natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 4, pp. 807-821.
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 4, p. 807-821.
Van Leeuwen, C.J., Espeldoom, A. and Mol, F, (1986). Aquatic Toxicological Aspects of Dithiocarbamates and Related Compounds.
Van Leeuwen C.J., Espeldoorn A. and Mol F. (1986) Aquatic Toxicological Aspects of Dithiocarbamates and Related Compounds.
Embryolarval Studies with Rainbow Trout Salmo gairdneri), J. Aquatic Toxicology, 9, pp. 129-145.
Aquatic Toxicology, 9, p. 129-145.
Kirchen, R.V. and W.R.
Kirchen R.V. and W.
Dunnett, C.W. (1955). A Multiple Comparisons Procedure for Comparing Several Treatments with Control.
Dunnett C.W., (1955) A Multiple Comparisons Procedure for Comparing Several Treatments with Control.
Dunnett, C.W.
Dunnett C.W.
Mc Clave, J.T., Sullivan, J.H. and Pearson, J.G. (1980).
Mc Clave J.T., Sullivan J.H. and Pearson J.G., (1980) Statistical Analysis of Fish Chronic Toxicity Test Data.
Van Leeuwen, C.J., Adema, D.M.M. and Henries, J. (1990). Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships for Fish Early Life Stage Toxicity.
Van Leeuwen C.J., Adema D.M.M. and Hermes J., (1990) Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships for Fish Early Life Stage Toxicity.
Aquatic Toxicology, 16, pp. 321-334.
Aquatic Toxicology, 16, p. 321-334.
Report EPS l/RM/28, December 1992, 81 pp.
Report EPS 1/RM/28, December 1992, p. 81.
Dave, G. and Xiu, R. (1991). Toxicity of Mercury, Nickel, Lead and Cobalt to Embryos and Larvae of Zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio.
Dave G. and Xiu R., (1991) Toxicity of Mercury, Nickel, Lead and Cobalt to Embryos and Larvae of Zebrafish, Brachydanio rerio.
Arch. of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 21. pp. 126-134.
Arch. of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 21, p. 126-134.
Meyer, A., Bierman, C.H. and Orti, G. (1993). The phylogenetic position of the Zebrafish (Danio rerio), a model system in developmental biology — an invitation to the comperative methods. Proc.
Meyer A., Bierman C.H. and Orti G., (1993) The phylogenetic position of the Zebrafish (Danio rerio), a model system in developmental biology — an invitation to the comperative methods.
Ghillebaert, F., Chaillou, C., Deschamps, F. and Roubaud, P. (1995). Toxic Effects, at Three pH Levels, of Two Reference Molecules on Common Carp Embryo.
Ghillebaert F., Chaillou C., Deschamps F. and Roubaud P., (1995) Toxic Effects, at Three pH Levels, of Two Reference Molecules on Common Carp Embryo.
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 32, pp. 19-28.
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 32, p. 19-28.
De Graeve, G.M, Cooney, J.D., Mclntyre, D.O., Poccocic, T.L, Reichenbach, N.G., Dean, J.H. and Marcus, M.D. (1991).
De Graeve G.M., Cooney J.D., McIntyre D.O., Poccocic T.L., Reichenbach N.G., Dean J.H. and Marcus M.D., (1991) Validity in the performance of the seven-day Fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) larval survival and growth test: an intra- and interlaboratory study.
Calow, P, (1993). Handbook of Ecotoxicology, Blackwells, Oxford.
Calow P., (1993) Handbook of Ecotoxicology, Blackwells, Oxford.
Vol. 1, Chapter 10: Methods for spawning, culturing and conducting toxicity tests with Early Life stages of Estuarine and Marine fish.
Vol. 1, chapter 10: Methods for spawning, culturing and conducting toxicity tests with Early Life stages of Estuarine and Marine fish.
Balon, E. K. (198 5). Early life history of fishes: New developmental, ecological and evolutionary perspectives, Junk Publ., Dordrecht, 280 pp.
Balon E.K., (1985) Early life history of fishes: New developmental, ecological and evolutionary perspectives, Junk Publ., Dordrecht, p. 280.
Blaxter, J.H.S. (1988).
Blaxter J.H.S., (1988) Pattern and variety in development, In: W.S.
Pattern and variety in development, in: W.S. Hoar and D. J. Randall eds., Fish Physiology, Vol. XIA, Academic press, pp.
