natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
For hver enkelt frosset kulturpræparat påvises den aminosyrebetingede vækst (histidin for S. typhimurium-stammer og tryptophan for E. coli-stammer).
The amino-acid requirement for growth should be demonstrated for each frozen stock culture preparation (histidine for S. typhimurium strains, and tryptophan for E. coli strains).
Andre fænotypiske egenskaber skal kontrolleres på lignende måde, således tilstedeværende eller manglende R-faktorplasmider, når det er relevant (dvs. ampicillinresistens hos TA98-stammen, TA-100- og TA97a- eller TA97-stammcn, WP2 uvrA-stammen og WP2 uvrA (pKM101)-stammen, samt ampicillin- og tetracyclinresistens hos TA102-stammen), tilstedeværelse af karakteristiske mutationer (dvs. rfa-mutation hos S. typhimurium ved hjælp af følsomhed over for krystalviolet og uvrA-mutation hos E. coli eller uvrB-mutation hos S. typhimurium ved hjælp af følsomhed over for ultraviolet lys) (2) (3).
Other phenotypic characteristics should be similarly checked, namely: the presence or absence of R-factor plasmids where appropriate [i.e. ampicillin resistance in strains TA98, TA100 and TA97a or TA97, WP2 uvrA and WP2 uvrA (pKM101), and ampicillin + tetracycline resistance in strain TA102]; the presence of characteristic mutations (i.e. rfa mutation in S. typhimurium through sensitivity to crystal violet, and uvrA mutation in E. coli or uvrB mutation in S. typhimurium, through sensitivity to ultraviolet light) (2)(3).
Stammerne skal ligeledes give kimtal for spontane revertanter inden for den hyppighed, der må forventes ud fra laboratoriets hidtidige kontroldata, og helst inden for den hyppighed, der er angivet i litteraturen.
The strains should also yield spontaneous revertant colony plate counts within the frequency ranges expected from the laboratory's historical control data and preferably within the range reported in the literature.
Substrat
Medium
Der benyttes en egnet minimalagar (f.eks. med Vogel-Bonner minimalsubstrat E og glucose) og en topagar med histidin og biotin eller tryptophan, så der tillades nogle få celledelinger (1) (2) (9).
An appropriate minimal agar (e.g. containing Vogel-Bonner minimal medium E and glucose), and an overlay agar containing histidine and biotin or tryptophan to allow for a few cell divisions, is used (1)(2)(9).
Bakterierne udsættes for teststoffet både med og uden et egnet metabolismeaktiveringssystem.
Bacteria should be exposed to the test substance both in the presence and absence of an appropriate metabolic activation system.
Det mest almindeligt anvendte system er en cofaktorsuppleret postmitokondriefraktion (S9), der fremstilles af levere fra rotter, der har været behandlet med enzyminducerede stoffer såsom Aroclor 1254 (1) (2) eller en blanding af phenobarbiton og β-naphthoflavon (18) (20) (21).
The most commonly used system is a cofactor-supplemented post-mitochondrial fraction (S9) prepared from the livers of rodents treated with enzyme-inducing agents such as Aroclor 1254 (1)(2) or a combination of Phenobarbitone and ß-naphthoflavone (18)(20)(21).
Postmitokondriefraktionen anvendes normalt i en koncentration på 5-30 % (v/v) i S9-blandingen.
The post-mitochondrial fraction is usually used at concentrations in the range from 5 to 30 % v/v in the S9-mix.
Valget af metabolismeaktiveringssystem og dets beskaffenhed kan afhænge af, hvilken kemisk klasse teststoffet tilhører.
The choice and condition of a metabolic activation system may depend upon the class of chemical being tested.
I nogle tilfælde vil det være hensigtsmæssigt at benytte postmitokondriefraktion i mere end én koncentration.
In some cases, it may be appropriate to utilise more than one concentration of post-mitochondrial fraction.
For azofarvestoffer og diazoforbindelser kan et reduktivt metabolismeaktiveringssystem være mere velegnet (6) (13).
For azo-dyes and diazo-compounds, using a reductive metabolic activation system may be more appropriate (6)(13).
Teststoffer i fast form opløses eller opslæmmes i passende opløsningsmidler eller bærestoffer og fortyndes passende inden behandling af bakterierne.
Solid test substances should be dissolved or suspended in appropriate solvents or vehicles and diluted if appropriate prior to treatment of the bacteria.
Der benyttes frisk fremstillede teststofpræparater, medmindre stabilitetsdata viser, at opbevaring er acceptabel.
Fresh preparations should be employed unless stability data demonstrate the acceptability of storage.
Der må ikke være mistanke om, at opløsningsmiddel/bærestof reagerer kemisk med teststoffet, og opløsningsmiddel/bærestof skal være kompatibel med bakteriernes overlevelse og S9-aktiviteten (22).
