natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
I hver enkelt af disse stater kræves der intet yderligere bevis for, at de aflytter intern kommunikation og kommunikation ud af landet.
There is no need for specific additional proof that any of these states intercept communications entering and leaving their territory.
Fra det nationale territorium kan der i forbindelse med satellitkommunikation også aflyttes en del af den informationsstrøm, der er bestemt til modtagere i udlandet.
Satellite communications also permit some intelligence communications intended for recipients abroad to be intercepted from the country’s own territory.
I alle fem UKUSA-stater er der ingen retlige begrænsninger, der hindrer dette.
In none of the five UKUSA states is there any legal impediment to intelligence services doing this.
Den indre logik i metoden for strategisk kontrol med udlandstelekommunikationen og i formålet med den, som til dels er offentliggjort, viser klart, at disse tjenester også gør det således.
The logic underlying the method for the strategic monitoring of foreign communications, and its at least partly overtly acknowledged purpose, make it practically certain that the intelligence services do in fact use it to that end.
Ordføreren råder over oplysninger, der bekræfter, at dette er korrekt.
Your rapporteur has evidence that this is the case.
Kilden er beskyttet.
Source protected.
Den eneste begrænsning for forsøget på at opbygge verdensomspændende overvågning af kommunikation, der er baseret på satellitter, ligger i teknikken for denne kommunikation.
The only restriction on the attempt to build up worldwide monitoring of satellite communications arises from the technical constraints imposed by these communications themselves.
Der er intet sted, hvorfra al satellitkommunikation i verden kan aflyttes (se kapitel 4, 4.2.5).
There is no place from which all satellite communications can be intercepted (see Chapter 4, 4.2.5.).
Et globalt arbejdende aflytningssystem vil kunne opbygges på tre betingelser:
It would be possible for a worldwide interception system to be constructed, subject to three conditions:
- operatøren har nationalt territorium i alle de nødvendige dele af verden,
- the operator has national territory of its own in all the necessary parts of the world;
- operatøren har delvis nationalt territorium i alle de nødvendige dele af verden, og supplerende en gæsteret i de manglende dele af verden og kan drive eller medbenytte stationer her,
- the operator has, in all the necessary parts of the world, either national territory of its own or a right of access entitling it to operate or share the use of stations;
- operatøren er et efterretningsmæssigt samarbejde mellem stater og driver systemer i de nødvendige dele af verden.
- the operator is a group of states which has formed an intelligence association and operates the system in the necessary parts of the world.
Ingen af UKUSA-staterne vil kunne drive et globalt system alene.
None of the UKUSA states would be able to operate a global system on its own.
USA har i hvert fald officielt ingen kolonier.
The USA has, at least formally, no colonies.
Det er derimod ikke klart, om og hvordan UKUSA-staterne i givet fald samarbejder på efterretningsområdet.
On the other hand it has not been disclosed whether and to what extent the UKUSA states cooperate with one another in the intelligence field.
Normalt gennemføres tjenesternes samarbejde bilateralt og på grundlag af udveksling af evalueret materiale.
Normally cooperation between intelligence services takes place bilaterally and on the basis of an exchange of evaluated material.
Et multilateralt samarbejde vil være meget usædvanligt; når hertil kommer regelmæssig udveksling af råmateriale, opstår en helt ny kvalitet.
A multilateral alliance is in itself something very unusual; if one adds to this the regular exchange of raw material, this would be a qualitatively new form of cooperation.
Et samarbejde af denne art kan kun påvises via indicier.
The existence of such an association can only be proved on the basis of clues.
Kriterium 1: Adgang til anlæggene
Criterion 1: Accessibility of the installation
Postvæseners, radio- og tv-stationers og forskningsinstitutioners anlæg, der er udstyret med store antenner, er tilgængelige for besøgende, i hvert fald efter aftale; det er aflytningsstationer ikke.
Installations with large antennae belonging to the post office, broadcasting organisations or research institutions are accessible to visitors, at least by appointment; interception stations are not.
De drives for det meste formelt af militæret, som også teknisk står for i hvert fald en del af aflytningsaktiviteterne.
They are generally operated, at least in name, by the military, which also carries out at least part of the technical work of interception.
Således drives stationerne for USA f.eks. af Naval Security Group (NAVSECGRU) i samarbejde med United States Army Intelligence and Security Command (INSCOM) eller Air Intelligence Agency under US Airforce (AIA).
