natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Mediankoncentrationer for PFOS var henholdsvis 23,7 og 16,3 ng/mL; således havde børnene lavere niveauer.
The median concentrations were for PFOS respectively 23.7 and 16.3 ng/mL; thus the children had lower levels.
Koncentrationer af andre forureninger var meget lavere: henholdsvis 2,4 og 4,5 ng/mL for PFOA.
Levels of the other contaminants were much lower: 2.4 and 4.5 ng/mL, respectively, for PFOA.
Den anden gruppe bestod af 103 børn på 7 år, og prøverne blev indsamlet i 1993 -1994.
The second group consisted of 103 children 7 years of age and samples collected in 1993-1994.
Mediankoncentrationen af PFOS var 29 ng/mL og for PFOA 5,5 ng/mL.
The median concentration for PFOS was 29 ng/mL and for PFOA 5.5 ng/mL.
Alle stoffer, undtagen PFBS, blev kvantificeret i alle prøverne.
All chemicals, besides PFBS, were quantified in all samples.
Koncentrationerne var højest for PFOS og PFOA.
The concentrations of PFOS and PFOA were highest.
Resultaterne vises i Tabel 8.2:
The results are shown in Table 8.2:
Tabel 8.2: Niveauer af fluorkemikalier i polsk blod (Falandysz et al., 2006)
Table 8.2: Levels of fluorinated chemicals in Polish blood (Falandysz et al. 2006)
8.2.2.10 Niveauer i Italien
8.2.2.10 Levels in Italy
De fleste prøver indeholdt PFOS (gennemsnit: 4,3 ng/mL), en tredjedel indeholdt PFHxS (gennemsnit 1,7 ng/mL), og 10% indeholdt PFOSA (gennemsnit: 1,8 ng/mL).
Most samples contained PFOS (mean: 4.3 ng/mL), a third contained PFHxS (mean 1.7 ng/mL), and 10% contained PFOSA (mean: 1.8 ng/mL).
PFOA blev ikke detekteret, men detektionsgrænsen var også ret høj (3 ng/mL).
PFOA was not detected but the limit of detection was also rather high (3 ng/mL).
8.2.2.11 Niveauer i Sri Lanka
8.2.2.11 Levels in Sri Lanka
Ret høje niveauer af perfluorerede kemikalier blev fundet i blod fra Sri Lanka (Guruge et al., 2004).
Rather high levels of perfluorinated chemicals were found in blood from Sri Lanka (Guruge et al. 2004).
Niveauerne i hovedstaden Colombo var lidt højere end dem fra et landområde.
The levels in the capital Colombo were a little higher than in a rural area.
Maksimale serumkoncentrationer var 18 ng PFOS/mL og 23 ng PFOA/mL.
Maximum serum concentrations were 18 ng PFOS/mL and 23 ng PFOA/mL.
Koncentrationer af 12 perfluorstoffer (PFOS, PFOSA, PFBS, PFHxS, PFOA, PFPeA, PFHxA, PFHpA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnA og PFDoA) blev analyseret 30 prøver af blodserum og sædvæske fra Sri Lanka (Guruge et al., 2005).
Concentrations of 12 perfluorinated substances (PFOS, PFOSA, PFBS, PFHxS, PFOA, PFPeA, PFHxA, PFHpA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnA and PFDoA) were analysed in 30 human sera and in seminal plasma from Sri Lanka (Guruge et al. 2005).
PFBS, PFOSA og PFPeA var under detektionsgrænserne.
PFBS, PFOSA and PFPeA were below the detection limits.
Seks af disse stoffer (PFOS, PFHxS, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA og PFUnA) blev fundet i alle serumprøver, mens kun PFOS og PFHxS var til stede i sædvæsken.
Six of these chemicals (PFOS, PFHxS, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA and PFUnA) were found in all serum samples but only PFOS and PFHxS were present in seminal plasma.
Således er PFOA-niveauerne i Sri Lanka højere end niveauerne for PFOS.
