natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Dette synspunkt blev forstærket af opfattelsen af, at der skulle afsættes betydeligt mere tid for at opnå en tilfredsstillende forståelse af et område i fællesskabsretten i forhold til den tid, det krævede at foretage en lignende undersøgelse af national ret.
This point was reinforced by the perception that one needed to invest significantly more time to gain a satisfactory understanding of a point of Community law than the time needed for a similar examination of domestic law.
Flere dommere var modvillige over for fællesskabsrettens indflydelse på national ret.
Several judges were hostile to the influence of Community law over national law.
En tysk dommer fra en finansdomstol var af den opfattelse, at fællesskabsrettens indflydelse øgede risikoen for "dårlige" afgørelser og undergravede retssikkerheden.
One German judge from a financial court was of the opinion that the influence of Community law increased the risk of "bad" judgments and undermined legal certainty.
Endelig følte en dommer ved en arbejdsret sig ret "provokeret" af at blive pålagt at spille en rolle i Fællesskabets retsorden.
Finally one labour court judge felt rather “provoked” at being brought into playing a role in the Community legal order.
En tysk dommer kritiserede, at dommere ved retter i første instans sjældent havde de tekniske midler til at få styr på fællesskabsretten, og at initiativet oftest lå hos højt kvalificerede advokater.
One German judge criticised the fact that first instance judges rarely had the technical means to get to grips with Community law, and the initiative rests most often with highly qualified lawyers.
Flere dommere, som aldrig havde fået undervisning i EU-ret under deres studier på grund af deres alder, herunder en fransk dommer ved en appelret og en tysk dommer i midten af tresserne, fandt Fællesskabets retsorden særligt udfordrende.
Several judges who were never taught EU law during their studies due to their age, including one French judge sitting in an appeal court and one German judge in his mid sixties found the Community legal order particularly challenging.
Et antal dommere fra de "nye" medlemsstater havde i høj grad blikket rettet mod fremtiden.
A number of judges from "new" Member States looked very much to the future.
En slovensk dommer anførte eksempelvis, at dette særlige aspekt af dommerens arbejde helt naturligt ville blive mere udbredt med tiden.
For instance, a Slovenian judge stated that this particular aspect of the judge’s work would grow naturally in time.
Flere dommere følte sig usikre, når de anvendte fællesskabsretten.
Several judges felt insecure when applying Community law.
Retstraditionen var ikke lige så kendt, og fortolkningsmetoderne var anderledes end dem, der normalt blev anvendt.
The legal tradition was not as familiar and the methods of interpretation were different than those normally used.
En forvaltningsdommer følte, at fællesskabsretten havde en dimension, som hun ikke kunne kapere i sit daglige arbejde.
One administrative judge felt that Community law had a dimension which she could not grasp in her daily work.
På den anden side følte et større mindretal af dommerne sig klart mere trygge ved at have direkte kontakt med fællesskabsretten og betragtede den som en "åbenlys realitet".
On the other hand, a sizeable minority of judges clearly felt more comfortable having direct contact with Community law, considering it to be an "obvious reality".
En italiensk dommer svarede, at han var helt klar over betydningen af at være håndhæver af fællesskabsretten og håbede blot, at kollegerne i de øvrige medlemsstater havde det lige sådan.
One Italian judge claimed to be well aware of the implications of being a first judge of Community law, but only hoped that colleagues in other Member States felt the same way.
En anden af de adspurgte mente, at selv om realiteten i stigende grad blev åbenlys for dommerne, fulgte parter og advokater ikke nødvendigvis trop.
A further respondent considered that, although this reality was becoming increasingly obvious to judges, parties and lawyers were not necessarily following suit.
En østrigsk dommer, som tilstod at have været modvillig over for fællesskabsretten i starten, anførte, at jo oftere han anvendte den, desto mere "indlysende" blev den.
An Austrian judge who admitted being initially hostile to Community law commented that, the more he applied it, the more "self-evident" it became.
En tysk forvaltningsdommer gik skridtet videre og mente, at rollen var "spændende, men vanskelig", fordi fællesskabsretten endnu var forholdsvis ny og ikke blev underbygget af tilstrækkelig uddannelse og biblioteksfaciliteter.
A German administrative judge went further to consider that the role was "thrilling but difficult" because Community law was still relatively new and not supported by adequate training and library facilities.