In the case of the stations run by the USA, for example, operations are carried out jointly with the NSA by the Naval Security Group (NAVSECGRU), the United States Army Intelligence and Security Command (INSCOM) or the Air Intelligence Agency (AIA).
For så vidt angår de britiske stationer, driver den britiske efterretningstjeneste, GCHQ, anlæggene sammen med det britiske Royal Airforce (RAF).
In the British stations, the British intelligence service GCHQ operates the installations jointly with the Royal Air Force (RAF).
Dette arrangement muliggør en militær skarp bevogtning af anlæggene og tjener samtidig som camouflage.
This arrangement enables the installations to be guarded with military efficiency and at the same time serves as cover.
Kriterium 2: Antennernes art
Criterion 2: Type of antenna
Således anvendes anordninger af høje stavantenner i en ring med stor diameter (såkaldte Wullenweber-antenner) til retningspejling af radiosignaler.
Arrangements of tall rod antennae in a large-diameter circle (Wullenweber antennae), for example, are used for locating the direction of radio signals.
Ligeledes ringformede anordninger af rhombisk formede antenner (såkaldte pusher-antenner) tjener samme formål.
Similarly, circular arrangements of rhombic-shaped antennae (Pusher antennae) serve the same purpose.
Antenner til modtagelse fra alle retninger eller retningsantenner, der ligner kæmpemæssige klassiske tv-antenner, tjener til aflytning af ikke-retningsbestemte radiosignaler.
Omnidirectional antennae, which look like giant conventional TV antennae, are used to intercept non-directional radio signals.
Til modtagelse af satellitsignaler anvendes derimod udelukkende parabolantenner.
To receive satellite signals, however, only parabolic antennae are used.
Står parabolantennerne i åbent landskab, kan man på grundlag af deres placering, deres hældningsvinkel (elevation) og deres kompasvinkel (azimut) beregne, hvilken satellit, de modtager.
If the parabolic antennae are standing on an open site, it is possible to calculate on the basis of their position, their elevation and their compass (azimuth) angle which satellite is being received.
Dette vil f.eks. være muligt i Morwenstow (UK), i Yakima (USA) eller Sugar Grove (USA).
This is possible, for example, in Morwenstow (UK), Yakima (USA) or Sugar Grove (USA).
Kriterium 3: Antennestørrelsen
Criterion 3: Size of antenna
Antenner til satellitmodtagelse i et kriterium 1-anlæg kan tjene forskellige formål:
Satellite receiving antennae on a site which meets criterion 1 may be intended for various purposes:
- modtagelse fra militære kommunikationssatellitter,
- receiving station for military communications satellites;
- modtagelse fra spionagesatellitter (billeder, radar),
- receiving station for spy satellites (pictures, radar);
- modtagelse fra SIGINT-satellitter,
- receiving station for SIGINT satellites;
- aflytning af civile kommunikationssatellitter.
- receiving station for interception of civilian communications satellites.
Udefra kan man ikke på antennerne/radomerne se, hvilken opgave de tjener.
It is not possible to tell from outside what function these antennae or radomes serve.
Man kan imidlertid på grundlag af antennernes diameter til dels foretage konklusioner om deres funktion.
However, the diameter of the antennae gives some clues as to their purpose.
I forbindelse med første generation af disse satellitter krævedes antenner med en diameter på 25-30 m, i dag er en diameter på 15-20 m tilstrækkelig.
The first generation of these satellites needed antennae with a diameter of 25-30 m; nowadays 15-20 m is enough.
Den automatiske computerfiltrering af de opfangede signaler kræver en så god signalkvalitet som muligt, derfor vælger man til efterretningsbrug antennestørrelser, der ligger i overkanten.
The automatic computer filtering of signals received calls for the highest possible signal quality, so for intelligence purposes an antenna at the upper end of the scale is chosen.
Også til militær kommunikation er der ved kommandocentraler to antennetyper med en diameter på ca. 18 m (AN/FSC-78 und AN/FSC-79).
In the sphere of military communications as well, command centres have two types of antenna with a diameter of roughly 18 m (AN/FSC-78 and AN/FSC-79).
De fleste antenner til militær kommunikation har dog en meget mindre diameter, da de skal være mobile (taktiske stationer).
However, most antennae for military communications have a much smaller diameter, since they must be transportable (tactical stations).
På jordstationerne til modtagelse fra SIGINT-satellitter er der på grund af karakteren af det signal, der sendes til stationen (høj koncentration og høj frekvens), kun behov for små antenner.
In view of the nature of the signals transmitted back to the station (high degree of focusing and high frequency), earth stations for SIGINT satellites need only small antennae.
