natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Yamada et al. (2005) undersøgte under laboratorieforhold den termiske nedbrydning af et lille polyester/cellulose stofsubstrat, der var behandlet med en fluortelomer-baseret acrylpolymer, Forholdene repræsenterede konservativt typiske forbrændingsforhold mht. tid, temperatur og niveau af overskudsluften i et kommunalt forbrændingsanlæg med en gennemsnitstemperatur på mindst 1000oC og 2 sekunders opholdstid.
Yamada et al. (2005) investigated the thermal degradation of a small polyester/cellulose fabric substrate treated with a fluorotelomer-based acrylic polymer under laboratory conditions conservatively representing typical combustion conditions of time, temperature, and excess air level in a municipal incinerator, with an average temperature of at least 1000 oC and 2 seconds residence time.
Stoffet blev ødelagt af denne behandling, og der blev ikke målt nogen PFOA, kun SiF4.
The fabric was destroyed by this treatment, and no PFOA was detected, only SiF4.
De resulterende forbindelser var blandinger af stoffer med kortere kæder dannet ved trinvis fjernelse af CF2 (Yamamoto et al., 2007).
The resulting compounds are mixtures of shorter chain compounds by stepwise removal of CF2 (Yamamoto et al. 2007).
Perfluorcarboxylsyrer inklusive PFOA blev effektivt fotonedbrudt efter 4 timer i vand, der indeholdt persulfat (S2O82-) (Hori et al., 2005).
Perfluorocarboxylic acids including PFOA were effectively photodegraded after 4 hrs in water containing persulfate (S2O82-) (Hori et al. 2005).
PFOS og relaterede fluorkemikalier bliver næsten helt nedbrudt i laboratoriet ved brug af metallisk jern i subkritisk vand i seks timer med dannelse af bl.
PFOS and related fluorochemicals are almost completely decomposed in the laboratory using zerovalent iron in subcritical water for six hours forming a. o.
a. CHF3 og F- (Hori et al., 2006).
CHF3 and F- (Hori et al. 2006).
Nogle få minutters ultralydsbestråling af PFOS og PFOA i vandopløsning i laboratoriet omdannede begge kemikalier til perfluoralkylstoffer med en kortere kædelængde (Moriwaki et al., 2005).
A few minutes ultrasonic irradiation of PFOS and PFOA in aqueous solution in the laboratory degraded both chemicals to perfluoroalkyl substances with a shorter chain length (Moriwaki et al. 2005).
6.1.3.2 Nedbrydning I luft
6.1.3.2 Degradation in air
Atmosfærisk levetid for kortkædede fluortelomeralkoholer bestemt med deres reaktion med OH-radikaler, er omkring 20 dage, hvad der gør stofferne i stand til at spredes ca. 7.000 km.
Atmospheric lifetime of short chain FTOHs, as determined with its reaction with OH-radicals, was approximately 20 days making the molecule able to travel about 7000 km.
En mulig kemisk reaktion(mange trin) i atmosfæren er:
A possible chemical reaction (many steps) in the atmosphere is:
Røgkammerforsøg med fluortelomeralkoholer (4:2, 6:2 og 8:2 FTOH), som blev udsat for chloratomer, som et surrogat for OH-radikaler, indikerede, at disse kemikalier i atmosfæren kan oxidere/nedbrydes til serier af perfluorerede carboxylsyrer (Ellis et al., 2004).
Smoke chamber experiments with fluorotelomer alcohols (4:2, 6:2 and 8:2 FTOH) exposed to chlorine atoms, as a surrogate for OH-radicals, indicated that these chemicals in the atmosphere can oxidise/degrade to series of perfluorinated carboxylic acids (Ellis et al. 2004).
Udbyttet fra 8:2 FTOH var hovedsagelig PFNA (1,6%) og PFOA (1,5%) og i mindre omfang syrer med kortere kæder.
