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Matsushima, T., Matsumoto, A., Shirai, M., Sawamura, M., and Sugimura, T., (1979) Mutagenicity of the Naturally Occurring Carcinogen Cycasin and Synthetic Methylazoxy Methane Conjugates in Salmonella typhimurium.
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Wilcox, P., Naidoo, A., Wedd, D.J. and Gatehouse, D.G., (1990) Comparison of Salmonella typhimurium TA 102 with Escherichia coli WP2 Tester strains.
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En række forskellige haploide og diploide stammer af gæren Saccharomyces cerevisiae kan anvendes ved undersøgelse af genmutationer, som induceres af kemiske stoffer med og uden metabolisk aktivering.
A variety of haploid and diploid strains of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae can be used to measure the production of gene mutations induced by chemical agents with and without metabolic activation.
Man har anvendt fremadmutationssystemer med haploide stammer f.eks, ved bestemmelse af mutation fra røde, adeninafhængige mutanter (ade-1, ade-2) til dobbelt adeninafhængige hvide mutanter og selektive systemer som induktion af canavanin-resistens og cycloheximid-resistens.
Forward mutation systems in haploid strains, such as the measurement of mutation from red, adenine-requiring mutants (ade-1, ade-2) to double adenine-requiring white mutants and selective systems such as the induction of resistance to canavnaine and cycloheximide, have been utilised.
Det bedst validerede tilbagemutationssystem bygger på anvendelse af den haploide stamme XV185-14C, der er bærer af ochre nonsensemutationerne ade 2-1, arg 4-17, lys 1-1 og trp 5-48, og som muterer tilbage med baseparsubstitutionsmutagener, der inducerer punktmutationer eller ochre suppressormutationer.
The most extensively validated reverse mutation system involves the use of the haploid strain XV 185-14C which carries the ochre nonsense mutations ade 2-1, arg 4-17, lys 1-1 and trp 5-48, which are reversible by base substitution mutagens that induce site specific mutations or ochre suppressor mutations.
XV185-14C er også bærer af his 1-7 markøren, som er en missense-mutation, der hovedsagelig muterer tilbage ved mutationer i andre loci, og markøren hom 3-10, der muterer tilbage med frameshift-mutagener.
XV 185-14C also carries the his 1-7 marker, a missense mutation reverted mainly by second site mutations, and the marker hom 3-10 which is reverted by frameshift mutagens.
Den eneste bredt anvendte diploide stamme af S. cerevisiae er D7, der er homozygot i ilv 1-92.
In diploid strains of S. cerevisiae the only extensively used strain is D7 which is homozygous for ilv 1-92.
Opløsninger af teststof og kontrol fremstilles umiddelbart inden testen under anvendelse af et passende vehikel.
Solutions of test chemicals and control should be prepared just prior to testing, using an appropriate vehicle.
Hvis der anvendes organiske kemiske forbindelser, som er uopløselige i vand, kan organiske opløsningsmidler som ætanol, acetone eller dimetylsulfoxid (DMSO) bruges i koncentrationer på op til 2 % v/v.
In the case of organic compounds, which are not water soluble, not more than a 2 % solution v/v of organic solvents such as ethanol, acetone or dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) should be used.
Koncentrationen af vehiklet bør ikke medføre nogen ændring i cellevitalitet og vækstkarakteristika.
The final concentration of the vehicle should not significantly affect cell viability and growth characertistics.
Cellerne eksponeres for teststof både med og uden tilsætning af et passende eksogent metabolisk aktiveringssystem.
Cells should be exposed to test chemicals both in the presence and absence of an appropriate exogenous metabolic activation system.
Det hyppigst anvendte system består af en co-faktorberiget postmitochondrisk fraktion af lever fra gnavere, som er forbehandlede med enzyminducerende stoffer.
The most commonly used system is a co-factor supplemented post-mitochondrial fraction from the livers of rodents pre-treated with enzyme inducing agents.
Andre dyrearter, væv, postmitochondriske fraktioner eller fremgangsmåder kan også være egnede til metabolisk aktivering.
The use of other species, tissues, post-mitochondrial fractions, or procedures may also be appropriate for metabolic activation.
Teststammer
Tester strains
Den haploide stamme XV 185-14C og den diploide stamme D7 er de hyppigst anvendte i genmutationsundersøgelser.
