natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Således kan La Poste gennem en omdannelse (fusion, overtagelse) af visse strukturer i den offentlige sektor, blive skyldner for visse gældsposter over for tredjemand, uden at det kontraktligt er muligt at fastsætte en begrænsning af statens garanti.
Thus, through a mechanism (such as merger or absorption) for converting certain public sector structures, La Poste may acquire a number of debts towards third parties, without its being possible contractually to provide for a limitation of the guarantee on the part of the State.
Det er derfor utilstrækkeligt at indsætte en sådan klausul i »kontrakter« med »kreditorer«, for den dækker ikke alle hypoteser.
It is not, therefore, enough to insert such a clause into the ‘contracts’ with the ‘creditors’, as the clause would not cover all eventualities.
En sådan formulering vil formentlig ikke dække fordringer, som tredjemand måtte have, og som ikke kan afdækkes i første omgang.
Such a formulation would be likely to overlook claims by initially unidentifiable third parties.
Kun en almengyldig lov, hvori det hedder, at staten ikke er garant for La Poste, og som gælder i alle forhold og for alle typer tredjemand, er tilstrækkelig.
Only a text of general scope applicable in any situation and to any type of third party, indicating that the State is not the guarantor of La Poste, would be enough.
Såfremt de franske forslag endelig skulle blokere for enhver mulighed for, at en kreditor mod La Poste skulle gøre statens ansvar gældende for at opnå betaling af sin fordring (et tilfælde, som ifølge Kommissionen ikke er verificeret), gør disse forslag det ikke muligt klart at fastslå, hvad der ville ske i tilfælde af La Postes insolvens.
Finally, even in a scenario in which the French proposals would make it quite impossible for a creditor of La Poste to hold the State liable for paying its claim (a scenario that the Commission considers not to have been shown to exist), such proposals would not enable it to be clearly established what would happen in the event of La Poste’s becoming insolvent.
En kreditor mod La Poste, der ikke har kunnet opnå betaling af sin fordring ved at forlange tvangsfuldbyrdelse af sin individuelle fordring, vil altid kunne håbe på at modtage betaling af sin fordring i forbindelse med en samlet genopretning af La Poste finansieret af staten, som det vil blive påvist senere i denne afgørelse.
Indeed, a creditor of La Poste who had not been able to have his claim met by requesting payment of his individual claim could always hope to obtain payment within the framework of an overall State-financed restructuring of La Poste, as will be shown subsequently in this Decision.
Selv om kreditor ikke bliver fyldestgjort, kan han knytte retsvirkninger til den legitime fejltagelse, han begik ved etablering af fordringen, idet den altid vil blive imødekommet
Even if he were to fail obtain satisfaction, the creditor could invoke legal effects from the legitimate mistake he made, when the claim arose, that it would always be honoured.
Ved anvendelse af teorien om ydre fremtræden, bliver det muligt at bekræfte bevisførelsen.
Use of the theory of appearance enables what has been demonstrated to be confirmed.
For selv om man fulgte de franske myndigheders ræsonnement om, at der ikke findes nogen ubegrænset garanti til fordel for La Poste som følge af virksomhedens status, et ræsonnement, som Kommissionen tilbageviser, fører de ovenfor analyserede oplysninger til, at fordringshaverne med rette tror, at der alligevel foreligger en sådan garanti.
Indeed, even if one were to follow the French authorities’ argument, according to which there is no unlimited guarantee in favour of La Poste because of the latter’s legal form — an argument refuted by the Commission — the factors analysed above legitimately lead creditors to believe that such a guarantee does nonetheless exist.
Teorien om ydre fremtræden forstærker virkningen af sammenfaldet af en række indicier.
The theory of appearance amplifies the effect produced by the concordance of a series of indices.
