natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
En ret ny opdagelse har konkluderet, at HBCD har potentiale til at inducere væsentlige ændringer i sammensætningen af naturlige planktonsamfund ved lave koncentrationer (ppb) (Pirzadeh, P. Gustafsson, K and Woin P. 2004).
A quite recent founding has concluded that HBCD has the potential to induce profound changes in the composition of natural plankton communities at low (ppb) concentrations (Pirzadeh, P. Gustafsson, K and Woin P. 2004).
Afhængig af stoffets egne egenskaber, som viser PBT risiko, sammen med indikationer fra nyere uafhængige videnskabelige undersøgelsesresultater (EC Draft RAR 2003, Gustafsson 2004) bør der fremføres en generel advarsel.
Depending on the inherent properties, showing PBT risks, in combination with indications from recent independent research results (EC Draft RAR 2003, Gustafsson 2004), a general warning flag has to be hoist up.
Der synes at være høj risiko for både miljø og menneskers sundhed på langt sigt, og i overensstemmelse med forsigtighedsprincippet kunne stoffet anses som et uønsket stof.
There seems to be high risks for both the environment and human health on the long term scale, and therefore, in agreement with the precautionary principle the substance could be considered undesirable.
Det betyder, at stoffet er skadeligt for organismer, der lever i vand; og kan forårsage uønskede langtidsvirkninger i vandmiljøet.
This means that the substance is harmful to aquatic organisms and may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment.
Som følge af anvendelsen af toluen-2,4-diisocyanat og dets forekomst i produkter vil miljøet stadig blive eksponeret via de forskellige produktioner og anvendelsen af produkter.
Due to the use of Toluene 2,4-diisocyanate and occurrence in products the environment will still be exposed through different productions and use of products.
2-Ethylhexansyre er mærket N.C. (ikke klassificeret med hensyn til miljø) i NCLASS databasen, hvor stoffet er vurderet i 1995-96 men med bemærkningen” ingen data fundet” (N-CLASS, 2005).
2-ethylhexanoic acid is marked in the N-CLASS database as N.C. (not classified as dangerous to the aquatic environment) assessed in 1995-96 but with the remark “no data found” (N-CLASS, 2005).
Hvis 2-ethylhexansyre er svært nedbrydeligt, vil R52/53 være en mulig klassificering.
If 2-ethylhexanoic acid is not readily biodegradable, the substance would be in the range for R52/53.
Som følge af anvendelsen af 2-ethylhexansyre som stabilisator i PVC produkter og dets forekomst som restprodukt i PU produktionen vil miljøet stadig blive eksponeret via de forskellige produktioner og anvendelser.
Due to the use of 2-ethylhexanoic acid as a stabiliser for PVC products and occurrence as a rest product from the PU production the environment will still be exposed through different productions and uses.
Log Kow er 1,58 og L(E)C50 værdierne er over 100 mg/l (US-EPA 2005).
Log Kow is 1.58 and L/EC50 is above 100 mg/l (US EPA, 2005).
Formaldehyd er mærket i N-CLASS databasen som N.C. (ikke klassificeret som farlig for miljøet) (N-CLASS, 2005).
Formaldehyde is marked in the N-CLASS database as N.C. (not classified as dangerous to the aquatic environment) (N-CLASS, 2005).
Det betyder, at stoffet er miljøfarligt, giftigt for organismer, der lever i vand, og kan forårsage uønskede langtidsvirkninger i vandmiljøet.
This means that the substance is toxic to aquatic organisms and may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment.
Anvendelsen af tetrachlorethan er faldende, men på grund af dets brede anvendelse og forekomst i produkter vil miljøet stadig blive eksponeret via forskellige produktioner og produkter.
The use of tetrachloroethane is decreasing, but due to its wide use and occurrence in products the environment will still be exposed through different productions and products.
Data for den akutte toksicitet for fisk, dafnier og alger ligger alle mellem 1 og 10 mg/l, hvilket ville berettige en R51.