Hoar and D.J.
FERSKVAND
FRESHWATER
Regnbueørred (9) (16)
Rainbow trout (9)(16)
Zebrafisk (7) (17) (18)
Zebrafish (7)(17)(18)
Alm. karpe (8) (19)
Common carp (8)(19)
Japanese ricefish/Medaka (20) (21)
Japanese ricefish/Medaka (20)(21)
Fathead minnow (8) (22)
Fathead minnow (8)(22)
Eksempler på andre veldokumenterede arter, som også har været anvendt
Examples of other well-documented species which have also been used
SALTVAND
SALTWATER
Tidewater silverside (23) (24) (25)
Tidewater silverside (23)(24)(25)
Sheepshead minnow (23) (24) (25)
Sheepshead minnow (23)(24)(25)
VEJLEDNING I UDFØRELSE AF TOKSICITETSTEST PÅ EMBRYONER OG BLOMMESÆKYNGEL FRA ZEBRAFISK (BRACHYDANIO RERIO)
GUIDANCE ON PERFORMANCE OF A TOXICITY TEST ON EMBRYOS AND SAC-FRY OF ZEBRAFISH (BRACHYDANIO RERIO)
Zebrafisken kommer oprindeligt fra Coromandelkysten i Indien, hvor den opholder sig i hurtigtrindende strømme.
The zebrafish originates from the Coromandel coast of India where it inhabits fast-flowing streams.
Den er en almindelig akvariefisk af karpefamilien, og oplysninger om fremgangsmåde i behandlingen og dyrkningen af den kan findes i standardreferenceværker om tropiske fisk.
It is a common aquarium fish of the carp family, and information about procedures for its care and culture can be found in standard reference books on tropical fish.
Dens biologi og anvendelse i fiskeriundersøgelser findes i et review af Laale (1).
Its biology and use in fishery research have been reviewed by Laale (1).
Fisken bliver sjældent længere end 45 cm.
The fish rarely exceeds 45 mm in length.
Kroppen er cylindrisk med 7-9 mørkeblå horisontale striber.
The body is cylindrical with 7-9 dark-blue horizontal silvery stripes.
Disse striber løber ud i de caudale og anale finner.
These stripes run into the caudal and anal fins.
Ryggen er olivengrøn.
The back is olive-green.
Hannerne er slankere end hunnerne.
Males are slimmer than females.
Hunnerne er mere sølvskinnende, og abdomen er udspilet, særligt lige før æglægning.
Females are more silvery and the abdomen is distended, particularly prior to spawning.
Voksne fisk tåler store svingninger i temperatur, pH og vandhårdhed.
Adult fishes are able to tolerate large fluctuations in temperature, pH and hardness.
For at sikre sig sunde fisk, som lægger æg af god kvalitet, bør man sørge for optimale betingelser.
However, in order to get healthy fish which produce eggs of good quality, optimal conditions should be provided.
Under æglægningen forfølger hannen hunnen og skubber til hende med snuden, og når æggene er kommet ud, bliver de befrugtede.
During spawning the male pursues and butts the female, and as the eggs are expelled they are fertilised.
Æggene, som er gennemsigtige og ikke-klæbende, synker til bunds, hvor de kan ædes af forældrene.
The eggs, which are transparent and non-adhesive, fall to the bottom where they may be eaten by the parents.
Lys har indflydelse på æglægningen.
Spawning is influenced by light.
Hvis lyset om morgenen er tilstrækkeligt, vil fiskene almindeligvis lægge æg i de tidlige timer efter morgengry.
If the morning light is adequate, the fish usually spawns in the early hours following daybreak.
En hun kan producere adskillige hundrede af æg ad gangen med ugers mellemrum.
A female can produce batches of several hundreds of eggs at weekly intervals.
FORÆLDREFISK, REPRODUKTION OG TIDLIGE LIVSSTADIER
CONDITIONS OF PARENTAL FISH, REPRODUCTION AND EARLY-LIFE STAGES
Udvælg et passende antal sunde fisk og hold dem i passende vand (f.eks. tillæg 4) i mindst to uger før den ønskede æglægning.
Select a suitable number of healthy fish and keep these in suitable water (e.g. Annex 4) for at least two weeks prior to the intended spawning.
