natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Under den samme høring sagde Tenet endvidere, at eventuelle oplysninger om bestikkelse ville blive givet videre til andre regeringsmyndigheder, som så måske kunne hjælpe amerikanske virksomheder. „As I indicated also in my testimony, there are instances where we learn, that foreign companies or their governments bribe, lie, cheat or steal their way to disenfranchise American companies.
At the same hearing, Tenet went on to say that information on the payment of bribes was forwarded to other government agencies so that they could help US firms ‘As I indicated also in my testimony, there are instances where we learn, that foreign companies or their governments bribe, lie, cheat or steal their way to disenfranchise American companies.
When we generate this information, we take it to other appropriate agencies, make them aware of it.
When we generate this information, we take it to other appropriate agencies, make them aware of it.
They use that information through other means and channels to see if they can assist an American company.
They use that information through other means and channels to see if they can assist an American company.
But we play defense, we never play offense, and we never will play offense.”.
But we play defence, we never play offense, and we never will play offense’. .
På et spørgsmål af medlem af Repræsentanternes Hus Gibbons indrømmede Tenet, at der ikke fandtes noget lovforbud mod konkurrencespionage, og at han heller ikke anså det for nødvendigt, da tjenesterne ikke ville udføre den slags aktiviteter.
In response to a supplementary question from Congressman Gibbons, Tenet admitted that there was no legal ban on the gathering of competitive intelligence; however, he saw no need for such a ban, given that the intelligence services were not involved in activities of that kind.
Formanden for udvalget om tilsyn med efterretningstjenester i Repræsentanternes Hus , Porter Goss, tegnede under en samtale i Washington et tilsvarende billede af aflytningsaktiviteterne.
In the course of a conversation held with him in Washington, the chairman of the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Porter Goss, painted a similar picture of US interception activities.
Retssituationen ved bestikkelse af embedsmænd Albin Eser, Michael Überhofer, Barbara Huber (Eds), Korruptionsbekämpfung durch Strafrecht.
Legal situation with regard to the payment of bribes to public officials Albin Eser, Michael Überhofer, Barbara Huber (Eds), Using the criminal law to combat corruption.
Ein rechtsvergleichendes Gutachten zu den Bestechungsdelikten im Auftrag des Bayerischen Staatsministeriums der Justiz, edition iuscrim (1997).
A comparative survey of offences involving bribery, drawn up on behalf of the Bavarian Ministry of Justice, edition iuscrim (1997).
Bestikkelse som middel til at opnå kontrakter er ikke noget europæisk, men et internationalt fænomen.
The payment of bribes to secure contracts is a worldwide, and not simply European, phenomenon.
Transparency International opstillede i Bribe Payers Index (BPI), som offentliggjordes i 1999, en liste over de 19 førende eksportlande baseret på, hvor hyppigt de tilbød bestikkelse, og her delte Tyskland og USA 9. pladsen.
According to the Bribe Payers Index (BPI) published by Transparency International in 1999, which ranks the 19 leading exporting countries on the basis of their willingness to offer bribes, Germany and the USA share ninth place.
Den amerikanske begrundelse for økonomisk spionage bygger på europæiske virksomheders korruptionspraksis i enkeltstående tilfælde.
The Americans refer to the corrupt practices employed by European firms to justify industrial espionage.
Dette er tvivlsomt, og ikke kun fordi fejlagtig adfærd ikke kan udgøre nogen begrundelse for omfattende spionage.
This is questionable, not only because wrongdoings by individual firms cannot justify the comprehensive use of espionage.
Tværtimod ville en sådan praksis uden lov og ret kun kunne tolereres i et område, hvor der hersker lovløse tilstande.
Such heavy-handed practices could only be tolerated if there were a legal vacuum in this area.
I Europa gribes der til lige så hårde retsmidler over for korruption som i USA.
However, the legal measures taken to combat corruption are just as stringent in Europe as they are in the USA.
Den forpligter signatarstaterne til at gøre bestikkelse af en udenlandsk embedsmand strafbart og indeholder ud over en beskrivelse af, hvori den strafbare handling består, også bestemmelser om sanktioner, jurisdiktion og håndhævelse.
The Convention requires the signatory states to make the payment of bribes to a foreign public official a criminal offence and contains, alongside a definition of the offence of bribery, provisions concerning penalties, jurisdiction and enforcement.
Konventionen, som trådte i kraft den 15.2.1999 er med undtagelse af Irland gennemført og ratificeret af alle EU-medlemsstaterne.
