natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Derudover blev 47 delsmykker fundet at indeholde over 10% bly.
Furthermore, 47 jewellery parts were found to contain above 10% of lead.
Af disse 47 delsmykker var 16 (svarende til 34%) låse.
Of these 47 jewellery parts, 16 (corresponding to 34%) were catches.
For cadmium var det maksimale indhold i et delsmykke 29,2%, og i alt 9 delsmykker havde et indhold på over 1% cadmium.
For cadmium, the maximum content in a jewellery part was 29.2% and in total 9 jewellery parts had content above 1% cadmium.
Op mod 25% af alle undersøgte smykker viste sig at indeholde nikkel i en volumenprocent over 1.
Up to 25% of all examined jewelleries turned out to contain nickel in a volume percentage above 1.
Lovgivningen vedrørende nikkel forbyder imidlertid ikke brug af nikkel i smykker, men der er krav om hvor meget nikkel, der maksimalt må migrere fra smykket.
However, the legislation regarding nickel does not ban the use of nickel in jewelleries but there are requirements on the amount of nickel which maximally may migrate from the jewellery.
3.4.4 Indhold af tungmetal i forhold til pris/gram
3.4.4 Content of heavy metal in relation to price/gram
Nedenstående tabeller og figurer er medtaget med det formål at vise hvorvidt der er en sammenhæng mellem smykkernes kvalitet (pris pr. gram) og indholdet af tungmetaller.
The tables and figures below are included with the purpose of showing whether there is a relation between the quality of the jewelleries (price per gram) and the content of heavy metals.
Tabellerne viser indholdet af henholdsvis Pb og Cd i relation til smykkets kvalitet (pris pr. gram smykke - dvs. smykkets pris divideret med smykkets vægt).
The tables show the content of Pb and Cd respectively in relation to the quality of the jewellery (price per gram of jewellery - i.e. the price of the jewellery divided by the weight of the jewellery).
Tabel 3-8: Indhold af Pb i relation til kr/gram
Table 3-8: Content of Pb in relation to kr/gram
Figur 3-2: Fordelingen af delsmykker indeholdende Pb i forhold til kr/gram
Figure 3-2: The distribution of jewellery parts containing Pb in relation to kr/gram
NB. Et screeningsresultat for et enkelt delsmykke med et kr/gram forhold på 66,64 (Pb indhold på 0.11%) er ikke medtaget her.
NB. A screening result for a single jewellery part with a kr/gram ratio of 66.64 (Pb content of 0.11%) is not included here.
Begrundelsen herfor er at skabe en tydeligere visuel fremstilling af de resterende data.
The reason for this is to create a more clearly visual presentation of the remaining data.
Figur 3-3: Fordelingen af delsmykker indeholdende Cd i forhold til kr/gram
Figure 3-3: The distribution of jewellery parts containing Cd in relation to kr/gram
3.4.5 Indhold af tungmetal i forhold til oprindelsesland
3.4.5 Content of heavy metal in relation to the country of origin
I nedenstående tabel ses indholdet af henholdsvis Pb og Cd i smykker fra de forskellige lande.
In the table below the content of Pb and Cd in jewelleries from the different countries is seen.
Der er kun medtaget data fra de smykker, hvor det har været muligt at indhente information om oprindelsesland (dvs. 66 smykker ud af i alt 170 indkøbte).
Only data from the jewelleries where it has been possible to get information about the country of origin are included (i.e. 66 jewelleries out of the in total 170 purchased jewelleries).
På grund af de relativ få informationer om oprindelesesland, kan der ikke med sikkerhed siges noget om sandsynligheden for indhold af Pb og Cd i smykker fra de respektive lande.
Due to the limited amount of information regarding country of origin it is no possible to conclude anything about the probability of finding jewellery containing a certain amount of Pb and Cd in the respective countries.
Årsagen hertil er, at der ikke er nok smykker fra de fleste af landene til at give et repræsentativt overblik over sandsynligheden for et evt. tungmetalindhold.