Dette gælder også for antenner til modtagelse fra spionsatellitter.
This also applies to antennae which receive signals from spy satellites.
Er der i et anlæg mindst 2 satellitantenner med en diameter over 18 m, aflyttes der med sikkerhed civil kommunikation.
If a site houses two or more satellite antennae with a diameter of at least 18 m, one of its tasks is certainly that of intercepting civilian communications.
På stationer, der drives af USA's militær, kan én af antennerne også anvendes til militær kommunikation.
In the case of a station housing US forces, one of the antennae may also be used to receive military communications.
Kriterium 4: Dokumentation fra officiel side
Criterion 4: Evidence from official sources
For så vidt angår nogle stationer, foreligger der fra officiel side en nøje definition af opgaverne.
Official descriptions of the tasks of some stations have been published.
Som officielle kilder regnes her oplysninger fra regeringer og fra militære enheder.
In that connection governments and military units are regarded as official sources.
Er dette kriterium opfyldt, er de øvrige kriterier ikke nødvendige for at identificere en station som aflytningsstation for civil kommunikation.
If this criterion has been met, the others become superfluous.
For at konstatere, hvilke stationer der opfylder de i kapitel 5.2. anførte kriterier, indgår i det verdensomspændende aflytningssystem og hvilke opgaver, de har, er der foretaget en gennemgang af den relevante, til dels modstridende litteratur (Hager Nicky Hager : Exposing the global surveillance system, http://www.ncoic.com/echelon1.htm.
With a view to determining which stations meet the criteria set out in Chapter 5.2. and thus form part of the global interception system and establishing what tasks they have, the relevant, somewhat contradictory, literature (Hager Nicky Hager : Exposing the Global Surveillance System http://www.ncoic.com/echelon http://www.ncoic.com/echelon 1.htm
Nicky Hager : Secret Power.
Nicky Hager : Secret Power.
New Zealands´s Role in the international Spy Network, Craig Potton Publishing (1996). , Richelson Jeffrey T. Richelson , Desperately seeking Signals, The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, Vol 56, nr. 2, 47-51, http://www.bullatomsci.org/issues/2000/ma00/ma00richelson.html http://www.bullatomsci.org/issues/2000/ma00/ma00richelson.html
New Zealand's Role in the International Spy Network, Craig Potton Publishing (1996). , Richelson Jeffrey T. Richelson , Desperately Seeking Signals, The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, Vol 56, No. 2, 47-51, http://www.bullatomsci.org/issues/2000/ma00/ma00richelson.html http://www.bullatomsci.org/issues/2000/ma00/ma00richelson.html
Duncan Campbell : Inside Echelon, 25.7.2000 , http://www.heise.de/tp/deutsch/special/ech/6928/1.html http://www.heise.de/tp/deutsch/special/ech/6928/1.html.
Duncan Campbell : Inside Echelon, 25.7.2000, http://www.heise.de/tp/deutsch/special/ech/6928/1.html http://www.heise.de/tp/deutsch/special/ech/6928/1.html
Duncan Campbell : Interception Capabilities - Impact and Exploitation – Echelon and its role in COMINT, forelagt Europa-Parlamentets Echelon-Udvalg den 22. januar 2001.
Campbell, Duncan : Interception Capabilities Impact and Exploitation – Echelon and its role in COMINT, submitted to the Temporary Committee on 22 January 2001
Federation of American Scientists, http://www.fas.org/irp/nsa/nsafacil.html http://www.fas.org/irp/nsa/nsafacil.html. ), deklassificerede dokumenter Jeffrey T.Richelson : Newly released documents on the restrictions NSA places on reporting the identities of US-persons: Declassified: http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB23/index.html http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB23/index.html. , Federation of American Scientists hjemmeside Federation of American Scientists, (FAS), http://www.fas.org/ http://www.fas.org/. samt operatørernes Military.com; *.mil-Homepages (NSA, AIA, m.fl.) hjemmesider og andre Internet-oplysninger.
Federation of American Scientists, http://www.fas.org/irp/nsa/nsafacil.html http://www.fas.org/irp/nsa/nsafacil.htmlhttp://www.fas.org/irp/nsa/nsafacil.html http://www.fas.org/irp/nsa/nsafacil.html ) declassified documents Jeffrey T. Richelson : Newly released documents on the restrictions NSA places on reporting the identities of US persons: Declassified: http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB23/index.html http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB23/index.html , the homepage of the Federation of American Scientists Federation of American Scientists (FAS), http://www.fas.org/irp/nsa/nsafacil.html. and operators' homepages Military.com; *.mil-Homepages.