The Convention, which came into force on 15 February 1999, has been transposed and ratified by all the EU Member States except Ireland.
Hverken i USA eller EU er bestikkelse af udenlandske embedsmænd fradragsberettiget. http://www.oecd.org/daf/nocorruption/annex3.htm http://www.oecd.org/daf/nocorruption/annex3.htm.
Neither in the USA nor in the EU Member States are bribes accepted as tax-deductible operating expenditure http://www.oecd.org/daf/nocorruption/annex3.htm .
Medens OECD-konventionen kun er rettet mod bekæmpelse af bestikkelse af udenlandske embedsmænd, vedtog Europarådet i 1999 to mere vidtgående konventioner, som imidlertid endnu ikke er trådt i kraft.
Whereas the OECD Convention is designed only to combat the payment of bribes to foreign public officials, in 1999 the Council of Europe adopted two more far-reaching agreements, although neither has yet come into force.
Den er undertegnet af alle EU-medlemsstater undtagen Spanien og også af USA, men dog kun ratificeret af Danmark.
It was signed by all the EU Member States except Spain and by the USA, but as yet has been ratified only by Denmark.
Den civilretlige konvention om korruption Civil Law Convention on Corruption ETS no.: 174, http://conventions.coe.int/treaty/EN/WhatYouWant.asp?NT=174&CM=8&DF=21/06/01 http://conventions.coe.int/treaty/EN/WhatYouWant.asp?NT=174&CM=8&DF=21/06/01. indeholder bestemmelser om ansvar og skadeserstatning og særlig om kontrakters og kontraktbestemmelsers ugyldighed, hvis de indeholder en forpligtelse til at betale bestikkelse.
The Civil Law Convention on Corruption Civil Law Convention on Corruption ETS no.: 174, http://conventions.coe.int/treaty/EN/WhatYouWant.asp?NT=174&CM=8&DF=21/06/01 http://conventions.coe.int/treaty/EN/WhatYouWant.asp?NT=174&CM=8&DF=21/06/01http://conventions.coe.int/treaty/EN/WhatYouWant.asp?NT=174&CM=8&DF=21/06/01 http://conventions.coe.int/treaty/EN/WhatYouWant.asp?NT=174&CM=8&DF=21/06/01 lays down rules governing liability and compensation, stipulating in particular that contracts and contract clauses which require firms to pay bribes will be deemed null and void.
Den er undertegnet af alle EU-medlemsstater, bortset fra Nederlandene, Portugal og Spanien, men heller ikke af USA.
It has been signed by all the EU Member States except the Netherlands, Portugal and Spain; the USA has not signed.
Der er også blevet vedtaget to EU-retsakter om bekæmpelse af bestikkelse: konventionen om bestikkelse af tjenestemænd og den fælles aktion om bestikkelse i den private sektor.
The EU has adopted two further legal acts designed to combat bribery: the Convention on the fight against corruption involving officials and the Joint Action on corruption in the private sector.
Medlemsstaterne forpligter sig til at gøre såvel aktiv som passiv bestikkelse, der involverer tjenestemænd, til en strafbar adfærd, uanset om det drejer sig om en af medlemsstatens egne statsborgere en tjenestemand i en anden medlemsstat eller en EU-tjenestemand.
The Member States undertake to make both the payment of bribes to an official and corruption criminal offences, regardless of whether one of their own officials, an official of another Member State or an EU official is involved.
Den fælles aktions anvendelsesområde er imidlertid begrænset i forhold til konventionen om bestikkelse, der involverer tjenestemænd, idet den kun forpligter medlemsstaterne til at pålægge sanktioner for lovovertrædelser, der i det mindste delvis er begået på dens område.
However, the scope of the Joint Action is more restricted than that of the Convention on the fight against bribery involving officials in that it requires the Member States only to punish actions carried out at least in part on their territory.
Medlemsstaterne er derimod frit stillet med hensyn til, om de vil udvide den strafbare adfærd til at omfatte lovovertrædelser, der begås af landets egne statsborgere i udlandet eller til fordel for indenlandske juridiske personer.
Member States are free to extend this jurisdiction to cover actions carried out abroad by their own nationals or to the benefit of domestic legal persons.
I Tyskland og Østrig anses bestikkelse begået i udlandet for at være en strafbar adfærd, hvis den også er en strafbar adfærd dér, hvor den blev begået.
Germany and Austria have made instances of corruption carried out abroad criminal offences provided that they are also punishable in the country concerned.