Thus PFOA levels in Sri Lanka are higher than that of PFOS.
8.2.2.12 Niveauer i Korea
8.2.2.12 Levels in Korea
I Korea blev 50 fuldblodprøver fra Daegu, den fjerdestørste by i Korea, analyseret (Yang et al., 2004; Kannan et al., 2004).
In Korea 50 whole blood samples from Daegu, the fourth largest city in Korea were analysed (Yang et al. 2004; Kannan et al. 2004).
Gennemsnitskoncentrationen af PFOA (88 ng/mL) var højere end koncentrationen af PFOS (15 ng/mL).
The mean concentration of PFOA (88 ng/mL) was higher than that of PFOS (15 ng/mL).
Der var ingen afhængighed af køn og alder.
There were no sex or age dependencies.
Mærkelig nok var PFOA kun bestemt i 19-25% af disse prøver.
Curiously, PFOA was only determined in 19-25% of these samples.
Dette kan forklares ved individuel eksponering fra en lokal kilde.
This may be explained by individual exposure to a local source.
8.2.2.13 Niveauer i Peru
8.2.2.13 Levels in Peru
Calafat et al. (2006a) målte 11 perfluorstoffer i serumprøver samlet i 2003 fra 44 indbyggere fra Trujillo i Peru.
Calafat et al. (2006a) measured 11 perfluorinated chemicals in serum samples collected in 2003 from 44 residents from Trujillo in Peru.
De blev kun bestemt i mindre end 25% af prøverne.
Perfluorinated chemicals were only determined in less than 25% of the samples.
95th percentilen for serumkoncentrationer af PFOS var 1,0 ng/mL, af PFOA var 0,3 ng/mL og af PFHxS 0,4 ng/mL.
The 95th percentile serum concentrations of PFOS was 1.0 ng/mL, of PFOA was 0.3 ng/mL and of PFHxS 0.4 ng/mL.
8.2.2.14 Niveauer i Arktis
8.2.2.14 Levels in the arctic
I Arktis er menneskeblodniveauer generelt lavere end i industrialiserede områder.
In the Arctic the human blood levels are generally lower than in industrialised areas.
Højeste niveauer (median 16 ng/mL; max. 49 ng/mL) blev fundet for PFOS I Nordrusland fulgt af Norge (median 16 ng/mL; max. 28 ng/mL); laveste niveauer i Sibirien (median 9 ng/mL; max. 14 ng/mL).
Highest levels (median 16 ng/mL; max. 49 ng/mL) were found for PFOS in North Russia followed by Norway (median 16 ng/mL; max. 28 ng/mL); lowest levels in Siberia (median 9 ng/mL; max. 14 ng/mL).
For PFOA var niveauerne meget lavere og næsten de samme de tre steder (median 2 ng/mL; max. 6 ng/mL).
For PFOA the levels were much lower and about similar the three places (median 2 ng/mL; Max. 6 ng/mL).
For PFNA var niveauerne i Nordrusland (median 6 ng/mL; max. 16 ng/mL) ca. fem gange højere end de andre steder.
For PFNA the levels in North Russia (median 6 ng/mL; max. 16 ng/mL) were about five times higher than the other places.
Tilstedeværelsen af perfluorerede forbindelser i 23 arkiverede sammenblandede prøver af blodplasma fra kvinder i den nordlige befolkning i Canada blev undersøgt af Tittlemier et al. (2004).
The presence of perfluorinated compounds in 23 archived pooled samples of blood plasma from females of the northern population in Canada was studied by Tittlemier et al. (2004).
Gennemsnitsniveauerne var 36,9 ng PFOS/mL og 2,2 ng PFOA/mL.
Average levels were 36.9 ng PFOS/mL and 2.2 ng PFOA/mL.
Der var ikke nogen forskel mellem niveauerne i inuit og kaukasiske indbyggere, som der er for PCB og dioxin, så kilden til eksponeringen kunne ikke være føden.
There was no difference between levels in Inuit and Caucasian people as there are for PCB and dioxin, thus the source of exposure may not be food.