The haploid strain XV 185-14C and the diploid strain D7 are the most used in gene mutation studies.
Også andre stammer kan være egnede.
Other strains may also be appropriate.
Ved bestemmelse af overlevelsesgrad og antal mutanter anvendes passende kulturmedier.
Appropriate culture media are used for the determination of survival and mutant numbers.
Negative og positive kontroller
Use of negative and positive controls
Sideløbende med testkulturerne dyrkes positive kontrolkulturer, ubehandlede kontrolkulturer og kontrolkulturer med det anvendte opløsningsmiddel.
Positive, untreated and solvent controls should be performed concurrently.
Der anvendes egnede positive kontrolstoffer for hvert enkelt genetisk endpoint.
Appropriate positive control chemicals should be used for each specific mutational endpoint.
Der anvendes mindst fem forskellige koncentrationer af teststoffet med passende intervaller mellem koncentrationerne.
At least five adequately spaced concentrations of the test substance should be used.
Der anvendes subkulturer med spontane mutationsfrekvenser, som ligger inden for de almindeligt accepterede områder.
Sub-cultures should be used with spontaneous mutation frequencies within the accepted normal range.
Når man tester markører, der som hom 3-10 har en lav mutationsfrekvens, må antallet af plader forøges, således at der kan tilvejebringes en statistisk relevant mængde data.
In the case of experiments using markers such as hom 3-10 with a low mutation rate, the number of plates used must be increased to provide statistically relevant data.
Stammer af S. cerevisiae eksponeres normalt ved test i væske, hvortil der anvendes enten celler i stationær fase eller celler i vækstfase.
Treatment of S. cerevisiae strains is usually performed in a liquid test procedure involving either stationary or growing cells.
Indledende undersøgelser bør udføres med celler i vækstfase, 1-5 × 107 celler pr. ml eksponeres for teststoffet i op til 18 timer ved 28 til 37 oC under omrystning. Hvis det er nødvendigt, tilsættes en passende mængde metabolisk aktiveringssystem under eksponeringen.
Initial experiments should be carried out on growing cells: 1-5 × 107 cells/ml are exposed to the test chemical for up to 18 hours at 28 to 37 oC with shaking; an adequate amount of metabolic activation system is added during treatment when appropriate.
Efter eksponeringen centrifugeres og vaskes cellerne, hvorefter de udsås på et egnet kulturmedium.
At the end of the treatment, cells are centrifuged, washed and seeded upon an appropriate culture medium.
Når inkubationen er slut, registreres induktionen af genmutationer og antal overlevende på hver plade.
After incubation, plates are scored for survival and the induction of gene mutation.
Hvis den første undersøgelse er negativ, bør en anden udføres under anvendelse af celler i stationær fase.
If the first experiment is negative, then a second experiment should be carried out using stationary phase cells.
Hvis den første undersøgelse er positiv, skal det efterprøves i et passende uafhængigt forsøg.
If the first experiment is positive it is confirmed in an appropriate independent experiment.
Data opstilles i tabelform. Antal optalte kolonier, antal mutanter, overlevelsesfrekvens samt mutationsfrekvens angives.
Data should be presented in tabular form indicating the number of colonies counted, number of mutants, survival and mutant frequency.
Alle resultater efterprøves i et uafhængigt forsøg.
All results should be confirmed in an independent experiment.
Forsøgsrapporten skal om muligt indeholde følgende:
The test report shall, if possible, contain the following information:
anvendt stamme
strain used,
forsøgsbetingelser: celler i stationær fase eller vækstfase, mediernes sammensætning, inkubationstemperatur og -periode, metabolisk aktiveringssystem
test conditions: stationary phase or growing cells, compositions of media, incubation temperature and duration, metabolic activation system,
eksponeringsbetingelser: eksponeringskoncentrationer, fremgangsmåde og varighed, eksponeringstemperatur, positive og negative kontroller
treatment conditions: exposure levels, procedure and duration of treatment, treatment temperature, positive and negative controls,
antal optalte kolonier, antal mutanter, overlevelses- og mutationsfrekvens, om muligt dosis-responsforhold, statistisk evaluering af data
number of colonies counted, number of mutants, survival and mutant frequency, dose/response relationship if applicable, statistical evaluation of data,
diskussion af resultaterne
discussion of results,
Der kan hos Saccharomyces cerevisiae konstateres mitotisk rekombination mellem gener (eller mere generelt mellem et gen og dets centromer) og inden for det samme gen.