De vigtigste relevante indicier for teorien om ydre fremtræden anføres i det følgende:
The main relevant indices in relation to the theory of appearance are noted below:
Med hensyn til statsgarantien til fordel for offentlige erhvervsvirksomheder giver forskellige retsakter (loven af 16. juli 1980 og gennemførelsesforanstaltningerne hertil) eller officielle dokumenter (budgetdokumenter) kreditor anledning til at tro, at staten vil påtage sig offentlige virksomheders gæld i tilfælde af utilstrækkelig likviditet eller vil påtage sig sit ansvar
regarding the state guarantee in favour of EPICs, a variety of legislative instruments (Law of 16 July 1980 and the measures implementing it) or official (budgetary) documents lead the creditor to believe that the State would take over EPICs’ debts in the event of their having a shortage of funds or that it would assume liability for those debts,
Den manglende præcisering af retstilstanden efter Campoloro-sagen og de første sager, Kommissionen indledte vedrørende offentlige virksomheders status, øger også kreditorernes tillid til, at der findes en sådan garanti
the lack of clarification of the legal situation following the Campoloro case and of the initial procedures undertaken by the Commission on the legal form of EPICs also increases creditors’ confidence that such a guarantee does in fact exist,
Den manglende klare oplysning om retsvirkningerne af en offentlig virksomheds betalingsstandsning peger også i den retning
the lack of any clear indication as to the effects of a situation in which an EPIC is in default also militates in favour of this view,
Kreditvurderingsbureauernes reaktion indgår også i den sammenhæng, idet tredjemand med rette eller urette tillægger skyldnerens status en betydning, idet der gives en karakter, hvis rolle er altafgørende på finansieringsområdet (dette vil blive påvist i afsnit 4.1.2.a) i nærværende afgørelse
the reaction of the rating agencies is also relevant in this context in that, rightly or wrongly, third parties attach importance to the legal form of the debtor, attributing to the latter a rating whose role is crucial in the matter of funding (this will be demonstrated in section 4.1.2(a) of this Decision).
Kommissionen konkluderer på grundlag af sin eksperts konklusioner, at selv om det efter den hypotese, de franske myndigheder forsvarer, var fejlagtigt, når en kreditor mente, at staten er forpligtet til at garantere for offentlige virksomheders, og især La Postes, gæld, ville den pågældendes fejltagelse være legitim på baggrund af de ovennævnte elementer og ville retligt kunne tillægges retsvirkninger.
In accordance with the conclusions of its expert, the Commission has arrived at the view that, even if, in the scenario championed by the French authorities, it was in error that a creditor came to consider that the State was required to guarantee the debts of publicly owned establishments and of La Poste in particular, his error would be legitimate given the above-mentioned factors, and the law could impart effects to it.
Hvis kreditor undtagelsesvis ikke skulle opnå betaling af sin fordring, ville han alligevel være sikker på, at den ikke ville bortfalde.
If, exceptionally, the creditor did not succeed in obtaining the payment of his claim, he could nevertheless rest assured that there was no likelihood of the claim being cancelled.
Garanti for opretholdelse af La Postes og/eller dens forpligtelsers eksistens
Guarantee of the continued existence of La Poste and/or of its obligations
Såfremt kreditor ikke inden for en rimelig frist og efter anvendelse af de i foregående afsnit beskrevne procedurer skulle opnå betaling af sin fordring, vil han, således som det vil blive påvist, være sikker på, at den ikke bortfalder.
As will be shown, even if, within a reasonable period and after the use of the procedures described in the previous section, the creditor does not succeed in obtaining the payment of his claim, he will be secure in the knowledge that the claim will not be cancelled.
Når et privatretligt selskab lukker, vil dets rettigheder og forpligtelser forsvinde med det.
When a company constituted under private law is closed down, its rights and obligations are likely to disappear with it.
Proceduren for likvidation af selskaber giver ingen forsikring om betaling af fordringer.
The procedure for winding up companies provides no guarantee at all that claims will be paid.
De offentlige virksomheders situation er anderledes.
The situation regarding publicly owned establishments is different.
Som det blev påvist ovenfor, findes der ingen procedure for lukning-likvidation af offentlige virksomheder under betalingsstandsning med bortfald af deres gæld.
As shown above, there is no procedure for the closing down/winding up of publicly owned establishments in default, involving the elimination of those establishments’ debts.
I tilfælde af, at en offentlig myndighed beslutter en lukning, beviser praksis og visse grundlæggende forvaltningsretlige principper — selv om det ikke udtrykkeligt står i nogen lov — at de lukkede virksomheders rettigheder og forpligtelser som sådan altid overtages af en anden enhed og i mangel heraf af staten.
In the event of publicly owned establishments being closed down following a decision of the public authority — and despite the fact that no legislation expressly provides for this — experience and certain basic principles of administrative law tend to show that the rights and obligations of publicly owned establishments that are closed down as such are always taken over by another body and, failing that, by the State.