OECD har lavet en oversigt over PFOS og PFOA-niveauer i menneskeblod samlet fra forskellige lande fra 1998-2000.
OECD has made an overview of PFOS and PFOA levels in human blood sampled in various countries from 1998-2000.
De gennemsnitlige PFOS-niveauer rangerede fra 17-53 ng/mL for PFOS og 3-17 ng/mL for PFOA (OECD 2002).
The average PFOS levels ranged 17-53 ng/mL for PFOS and 3-17 ng/mL for PFOA (OECD 2002).
PFOS og andre perfluorstoffer blev bestemt i blodserum fra den generelle befolkning i USA, Indien og Italien af Kannan et al. (2003).
PFOS and other perfluorinated chemicals were determined in blood serum from the general population of the USA, India and Italy by Kannan et al. (2003).
PFOS-niveauer (gennemsnit: 32 ng/mL) i amerikanere er 7-8 gange højere end i italienere, som igen har dobbelt så høje niveauer i forhold til indere.
PFOS levels (mean: 32 ng/mL) in Americans are 7-8 times higher than in Italians who again have twice the levels of Indians.
I størstedelen af prøverne fra USA blev PFHxS, PFOA og PFOSA også detekteret (gennemsnit: henholdsvis 3,9, 5,1, og 3,4 ng/mL).
In the majority of samples from the USA PFHxS, PFOA and PFOSA were also detected (means: 3.9, 5.1, and 3.4 ng/mL, respectively).
På den anden side havde en tredjedel af prøverne fra Italien og Indien sporbare niveauer af PFHxS, men PFOA og PFOSA kun var sporbare i nogle få eller ingen prøver.
On the contrary, one third of the samples from Italy and India had detectable levels of PFHxS while PFOA and PFOSA only were detectable in a few or zero samples.
Koncentrationen af PFNA og PFDA var mellem 0,5 og 1 ng/mL.
The concentration of PFNA and PFDA was between 0.5 and 1 ng/mL.
Der blev ikke set nogen variation i køn eller alder.
No variation in sex or age was seen.
En anden undersøgelse af Kannan et al. (2004) berettede om koncentrationer af perfluorerede forbindelser (PFOS, PFHxS, PFOA, PFOSA) i 473 blod/serum/plasma-prøver fra 9 lande (USA, Columbia, Brasilien, Belgien, Italien, Polen, Indien, Malaysia og Korea).
A later study of Kannan et al. (2004) reported concentrations of perfluorinated compounds (PFOS, PFHxS, PFOA, PFOSA) in 473 blood/serum/plasma samples from 9 countries (USA, Columbia, Brazil, Belgium, Italy, Poland, India, Malaysia and Korea).
I alle lande, udover Korea, var PFOS langt den dominerende forurening med gennemsnitsværdier rangerende fra 66 ng/mL i Kentucky, USA, og til 2,3 ng/mL i Indien.
In all countries, besides Korea, PFOS was far the dominating contaminant with means values ranging from 66 ng/mL in Kentucky, USA, and to 2.3 ng/mL in India.
Figur 8.1 og Figur 8.2 viser data fra forskellige lande af PFOS og PFOA i henholdsvis blodserum/plasma og fuldblod.
Figure 8.1 and Figure 8.2 show data from various countries of PFOS and PFOA in blood serum/plasma and whole blood, respectively.
Adskillelsen I to diagramer skyldes at fuldblodniveauer vil være 2-3 gange lavere end serum og plasmaniveauer, fordi PFC'er er knyttet til serum proteiner.
The separation is due to that whole blood levels will be 2-3 times lower than serum/plasma levels, because PFCs are attached to the serum proteins.
Figur 8.1: Gennemsnitlige koncentrationer af PFOS og PFOA i menneskeblod (serum/plasma) fra forskellige lande.
Figure 8.1: Average concentrations of PFOS and PFOA in human blood serum/plasma from various countries.
