natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Sociale og miljømæssige indvirkninger
Social and Environmental Impacts
54. er bekymret over, at den voldsomme økonomiske vækst i Kina ikke blot medfører miljøforurening, men også knaphed på ressourcer og stigende varepriser på det verdensmarkedet; opfordrer Kina til at tage ansvar for at indarbejde miljøbestemmelser i forarbejdning og affaldshåndtering og for at hjælpe med at udbedre skader på miljøet; opfordrer Kommissionen til at finde løsninger på problemet med, hvordan man i fremtiden kan sikre europæiske borgere og selskaber adgang til råmaterialer og energi til overkommelige priser;
Expresses its concern that the enormous economic growth in China leads not only to environmental pollution but also to scarcity of resources and rising commodity prices on the world market; calls upon China to accept responsibility for incorporating environmental standards into manufacturing and waste management and for helping to repair damage to the environment; calls on the Commission to start identifying solutions to the problem of how to guarantee in future affordable, stable raw material and energy supplies to people and companies in Europe;
58. opfordrer Kommissionen til at finde frem til den mest effektive metode at forhandle om indførelse af minimumsstandarder for sociale og miljømæssige forhold i handelsaftaler og sikre, at de håndhæves;
Calls on the Commission to investigate the most effective way of negotiating the introduction of minimum social and environmental standards into trade agreements and ensuring their effective enforcement;
Nuværende projekter, styreform
Existing projects, governance
69. gentager sin bekymring over menneskerettighedssituationen i Kina; bemærker, at der er sket visse forbedringer i de sidste 15 år; understreger, at forbedringerne ikke er tilstrækkelige og mener derfor, at menneskerettighedsdialogen mellem Kina og EU skal forbedres;
Reiterates its concern about the human rights situation in China; notes that the situation has seen some progress over the past fifteen years; stresses that more needs to be done and considers that the human rights dialogue between China and the EU should be consistently improved;
Denne betænkning omhandler de trusler og muligheder, som Kinas udvikling hen imod en væsentlig handelsmagt repræsenterer, og de modforholdsregler, EU kan træffe.
This report focuses on the threats and opportunities posed by China’s growth as a major trading power, and on measures the EU can take in response.
Virkningen af Kinas tiltrædelse af WTO analyseres, Kinas overholdelse af dets WTO-forpligtelser undersøges, og de områder, der fortsat bekymrer EU's industri og de parter, der beskæftiger sig med ligestillingsspørgsmål i Kina, kortlægges.
It analyses the impact of China’s WTO accession, explores China’s compliance with its WTO obligations, and identifies areas of continuing concern to EU industry and to those concerned with issues of equality in China.
Handel kan dog ikke ses alene, og i betænkningen beskrives derfor nogle af de sociale og miljømæssige omkostninger ved Kinas hurtige vækst, både i Kina og globalt.
Trade cannot be viewed in isolation, however, and the report examines some of the social and environmental costs of China's rapid growth, both within China, and globally.
Betænkningen omhandler også generelt den udfordring, Kina udgør, ikke kun for det internationale handelssystem, men for den internationale handelsteori, hvilket gør det nødvendigt at udvikle en ny ramme for forståelsen af virkningerne af globaliseringen.
The report also addresses the wider question of the challenge China poses, not just to the international trading system, but to international trade theory itself, and makes the case for a new framework for understanding the impacts of globalisation.
Handelsforholdet mellem EU og Kina
EU-China Trade relations
Kina og EU, to af verdens største markeder, har styrket deres kommercielle bånd i de seneste årtier.
China and the EU, two of the world’s largest markets, have deepened their commercial ties during recent decades.
Handelen i begge retninger er mere end 40-doblet, siden reformerne i Kina blev indledt i 1978, og havde en værdi på 175 milliarder euro i 2004 .
Two-way trade has increased more than forty-fold since reforms began in China in 1978, and was worth €175 billion in 2004.
I European Competitiveness Report 2004
The 2004 European Competitiveness Report
http://europa.eu.int/comm/enterprise/enterprise_policy/competitiveness/doc/comprep_2004_en.pdf fremhæves den udfordring, som EU møder fra et Kina, der konkurrerer på grundlag af overflod af arbejdskraft og inden for produkter, der kræver både kvalifikationer og teknologi.
http://europa.eu.int/comm/enterprise/enterprise_policy/competitiveness/doc/comprep_2004_en.pdf highlights the challenge to the EU from a China competing on the basis of labour abundance, as well as in goods embodying both skills and technology.
Kina viser sig at være en eftersøgt base for etableringen af offshorecentre for fremstilling af en lang række produkter og tjenesteydelser.
