally.
Indtegn procentdelen af eliminering af DOC eller COD af det organiske materiale i kontrolenheden (DB) i forhold til tiden.
Plot the percentage of elimination of the DOC or COD of the organic medium in the control unit (DB) versus time.
Angiv middelgraden af eliminering på samme måde som for testkemikaliet (afsnit 60).
Indicate the mean degree of elimination in the same way as for the test chemical (paragraph 60).
Sådanne test omfatter metoder til oxygenoptagelse [kapitel C.4 D, E og F i dette bilag (6)], test med måling af kuldioxidproduktion [kapitel C.4 C i dette bilag (6)] eller ISO Headspace-metoden (18), der benytter et præeksponeret inokulum fra simuleringstesten.
Such tests are the oxygen uptake methods (chapter C.4 D, E and F of this Annex (6)) or a test with measurement of carbon dioxide production (chapter C.4 C of this Annex (6)) or the ISO Headspace method (18), using a pre-exposed inoculum from the simulation test.
Hvis både DOC-elimineringen og den specifikke eliminering af kemikaliet er målt, indicerer signifikante forskelle (hvis førstnævnte er lavere end sidstnævnte) mellem de eliminerede procentdele, at der i udløbet forekommer mellemliggende organiske produkter, som kan være sværere at nedbryde end det oprindelige kemikalie.
If both the DOC removal and specific chemical removal have been measured, significant differences (the former being lower than the latter) between the percentages removed indicate the presence in the effluents of intermediate organic products which may be more difficult to degrade than the parent chemical.
Painter HA og King EF (1978a).
Painter HA and King EF (1978a).
Painter HA og King EF (1978b).
Painter HA and King EF (1978b).
Gerike P og Fischer WK (1979).
Gerike P and Fischer WK (1979).
Gerike P og Fischer WK (1981), as (9), II Additional results and conclusions.
Gerike P and Fischer WK (1981), as (9), II Additional results and conclusions.
Painter HA og Bealing D (1989).
Painter HA and Bealing D (1989).
ISO 11733 (1995; revideret 2004).
ISO 11733 (1995; revised 2004).
Gerike P, Fischer WK og Holtmann W (1980).
Gerike P, Fischer WK and Holtmann W (1980).
Baumann U, Kuhn G og Benz M. (1998).
Baumann U, Kuhn G and Benz M. (1998).