8.2.2.16 Sammenfatning og konklusion
8.2.2.16 Summary and conclusion
Blodkoncentrationer af PFC'er er blevet målt i mange lande men mest i USA, hvor niveuerne generelt er høje.
Blood levels of perfluorinated chemicals have been monitored in many countries but most data has been published from USA.
I alle lande undtagen Korea, er PFOS blevet bestemt i meget højere koncentration end de andre PFC'er.
In all countries, besides Korea, PFOS has been determined in far higher concentrations than the other PFCs.
Typiske gennemsnitlige serum koncentrationer af PFOS i industrialiserede lande er 20-30 ng/mL med maksimum niveauer på mindre end 100 ng/mL.
Typical average serum levels of PFOS in industrialized countries are 20-30 ng/mL with maximum levels less than 100 ng/mL.
Nogle af de højeste PFOS blodniveauer (2-3 gange de typiske niveauer) i den almindelige befolkning blev konstateret i industriområder i USA of Kina.
Some of the highest PFOS blood levels (2-3 times the typical levels) in the general population were determined in industrial areas of USA and China.
Perfluorerede forbindelser blev undersøgt i moderblod og i navlestrengsblod i 15 gravide japanske kvinder.
Perfluorinated compounds were investigated in maternal blood and in cord blood in 15 pregnant Japanese women.
PFOSA blev ikke detekteret i nogen prøve (Inoue et al., 2004).
PFOSA was not detected in any samples (Inoue et al. 2004).
Niveauer af perfluorerede forbindelser i blodplasma fra navlestrenge (arkiverede sammenblandede prøver) fra kvinder i den nordlige befolkning i Canada var ca. halvdelen af moderblodet eller lidt højere end fundet i Japan (Tittlemier et al., 2004).
Levels of perfluorinated compounds in cord blood plasma (archive pooled samples) from females of the northern population in Canada were about the half of maternal blood or a little higher than in Japan (Tittlemier et al. 2004).
Midasch et al. (2007) bestemte PFOS og PFOA i moderblod og navlestrengsblodplasma fra 11 tyske mødre.
Midasch et al. (2007) determined PFOS and PFOA in maternal blood and cord blood plasma from 11 German mothers.
PFOS og PFOA blev detekteret i alle prøver med geometriske gennemsnitskoncentrationer på henholdsvis 4,9 ng/mL og 1,6 ng/mL.
PFOS and PFOA were detected in all samples with geometric mean concentrations of 4.9 ng/mL and 1.6 ng/mL, respectively.
En sammenligning af PFOS og PFOA i 200 moderblodplasmaprøver og 50 blodplasmaprøver fra navlestrenge i Danmark 1996-2002 viste, at de gennemsnitlige niveauer i moderblodet af PFOS (29,9 ng/mL) var 2½ gang niveauerne i navlestrengsblodet (11,0 ng/mL).
A comparison of PFOS and PFOA in 200 maternal (second sampling) and 50 cord blood plasma samples from Denmark 1996-2002 showed that the average levels in maternal blood of PFOS (29.9 ng/mL) were 2½ times the levels in cord blood (11.0 ng/mL).
Forskellen var meget mindre for PFOA, der havde de nedre gennemsnitsniveauer på 4,5 ng/mL i moderblodet og 3,7 ng/mL i navlestrengsblodet (Fei et al., 2007).
The difference was much smaller for PFOA having the lower average levels of 4.5 ng/mL in maternal blood and 3.7 ng/mL in cord blood (Fei et al. 2007).
8.3 Niveauer i sæd
8.3 Levels in semen
Ret høje niveauer af perfluorerede kemikalier blev fundet i blod og sæd fra Sri Lanka (Guruge et al., 2004).
Rather high levels of perfluorinated chemicals were found in blood and semen from Sri Lanka (Guruge et al. 2004).
Niveauerne i hovedstaden Colombo var lidt højere end i et landområde.
The levels in the capital Colombo were a little higher than in a rural area.
Niveauerne i sæd var ti gange lavere end i blodserum.