Ifølge den nævnte Executive Order har også en repræsentant for National Security Council (NSC) Homepage des National Security Councils (NSC), http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc sæde i TPCC.
In accordance with the Executive Order, a representative of the National Security Council (NSC) also sits on the TPCC Homepage of the National Security Council (NSC), http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc .
NSC formulerer De Forenede Staters sikkerhedspolitik, såvel hvad angår indenrigspolitiske, udenrigspolitiske og militære spørgsmål, som hvad angår spørgsmål vedrørende efterretningstjenesten.
The NSC formulates the United States' national security policy with reference to domestic policy, foreign policy, military and intelligence issues.
NSC's prioritering af opgaverne ændrer sig i takt med de prioriteringer, præsidenten foretager.
Each president alters the focus of the NSC's work.
Præsident Clinton udvidede den 21. januar 1993 NSC med PDD2 og lagde samtidig større vægt på økonomiske spørgsmål ved formuleringen af sikkerhedspolitikken.
On 21 January 1993, by means of PDD2, President Clinton expanded the NSC and, at the same time, placed more emphasis on economic issues in connection with the formulation of security policy.
Blandt NSC's medlemmer kan nævnes præsidenten, vicepræsidenten, udenrigsministeren og forsvarsministeren.
Members of the NSC include the President, the Vice-President, the Secretary of State and the Secretary of Defense.
CIA's direktør er rådgivende medlem.
The Director of the CIA is an advisory member.
Advocacy Center og dets opgave
The task of the Advocacy Center
Advocacy Center, som henhører under det amerikanske handelsministerium, er kernen i den nationale eksportstrategi, som blev fulgt af præsident Clinton og nu videreføres af præsident Bush.
The Advocacy Center, which is attached to the US Department of Commerce, is at the heart of the national export strategy employed by President Clinton and continued by President Bush.
Det er TPCC's grænseflade til det amerikanske erhvervsliv.
It acts as the interface between the TPCC and the US economy.
Centret blev oprettet i 1993 og har ifølge dets egne oplysninger siden da bistået flere hundrede amerikanske virksomheder i forbindelse med offentlige kontrakter i udlandet.
By its own account, since its inception in 1993 the Center has helped hundreds of US firms to win public contracts abroad.
”The Advocacy Center helps U.S. Businesses by: TPCC-brochure om Advocacy Center, oktober 1996.
The Advocacy Center helps US businesses by TPCC brochure on the Advocacy Center, October 1996 :
- Marshalling the resources of the U.S. Government - from the various financing, regulatory, country and sector experts, through the world-wide network of commercial officers, to the White House;
- marshalling the resources of the US Administration - from the various financing, regulatory, country and sector experts, through the worldwide network of commercial officers, to the White House;
- Fighting to level the playing field and promote open competition in the international bidding arena – from the multibillion dollar infrastructure project to the strategic contract for a small business;
- fighting to level the playing field and promote open competition in the international bidding arena – from the multibillion dollar infrastructure project to the strategic contract for a small business;
- Pursuing deals on behalf of U.S. companies from start to finish, through “hands-on” support;
- pursuing deals on behalf of US companies from start to finish, through 'hands-on' support;
- Supporting U.S. jobs and boosting U.S. exports through the successes of U.S. companies who successfully bid for overseas projects and contracts;
- supporting US jobs and boosting US exports through the successes of US companies who successfully bid for overseas projects and contracts;
- Assisting U.S. firms with stalled negotiations due to foreign government inaction or “red tape”.”
- assisting US firms with stalled negotiations due to foreign government inaction or 'red tape'.
Centrets arbejdsmåde Homepage des Advocacy Centers, http://www.ita.doc.gov/td/advocacy/.
The Advocacy’s Center’s operating methods Homepage of the Advocacy Center, http://www.ita.doc.gov/td/advocacy/
Personalet selv består kun af direktøren og12 personer (pr. 6.2.2001).
Only the Director and a small staff complement of 12 persons work at the Center itself (situation as at 6 February 2001).
Projektledernes arbejdsområder er: Rusland og de nye uafhængige stater, Afrika, Østasien og Stillehavsområdet; Mellemøsten og Nordafrika; Sydasien, Bangladesh, Indien, Pakistan, Sri Lanka; Europa og Tyrkiet; Kina, Hongkong og Taiwan; Canada, Vestindien og Latinamerika; fly-, automobil- og forsvarsindustri i hele verden samt telekommunikation, informationsteknologi og computerindustri i hele verden.