The yields from 8:2 FTOH were mainly PFNA (1.6%) and PFOA (1.5%) and to a lesser extend shorter chain acids.
Den atmosfæriske kemi af N-methyl perfluorbutansulfonamidethanol (MeFBSE), et kortkædet alternativ til PFOS-derivativer, blev undersøgt ved reaktion med OH-radikaler (Martin et al., 2006; D'Eon et al., 2006).
The atmospheric chemistry of N-methyl perfluorobutane sulfonamidoethanol (MeFBSE), a short-chain alternative to PFOS derivatives, was studied by reaction with OH radicals (Martin et al. 2006; D'Eon et al. 2006).
Den atmosfæriske levetid af dette basiskemikalie blev anslået til 2 dage; Dog blev det kun nedbrudt til sulfonamiden MeFBSA, som igen havde en atmosfærisk levetiden på >20 dage.
The atmospheric life time of this basic chemical was estimated to 2 days; however, it was only degraded to the sulfonamide MeFBSA, which again had an atmospheric life time of >20 days.
De ultimative nedbrydningsprodukter var de kortkædede syrer, perfluorbutansulfonsyre og perfluorbutansyre, som ikke betragtes som særligt bioakkumulerende.
The ultimate degradation products were perfluorobutane sulfonic acid and perfluorobutanoic acid, short-chain acids which are not considered very bioaccumulative.
Den første målte halveringstid af 8:2 FTOH (renhed 97%) var 0,2 dag/mg af oprindelig biomasseprotein.
The initial measured half-life of the 8:2 FTOH (purity 97%) was 0.2 days/mg of initial biomass protein.
Flygtige og ikke-flygtige metaboliter blev identificeret og kvantificeret.
Volatile and non-volatile metabolites were identified and quantified.
Telomersyrerne: CF3(CF2)7CH2COOH (8:2 FTCA) og CF3(CF2)6CF=CHCOOH (8:2 FTUCA) og PFOA blev identificeret som de vigtigste metaboliter.
The telomer acids: CF3(CF2)7CH2COOH (8:2 FTCA) and CF3(CF2)6CF=CHCOOH (8:2 FTUCA) and PFOA were identified as major metabolites.
Telomersyrerne kan yderligere nedbrydes til PFNA og PFOA.
The telomer acids may further degrade to PFNA and PFOA.
Telomersyrer og PFOA blev identificeret som metaboliter.
Telomer acids and PFOA were identified as metabolites.
85% af telomeralkoholen blev nedbrudt efter en uge.
85% of the telomer alcohol was degraded after a week.
Halveringstiden var ca. en dag.
The half-life was about one day.
Der blev ikke observeret nogen aerobisk nedbrydning af hverken PFOS eller PFOA-derivater.
No aerobic degradation of either PFOS or PFOA derivatives was observed.
Dog skete der mikrobiologisk nedbrydning af PFOS og PFOA i forurenet slam under anaerobisk forhold.
However, microbiological degradation of PFOS and PFOA in contaminated sludge occurred under anaerobic conditions.
PFOS blev bionedbrudt hurtigere end PFOA.
PFOS was biodegraded more easily than PFOA.
Den første forbindelse forsvandt inden for 2 dage og den anden på 25 dage.
The former compound disappeared within 2 days and the later in 25 days.
Nedbrydelsesprodukterne blev ikke identificeret (Schröder, 2003).
The degradation products were not identified (Schröder 2003).
Nedbrydningen af 8:2 FTOH i aktivt slam fra et offentligt spildevandsanlæg er også blevet undersøgt (Wang et al., 2005a).
In another test activated sludge from a domestic sewage plant was used as degradation medium for 8:2 FTOH (Wang et al. 2005a).
Efter 28 dage var 35% omdannet til umættede (5%) og mættede C10-syrer (27%) og PFOA (2,1%).
After 28 days 35% was transformed to unsaturated (5%) and saturated C10 acids (27%) and PFOA (2.1%).