Levels in semen were ten times lower than in blood serum.
Maksimale blodserumskoncentrationer var 18 ng PFOS/mL og 23 ng PFOZ/mL.
Maximum blood serum concentrations were 18 ng PFOS/mL and 23 ng PFOA/mL.
Levere fra 31 amerikanske bloddonorer blev analyseret for fluorkemikalier af Olsen et al. (2003a).
Livers from 31 American deceased donors were analysed for fluorochemicals by Olsen et al. (2003a).
PFOS-koncentrationer fra lever rangerede mellem <4,5 til 57 ng/mL, med i ca. halvdelen af leverprøverne var niveauerne under grænsen for kvantifikation.
Liver PFOS concentrations ranged between <4.5 to 57 ng/mL but in about half of the liver samples levels were below the limit of quantification.
Gennemsnittene af de positive prøver var 28,0 ng/g ww for leveren.
The means of the positive samples were 28.0 ng/g ww for liver.
Det gennemsnitlige forhold mellem serum og lever var 1:3.
The mean serum to liver ratio was 1.3.
Kun en lever havde målbart indhold af PFOA.
Only one liver had measurable contents of PFOA.
9 Toksicitet i mennesker
9 Toxicity to humans
En gammel undersøgelse af kemiske fabriksarbejder, der blev eksponeret til fluorkemikalier i luften (op til 3,9 mg/m³) i årevis, viste, at disse arbejdere havde ca. 100 gange højere niveauer af organisk fluor i deres blod (1-71 mg/L serum) end mennesker fra den generelle befolkning.
An old study of chemical plant workers exposed to fluorochemicals in the air (up to 3.9 mg/m³) for years showed that these workers had about 100 times higher levels of organic fluorine in their blood (1-71 mg/L serum) than people from the general population.
Dog skyldtes ingen sygdomspåvirkninger en eksponering til disse fluorkemikalier.
However, no ill effects were attributable to exposure to these fluorochemicals.
Halveringstiden af PFOA i disse arbejdere blev vurderet til at være 18-24 måneder (Ubel et al., 1980).
The half-life of PFOA in these workers was estimated to be 18-24 months (Ubel et al. 1980).
En nylig undersøgelse af 24 pensionerede fluorkemikalie-arbejdere viste, at gennemsnitshalveringstiden i menneskeblod var 5,4 år for PFOS, 8,5 år for PFHxS og 3,8 år for PFOA (Olsen et al., 2007a).
A recent investigation of 24 retired fluorochemical workers showed that the mean half-lives in human blood were 5.4 years for PFOS, 8.5 years for PFHxS, and 3.8 years for PFOA (Olsen et al. 2007a).
Halveringstiderne af de fluorerede kemikalier i den generelle befolkning, som er 10-100 gange mindre kontaminerede end for de pensionerede arbejder, kan dog være længere.
The half-lives of the fluorinated chemicals in the general population, who is 10-100 times less contaminated than the retired workers, may be even longer.
Udskillelse igennem nyrerne af PFOA og PFOS er næsten ubetydelig i mennesker (Harada et al., 2005), hvilket betyder, at disse kemikalier forlader blodet via fordeling til indre organer som f.eks. leveren og nyrer.
The renal clearances of PFOA and PFOS are almost neglible in humans (Harada et al. 2005), which means that when these chemicals leave the blood a redistribution probably to internal organs such as the liver and kidneys will happen.
Opholdstiderne i disse organer er ikke kendt, men må være meget længere.
The residence times in these organs are not known but must be very much longer.
Fund i dyrestudier antyder, at PFOA indvirker på hormonale tilstande og metabolisme af fedtstoffer i mennesker.
Findings in animal studies suggest that PFOA affects hormonal states and metabolism of lipids in humans.
Dog er der ikke blevet observeret markante korrelationer mellem serumniveauer af PFOA (gennemsnit: 5-7 mg/L) og noget biologisk parameter i ammoniumperfluoroctanoat udsatte fabriksarbejdere (Olsen et al., 1998, 1999, 2000).