Data on the acute toxicity values for fish, daphnia and algae all lie between 1 and 10 mg/l, which is the range for R51.
Styren er letnedbrydeligt, men har en log Kow på ca. 3, således at det muligvis bioakkumulerer i organismer.
Styrene is readily biodegradable but has a log Kow value of approximately 3, so it may accumulate in organisms.
De tilgængelige data efterlader styren som et grænsetilfælde med hensyn til klassifikation, men det er konkluderet, at styren ikke bioakkumulerer i akvatiske organismer og at R53 derfor ikke er aktuelt.
The available data leave styrene on the borderline for classification, but it is concluded that styrene will not accumulate in aquatic organisms and that R53 is therefore not appropriate.
Forslaget er at styren ikke klassificeres som farligt for miljøet (EU Risk Assessment Report, 2000.
The proposal is that styrene is not classified as dangerous to the environment (EU Risk Assessment Report, 2000.
Log Kow er 2,73.
Log Kow is 2.73.
Der er ikke fundet data for stoffets miljøeffekter.
No data regarding environmental effects has been found for the substance.
BDNA bliver anvendt som kemisk mellemstof i produktionen af azofarvestoffer.
BDNA is used as a chemical intermediate for azo dyestuff production.
Miljøet vil blive eksponeret under produktionen og anvendelsen af især tekstilprodukter.
The environment will be exposed through productions and use of mainly textile products.
Nedbrydningen af BDNA i naturligt sediment kan resultere i en efterfølgende frigivelse af potentielt farlige aromatiske aminer til vandsøjlen, som også kan påvirke miljøet.
The reduction of BDNA in natural sediments can result in subsequent release of potentially hazardous aromatic amines to the water column, which may affect the environment as well.
Tabel 4.1 Resumer af miljøfareklassifikationen Stof
Table 4.1 Overview for environmental classification Substance
*: Forslag (EU Risk Assessment Report on styrene, 2000).
*: Proposal (EU Risk Assessment Report 2000).
**: Forslag (Miljøstyrelsen, Vejledende liste til selvklassifikation, 2005).
**: Proposal (Danish EPA, List of self classification 2005).
De tre stoffer hexabromcyclododecan (HBCD), 1,1,2,2-tetrachlorethan og toluene-2,4-diisocyanat (TDI) er henholdsvis meget giftige, giftige eller skadelige for organismer, der lever i vand og kan alle forårsage uønskede langtidsvirkninger i vandmiljøet.
The three substances hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), 1,1,2,2tetrachloroethane and toluene 2,4-diisocyanate (TDI) are very toxic, toxic or harmful to aquatic organisms, respectively and may all cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment.
Derudover er de mulige miljømæssige effekter af stofferne 2-ethylhexansyre (2-EHA), 2-brom-4,6-dinitroanilin (BDNA), hexaethylenglycol dimethylether og tetrapropylenglycol monomethylether, som følge af manglende data, ikke fuldt klarlagt.
Furthermore the possible environmental effects of the substances 2ethylhexanoic acid (2-EHA), 2-bromo-4,6-dinitroaniline (BDNA), hexaethylene glycol dimethyl ether and tetrapropylene glycol monomethyl ether is not known due to lack of data.
Det kan generelt antages, at udledning til spildevand af stofferne fra en daglig anvendelse og vask af disse typer af produkter, med undtagelse af engangsskumvaskekludene, er langt mindre omfattende end fra andre former for tekstiler, som bliver vasket mere regelmæssigt.
It may be assumed in general, that the direct waste water discharge of substances from the daily use and washing of these types of products, except for the washing cloths, is minor compared to other kinds of e.g. textiles, which are washed more regularly.
Engangsskumvaskekludene indeholder 2-EHA blandt andre stoffer, som kan blive udledt til kloaksystemet ved konstant brug af nye engangsskumvaskeklude (se tabel 2.5).