Efter 90 dage blev der observeret en 12% total mineralisering af 8:2 FTOH.
After 90 days a 12% total mineralization of 8:2 FTOH was observed.
Fiebig et al. (2007) fandt, at 8:2 fluortelomeralkohol også blev bionedbrudt under anaerobiske forhold i opløst slam.
Fiebig et al. (2007) found that 8:2 fluorotelomer alcohol also was biodegraded under anaerobic conditions in digested sludge.
Hovednedbrydningsproduktet var dog en 8:2 fluortelomersyre.
The main degradation product was, however, an 8:2 fluorotelomer acid.
Forskere i Clariant Company har fundet ud af, at 8:2 FTOH undergår bioomdannelse i jord til flere oxidationsprodukter, inklusive PFOA.
Researchers at the Clariant Company have found that 8:2 FTOH undergoes biotransformation in soil to oxidation products, including PFOA.
Halveringstiden blev beregnet til 28 dage.
The half-life was calculated to 28 days.
Bundet til en kommerciel acrylat type polymer (til maling?) blev denne telomer ikke frigjort eller nedbrudt i en aerobisk jordtest indenfor et år.
Bound to a commercial acrylate type polymer this telomer was not released or degraded in an aerobic soil test for one year.
Spor af PFOA stammede fra nedbrydning af fluortelomerrester i polymeren (Koch et al., 2007).
Traces of PFOA detected originated from degradation of fluorotelomer residuals in the polymer (Koch et al. 2007).
Bionedbrydning af 8:2 FTOH i jord af to bakteriestammer af Pseudomonas er blevet undersøgt af Liu et al. (2007).
Biodegradation of 8:2 FTOH in soil by two strains of Pseudomonas has been recently investigated by Liu et al. (2007).
De observerede, at omdannelsen af 8:2 FTOH til PFOA var meget afhængig af tilstedeværelsen af andre kulstofskilder, der let bliver metaboliseret.
These authors observed that transformation of 8:2 FTOH to PFOA was highly dependent on the presence of other easily metabolized carbon sources.
De konkluderede, at andre mikroorganismer, der er direkte i stand til at udnytte 8:2 FTOH som kulstofkilde, kan eksistere i miljøet.
However, they concluded that other microbes directly able to utilize 8:2 FTOH as carbon source may exist in the environment.
Forholdene er anderledes for funktionelle derivater (fx. substitutterede sulfonamider and estere) af disse perfluorsyrer samt for andre polyfluorstoffer så som fluortelomeralkoholer.
The case is different with functional derivatives (e.g. substituted sulfonamides and esters) of these perfluorinated acids and with other polyfluorinated substances not fully fluorinated such as fluorotelomer alcohols.
Disse stoffer er delvist nedbrydelige I miljøet og vil efterhånden blive omdannet til de grundlæggende perfluorsyrer/salte, som vil bestå.
These polyfluorinated substances are somewhat degradable in the environment and will slowly but finally be transformed to the basic perfluorinated acids, which will persist.
En fremherskende hypotese om oprindelsen af ikke-flygtige perfluorstoffer som PFOS og PFCAs i afsides områder er at flygtige forstadier transporteres over lange afstande til disse områder, hvor de omdannes til de ikke-flygtige nedbrydningsprodukter.
A prevailing hypothesis on the origin of non-volatile perfluorinated compounds such as PFOS and PFCAs in remote places is that volatile precursors undergo long-range air transportation and hereby reach remote areas.
Emissioner af perfluorerede kemikalier til miljøet kan ske enten direkte fra produktions- og procesanlæg eller under brugen af produkter.
Emissions of polyfluorinated chemicals to the environment may happen either directly from production and processing plants, or during product use.
PFOA afgives hovedsageligt fra produktionen af fluorpolymere, som f.eks. PTFE (Teflon®), og fra brugen af produkter, der indeholder PFOA som en urenhed.