However, no significant correlation has been observed between serum levels of PFOA (mean 5-7 mg/L) and any biological parameter in ammonium perfluorooctanoate plant workers (Olsen et al. 1998; 1999; 2000).
Et retrospektiv gruppedødelighedsstudie over en arbejdsstyrke, der producerede perfluoroctansulfonylfluorid (PFOSF), rapporterede om en overvægt af blærekræft baseret på 3 dødsfald (SMR 12,77) ved jobs med høj eksponering (Alexander et al., 2003).
A retrospective cohort mortality study of a perfluorooctane sulfonyl fluoride (PFOSF) production workforce reported an excess of bladder cancer based on 3 deaths (SMR 12.77) at high-exposure jobs (Alexander et al. 2003).
Arbejdere ved en PFOA-produktionsfabrik i USA, hvis serumsniveauer havde et gennemsnit på 5 ppm, havde ingen øgning i cancerdødelighed relateret til PFOA (Olsen et al., 2004).
Workers at a PFOA production plant in the USA whose serum levels averaged 5 ppm had no excess of cancer mortality related to PFOA (Olsen et al. 2004).
Olsen et al. (1998) konkluderede, at der var rimelig sikkerhed for, at der ikke var markante hormonale ændringer forbundet med PFOA i serumsniveauer målt blandt disse mandlige produktionsmedarbejdere.
Olsen et al. (1998) concluded there was reasonable assurance of no substantial hormonal changes associated with PFOA at serum levels measured among these male production employees.
I en undersøgelse af Apelberg et al. (2007b) blev forholdet mellem PFOS og PFOA-koncentrationerne og svangerskabsuge, fødselsvægt og -længde undersøgt, og konklusionerne var, at reduktioner i fødselsvægt, ponderal index og i hovedomkreds kunne være relateret til PFOS og PFOA-koncentrationer ved vaginale fødsler.
In a study by Apelberg et al. (2007b) the relationship between PFOS and PFOA concentrations and gestational age, birth weight, and birth size was investigated, and the conclusions were that reductions of birth weight, ponderal index and of head circumference were associated with PFOS and PFOA concentrations among vaginal deliveries.
En lignende omvendt relation vedrørende moderens PFOA-koncentration og barnets fødselsvægt blev fundet af Fei et al. (2007).
A similar inverse association concerning maternal PFOA concentration and birth weight was found by Fei et al. (2007).
10 Dyreforsøg og in vitro tests
10 Animal bioassays and in vitro tests
10.1 Toxicokinetic og metabolisme
10.1 Toxicokinetics and metabolism
Ca. 93% af en oral dosis af PFOA givet til rotter, blev absorberet, og de højeste blodniveauer blev nået 1-2 timer efter dosering (Hundley et al. 2006).
About 93% of an oral dose of PFOA given to rats was absorbed, and peak blood levels were attained 1-2 h after dosing (Hundley et al. 2006).
Også en oral dosis af 8:2 FTOH absorberes let i rotter, men hudsabsorberingen var ubetydelig.
Also an oral dose of 8:2 FTOH is readily absorbed in rats but the skin absorption was neglible.
Den maksimale koncentration i blodet forekom 1 time efter oraldosering, og den aftog hurtigt med en halveringstid på mindre end 5 timer (Fasano et al., 2006).
The maximum concentration in the blood occurred by 1 hour after oral dosing, and it cleared rapidly with a half-life of less than 5 hours (Fasano et al. 2006).
PFOA og PFOS betragtes begge som værende metabolisk inaktive (Clark et al., 1973).
PFOA and PFOS are both considered being metabolically inert (Clark et al. 1973).
Andre perfluoralkylsyrer med kortere eller længere alkylkæde har lignende egenskaber.
Other perfluoroalkyl acids with shorter or longer alkyl chain do have similar properties.
Deres forstadier og funktionelle derivativer vil slutteligt blive omdannet til deres basissyrer.