China is proving to be a sought-after base for the establishment of offshore centres for the manufacture of a broad range of products and services.
Indtil nu har virkningerne været mest markante i de nye medlemsstater og kandidatlande, da de typisk konkurrerer som nearshore-produktionscentre inden for de samme sektorer.
So far, the effects have been felt most in the new Member States and candidate countries, since they tend to compete as nearshore production centres in the same sectors.
Som det påvises i denne betænkning vil disse virkninger dog sandsynligvis sprede sig til EU-15.
However, as this report will demonstrate, these impacts are likely to spread to the EU-15.
Under den kinesiske premierminister Wen Jiabaos besøg hos Europa-Kommissionen i maj 2004 blev der etableret en handelspolitisk dialog på højt niveau med henblik på at løse problemstillinger i forbindelse med de hurtigt voksende bilaterale handelsforhold samt WTO-problemstillinger.
During the visit of the Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao to the European Commission in May 2004, a high level Trade policy Dialogue was set up to address issues in rapidly-growing bilateral trade relations as well as on WTO issues.
Der gennemføres i øjeblikket ca. 20 sektorale politiske dialoger, som omhandler mange af de hindringer, der ikke er baseret på tariffer, men som stadig forekommer.
There are currently around 20 sectoral policy Dialogues which address many of the non-tariff barriers that still remain.
På det seneste topmøde mellem EU og Kina i december 2004 fastlagde de to parter et mål om aktivt at undersøge mulighederne for at indgå en ny rammeaftale.
Moreover, during the last EU-China summit in December 2004, the two parties set the objective to actively explore the feasibility of concluding a new framework agreement.
Kinas integration i verdensøkonomien afhænger også af landets relationer med de asiatiske naboer.
China's integration into the world economy will also be determined by its relations with its Asian neighbours.
Udsigterne til, at Indien og Kina finder sammen i komplementaritet, vil ikke kun fremme "power house Asia" , men vil have globale geopolitiske konsekvenser, som vil bringe EU's rolle som den næststørste globale magt i fare.
In particular, the prospect of India and China finding complementarity would not only boost "power house" Asia, but would have global geopolitical consequences, challenging the EU's role as a second global power.
Indiens ekspertise inden for software og Kinas inden for hardware betyder, at de sammen kan udgøre en magtfuld styrke.
India’s expertise in software, and China’s in hardware mean that, together, they could prove a powerful force.
Den bilaterale handel mellem dem vil for første gang overstige 15 milliarder amerikanske dollars i 2005 sammenlignet med kun 300 millioner amerikanske dollars for 10 år siden.
Bilateral trade between them could top $15 billion for the first time in 2005, compared to just $300 million a decade ago.
Et virtuelt "Kindien", en løs økonomisk sammenkædning, er allerede ved at tage form.
A virtual ‘Chindia’, a loose economic link-up, is already beginning to take shape.
Vækst og fattigdom i Kina
Growth and Poverty in China
I betragtning af Kinas imponerende vækstrate er det nemt at glemme, at der stadig findes enorme områder præget af fattigdom.
Given China’s impressive growth rate, it is easy to forget that vast areas of poverty remain.
Kina har firedoblet sin indtjening i løbet af 25 år, har løftet mere end 270 millioner mennesker ud af fattigdom og dramatisk forbedret en række sundheds- og uddannelsesindikatorer.
China has quadrupled its income in the space of 25 years, lifted over 270 million people out of poverty, and dramatically improved health and education indicators.
Men hurtig vækst og strukturelle ændringer har også skabt nye problemer: jobusikkerhed, miljøpåvirkninger og vedvarende fattigdom, samtidig med at de kinesiske indtægtsuligheder er blandt de hurtigst voksende i verden.
But rapid growth and structural change have also created new challenges: employment insecurity, environmental pressures, and persistent poverty, while Chinese income inequalities are among the fastest growing in the world.
I henhold til Verdensbankens "1 dollar om dagen"-indikator for absolut fattigdom lever ca. en fjerdedel af landbefolkningen – mere end 100 millioner mennesker – stadig i ekstrem fattigdom.
Using the World Bank’s “$1 a day” indicator for absolute poverty, around one quarter of the rural population – more than 100 million people – are still in extreme poverty.
Det er vigtigt, at EU's politikere ikke glemmer, at deres handelspolitikker kan have direkte betydning for mindskelsen af fattigdom i Kina.
It is important that EU policy makers do not forget that their trade policies can have a direct bearing on poverty reduction in China.
Kina og WTO
China and the WTO
Kinas tiltrædelse af WTO i 2001 var en historisk begivenhed.