The solvent/vehicle should not be suspected of chemical reaction with the test substance and should be compatible with the survival of the bacteria and the S9 activity (22).
Teststammer (se punkt 1.5.1.1)
Test strains (see 1.5.1.1)
Stoffets cytotoksicitet og dets opløselighed i den endelige testblanding er blandt de kriterier, der skal tages hensyn til ved valg af højeste koncentration.
Amongst the criteria to be taken into consideration when determining the highest amount of the test substance to be used are the cytotoxicity and the solubility in the final treatment mixture.
Det kan være hensigtsmæssigt at bestemme toksicitet og opløselighed ved et indledende forsøg.
It may be useful to determine toxicity and insolubility in a preliminary experiment.
Cytotoksicitet kan påvises ved et fald i antallet af revertantkolonier, ved en opklaring eller hæmning af baggrundsvæksten eller ved graden af overlevelse i de behandlede kulturer.
Cytotoxicity may be detected by a reduction in the number of revertant colonies, a clearing or diminution of the background lawn, or the degree of survival of treated cultures.
Et stofs cytotoksicitet kan ændres ved, at der er metabolismeaktiveringssystemer til stede.
The cytotoxicity of a substance may be altered in the presence of metabolic activation systems.
Uopløselighed bedømmes ved, at der med det blotte øje kan iagttages udfældning i slutblandingen under de faktiske forsøgsbetingelser.
Insolubility should be assessed as precipitation in the final mixture under the actual test conditions and evident to the unaided eye.
Der anbefales en maksimal testkoncentration af opløselige ikke-cytotoksiske stoffer på 5 mg/plade eller 5 μl/plade.
The recommended maximum test concentration for soluble non-cytotoxic substances is 5 mg/plate or 5 μl/plate.
For ikke-cytotoksiske stoffer, der ikke er opløselige med 5 mg/plade eller 5 μl/plade, skal en eller flere af de undersøgte koncentrationer være uopløselig i slutblandingen.
For non-cytotoxic substances that are not soluble at 5 mg/plate or 5 μl/plate, one or more concentrations tested should be insoluble in the final treatment mixture.
Teststoffer, der er cytotoksiske allerede under 5 mg/plade eller 5 μl/plade. testes op til den cytotoksiske koncentration.
Test substances that are cytotoxic already below 5 mg/plate or 5 μl/plate should be tested up to a cytotoxic concentration.
Der benyttes mindst fem forskellige analyserbare koncentrationer af teststoffer med en afstand på ca. en halv logaritme (√10) mellem koncentrationerne i det indledende forsøg.
At least five different analysable concentrations of the test substance should be used with approximately half log (i.e. √10) intervals between test points for an initial experiment.
Ved undersøgelse af en koncentration/respons-sammenhæng kan mindre intervaller være hensigtsmæssigt.
Smaller intervals may be appropriate when a concentration-response is being investigated.
Test ved koncentrationer over 5 mg/plade eller 5 μl/plade kan tages under overvejelse, når bedømmelsen vedrører stoffer med et betydeligt indhold af potentielt mutagene urenheder.
Testing above the concentration of 5 mg/plate or 5 μl/plate may be considered when evaluating substances containing substantial amounts of potentially mutagenic impurities.
I alle forsøg medtages der sideløbende både positive og negative (opløsningsmiddel eller bærestof) stammespecifikke kontrolprøver, såvel med som uden metabolismeaktivering.
Concurrent strain-specific positive and negative (solvent or vehicle) controls, both with and without metabolic activation, should be included in each assay.
Der vælges en sådan koncentration i den positive kontrol, at det enkelte forsøg effektivitet godtgøres.
Positive control concentrations that demonstrate the effective performance of each assay should be selected.
Ved forsøg med metabolismeaktivering udvælges positive kontrolreferencestoffer ud fra den valgte type bakteriestamme.
For assays employing a metabolic activation system, the positive control reference substance(s) should be selected on the basis of the type of bacteria strains used.
Nedenfor er der eksempler på stoffer, som er egnede som positive kontrolstoffer i forsøg med metabolismeaktivering:
The following substances are examples of suitable positive controls for assays with metabolic activation:
CAS nr.
CA numbers
Stof
Names
9,10-dimethylanthracen
9,10-dimethylanthracene
7,1 2-dimethylbenz[a]anthracen
7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene
2-aminoanthracen
2-aminoanthracene
Følgende stof er egnet som positivt kontrolstof ved reduktiv metabolismeaktivering:
The following substance is a suitable positive control for the reductive metabolic activation method:
2-aminoanthracen bør ikke anvendes som eneste indikator for, om .S9-blandingen er effektiv.