The washing cloths contain 2-EHA among other substances, which may be discharged to the waste water system through continued use of new cloths (see table 2.5).
ACGIH, 2001, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.
ACGIH, 2001, American Conference of Governmental Industrial
Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices for 2001.
Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices for 2001.
3rd ed. New York: John Wiley
3rd ed. New York: John
G and Hewitt WR 1982; pp pp 265.
Plaa G and Hewitt WR 1982; pp pp 265.
Organisation og forankring - skab motivation og spar energi
environment-friendly electronic products?
Systematisk energibevidst vedligehold spar energi og optimer driften
What other parameters (price, quality…) are
Energinøgletal en model til effektiv energistyring
Do you think that environmental aspects will become
Denne undersøgelse giver et aktuelt billede af størrelsen, den geografiske fordeling og arten af den danske miljøeksport af produkter og rådgivningsydelser til vandsektoren.
This report contains the results of a study of the fate and effects of organic contaminants in wastewater sludge applied to agricultural soil.
Antibakterielle midler i beklædningsgenstande
Antibacterial compounds in clothing articles
Suresh C. Rastogi, Teddy Krongaard og Gitte Hellerup Jensen Danmarks Miljøundersøgelser
Suresh C. Rastogi, Teddy Krongaard and Gitte Hellerup Jensen National Env. Research Institute, Roskilde
Danske producenter og importører af tøj samt detailforhandlere blev kontaktet for at få oplysninger vedr. antibakterielt behandlede beklædningsgenstande i Danmark.
The Danish clothing manufacturers and importers as well as retailers were contacted to gather the information concerning antibacterial treatment of clothing marketed in Denmark.
Herudover blev der udført en omfattende søgning på internettet.
Besides, an extensive inter-net search was performed.
På basis af de indhentede oplysninger blev der købt fra det danske detailmarked 17 produkter til undersøgelse af indhold af udvalgte antibakterielle midler: triclosan, dichlorophen, Kathon 893, hexachlorophen, triclocarbon og Kathon CG.
On the basis of the available information, 17 products from the Danish retail out-let were analysed for the content of some selected antibacterial compounds: triclosan, dichlorophen, Kathon 893, hexachlorophen, triclocarbon and Kathon CG.
Indholdet af de udvalgte stoffer i produkterne er undersøgt med anvendelse af højtryksvæskekromatografi.
The contents of the selected antibacterial compounds were determined by high performance liquid chromatography.
Detektionsgrænser af de udvalgte stoffer i produkterne er ca. 5 ppm (0,0005%).
The detection limits of all of the target compounds in the products was approximately 5 ppm (0.0005%).
Ingen af de undersøgte produkter indeholdt andre af de udvalgte antibakterielle midler.
None of the other target substances could be detected in any of the investigated product.
Det fundne indhold af triclosan i produkterne er meget lavere end den maksimalt tilladte koncentration af triclosan i kosmetiske produkter.
The content of triclosan found in the clothing articles is much lower than the maximum authorised concentration of this compound in cosmetic products.
Derfor formodes det, at der ikke er sundhedsrisiko ved at anvende disse produkter.
Thus, the use of clothing treated with antibacterial compounds may not be of concern.
På grund af det relativt lave indhold af triclosan i kun få af produkterne, blev det besluttet at afslutte projektet uden at undersøge tab af triclosan ved vask af tøjet.
Because the triclosan was found in relative small concentration in only few products, it was decided to end the project without investigation of the emission of triclosan from washing of these products.
Antibakterielle midler anvendes i tekstiler for at undgå problemer med lugt i forbindelse med bakteriel nedbrydning af sved.
Clothing articles are treated with antibacterial compounds to avoid mal-odour produced by decomposition of sweat.
Dermed kan tøjet holdes lugtfri længere tid.
Thus the clothing remains fresher for a longer time.