The accession of China to the WTO in 2001 was an historic event.
Da forhandlingerne blev indledt i midten af 1980'erne, tegnede Kina sig for mindre end 1 % af verdenshandelen.
When negotiations started in the mid-1980s, China accounted for less than 1% of world trade.
I dag er Kina verdens fjerdestørste eksportland.
Today it is the world’s fourth-largest exporter.
Betingelserne for Kinas tiltrædelse er vidtgående, og dets forpligtelser til åbning af markedet er omfattende.
The terms of China’s accession are far-reaching, and its market-opening commitments extensive.
Efter at have sænket den vægtede gennemsnitstarif fra 40 % til 13 % i perioden 1992-2001 skal Kina nu gennemføre en yderligere sænkning til 6,8 % inden udløbet af tiltrædelsesperioden – en sænkning, der er mere omfattende, end hvad EU eller USA nogensinde har overvejet.
For example, having lowered the weighted average tariff from 40% to 13% between 1992-2001, China is now required to implement a further cut to 6.8% by the end of the accession period - cuts that are far deeper than anything contemplated by the EU or US.
Hvad angår tjenesteydelser, anføres det i en vurdering fra Verdensbanken, at Kinas forpligtelser med hensyn til liberalisering af denne sektor er de mest radikale, der nogensinde er indgået i WTO.
On services, a World Bank assessment suggests that China’s commitments on the liberalization of this sector are the most radical ever undertaken in the WTO.
Alligevel kræves der langt mere radikale forpligtelser, herunder af EU, som omfatter finansielle tjenesteydelser, bankvæsen og bredere kapitalmarkeder.
Even so, far more radical commitments are being demanded, including by the EU, covering financial services, banking, and wider capital markets.
Tiltrædelsesbestemmelserne om antidumping og beskyttelsesforanstaltninger er også ufordelagtige for Kina.
Accession provisions on anti-dumping and safeguard measures also place China at a disadvantage.
Betydningen af WTO-tiltrædelsen for landbruget giver anledning til de alvorligste bekymringer.
The implications of WTO accession for agriculture raise the most serious concerns.
Trods den hurtige industrialisering tegner landbruget sig for 16 % af BNP og omkring halvdelen af beskæftigelsen.
In spite of rapid industrialisation, agriculture still accounts for 16% of GDP and around half of all employment.
Kina har i dag ca. 238 millioner landbrug, hvoraf langt de fleste er små.
Currently, China has around 238 million farm households, the vast majority operating on small plots.
Mange af dem – navnlig producenter af hovedafgrøder som f.eks. hvede, majs, bomuld, sukker og sojabønner – vil få forringet deres indkomst, når de lavere importpriser slår igennem på hjemmemarkedet.
However, many of them – particularly producers of major commodities such as wheat, maize, cotton, sugar and soybean - could suffer income declines as lower import prices are transmitted through domestic markets.
Der er bred enighed blandt handelspartnerne om den generelle forbedring af handelsbetingelserne efter Kinas tiltrædelse af WTO, især med hensyn til handelsrelateret lovgivning og markedsadgang.
There is a broad consensus among trading partners over the general improvement in trading conditions since China's accession to the WTO, particularly on trade-related laws and market access.
http://mkaccdb.eu.int/cgi-bin/stb/study/consult/study.pl. , blev det konstateret, at en lang række af de barrierer, der ikke omhandler tariffer, for varer fra EU, progressivt er blevet fjernet, og at Kina i betydelig grad har åbnet på for udenlandske investeringer i tjenesteydelser.
http://mkaccdb.eu.int/cgi-bin/stb/study/consult/study.pl observes that a large variety of non-tariff barriers affecting access for EU goods have been progressively removed and the country has also significantly opened foreign investment in services.
Undersøgelsen kortlægger dog også specifikke "belastende" procedurer, herunder registreringsprocedurer før import.
Nonetheless, the study also identified specific "burdensome" procedures, including pre-import registration procedures.
Det bemærkes, at nogle af disse problemer snarere er resultatet af manglen på ressourcer, uddannelse og tilstrækkelig harmonisering af toldregler end af bevidste handelshindringer.
It noted that some of these problems are more likely the result of lack of resources, training and appropriate harmonisation of customs rules than of intentional barriers to trade.
Der er dog stadig alvorlige betænkeligheder.
However, serious concerns remain.
Mange virksomheder i EU er primært frustrerede over Kinas manglende håndhævelse af de intellektuelle ejendomsrettigheder, herunder at Kina i dag er et væsentligt marked for mærkevarer og pladeindustrien.
