natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Schlosser H-J og Riepert F (1992).
Schlosser H-J and Riepert F (1992).
Schmelz R og Collado R (1999).
Schmelz R and Collado R (1999).
Sims R W og Gerard BM (1985).
Sims R W and Gerard BM (1985).
Spacie A og Hamelink JL (1982).
Spacie A and Hamelink JL (1982).
Van Brummelen TC og Van Straalen NM (1996).
Van Brummelen TC and Van Straalen NM (1996).
Van Gestel CA og Ma W-C (1990).
Van Gestel CA and Ma W-C (1990).
Venter JM og Reinecke AJ (1988).
Venter JM and Reinecke AJ (1988).
Widianarko B og Van Straalen NM (1996).
Widianarko B and Van Straalen NM (1996).
Fugtindholdet bestemmes ved begyndelsen og slutningen af testen (ved 105 °C).
The moisture content is determined at the beginning and at the end of the test (at 105 °C).
Det skal være optimalt i forhold til artens behov. Fugtindholdet kan også kontrolleres på følgende måde: Når jorden presses forsigtigt i hånden, skal små dråber vand vise sig mellem fingrene.
It should be optimal for the species’ requirements (the moisture content can also be checked as follows: when the soil is gently squeezed in the hand, small drops of water should appear between the fingers).
Siden 1972 har den været opdelt i to underarter (Eisenia fetida og Eisenia andrei (10)).
Since 1972 it is divided into two subspecies (Eisenia fetida and Eisenia andrei (10)).
I henhold til Jaenike (36) er de ægte særskilte arter.
According to Jaenike (36), they are true, separate species.
Eisenia fetida er letgenkendelig på sine lyse, gule striber mellem leddene, mens Eisenia andrei er ensartet mørkerød.
Eisenia fetida is easily recognised by its bright intersegmental yellow stripes whereas Eisenia andrei has a uniform, dark red colour.
Eisenia fetida og Eisenia andrei kan fås i handelen, f.eks. som fiskemadding.
Eisenia fetida and Eisenia andrei are commercially available, e.g. as fish bait.
I de senere år er denne art ofte blevet anvendt i økotoksikologiske forsøg på grund af dens ukomplicerede formering og test, f.eks. Kuperman et al.
In recent years, this species has often been used in ecotoxicological studies because of the simplicity of its breeding and testing, e.g. Kuperman et al.
Andre metoder, der beskriver fremgangsmåden til bestemmelse af 1-octanol/vand-fordelingskoefficienten (POW), er »shake-flask«-metoden (2) og bestemmelse af POW ud fra retentionsmønsteret ved omvendt-fase HPLC (3). »Shake-flask«-metoden er tilbøjelig til at give artefakter på grund af overførsel af mikrodråber af octanol til den vandige fase.
Other methods for the determination of the 1-octanol/water partition coefficient (POW) are the “shake-flask” method (2), and the determination of the POW from reversed phase HPLC-retention behaviour (3). The “shake-flask” method is prone to artifacts due to transfer of octanol micro-droplets into the aqueous phase.
American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 2-1 til 2-52.
American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 2-1 to 2-52.
To forsøgstyper er beskrevet nedenfor: en traditionel protokol og en C × t-protokol.
Two study types are described below: the Traditional protocol, and the C × t protocol.
Begge protokoller kan omfatte et forforsøg, et hovedforsøg og/eller en grænsetest (traditionel protokol) eller testning ved en grænsekoncentration (C × t).
Both protocols may include a sighting study, a main study, and/or a limit test (Traditional protocol) or testing at a limit concentration (C × t).
partikelstørrelsesfordeling, massemedian af den aerodynamiske diameter (MMAD) og geometrisk standardafvigelse (σg), herunder deres beregningsmetoder; individuelle partikelstørrelsesanalyse rapporteres.