PFOA is mainly emitted from production of fluoropolymers, such as PTFE (e.g. Teflon®), and from use of products containing PFOA as an impurity.
Produktionsprocesser og brug af fluortelomere (imprægnering, brandbekæmpelse etc.) kan afgive udslip af perfluoralkansyrer eller forstadier til miljøet.
Production processes and use of fluorotelomers (impregnation, fire-fighting etc.) may emit polyfluorinated substances, which degrade into the persistent perfluorinated acids in the environment.
Perfluorerede polymere materialer, der bruges til tekstiler, tæpper etc., kan også frigøre løst bundne restmængder af telomeren tilbage fra produktionen, eller det polymeriske materiale kan nedbrydes af varme eller frigøre polyfluorstoffer ved slid.
Fluorinated polymeric materials used for textiles, carpets etc. may also release residual amounts of the telomer that failed to be covalently linked to the polymer during production, or the polymeric material may decomposes itself by heat or release polyfluorinated substances by wearing.
Armitage et al. (2006) vurderede, at mellem 2.700 og 5.900 tons polyfluorforbindelser blev udsendt til miljøet i årene mellem 1950 og 2004.
Armitage et al. (2006) estimated that between 2700 and 5900 tons of polyfluorinated compounds were emitted to the environment between the years 1950 and 2004.
Det største enkelte kildebidrag (~72% af det totale) stammede fra fluorpolymerfremstilling, efterfulgt af fremstilling af ammoniumperfluoroctanoat (~12% af det totale) og fluorpolymeranvendelse (~7% bidrag).
The largest single source contribution (~72% of the total) originated from fluoropolymer manufacturing, followed by ammonium perfluorooctanoate manufacturing (~12% of total) and fluoropolymer dispersion processing (~7% contribution).
Direkte kilder var i denne undersøgelse vurderet til at være ca. en størrelsesorden større end indirekte kilder (emissioner fra produktanvendelse af telomere etc.).
Direct sources were in this study estimated to be approximately an order of magnitude larger than indirect sources (emissions from product application of telomers etc.).
De samlede emissioner fra den globale fluortelomerindustri er blevet vurderet til at bidrage med ca. 1-2% af PFCA målt i Nordamerikas nedbør, svarende til de globale emissionsberegninger (Yarwood et al. 2007).
The overall emissions from the global fluorotelomer industry have been estimated to contribute approx. 1-2% of the PFCAs in North American rainfall, considered consistent with previous global emissions estimates (Yarwood et al. 2007).
6.2.2 Niveauer i den omgivende luft og deposition
6.2.2 Levels in the ambient air and precipitation
6.2.2.1 Niveauer i Nordamerika
6.2.2.1 Levels in North America
Koncentrationerne varierede typisk fra 14 pg/m³ for EtFOSA til 205 pg/m³ for EtFOSE, og totalt 260 pg/m³.
The mean concentrations ranged from 14 pg/m³ for EtFOSA to 205 pg/m³ for EtFOSE, and totally 260 pg/m³.
På et landligt sted (Long Point) i Canada var niveauerne 2-3 gange mindre (74 pg/m³), og kun et stof (EtFOSE) blev fundet (Martin et al., 2002).
At a rural site (Long Point) in Canada the levels were 2-3 fold less (74 pg/m³) and only one substance (EtFOSE) was found (Martin et al. 2002).
I prøver fra varme sommerperioder var der mere PFAS i gasfasen end i de koldere årstider.
In samples from warm summer periods more PFAS was in the gas phase than in the colder seasons.
Stock et al. (2004a) målte i 2001 polyfluoralkylsulfonamider og fluortelomeralkoholer i udeluften i seks nordamerikanske byer (Reno (NV), Griffin (GA), Cleves (OH), Winnipeg (MB), Long Point (ON) og Toronto (ON)).
Stock et al. (2004a) measured in 2001 perfluoroalkyl sulfonamides and fluorotelomer alcohols in the ambient air in six North American cities (Reno (NV), Griffin (GA), Cleves (OH), Winnipeg (MB), Long Point (ON) and Toronto (ON)).