The reason for this is that there are not jewelleries enough from most of the countries to give a representative overview over the probability of a possible content of heavy metal.
Dog kan det med rimelig statistisk sikkerhed siges, at for de 37 smykker, der vides at stamme fra Kina, har 30% vist sig at indeholde over 100 ppm bly, mens 24% har vist sig at indeholde over 75 ppm cadmium.
However, with a reasonable statistical certainty it can be said that for the 37 jewelleries being known to originate from China 30% has turned out to contain above 100 ppm of lead while 24% has turned out to contain above 75 ppm cadmium.
3.4.6 Indhold af tungmetal i de forskellige produkttyper
3.4.6 Content of heavy metal in the different product types
XRF-screeningen viste en jævn fordeling af indhold af såvel bly som cadmium blandt de forskellige produkttyper.
The XRF screening showed an even distribution of content of lead as well as cadmium among the different product types.
Det kan således ikke konkluderes, at nogle produkttyper har større sandsynlighed for at indeholde bly eller cadmium end andre.
Thus, it cannot be concluded that some of the product types have a larger probability of containing lead or cadmium than other product types.
Dog ses, at ingen af de indkøbte ankelkæder havde et indhold af cadmium, men antallet af indkøbte ankelkæder (6 stk.) er ikke nok til at man med sikkerhed kan antage, at ankelkæder generelt ikke indeholder cadmium.
However, it is seen that none of the purchased ankle chains had a content of cadmium but the number of purchased ankle chains (6 pcs.) is not high enough to assume with certainty that in general ankle chains do not contain cadmium.
3.4.7 Indhold af tungmetal i de forskellige typer af delsmykker
3.4.7 Content of heavy metal in the different types of jewellery parts
Som vist i tabellerne nedenfor har 70% af de undersøgte vedhæng (hørende til produkttyperne øreringe, halskæder og armbånd) vist sig at indeholde over 100 ppm bly.
As shown in the tables below 70% of the examined charms (belonging to the product types earrings, necklaces and bracelets) has turned out to contain above 100 ppm of lead.
Ligeledes gælder, at 78% af undersøgte vedhæng (hørende til produkttyperne øreringe, halskæder og armbånd) har et cadmiumindhold over 75 ppm.
Equally is that 78% of the examined charms (belonging to the product types earrings, necklaces and bracelets) has a content of cadmium above 75 ppm.
Yderligere har det vist sig, at for ”delsmykke-typen” låse hørende til produkttyperne armbånd og halskæder indeholdt 14% cadmium i en koncentration på over 75 ppm, mens 20 % viste sig at indeholde minimum 100 ppm bly.
Furthermore, it has turned out that for the ”jewellery part type” catches belonging to the product types bracelets and necklaces 14% contained cadmium in a concentration above 75 ppm while 20% turned out to contain a minimum of 100 ppm lead.
Heraf kan konkluderes, at der er en tendens til, at specielt vedhæng, men også til dels låse indeholder bly og cadmium.
From this it can be concluded that the tendency is that especially charms but also partly catches contain lead and cadmium.
Den smykke-del som viste sig at indeholde den største mængde bly (ca. 70%) var en lås.
The jewellery part which turned out to contain the largest amount of lead (approx. 70%) was a catch.
Derudover viste 15 andre låse sig at indeholde over 15 % bly (se bilag A).
Furthermore, 15 other catches turned out to contain above 15% of lead (see Appendix A).
Det kan således ikke antages, at smykker af f.eks. guld har større sandsynlighed for at indeholde bly eller cadmium end smykker af sølv eller uægte metal.
Thus it cannot be assumed that jewelleries of for instance gold have a greater possibility of containing lead or cadmium than jewelleries of silver or non-precious metal.
Det skal her nævnes, at den overordnede produktkategori ”guld” dækker over smykker, som indeholder guld, såvel som smykker der ligner guld.
