natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
PFOS var den altdominerende forbindelse, der blev fundet i koncentrationer mellem 49 ng/g vådvægt (delfiner fra Bermuda) og 1171 ng/g vådvægt (delfiner fra Charleston, SC).
PFOS was the predominant compound found at concentrations between 49 ng/g wet weight (dolphins from Bermuda) and 1171 ng/g wet weight (dolphins from Charleston, SC).
Perfluorforbindelser blev bestemt i plasma, mælk og urin fra fritlevende øresvindelfiner (Tursiops truncatus) fra Sarasotobugten i Florida (USA) (Houde et al., 2006ab).
PFCs were determined in plasma, milk, and urine of free-ranging bottlenosed dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from Sarasota Bay, Florida (USA) (Houde et al. 2006ab).
Prøver blev taget i perioden 2002-2005.
Samples were taken in the period 2002-2005.
Gennemsnitlig sæsonmæssig sum af perfluorforbindelser, der blev målt i plasma, rangerede fra 530 til 927 ng/g friskvægt.
Mean seasonal sum of PFCs detected in plasma ranged from 530 to 927 ng/g ww.
Seksuelt umodne kalve (alder <10 år) havde markant højere PFC-koncentrationer end deres mødre.
Sexually immature calves (age, <10 years) had significantly higher PFC concentrations than their mothers.
Analyser af perfluorforbindelser i mælk bekræftede den hypotese, at perfluorforbindelser i delfiner overføres til afkommet via diegivning.
Analysis of PFCs in milk confirmed the hypothesis that PFCs are transferred through lactation in dolphins.
Perfluorforbindelser blev også sporet i urinprøver, der indikerede, at urinvejssystemet er en vigtig vej for fjernelse af PFAS i delfiner.
PFCs were also detected in urine samples, indicating that the urinary system is an important path of depuration from PFCs in dolphins.
PFOS og PFOA blev målt i levervæv fra 80 hunhavoddere fra den californiske kyst i perioden 1992-2002 (Kannan et al., 2006).
PFOS and PFOA were measured in liver tissue from 80 female sea otters collected from the California coast during 1992-2002 (Kannan et al. 2006).
Koncentrationer af PFOS og PFOA var henholdsvis i området <1-884 og <5-147 ng/g vådvægt.
Concentrations of PFOS and PFOA were in the range <1-884 and <5-147 ng/g wet weight, respectively.
Koncentrationer af perfluorforbindelser blev sammenlignet blandt de oddere, som døde af smitsomme sygdomme, ikke-smitsomme sygdomme og af synlig afmagring.
PFCs concentrations were compared among the otters that died from infectious diseases, non-infectious causes, and from apparent emaciation.
Koncentrationer af PFOS og PFOA var markant højere i havoddere i kategorien med smitsomme sygdomme end i kategorien med ikke-smitsomme sygdomme.
Concentrations of PFOS and PFOA were significantly higher in sea otters with the infectious disease category than in the non-infectious category.
Desuden så det ud, som om PFOA-koncentrationerne steg fra 1992 til 2002, mens PFOS-koncentrationerne steg fra 1992 til 1998, men faldt efter 2000.
Moreover, PFOA concentrations were found to increase from 1992 to 2002, whereas PFOS concentrations increased from 1992 to 1998 and then decreased after 2000.
I en nyere afhandling undersøgte Van de Vijver et al (2007) fordelingen af perfluorforbindelser i lever, nyre, muskler, hjerne og spæk i marsvin (Phocoena phocoena) fra Sortehavet.
In a recent paper Van de Vijver et al. (2007) investigated the distribution of PFCs in liver, kidney, muscle, brain, and bubble in harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) from the Black Sea.
PFOS-koncentrationerne var højest i levervæv (327 ± 351 ng/g ww) og nyrevæv (147 ± 262 ng/g ww).
PFOS concentrations were highest in liver (327 ± 351 ng/g ww) and kidney (147 ± 262 ng/g ww) tissues.
Koncentrationer i muskler, hjerne og spæk var ca. en faktor 10 lavere.
Concentrations in muscle, brain and blubber were about a factor 10 lower.
