natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
For hvert dyr bestemmes andelen af umodne erythrocytter i forhold til det samlede antal (umodne og modne) erythrocytter, idet der tælles mindst 200 erythrocytter i alt for knoglemarv og 1000 erythrocytter for perifert blod (17).
The proportion of immature among total (immature + mature) erythrocytes is determined for each animal by counting a total of at least 200 erythrocytes for bone marrow and 1000 erythrocytes for peripheral blood (17).
For hvert dyr bedømmes mindst 2000 umodne erythrocytter for forekomst af umodne etythrocytter med risikokerner.
At least 2000 immature erythrocytes per animal are scored for the incidence of micronucleated immature erythrocytes.
Der kan opnås yderligere information ved bedømmelse af modne erythrocytter for indhold af mikrokerner.
Additional information may be obtained by scoring mature erythrocytes for micronuclei.
Ved analyse af objektglas må andelen af umodne erythrocytter i forhold til totale erythrocytter ikke være mindre end 20 % af kontrolværdien.
When analysing slides, the proportion of immature erythrocytes among total erythrocytes should not be less than 20 % of the control value.
Når dyrene behandles kontinuerligt i fire uger eller derover, kan også mindst 2000 modne erythrocytter pr. dyr bedømmes for forekomst af mikrokerner.
When animals are treated continuously for four weeks or more, at least 2000 mature erythrocytes per animal can also be scored for the incidence of micronuclei.
Systemer til automatisk analyse (billedanalyse og flow-cytometri af celleopslæmninger) er acceptable som alternativer til manuel evaluering, hvis de er behørigt begrundet og valideret.
Systems for automated analysis (image analysis and cell suspensions flow cytometry) are acceptable alternatives to manual evaluation if appropriately justified and validated.
For hvert dyr registreres antallet af bedømte umodne erythrocytter, antallet af umodne erythrocytter med mikrokerne og antallet af umodne erythrocytter i forhold til det samlede antal erythrocytter.
The number of immature erythrocytes scored, the number of micronucleated immature erythrocytes, and the number of immature among total erythrocytes should be listed separately for each animal analysed.
Hvis dyrene behandles kontinuerligt i mere end fire uger, anføres også dataene for modne erythrocytter, hvis de foreligger.
When animals are treated continuously for four weeks or more, the data on mature erythrocytes should also be given if it is collected.
Andelen af umodne erythrocytter i forhold til totale erythrocytter oplyses for hvert dyr, og, hvis det skønnes hensigtsmæssigt, procentdelen af erythrocytter med mikrokerne.
The proportion of immature among total erythrocytes and, if considered applicable, the percentage of micronucleated erythrocytes is given for each animal.
Der findes en række kriterier for at afgøre, om et resultat er positivt, f.eks. en dosisafhængig forøgelse af antallet af celler med mikrokerner eller en tydelig forøgelse af antallet af celler med mikrokerner hos en enkeltdosisgruppe på et bestemt prøveudtagningstidspunkt.
There are several criteria for determining a positive result, such as a dose-related increase in the number of micronucleated cells or a clear increase in the number of micronucleated cells in a single dose group at a single sampling time.
Statistiske metoder kan benyttes som hjælpemiddel ved evalueringen af testresultaterne (18) (19).
Statistical methods may be used as an aid in evaluating the test results (18)(19).
de enkelte dyrs vægt ved testens begyndelse, samt interval, gennemsnit og standardafvigelse for legemsvægten for hver enkelt gruppe
individual weight of the animals at the start of the test, including body weight range, mean and standard deviation for each group.