Here it shall be mentioned that the overall product category “gold” covers jewelleries which contain gold as well as jewelleries looking like gold.
Tilsvarende for den overordnede produktkategori ”sølv”.
Correspondingly for the overall product category “silver”.
3.4.10 Indhold af tungmetal i relation til butikstype
3.4.10 Content of heavy metal in relation to shop type
Resultaterne fra screeningen viste ikke en tydelig sammenhæng mellem butikstype og indhold af tungmetal.
The result from the screening did not show a clear relation between shop type and content of heavy metal.
For hver butikstype er udregnet hvor stor en del af de indkøbte smykker, der indeholdt hhv. over 100 ppm bly og 75 ppm cadmium (se nedenstående tabel).
It is calculated for each shop type how large a part of the purchased jewelleries that contained above 100 ppm lead and 75 ppm cadmium respectively (se the table below).
Det skal dog her nævnes, at gennemsnittet ikke tager højde for usikkerheden ved tallene for de butikker, hvor der kun er indkøbt meget få smykker.
However, it shall be mentioned here that the average does not take into account the uncertainty related to the fact, that in some of the shop types only a very few pieces of jewelleries were purchased.
4.1 Udvælgelse af metalsmykker til migrationsanalyse
4.1 Selection of metal jewellery for migration analysis
Der blev i alt udvalgt 25 delsmykker til migrationsanalyse for afgivelse af metaller.
In total 25 jewellery parts were selected for migration analysis of metals.
Årsagen til, at det var delsmykker og ikke smykker, der blev udvalgt til migrationsanalyse, var, at smykker som tidligere nævnt består af flere separate dele med hver deres indhold (og dermed afgivelse) af metaller.
The reason for selecting jewellery parts and not jewellery was that jewellery as mentioned earlier consists of several separate parts with each their content (and thereby release) of metals.
Delsmykkerne blev udvalgt således, at de dækkede produkttyperne så bredt som muligt, dog med det primære kriterium, at de repræsenterede en del af smykket, som havde kontakt til huden.
The jewellery parts were selected in such a way that they covered the product types as widely as possible, yet with the primary criterion that they represented a part of the jewellery that had contact with the skin.
Dvs. et delsmykke i form af et vedhæng til en ørering blev ikke udvalgt.
I.e. a jewellery part as for instance a pendant belonging to an earring was not selected.
Nedenfor er kort gennemgået baggrunden for udvælgelseskriterierne.
Below is a short description of the background related to the selection criteria.
4.1.1 Fokus på delsmykker med lavt indhold af Pb og Cd
4.1.1 Focus on jewellery parts with low content of Pb and Cd
Udvælgelsen af smykker til migrationsanalyse blev foretaget blandt de delsmykker, der havde et indhold af hhv. bly og cadmium varierende fra ca. 100 ppm til de maksimalt målte værdier.
The selection of jewellery for migration analysis was done among the jewellery parts that had a content of lead and cadmium respectively varying from approximately 100 ppm to the maximum measured values.
Årsagen til, at der blev fokuseret på smykker, der indeholdt primært disse to metaller var, at det derved var muligt at udvælge nok smykker til at illustrere en eventuel sammenhæng mellem migration og indhold.
The reason for this focus on jewellery that contained primarily these two metals was that it thereby became possible to select enough jewellery to illustrate a possible correlation between migration and content.
I alt blev der udvalgt 15 delsmykker blandt de delsmykker, der indeholdt mere end 100 ppm bly, og 10 delsmykker blandt dem, der indeholdt mere end 75 ppm cadmium.
In total 15 jewellery parts were selected among the jewellery parts that contained more than 100 ppm lead and 10 jewellery parts among those that contained more than 75 ppm cadmium.
De udvalgte delsmykker repræsenterer hele koncentrationsspændet, dog blev fokus lagt på den lave ende af spektret, dvs. for bly mellem 100 og 2000 ppm og for cadmium mellem 75 og 2000 ppm.