Perfluorcarboxylsyrer med kortere kulstofskæder, som f.eks. perfluorbutansyre (PFBA), blev ikke fundet.
Shorter carbon-chained perfluorinated carboxylic acids, such as perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) and PFOS were not detected.
PFOS-koncentrationerne var sammenlignelige med de, der blev fundet i marsvin fra den tyske del af Østersøen.
PFOS concentrations were comparable to those found in porpoises from the German Baltic Sea.
Isbjørne og delfiner fra USA har de højeste PFC koncentrationer.
Polar bears and bottlenose dolphins from the United States have the highest PFCs concentrations.
Ofte kan koncentrationer af PFC i rovdyr øverst i fødekædencan nå niveauer tæt på målelige effekter.
Generally, the concentrations of PFCs in top predators can reach a level which may be close to some measurable effects.
Forekomsten af høje koncentrationer af PFC'er kan indebære en yderligere trussel til disse dyr ved additive og synergistiske effekter med de andre forureninger.
The presence of PFCs at high concentrations may constitute an additional treathen to these species through additive and synergistic effects with the other contaminants.
6.2.8.6 Niveauer i landdyr
6.2.8.6 Levels in terrestrial animals
Meget få undersøgelser er foretaget på landdyr.
Few monitoring studies have been conducted on terrestrial mammals.
Perfluorforbindelser blev målt i blodet fra rød panda og kæmpepanda i fangenskab fra otte byer fra seks forskellige provincer i Kina (Dai et al., 2006).
PFCs were measured in blood of captive red panda and giant panda from eight cities from six different provinces in China (Dai et al. 2006).
PFOS var den altdominerende forbindelse i alle prøver med koncentrationer rangerende fra 0,80 til 73,80 ng/ml for rød panda og fra 0,76 til 8,2 ng/ml for kæmpepanda.
PFOS was the predominant compound in all samples with concentrations ranging from 0.80 to 73.80 ng/ml for red panda and from 0.76 to 8.2 ng/ml for giant panda.
Koncentrationer af PFOS og PFOA var positivt korreleret.
Concentrations of PFOS and PFOA were positively correlated.
Ingen alders- eller kønsrelaterede forskelle blev observeret.
No age- or sex-related differences were observed in PFC concentrations.
Serum fra de individer, der levede tæt på byområder, havde de højeste koncentrationer af perfluorforbindelser.
The serum of those individual living close to urbanized areas had the highest PFC concentrations.
Med undtagelse af de dyr, der lever tæt på en fluorkemikalieproducerende virksomhed, så er niveauer af PFC i landdyr sammenlignelige med niveauer i havdyr.
With the exception of those species living close to fluorochemicals production plant, the levels of PFCs observed in terrestrial mammals are in the same range as those measured in marine mammals.
De fleste økotoksicitetsundersøgelser med perfluorforbindelser har undersøgt vandorganismer og har kun været offentliggjort i interne rapporter fra laboratorierne hos 3M og DuPont.
Most ecotoxicity studies with PFCs have used aquatic organisms and have published only in internal reports from the laboratories of 3M and DuPont.
Baseret på dette blev det konkluderet i den forrige vurdering, at PFOS var moderat akut toksisk og let kronisk toksisk over for vandorganismer, og at PFOA var næsten ikke-toksisk (Poulsen et al., 2005).
Based hereupon it was concluded in the previous assessment that PFOS was moderate acute toxic and slightly chronic toxic to aquatic organisms, and that PFOA was practically non-toxic (Poulsen et al. 2005).
En fiskeart, fedthovedet elritse (Pimephales promelas) blev i 39 dage eksponeret for varierende koncentrationer af perfluoroctansyre (PFOA) under mikrokosmosforhold (Oakes et al., 2004).
A fish species, fatheaded minnow (Pimephales promelas) was exposed for 39 days to varying concentrations of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) under microcosm conditions (Oakes et al. 2004).
PFOA-koncentrationerne, der blev anvendt i denne undersøgelse, var meget højere end dem, der normalt bliver fundet i vandmiljøet.
The PFOA concentrations used in this study were much higher than those normally found in the aquatic environment.
Der var dog ingen dødelighed, som blev forbundet med eksponeringen til disse koncentrationer.
However, no mortality was associated to exposure to these concentrations.