Gennemsnitskoncentrationen af summen af perfluoroalkylsulfonamider (EtFOSA, MeFOSE and EtFOSE) varierede mellem 22 pg/m³ i Winnipeg til 403 pg/m³ i Griffin.
Mean concentrations of total perfluoroalkyl sulfonamides (EtFOSA, MeFOSE and EtFOSE) ranged from 22 pg/m³ in Winnipeg to 403 pg/m³ in Griffin.
Gennemsnitskoncentrationer af totale FTOH'er (6:2, 8:2 og 10:2) varierede fra 11 pg/m³ i Winnipeg til 165 pg/m³ i Toronto.
Mean concentrations of total FTOHs (6:2, 8:2 and 10:2) ranged from 11 pg/m³ in Winnipeg to 165 pg/m³ in Toronto.
Overfladebehandlingsprodukter, som tidligere blev fremstillet af firmaet 3M til jord-, plet- og vandbeskyttelse af møbler i hjemmet - inklusive tæpper, var primært MeFOSE-baserede polymere.
Surface treatment products, previously manufactured by 3M Company for soil, stain and water protection of home furnishings - including carpets, were primarily MeFOSE-based polymers.
Dette passede med, at det højeste gennemsnit og enkeltniveau af MeFOSE i luften (359 pg/m³ og 1549 pg/m³) blev målt i Griffin, et område med tæppeproduktion.
It corresponded with that the highest mean and single levels of MeFOSE in the air (359 pg/m³ and 1549 pg/m³) were measured in Griffin, a location of carpet production.
En anden undersøgelse af atmosfæriske niveauer af perfluoralkylstoffer i den canadiske Arktis (Cornwallis Island) i sommeren 2004 blev offentliggjort af Stock et al. (2007).
A study of atmospheric levels of perfluoroalkyl substances in the Canadian Arctic (Cornwallis Island) in the summer of 2004 was published by Stock et al. (2007).
Gennemsnitsværdier for koncentrationer af gas- og partikelfase af FTOH'er (observeret i 20-50% af prøverne) varierede fra 2,8 pg/m³ for 10:2 FTOH til 14 pg/m³ for 8:2 FTOH.
Mean values of gas plus particle phase concentrations of FTOHs (observed in 20-50% of samples) ranged from 2.8 pg/m³ for 10:2 FTOH to 14 pg/m³ for 8:2 FTOH.
Niveauer af sulfonamidderivativer var højere med en samlet gennemsnitskoncentration på 112 pg/m³.
Levels of sulfonamide derivatives were higher with a total mean concentration of 112 pg/m³.
Gennemsnitskoncentrationer af PFOSA og MeFOSE var henholdsvis 20 pg/m³ og 29 pg/m³.
Mean concentrations of PFOSA and MeFOSE were 20 pg/m³ and 29 pg/m³, respectively.
Gennemsnitskoncentration af andre perfluorerede forbindelser (EtFOSE, EtFOSA, MeFBSE og EtFBSE) varierede fra 11-23 pg/m³.
Mean concentration of other perfluorinated compounds (EtFOSE, EtFOSA, MeFBSE and EtFBSE) ranged from 11-23 pg/m³.
I luftpartiklerne blev de ikke-flygtige perfluorerede syrer også analyseret i denne undersøgelse.
In the air particulates the non-volatile perfluorinated acids were also detected in this study.
Den højest observerede koncentration var den for PFOS (gennemsnit 5,9 pg/m³), fulgt af PFOA (gennemsnit 1,4 pg/m³); PFNA og PFDA havde begge gennemsnitskoncentrationer på 0,2 pg/m³.
The highest observed concentration was that of PFOS (mean 5.9 pg/m³) followed by PFOA (mean 1.4 pg/m³); PFNA and PFDA had both mean concentrations 0.2 pg/m³.