To forvaltningsdommere i Tyskland fremsatte det synspunkt, at det var positivt, at de fleste fællesskabsretlige spørgsmål straks kunne afklares ved retter i første instans uden adskillige appeller.
Two administrative courts in Germany made the point that it was a good thing that most questions of Community law could be immediately clarified at first instance without multiple appeals.
Det var uhensigtsmæssigt kun at tage stilling til disse spørgsmål ved højere domstole, fordi det unødigt trak sagerne i langdrag.
It was counter-productive to only consider these points in higher national courts because this dragged cases on unnecessarily.
En fransk dommer ved en handelsret anførte, at dommere ved retter i første instans tit stod i fællesskabsrettens "frontlinje" og ofte oplevede modstand fra højere nationale retter.
A French commercial judge stated that first instance judges were often on the "front line" of Community law, and often in face of opposition from higher national courts.
En anden tysk dommer følte sig konstant "ledsaget" af fællesskabsretten.
Another German judge was constantly "accompanied" by Community law.
Selv om den ikke stod i forgrunden, havde han den altid i baghovedet.
Whilst, it did not take center stage ( im Vordergrund ), it was however always there at the back of his mind ( im Hinterkopf ).
En fransk dommer anførte, at det var nødvendigt at udvikle visse reflekser, fordi mange fællesskabsbestemmelser ikke blev påberåbt af en af parterne og snarere måtte påberåbes af dommeren på eget initiativ.
One French judge stated that certain reflexes had to be developed because a lot of provisions of Community law had to be raised of the judge’s own motion rather than being raised by one of the parties.
(xii) Samarbejde om civilretlige spørgsmål
(xii) Judicial cooperation in civil matters
Flere af de adspurgte henviste specifikt til deres brug af instrumenter på området for samarbejde om civilretlige spørgsmål (EF-traktatens artikel 61, litra c), navnlig Bruxelles I-forordningen, retshjælpsdirektivet og forkyndelsesforordningen
Several respondents specifically referred to their use of instruments in the field of judicial cooperation in civil matters (Article 61(c) EC), in particular the Brussels I Regulation, the Legal Aid Directive and the Regulation on Service of Documents
Rådets forordning (EF) nr. 1348/2000 af 29. maj 2000 om forkyndelse i medlemsstaterne af retslige og udenretslige dokumenter i civile og kommercielle sager (EFT L 160 af 30.6.2000, s. 37). .
Council regulation (EC) No 1348/2000 of 29 May 2000 on the service in the Member States of judicial and extrajudicial documents in civil or commercial matters , OJL 160 , 30.06.2000, p.37. .
En dommer på det familieretlige område var specielt interesseret i at anvende Bruxelles II a-forordningen, eftersom den gav de europæiske borgere en "tydelig fordel".
A family judge was specifically interested in applying the Brussels II "bis" Regulation, as it brought clear ‘added value’ to European citizens.
En dommer mente, at fællesskabsretten var særligt vigtig på forbrugerbeskyttelsesområdet, men at de fleste af hans nationale kolleger ikke forstod dette.
One judge considered that Community law was particularly vital in the area of consumer protection, but that most national colleagues failed to perceive this.
Ifølge to dommere fra forskellige højesteretter var det nogle gange vanskeligt at afgøre, hvorvidt acte clair-dokrinen fandt anvendelse på en given sag.
According to two judges from different supreme courts, it was sometimes difficult to determine whether the acte clair doctrine applied to a given case.
Den mest åbenlyse årsag hertil var, at det var vanskeligt at finde ud af, om en national domstol i en anden medlemsstat havde overvejet et lignende spørgsmål, og hvad dens afgørelse havde været.
The most apparent reason for this was that it was hard to ascertain whether any national court in another Member State had considered a similar issue and what its decision had been.
790 af de adspurgte kommenterede eller kom med forslag til dette åbne spørgsmål.
790 respondents offered comments or suggestions on this open question.
Grundig og løbende uddannelse i europæisk ret gennem hele dommerens uddannelse og karriere var langt det mest populære forslag (51,1 %), og der blev knyttet mange praktiske kommentarer i den forbindelse (se nedenfor - afsnit b).
Thorough and continuous training in European law throughout a judge’s studies and career was by far the most popular suggestion (51,1%) and many practical comments were made in that respect (see below – section b).
På andenpladsen kom opfordringer til mere og bedre information (21,5 %) og forslag til, hvor denne information kunne gøres tilgængelig.
Second came calls for more or better information (21,5%) and proposals on how to make this information available.
Der kom også mange opfordringer til bedre lovgivning på fællesskabsplan (9,4 %).
Calls for better law-making at Community level were widespread (9,4%).
Endelig var fire kategorier mere eller mindre lige populære: spørgsmålet om sprogundervisning (4,4 %), måden, hvorpå fællesskabsretten burde behandles på nationalt plan (4,3 %), opfordringer til EU om at gøre mindre, men gøre det bedre (4,1 %) og endelig spørgsmål vedrørende Domstolen og dens afgørelser (3,7 %).
To conclude, four categories were more or less equally popular: the issue of language training (4,4%), the way in which Community law should be dealt with at national level (4,3%), calls for Europe to do less but to do it better (4,1%) and finally issues concerning the ECJ and its judgments (3,7%).
Der findes et diagram, som afspejler disse resultater, på side 57, sidst i afsnit 7.
A chart reflecting these results is to be found on p.44, at the end of section 7.
Et overvældende flertal af de adspurgte (75 %) var tilhænger af øget uddannelse i fællesskabsret på alle niveauer.
An overwhelming majority of respondents in this category (75%) backed an increase in Community law training at all levels.
For det første var nogle få dommere af den holdning, at fællesskabsret burde være et hovedfag eller et obligatorisk fag på universiteternes jurastudier, hvilket allerede er tilfældet i nogle medlemsstater.
Firstly, a few judges were of the opinion that Community law should become a core or mandatory course in university law degrees, as is already the case in some Member States.
En fransk dommer mente, at fællesskabsretten nogle gange ikke var tilstrækkeligt integreret i de nationale læseplaner på områder, hvor Fællesskabet i vid udstrækning udøver sin kompetence.
A French judge considered that Community law was sometimes not sufficiently integrated into national curricula in areas where Community competence had been widely exercised.
De adspurgte lagde endnu større vægt på vigtigheden af uddannelse i fællesskabsret, navnlig den præjudicielle procedure, når det drejede sig om nationale skoler for kommende dommere.
Respondents insisted even more on the importance of Community law training, particularly on the preliminary ruling procedure, when it came to national schools for future magistrates and judges.
Der var flere tilbagevendende forslag om erhvervsuddannelse for praktiserende dommere.
There were several recurrent suggestions on the subject of professional training for practising judges.
For det første skulle uddannelsen være gratis for dommerne.
First of all, training had to be free of charge for judges.
En dommer mente, at sådan uddannelse havde almen interesse og var en del af den service, der ydes til offentligheden.
One judge considered that such training was in the public interest, and part of the service offered to the public.
En tysk dommer ved en arbejdsret fandt, at der var en stor efterspørgsel efter sådanne kurser, men at pladserne var begrænsede, og at deltagerne ofte blev afkrævet betaling.
A German labour court judge found that there was great demand for such courses, but that places were limited and that a financial contribution was often requested from participants.
For det andet skulle undervisningen være regelmæssig eller endog vedvarende, og nogle dommere mente, at den kun ville være effektiv, hvis den blev gjort obligatorisk.
Secondly, training had to be regular, or even constant, with some judges considering it would only be effective if it was made mandatory.
For det tredje var generel uddannelse i fællesskabsret mest efterspurgt på nationalt plan og så tæt som muligt på den adspurgtes arbejdssted.
Thirdly, general training in Community law was sought primarily at national level, and as close as possible to the respondent’s place of work.
Der var også en betydelig efterspørgsel efter mere specialiserede kurser, og her var tendensen omvendt, idet dommerne indimellem fremsatte ønske om, at sådanne specialkurser blev afholdt på europæisk plan, eksempelvis i form af konferencer med deltagere fra andre medlemsstater.
There was also substantial demand for more specialised courses and here an opposite trend was noticeable, with judges sometimes requesting that such specialised courses be organised at a European level for example in the form of a conference with participants from other Member States.
For det fjerde skulle den generelle uddannelse nå ud til flest mulige nationale dommere på alle niveauer i retssystemet.
Fourthly, general training had to reach the largest possible number of national judges from all court levels.
Endelig henviste flere dommere til uddannelse som en vigtig motivationsfaktor.
Finally training was referred to by several judges as important for motivational reasons.
Fællesskabsretten var en skræmmende stor samling retsakter, og kurser kunne være med til at overvinde visse usikkerheder i den forbindelse.
Community law was a daunting body of law, and courses could help overcome certain doubts in this respect.
Et stort antal dommere, navnlig polske, men også ungarske, slovenske, bulgarske, rumænske og tyske dommere, ønskede, at den nationale uddannelse blev mere praktisk orienteret og i mindre grad fokuserede på teori.
A large number of mainly Polish, but also Hungarian, Slovenian, Bulgarian, Romanian and German judges demanded that national training be more practical and less focused on theory.
Den skulle omfatte casestudier eller workshopper med deltagelse af eksperter.
This should include case studies or workshops with experts.
Et betragteligt antal af de adspurgte var også meget interesserede i at besøge EU-institutionerne, særligt Domstolen.
A substantial number were also keen to visit EU institutions, specifically the ECJ.
Mange af de adspurgte - meget ligeligt fordelt blandt medlemsstaterne - bemærkede vigtigheden af udvekslingsprogrammer for dommere inden for EU.
Numerous respondents from a very balanced array of Member States noted the importance of exchange programmes for judges within the EU.
Det vigtigste aspekt var muligheden for at drøfte spørgsmål af fælles interesse med dommere fra andre medlemsstater og se, hvordan de håndterer lignende problemer i en anden juridisk kontekst.
The most important aspect was the opportunity to discuss matters of common concern with judges from other Member States and see how they deal with similar problems in a different judicial context.
Ifølge en tysk dommer var udveksling afgørende for at fjerne dommernes "nationale skyklapper" og dermed udvide deres horisont.
According to a German judge, exchanges were key to judges "thinking outside of their national box", and thus broadening their horizons.
Endvidere var flere nederlandske, belgiske, slovenske og tyske dommere personligt interesserede i praktikophold ved Domstolen.
Furthermore, several Dutch, Belgian, Slovenian and German judges were personally interested in traineeships at the ECJ.
Der blev også givet udtryk for en vis frustration i forbindelse med den angivelige knaphed på deltagerpladser i udvekslingsprogrammer.
A certain amount of frustration was also expressed in relation to the perceived shortage of places for participants on exchange programmes.
En dommer mente eksempelvis, at kun dommere, som arbejdede i justitsministeriet, kunne deltage, mens en anden dommer mente, at udvekslingsprogrammer var forbeholdt en privilegeret elite, uden dog at angive nogen bestemt årsag hertil.
For example, one judge considered that only judges working in the justice ministry could participate, whereas another judge considered exchange programmes to be reserved for a privileged elite but did not state any particular reason why.
Dette afsnit omfatter også svar, hvori der blev opfordret til større kontakt mellem nationale dommere, eventuelt i form af specialiserede netværk, uden dog at være et egentligt udvekslingsprogram.
This section also incorporates responses which called for more contact between national judges, in the form of specialised networks for example, but falling short of an actual exchange.
En tysk dommer fremhævede vigtigheden af personlig - i modsætning til anonym - kontakt med dommere i andre medlemsstater.
A German judge highlighted the importance of having a personal, as opposed to an anonymous, connection with judges in other Member States.
En dommer fra en højesteret bemærkede, at meningsudvekslinger mellem dommere fra hele EU var vigtigt med henblik på anvendelse af acte clair-doktrinen , som kræver, at den nationale dommer undersøger, hvilke andre resultater nationale domstole er nået frem til, og hvorvidt forskelle i fortolkningen kunne være til skade for den ensartede anvendelse af fællesskabsretten.
A judge from a supreme court commented that exchanges of view between judges from all over the EU was even essential in order to apply the acte clair doctrine, which required the national judge to check what other results domestic courts had reached and whether the diversity of interpretive outcomes reached was liable to prejudice the uniform application of Community law.
En italiensk dommer ved en ret i første instans opfordrede til, at der blev ydet EU-støtte til internetfora, hvor der drøftes spørgsmål af fælles interesse, og understregede endvidere, at de enkelte dommeres fremmedsprogskundskaber var en afgørende faktor og nogle gange en barriere for at indgå i et sådant samspil på tværnationalt plan.
One first instance judge from Italy recommended EU subsidisation of online forums to discuss issues of common concern, and also stressed that the foreign language skills of individual judges was a determining factor and sometimes a barrier to entry in such interaction on a transnational level.
Endelig holdt en svensk dommer fast på, at udvekslingsprogrammer var en måde at dæmpe "frygten" for udenlandsk ret på, en frygt, som hans kolleger nogle gange oplevede.
Finally, a Swedish judge insisted on exchange programmes as a way of reducing the “fear” of foreign law sometimes experienced by colleagues.
Sådanne udvekslinger krævede imidlertid personligt engagement og endog inspiration.
However, such exchanges required personal engagement and even inspiration.
Flere tyske dommere gav specifik feedback på Det Europæiske Netværk for Uddannelse af Dommere og Anklagere (EJTN).
Several German judges gave specific feedback on EJTN.
En dommer havde deltaget i et udvekslingsprogram og var særligt begejstret for at opdage aspekter af et andet retssystem og stod til rådighed i forbindelse med yderligere initiativer.
One judge had participated in an exchange and was particularly enthusiastic about discovering aspects of another legal system and was available for further initiatives.
To andre var tilfredse med, hvad EJTN kunne tilbyde, men mente, at de tilgængelige muligheder var utilstrækkelige, og at de nationale dommere ikke vidste nok om dem.
The other two respondents were content with what EJTN offered, but considered that the opportunities available was both insufficient and not well enough known by national judges.
Et betydeligt antal dommere så gerne, at der blev skabt en fælles retskultur i Europa, som fællesskabsretten udgjorde en integreret del af.
A substantial number of judges wanted to see more fostering of a common legal culture in Europe of which Community law formed an integral part.
Eksempelvis kommenterede en fransk handelsdommer ved en ret i første instans, at fællesskabsretten ikke måtte opfattes som et område forbeholdt en elite af specialister, men snarere som en del af advokaters og dommeres hverdag.
For example, a French first instance commercial judge commented that Community law must not be seen as an area reserved for an elite of specialists, but rather be part of the everyday life of lawyers and judges.
På samme måde anførte en tysk forvaltningsdommer, at fællesskabsretten var nødt til at blive en naturlig del af dommeres og offentlighedens bevidsthed.
Similarly a German administrative judge stated that Community law had to become natural in the consciousness of judges and the public.
En tysk dommer ved en finansdomstol fremsatte det synspunkt, at dommeren faktisk havde et stort ansvar i forhold til fællesskabsretten.
A German respondent from a financial court made the point that in fact the judge had a huge responsibility with regard to Community law.
I sager om borgerrettigheder havde borgerne mulighed for at henvise til forskellige fællesskabsinstrumenter, men i sager om brud på eksempelvis habitatdirektivet
In cases where citizens' rights were affected, they could rely of various Community instruments; but in the case of a breach of the Habitats Directive
En anden dommer fandt, at nationale synspunkter om retsvæsenets rolle i en vis udstrækning burde bringes tættere sammen, eftersom de regionale forskelle i øjeblikket var meget store.
Another judge found that national views on the role of the judiciary should be to some extent be brought closer together, as regional difference were currently very considerable.
Det blev fremført, at en sådan interpenetration havde fundet sted for langt tid siden for advokaters vedkommende.
It was argued that such interpenetration had taken place long ago for lawyers.
En fransk dommer mente, at et større samspil mellem nationale og Fællesskabets domstole kunne være med til at skabe en fælles retskultur i Europa.
A French judge argued that greater osmosis between national and Community courts could be conducive to creating a common judicial culture in Europe.
Spørgsmålet om e-læring var indimellem at finde i de modtagne svar.
The issue of e-learning featured occasionally in the answers received.
En slovensk dommer fremsatte det synspunkt, at visse ældre dommere ikke var bekendt med nye teknologier og foretrak skrevne medier.
One Slovenian judge made the point that some older judges were unfamiliar with new technologies and preferred the printed medium.
Flere dommere så ikke desto mindre internettet som et potentielt nyttigt værktøj til selvstudier.
Several judges nevertheless saw the internet as a potentially useful tool for self-training.
Det blev også fremhævet, at dette burde være et supplement til og ikke en erstatning for personlig kontakt mellem dommere.
It was also emphasised that this should be complementary to, and not a substitute for, face to face contact between judges.
Flere dommere kommenterede specifikt de seminarer, som udbydes af ERA.
Several judges commented specifically on the seminars offered by ERA.