The project managers cover the following areas: Russia and the newly independent countries; Africa, East Asia and the Pacific; the Middle East and North Africa; South Asia – Bangledesh, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka; Europe and Turkey; China, Hong Kong and Taiwan; Canada, the Caribbean and Latin America; the aerospace, automobile and defence industries worldwide; and the telecommunications, IT and computer industries worldwide.
Centret fungerer som kontaktpunkt mellem virksomhederne og de forskellige instanser i USA, som beskæftiger sig med eksportfremme.
The Center provides firms with a central contact point for their dealings with the various US authorities involved in promoting exports.
Det arbejder for alle firmaer uden forskelsbehandling, men støtter i henhold til klare regler kun projekter som er af national interesse for USA.
It works on behalf of firms on a non-discriminatory basis, but, in line with the clear rules governing its work, supports only projects which are in the US national interest.
Således skal mindst 50% af de leverede produkter (beregnet efter værdi) være af amerikansk oprindelse.
For example, projects manufactured in the USA must make up at least 50% of the value of the goods delivered under any given contract.
CIA's deltagelse i TPCC's arbejde
Involvement of the CIA in the work of the TPCC
Duncan Campbell har forelagt udvalgsmedlemmerne forskellige deklassificerede dokumenter, som dokumenterer CIA's deltagelse i Advocacy Center's arbejde.
Duncan Campbell submitted to the members of the Temporary Committee a number of declassified documents which provide evidence of CIA involvement in the work of the Advocacy Center.
Åbne spørgsmål i forbindelse med centret
Open questions in connection with the Advocacy Center
Den amerikanske regering gav ikke tilladelse til det planlagte møde mellem udvalgets medlemmer og centret, som dette havde givet tilsagn om.
The US Administration did not allow the discussion arranged between members of the Temporary Committee and representatives of the Center to take place.
Derfor må to spørgsmål, som der hersker tvivl om, stå uløste hen, hvilket ordføreren beklager:
For that reason, much to your rapporteur’s regret, two areas of doubt could not be cleared up:
a) udvalget ligger inde med dokumenter (se kapitel 10, 10.9.4.3.) som beviser, at CIA er involveret i TPCC's arbejde.
a. the Temporary Committee has in its possession documents which provide evidence of CIA involvement in the work of the TPCC (see Chapter 10, 10.9.4.3.),
b) Advocacy Center oplyser i den tidligere citerede informationsbrochure, som det selv har udarbejdet, at det samler ressourcerne fra 19 "US government agencies".
b. in its own information brochure (quoted above), the Advocacy Center acknowledges that it focuses the resources of 19 'US government agencies'.
Ordføreren forstår aflysningen af det planlagte møde med Advocacy Center på den måde, at der foregår aktiviteter, som den amerikanske regering ikke ønsker at drøfte.
Your rapporteur can only assume that the discussion arranged with the Advocacy Center was cancelled because it is involved in activities which the US Administration wishes to keep secret.
Som allerede forklaret i kapitel 10, 10.4. er den næstbedste metode til økonomisk spionage i dag - ud over anvendelsen af spioner - indbrud i edb-net eller datatyveri fra bærbare computere.
As already outlined in Chapter 10, 10.4., nowadays, alongside the use of spies, hacking into computer networks or the theft of data from laptop computers represents the second most effective method of industrial espionage.
Redegørelserne i dette kapitel har ikke direkte noget med et globalt organiseret aflytningssystem for international kommunikation at gøre.
The information given in this chapter has no direct bearing on the existence or otherwise of a global system for the interception of international communications.
Men udvalgets målsætning taget i betragtning kommer man i kapitlet om økonomisk spionage ikke uden om en kort fremstilling af et af de mest betydningsfulde værktøjer i den forbindelse.
However, in view of the Temporary Committee’s aims, the chapter on industrial espionage must include brief details of one of its most powerful tools.
Den vil sikkert være en hjælp til at vurdere betydningen af et aflytningssystem for international kommunikation i forbindelse med økonomisk spionage.
This will certainly help readers to assess the significance of a system for the interception of international communications in connection with industrial espionage.
Den moderne elektroniske databehandling har for længst holdt sit indtog i erhvervslivet.
Modern electronic data-processing technologies have been in common use by firms for some time now.
Den samlede mangfoldighed af data opbevares særdeles tæt på lagermedier.
Data of all kinds is stored in highly compressed form on a variety of media.
Edb-lagrede data er nu en af de vigtigste faktorer i virksomhedernes knowhow.
Data stored on computer has now become one of the key aspects of commercial know-how.
