natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Det betyder dog, at der kan være visse forbehold ved konklusionerne, men det vurderes, at der er større usikkerheder på koncentrationerne for de semi-kvantitative analyser end i at antage, at resultaterne fra kunstig sved analyserne kan overføres direkte som kunstigt spyt resultater.
However, this means that there may be certain reservations in the conclusions but it is assumed that there are larger uncertainties in the concentrations of the semi-quantitative analyses than assuming that the results from the artificial sweat analyses may be transferred directly as artificial saliva results.
På denne baggrund er der derfor efterfølgende foretaget en enkelt migrationsanalyse til kunstigt spyt for det viskelæder med højest indhold af DEHP.
Based on this, a single migration analysis to artificial saliva for the eraser with the highest content of DEHP is made afterwards.
De grundlæggende beregninger for de tre typer eksponeringer er angivet i det følgende.
The basic calculations for the three types of exposures are stated in the following.
5.1.1 Eksponering via indånding
5.1.1 Exposure through inhalation
Eksponering via indånding (inhalation) kan teoretisk set strække sig fra indkøbet af produktet til det ikke længere anvendes (kasseres).
In theory, exposure by inhalation can last from the purchase of the product until it is no longer in use (discarded).
De stoffer, forbrugeren udsættes for ved evt. udpakning af produktet og i starten af brugsperioden, kan tilnærmelsesvis antages at være de stoffer, der er fundet via ”headspace” analyserne (analyse af stoffer, der afdamper fra produkterne).
The substances which the consumer is exposed to during a possible unpacking of the product and at the beginning of the use period can roughly be assumed to be the substances found via the “headspace” analyses (analyse of substances evaporating from the products).
Det skal dog bemærkes, at pga. problemer med analyseudstyret er resultaterne fra ”headspace” analyserne ikke eksakte, men blot indikative.
However, it must be noted that due to problems with the analytical equipment the results from the “headspace” analyses are not exact but only indicative.
Eksponering via indånding er udtrykt som koncentrationen af det kemiske stof i luften i indåndingszonen, og eksponeringen udtrykkes som en gennemsnitskoncentration over en referenceperiode på eks. én dag.
Exposure by inhalation is expressed as the concentration of the chemical substance in the air in the inhalation zone and the exposure is expressed as an average concentration during a reference period of for instance one day.
For eksponering via indånding udregnes både et korttidsscenarium for den akutte toksicitet og et langtidsscenarium for den kroniske toksicitet ifølge TGD, hvis de tilhørende NOAEL-værdier er fundet.
For exposure by inhalation both a short-term scenario for the acute toxicity and a long-term scenario for the chronic toxicity are calculated according to TGD if the related NOAEL values are found.
Til estimering af eksponeringen via indånding skal man kende koncentrationen i luften, inhalationsraten og luftvolumen (indåndingszonen eller rummets størrelse).
For estimation of the exposure by inhalation the concentration in the air, the inhalation rate and the air volume must be known (the inhalation zone or the size of the room).
Inhalationsraten for børn ved moderat aktivitet er 1,2 m³/time ifølge TGD.
The inhalation rate for children at moderate activity is 1.2 m³/hour according to TGD.
Luftvolumen kan ved korttidseksponering sættes til 2 m³ ifølge TGD for at repræsentere det luftrum, der er umiddelbart omkring personen.
At short-term exposure air volume is set to 2 m³ according to TGD to represent the air gap which is directly around the person.
Denne værdi er sandsynligvis gældende for en voksen, og der anvendes derfor 1 m³ i stedet for at repræsentere et barns indåndingszone.
This value is most probably valid for an adult and therefore 1 m³ is used instead to represent a child's inhalation zone.
Ved langtidseksponering regnes med et luftvolumen på 20 m³ (8 m² rum med 2,5 m til loftet) som standard.
At long-term exposure an air volume of 20 m³ is used as a standard (8 m³ room with 2.5 m height to the ceiling).
Det kan diskuteres hvilken værdi, der skal anvendes.
It may be discussed which value to use.
Børnene udsættes i teorien både for stofferne, der afdamper fra produkterne hjemme (og så kun fra deres egne produkter) og i skolen, men så fra mange flere (ens?) produkter i et langt større lokale.
In theory the children are exposed both to the substances evaporating from the products at home (and here only from their own products) and at school but here from many more (similar?) products in a much larger room.
Det tages der ikke hensyn til i eksponeringsberegningen, men som worst case regnes med et forholdsvist lille rum på 20 m³.