Der findes ingen lukning-likvidation af en offentlig virksomhed efter beslutning af en offentlig myndighed, hvor virksomhedens rettigheder og forpligtelser bortfalder.
There is no public authority-motivated winding up/closing down of publicly owned establishments in which the rights and obligations of the establishments are also cancelled.
Derfor er hver fordringshaver sikker på, at den rettighed, han har i henhold til sin fordring, vil kunne gøres gældende over for en anden institution, og at hans fordring derfor ikke vil bortfalde.
Each creditor can therefore be certain that the right arising from his claim may be invoked against another body and that his claim will not, therefore, be cancelled.
Denne bevisførelse bygger på den praktiske undersøgelse af de organiske udviklingstendenser i offentlige virksomheder.
This demonstration is based on a practical study of organic developments affecting publicly owned establishments.
Denne undersøgelse, som Kommissionens ekspert har gennemført, viser, at offentlige virksomheders gæld altid overføres til en anden juridisk person, der ikke kan afvise den.
This study, conducted by the Commission’s expert, shows that the debts of publicly owned establishments are always transferred to another legal entity, which cannot refuse them.
Kommissionens ekspert har skelnet mellem tre årsager til, at offentlige virksomheder lukkes: ophør efter en bestemt frist (1), opgavens bortfald (2) og det tilfælde, man oftest støder på, overførsel af opgaven, hvilket nødvendigvis indebærer overførsel af rettigheder og forpligtelser (3).
The Commission’s expert has identified three reasons why publicly owned establishments may be closed down: because they have reached the ends of their lives (1), because the tasks assigned to them no longer need to be carried out (2), and (the case most frequently encountered) because the tasks assigned to them have been transferred elsewhere, necessarily implying a transfer of the rights and obligations (3).
Offentlige virksomheder, der ophører efter en bestemt frist
Publicly owned establishments that have reached the ends of their lives
Man møder sjældent tilfældet med offentlige virksomheder, der ophører efter en bestemt frist.
There are few cases of publicly owned establishments reaching the ends of their lives.
Det eneste eksempel, Kommissionens ekspert fandt, viser, at den offentlige virksomheds rettigheder og forpligtelser, bl.a. dens gæld (som udtrykkeligt omtales), overføres til andre offentligretlige juridiske personer.
The only example found by the Commission’s expert shows that the rights and obligations of the publicly owned establishment — particularly its debts (which are expressly referred to) — are transferred to other legal entities governed by public law.
Lukning af offentlige virksomheder på grund af bortfald af deres opgave
Publicly owned establishments closed down due to their tasks no longer needing to be carried out
Hvis den offentlige virksomheds opgave bortfalder, indebærer det så godt som altid, at en public service-opgave bortfalder først. Det betyder, at de offentlige myndigheder ikke længere ønsker at se en almennyttig opgave, som de skal påtage sig eller sørge for, i den ene eller den anden aktivitet.
The cancellation of the task of the publicly owned establishment is almost always preceded by the cancellation of a public-service task, meaning that the public authorities no longer wish to see a particular activity as representing a public-interest task that they are obliged to take over or guarantee.
Imidlertid går tendensen snarere i retning af at identificere stadig flere aktiviteter som public service.
In fact, the trend is to identify more and more activities as public services.
Det kan forklare, at dette fænomen har et meget begrænset omfang.
This explains why the cancellation of public service tasks is a very rare phenomenon.
Det er imidlertid nødvendigt at forbeholde tilfældet med offentlige virksomheder, som ikke bedriver public service, og hvis lukning på grund af bortfald af opgaven, ikke indebærer et forudgående bortfald af en public service-opgave.
It is necessary, however, to set aside cases of publicly owned establishments without a public-service task whose closing down due to the cancellation of their task does not imply the prior cancellation of a public-service task.
La Poste indgår ikke i sidstnævnte kategori.
La Poste does not fall into the latter category.
Men selv i det tilfælde viser praksis under alle omstændigheder, at disse virksomheders rettigheder og forpligtelser konsekvent overtages af en anden offentligretlig juridisk enhed, som oftest staten selv, hvilket de mange retsakter og eksempler, Kommissionens ekspert har afdækket på grundlag af S. Carpi-Petits undersøgelse, viser .