Particle size distribution, mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD), and geometric standard deviation (σg), including their methods of calculation. Individual particle size analyses should be reported;
nærmere oplysninger om fremstilling af testkemikalie, herunder oplysninger om fremgangsmåder anvendt til at reducere partikelstørrelsen af faste materialer eller fremstille opløsninger af testkemikaliet; hvis mekaniske processer har ændret testkemikaliets sammensætning, medtages resultaterne af analyser, som bekræfter testkemikaliets sammensætning
Details of test chemical preparation, including details of any procedures used to reduce the particle size of solid materials or to prepare solutions of the test chemical. In cases where mechanical processes may have altered test chemical composition, include the results of analyses to verify the composition of the test chemical
statistisk relation, herunder estimat af eksponenten n (C × t-protokol); navnet på den anvendte statistiske software anføres.
Statistical relation, including estimate for the exponent n (C × t protocol). The name of the statistical software used should be provided;
Hver eksponeringssession bør indledes med den gruppe, der skal eksponeres i længst tid, f.eks. 240 minutter-eksponeringsgruppen efterfulgt af 120 minutter-eksponeringsgruppen osv.
It is advised to start each exposure session with the group that will be exposed the longest, e.g. the 240-min exposure group, followed by the 120 minute exposure group, and so on.
Hvis dyr i 240 minutter-gruppen f.eks. dør efter 90 minutter eller viser alvorlige tegn på toksicitet (f.eks. ekstreme forandringer i respirationsmønster, f.eks. besværet vejrtrækning), giver det ingen mening af eksponere en gruppe i 120 minutter, fordi mortaliteten sandsynligvis vil være 100 %.
If, for example, animals in the 240 minute group are dying after 90 minutes or showing severe signs of toxicity (e.g. extreme changes in breathing pattern such as laboured breathing), it would not make sense to expose a group for 120 minutes because mortality would likely be 100 %.
I det internationale valideringsprogram til påvisning af hormonforstyrrende stoffer var rotter den eneste anvendte art. Der anvendes unge raske dyr af sædvanligt benyttede laboratoriestammer.
In the international validation program for the detection of endocrine disrupters, the rat was the only species used. Young healthy adult animals of commonly used laboratory strains should be employed.
Følgende væv skal præserveres ved hjælp af det mest passende fikseringsmiddel både med henblik på vævstypen og den følgende histopatologiske undersøgelse (se afsnit 47): alle makroskopiske læsioner, hjerne (repræsentative regioner, herunder cerebrum, cerebellum og pons), rygmarv, øjne, mavesæk, tyktarm og tyndtarm (herunder Peyerpletter), lever, nyrer, binyrer, milt, hjerte, thymus, skjoldbruskkirtel, spiserør og lunger (præserveret ved oppumpning med fikseringsmiddel og efterfølgende immersion), gonader (testikler og æggestokke), sekundære kønsorganer (uterus med cervix, bitestikler, prostata og vesiculae seminales med prostata anterior (coagulating glands), vagina, urinblære, lymfeknuder [ud over den nærmeste drænende lymfeknude bør en anden lymfeknude udtages på baggrund af laboratoriets erfaring (15)], perifer nerve (ischias- eller tibianerven), om muligt tæt på musklen, skeletmuskel og knogle med knoglemarv (afsnit eller som alternativt et nyligt præpareret knoglemarvsaspirat). Det anbefales, at testikler fikseres ved immersion i Bouins eller modificeret Davidsons fikseringsmiddel (16) (17). Tunica albuginea punkteres forsigtigt og overfladisk i begge ender af organet med en kanyle, der muliggør hurtig penetration af fikseringsmidlet. Kliniske og andre fund kan foranledige undersøgelse af andet væv. Også særlige organer, der sandsynligvis kan være mål for testkemikaliets kendte virkninger, bør præserveres.
The following tissues should be preserved in the most appropriate fixation medium for both the type of tissue and the intended subsequent histopathological examination (see paragraph 47): all gross lesions, brain (representative regions including cerebrum, cerebellum and pons), spinal cord, eye, stomach, small and large intestines (including Peyer’s patches), liver, kidneys, adrenals, spleen, heart, thymus, thyroid, trachea and lungs (preserved by inflation with fixative and then immersion), gonads (testis and ovaries), accessory sex organs (uterus and cervix, epididymides, prostate + seminal vesicles with coagulating glands), vagina, urinary bladder, lymph nodes [besides the most proximal draining node another lymph node should be taken according to the laboratory’s experience (15)], peripheral nerve (sciatic or tibial) preferably in close proximity to the muscle, skeletal muscle and bone, with bone marrow (section or, alternatively, a fresh mounted bone marrow aspirate). It is recommended that testes be fixed by immersion in Bouin’s or modified Davidson’s fixative (16) (17). The tunica albuginea must be gently and shallowly punctured at the both poles of the organ with a needle to permit rapid penetration of the fixative. The clinical and other findings may suggest the need to examine additional tissues. Also any organs considered likely to be target organs based on the known properties of the test chemical should be preserved.