positive og negative (bærestof/opløsningsmiddel) kontrolgrupper
positive and negative (vehicle/solvent) control data,
kriterier for bedømmelse af umodne erythrocytter med mikrokerner
criteria for scoring micronucleated immature erythrocytes,
andel af umodne erythrocytter i forhold til total erythrocytter
proportion of immature erythrocytes among total erythrocytes,
antal umodne erythrocytter med mikrokerner, anført særskilt for hvert dyr
number of micronucleated immature erythrocytes, given separately for each animal,
gennemsnit ± standardafvigelse for umodne erythrocytter med mikrokerner for hver gruppe
mean ± standard deviation of micronucleated immature erythrocytes per group,
anvendte statistiske analyser og metoder
statistical analyses and methods applied,
data for sideløbende og tidligere negative kontrolprøver
concurrent and historical negative control data,
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Mavournin, K.H., Blakey, D.H., Cimino, M.C., Salamone, M.F. and Heddle, J.A., (1990) The In Vivo Micronucleus Assay in Mammalian Bone Marrow and Peripheral Blood.
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Hite, M., Margolin, G.H., Ramel, C., Salamone, M.F., Tice, R.R., and Wild, D., (1987) Guidelines for the Conduct of Micronucleus Assays in Mammalian Bone Marrow Erytrocytes.
MacGregor, J.T., Wehr, C.M., Henika, P.R. and Shelby, M.E. (1990), The in vivo Erythrocyte Micronucleus Test: Measurement at Steady State Increases Assay Efficiency and Permits Integration with Toxicity Studies, Fund.
MacGregor, J.T., Wehr, C.M., Henika, P.R., and Shelby, M.E., (1990) The in vivo Erythrocyte Micronucleus Test: Measurement at Steady State Increases Assay Efficiency and Permits Integration with Toxicity Studies.
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Hayashi, M., Sofuni, T. and Ishidate, M. Jr., (1983) An Application of Acridine Orange Fluorescent Staining to the Micronucleus Test.
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MacGregor, J.T., Wehr, C.M. and Langlois, R.G., (1983) A Simple Fluorescent Staining Procedure for Micronuclei and RNA in Erythrocytes Using Hoechst 33258 and Pyronin Y.
Romagna, F. and Staniforth, C.D.
Romagna, F. and Staniforth, C.D., (1989) The automated bone marrow micronucleus test.
(1989), The automated bone marrow micronucleus test, Mutation Res., 213, pp. 91-104.
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Statistical Evaluation of Mutagenicity Test Data, ed.
Statistical Evaluation of Mutagenicity Test Data.
Denne metode er en gengivelse af OECD Test Guideline 471 Bacterial Reverse Mutation Test (1997).
This method is a replicate of the OECD TG 471, Bacterial Reverse Mutation Test (1997).
I tilbagemutationstesten med bakterier benyttes der aminosyrekrævede stammer af Salmonella typhimurium og Escherichia coli til at påvise punktmutationer med substitution, addition eller deletion af et eller nogle få dna-basepar (1) (2) (3).
The bacterial reverse mutation test uses amino-acid requiring strains of Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli to detect point mutations, which involve substitution, addition or deletion of one or a few DNA base pairs (1)(2)(3).
Princippet i denne tilbagemutationstest med bakterier er, at den påviser mutationer, som tilbagemuterer mutationer i teststammerne og dermed sætter bakterien i stand til at syntetisere en essentiel aminosyre.
The principle of this bacterial reverse mutation test is that it detects mutations, which revert mutations present in the test strains and restore the functional capability of the bacteria to synthesise an essential amino acid.
Revertantbakterierne påvises ved deres evne til at vokse uden den aminosyre, som den oprindelige teststamme kræver.
The revertant bacteria are detected by their ability to grow in the absence of the amino-acid required by the parent test strain.
Punktmutationer er årsagen til mange genetiske sygdomme hos mennesker, og der er meget, der tyder på, at punktmutationer i onkogener og tumorsuppressorgener i somatiske celler spiller en rolle for dannelse af tumorer hos mennesker og i forsøgsdyr.
Point mutations are the cause of many human genetic diseases and there is substantial evidence that point mutations in oncogenes and tumour-suppressor genes of somatic cells are involved in tumour formation in humans and experimental animals.