Even in this hypothetical case, experience in any case demonstrates that the rights and obligations of these establishments are systematically taken over by another legal entity governed by public law, more often than not the State itself, as shown by the numerous legislative instruments and examples identified by the Commission’s expert on the basis of the study carried out by S. Carpi-Petit .
Overførsel af opgaven indebærer en overførsel af rettigheder og forpligtelser
Transfer of the task, implying a transfer of the rights and obligations
Overførsel af en offentlig virksomheds opgave til en anden enhed, hvilket indebærer overførsel af rettigheder og forpligtelser, er det hyppigste tilfælde.
Transfer of the task of a publicly owned establishment to another body, implying a transfer of the rights and obligations, is the most frequent scenario.
Princippet om kontinuitet i den offentlige service indebærer en overførsel af de formuegoder, der er afsat til opgaven, og som følge heraf en overførsel af rettigheder og forpligtelser.
The principle of continuity of public service implies a transfer of the assets assigned to the task and, therefore, a transfer of the rights and obligations.
Der viser sig det grundlæggende princip, at når opgaven består, overføres den gamle offentlige virksomheds gæld til det organ, der overtager opgaven.
A basic principle emerges: if the task remains, the debts of the former publicly owned establishment are transferred to the body that takes over the task.
Som oftest overføres opgaven til et enkelt organ, hvilket betyder, at formuen overføres i sin helhed uden skifte.
More often than not, the task is transferred to a single body and, as a result, the assets are transferred in their entirety rather than being split up.
Det samme princip gælder i de tilfælde, hvor formuen overgår til en privatperson .
The same principle applies in scenarios in which the assets are transferred to a private person .
Der findes endvidere tilfælde af formuedeling, hvilket også viser en kontinuitet i offentlige virksomheders rettigheder og forpligtelser.
There are also scenarios in which assets are split up, showing in this case too that there is continuity in the rights and obligations of publicly owned establishments.
Dekret nr. 74-947 af 14. november 1974 om overførsel af ORTF's formuegoder, rettigheder og forpligtelser til Institut de l'audiovisuel konkretiserer eksistensen af et princip for udpegning af en »standardefterfølger«. Det hedder således i art. 1: »Office de radiodiffusion-télévision française's formuegoder, rettigheder og forpligtelser, der ikke er overført […] til den offentlige spredningsvirksomhed eller til et af de selskaber, der oprettes i henhold til denne lov, vil kunne overføres til institut de l'audiovisuel fra den 1. januar 1975 ved premierministerens bekendtgørelse«.
Article 1 of Decree No 74-947 of 14 November 1974, concerning the transfer to the Institut de l’audiovisuel of the ORTF’s assets, rights and obligations, gives concrete expression to the existence of a principle whereby a successor body is appointed ‘by default’: ‘it will be possible for the assets, rights and obligations of the Office de radiodiffusion-télévision française that have not been transferred […] to the public broadcasting establishment or to one of the companies created by this law to be transferred to the Institut de l’audiovisuel as from 1 January 1975 by order of the Prime Minister’.
De tilfælde, hvor formuen overføres i flere etaper, bekræfter den tendens, der tidligere er påvist.
The scenarios in which the assets are transferred in more than one stage confirm the trend described above.
Når en offentlig virksomhed omdannes til aktieselskab, findes der flere »omdannelsesmetoder«:
When a publicly owned establishment is converted into a public limited company, there are several ‘conversion’ procedures:
lukning-nedlæggelse: Det enkleste tilfælde er lukning ved nedlæggelse, idet den offentlige virksomhed så opløses
closing down/abolition: the simplest procedure is that of closing down by abolition, the publicly owned establishment then being wound up,
lukning-substitution: Lukning ved substitution er ifølge B. Plessix»nedlæggelse af den offentlige virksomhed [som] ledsages af oprettelsen af en ny juridisk person, som får overdraget den vedtægtsmæssige opgave, den opløste virksomhed havde ansvaret for.
closing down/substitution: as B. Plessix expresses it, closing down by substitution is ‘the abolition of the publicly owned establishment, accompanied by the creation of a new legal entity to which is entrusted the statutory task for which the wound-up establishment was responsible’.