NOAEL forkortelsen for »no-observed-adverse-effect level« (niveau uden observerbare negative effekter), dvs. det højeste dosisniveau, hvor der ikke observeres behandlingsrelaterede negative virkninger.
NOAEL is the abbreviation for no-observed-adverse-effect level. This is the highest dose level where no adverse treatment-related findings are observed due to treatment.
Chairman's Report of the Meeting of the ad hoc Working Group of Experts on Systemic Short-term and (Delayed) Neurotoxicity.
Chairman’s Report of the Meeting of the ad hoc Working Group of Experts on Systemic Short-term and (Delayed) Neurotoxicity.
Series on Testing and Assessment No. 19, ENV/JM/MONO(2000)7.
Series on Testing and Assessment No 19. ENV/JM/MONO(2000)7.
Academic Press: San Diego, CA, s. 52-85.
Academic Press: San Diego, CA, pp. 52-85.
anvendt art/stamme og begrundelse for anvendelse af andre arter end rotte kildedata og historiske data, hvis de vedrører dyr, der er eksponeret under lignende eksponerings-, bur- og fasteforhold
Species/strain used and justification for using a species other than the rat. Source and historical data may be provided, if they are from animals exposed under similar exposure, housing, and fasting conditions.
luftgennemstrømningshastigheder, luftgennemstrømningshastighed/eksponeringsport (eksponering gennem næsen) eller dyrebelastning/kammer (helkropseksponering)
Air flow rates, air flow rate/exposure port (nose-only), or animal load/chamber (whole-body). Time to inhalation chamber equilibrium (t95).
partikelstørrelsesfordeling, massemedian af den aerodynamiske diameter (MMAD) og geometrisk standardafvigelse (σg), herunder deres beregningsmetoder; individuelle partikelstørrelsesanalyse rapporteres.
Particle size distribution, mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD), and geometric standard deviation (σg), including their methods of calculation. Individual particle size analyses should be reported.
(eds), Springer Verlag Heidelberg, s. 229-258.
(eds), Springer Verlag Heidelberg, pp. 229-258.
I: Waalkes MP og Ward JM (eds) Carcinogenesis.
In: Waalkes MP and Ward JM (eds) Carcinogenesis.
anvendt art/stamme og begrundelse for anvendelse af andre arter end rotte kildedata og historiske data, hvis de vedrører dyr, der er eksponeret under lignende eksponerings-, bur- og fasteforhold
Species/strain used and justification for using a species other than the rat. Source and historical data may be provided, if they are for animals exposed under similar exposure, housing, and fasting conditions.
Design og gennemførelse af forsøg vedrørende kronisk toksicitet på ikke-gnavere skal baseres på de principper, der er beskrevet i denne testmetode, og de principper, der er beskrevet i kapitel B.27 i dette bilag (Subkronisk oral toksicitetstest — et 90-dages forsøg over gentagne orale dosers toksicitet på ikke-gnavere (5). Yderligere oplysninger om valg af dyreart og -stamme findes i OECD Guidance Document No. 116 (6).
The design and conduct of chronic toxicity studies in non-rodent species, when required, should be based on the principles outlined in this Test Method together with those in Chapter B.27 of this Annex, Repeated Dose 90-day Oral Toxicity Study in Non-Rodents (5). Additional information on choice of species and strain is provided in Guidance Document No 116 (6).
Report of the Consultation Meeting on Sub-chronic and Chronic Toxicity/Carcinogenicity Testing (Rom, 1995), internt arbejdsdokument, Environment Directorate, OECD, Paris.