This is not taken into consideration in the exposure calculation but as worst case a relatively small room of 20 m³ is used.
Koncentrationen i lukkede rum kan antages at være større end i ventilerede rum.
The concentration in closed rooms is assumed to be larger than in ventilated rooms.
Til beregningen af koncentrationen i rummet antages, at stoffet frigives med det samme til hele rummet og er homogent fordelt.
For the calculation of the concentration in the room it is assumed that the substance is evaporated immediately to the whole room and is homogeneously spread out.
Der tages ikke højde for, at afdampningen og dermed koncentrationen af stofferne bliver mindre over tid.
It is left out of consideration that the evaporation and thus the concentration of the substances become smaller over time.
Da selv små børn kan antages at være i kontakt med produkterne eller være i samme rum, som produkterne anvendes/står i, er der ud fra en worst case betragtning valgt et langtidsscenarium med langtidseksponering, hvor der er anvendt en respirationsrate på 8,3 m³/dag for et barn på 3-5 år (ifølge TGD).
As even small children may be assumed to be in contact with the products or be in the same room in which the products are used/placed, a long-term scenario with long-term exposure is chosen from a worst case consideration where a respiration rate of 8.3 m³/day for a child at the age of 3-5 years is used (according to TGD).
I TGD er der ikke angivet en standardvægt for et barn.
In TGD no standard weight for a child is stated.
Af hensyn til realistisk ”worst case” anvendes børns vægt i den laveste alder, hvor de forventes at lege med legetasker, dvs. 3 år.
For the sake of a realistic “worst case”, children's weight is used at the youngest age where they are expected to play with toy bags, i.e. 3 years.
Børn er generelt noget ældre (tæt på skolealderen) før de bruger skoletasker, viskelædere og penalhuse, men kan stadig blive udsat via inhalation ved at være i samme rum som produkterne.
Children are generally somewhat older (close to the school age) before they use school bags, erasers and pencil cases but they can still be exposed by inhalation by being in the same room as the products.
Børns vægt for en bestemt alder kan findes via officielle vækstkurver.
Children's weight for a certain age can be found via official growth curves.
Netdoktor.dk har en tabel over piger og drenges vægt, der stammer fra en ældre skandinavisk undersøgelse.
Netdoktor.dk has a table of girls' and boys' weight which comes from an old Scandinavian survey.
De påpeger, at det er en ældre undersøgelse, og at børnene siden generelt er blevet lidt højere og tungere (Netdoktor, 2006).
They point out that it is an old survey and that in general the children have become a little higher and heavier since then (Netdoktor, 2006.
Ifølge disse tabeller vejer 3-årige drenge 12,7 kg (lav vægt) og 3-årige piger 12,0 kg (lav vægt).
According to these tables 3-year-old boys weight 12.7 kg (low weight) and 3-year-old girls 12.0 kg (low weight).
Der anvendes derfor 12 kg som et barns vægt som worst case.
Therefore, 12 kg is used a child's weight as worst case.
Det antages, at børn kan være eksponeret for stofferne, der afdamper fra produkterne i op til 6 timer på en dag.
It is presumed that children can be exposed to the substances which evaporate from the products up to 6 hours during one day.
I en skolesituation vil børn have både skoletaske, penalhus og viskelæder tæt på sig under hele skoledagen.
In a school situation children will have school bag, pencil case and eraser close to the body during the whole school day.
Der er for vægten af produkterne brugt produktets totale vægt, selvom nogle stoffer eksempelvis kun er fundet i håndtag eller yderside af en skoletaske.
For the weight of the products the total weight of the product is used even if some of the substances are only found in the handle or in the outside of a school bag.
Ifølge EU's Technical Guidance Document on Risk Assessment beregnes ekponeringen via indånding via følgende formel (European Commission, 2003):
According to the Technical Guidance Document on Risk Assessment of the EU the exposure is calculated by inhalation through the following formula (European Commission, 2003):
Ligningen, der bruges til beregningerne er således:
The equation used for the calculations is thus:
Det skal bemærkes, at analyseværdierne brugt til risikoberegningerne for eksponering via indånding er for høje - måske mellem en faktor 100 til 500 for høje.
It must be noted that the values of analysis used for the risk calculations for exposure by inhalation are too high - maybe between a factor 100 to 500 too high.
Det hænger sammen med, at prøverne har stået til afdampning - først natten over ved 40 °C, hvorefter det var meningen, at prøverne skulle analyseres.
This is due to the fact that the samples were set for evaporation - at first during the night at 40 ºC where after the intention was that the samples were to be analyzed.