Formålet med nærværende projekt er at indsamle oplysninger om anvendelse af antibakterielle midler i beklædningsgenstande, der markedsføres i Danmark; at udføre kemiske analyser af udvalgte antibakterielle midler i en række beklædningsgenstande for at fastslå indhold af de udvalgte stoffer; og til sidst evaluere tab af de udvalgte stoffer ved vask af tøjet.
The aim of the present investigation is to acquire the knowledge of antibacterial compounds present in the clothing articles marketed in Denmark, to perform chemical analysis of a series of clothing articles to know the amounts of some selected antibacterial chemicals used in these products, and finally to evaluate the emission of antibacterial compounds when these products are washed.
Dermed kan tøjet holdes lugtfri længere tid.
Thus, the clothing can remain fresher for a longer period.
Formålet med nærværende projekt er at indsamle oplysninger om anvendelse af antibakterielle midler i tekstiler med henblik på at opnå et billede af hvilke stoffer, der er de mest anvendte, og om det er muligt at lave en opgørelse over disses mængder, der samlet set anvendes i beklædningsgenstande, og som forhandles i Danmark.
The aim of the present investigation is to gather information of use of antibacterial substances in clothing, especially to acquire the knowledge of commonly used antibacterial substances in clothing as well as to make an account of, if possible, the amounts of antibacterial substances that are used in clothing marketed in Denmark.
Derefter, at udføre kemiske analyser af 2-3 udvalgte antibakterielle midler i en række beklædningsgenstande for at kende indhold af de udvalgte stoffer, og til sidst evaluere tab af stofferne ved vask af tøjet.
Hereafter, to determine the contents of 2-3 antibacterial substances in a series of clothing articles to know the amounts of these substances in the products, and finally to investigate the loss of target substances from clothing by washing.
Producenter/forhandlere har haft rapporten i høring til kommentering inden offentliggørelse.
Manufacturers/retailers have had an opportunity of commenting on the report before publication.
En producent oplyser, at de anvender triclosan i deres sandaler for at reducere lugtgener under brugen.
One manufacturer states that they use triclosan in their sandals in order to reduce odour problems arising from use of the sandals.
Dermed mener de at kunne forlænge produktets levetid.
They are thus able to prolong the life of the product.
Producenten oplyser, at de gør, hvad de kan for at begrænse brugen af antibakterielle midler.
They states that they do what they can in order to minimise the use of antibacterial substances.
Dette gøres ved at forsøge at udvikle materialer, der ikke nødvendiggør brug af antibakterielle midler samt at minimere den tilsatte mængde triclosan mest muligt.
This is done by trying to develop materials that do not make the use of antibacterial substances necessary as well as limiting the amount of triclosan used as much as possible.
En anden producent oplyser, at de anvender triclosan i deres undertøj, da deres produkt retter sig mod en specifik gruppe forbrugere, som har et hygiejnisk problem, der udspringer af inkontinens.
Another manufacturer states that they use triclosan in their underwear as their products are aimed at a specific group of consumers who have a sanitary problem due to their being incontinent.
Alternativet til brug af antibakterielt behandlede produkter vil bl.
The alternative to using antibacterially treated products could be the use of disposable products.
a. være brug af engangsmaterialer, der ikke har samme komfort for forbrugeren.
However, these products do not give the consumer the same level of comfort.
I følge oplysningerne indhentet fra web-siderne kan antibakterielle behandlinger af beklædningsgenstande deles i to grupper:
One manufacturer states that they use triclosan in their sandals in order to reduce odour problems arising from use of the sandals.
Det påstås, at antibakterielle egenskaber af tøj lavet af disse fibre holder tøjets livstid.
They states that they do what they can in order to minimise the use of antibacterial substances.
Actigardolefin fiber anvendes i produktion af madrasser (både betræk og fyld).
The alternative to using antibacterially treated products could be the use of disposable products.