Report of the Consultation Meeting on Sub-chronic and Chronic Toxicity/Carcinogenicity Testing (Rome, 1995), internal working document, Environment Directorate, OECD, Paris.
Hvis sådanne forsøg er nødvendige på ikke-gnavere, kan testmetodens principper og fremgangsmåder anvendes sammen med de principper og fremgangsmåder, der er beskrevet i kapitel B.27 i dette bilag (Subkronisk oral toksicitetstest — et 90-dages forsøg over gentagne orale dosers toksicitet på ikke-gnavere, med de nødvendige ændringer. Yderligere vejledning findes i OECD Guidance Document No. 116 (7).
Should such studies be required in non-rodent species, the principles and procedures outlined in this Test Method together with those outlined in Chapter B.27 of this Annex, Repeated Dose 90-day Oral Toxicity Study in Non-Rodents (6), should be applied, with appropriate modifications. Further guidance is available in the OECD Guidance Document No 116 on the Design and Conduct of Chronic Toxicity and Carcinogenicity Studies (7).
I D'Arcy POF & Harron DWG (eds).
In D’Arcy POF & Harron DWG (eds).
Queen's University Press, Belfast. s. 279-284.
Queen’s University Press, Belfast. pp 279-284.
Washington D.C., US. Dept. of Health and Human Services.
Washington, D.C., US Dept. of Health and Human Services.
Toxicologic Pathology 32: 126-131
Toxicologic Pathology 32: 126-131.
Design og gennemførelse af forsøg vedrørende kronisk toksicitet/karcinogenicitet på ikke-gnavere skal baseres på de principper, der er beskrevet i denne testmetode, og de principper, der er beskrevet i kapitel B.27 i dette bilag (Subkronisk oral toksicitetstest — et 90-dages forsøg over gentagne orale dosers toksicitet på ikke-gnavere (6). Yderligere oplysninger om valg af dyreart og -stamme findes i OECD Guidance Document No. 116 (7).
The design and conduct of chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity studies in non-rodent species, when required, should be based on the principles outlined in this Test Method together with those in Chapter B.27 of this Annex, Repeated Dose 90-day Oral Toxicity Study in Non-Rodents (6). Additional information on choice of species and strain is provided in Guidance Document No 116 (7).
Kapitel B.8 i dette bilag.
Chapter B.8 of this Annex.
Subkronisk toksicitet (inhalation): 28-dages forsøg
Subacute Inhalation Toxicity: 28-Day Study.
En fuldt opløst eller suspenderet dosistilberedning er nødvendig ved IV-administration af testkemikaliet.. Vehiklet til IV-administration må ikke opvirke blodintegriteten eller blodgennemstrømningen.
A fully dissolved or suspended dose preparation is necessary for IV administration of the test chemical. The vehicle for IV administration should not interfere with blood integrity or blood flow.
en beskrivelse af evt. pilotforsøg, der er indgår i forsøgsdesignet for de opfølgende forsøg; baggrundsdata for pilotforsøg indgives
Description of pilot studies used in the experimental design of the follow-up studies, if applicable. Pilot study supporting data should be submitted;
Genève, World Health Organization, International Programme on Chemical Safety.
Geneva, World Health Organization, International Programme on Chemical Safety.
nærmere oplysninger om fremstilling af testkemikalie, herunder oplysninger om fremgangsmåder anvendt til at reducere partikelstørrelsen af faste materialer eller fremstille opløsninger af testkemikaliet; hvis mekaniske processer har ændret testkemikaliets sammensætning, medtages resultaterne af analyser, som bekræfter testkemikaliets sammensætning
Details of test chemical preparation, including details of any procedures used to reduce the particle size of solid substances or to prepare solutions of the test chemical. In cases where mechanical processes may have altered test chemical composition, include the results of analyses to verify the composition of the test chemical;
Acute Toxic Class Methods: Alterations to LD/LC50 Tests.
Acute Toxic Class Methods: Alternatives to LD/LC50 Tests.