Markante fald i de cirkulerende plasma-steroider blev observeret, men disse ændringer blev kun ledsaget af begrænsede stigninger i tid til første æglægning og fald i den overordnede ægproduktion.
Significant declines in circulating plasma steroids were observed, but these were accompanied by only limited increases in time to first oviposition and decreases in overall egg production.
Påvirkninger, som f.eks. ”peroxisom proliferation” og oxidativt stress blev også observeret, men på lave niveauer.
Effects such as peroxisome proliferation and oxidative stress were also observed but at low levels.
Forfatterne konkluderede, at PFOA er relativ ikke-toksisk i miljørelevante koncentrationer, men at biokemiske parametre og reproduktionsforhold kan blive påvirket.
The authors concluded that PFOA is relatively non toxic at environmentally relevant concentrations, but that biochemical and reproductive endpoints might be affected.
Toksiciteten af PFOS og PFOA blev evalueret for myggelarven Chironomus tentans (MacDonald et al., 2004).
The toxicity of PFOS and PFOA was evaluated for the aquatic midge, Chironomus tentans (MacDonald et al. 2004).
Den dødelige mediankoncentration (LC50) for PFOS, udregnet efter en 10 dages laboratorietest, var 45,2 µg/l, men den effekt mediankoncentration (EC50) var 27,4 µg/l. En paralleltest udført med PFOA i det samme koncentrationsområde (0,1 til 100.000 µg/l) gav ikke nogen effekt.
The median lethal concentration (LC50) for PFOS calculated during a 10 days laboratory test was 45.2 µg/l, while the median effective concentration (EC50) was 27.4 µg/l. A parallel test performed with PFOA in the same concentration range (0.1 to 100,000 µg/l) did not produce any effect.
Den californiske musling Mytilus californianus blev brugt som forsøgsorganisme for at bestemme toksiciteten af perfluorforbindelser med hensyn til multixenobiotisk resistensmekanisme (MXR) (Stevenson et al., 2006).
The marine mussel Mytilus californianus was used as a test organism to determine the toxicity of PFCs with respect to the multixenobiotic resistance (MXR) mechanism (Stevenson et al. 2006).
Denne mekanisme virker som et første cellulære forsvar mod forskellige fremmedstoffer.
This mechanism acts as a first cellular defence against different xenobiotics.
Den mest undersøgte bærer, der er involveret i MXR-mekanismen, er p-glycoprotein.
The most studied transporter involved in the MXR mechanism is the p-glycoprotein.
Funktionen af MXR-mekanismen kan blive kompromitteret ved tilstedeværelsen af nogle fremmedstoffer.
The function of the MXR mechanism can be compromised by the presence of some xenobiotics.
Denne påvirkning kaldes kemosensitisation.
This effect is called chemosensitization.
Fire ud af ni undersøgte perfluorforbindelser havde kemosensitising påvirkning, hvoraf PFNA og PFDA havde de højeste værdier.
Four of the nine PFCs studied showed chemosensitizing behaviour, with PFNA and PFDA having the highest values.
For nyligt er toksiciteten af forstadieforbindelser for PFCAer (mættede og umættede fluortelomercarboxylsyrer, FTCA og FTUCA) blevet testet på Daphnia magna, Chironomus tentans og Lemna Gibba (Phillips et al., 2007).
Recently, the toxicity of precursor compounds of PFCAs (saturated and unsaturated fluorotelomer carboxylic acids, FTCA and FTUCA) has been tested to Daphnia magna, Chironomus tentans, and Lemna Gibba (Phillips et al. 2007).
Det blev observeret, at toksiciteten steg med stigende kædelængde.
It was observed that the toxicity increased with increasing chain length.
Yderligere var FTCA mere toksisk end FTUCA.
In addition FTCA were more toxic than FTUCA.
Den akutte EC50 rangerede fra 0,025 mg/l for D. magna til 63 mg/l for C. tentans.
The acute E50 ranged from 0.025 mg/l for D. magna to 63 mg/l for C. tentans.
De fundne grænseværdier for disse forbindelsers toksicitet er en faktor 10.000 lavere end dem, der er udregnet for PFCAer.