Their precursors and functional derivatives will ultimately be transformed to their basic acids.
For eksempel omdannes 8:2 fluortelomeralkoholen og dens phosphater let til PFOA, PFNA og andre stofskifteprodukter i mus og rotter (Hagen et al., 1981; Kudo et al., 2005; Fasano et al., 2006; Henderson og Smith, 2007; D'Eon og Mabury, 2007).
For example, the fluorotelomer alcohol 8:2 FTOH and its phosphates are rapidly transformed to PFOA, PFNA and other metabolites in mice and rats (Hagen et al. 1981; Kudo et al. 2005; Fasano et al. 2006; Henderson and Smith 2007; D'Eon and Mabury 2007).
Omdannelsen i rotteleverceller katalyseres af cytochrom P-450 enzymsystemer (Martin et al., 2005).
The transformation in rat hepatocytes is catalyzed by cytochrom P-450 (Martin et al. 2005).
Omkring 20% af en oraldosis på100 ppm EtFOSE omdannes i hanrotter til PFOS (Thomford et al., 2002).
About 20% of an oral dose of 100 ppm EtFOSE is in male rat metabolised to PFOS (Thomford et al. 2002).
Rottelevers microsomale fraktion nedbryder også EtFOSE via de-alkylering til PFOSE og videre til PFOSA og sluttelig til PFOS (Xu et al., 2004).
Rat liver microsomal fractions also degrade EtFOSE by de-alkylation to FOSE and further to FOSA and finally to PFOS (Xu et al. 2004).
PFOA og PFOS binder til proteiner og akkumulerer - mere eller mindre afhængig af dyrearter og køn - i forskellige kropsvæv, hovedsagelig i blod, lever og nyrer i udsatte dyr (i alt 88% i hanrotter), men også i lunger, hjerte, hud, testikler (3% i hanrotter) og hjerne (Vanden Heuvel et al., 1992; Austin et al., 2003; Hundley et al., 2006).
PFOA and PFOS bind to proteins and accumulate - more or less depending on animal species and sex - in various body tissues, mainly in blood, liver, and kidneys of exposed organisms (in total 88% in male rats) but also in lungs, heart, skin, testes (3% in male rats) and brain (Vanden Heuvel et al 1992; Austin et al. 2003; Hundley et al. 2006).
Akkumuleringen i fedtvæv og muskler er minimal.
The accumulation in fat tissues and muscles is, however, minimal.
Kudo og medarbejdere (2001) undersøgte PFCA'er med forskellig kædelængde (C7 - C10) i hanrottelever.
Kudo and co-workers (2001) studied PFCAs with different chain length (C7 - C10) in male liver.
Resultatet viste, at jo længere en kæde, desto mere af forbindelsen blev akkumuleret i leveren.
The result showed that the longer the chain the more of the compound was accumulated in the liver.
Er PFOA en gang absorberet i kroppen, elimineres PFOA som den frie carboxylsyre hovedsageligt med urinen og i mindre omfang i fæces.
Once absorbed in the body PFOA is eliminated as the free carboxylic acid mainly with urine and to a less extent in faeces.
Derfor er eliminering via nyrerne kritisk for detoksificering af disse stoffer (Vanden Heuvel et al., 1991).
Thus the renal elimination is critical for detoxification (Vanden Heuvel et al. 1991).
Forskellen skyldes hovedsageligt forskellen i nyreudskillelsen, som blev markant reduceret af probenezid, hvad der tyder på, at PFOA udskilles af organiske anionbærere.
The difference was mainly due to the difference in renal clearance, which was significantly reduced by probenezid, suggesting that PFOA is excreted by organic anion transporters.
Kastrering af hanrotter forårsagede en stigning på 14 gange i nyreudskillelsen, så den blev sammenlignelig med hunrotter.
Castration of male rats caused a 14-fold increase in renal clearance, comparable with female rats.
Stigningen blev reduceret igen ved behandling med testosteron.
The increase was reduced again by treatment with testosterone.