The selected jewellery parts represent the entire concentration span though focus was on the low end of the spectrum i.e. for lead between 100 and 2000 ppm and for cadmium between 75 and 2000 ppm.
Årsagen hertil var ønsket om at belyse, hvor stor en lovovertrædelse der skal til, før der kan forekomme en sundhedsrisiko.
The reason for this was a desire to clarify how big a violation of the law it would take before a health risk could occur.
4.1.2 Jævn fordeling i de overordnede kategorier guld, sølv og uægte metal
4.1.2 Even distribution of the overall categories gold, silver and non-precious metal
4.1.3 Jævn fordeling i de specificerede produktkategorier
4.1.3 Even distribution in the specified product categories
Dog blev der ikke medtaget delsmykker fra kategorien 'Juvelersmykker sølv', idet disse ikke var fokus for projektet.
Yet no jewellery parts were included from the category “genuine silver” because these were not in the project focus.
4.1.4 Forfordeling blandt typer af delsmykker og smykketyper
4.1.4 Conditional distribution among types of jewellery parts and jewellery types.
70% af de undersøgte vedhæng (hørende til produkttyperne øreringe, halskæder og armbånd) viste sig at indeholde over 100 ppm bly, mens det for cadmium gjaldt, at 78% af de undersøgte vedhæng havde et cadmium indhold over 75 ppm.
70% of the analysed pendants (belonging to the product types earrings, necklaces and bracelets) showed a content of more than 100 ppm lead while for cadmium 78% of the analysed pendants had a cadmium content of more than 75 ppm.
Der blev således under udvælgelsen fokuseret på at vælge flere vedhæng end f.eks. ringe og armbånd.
Thus, during the selection it was attempted to choose more pendants than e.g. rings and bracelets.
Derudover blev det forsøgt så vidt muligt at få et repræsentativt udsnit af de forskellige produkttyper (armbånd, halskæder mv.); dog var der begrænsede valgmuligheder blandt enkelte produkttyper (bl.
In addition it was attempted as far as possible to get a representative segment of the different product types (bracelet, necklaces etc.).
a. piercingsmykker og ankelkæder), hvilket betød, at der blev udvalgt en overvægt af delsmykker hørende til de andre produkttyper (især halskæder).
Yet there were limited choices among the separate product types (i.e. piercing jewellery and ankle chains), which meant that a majority of the selected jewellery parts belonged to other product types (especially necklaces).
4.1.5 Udvalgte delsmykker til migrationstest
4.1.5 Selected jewellery parts for migration test
Under udvælgelsen af delsmykker til migrationstest, blev det som hovedregel forsøgt at udvælge delsmykker, som fordelte sige ligeligt blandt udvælgelseskriterierne (indhold af tungmetal, belægning, produkttype samt delsmykketype).
During the selection of jewellery parts for migration test it was as a main rule attempted to select jewellery parts that were distributed evenly among the selection criteria (content of heavy metals, coating, product type and type of jewellery part).
Dog blev der i relation til udvælgelseskriteriet 'indhold af tungmetal' udvalgt flere delsmykker blandt dem, der havde et forholdsvist lavt indhold af tungmetal.
Yet in relation to the selection criterion ”content of heavy metal” a proportional larger amount of jewellery parts were selected among those that had a relatively low content of heavy metal.
Årsagen hertil var at afklare, hvorvidt der kunne være en sundhedsmæssig problemstilling relateret til smykker, der havde et indhold af hhv. bly og cadmium omkring den tilladte grænse.
The reason for this was to clarify whether there could be a health related problem related to jewellery that had a content of lead and cadmium respectively close to the permitted limit.
Ligeledes blev der i relation til delsmykketyper, udvalgt forholdsvis flere delsmykker af typen vedhæng, idet knap 80% af disse ifølge XRF-screeningen viste sig at indeholde tungmetal.