Tilbagemutationstesten med bakterier er hurtig, billig og forholdsvis let at udføre.
The bacterial reverse mutation test is rapid, inexpensive and relatively easy to perform.
Mange teststammer har forskellige egenskaber, der gør dem mere følsomme til påvisning af mutationer, bl.a. responsive dna-sekvenser på reversionsstedet, høj cellepermeabilitet for store molekyler og manglende dna-reparationssystemer eller forstærkede fejlbehæftede dna-reparationsprocesser.
Many of the test strains have several features that make them more sensitive for the detection of mutations including responsive DNA sequences at the reversion sites, increased cell permeability to large molecules and elimination of DNA repair systems or enhancement of error-prone DNA repair processes.
Teststammernes specificitet kan give nyttige oplysninger om, hvilke typer mutationer et gentoksisk stof inducerer.
The specificity of the test strains can provide some useful information on the types of mutations that are induced by genotoxic agents.
Der findes en meget stor database med resultater for en lang række strukturer med tilbagemutationstest med bakterier, og der er udviklet veletablerede metodologier for test af kemikalier med forskellige fysiske og kemiske egenskaber, herunder flygtige forbindelser.
A very large data base of results for a wide variety of structures is available for bacterial reverse mutation tests and well-established methodologies have been developed for testing chemicals with different physico-chemical properties, including volatile compounds.
En tilbagemutationstest med enten Salmonella typhimurium eller Escherichia coli påviser mutation i en aminosyrekrævende stamme (histidin eller tryptophan) til en stamme, der er uafhængig af tilførsel af aminosyren udefra.
A reverse mutation test in either Salmonella typhimurium or Escherichia coli detects mutation in an amino-acid requiring strain (histidine or tryptophan, respectively) to produce a strain independent of an outside supply of amino-acid.
Mutagener for baseparsubstitution er stoffer, der forårsager en baseændring i dna'et.
Base pair substitution mutagens are agents that cause a base change in DNA.
I en tilbagemutationstest kan denne ændring ske samme sted som den oprindelige mutation eller et andet sted i bakteriens genom.
In a reversion test this change may occur at the site of the original mutation, or at a second site in the bacterial genome.
Læserammemutagener er stoffer, der medfører insertion eller deletion af et eller flere basepar i dna'et, således at RNA'ets læseramme ændres.
Frameshift mutagens are agents that cause the addition or deletion of one or more base pairs in the DNA, thus changing the reading frame in the RNA.
INDLEDENDE OVERVEJELSER
INITIAL CONSIDERATIONS
I tilbagemutationstesten med bakterier benyttes der prokaroytiske celler, som adskiller sig fra pattedyrceller med hensyn til f.eks. optagelse, metabolisme, kromosomstruktur og dna-reparationsprocesser.
The bacterial reverse mutation test utilises prokaryotic cells, which differ from mammalian cells in such factors as uptake, metabolism, chromosome structure and DNA repair processes.
In vitro-metabolismeaktiveringssystemer kan ikke fuldstændig efterligne in vivo-forholdene i pattedyr.
In vitro metabolic activation systems cannot mimic entirely the mammalian in vivo conditions.
Testen vil derfor ikke give direkte oplysninger om et stofs mutagene og carcinogene potentiale i pattedyr.
The test therefore does not provide direct information on the mutagenic and carcinogenic potency of a substance in mammals.
Tilbagemutationstesten med bakterier anvendes generelt til en indledende screening for gentoksiske virkninger og, især, punktmutationsinducerende aktivitet.
The bacterial reverse mutation test is commonly employed as an initial screen for genotoxic activity and, in particular, for point mutation-inducing activity.
Det er ved hjælp af en omfattende database påvist, at mange kemiske stoffer, som giver positivt resultat i denne test, også har mutagen virkning i andre test.