2-Aminoanthracene should not be used as the sole indicator of the efficacy of the S9-mix.
Hvis der benyttes 2-aminoanthracen, skal hver batch af S9 tillige karakteriseres med et mutagen, der kræver metabolismeaktivering med mikrosomenzymer, f.eks, benzo[a]pyren eller dimethylbenzanthracen.
If 2-aminoanthracene is used, each batch of S9 should also be characterised with a mutagen that requires metabolic activation by microsomal enzymes, e.g. benzo[a]pyrene, dimethylbenzanthracene.
Nedenfor er der eksempler på stoffer til brug som stammespecifikke positive kontrolstoffer i forsøg uden exogen metabolismeaktivering:
The following substances are examples of strain-specific positive controls for assays performed without exogenous metabolic activation system:
Stamme
Strain
natriumazid
Sodium azide
TA 1535 og TA 100
TA 1535 and TA 100
9-aminoacridin
9-aminoacridine
TA 1537, TA 97 og TA 97a
TA 1537, TA 97 and TA 97a
uvrA og TA 102
uvrA and TA102
N-ethyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidin
N-ethyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine
WP2, WP2 uvrA og WP2 uvrA (pKM101)
WP2, WP2uvrA and WP2uvrA(pKM101)
4-nitroquinolin-l-oxid
4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide
plasmidholdige stammer
plasmid-containing strains
Der kan benyttes andre egnede referencestoffer til positiv kontrol.
Other appropriate positive control reference substances may be used.
Der skal indgå negative kontrolprøver, der kun består af opløsningsmiddel eller bærestof uden teststof, og som behandles på samme måde som de øvrige testgrupper.
Negative controls, consisting of solvent or vehicle alone, without test substance, and otherwise treated in the same way as the treatment groups, should be included.
Ved pladeinkorporeringsmetoden (1) (2) (3) (4) uden metabolismeaktivering blandes normalt 0,05 ml eller 0,1 ml testopløsning, 0,1 ml frisk bakteriekultur (indeholdende ca. 108 levedygtige celler) og 0,5 ml steril buffer med 2,0 ml topagar.
For the plate incorporation method (1)(2)(3)(4), without metabolic activation, usually 0,05 ml or 0,1 ml of the test solutions, 0,1 ml of fresh bacterial culture (containing approximately 108 viable cells) and 0,5 ml of sterile buffer are mixed with 2,0 ml of overlay agar.
Ved forsøg med metabolismeaktivering blandes normalt ca. 0,5 ml metabolismeaktiveringsblanding, indeholdende en passende mængde postmitokondriefraktion (5-30 % (v/v) i metabolismeaktiveringsblandingen), med topagaren (2,0 ml), bakterierne og teststoffet/testopløsningen.
For the assay with metabolic activation, usually 0,5 ml of metabolic activation mixture containing an adequate amount of post-mitochondrial fraction (in the range from 5 to 30 % v/v in the metabolic activation mixture) are mixed with the overlay agar (2,0 ml), together with the bacteria and test substance/test solution.
Indholdet i de enkelte glas blandes og hældes ud over overfladen på en minimalagarplade.
The contents of each tube are mixed and poured over the surface of a minimal agar plate.
Topagaren henstilles til størkning inden inkubering.
The overlay agar is allowed to solidify before incubation.
Ved præinkubationsmetoden (2) (3) (5) (6) forinkuberes teststof/testopløsning sammen med teststammen (indeholdende ca. 108 levedygtige celler) og steril buffer eller metabolismeaktiveringssystemet (0,5 ml) normalt i 20 minutter ved 30-37 oC, inden der blandes med topagaren, og blandingen hældes ud på overfladen af en minimalagarplade.
For the preincubation method (2)(3)(5)(6), the test substance/test solution is preincubated with the test strain (containing approximately 108 viable cells) and sterile buffer or the metabolic activation system (0,5 ml) usually for 20 min. or more at 30-37 oC prior to mixing with the overlay agar and pouring onto the surface of a minimal agar plate.
Normalt blandes 0,05 ml eller 0,1 ml teststof/testopløsning, 0,1 ml bakteriekultur og 0,5 ml S9-blanding eller steril buffer med 2,0 ml topagar.
Usually, 0,05 or 0,1 ml of test substance/test solution, 0,1 ml of bacteria, and 0,5 ml of S9-mix or sterile buffer are mixed with 2,0 ml of overlay agar.
Glassene bør under forinkuberingen beluftes i rysteapparat.
Tubes should be aerated during pre-incubation by using a shaker.
Til forsvarlig bestemmelse af variationen udføres der tredobbelt udpladning ved hvert dosisniveau.
For an adequate estimate of variation, triplicate plating should be used at each dose level.
Dobbelt udpladning kan accepteres, hvis den begrundes sagligt.