6.2.2.2 Niveauer i Japan
6.2.2.2 Levels in Japan
Indholdet af PFOS i luftbåret støv opsamlet langs japanske veje var op til 427 ng/g.
The content of PFOS in airborne dust collected along Japanese roads was up to 427 ng/g.
Der blev observeret højere koncentrationer om sommeren end om vinteren.
Higher concentrations were observed in summer than in winter.
PFOA og PFOS blev målt i partikler i luften to steder i Kyoto-området, Japan (Harada et al., 2005b).
PFOA and PFOS were measured in atmosphere particulate matter at two stations in the Kyoto area, Japan (Harada et al. 2005b).
PFOA-koncentrationerne var markant højere end PFOS-koncentrationerne og varierede mellem 72 og 919 pg/m³.
FOA concentrations were significantly higher than PFOS concentrations and ranged between 72 and 919 pg/m³.
PFOS-koncentrationer varierede mellem 2,5 og 9,8 pg/m³.
PFOS concentrations ranged between 2.5 and 9.8 pg/m³.
Shoeib et al. (2004b) målte tre perfluoralkylsulfonamider (MeFOSE, EtFOSE og MeFOSEA), som anvendtes i produkter til overfladebehandling af tekstiler og papirprodukter for at give olie- og vandresistens, i udendørsluft.
Shoeib et al. (2004ab) measured three perfluoroalkyl sulfonamides (MeFOSE, EtFOSE and MeFOSEA) used in surface treatment formulation for textile and paper products to impact oil and water resistance in outdoor air.
MeFOSEA blev ikke sporet.
MeFOSEA was not detected.
6.2.2.3 Niveauer I Tyskland
6.2.2.3 Levels in Germany
Jahnke et al. (2007a) udførte en undersøgelse af forekomsten af luftbårne PFAS i gas- og partikelfasen i luftprøver, som blev taget i foråret 2005 ved en storby i Tyskland (Hamborg) såvel som i et landligt område (Waldhof).
Jahnke et al. (2007a) carried out a study on the occurrence of airborne PFAS in the gaseous and particulate phase of air samples taken in spring 2005 at a metropolitan site in Germany (Hamburg) as well as in a rural area (Waldhof).
Et stort udvalg af fluortelomeralkoholer (4:2 FTOH, 6:2 FTOH, 8:2 FTOH og 10:2 FTOH), fluorerede sulfonamider (MeFOSA og EtFOSA), og -sulfonamidethanoler (MeFOSE og EtFOSE) i luften blev fundet, og alle de målte forbindelser tilhørte gruppen af flygtige forstadieforbindelser til PFOS og PFOA.
A wide distribution of fluorotelomer alcohols (4:2 FTOH, 6:2 FTOH, 8:2 FTOH, and 10:2 FTOH), fluorinated sulfonamides (MeFOSA and EtFOSA), and -sulfonamidoethanols (MeFOSE and EtFOSE) in air was found, and all of the detected compounds belonged to the group of volatile precursor compounds of PFOS and PFOA.
FTOH varierede fra 64-311 pg/m³ (gennemsnit 181 pg/m³) i det landlige område til højere niveauer 150-546 pg/ m³ (gennemsnit 288 pg/m³) i Hamborg.
FTOHs concentrations ranged from 64-311 pg/m³ (mean 181 pg/m³) in the rural area to the higher levels 150-546 pg/m³ (mean: 288 pg/m³) in Hamburg.
8:2 FTOH forekom i langt den største mængde.
The most abundant compound was 8:2 FTOH.
Summen af PFOS-forstadier varierede mellem 8-68 pg/m³ (gennemsnit 34 pg/m³) i Waldhof og 13-171 pg/m³ (gennemsnit 68 pg/m³) i Hamburg.
The sum of PFOS precursors was in the range 8-68 pg/m³ (mean 34 pg/m³) in Waldhof and in the range 13-171 pg/m³ (mean 68 pg/m³) in Hamburg.