Fiskene bør formere sig mindst en gang, før de producerer den samling æg, der skal bruges i testen.
The group of fish should be allowed to breed at least once before producing the batch of eggs used in the test.
Fisketætheden bør ikke overstige 1 gram fisk pr liter.
The density of fish during this period should not exceed 1 gram of fish per litre.
Regelmæssig fornyelse af vand eller anvendelse af rensningsanlæg kan tillade større fisketæthed.
Regular changes of water or the use of purification systems will enable the density to be higher.
Temperaturen i tankene bør holdes på 25 ± 2 oC.
The temperature in the holding tanks should be maintained at 25 ± 2 oC.
8 hunner og 16 hanner placeres i et akvarium med 50 liter fortyndingsvand, skærmet mod direkte lys og holdt så uforstyrret som muligt i mindst 48 timer.
Eight females and 16 males are placed in a tank containing 50 litres of dilution water, shielded from direct light and left as undisturbed as possible for at least 48 hours.
Et passende antal »æglægnings-træer«, lavet af optrevlet nylonreb, sættes fast på det grove net.
A number of ‘spawning-trees’, consisting of untwisted nylon rope, are attached to the coarse net of the frame.
Bakken vil hindre fiskene i at æde æggene og letter samtidig indsamlingen af æggene.
The spawning tray will prevent the fish from eating the eggs and at the same time permit an easy collection of the eggs.
Disse fisk skal have lagt æg mindst en gang før den, hvorfra æggene anvendes til testning.
The group of fish should have spawned at least once before the spawning from which eggs are used for testing.
Fra 5 til 10 han- og hunfisk holdes adskilt hver for sig i mindst to uger før den planlagte æglægning.
Five to 10 male and female fish are housed individually at least two weeks prior to the intended spawning.
Efter 5-10 dage vil hunnernes abdomen være udspilet og deres papillae genitales synlige.
After 5-10 days, the abdomens of the females will be distended and their genital papillae visible.
Vandtemperaturen øges gradvist til en grad over akklimatisationstemperaturen.
The water temperature is gradually increased one degree higher than the acclimatisation temperature.
Lyset slukkes, og akvariet holdes så uforstyrret som muligt.
The light is turned off and the tank is left as undisturbed as possible.
Hvis man har brug for flere æg, end en enkelt hun kan levere, opstilles flere akvarier parallelt.
If larger batches of eggs are needed than can be obtained from one female, a sufficient number of spawning tanks may be set-up in parallel.
Ved at notere sig formeringens størrelse og kvalitet for hver hun før testen, kan man udvælge sig de bedste hunner til formering.
By recording the reproduction success of the individual females prior to the test (size of batch and quality), those females with highest reproduction success may be selected for breeding.
Æggene flyttes til forsøgsakvariet ved hjælp af glasrør med en indre diameter ikke mindre end 4 mm og forsynede med en sugeballon.
The eggs should be transferred to the test vessels by means of glass tubes (inner diameter not less than 4 mm) provided with a flexible suction bulb.
Mængden af vand, der flyttes med æggene ved flytningen, skal være så ringe som muligt.
The amount of water accompanying the eggs on their transfer should be as small as possible.
Æggene er tungere end vand og synker selv ud af røret.
The eggs are heavier than water and sink out of the tube.
Omhu skal udvises, så æg (og larver) ikke kommer i kontakt med luften.
Care should be taken to prevent eggs (and larvae) coming into contact with the air.
Udviklingshastigheden og klækningshastigheden varierer fra et kuld til et andet.
Also the development rate and the rate of hatching vary from one batch to another.
Hvor befrugtningen lykkes, og hvor blommesækynglen klarer sig godt, overlever normalt over 90 %.
The successfully fertilised eggs and the yolk sac larvae survive well, normally above 90 %.
Ved 25 oC klækkes æggene 3-5 dage efter befrugtningen, og blommesækken resorberes ca. 13 dage efter befrugtningen.
At 25 oC the eggs will hatch three-five days after fertilisation and the yolk sac will be absorbed approximately 13 days after fertilization.
Fosterudviklingen er vel beskrevet af Hisaoka og Battle (2).
The embryonic development has been well defined by Hisaoka and Battle (2).
På grund af æggenes og de udklækkede larvers gennemsigtighed kan fiskenes udvikling følges, og tilstedeværelsen af malformationer observeres.