Derudover er kommunikationssatellitternes footprints blevet uddraget, de nødvendige antennestørrelser beregnet og sammen med de mulige stationer opført på verdenskort.
In addition, the footprints of telecommunications satellites were collated, the requisite antenna sizes were calculated and these footprints and antenna locations were entered, along with the locations of possible stations, on world maps.
For evalueringen gælder følgende principper, der hænger sammen med de fysiske rammer for satellitkommunikation (se også kapitel 4):
The following principles relating to the physics of satellite communications apply in connection with the analysis (see also Chapter 4):
- En satellitantenne kan kun opfange det, der befinder sig inden for det respektive dækningsområde, den står i.
- A satellite antenna can only record communications transmitted within the footprint in which it is located.
- Til enhver Global-Beam kræves en satellitantenne, også når to satellitters Beams overlapper hinanden.
- A satellite antenna is required for each separate global beam, even if beams from two satellites overlap.
- Har en satellit flere dækningsområder end blot Global-Beam, hvilket er karakteristisk for vore dages generation af satellitter, kan en enkelt satellitantenne ikke længere opfange den samlede kommunikation, der transmitteres over denne, da en enkelt satellitantenne ikke kan stå i alle satellittens dækningsområder.
- If a satellite has other footprints in addition to the global beam, which is typical of today's generations of satellites, a single satellite antenna can no longer record all the communications transmitted via that satellite, since a single satellite antenna cannot be located in every one of the satellite's footprints.
Til modtage Hemi-Beams og Global-Beams fra en satellit kræves altså to satellitantenner i forskellige områder (sml. redegørelsen for dækningsområder i kapitel 4).
In order to capture a satellite's hemispheric beam and its global beam, therefore, two satellite antennae are required in different areas (see illustration of the footprints in Chapter 4).
Kommer der yderligere Beams til (Zone- og Spot-Beams), kræves der yderligere satellitantenner.
If further beams (zone and spot beams) are involved, further satellite antennae are required.
Forskellige Beams fra en satellit, der overlapper hinanden, kan i princippet modtages med én satellitantenne, da det er teknisk muligt at adskille de forskellige frekvensbånd ved modtagelsen, men dette medfører dog en forringelse af signal/støjforholdet.
In principle, different, overlapping beams from a single satellite can be captured by one satellite antenna, since it is technically feasible to separate different frequency bands when reception takes place, although this leads to a deterioration in the signal-noise ratio.
INTELSAT-udviklingens parallelitet med bygningen af stationer
The parallel between the development of INTELSAT and the building of stations
Et globalt aflytningssystem må vokse med fremskridtene inden for kommunikation.
A global interception system must grow as communications develop.
Indledningen af satellitkommunikation må derfor logisk ledsages af bygning af stationer, og indførelse af nye satellitgenerationer med udvikling af nye stationer og rejsning af nye satellitantenner, der opfylder de respektive krav.
Accordingly, the start of the satellite communications era must lead to the establishment of stations and the introduction of new generations of satellites must lead to the establishment of new stations and the building of new satellite antennae which can cope with the new technical requirements.
Antallet af stationer og af satellitantenner må hele tiden kunne vokse, når det er nødvendigt for modtagelsen af kommunikation.
The number of stations and the number of satellite antennae must increase whenever this is necessary in order to cover the full volume of communications traffic.
Da INTELSAT-satellitterne var de første kommunikationssatellitter, der desuden dækkede hele kloden, er det logisk, at bygning og udvidelse af stationerne følger udviklingen i INTELSAT-generationerne.
Since the INTELSAT satellites were the first telecommunications satellites, and, moreover, the first to cover the entire globe, it is only logical that the introduction of the new generations of INTELSAT satellites should go hand-in-hand with the establishment of new and bigger stations.
Den første globale generation
The first global generation
Allerede i 1965 blev den første INTELSAT-satellit (Early Bird) bragt i geostationært kredsløb.
As long ago as 1965 the first INTELSAT satellite (Early Bird) was placed in a geostationary orbit.
Dens transmissionskapacitet var ringe, og dens dækningsområde strakte sig kun over den nordlige halvkugle.
Its transmission capacity was still low and its footprint covered only the northern hemisphere.
Satellitternes Global-Beams dækkede det atlantiske, det pacifiske og det indiske område.
The satellites' global beams covered the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Ocean areas.