Modeller for aktiverede slamenheder er beskrevet i størrelser fra 300 ml op til ca. 2000 ml. Nogle efterlignede nøje fuldskalaanlæg med tanke til bundfældning af slam, hvor det bundfældede slam blev pumpet tilbage til beluftningstanken, mens andre ikke var udstyret med bundfældningsanlæg, f.eks. Swisher (1).
Model activated sludge units have been described ranging in size from 300 ml up to about 2000 ml. Some closely mimicked full-scale plants, having sludge settlement tanks with settled sludge being pumped back to the aeration tank, while others provided no settlement facilities e.g. Swisher (1).
Slam bortskaffes ved hjælp af én af to metoder, hvor testkemikaliet normalt tilsættes indløbet (organisk medium) på den ene enhed i en koncentration på mellem 10 mg/l DOC og 20 mg/l DOC. Den anden enhed bruges som kontrolenhed for at bestemme den biologiske nedbrydning af det organiske medium.
Sludge is wasted by one of two methods, the test chemical is normally added at a concentration of between 10 mg/l dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and 20 mg/l DOC, to the influent (organic medium) of only one of the units. The second unit is used as a control unit to determine the biodegradation of the organic medium.
Marcel Dekker Inc. New York, 1085 s.
Marcel Dekker Inc. New York, 1085 pp.
Experience and Data from the OECD Activated Sludge Simulation Test. s. 113-138.
Experience and Data from the OECD Activated Sludge Simulation Test. pp. 113-138.
I: Laboratory Tests for Simulation of Water Treatment Processes CEC Water Pollution Report 18.
In: Laboratory Tests for Simulation of Water Treatment Processes CEC Water Pollution Report 18.
Technical Report TR70, Water Research Centre, Stevenage, Det Forenede Kongerige.
Technical Report TR70, Water Research Centre, Stevenage, UK.
Det antages, at de forhold, som slammet er udviklet under, og de aktuelle betingelser i testen (som i afsnit 5 og i andre testforløb) i væsentlig grad påvirker de resulterende værdier.
It is thought that the conditions under which the sludge has been grown, as well as the conditions prevailing in the test used (as in paragraph 5 and in other tests), have a large effect on the resulting values. One aspect of this variability has been discussed by Grady et al (4), who have suggested that the terms “extant” and “intrinsic” should be applied to two extreme conditions representing the limits of physiological state a culture may attain during a kinetic experiment.
Et af aspekterne ved denne variabilitet er blevet behandlet af Grady et al.
If the state is not allowed to change during the test, the kinetic parameter values reflect the conditions in the environment from which the micro-organisms were taken; these values are called “extant” or currently existing. At the other extreme, if conditions in the test are such as to permit the full development of the protein-synthesizing system allowing maximum possible growth rate, the kinetic parameters obtained are said to be “intrinsic”, and are dependent only on the nature of the substrate and the types of bacteria in the culture.
Workshop hos Port Sunlight, Det Forenede Kongerige.
Workshop at Port Sunlight, UK.
Hales SG, Feitjel T, King H, Fox K, Verstraete W. 4.-6. sept.
Hales SG, Feitjel T, King H, Fox K, Verstraete W.
SETAC- Europe, Bruxelles.
SETAC- Europe, Brussels.
Ingerslev, F. Miljø- og Energiministeriet, København.
Ingerslev, F. Min. of Env. and Energy, Copenhagen.
Hales SG, Feitjel T, King H, Fox K, Verstraete W. 4.-6. sept.
Feitjel, T. King, H. Fox, K. and Verstraete, W.
Under visse omstændigheder kræves der dog specifikke oplysninger om, hvordan et kemikalie reagerer over for forskellige metoder til spildevandsrensning, som f.eks. biofilm, nedsivnings- eller nedrislingsfiltre, roterende biologiske kontaktorer og fluide bede.
In some circumstances, however, specific information is required relating the behaviour of a chemical to methods of waste water treatment involving biofilms, namely, percolating or trickling filters, rotating biological contactors, fluidised beds. To meet this need various devices have been developed. 2. Gerike et al.
Der er udviklet forskellige former for apparatur til dette formål.
used large, pilot-scale trickling filters which they used in the coupled mode. These filters took up much space and required relatively large volumes of sewage or synthetic sewage. Truesdale et al.