Mitotic recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae can be detected between genes (or more generally between a gene and its centromere) and within genes.
Den førstnævnte form kaldes mitotisk overkrydsning og frembringer reciprokke typer, mens den sidstnævnte som oftest ikke er reciprok og kaldes genbytning.
The former event is called mitotic crossing-over and generates reciprocal products whereas the latter event is most frequently non-reciprocal and is called gene conversion.
Overkrydsning bestemmes almindeligvis ved frembringelse af recessive homozygote kolonier eller sektorer i en heterozygot stamme, mens genbytning bestemmes ved frembringelse af prototrofe revertanter i en auxotrof heteroallel stamme, som bærer to forskellige, defekte alleler af det samme gen.
Crossing-over is generally assayed by the production of recessive homozygous colonies or sectors produced in a heterozygous strain, whereas gene conversion is assayed by the production of prototrophic revertants produced in an auxotrophic heteroallelic strain carrying two different defective alleles of the same gene.
De hyppigst anvendte stammer ved undersøgelse af mitotisk genbytning er D4 (med heteroallele ade 2 og trp 5), BZ34 (med heteroallel arg 4), D7 (med heteroallel trp 5) og JD1 (med heteroallele his 4 og trp 5).
The most commonly used strains for the detection of mitotic gene conversion are D4 (heteroallelic at ade 2 and trp 5) D7 (heteroallelic at trp 5) BZ34 (heteroallelic at arg 4) and JDl (heteroallelic at his 4 and trp 5).
Mitotisk overkrydsning, som frembringer røde og lyserøde sektorer, kan undersøges i D5 og D7 (der også kan bruges til bestemmelse af mitotisk genbytning og tilbagemutation af ilv 1-92), idet begge stammer bærer heteroallele komplementære alleler til ade 2.
Mitotic crossing-over producing red and pink homozygous sectors can be assayed in D5 or in D7 (which also measures mitotic gene conversion and reverse mutation at ilv 1-92) both strains being heteroallelic for complementing alleles of ade 2.
Opløsninger af teststof og kontrol- eller referencestoffer fremstilles umiddelbart inden testen under anvendelse af et passende opløsningsmiddel.
Solutions of test chemicals and control or reference compounds should be prepared just prior to testing, using an appropriate vehicle.
Hvis der anvendes organiske kemiske forbindelser, som er uopløselige i vand, kan organiske opløsningsmidler som ætanol, acetone eller dimetylsulfoxid (DMSO) bruges i koncentrationer på op til 2 % v/v.
With organic compounds that are water insoluble not more than a 2 % solution v/v of organic solvents such as ethanol, acetone or dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) should be used.
Koncentrationen af vehiklet bør ikke medføre nogen ændring i cellevitalitet og vækstkarakteristika.
The final concentration of the vehicle should not significantly affect cell viability and growth characteristics.
Det hyppigst anvendte system består af en co-faktorberiget postmitochondrisk fraktion af lever fra gnavere, som er forbehandlede med enzyminducerende stoffer.
The system most commonly used is a co-factor supplemented post-mitochondrial fraction from the livers of rodents pre-treated with enzyme inducing agents.
De hyppigst anvendte stammer er de diploide D4, D5, D7 og JD1.
The most frequently used strains are the diploids D4, D5, D7 and JD1.
Også andre stammer kan være egnede.
The use of other strains may be appropriate.
Ved bestemmelse af overlevelsesgrad og mitotisk rekombinationsfrekvens anvendes passende kulturmedier. Negative og positive kontroller
Appropriate culture media are used for the determination of survival and the frequency of mitotic recombination.
Der anvendes egnede positive kontrolstoffer for hvert enkelt genetisk endpoint.
Appropriate positive control chemicals should be used for each specific recombination endpoint.
Herunder må man tage hensyn til faktorer som cytotoksicitet og opløselighed.
Among the factors to be taken into consideration are cytotoxicity and solubility.
De laveste koncentrationer bør ikke have nogen indvirkning på cellernes levedygtighed.