INEOS Acrylics fremstiller Leucite acrylfibre (polymethylene methylacrylat) som er behandlet med Microban.
According to the information gathered from the Web pages, antibacterial treatment of clothing belongs to two groups:
Microsafeacetate fiber anvendes i produktion af "activewear", sports tøj, undertøj, sokker, handsker, armbånd, m.m. Der er ikke fundet oplysninger om det antibakterielle middel.
It is claimed that the antibacterial property of clothing, manufactured using such fibres, lasts during the whole life of the product.
MicroSpreme acrylic fiber, der anvendes i produktion af "activewear", er lugt og meldug resistent.
Followings are often encountered antibacterial textile fibres and antibacterial clothing articles in the Web pages:
Der er ikke fundet oplysninger om det antibakterielle middel.
Actigardolefin fibre is used in the production of mattresses (both cover and filling).
a. Hollofilog Quallofil med Allerban) og gulvtæpper.
The information on the antibacterial substance is not available.
Disse produkter markedsføres også til brug for allergikere.
Bio-Fresh acrylic fibre is used for the manufacture of "activewear" and lingerie.
Disse er lavet af stof behandlet med "ACB barrier", der skulle have allergen uigennemtrængelige egenskaber.
HELAPSO Hygienic fibre with antibacterial/deodorant treatment is used for the manufacture of all types of clothing.
Producenten oplyser, at legetøjet er behandlet med antibakterielle middel m.h.p. produktsikkerhed, dvs. at antibakterielle midler anvendes for at beskytte tøjet for meldug, mug, o.l.
Microban antibacterial treatment is used in sports clothing etc. It is described that an organic compound in the same family as triclosan is used in Microban antibacterial treatment.
Der findes en del forskellige syntetiske fibre på verdensmarkedet.
The information on the antibacterial substance is not available.
Produkter hvor antibakterielle midler hyppigt indgår er følgende:
Polartec Polar Strech textiles are produced with an "odorless antimicrobial finish".
- Indlæg i cykelbukser (for eksempel, Airstripe, Monolith og Vari
The information on the antibacterial substance is not available.
Nogle varianter af dette er Thinsulate Lite Loft og Thinsulate Ultra, som ifølge producenten er hypoallergenic produkter og yder lugtfri komfort.
According to the producer of Ultra-Fresh, the purpose of antibacterial treatment is to manufacture products with resistance to attack by bacteria.
Derfor formodes det, at dette materiale er behandlet med et antibakterielt middel.
Tinosan antibacterial treatment is used in the manufacture of textiles.
Der er ikke fundet nogle oplysninger om anvendelse af andre kendte antibakterielle midler (Bactonix, Lexol, Ster-Zac, Irgasan) i beklædningsgenstande.
No information has been found concerning the use of other well-known antibacterial compounds (Bactnix, Lexol, Ster-Zac, Irgasan) in clothing articles.
Lexol indgår i en serie af rengøringsmidler.
Lexol is used in cleaning products.
Ster-Zac (hexachlorophane ifølge producenten, men meget sandsynligt er stoffet hexachlorophene) anvendes hovedsagelig i farmaceutiske og kosmetiske produkter.
Ster-Zac (hexachlorophane according to the manufacturer, but the substance possibly is hexachlorophen) is used in pharmaceuticals and cosmetic products.
Irgasan (triclosan) har mange forskellige anvendelses områder, men dette anvendes i beklædningsgenstande med betegnelsen Tinosan.
Irgasan (triclosan) is used in many product categories, and it is used for the treatment of clothing under the name Tinosan.
2.3 Konklusioner af de indsamlede oplysninger
2.3 Conclusions of the information collected
Det meste sportstøj (og meget tøj til udendørs aktiviteter), der er lavet af syntetiske fibre, anvender en fabrikationsteknologi kaldes "sweat management system” eller ”moisture transport system" (fjernelse af sved ved indbygget ventilering i tøjet).