Likewise relatively more jewellery parts of the pendant type were selected because 80% of these according to the XRF-screening contained heavy metal.
Det skal påpeges, at det grundet det begrænsede antal indkøbte smykker ikke var muligt at lave en 100% ligelig fordeling.
It must be pointed out that it was not possible to make a 100 % even distribution due to the limited number of purchased jewellery.
I bilag K er vist, hvorledes de udvalgte delsmykker opfylder udvælgelseskriterierne.
In appendix K it is demonstrated how the chosen jewellery parts meet the selection criteria.
De 25 delsmykker blev analyseret for afgivelse af følgende metaller: As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb og Se.
The 25 jewellery parts were analysed for migration of the following metals: As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb and Se.
Metoden, der blev anvendt, var ”Migration til kunstig sved” efter DS/EN 1811:2000.
The method used was ”Migration to artificial sweat” according to DS/EN 1811:2000.
Opløsningen til kunstig sved bestod af:
The solution for artificial sweat consisted of:
Prøvestykker á 2 g med varierende areal blev anbragt i 25 ml kunstig sved og henstillet ved 40 °C i 4 timer.
Sample pieces (2 g) with a variable area was placed in 25 ml artificial sweat and placed at 40 °C for 4 hours.
Derpå blev vandfasen dekanteret fra prøvestykkerne.
Afterwards the water phase was decanted from the sample pieces.
Vandfasen blev efterfølgende undersøgt for indhold af afgivne metaller ved optisk emissionsspektrometri (ICP-OES).
Subsequently the water phase was analysed for content of emitted metals by optic emission spectrometry (ICP-OES).
De bestemte indhold blev angivet i forhold til såvel prøvevægt (µg ekstraheret metal per gram prøve) som i forhold til prøvens overflade (µg ekstraheret metal per cm²).
The identified contents were given in relation to sample weight (µg extracted metal per gram sample) as well as in relation to the surface of the sample (µg extracted metal per cm²).
Den afklippede side fra delsmykker belagt eller legeret med guld eller sølv blev bagsiden dækket med voks for at sikre sig, at migrationen kun skete fra de dele af metallet, der var belagt/legeret med ædelmetaller.
After cutting of the jewellery part, the exposed side was covered with wax in order to make sure that migration only happened from the parts of the sample which were coated or alloyed with precious metals.
Som detektionsgrænse blev anvendt det, der svarer til ca. 5 gange detektionsgrænsen for ICP-OES analysen.
As detection limit was used what resembles 5 times the detection limit for the ICP-OES analysis.
Der er udført dobbeltbestemmelse på samtlige prøver.
Duplicate determination was performed on all tests.
Dog fandtes to delsmykker (begge nålestikker) kun i så små mængder, at prøvestykker á 2 x 2 g ikke kunne opnås.
Yet two jewellery parts (both ear pins) were so small, that sample pieces on 2 x 2 g could not be extracted.
I disse to tilfælde er en mindre prøvevægt anvendt, og detektionsgrænsen er estimeret til den aktuelle prøvevægt.
In these two cases a smaller sample weight was used and the detection limit was estimated to be the actual sample weight.
I en del tilfælde var dobbeltbestemmelser ikke i forventet indbyrdes overensstemmelse.
In some cases the duplicate determinations were not in concordance.
I disse tilfælde er metalbestemmelsen ved ICP-OES gentaget, uden at dette dog generelt har medført anderledes resultater.
In these cases the analysis of metals was repeated using the ICP-OES, though without any deviation from already found results.
Da smykkerne varierer meget i udformning, kan det være vanskeligt at bestemme arealet nøjagtigt, hvorfor arealbestemmelsen er sket med nogen tilnærmelse.
As the jewellery varies a lot in their design it can be difficult to measure the area precisely and therefore the measurement of the area took place with some approximation.
Resultaterne for migration til kunstig sved beregnet i forhold til prøvevægt (µg ekstraheret metal per gram prøve) er præsenteret i Tabel 4-1.