Due to the transparency of the eggs and post-hatch larvae, the development of the fish may be followed and the presence of malformations may be observed.
Omkring 4 timer efter æglægningen kan de ikke-befrugtede æg skelnes fra de befrugtede (3).
Approximately four hours after spawning, the non-fertilized eggs may be distinguished from the fertilized (3).
Til denne undersøgelse bliver æg og larver anbragt i små undersøgelseskar og set på under mikroskop.
For this examination, eggs and larvae are placed in test vessels of small volume and studied under a microscope.
Testbetingelserne, som vedrører de tidlige livsstadier, findes i tillæg 2.
The test conditions, which apply to the early life stages, are listed in Appendix 2.
Derefter evalueres kropslængden statistisk for de koncentrationer, hvor ingen af ovennævnte negative virkninger kunne ses.
Then, for those concentrations at which no adverse effects on any of these parameters have been detected, the body length is statistically evaluated.
Denne fremgangsmåde tilrådes, eftersom giftstoffet kan tænkes selektivt at dræbe mindre fisk, forsinke klækningstidspunktet og forårsage grove malformationer og på den måde føre til længdemålinger med bias.
This approach is advisable since the toxicant may selectively kill smaller fish, delay hatching-time and induce gross malformations, thus leading to biased length measurements.
Ydermere vil der være stort set samme antal fisk at måle pr. undersøgelse, hvilket sikrer teststatistikkens validitet.
Furthermore, there will be roughly the same number of fish to be measured per treatment, ensuring the validity of the test statistics.
P ' = % observeret overlevelse i testkoncentrationen
P ' % survival observed in the test concentration C % survival in the control
Derfor bør multiple sammenligningsprocedurer anvendes (6)(7)(8)(9)(10).
Therefore multiple comparison procedures should be utilised (6)(7)(8)(9)(10).
Hisaoka, K.K. and Battle, H.I. (1958).
Hisaoka K.K. and Battle H.I., (1958).
The Normal Development Stages of the Zebrafish Brachydanio rerio (Hamilton-Buchanan) J. Morph., 102, 311 pp.
The Normal Development Stages of the Zebrafish Brachydanio rerio (Hamilton-Buchanan) J. Morph., 102, p. 311.
Nagel, R. (1986).
Nagel R., (1986).
Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 2, pp. 173-181.
Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 2, p. 173-181.
Finney, D.J. (1971). Probit Analysis, 3rd ed., Cambridge University Press, Great Britain, pp.
Finney D.J., (1971).
Stephan, C.E. (198 2).
Stephan C.E., (1982).
Foster and W.E.
Pearson, R.B.
Bishop, Eds., American Society for Testing and Materials, pp.
Foster and W.E.
Dunnett, C.W, (1964). New Tables for Multiple Comparisons with a Control.
Dunnett C.W., (1964) New Tables for Multiple Comparisons with a Control.
Williams, D.A. (1971).
Williams D.A., (1971).
Biometrics, 27, pp. 103-117.
Biometrics, 27, p. 103-117.
Williams, D.A. (1972).
Williams D.A., (1972).
Biometrics 28, pp. 519-531.
Biometrics 28, p. 519-531.
Sokal, R.R. and Rohlf, F.J. (1981).
Sokal R.R. and Rohlf F.J., (1981).
TESTBETINGELSER, VARIGHED OG OVERLEVELSESKRITERIER FOR DE ANBEFALEDE ARTER
TEST CONDITIONS, DURATION AND SURVIVAL CRITERIA FOR RECOMMENDED SPECIES
Temperatur
Temp
Lysperiode
Photo-period
Varighed af stadier
Duration of stages
Typisk testvarighed
Typical duration of test
Overlevelseskontrol
Survival of control,
Blommesækyngel
Sac-fry
Klækningssucces
Hatching success
Efter klækning
Post-hatch
Zebrafisk
Zebrafish
Så hurtigt som muligt efter befrugtning (tidl. gastrula-stadium) til 5 dage efter klækning (8-10 dage)
As soon as possible after fertilisation (early gastrula stage) to 5 days post-hatch (8-10 days)
Regnbueørred
Rainbow trout
Så hurtigt som muligt efter befrugtning (tidl. gastrula-stadium) til 20 dage efter klækning (50-5 5 dage)
As soon as possible after fertilisation (early gastrula stage) to 20 days post-hatch (50-55 days)
Alm. karpe
Common carp
Så hurtigt som muligt efter befrugtning (tidl. gastrula-sta-dium) til 4 dage efter klækning (8-9 dage)
As soon as possible after fertilisation (early gastrula stage) to 4 days post-hatch (8-9 days)
Så hurtigt som muligt efter befrugtning (tidl. gastruia-sta-dium) til 5 dage efter klækning (13-16 dage)
As soon as possible after fertilisation (early gastrula stage) to 5 days post-hatch (13-16 days)
Gældende embryoner.