Men pga. problemer med analyseudstyret har alle prøver herefter stået i ca. tre uger ved stuetemperatur før de er blevet analyseret.
But due to problems with the analysis equipment all the samples have hereafter been placed for about three weeks at room temperature before they were analyzed.
Det betyder, at resultaterne ikke repræsenterer, hvad der afdamper i løbet af de 6 timer, som er brugt som daglig eksponering, men tværtimod hvad der afdamper i løbet af tre uger.
This means that the results do not represent the evaporation during the 6 hours which is used as daily exposure but on the contrary the evaporation during three weeks.
Afdampningen vil være helt klart størst i starten, og på et tidspunkt vil der indstille sig en form for ligevægt, hvorfor afdampningen klinger af.
Quite clearly, the evaporation will be largest at the beginning and at a certain time a kind of equilibrium will be reached for which reason the evaporation will be smaller.
Herudover spiller temperaturen en rolle.
Besides the temperature plays a role.
Afdampningen er væsentlig større i starten ved den højere temperatur end ved stuetemperatur.
The evaporation is significantly higher at the beginning at the higher temperature than at room temperature.
Det er således svært at skønne, hvilken faktor analyseresultaterne skal divideres med for at illustrere afdampningen per dag, men anvendes de analyserede værdier, som de er, vil beregnede MoS (Margin of Safety) således være væsentlig mindre end den reelle værdi.
Thus, it is difficult to estimate the factor with which the analysis results shall be divided to illustrate the evaporation per day but if the analyzed values are used as they are the calculated MoS (Margin of Safety) will thus be significantly lower than the real value.
Når de beregnede MoS ligger over 100 er det sikkert, at eksponeringen således ikke vil udgøre nogen sundhedsrisiko.
When the calculated MoS are above 100 it is certain that the exposure will not present any health risk.
5.1.2 Eksponering via huden
5.1.2 Exposure through the skin
I scenariet for hudeksponering antages, at produkterne anvendes i hånden, som derved primært er eksponeret.
In the scenario for skin exposure it is assumed that the products are used in the hand which will then have the primary exposure.
For viskelædere og penalhuse er dette oplagt, mens hudeksponering for legetasker og skoletasker også kan forekomme, når tasken er taget på ryggen.
For erasers and pencil cases this is clear while skin exposure for toy bags and school bags may also occur when the bag is on the back.
Det antages dog, at børnene har tøj på, hvorved hudeksponeringen er minimal.
However, it is assumed that the children wear clothes whereby the skin exposure is minimal.
Derfor regnes der udelukkende med hudeksponering via hånden.
Therefore, only skin exposure through the hand is used.
Før hudoptagelse skal det kemiske stof overføres fra produktet til huden.
Before skin absorption the chemical substance shall be transferred from the product to the skin.
Når det er på huden, kan stoffet absorberes via huden og derfra til blodet og spredes i resten af kroppen.
When it is on the skin the substance can be absorbed through the skin and from there to the blood and then spread in the rest of the body.
Der er foretaget migrationsanalyser, der simulerer sved.
Migration analyses simulating sweat have been conducted.
Dvs. analyserne viser, hvor store mængder af stofferne, der kan migrere (overføres), når man rører ved produktet med sine hænder.
These analyses show how large amounts of the substances that can migrate (be transferred) when the product is touched by the hand.
De stoffer, der er fundet i ekstraktionsvæsken, er de stoffer, der potentielt kan optages via huden ved kontakt med produkterne.
The substances being found in the extraction liquid are the substances which can potentially be absorbed through the skin at contact with the products.
Det potentielle optag (eksponeringen) kan udtrykkes ved følgende ligning (European Commission, 2003):
The potential absorption (the exposure) can be expressed through the following equation (European Commission, 2003):
Dvs. der tages udgangspunkt i hvor stor en mængde stof, der migrerer per cm² af produktet, og denne værdi sammenholdes med hvor stort et areal af produktet, der berører huden i hvor lang tid.
Starting point is the amount of the substance which migrates per cm² of the product and this value is compared with the area of the product which touches the skin for a certain time.
Det antages, at det kun er arealet af et barns håndflader (på begge hænder), der er i berøring med produktet.
It is assumed that it is only the area of a child's palms (on both hands) which are in touch with the product.
Denne værdi findes ikke i TGD, men til gengæld findes en oversigt for mænd og kvinders hænders overfladeareal i forhold til kroppens samlede overfaldeareal (for kvinder 731 cm² for både for og bag på begge hænder i forhold til et samlet kropsareal på 16.900 cm²).