For many EU businesses, the principal point of frustration is China's lack of enforcement of intellectual property rights (IPRs), particularly now that China is a substantial market for branded goods as well as for the recording industry.
Kinas skulle gennemføre TRIPS-aftalen fuldt ud fra datoen for landets tiltrædelse.
China was required to implement the TRIPS Agreement in full from the date of accession.
Selv om situationen er blevet bedre siden 2001, mener mange stadig, at myndighederne ikke har håndteret problemet med forfalskninger på tilfredsstillende vis.
Although the situation has improved since 2001, many still believe the authorities have not sufficiently tackled counterfeiting.
For pladeindustrien tegner piratkopier sig for 85 % af det samlede antal solgte enheder.
For the recording industry piracy accounts for 85% of all units sold.
De ansvarlige retsforfølges kun sjældent.
Those responsible rarely face criminal sanctions.
Fra et kinesisk synspunkt repræsenterer TRIPS-aftalen dog andre trusler, herunder især på medicinalområdet.
From a Chinese perspective, however, the TRIPS Agreement poses other threats, particularly in the field of pharmaceuticals.
Grupper, der beskæftiger sig med de ulige forhold på folkesundhedsområdet i Kina, er med rette bekymrede for, at priser på patenterede lægemidler typisk er meget højere end for de generiske versioner, og at enhver prisinflation ville ramme de fattigste hårdest.
Groups working on public health inequalities in China are rightly concerned that, since prices of patented drugs are typically much higher than for generic versions, any price inflation will hurt the poorest hardest.
Andre områder, som den europæiske industri er bekymret over, er problemer inden for bygge- og anlægsindustrien, bankvæsen og bilindustrien.
Other areas of concern noted by European industry include problems in the construction industry, banking, and the automobile sector.
Der er endvidere risiko for, at den økonomiske levedygtighed for visse europæiske industrier undermineres af Kinas politik for råvarer, herunder faldet i den kinesiske eksport af koks.
The economic viability of some European industries also risks being undermined by China’s policy on raw materials, including the drop of Chinese exports of cokes.
Hvad angår Doha-runden, spiller Kina en vigtig rolle.
As far as the Doha Round is concerned, China has important role to play.
I Cancun arbejdede Kina tæt sammen med de øvrige lande i G20-gruppen for at udfordre de traditionelt førende lande i WTO, dvs. EU og USA.
At Cancun, China worked closely with others in the G-20 to challenge the dominance of the WTO’s traditional leaders – the EU and the US.
Tekstiler og beklædning
Textiles and Clothing
Af alle de sektorer, hvori Kina oplever vækst, udgør tekstil- og beklædningssektoren umiddelbart den største udfordring for EU.
Of all the sectors of Chinese growth, the area that poses greatest immediate challenges to the EU is textiles and clothing.
Den 1. januar 2005 forsvandt alle de tilbageværende kvoter i henhold til WTO's aftale om tekstiler og beklædning (ATC).
On 1 January 2005, all remaining quotas under the WTO Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC) disappeared.
Som følge deraf forudsiger Verdensbanken og WTO, at Kinas andel af verdenshandelen inden for tekstiler og beklædning vil stige fra 17 % i 2003 til mere end 50 % i 2010.
As a result, the World Bank and WTO predict China's share of world trade and textiles and clothing will rise from 17% in 2003 to over 50% by 2010.
Kina er EU's største leverandør af tekstiler og beklædning og tegnede sig for 18 % af den samlede import af tekstiler og beklædning (kvote og ikke-kvote) i 2003.
China is the EU's largest supplier of textiles and clothing products, representing 18% of all T & C imports (quota and non-quota) in 2003.
Det hævdes, at Kinas import er steget mest på bekostning af import fra tredjelande, hvis andel af EU-markedet er faldet.
Some argue that China's imports have mostly grown at the expense of imports from third countries, which have seen their share of the EU market decrease.
EU's tekstil- og beklædningsindustri er allerede under pres.
However, the EU's T & C industry is also already experiencing significant pressure.
Selv om Kommissionen er begyndt at håndtere dette problem, er der stigende frustration over, at den ikke handler hurtigere for at indføre beskyttelsesforanstaltninger.
Although the European Commission has begun to try to address this problem, there is growing frustration that it is not acting more quickly to introduce safeguards.
Den 24. april bekendtgjorde kommissær Mandelson endelig, at han ville iværksætte undersøgelser inden for ni kategorier af tekstileksport, hvor importmængderne fra Kina er steget over "alarmniveauerne".
On 24 April, Commissioner Mandelson finally announced he was launching investigations into nine categories of textile exports, where import volumes from China have risen above the 'alert levels'.
Kinas eget instrument til begrænsning af indvirkningen af dets producenter (eksportskat på beklædning) er sat så lavt, at de fleste producenter siger, at den ikke har nogen indvirkning.
China's own instrument for limiting its producers' impact - an export tax on garments - has been set so low that manufacturers say it has almost no effect.
Hvis virkningen er alvorlig for EU, er den katastrofal for mange af de mindst udviklede lande og de små udviklingslande.
But if the impact in the EU will be severe, in many least developed, and small developing countries, it will be devastating.
Siden 1980'erne er mange blevet dybt afhængige af denne sektor generelt som følge af MFA's kvotesystem.
Since the 1980s, largely as a result of the quota system of the MFA, many have built a huge dependency on the sector.
I 2000 tegnede den sig for 95 % af samlede eksport af industrivarer fra Bangladesh, i Laos for 93 %, Cambodja 83 %, Pakistan 73 %, Sri Lanka 71 % og Nepal 61 %.
In 2000, it accounted for 95% of all Bangladesh's industrial goods exports, in Laos 93%, Cambodia 83%, Pakistan 73%, Sri Lanka 71%, and Nepal 61%.
Sektoren beskæftiger mere end 1,8 millioner arbejdere i Bangladesh, 1,4 millioner i Pakistan og 250.000 i Sri Lanka.
The sector employs over 1.8 million workers in Bangladesh, 1.4 million in Pakistan, and 250,000 in Sri Lanka.
Det kan derfor ikke undre, at adskillige lande i 11. time appellerede til WTO om at redde deres tekstilindustrier, hvilket dog ikke blev hørt.
Little wonder, then, that several dozen countries made an 11th-hour appeal to the WTO to save their textile industries – it fell, however, on deaf ears.
Det er klart, at det deflationære pres fra Kina vil sænke lønningerne endnu mere og tvinge de globale leverandører til yderligere at forringe rettighederne og betingelserne for deres arbejdere for at forblive konkurrencedygtige, først og fremmest inden for tekstilsektoren, men også i stigende grad inden for andre sektorer.
It seems clear that China's deflationary pressures will further drive down wages, pushing global suppliers to reduce their workers rights and conditions in a bid to remain competitive – first in the textiles sector, but increasingly in other sectors as well.
Med hensyn til tekstiler og beklædning er de negative virkninger allerede mærkbare: På Filippinerne har regeringen bestemt, at loven om mindsteløn ikke længere skal gælde for beklædningsindustrien, mens regeringen i Bangladesh for nylig har annonceret, at den vil øge det tilladte antal overtimer og mindske begrænsningerne for kvinders natarbejde.
With regard to T & C, the negative effects are already beginning to be felt: in the Philippines, the government has ruled that its minimum wage law would no longer apply to the clothing industry, while the Bangladeshi government recently announced that it would increase authorised overtime hours and reduce the restrictions on women's night work.
Kommissionen har reageret ved at opfordre de europæiske fabrikanter til at fremstille beklædning af højere værdi i stedet for at konkurrere med Kina på de grundlæggende vilkår.
The Commission's response has been to urge European manufacturers to produce higher-value garments rather than competing with China on basics.
Men Kinas evne til hurtigt at klatre op ad merværdistigen inden for de fleste sektorer viser, hvor ubrugeligt dette råd er, ikke kun for EU, men også for lande som Bangladesh.
Yet China's rapid ability to climb the value-added ladder across most sectors shows what unhelpful counsel this is, not just for the EU, but also for countries like Bangladesh.
Kina forbedrer hurtigt landets konkurrencemæssige fordele inden for fodtøj, maskindele og biler samt inden for højteknologiske produkter.
China is also fast developing competitive advantage not only in footwear, machine components, and automobiles, but also in higher tech goods.
Dette er en systemisk udfordring, ikke en udfordring for én enkelt sektor.
This is a systemic challenge, not a one-off sectoral one.
Ændring af handelsteorien
Shaking up Trade Theory
Harvard-økonomen Richard B. Freeman har konstateret, at det slående ved Kina er, at vi for første gang har et stort, fattigt land, som kan konkurrere både med lave lønninger og inden for højteknologi.
Harvard economist Richard B. Freeman has observed, "what is stunning about China is that for the first time we have a huge, poor country that can compete both with very low wages and in high tech.
Han anfører videre, at hvis de to ting kombineres, har USA et problem
Combine the two, and America has a problem."
Business Week, 6. december 2004. .
Quoted in Business Week, December 6, 2004 .
I denne betænkning hævdes det, at EU også har et problem.
This report argues that the EU has a problem, too.