The use of duplicate plating is acceptable when scientifically justified.
Tab af en plade af og til gør ikke nødvendigvis testen ubrugelig.
The occasional loss of a plate does not necessarily invalidate the assay.
Gasformige og flygtige stoffer testes ved en egnet metode, f.eks. i forseglede dyrkningsflasker (12) (14) (15) (16).
Gaseous or volatile substances should be tested by appropriate methods, such as in sealed vessels (12)(14)(15)(16).
Inkubering
Incubation
Alle plader i hvert forsøg inkuberes ved 37 oC i 48-72 timer.
All plates in a given assay should be incubated at 37 oC for 48-72 hours.
Efter inkuberingen tælles antallet af revertantkolonier pr. plade.
After the incubation period, the number of revertant colonies per plate is counted.
Dataene forelægges som antallet af revertantkolonier pr. plade.
Data should be presented as the number of revertant colonies per plate.
Også antallet af revertantkolonier på både negative (opløsningsmiddelkontrol og en eventuel ubehandlet kontrol) og positive kontrolplader oplyses.
The number of revertant colonies on both negative (solvent control, and untreated control if used) and positive control plates should also be given.
Tallene for hver enkelt plade, gennemsnittet af revertantkolonier pr. plade og standardafvigelsen opgives for teststoffet og for positive og negative kontrolplader (ubehandlede og/eller med opløsningsmiddel).
Individual plate counts, the mean number of revertant colonies per plate and the standard deviation should be presented for the test substance and positive and negative (untreated and/or solvent) controls.
Negative resultater bekræftes efter en vurdering af de enkelte tilfælde.
Negative results need to be confirmed on a case-by-case basis.
Blandt de undersøgelsesparametre, der kan ændres på, er koncentrationernes spredning, behandlingsmetoden (pladeinkorporering eller væske-præinkubation) og metabolismeaktiveringen.
Study parameters that might be modified include the concentration spacing, the method of treatment (plate-incorporation or liquid pre-incubation), and metabolic activation conditions.
Der findes en række kriterier for, om der er opnået et positivt resultat, f.eks. en koncentrationsafhængig forøgelse af antallet af revertantkolonier pr. plade i det undersøgte interval og/eller en reproducerbar forøgelse af antallet af revertantkolonier pr. plade ved en eller flere koncentrationer, for mindst én stamme med eller uden metabolismeaktivering (23).
There are several criteria for determining a positive result, such as a concentration-related increase over the range tested and/or a reproducible increase at one or more concentrations in the number of revertant colonies per plate in at least one strain with or without metabolic activation system (23).
Statistiske metoder kan benyttes som hjælpemiddel ved evalueringen af testresultaterne (24).
Statistical methods may be used as an aid in evaluating the test results (24).
Statistisk signifikans bor ikke være den eneste faktor, der afgør, om resultatet bedømmes som positivt.
However, statistical significance should not be the only determining factor for a positive response.
Et positivt resultat af en tilbagemutationstest med bakterier viser, at teststoffet fremkalder punktmutationer ved basesubstitution eller læserammeforskydning i genomet hos Salmonella typhimurium og/eller Escherichia coli.
Positive results from the bacterial reverse mutation test indicate that the substance induces point mutations by base substitutions or frameshifts in the genome of either Salmonella typhimurium and/or Escherichia coli.
Et negativt resultat viser, at teststoffet under testbetingelserne ikke er mutagent i den undersøge organisme.
Negative results indicate that under the test conditions, the test substance is not mutagenic in the tested species.
begrundelse for valg af bærestof
justification for choice of solvent/vehicle,
Stammer:
Strains:
anvendte stammer
strains used,
antal celler pr. kultur
number of cells per culture,
karakteristika for stammen
strain characteristics.
mængde teststof pr. plade (mg/plade eller μl/plade) med begrundelse for valg af dosis og pladeantal pr. koncentration
amount of test substance per plate (mg/plate or μl/plate) with rationale for selection of dose and number of plates per concentration,
anvendte substrater
media used,
behandlingsmetoder
treatment procedures.
kimtal for de enkelte plader
individual plate counts,
gennemsnitligt antal revertantkolonier pr. plade og standardafvigelsen
the mean number of revertant colonies per plate and standard deviation,
data for sideløbende negative (opløsningsmiddel/bærestof) og positive kontrolprøver med angivelse af intervaller, gennemsnit og standardafvigelser
concurrent negative (solvent/vehicle) and positive control data, with ranges, means and standard deviations,
data for tidligere negative (opløsningsmiddel/bærestof) og positive kontrolprøver med angivelse af intervaller, gennemsnit og standardafvigelser
historical negative (solvent/vehicle) and positive control data with ranges, means and standard deviations.
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