An extensive database has demonstrated that many chemicals that are positive in this test also exhibit mutagenic activity in other tests.
Der findes mutagene stolfer, der ikke er påvist ved denne test; årsagen hertil kan tilskrives det påviste endpoints specifikke karakter, forskelle i metabolismeaktivering og forskelle i biotilgængelighed.
There are examples of mutagenic agents, which are not detected by this test; reasons for these shortcomings can be ascribed to the specific nature of the endpoint detected, differences in metabolic activation, or differences in bioavailability.
På den anden side kan faktorer, der øger tilbagemutationstestens følsomhed, føre til et for højt skøn over stoffets mutagene aktivitet.
On the other hand, factors, which enhance the sensitivity of the bacterial reverse mutation test can lead to an overestimation of mutagenic activity.
Tilbagemutationstesten med bakterier kan være uegnet til evaluering af bestemte klasser af kemiske stoffer, f.eks. stærkt baktericide forbindelser (f.eks. visse antibiotika) og forbindelser, der antages (eller vides) at gribe specifikt ind i pattedyrcellers replikationssystem (f.eks. visse topoisomeraseinhibitorer og visse nucleosidanaloger).
The bacterial reverse mutation test may not be appropriate for the evaluation of certain classes of chemicals, for example highly bactericidal compounds (e.g. certain antibiotics) and those which are thought (or known) to interfere specifically with the mammalian cell replication system (e.g. some topoisomerase inhibitors and some nucleoside analogues).
I sådanne tilfælde kan mutationstest i pattedyr være mere velegnede.
In such cases, mammalian mutation tests may be more appropriate.
Selv om mange af de stoffer, der er positive i denne test, er kræftfremkaldende hos pattedyr, er korrelationen ikke fuldstændig.
Although many compounds that are positive in this test are mammalian carcinogens, the correlation is not absolute.
Den afhænger af den kemiske klasse, og der findes carcinogener, der ikke påvises ved denne test, fordi de virker via andre ikke-gentoksiske mekanismer eller mekanismer, der ikke findes i bakterieceller.
It is dependent on chemical class and there are carcinogens that are not detected by this test because they act through other, non-genotoxic, mechanisms or mechanisms absent in bacterial cells.
Opslæmninger af bakterieceller udsættes for teststoffet med og uden et exogent metabolismeaktiveringssystem.
Suspensions of bacterial cells are exposed to the test substance in the presence and in the absence of an exogenous metabolic activation system.
Ved pladeinkorporeringsmetoden blandes disse opslæmninger med en topagar og hældes ud på et minimalsubstrat.
In the plate incorporation method, these suspensions are mixed with an overlay agar and plated immediately onto minimal medium.
Ved præinkubationsmetoden inkuberes behandlingsblandingen, hvorefter den blandes med topagar inden udhældning på minimalsubstrat.
In the preincubation method, the treatment mixture is incubated and then mixed with an overlay agar before plating onto minimal medium.
Der er beskrevet en række fremgangsmåder for udførelse af tilbagemutationstesten med bakterier, Blandt de mest almindeligt benyttede er pladeinkorporeringsmetoden (1) (2) (3) (4), præinkubationsmetoden (2) (3) (5) (6) (7) (8), fluktuationsmetoden (9) (10) og suspensionsmetoden (11).
Among those commonly used are the plate incorporation method (1)(2)(3)(4), the preincubation method (2)(3)(5)(6)(7)(8), the fluctuation method (9)(10), and the suspension method (11).
Der er beskrevet modifikationer til test af gasser og dampe (12).
Modifications for the testing of gases or vapours have been described (12).
De i denne metode beskrevne fremgangsmåder vedrører især pladeinkorporeringsmetoden og præinkubationsmetoden.
The procedures described in the method pertain primarily to the plate incorporation and preincubation methods.
Nogle stoffer, bl.a. kortkædede alifatiske nitrosaminer, divalente metaller, aldehyder, azofarvestoffer og diazoforbindelser, pyrollizidinalkaloider, allylforbindelser og nitroforbindelser (3), kan mest effektivt påvises ved præinkubationsmetoden.
These substances belong to chemical classes that include short chain aliphatic nitrosamines, divalent metals, aldehydes, azo-dyes and diazo compounds, pyrollizidine alkaloids, allyl compounds and nitro compounds (3).
Det er også kendt, at visse klasser af mutagener ikke altid påvises ved standardmetoder som f.eks. pladeinkorporeringsmetoden og præinkubationsmetoden.
It is also recognised that certain classes of mutagens are not always detected using standard procedures such as the plate incorporation method or preincubation method.
Sådanne tilfælde bør betragtes som »særtilfælde«, og det anbefales kraftigt at anvende alternative metoder til påvisning i disse tilfælde.
These should be regarded as ‘special cases’ and it is strongly recommended that alternative procedures should be used for their detection.
Friske bakteriekulturer fremdyrkes til den sidste del af den eksponentielle fase eller til begyndelsen af den stationære fase (ca. 109 celler pr. ml).
Fresh cultures of bacteria should be grown up to the late exponential or early stationary phase of growth (approximately 109 cells per ml).
Kulturer sidst i den stationære fase bør ikke benyttes.
Cultures in late stationary phase should not be used.
Det er vigtigt, at de kulturer, der benyttes i forsøgene, har et højt indhold af levedygtige bakterier.
It is essential that the cultures used in the experiment contain a high titre of viable bacteria.
Titeren kan godtgøres enten ved hjælp af tidligere kontroldata for vækstkurver eller ved bestemmelse af antallet af levedygtige celler i det enkelte forsøg ved udpladning.
The titre may be demonstrated either from historical control data on growth curves, or in each assay through the determination of viable cell numbers by a plating experiment.
Som inkubationstemperatur anbefales 37 oC.
The recommended incubation temperature is 37 oC.
Der skal benyttes mindst fem bakteriestammer, deriblandt fire stammer af S. typhimurium (TA1535; TA1537 eller TA97a eller TA97; TA98; og TA100), som er påvist at være pålidelige, og hvis respons er reproducerbar mellem laboratorier. Disse fire S. typhimurium-stammer har GC-basepar på de primære reversionssted, og det vides, at de ikke altid påviser visse oxiderende mutagener, tværbindende stoffer og hydraziner.
At least five strains of bacteria should be used.
Sådanne stoffer kan påvises med E. coli WP2-stammer eller S. typhimurium TA102 (19), som har AT-basepar på det primære reversionssted.
These should include four strains of S. typhimurium (TA 1535; TA 1537 or TA97a or TA97; TA98; and TA100) that have been shown to be reliable and reproducibly responsive between laboratories.
Derfor kan følgende kombination af stammer anbefales:
These four S. typhimurium strains have GC base pairs at the primary reversion site and it is known that may not detect certain oxidising mutagens, cross-linking agents and hydrazines.
typhimurium TA98, og
typhimurium TA98, and
typhimurium TA100, og
typhimurium TA100, and
coli WP2 uvrA, eller E. coli WP2 uvrA (pKM101) eller S. typhimurium TA102.
coli WP2 uvrA, or E. coli WP2 uvrA (pKM101), or S. typhimurium TA102.
For at kunne påvise tværbindende mutagener kan det foretrækkes at vælge TA102 eller at tilføje en DNA-reparationsdygtig stamme af E. coli (f.eks. E. coli WP2 eller E. coli WP2 (pKM101)).
In order to detect cross-linking mutagens it may be preferable to include TA102 or to add a DNA repair-proficient strain of E. coli [e.g. E. coli WP2 or E. coli WP2 (pKM101)]
Der benyttes anerkendte metoder til stamkulturfremstilling, markørverifikation og opbevaring.
Established procedures for stock culture preparation, marker verification and storage should be used.