This value is not found in TGD but a list of men's and women's surface area of the hands in relation to the total surface area of the body is available (for women 731 cm² for both front and rear on both hands in relation to a total body area of 16,900 cm²).
Dette forhold sammenholdes med oplysningen fra TGD om, at en barnekrops samlede kropsareal er 6.030 cm² for et barn i 2-3 års alderen, dvs. samme alder som kropsvægten er defineret ud fra.
This ratio is compared with the information from TGD that the total body area of a child body is 6,030 cm² for a child at the age of 2-3 years, i.e. same age as in the definition of the body weight.
Herved fås, at et 3-årigt barns hænder har et overfladeareal på 131 cm², når der også er divideret med 2, fordi det antages at produkterne kun berøres med indersiden af hænderne.
In this way the result is that a 3-year-old child's hands have a surface area of 131 cm², when the area is divided by 2 as it is assumed that the products are only touched with the inside of the hands.
Overfladen af et barns hænder er kun en tilnærmelse, da det er antaget, at størrelsesforhold mellem en voksen kvindes hænder og krop er det samme for et barn.
The surface of a child's hands is only an approximation as it is assumed that the ratio of sizes between an adult woman's hands and body is the same for a child.
Som udgangspunkt for beregningerne er valgt, at et barn har sin skoletaske/legetaske og sit penalhus i hænderne i maksimalt 1 time dagligt i alt.
As basis of the calculations is chosen that a child has its school bag/toy bag and its pencil case in the hands for maximum 1 hour a day in total.
Migrationsanalyserne til kunstig sved er foretaget ved, at et stykke af produktet er ekstraheret i kunstig sved i 4 timer.
The migration analyses to artificial sweat are conducted in a way where a piece of the product is extracted in artificial sweat for 4 hours.
Migrationsmængderne skal således divideres med 4, da prøverne har trukket 4 timer i kunstig sved og således repræsenterer migrationsmængden per 4 timer.
The migration amounts are divided by 4 as the samples have stayed for 4 hours in artificial sweat and thus represent the migration amount per 4 hours.
Produkterne er til analyserne klippet i små stykker (kuber) af 2-3 mm i bredden.
For the analyses the products are cut into small pieces (cubes) of 2-3 mm crosswise.
Det betyder, at overfladen bliver væsentlig større end den overflade produkterne normalt har.
This means that the surface becomes significantly larger than the normal surface of the products.
Desuden vil berøring af produkterne normalt kun ske på den ene overflade.
Furthermore, touch of the products will normally only take place on the outside of the product.
De målte koncentrationer kan således være overvurderet med minimum en faktor 3.
The measured concentration can thus be overestimated by a factor 3 as a minimum.
Barnets vægt er sat til 12 kg i alle tilfælde.
The child's weight is set to 12 kg in all cases.
Efter eksponering af huden skal det kemiske stof passere huden, før der kan tales om en egentlig absorption.
After exposure of the skin the chemical substance shall pass the skin before it is a real absorption.
Den dermale absorption af stofferne er generelt estimeret pga. manglende data.
The dermal absorption of the substances is generally estimated due to lacking data.
Er ingen andre oplysninger fundet, er der som standard brugt en dermal absorption på 100%, og en dermal absorption på 10% for stoffer med en molvægt større end 500 g/mol, der samtidigt har en log KOW mindre end -1 eller større end 4 (som angivet i TGD).
If no other information is found a dermal absorption of 100% and a dermal absorption of 10% for substances with a molar weight larger than 500 g/mole which at the same time has a log KOW less than -1 or larger than 4 (as stated in TGD) are used as standard.
Store molekyler har nemlig sværere ved at trænge igennem huden ligesom meget lipofile stoffer.
It is more difficult for large molecules to penetrate the skin like very lipophilic substances.
Faktoren for den dermale absorption (1 eller 0,1) ganges med den potentielle optagelse for at få den aktuelle optagelse (worst case).
The factor for the dermal absorption (1 or 0.1) is multiplied by the potential absorption (worst case).
5.1.3 Eksponering via indtagelse
5.1.3 Exposure through intake
For viskelæderne gælder, at der er mulighed for en eksponering via munden, eksempelvis ved at børnene tygger eller sutter på viskelæderne.
Regarding the erasers there is a possibility of an exposure through the mouth, for instance if the children chew or suck the erasers.
Ved oral eksponering sker absorptionen efter afgivelse (migration) af stofferne fra viskelæderne og opblanding i spyt.