The lowest concentration must have no effect on celf viability.
Når der testes toksiske stoffer, bør den højeste koncentration ikke reducere overlevelsesgraden til mindre end 5 til 10 %.
For toxic chemicals, the highest concentration tested should not reduce survival below 5 to 10 %.
Stoffer, som er relativt uopløselige i vand, testes under anvendelse af passende fremgangsmåder op til opløselighedsgrænsen.
Relatively water-insoluble chemicals should be tested up to the limit of solubility using appropriate procedures.
Den højeste koncentration af ikke-toksiske teststoffer, som er frit opløselige i vand, fastlægges fra test til test.
For freely water-soluble non-toxic substances the upper concentration should be determined on a case by case basis.
Celler i stationær fase eller vækstfase kan eksponeres for teststoffet i op til 18 timer.
Cells may be exposed to test chemicals in either the stationary phase or during growth for periods of up to 18 hours.
Benyttes der lange eksponeringsperioder, bør kulturerne dog undersøges mikroskopisk for sporedannelse, idet disses tilstedeværelse gør testen værdiløs.
However, for long treatment times cultures should be microscopically inspected for spore formation, the presence of which invalidates the test.
Inkuberingsbetingelser
Incubation conditions
Pladerne inkuberes i fire til syv dage mellem 28 og 30 oC i mørke.
The plates are incubated in the dark for four to seven days at 28 to 30 oC.
Plader, som anvendes til bestemmelse af røde og lyserøde homozygote sektorer, der er frembragt ved mitotisk overkrydsning, opbevares i køleskab (omkring 4 oC) i yderligere en til to dage inden optælling for at muliggøre udvikling af de rene pigmenterede kolonier.
Plates used for the assay of red and pink homozygous sectors produced by mitotic crossing-over should be kept in a refrigerator (about 4 oC) for a further one to two days before scoring to allow for the development of the appropriate pigmented colonies.
Spontane mitotiske rekombinationsfrekvenser
Spontaneous mitotic recombination frequencies
Der anvendes subkulturer med spontane mitotiske frekvenser, som ligger inden for de almindeligt accepterede områder.
Sub-cultures should be used with spontaneous mitotic recombination mutation frequencies within the accepted normal range.
Antal parallelle plader
Number of replicates
Der anvendes mindst tre parallelle plader for hver koncentration ved bestemmelsen af prototrofer, som er fremkommet ved mitotisk genbytning, og af cellernes levedygtighed.
A minimum of three replicate plates should be used per concentration for the assay of prototrophs produced by mitotic gene conversion and for viability.
Når man tester recessive homozygoter, som er frembragt ved mitotisk overkrydsning, forøges antallet af plader, således at der opnås et passende antal kolonier.
In the case of the assay of recessive homozygosis produced by mitotic crossing-over, the plate number should be increased to provide an adequate number of colonies.
Fremgangsmåde
Procedures
Indledende undersøgelser bør udføres med celler i vækstfase.
Initial experiments should be done on growing cells.
1-5 × 107 celler pr. ml eksponeres for teststoffet i op til 18 timer ved 28 til 37 oC under omrystning. Under eksponeringen tilsættes en passende mængde metabolisk aktiveringssystem.
1-5 × 107 celles/ml are exposed to the test chemical for up to 18 hours at 28 to 37 oC with shaking; an adequate amount of metabolic activation system is added during treatment when appropriate.
Efter eksponeringen centrifugeres og vaskes cellerne, hvorefter de udsås på et egnet kulturmedium.
At the end of the treatment, cells are centrifuged, washed and seeded upon appropriate culutre medium.
Når inkubationen er slut, registreres induktionen af mitotisk rekombination og antal overlevende på hver plade.
After incubation plates are scored for survival and the induction of mitotic recombination.
Hvis den første undersøgelse er positiv, skal det efterprøves i et passende uafhængigt forsøg.
If the first experiment is positive it is confirmed in an independent experiment.
Data opstilles i tabelform. Antal optalte kolonier, antal rekombinanter, overlevelsesgrad samt rekombinationsfrekvens angives.
Data should be presented in tabular form indicating the number of colonies counted, the number of recombinants, survival and the frequency of recombinants.
Alle resultater efterprøves i et uafhængigt forsøg.