Risikoen vokser
The risks are increasing
Den voksende risiko kan sammenfattes som følger: Roman Hummelt, Wirtschaftsspionage auf dem Datenhighway, Hanser Verlag, München 1997.
The new risks which are emerging can be summarised as follows Roman Hummelt , Industrial Espionage on the Data Highway, Hanser Verlag (1997). :
Stadig flere virksomheder kommer på nettet, og stadig flere informationer samles på et sted og kan simpelthen kopieres ved et indbrud i nettet.
More and more firms have computer networks and more and more information is being condensed in one place, with the result that it can be copied simply by hacking into the network.
Samtidig decentraliseres andre følsomme informationselementer og gøres dermed vanskeligt tilgængelige for en central sikkerhedsstyring.
At the same time, other sensitive items of information are being decentralised and are thus not easily accessible in the context of a centralised security management strategy.
Mobiliteten hos beslutningstagerne, der medbringer følsomme informationer på laptops, skaber yderligere risici.
The mobility of senior managers, who carry sensitive information with them on their laptop computers, is creating additional risks.
Outsourcing af tjenesteydelser medfører også på IT-området omlægning af serviceaktiviteter, hvilket set ud fra et sikkerhedsmæssigt synspunkt ikke er særlig heldigt.
The outsourcing of services is giving rise to new maintenance practices in the IT sphere as well which are highly questionable from a security point of view.
Den betydning, hierarkiet i virksomhederne tillægger sikkerhedsspørgsmålet, fører i forbindelse med beslutningstagernes manglende viden på sikkerhedsområdet til fejlbeslutninger.
A combination of the low status accorded to security staff in firms’ management hierarchy and senior managers’ ignorance of security issues is giving rise to misguided decisions.
Nogle risici i enkeltheder
Some of the risks in detail
Komprimering af informationer på kompakte datamedier
Compression of information on compact media
Forretningshemmeligheder optager i dag yderst lidt fysisk plads på komprimerede datamedier.
Nowadays, firms' business secrets are stored in a physically very small area on compressed media.
Dermed er det muligt at opbevare de komplette planer til en ny fabrik på flytbare medier af størrelse som en pakke cigaretter og smugle dem ud fra en virksomhed, eller bryde ind i et edb-net og hurtigt "støvsuge" dem elektronisk uden at efterlade spor.
As a result, for example, the full plans for a new factory can be smuggled out of a firm on a substitute hard disk the size of a cigarette packet or copied electronically in minutes, without leaving any trace, by hacking into a computer network.
Decentralisering af hemmelige informationer
Decentralisation of secret information
På de store datamaters tid var det let at kontrollere adgangen til hemmelige informationer, da der kun var tale om at forvalte en datamat.
In the era of large-scale computers, it was easy to monitor access to secret information, since only one computer was involved.
I dag har brugeren på nettet på hans eller hendes arbejdsplads adgang til betydelig computerkapacitet.
Today, each employee connected to the network is provided with substantial computing capacity at his or her workstation.
Dette er naturligvis en stor fordel for brugeren, men set ud fra et sikkerhedsmæssigt synspunkt er det en katastrofe.
This is of course a great advantage for the staff member concerned, but a disaster from a security point of view.
Forenklet mulighed for at kopiere informationer
Easier copying of information
Dengang da planer blev tegnet i hånden, og der anvendtes mekaniske skrivemaskiner, var det særdeles vanskeligt at kopiere bilag i stort antal uden at blive opdaget.
In the era of hand-drawn plans and mechanical typewriters it was very difficult to copy large numbers of documents without being detected.
I den elektroniske tidsalder er dette simpelt.
Today, in the electronic era, it is easy.
Digitaliserede informationer kan mangfoldiggøres i stort antal, hurtigt og uden at efterlade spor.
Large volumes of digitalised information can be copied easily, quickly and without leaving any trace.
Beslutningstagernes mobilitet
Mobility of senior managers
Virksomhedernes beslutningstagere medbringer strategisk vigtige informationer om virksomheden på deres laptops, ofte uden at have gjort sig dette tilstrækkelig klart.
Often without being properly aware of the fact, senior managers often carry strategically important information about their firms with them on their laptop computers.
Hurtig kopiering af en harddisk ved en "toldkontrol" eller ved ransagning af et hotelværelse åbner store muligheder for efterretningstjenester.
The speed with which a copy of the hard disk can be made in the course of a 'customs check' or a search of a hotel room offers intelligence services substantial opportunities for action.
Eller en notebook bliver simpelthen stjålet.
Alternatively, the Notebook in question is simply stolen.