Redigeret af M. Streloke og H. Köpp.
Edited by M. Streloke and H.Köpp.
Endelig rapport til Europa-Kommissionen.
Final Report to them European Commission.
Rapport nr. EC 3738. August 1994.
Report No: EC 3738.
WRc, Det Forenede Kongerige.
August 1994. WRc, UK.
Fra WOSTA-workshop afholdt i Nederlandene.
From the WOSTA Workshop held in the Netherlands.
I ASTM International 2002 Annual Book of Standards.
In ASTM International 2002 Annual Book of Standards.
Elendt BP og Bias W-R (1990).
Elendt BP and Bias W-R (1990).
Glasserumflasker, lukket med propper af butylgummi og »crimp-on« aluminiumslåg. Den anbefalede størrelse er »125 ml«, som har et samlet volumen på ca. 160 ml. Volumen for hver flaske skal være angivet til 160 ± 1 ml. En mindre beholder kan bruges, hvis resultaterne opfylder betingelserne i afsnit 66 og 67.
Glass serum bottles, sealed with butyl rubber stoppers and crimp-on aluminium seals. The recommended size is “125 ml” which have a total volume of around 160 ml (in this case the volume of each bottle should be known to be 160 ± 1 ml). A smaller size of vessel may be used when the results fulfil the conditions described in paragraph 66 and 67;
For at reducere indholdet af uorganisk kulstof tilføres filtratet CO2-fri luft (»såkaldt sparging«) (afsnit 15, litra e)), i 1 time, mens pH-værdien holdes på 6,5 ved hjælp af orthophosphorsyre (afsnit 20). pH-værdien genoprettes til den oprindelige værdi ved hjælp af natriumhydroxid (afsnit 21), og efter bundfældning i ca. 1 time udtages en passende mængde supernatant til inokulering.
To reduce its IC content, the filtrate is sparged with CO2-free air (paragraph 15-e) for 1 h while maintaining the pH at 6,5 using orthophosphoric acid (paragraph 20). The pH value is restored to its original value with sodium hydroxide (paragraph 21) and after settling for about 1 h a suitable volume of the supernatant is taken for inoculation. This sparging procedure reduces the IC content of the inoculum.
OECD Ring-test of methods for determining ready biodegradability: Chairman’s report (M. Hashimoto; MITI) og Final report (M. Kitano og M. Takatsuki; CITI).
OECD Ring-test of methods for determining ready biodegradability: Chairman’s report (M. Hashimoto; MITI) and final report (M. Kitano and M. Takatsuki; CITI).
Ring-test of the ISO Headspace CO2 method: application to surfactants: Surfactant Ring Test-1, Report EU4697, Water Research Centre, May 1999, Medmenham, SL7 2HD, Det Forenede Kongerige.
Ring-test of the ISO Headspace CO2 method: application to surfactants: Surfactant Ring Test-1, Report EU4697, Water Research Centre, May 1999, Medmenham, SL7 2HD, UK.
ASTM International, E1676-04: 26 s.
ASTM International, E1676-04: 26 pp.
INRA, Annales de Zoologie-Ecologie animale, Paris, 671 s.
INRA, Annales de Zoologie-Ecologie animale, Paris, 671 p.
Oligochaeta, I: Bioindicators and biomonitors.
Oligochaeta, In: Bioindicators and biomonitors.
Elsevier Science Ltd., Nederlandene, s. 555-576.
Elsevier Science Ltd, The Netherlands, pp. 555-576.
Third Edition, Chapman & Hall, London, 426 s.
Third Edition, Chapman & Hall, London, 426 pp.
Validierung einer Methode zur standardisierten Messung der Bioakkumulation mit terrestrischen Oligochaeten.
Validation of a Soil Bioaccumulation Test with Terrestrial Oligochaetes by an International Ring Test (Validierung einer Methode zur standardisierten Messung der Bioakkumulation mit terrestrischen Oligochaeten).
National Environmental Research Institute, NERI Technical Report 325: 57 s.
National Environmental Research Institute, NERI Technical Report 325: 57 pp.
Dissertation University Mainz, 156 s.
Dissertation University Mainz, 156 pp.