Results should be confirmed in an independent experiment.
Evalueringen af data baseres på passende statistiske metoder.
The data should be evaluated using appropriate statistical methods.
forsøgsbetingelser: celler i stationær fase eller vækstfase, mediernes sammensætning, inkubationstemperatur og -periode, metabolisk aktiveringssystem
test conditions: stationary phase or growing cells, composition of media, incubation temperature and duration, metabolic activation system,
eksponeringsbetingelser: eksponeringskoncentrationer, fremgangsmåde og varighed, eksponeringstemperatur, positive og negative kontroller
treatment conditions: exposure concentration, procedure and duration of treatment, treatment temperature, positive and negative controls,
antal optalte kolonier, antal rekombinanter, overlevelses- og rekombinationsfrekvens, om muligt dosis/responsforhold, statistisk evaluering af data
number of colonies counted, number of recombinants; survival and recombination frequency, dose/response relationship if applicable, statistical evaluation of data,
Denne metode er en gengivelse af OECD Test Guideline 476 In Vitro Mammalian Cell Gene Mutation Test (1997).
This method is a replicate of the OECD TG 476, In Vitro Mammalian Cell Gene Mutation Test (1997).
In vitro-testen for genmutation i pattedyrceller kan benyttes til at påvise genmutationer, som induceres af kemiske stoffer.
The in vitro mammalian cell gene mutation test can be used to detect gene mutations induced by chemical substances.
Blandt egnede cellelinjer er muselymfomceller L5178Y, cellelinjerne CHO, CHO-AS52 og V79 fra kinesisk hamster og humane lymfoblastceller TK6 (1).
Suitable cell lines include L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells, the CHO, CHO-AS52 and V79 lines of Chinese hamster cells, and TK6 human lymphoblastoid cells (1).
I disse cellelinjer benyttes som genetiske end-points almindeligvis bestemmelse af mutationer ved thymidin-kinase (TK), hypoxantin-guanin-fosforibosyl-transferase (HPRT) og et transgen af xanthin-guanin-fosforibosyl-transferase (XPRT).
In these cell lines the most commonly-used genetic endpoints measure mutation at thymidine kinase (TK) and hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT), and a transgene of xanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (XPRT).
I TK-, HPRT- og XPRT-mutationstestene påvises forskellige spektre af genetiske hændelser.
The TK, HPRT and XPRT mutation tests detect different spectra of genetic events.
Med TK og XPRT kan der på grund af deres autosomale placering påvises genetiske hændelser (f.eks. større deletioner), der ikke kan påvises ved HPRT-locus'et på X-kromosomer (2) (3) (4) (5) (6).
The autosomal location of TK and XPRT may allow the detection of genetic events (e.g. large deletions) not detected at the HPRT locus on X-chromosomes (2)(3)(4)(5)(6).
I in vitro-testen for genmutation i pattedyrceller kan der benyttes kulturer af etablerede cellelinjer eller cellestammer.
In the in vitro mammalian cell gene mutation test, cultures of established cell lines or cell strains can be used.
Cellerne udvælges på grundlag af deres vækstegenskaber ved dyrkning og den spontane mutationsfrekvens' stabilitet.
The cells used are selected on the basis of growth ability in culture and stability of the spontaneous mutation frequency.
Man må omhyggeligt undgå forhold, der fører til resultater, der ikke afspejler egentlig mutagenicitet.
Care should be taken to avoid conditions, which would lead to results not reflecting intrinsic mutagenicity.
Positive resultater, der ikke afspejler egentlig mutagenicitet, kan være forårsaget af ændringer i pH eller osmolalitet eller høj cytotoksicitet (7).
Positive results, which do not reflect intrinsic mutagenicity may arise from changes in pH, osmolality or high levels of cytotoxicity (7).
Den afhænger af den kemiske klasse, og stadig mere tyder på, at der findes carcinogener, der ikke påvises ved denne test, fordi de tilsyneladende virker gennem andre ikke-gentoksiske mekanismer eller mekanismer, der ikke findes i bakterieceller (6).
Correlation is dependent on chemical class and there is increasing evidence that there are carcinogens that are not detected by this test because they appear to act through other, non genotoxic mechanisms or mechanisms absent in bacterial cells (6).