Synthetic fibres for the manufacture of a large number of sports clothing (and many clothes for out-door activities) are produced using a production technology by which a so-called "sweat management system" or "moisture transport system" is incorporated in the fibres.
Der findes en del forskellige syntetiske fibre på verdensmarkedet.
A large number of such synthetic fibres are produced at global scale.
De mange fibre hører under fibergrupperne: acetat, nylon, polyolefin, polyester, akryl, polyamid m.m. På basis af antibakterielt behandlede beklædningsgenstande, annoncer og oplysninger fra producenter af antibakterielle midler på web-siderne kan det konkluderes, at næsten alle typer fibre/beklædningsgenstande kan behandles med antibakterielle midler.
These fibres belong to various groups: acetate, nylon, polyolefin, acryl, polyamide, etc. On the basis of the information collected from Web pages, it can be concluded that almost all types of synthetic fibres and the clothing made of synthetic fibres can be treated with antibacterial compounds.
Produkter hvor antibakterielle midler hyppigt indgår er følgende:
Clothing articles, which often contain antibacterial compounds, are as follows:
- Indlæg i cykelbukser (for eksempel, Airstripe, Monolith og Vari
- Insert in cycle shorts (for example, Airstripe, Monolith and Vario
oThick) er for det mest behandlet med antibakterielle midler.
Thick) are generally treated with antibacterial compounds.
Ifølge producenten af Airstripe and Monolith, er disse lavet af polyester fiber specielt fremstillet til dette formål.
According to the manufacturers of Airstripe and Monolith, these are made of polyester fibre especially made for this purpose.
Der anvendes Microban i Monolith indlæg.
Microban is used in Monolith insert.
- Anvendelse af Thinsulate (polyester fiber) i vintertøj, især handsker, sokker, huer, sko, o.s.v. er meget hyppigt.
- Thinsulate (polyester fibre) lining is often used in winter clothing, especially gloves, caps, socks, shoes, etc. Some of the variants of Thinsulate
Derfor formodes det, at dette materiale er behandlet med et antibakterielt middel.
Therefore, it is expected that these materials are treated with some antibacterial compound.
3 Produkter til undersøgelse
3 Products for the analysis
3.1 Antibakterielle beklædningsgenstande på det danske marked
3.1 Antibacterial clothing marketed Denmark
På basis af de indsamlede oplysninger er mere end 30 danske producenter og importører af sportstøj og tekstilfibre samt sportsforbund blevet kontaktet for at få oplysninger om, hvorvidt deres produkter er behandlet med antibakterielle midler.
On the basis of the knowledge acquired, more than 30 Danish manufacturers and importers of textile fibres and sports clothing as well as sports associations were requested to inform about the antibacterial treated products marketed by them.
Ca. halvdelen besvarede henvendelsen.
About half of the companies responded to the request.
Det generelle indtryk af markedet er, at antibakteriel behandling af tekstiler stadig er ganske nyt.
In general, the impression is that the marketing of antibacterial treated clothing articles is relatively new.
Det er dog et område, der er i vækst idet flere tekstilproducenter kunne oplyse at forhandlere af fibre har en kraftig markedsføring af disse.
However, according to several clothing manufacturers, the growth is eminent in the marketing of fibres treated with antibacterial compounds.
De behandlede fibre er dog forholdsvis dyre, så de anvendes stort set kun i tekstiler beregnet til fysisk aktivitet.
The antibacterial treated fibres are relatively expensive and they are to a great extent used only for the manufacture of clothing for physical activities.
Meget få af de producenter, der kendte til antibakterielle fibre vidste, hvilke kemiske stoffer de var behandlet med.
Only a few of the clothing manufacturers, with the knowledge of antibacterial treated fibres, knew the antibacterial compound(s) used for the treatment of fibres.
Producenter af almindelige tekstiler kendte kun til de behandlede fibre af omtale.
The clothing retailers knew about the antibacterial treated products mainly by publicity.