Mindre dækningsområder fandtes ikke.
Satellite systems with smaller footprints had not yet been introduced.
Til modtagelse af den samlede kommunikation krævedes derfor tre satellitantenner.
Three satellite antennae were thus needed in order to record all communications.
Da to Global-Beams overlappede hinanden over det europæiske område, kunne man i dette område på én station med to satellitantenner, der vendte forskelligt, modtage de globale dækningsområder fra to satellitter.
Since two of the global beams overlapped over the European continent, in that area the global footprints of two satellites could be covered by two satellite antennae trained in different directions.
Den første globalt arbejdende INTELSAT-satellitgeneration
First generation of INTELSAT satellites providing global coverage
I de tidlige1970'ere blev Yakima i det nordvestlige USA oprettet, i 1972/73 Morwenstow i Sydengland.
In the early 1970s the Yakima station was established in the north-western USA and in 1972/73 the Morwenstow station was built in southern England.
Yakima havde dengang én stor antenne (rettet mod Stillehavet), Morwenstow havde to store antenner (en mod Atlanterhavet, en mod Det Indiske Ocean).
At that time, Yakima had one large antenna (trained towards the Pacific) and Morwenstow had two large antennae (one trained towards the Atlantic, the other towards the Indian Ocean).
På grund af de to stationers beliggenhed var modtagelse af den samlede kommunikation mulig.
By virtue of the location of the two stations, all communications could be recorded.
Den anden globale generation
The second global generation
Den anden generation af INTELSAT-satellitter (IV og IVA) blev udviklet i 70erne og bragt i geostationært kredsløb (1971 und 1975).
The second generation of INTELSAT satellites (IV and IVA) were developed in the 1970s and placed in a geostationary orbit (1971 and 1975).
De nye satellitter, der ligeledes sikrede global dækning og rådede over væsentligt flere telefonkanaler (4000 – 6000), havde ud over Global-Beams også Zone-Beams over den nordlige halvkugle (se kapitel 4).
The new satellites, which also provided global coverage and had a much larger number of communications channels (4000-6000), used, in addition to the global beams, zone beams in the northern hemisphere (see Chapter 4).
En Zone-Beam dækkede det østlige USA, en anden det vestlige USA, en Vesteuropa og en Østasien.
One zone beam covered the eastern USA, a second the western USA, a third western Europe and a fourth east Asia.
Med to stationer med tre satellitantenner var modtagelse af den samlede kommunikation ikke længere mulig.
As a result, it was no longer possible to record all communications using two stations equipped with three satellite antennae.
Med de eksisterende stationer i Yakima kunne Zone-Beam'en til det vestlige USA modtages, med Morwenstow Zone-Beam'en over Europa.
Using the existing stations in Yakima, the zone beam in the western USA could be covered; Morwenstow covered the zone beam over Europe.
Til modtagelse af yderligere to Zone-Beams var det nødvendigt at bygge en station i det østlige USA og en i det østasiatiske område.
A station in the eastern USA and another in east Asia were needed in order to cover the other two zone beams.
Den anden globalt arbejdende INTELSAT-satellitgeneration
Second generation of INTELSAT satellites providing global coverage
I de sene 70ere byggedes Sugar Grove det østlige USA (stationen fandtes allerede til aflytning af russisk kommunikation); den blev sat i drift i 1980.
In the late 1970s the Sugar Grove station in the eastern USA was developed (the station already existed for the purpose of intercepting Russian communications); it came into operation in 1980.
Ligeledes i de sene 70ere blev der oprettet en station i Hongkong .
A station in Hong Kong was also set up in the late 1970s.
Med de fire stationer – Yakima, Morwenstow, Sugar Grove og Hongkong - var global aflytning af INTELSAT-kommunikation mulig i 80'erne.
As a result, in the 1980s global interception of INTELSAT communications was possible using the four stations - Yakima, Morwenstow, Sugar Grove and Hong Kong.
De senere INTELSAT-satellitter med Zone-Beams og Spot-Beams ud over Global- und Hemi-Beams gjorde yderligere stationer i forskellige dele af verden nødvendige.
The later INTELSAT satellites, which used zone beams and spot beams in addition to the global and hemispheric beams, made further stations in various parts of the world necessary.
Her er det med de indtil nu kendte oplysninger vanskeligt at dokumentere en sammenhæng mellem bygning af yderligere stationer og etablering af nye satellitantenner.
Here, on the basis of the information available, it is difficult to document a link with the development of further stations and/or the introduction of new satellite antennae.