For embryos.
Gældende for larver.
For larvae.
Mørke for embryoner og larver op til en uge efter klækning, undtagen ved inspektion.
Darkness for embryo and larvae until one week after hatching except when they are being inspected.
Siden svagt lys i resten af testen.
Then subdued lighting throughout the test.
Veldokumenterede testbetingelser, varighed og overlevelseskriterier for andre brugbare arter
Test conditions, duration and survival criteria for other well documented species
Temperatur ( oC)
Temp ( oC)
Saltindhold (0/00)
Salinity (0/00)
Lysperiode (timer)
Photo-period (hrs)
Varighed af stadier (dage)
Duration of stages (days)
Typisk testvarighed for embryoner og blommesækyngel
Typical duration of embryo and sac-fry test
Overlevelse kontrol (minimum %)
Survival of control (minimum %)
Blommesækyngel
Sac-fry test
Guldfisk
Goldfish
Så hurtigt som muligt efter befrugtning (tidl. gastrula-stadium) til 4 dage efter klækning (7 dage)
As soon as possible after fertilisation (early gastrula stage) to 4 days post-hatch (7 days)
Så hurtigt som muligt efter befrugtning (tidl. gastrula-stadium) til 5 dage efter klækning (6-7 dage)
As soon as possible after fertilisation (early gastrula stage) to 5 days post-hatch (6-7 days)
Så hurtigt som muligt efter befrugtning (tidl. gastrula-stadium) til 3 dage efter klækning (23-27 dage)
As soon as possible after fertilisation (early gastrula stage) to 3 days post-hatch (23-27 days)
Så hurtigt som muligt efter befrugtning (tidl. gastrula-stadium) til 3 dage efter klækning (18 dage)
As soon as possible after fertilisation (early gastrula stage) to 3 days post-hatch (18 days)
Så hurtigt som muligt efter befrugtning (tidl. gastrula-sta-dium) til 4-7 dage efter klækning (28 dage)
As soon as possible after fertilisation (early gastrula stage) to 4/7 days post-hatch (28 days)
Denne korttids toksicitetstestmetode svarer til OECD TG 213 (1998).
This acute toxicity test method is a replicate of the OECD TG 213 (1998).
Denne toksicitetstest er en laboratoriemetode beregnet til at fastlægge den orale akutte toksicitet af plantebeskyttelsesmidler og andre kemikalier på voksne arbejdsbier.
This toxicity test is a laboratory method, designed to assess the oral acute toxicity of plant protection products and other chemicals, to adult worker honeybees.
I forbindelse med fastlæggelse og evaluering af stoffers toksiske egenskaber kan det være nødvendigt at fastslå den akutte orale toksicitet over for honningbier, f.eks. når det er sandsynligt, at bier bliver udsat for stoffet.
In the assessment and evaluation of toxic characteristics of substances, determination of acute oral toxicity in honeybees may be required, e.g. when exposure of bees to a given chemical is likely.
Den akutte orale toksicitetstest udføres for at fastslå den iboende toksicitet af pesticider og andre kemikalier over for bier.
The acute oral toxicity test is carried out to determine the inherent toxicity of pesticides and other chemicals to bees.
Specielt kan metoden bruges i programmer, der evaluerer den fare, som pesticider betyder for bier, baseret på en trinvis progression fra laboratorietoksicitetstest til tilnærmede feltforsøg og rene feltforsøg (1).
In particular, this method can be used in step-wise programmes for evaluating the hazards of pesticides to bees, based on sequential progression from laboratory toxicity tests to semi-field and field experiments (1).
Pesticider kan testes som aktive substanser (a.s.) eller som færdiggjorte produkter.
Pesticides can be tested as active substances (a.s.) or as formulated products.
En toksisk standard bør medtages til at fastslå biernes følsomhed og testprocedurens præcision.