At oral exposure the absorption takes place after migration of the substances from the erasers and mixture in saliva.
Optagelse antages at kunne ske over slimhinder i mundhule eller mave-tarmkanalen.
Absorption is assumed to take place via the mucous membranes in the oral cavity or the gastrointestinal canal.
Som beskrevet tidligere er der som hovedregel ikke foretaget migrationsanalyser af viskelæderne i forhold til kunstigt spyt, men derimod migrationsanalyser i forhold til kunstig sved.
As described earlier, as a main rule no migration analyses of the erasers in relation to artificial saliva are conducted but on the contrary migration analyses in relation to artificial sweat.
Resultaterne fra migrationsanalyserne til kunstig sved anvendes som en rimelig tilnærmelse for resten af produkterne
The results of the migration analyses for artificial sweat are used as a reasonable approximation for the rest of the products.
Det er dog ikke præcis denne situation, der forekommer, når der suttes/tygges på et viskelæder, hvorfor ligningen er tilpasset.
However, it is not exactly this situation which occurs when a child sucks/chews an eraser and for this reason the equation has been adjusted.
Viskelæderne er alle så små, at der kan suttes, slikkes, tygges på hele overfladen af viskelæderet.
The erasers are all so small that a child can suck, lick and chew the whole surface of the eraser.
Det antages således som worst case, at den målte migration fra hele viskelæderet indtages - uanset størrelsen af viskelæderet.
This is assumed as worst case that the measured migration from the whole eraser is ingested - no matter the size of the eraser.
Det orale indtag kan således beregnes ud fra nedenstående formel:
The oral intake can thus be calculated from the formula below:
Fraktion, der absorberes (biotilgængelig del)
Fraction which is absorbed (bio available part)
Som udgangspunkt er der til beregningen valgt, at et barn slikker, tygger eller sutter på viskelæderet flere gange dagligt.
As basis of the calculation is chosen that a child licks, chews or sucks the eraser several times a day.
Den samlede eksponering antages at være maksimalt 1 time daglig.
The total exposure is assumed to be maximum 1 hour a day.
Barnets vægt er som før sat til 12 kg, (dog er der for enkelte beregninger anvendt en vægt på 20 kg for at illustrere et skolebarns vægt).
As previously, the child's weight is set to 12 kg (however, for a few calculations a weight of 20 kg is used to illustrate a school child's weight).
Migrationsanalyserne til kunstig sved og kunstigt spyt er foretaget ved, at et stykke af produktet er ekstraheret i kunstig sved/spyt i 4 timer, hvorfor der skal divideres med en faktor 4 for, at de målte værdier svarer til eksponeringstiden.
The migration analyses for artificial sweat and artificial saliva are conducted in the way that a piece of the product is extracted in artificial sweat/saliva for 4 hours for which reason the result shall be divided by a factor 4 so that the measured values correspond to the exposure time.
De målte koncentrationer kan være overvurderet med en faktor 3 eller mere.
The measured concentration may be overestimated by a factor 3 or more.
Det skal bemærkes, at oral indtagelse også kan ske ved hånd-til-mund, dvs. at hånd eller fingre, der har rørt ved produktet, derefter puttes i munden.
It must be noted that oral intake can also take place through hand-to-mouth, i.e. that hand or fingers having touched the product are put into the mouth afterwards.
Der kan derved ske en overførsel af stof fra fingre til mund.
Thereby a transmission of a substance from fingers to mouth can take place.
I litteraturen angives, at hånd-til-mund i gennemsnit udgør 3-10 minutter, hvorfor denne del er antaget inkluderet i den valgte eksponeringstid på 1 time (Bremmer og van Veen, 2002; Green, 2002; Kiss, 2001).
In literature it is stated that hand-to-mouth as an average lasts 3-10 minutes for which reason this part is assumed included in the chosen exposure time of 1 hour (Bremmer and van Veen, 2002; Green, 2002; Kiss, 2001).
Efter eksponering af mundhulen skal det kemiske stof passere slimhinderne, før der kan være tale om en egentlig absorption.
After exposure of the mouth cavity the chemical substance shall pass the mucous membranes before a real absorption can be in question.
Den orale absorption af stofferne er generelt estimeret pga. manglende data.
The oral absorption of the substances is generally estimated due to lacking data.
Som standard er derfor antaget en oral absorption på 100%.
Therefore, an oral absorption of 100% is assumed as a standard.
Det orale indtag kan beregnes ud fra nedenstående formel:
The oral intake can be calculated from the formula below: