natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
På dette tidspunkt begyndte "24/48 hours contiguous cull"-strategien at blive gennemført, personaleressourcerne blev øget, og hæren blev indsat til at løse de logistiske problemer i forbindelse med bortskaffelsen af døde dyr.
At this point the 24/48 hours contiguous cull strategy began to be implemented, staff resources were augmented and the army was deployed to overcome logistical problems in disposing of animal carcasses.
Det er dog omstridt og tvivlsomt, om "24/48 hours contiguous cull"-konceptet virkelig var årsagen til, at MKS-forløbet ændrede sig (fra en stigning til et fald i antallet af udbrud), idet nedslagtningen af dyr på nabogårdene inden for en frist på 48 timer i praksis ofte ikke lod sig gennemføre.
It remains controversial and doubtful whether the 24/48 hours contiguous cull strategy was really responsible for curbing the epidemic (halting the increase in the number of cases and bringing about a decrease); apart from any other consideration, in many cases it proved impossible to carry out the culls on neighbouring farms within 48 hours.
Inddragelsen af hæren, navnlig med henblik på at yde logistisk støtte ved bortskaffelsen af dyrekroppe, skete først på et relativt sent tidspunkt, da epidemien allerede var ude af kontrol, og der ofte i dagevis havde ligget døde dyr omkring på de ramte gårde.
The deployment of the army, particularly to provide logistical support in disposing of animal carcasses, took place only at a relatively late stage, when the epidemic was already out of control and, in some cases, dead animals had been lying about on the affected farms for days.
Når man ser tilbage, ville der ikke have ophobet sig så mange dyrekroppe, hvis hæren var blevet sat ind på et tidligere tidspunkt, og mange af landmændenes og landsbysamfundenes bekymringer kunne have været undgået.
With hindsight, earlier deployment of the army would have reduced the backlog in the disposal of carcasses and the distress experienced by farmers and rural communities;
Smittebekæmpelsen i Det Forenede Kongerige lykkedes efter alt at dømme bedre i Skotland (County of Dumfries and Galloway) end i andre områder, eftersom kommunikationsvejene her var kortere, og eftersom man her fulgte en integreret beredskabsplan (politiske beslutninger og den logistiske kontrol var i vidt omfang koncentreret på regionalt plan, om end Statens Veterinærtjeneste også varetog sine opgaver i Skotland med udgangspunkt i de beføjelser, der er fastlagt i særlige nationale aftaler).
The disease control measures in the UK were evidently more successful in Scotland (County of Dumfries and Galloway) than in other areas, because lines of communication were shorter and the approach adopted was one of integrated contingency planning (political decisions and logistic control were located primarily at regional level, although, in accordance with special agreements within the State, the State Veterinary Service also performed in Scotland the duties for which they provided).
Samtidig var der efter flykatastrofen i Lockerbie blevet udviklet særlige mekanismer for krisehåndtering.
In addition, since the Lockerbie air disaster, special procedures had been developed for responding to crises.
Alt i alt var der dog også færre MKS-udbrud i Skotland, og transporten af dyr foregik generelt i sydgående retning.
However, the total number of cases of FMD was in any case smaller in Scotland and animal movements were generally southbound;
Det store antal dyr, der blev nedslagtet, gav imidlertid enorme problemer med bortskaffelsen af dyrekroppe, der kunne have været reduceret ved anvendelse af vaccination af nabobesætninger eller i en nærmere fastlagt radius omkring smittede besætninger.
The large number of animals culled caused enormous problems in the disposal of animal carcasses, which could have been reduced by means of vaccinations on neighbouring farms or within a certain radius of infected farms;
Den britiske regerings afgørelse om i forbindelse med massenedslagtningerne at lade dyrekroppe begrave i massegrave eller brænde på store bål blev i de fleste tilfælde truffet uden først at høre de lokale myndigheder.
The UK Government's decision to bury animal carcasses in mass burial sites or burn them on pyres as part of the mass culls was, in most cases, taken without adequate consultation of local institutions.
Derfor skete der overtrædelser af retningslinjerne for beskyttelse af menneskers sundhed og miljøet i forbindelse med emissioner og forurening af grundvandet.
Because of this, there were breaches of human and environmental health guidelines resulting from emissions and groundwater pollution.
De udgjorde en stor belastning for befolkningen i de berørte områder, og de tv-transmitterede billeder af afbrænding af dyrekroppe og massegrave rystede borgernes opfattelse af passende omgang med dyr og fik katastrofale følger for turismen i de berørte områder.
This placed a very heavy burden on the populations of the areas concerned, and television pictures of the burning pyres and mass burials shocked the public on animal welfare grounds and had a catastrophic impact on tourism in those areas.
Der blev ikke foretaget overvågning af virkningerne på miljøet af disse bortskaffelsesmetoder på de steder, hvor de blev benyttet, med henblik på at fremskaffe overbevisende resultater på daværende tidspunkt, selv om det erkendes, at forbrændingen af døde dyr på bål har medført udslip af kræftfremkaldende stoffer i atmosfæren.
Monitoring of the environmental impact of these methods of disposal at the locations where they were employed was not carried out to provide any conclusive results at the time, although it is recognised that carcinogens were released into the atmosphere from the burning of animal carcasses on pyres;
Nedslagtningen af besætninger førte, på grund af det tidspres der opstod i forbindelse hermed, i en række tilfælde til overtrædelser af bestemmelserne om dyrevelfærd.
In a number of cases, culling of livestock involved violations of animal welfare legislation because of the pressure of time to which it gave rise.
Det blev fortalt, at manglende overholdelse af de korrekte fremgangsmåder for nedslagtningerne, der i et vist omfang udførtes af ikke-kvalificeret personale, førte til, at dyr blev udsat for unødvendige lidelser og smerter.
It was reported that unnecessary pain and suffering had been inflicted on animals because of the inexpert performance of staff, some of whom were not adequately trained.
Dette medførte samtidig, at mange landbrugere og deres familier påførtes unødige lidelser.
This in turn caused much unnecessary suffering on the part of many farmers and their families.
Medlemsstaterne bør overveje behovet for at oplære personale forud for en epidemi.
Member States should reflect on the necessary training of personnel in advance of an epidemic;
Med massenedslagtningen og transport af dyrekroppe til massegrave eller forbrændingspladser var der i øvrigt også risiko for en utilsigtet spredning af virus via beredskabsmandskabet og dets udstyr samt ved transport af slagtede dyr gennem ikke-smittede områder.
The mass culls and movement of carcasses to mass burial or incineration sites also gave rise to a risk of accidental further transmission of the virus via the staff deployed or their equipment and on account of the transport of slaughtered animal carcasses through uninfected areas.
Der er forlydender om, at dette rent faktisk skete, men der gennemførtes ingen officiel overvågning på daværende tidspunkt.
There is anecdotal evidence that such transmission actually occurred, but no official monitoring was undertaken at the time;
Der var muligvis ikke noget nationalt retsgrundlag for indførelsen af en "3 km cull" i Cumbria og i Dumfries og Galloway, dvs. nedslagtningen af får, svin og geder i en omkreds af 3 km omkring en smittet gård, rent bortset fra det tvivlsomme ved den praktiske gennemførlighed og rimelighed af en sådan foranstaltning.
The 3 km cull ordered in Cumbria and in Dumfries and Galloway, which entailed culling sheep, pigs and goats within a 3 km radius of an infected farm, may not have had a basis in domestic law, irrespective of the question of the practicability and proportionality of this measure.
Spørgsmålet om retmæssigheden af en sådan "3 km cull" kan dog i sidste ende kun afgøres af domstolene.
However, only the courts can definitively determine whether the 3 km cull was legal.
I Det Forenede Kongerige har domstolene i to tilfælde fastsat, at nedslagtningen faktisk var lovlig.
In the UK the courts have in two cases determined that the cull was in fact legal.
Der er således ikke nogen udtrykkelig tilladelse hertil eller noget udtrykkeligt forbud herimod på europæisk plan.
It is not apparent that this is either explicitly permitted or explicitly prohibited at European level;
I Cumbria anbefalede regeringens Chief Scientific Adviser og Chief Veterinary Officer fra slutningen af marts/starten af april 2001 vaccination af kvæg under den forudsætning at en række nærmere fastlagte kriterier, herunder støtte til landmændene, blev overholdt.
In Cumbria, from the end of March/beginning of April 2001, vaccinating cattle was an option recommended by the Chief Scientific Adviser to the government and the Chief Veterinary Officer on condition that certain criteria were complied with, including that of support from farmers.
Grundet manglende opbakning fra National Farmers Union og fødevarehandlen anså regeringen dog ikke denne foranstaltning for at være gennemførlig (modstanden mod vaccination var hos enkelte landmænd tydeligvis rodfæstet i den fejlagtige antagelse, at der ikke fandtes nogen EU-kompensation for den mulige værdiforringelse af vaccinerede dyr).
The government did not consider this option practicable, because it did not enjoy sufficient support from the National Farmers" Union or the food trade (some farmers" opposition to vaccinations was evidently due to the mistaken belief that there was no EU compensation available for the possible loss of value of vaccinated animals).
Indflydelsen fra relativt små, specialiserede interessegrupper (dele af den kødproducerende landbrugssektor og levnedsmiddelhandlen) på beslutninger, der vedrørte hele regioners almenvel, synes at have været urimelig stor i forbindelse med håndteringen af MKS-udbruddet i Det Forenede Kongerige i 2001.
Relatively small special-interest groups (parts of the meat-producing farming sector and the food trade) seem to have had an undue influence over decisions affecting the wellbeing of whole regions in the management of the FMD outbreak in the UK in 2001.
Bekæmpelsen af MKS i Nederlandene
Control of FMD in the Netherlands
Mund- og klovsygevirussen blev tilsyneladende indført i Nederlandene via en transport af irske kalve, som under en obligatorisk hvileperiode på en mellemstation for dyretransport i Mayenne, Frankrig blev udsat for virussen, der fandtes i får fra Det Forenede Kongerige.
Apparently, the foot-and-mouth disease virus was introduced to the Netherlands via a transport of Irish calves, which were exposed to the virus present on sheep from the United Kingdom during an obligatory rest period in an official staging post for animal transport in Mayenne, France;
Organiseringen af bekæmpelsesforanstaltningerne mod mund- og klovsyge i Nederlandene tog udgangspunkt i erfaringerne fra svinepestkrisen.
The organisation of measures to control FMD in the Netherlands was based on experience of the swine fever crisis.
I beredskabsplanen for MKS var fastlagt entydige ansvarsområder og procedurer; beslutninger blev truffet centralt og gennemført regionalt, idet der dog blev lagt for lidt vægt på lokal og regional sagkundskab.
The FMD contingency plan clearly assigned responsibilities and laid down procedures, with decisions being taken centrally and implemented regionally; local and regional expertise received too little recognition;
Beslutningen om etablering af en krisestyringsorganisation blev dog først truffet efter konstateringen af det første smittetilfælde; opbygningen af den regionale organisation - allokering af menneskelige ressourcer, organer - varede flere dage, hvilket kostede værdifuld tid, indtil den endelige organisation til gennemførelse af de veterinærretlige foranstaltninger og opbygningen af en kontaktflade til andre berørte parter i regionen var fuldstændig operationel og effektiv.
However, the decision to set up a regional crisis centre was taken only when the first outbreak occurred; it took several days to build up the regional organisation – staff and bodies – so that valuable time was lost before the implementing organisation was completely operational and effective in carrying out the veterinary measures and developing a network of contacts with other parties concerned in the region;
Den i Nederlandene anvendte strategi sigtede oprindelig mod at generhverve "MKS-fri uden vaccination"-status så hurtigt som muligt gennem en effektiv udryddelse af MKS-virus; regeringen valgte i den forbindelse at acceptere de væsentlige sociale og psykologiske konsekvenser for landområderne.
The Netherlands' strategy was initially one of eradicating the FMD virus as quickly as possible in order to regain "FMD-free without vaccination" status; the government accepted as a necessary evil the resultant strong social and psychological impact on rural communities.
Men efterhånden som den tiltagende nedslagning truede med at overstige den disponible destruktionskapacitet, blev nødvaccination med det formål at lade dyrene leve tilladt og gennemført.
But as the rising level of slaughter threatened to overwhelm available capacity for the disposal of carcasses, permission for emergency vaccination-to-live was obtained and implemented.
Først efter at vaccinationsprogrammet var fuldført, og sygdommen udryddet, gik regeringen i stedet over til at slå de vaccinerede dyr ned, for at eksporten i henhold til anbefalingerne fra OIE kunne genoptages efter tre måneders i stedet for tolv måneders frist.
Only after the vaccination programme had been completed and the disease eliminated did the government switch instead to slaughter of the vaccinated animals in order for exports to resume after three months" instead of twelve months" delay under IOE rules;
Til tider skortede det på ressourcer til gennemførelse af foranstaltningerne, hvilket førte til uønskede tilpasninger af handlingsplanerne.
At times, there was insufficient capacity to carry out the measures, which led to unwanted changes in the implementation plans;
Også i Nederlandene var utilstrækkelig koordinering og en mangelfuld informationspolitik fra de nationale myndigheders side samt manglende kontaktmuligheder til myndighederne for de berørte landmænd nogle af de største mangler i bekæmpelsesarbejdet.
In the Netherlands too, one important shortcoming in the FMD control measures was the national authorities" inadequate coordination and information policy and the lack of arrangements to enable the farmers concerned to contact the State agencies responsible;
I krisens første dage blev der ført en nedslagtningspolitik i Nederlandene.
A culling policy was applied during the first days of the crisis in the Netherlands.
Ret hurtigt blev konceptet "ringvaccination", efter tilladelse fra Kommissionen indført i bekæmpelsesarbejdet.
Fairly quickly the "ring vaccination" concept, after authorisation by the Commission, was introduced to bring the epidemic under control.
Alle dyr i vaccinationsområdet blev efterfølgende nedslagtet for hurtigst muligt at kunne genoptage eksporten.
All livestock within the vaccination ring were ultimately slaughtered in order for exports to resume at an early stage.
Beslutningen om at nedslagte det vaccinerede kvæg blev truffet efter høring af og godkendelse fra landbrugsorganisationerne.
The decision to cull the vaccinated livestock was taken after consultation and approval by farmers' organisations.
De nederlandske regler om reduktioner i godtgørelserne til landmændene førte til delvis ekstreme reduktioner, som ikke blev anset for berettigede; systemet med godtgørelser og reduktioner ved dyresygdomme er i EU reguleret på en sådan måde, at der er fare for konkurrenceforvridning.
In some cases, the Netherlands rules on the reduction of compensation for farmers resulted in extreme reductions, which were not felt to be justified; the systems of compensation and deductions from it in the event of livestock epidemics vary so widely within the EU as to give rise to a danger of distortion of competition;
Erfaringerne i Frankrig
Experience in France
De franske myndigheder iværksatte MKS-beredskabsplanen på nationalt og regionalt plan umiddelbart efter det første smittetilfælde i Det Forenede Kongerige og etablerede krisestabe i samråd med de relevante erhvervsorganisationer.
Immediately after the first outbreak in the UK was reported, the French authorities activated the FMD contingency plan at national and regional level and set up crisis staffs, involving the relevant professional organisations;
Også i Frankrig bekæmpedes mund- og klovsygen gennem forebyggende nedslagtninger sammenholdt med serologiske undersøgelser og et midlertidigt forbud mod transport af smittemodtagelige dyr og således uden vaccination.
In France too, FMD was combated by means of preventive culls combined with serological tests and a temporary ban on the movement of susceptible livestock, without resorting to vaccination.
Ved de to mund- og klovsygeudbrud i Frankrig blev samtlige smittemodtagelige dyr i en radius på 3 km omkring de smitteramte besætninger nedslagtet.
Following the two FMD outbreaks in France, susceptible animals were slaughtered within a 3 km radius of the farms concerned;
Den franske MKS-bekæmpelse i 2001 var effektiv og en stor succes, selv om der også her var basis for forbedringer omkring identifikationen og registreringen af får.
Measures to control FMD in France in 2001 were efficient and successful, although here too it was recognised that the identification and registration of sheep needed to be improved.
De økonomiske og sociale følgevirkninger havde imidlertid i Frankrig heller ikke nogen indflydelse på strategien til bekæmpelse af mund- og klovsygen.
It may be noted that the economic and social consequences did not play any significant role in the strategy for controlling FMD in France either.
Spørgsmålet om vaccination blev ikke aktuelt i Frankrig, fordi der kun var et begrænset antal MKS-smitteudbrud.
The issue of vaccination did not arise in France because there were so few outbreaks of the disease;
Spørgsmålet om uensartet kompensation for tab er også aktuelt i Frankrig.
The issue of unequal compensation for loss and damage suffered has also arisen in France.
Erfaringerne i Irland
Experience in Ireland
De irske og nordirske myndigheder var med smitteudbruddene i Storbritannien blevet advaret og kunne træffe omfattende foranstaltninger mod MKS-udbrud.
The authorities in Ireland and Northern Ireland were forewarned by the outbreaks in Great Britain and were able to prepare themselves very well for the outbreak of FMD.
Samarbejdet og koordineringen mellem Irland og Nordirland forløb uden problemer og bidrog afgørende til, at der kun konstateredes yderst begrænsede regionale tilfælde af mund- og klovsyge.
Cooperation and coordination between Ireland and Northern Ireland went smoothly, and it was largely thanks to this that the FMD outbreaks remained very limited in the region.
Foranstaltningerne var særdeles effektive.
The measures were effective and efficient;
Spørgsmålet om vaccination kom som følge af det lave antal smittetilfælde på den irske ø ikke på tale.
The issue of vaccination did not arise, because there were so few outbreaks in Ireland and Northern Ireland;
Erfaringerne i Grækenland
Experience in Greece
I Grækenland har der hidtil kun været enkelte MKS-tilfælde, da sygdommen ikke er enzootisk i dette land.
In Greece, outbreaks of FMD were always sporadic, that is to say the disease is not endemic.
MKS-tilfældene er navnlig registreret i forvaltningsområderne ved de østlige grænser (Evros, Mytilini, Chios, Samos, Dodekannes), da sygdommen som bekendt optræder i Tyrkiet, men ikke i de andre nabolande.
Most cases occurred in the vicinity of Greece's eastern borders (Evros, Mytilini, Chios, Samos, the Dodecanese) since the disease is endemic in Turkey whereas it has not been reported in Greece's other neighbouring countries.
Tidligere var man af den opfattelse, at sygdommen blev slæbt ind i Grækenland som følge af den ulovlige indførsel af levende kvæg.
Previously, it was believed that the disease entered Greece through illegal trade in live animals.
Efter epidemierne i 1994 og 1996 og nedslagtningen af i tusindvis af dyr er kvægavlerne i Grækenland blevet mere opmærksomme herpå, og de hævder, at der ikke længere finder ulovlige indførsler af dyr sted fra nabolandet Tyrkiet.
Since the epidemics of 1994 and 1996 and the culling of several thousand animals, stock farmers in Greece have become more aware and maintain that there are no longer any illegal imports of animals from Turkey;
Det sidste udbrud af sygdommen i sommeren 2000 i Evros skyldtes, at dyr fra det græske grænseområde i Evros' flodløb kom i kontakt med tyrkiske dyr, da floden på grund af tørke kun førte lidt vand.
The last outbreak of the disease, which occurred in the summer of 2000 in Evros, was attributed to animals in the Greek border regions encountering Turkish animals in the River Evros, the waters of which were low owing to the protracted drought.
Dermed var det muligt, at hjordene kom i kontakt med hinanden, når dyrene skulle græsse og drikke.
It is possible therefore that the herds were in contact while grazing and watering.
Da virussen er meget smitsom og kan overføres meget let, kunne smitten uden vanskelighed overføres.
Since the virus is highly infectious and extremely communicable, it was easily transmitted.
Virusstammen blev isoleret, og dens oprindelse blev påvist ved laboratorietest under anvendelse af PCR.
The origin of the viral strain, which was isolated, was established by laboratory testing with PCR.
Det påvistes, at der var tale om en stamme af serotypen Asia 1, som er identisk med den stamme, der forekommer på Evros' modsatte bred.
It was established that the strain was of the Asia 1 serotype similar to that found on the far bank of the River Evros;
Dette beløb omfatter ikke blot godtgørelserne, men også udgifterne til overvågning af desinficeringsprocedurerne samt administrative og øvrige omkostninger.
This figure includes not only compensation but also the cost of supervising decontamination procedures, administrative and other expenditure.
Reaktionerne i befolkningen og i medierne samt fra dyrevelfærdsorganisationernes side var afdæmpede.
The social disruption was minimal and the media reaction was low-key, as was that of the animal welfare organisations;
Kommissionens rolle i bekæmpelsen af mund- og klovsyge
The role of the Commission in controlling FMD
Kommissionen reagerede prompte på krisens udbrud og traf de nødvendige beslutninger.
The Commission responded to the crisis immediately and took the necessary decisions.
Under krisens videre forløb traf og dokumenterede Kommissionen på baggrund af udtalelser fra Den Stående Veterinærkomité sine beslutninger rettidigt i forhold til udviklingen i krisen.
In the course of the crisis, it promptly adapted and documented its decisions on the basis of the opinions of the Standing Veterinary Committee in the light of events.
Hvad angår Kommissionens løsning af krisestyringsopgaven, kan der ikke konstateres nogen forsømmelser.
No shortcomings have been identified in the Commission's management of the crisis.
Den høje kvalitet af Kommissionens arbejde i forbindelse med bekæmpelsen af krisen fremhæves endvidere af de nationale veterinære myndigheder i de berørte medlemsstater.
The high quality of the Commission's work in controlling the crisis has also been expressly stressed by the national veterinary authorities of Member States concerned;
Kommissionens gennemgang af medlemsstaternes beredskabsplaner siden indførelsen af forbuddet mod profylaktisk vaccination i 1992 tilendebragtes imidlertid ikke inden for en rimelig tid.
However, the Commission failed to review the Member States" contingency plans within an appropriate period following the introduction of the ban on prophylactic vaccination in 1992.