Med andre ord indsættes en ny juridisk person i den opløste virksomheds rettigheder og forpligtelser. En ny juridisk person efterfølger den nedlagte virksomhed og overtager dennes opgaver«
In other words, a new legal entity is substituted in the rights and obligations of the wound-up publicly owned establishment; a new legal entity inherits the tasks of the abolished establishment’,
omdannelse uden nedlæggelse: Omdannelse uden nedlæggelse eller uden lukning er en operation, der bygger på princippet om, at den omdannede juridiske person skal videreføres.
conversion without abolition: conversion without abolition, or without closing down, is an operation based on organising the continuity of the converted legal entity.
Lovgiver har i de seneste år arbejdet for omdannelse uden lukning.
The legislature has committed itself in recent years to conversion without closing down.
Ved de første omdannelser, og især i forbindelse med France Télécom, nedlægger lovgiver den offentlige erhvervsvirksomhed og indskyder derefter samtlige dens formuegoder, rettigheder og forpligtelser i en ny juridisk person, der antager form af et privatretligt selskab.
Where the initial conversions, and especially that of France Télécom, were concerned, the legislature abolished the EPIC, then transferred all of its assets, rights and obligations to a new legal entity taking the form of a company governed by private law.
Ved de efterfølgende operationer foretager lovgiver kun en ændring af den retlige form uden at oprette en ny juridisk person.
Then, in the course of the subsequent operations, the legislature effected only a change in legal form without creating a new legal entity.
Der er således ikke tale om indskud af den offentlige virksomheds formuegoder, rettigheder og forpligtelser og heller ikke om aktivitetsophør, men lovgiver sørger for juridisk kontinuitet, således som f.eks. ordlyden i artikel 25 i lov nr. 2004-803 af 9. august 2004 om den offentlige elektricitets- og gastjeneste og om elektricitets- og gasvirksomheder vidner om: »omdannelsen af Electricité de France of Gaz de France til selskaber medfører hverken oprettelse af nye juridiske personer eller ophør af aktiviteten.
There is therefore no transfer of the assets, rights and obligations of the EPIC, nor cessation of activity but, rather, the organisation of legal continuity by the legislature, as shown for example by Article 25 of Law No 2004-803 of 9 August 2004 relating to the public gas and electricity service and to gas and electricity companies: ‘conversion into the companies Electricité de France and Gaz de France involves neither the creation of new legal entities nor the cessation of activity.
Electricité de France og Gaz de Frances formuegoder, rettigheder, forpligtelser og alle former for kontrakter og tilladelser i og uden for Frankrig er dem, som hver af de offentlige virksomheder har på tidspunktet for omdannelsen af deres juridiske form.
The assets, rights, obligations, contracts and authorisations of any kind of the companies Electricité de France and Gaz de France, both within France and outside France, are those of each of the publicly owned establishments at the time when their legal form is changed.
Med denne omdannelse kan der ikke sættes spørgsmålstegn ved disse formuegoder, rettigheder, forpligtelser, kontrakter og tilladelser, og der er navnlig ingen indvirkning på de kontrakter, Electricité de France, Gaz de France (…) har indgået med tredjemand. De operationer, denne omdannelse har medført, giver ikke anledning til opkrævning af nogen form for skatter eller afgifter«
Such a conversion does not allow these assets, rights, obligations, contracts and authorisations to be in any way called into question and, in particular, has no effect on the contracts concluded with third parties by Electricité de France, Gaz de France, etc. The operations brought about by this conversion do not lead to the collection of duties or taxes of any kind’.
På grundlag af sin ekspert konkluderer Kommissionen, at der efter analysen af de forskellige hypoteser for lukning af offentlige virksomheder kan drages følgende konklusioner:
Guided by its expert, the Commission concludes that analysis of the various scenarios whereby publicly owned establishments are closed down enables the following conclusions to be drawn:
selv om der ikke findes nogen generelle retsregler for lukning af offentlige virksomheder, viser praksis, at rettigheder og forpligtelser for den virksomhed, der skal lukke, i henhold til det juridiske dokument altid overføres til enten staten eller den enhed, som overtager dens opgaver.
although there is no overall judicial scheme for organising the closing down of publicly owned establishments, experience shows that the legislation always provides for transferring the rights and obligations of the establishment that is to be closed down either to the State or to the body that is to take over its task.
Så vidt Kommissionen ved, findes der ikke noget eksempel på en retsakt, hvori det fastslås, at gælden bortfalder
To the Commission’s knowledge, no example of legislation is to be found noting the cancellation of the debts,