A toxic standard should be used to verify the sensitivity of the bees and the precision of the test procedure.
Akut oral toksicitet: er den skadelige effekt, som indtræffer inden for maksimum 96 timer efter en oral indtagelse af en enkelt dosis af testkemikaliet.
Acute oral toxicity: is the adverse effects occurring within a maximum period of 96h of an oral administration of a single dose of test substance.
Dosis: er den mængde af test-kemikaliet, som er indtaget.
Dose: is the amount of test substance consumed.
Den reelle dosis, som hver bi får, kan ikke beregnes, da bierne fodres kollektivt, men en gennemsnitlig dosis kan skønnes (den totale mængde test-kemikalium indtaget/antal test-bier i et bur).
Dose is expressed as mass (μg) of test substance per test animal (μg/bee).
Den reelle dosis, som hver bi får, kan ikke beregnes, da bierne fodres kollektivt, men en gennemsnitlig dosis kan skønnes (den totale mængde testkemikalium indtaget/antal test-bier i et bur).
The real dose for each bee can not be calculated as the bees are fed collectively, but an average dose can be estimated (totally consumed test substance/number of test bees in one cage).
LD50(Mediane letale dosis) oral: er en statistisk beregnet enkeltdosis af et kemikalium, der kan forårsage død af 50 % af dyrene, indtaget oralt.
LD50(Median Lethal Dose) oral: is a statistically derived single dose of a substance that can cause death in 50 % of animals when administered by the oral route.
LD50-værdien udtrykkes i mg testkemikalium pr. bi.
The LD50 value is expressed in μg of test substance per bee.
Hvad pesticider angår, kan testkemikaliet være enten en aktiv substans (a.s.) eller et færdiggjort produkt, indeholdende et eller flere aktive kemikalier.
For pesticides, the test substance may be either an active substance (a.s.) or a formulated product containing one or more than one active substance.
Mortalitet: et dyr regnes for dødt, når det er totalt immobilt.
Mortality: an animal is recorded as dead when it is completely immobile.
Voksne arbejdshonningbier (Apis mellifera) udsættes for en række doser af testkemikaliet i en rørsukkeropløsning.
Adult worker honeybees (Apis mellifera) are exposed to a range of doses of the test substance dispersed in sucrose solution.
Derefter får bierne samme føde, men uden testkemikaliet.
The bees are then fed the same diet, free of the test substance.
Mortaliteten noteres daglig i mindst 48 timer og sammenlignes med kontrolværdierne.
Mortality is recorded daily during at least 48 h and compared with control values.
Hvis mortaliteten øges mellem 24 og 48 timer, mens kontrolværdierne holder sig på det accepterede niveau, dvs. ≤ 10 %, bør man forlænge testperioden til de maksimale 96 timer. Resultaterne analyseres for at beregne LD50 ved 24 timer og 48 timer og, hvis forsøget forlænges, ved 72 og 96 timer.
If the mortality rate is increasing between 24 h and 48 h whilst control mortality remains at an accepted level, i.e. ≤ 10 %, it is appropriate to extend the duration of the test to a maximum of 96 h. The results are analysed in order to calculate the LD50 at 24 h and 48 h and, in case the study is prolonged, at 72 h and 96 h.
at den gennemsnitlige mortalitet for alle kontroller skal være 10 % eller mindre ved forsøgets afslutning
the average mortality for the total number of controls must not exceed 10 % at the end of the test,
for den toksiske standard falder inden for det forventede.
the LD50 of the toxic standard meets the specified range.
Indsamling af bier
Collection of bees
Unge. voksne bier af samme race bør anvendes, dvs. bier på samme alder, i samme foderstand osv. Bierne hentes fra tilstrækkeligt fodrede, sunde, så vidt muligt sygdomsfri kolonier, som er dronningret.
Young adult worker bees of the same race should be used, i.e. bees of the same age, feeding status, etc. Bees should be obtained from adequately fed, healthy, as far as possible disease-free and queen-right colonies with known history and physiological status.
Deres fortid og fysiologiske status bør kendes. De kan indsamles aftenen for brugen og holdes under testbetingelserne til næste dag.
They could be collected in the morning of use or in the evening before test and kept under test conditions to the next day.
Bier fra rammer uden yngel kan anvendes.
Bees collected from frames without brood are suitable.