The results for migration to artificial sweat calculated in relation to sample weight (µg extracted metal per gram sample) are presented in Table 4-1.
Værdierne repræsenterer gennemsnitsværdien for de to dobbelttest.
The values represent the average value for the duplicate determinations.
I tilfælde, hvor de to dobbelttest afviger signifikant fra hinanden, er begge værdier præsenteret.
In cases where the two determinations deviate significantly from each other both values are presented.
Tabel 4-1: Resultater for migrationsanalyse (kunstig sved) af metaller fra 25 delsmykker.
Table 4-1: Results from migration analysis (artificial sweat) of metals from 25 jewellery parts.
Del-smykke nr.
Jewellery part no.
NB. Prøver markeret med * er udført med justeret kvantifikationsgrænse pga. reduceret prøvestørrelse.
NB. Samples marked with * have been performed with an adjusted detection limit due to reduced sample size.
Resultater for migration til kunstig sved beregnet i forhold til prøveareal (µg ekstraheret metal per cm²) er præsenteret i bilag J.
Results for migration to artificial sweat calculated in relation to sample area (µg extracted metal per cm²) are presented in appendix J.
NB: Prøver hvor dobbeltværdien har afveget væsentligt er den højeste værdi medregnet.
NB: In samples where the duplicate determination deviated significantly the highest value has been used.
Som det ses i Figur 4-1 er der ingen umiddelbar sammenhæng mellem migration og indhold af de forskellige metaller, dvs. man kan ikke antage, at en høj koncentration af metallet i smykket medfører en høj migration.
As it is shown in Figure 4-1 there is no immediate relation between the migration and the content of the different metals. i.e. it is not possible to assume that a high concentration of the metal in jewellery gives a high migration.
Det skal dog bemærkes, at for smykker, hvor blyindholdet ligger under ca. 1% er der stort set ingen migration fundet sted.
It must be noted though that for jewellery where the content of lead is less than approximately 1% hardly no migration has occurred.
Lignende tendens ses ikke for de andre metaller (se bilag L).
A similar tendency was not observed for the other metals (see appendix L).
Azofarvestoffer er kendetegnet ved at være letopløselige.
Azo-dyes are characterized by being easily soluble.
Screeningen bestod i, at tekstilkæderne blev nedsænket i vand (40 grader) i 4 timer.
The screening was performed by lowering the textile necklaces in water (40 degrees) for a period of 4 hours.
Farvede ekstrakter i vandet er en indikation af et muligt indhold af azofarvestoffer, der kan danne aromatiske aminer (bl.
Coloured extracts in the water are an indication of a possible content of azo-dyes which can form aromatic amines (among these benzidine) by degradation.
I nogle tilfælde kunne det dog ikke undgås, at enkelte vedhæng ligeledes havde kontakt med vandet.
Though, in a few cases, it could not be avoided that the pendant as well was in contact with the water.
5.1 Resultater af screeningen
5.1 Results of the screening
Resultaterne af screeningstesten kan ses i bilag I, som indeholder følgende informationer for hver tekstilkæde:
The results of the screening test can be seen in Appendix I which contains the following information related to each textile necklace:
- Farveudslag (1= ja; 0 = nej)
- Colouring of the water (1= yes; 0 = no)
- Farven på udslaget
- Shade of colour
- Styrken af farveudslag (1 = svag; 2 = medium; 3 = kraftig)
- Degree of colouring (1 = weak; 2 = medium; 3 = strong)
I alt viste 55 ud af de 62 undersøgte tekstilsmykker farveudslag.
55 of the 62 examined textile necklaces resulted in colouring of the water.
Af disse viste de 27, hvilket svarer til ca. 44% af de undersøgte tekstilsmykker, et kraftigt farveudslag.
Of these 27, which corresponds to approximately 44% of the examined textile necklaces, showed a strong colouring.
Styrke af udslag
Degree of colouring