En tydelig sammenhæng blev konstateret mellem lufttemperaturen og fordelingen af luftbårent FOSE mellem gas- og partikelfasen, hvorimod FTOH og FOSA næsten kun blev fundet i gasfasen.
A significant correlation was found with the ambient temperature for the partitioning of airborne FOSEs between the gaseous and particulate phase, whereas FTOHs and FOSAs were almost exclusively found in the gaseous phase.
I 2005 blev et isbryderskib, der sejlede i Arktis fra Nordatlanten til den canadiske Archipelago, udstyret med en højvolumenluftopsamler, og hver dag fra 6. til 27. juli blev der samlet en luftprøve (partikler og gasfase) fra forskellige steder under ekspeditionen, og senere blev prøverne analyseret for 3 fluortelomere og 3 perfluoroctansulfonamider (Shoeib et al., 2006).
In 2005 an icebreaker ship cruising in the Arctic from the North Atlantic to the Canadian Archipelago was equipped with a high volume air sampler, and each day during 6-27 July an air sample (particles and gas phase) was collected from the different places during the expedition and later analysed for 3 fluorotelomers and 3 perfluorooctane sulfonamide derivatives (Shoeib et al. 2006).
Koncentrationen af PFOS i regnvand var 0,59 ng/L, men der var ikke spor af PFCA'er.
The concentration of PFOS in rainwater was 0.59 ng/L but none PFCAs was detected.
Perfluorcarboxylsyrer (PFCA), mættede fluortelomercarboxylsyrer (FTCA) og umættede fluortelomercarboxylsyrer (FTUCA) blev undersøgt i våddepositionen ni steder i Nordamerika (Scott et al., 2006).
Perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs), fluorotelomer carboxylates (FTCAs) and fluorotelomer unsaturated carboxylates (FTUCAs) were determined in wet only precipitation samples from nine sites in North America (Scott et al. 2006).
Barton et al. (2007) har vist, at PFOA i luft eksisterer primært i partikelfasen, der udvaskes effektivt af regndråber, der gør våddeponering til en vigtig mekanisme til at fjerne stoffet fra atmosfæren.
Barton et al. (2007) have shown that PFOA exists primarily in the particulate phase and is efficiently scavenged by rain droplets, making wet deposition an important removal mechanism from the atmosphere.
De perfluorstoffer, som er identificeret i luft, har primært været de flygtige PFOS-forstadier MePOSE og EtPOSE, men også lavere niveauer af PFOS, MeFOSEA og fluortelomeralkoholer (FTOH) er fundet.
The polyfluorinated substances identified in air have mainly been the volatile PFOS precursors MeFOSE and EtFOSE, and fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOH) precursors of PFCAs.
Indendørs luftniveauer af perfluorerede kemikalier er specielt høje og kan være op til 100 gange højere end udendørs, og da det moderne menneske tilbringer mere tid indendørs, vil denne eksponering være det vigtigste bidrag til menneskekroppen belastning med PFC'er (Renner 2004).
Indoor air levels of perfluorinated chemicals are especially high and may be up to 100 times higher than outdoors, and since the modern individual spends much time indoor, this exposure will be most important for the human body burden of PFCs (Renner 2004).
Indendørsluft kan også være en vigtig kilde til disse kemikalier i miljøet udenfor (Shoeib et al., 2007).
Indoor air may also act as a key source to these chemicals to the outside environment (Shoeib et al. 2007).
Det er vigtigt at notere sig, at PFOS, PFOA og andre syrer og salte har en lav flygtighed og vil koncentrere sig i støvet, hvorimod de flygtige polyfluorerede kemikalier som f.eks. sulfonamider og telomere vil dominere i partikelfasen i luften.
It is important to note that PFOS, PFOA and other acids and salts have a low volatility and will concentrate in the dust, whereas the volatile polyfluorinated chemicals such as sulfonamides and telomers will dominate in the particle phase in air.