The toxicity threshold found for these compounds is a factor 10.000 lower than those calculated for PFCAs.
En af de få toksikologiundersøgelser på fugle viste for trævagtler, at grønsen for den laveste synlige skadelige effekt på reproduktionen (LOAEL) er 10 ppm i kosten eller 0,77 mg PFOS/kg lgv/dag for han- og hunfugle (Giesy og Jones, 2004).
One of the few avian toxicology studies revealed for bobwhites a reproductive lowest observable adverse effect level (LOAEL) of 10 ppm in the diet or 0.77 mg PFOS/kg bw/day for male and female birds (Giesy and Jones 2004).
Dette svarede til 8,7 mg PFOS/mL og 4,9 mg PFOS/g i henholdsvis hun-serum og I lever, og til 141 mg PFOS/mL og 86 mg PFOS/g i han-serum og lever.
This corresponded to 8.7 mg PFOS/mL and 4.9 mg PFOS/g in female serum and liver, respectively, and to 141 mg PFOS/mL and 86 mg PFOS/g in male serum and liver.
I gråænder var LOAEL den samme (10 ppm) for hankøn, men 50 ppm for hunkøn.
In mallards the LOAEL was the same (10 ppm) for males but 50 ppm for females.
Ved de koncentrationer, der normalt findes I miljøet, kan der ikke blive tale om akutte virkninger.
At the concentrations usually found in the environment, PFCs will not induce acute toxic effects.
I al almindelighed er giftigheden af PFC'er afhængig af dyreart og køn.
Generally, the toxicity of PFCs is species dependent and sometimes gender-dependent for the same species.
Fortsat forskning er nødvendig til afklaring dette aspect så vel som forekomsten af forstadier-stoffer I vandmiljøet.
Further research is needed in order to clarify this aspect, as well as the occurrence of the precursor compounds in the aquatic environment.
Formålet med undersøgelsen var at gennemgå de risici, der opstår ved aktuel anvendelse af PFOS-relaterede stoffer.
The aim of the study was to review the risks arising from current uses of PFOS-related substances.
Risikoevalueringen blev udført for følgende områder: vand (overfladevand og bundfald), landområde, atmosfærisk område og havmiljø.
Risk evaluation was performed for the following compartments: aquatic (surface water and sediments), terrestrial compartment, atmospheric compartment, and marine environment.
Desuden blev ikke-områdespecifikke påvirkninger, som er relevante for fødekæden (sekundær forgiftning) undersøgt.
Moreover, non compartment-specific effects relevant to the food chain (secondary poisoning) were examined.
Den forudsagte ingen-effekt-koncentration (PNEC) for vand- og landmiljøer var 25 µg/l. De målte niveauer af PFOS i overfladevand og vandkoncentrationerne, som blev udregnet efter udledning fra et offentligt spildevandsanlæg, var under det kalkulerede PNEC.
The predicted no-effect-concentration (PNEC) for the aquatic and terrestrial environments is 25 µg/l. The measured levels of PFOS in surface waters and the water concentrations calculated after discharge from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) were below the calculated PNEC.
Den kalkulerede emission til spildevand, som kunne være årsag til en risiko for landområdet er 7,4 g/dag.
The calculated emission to waste water which would give rise to a risk for the terrestrial compartment is 7.4 g/day.
Dette gælder for anvendelse af slam over 10 år; emissionen, som kunne være årsag til en risiko som følge af en enkelt påføring, er 0,67 kg/dag.
This is for applications of sludge over 10 years; the emission which would give rise to a risk following a single application is 0.67 kg/day.
Der var ikke nogle tilgængelige data til risikovurdering af det atmosfæriske område.
No data were available for risk assessment for the atmospheric compartment.
For ikke-område-specifikke påvirkninger, som var relevant for fødekæden (sekundær forgiftning), var PNEC for sekundær forgiftning 0,0167 mg/kg friskvægt i føde.
For non- compartment-specific effects relevant to the food chain (secondary poisoning) the PNEC for secondary poisoning was 0.0167 mg/kg ww in food.
En alternativ PNEC på 0,067 mg/kg blev også brugt.
An alternative PNEC of 0.067 mg/kg was also used.
Disse værdier blev brugt til risikovurdering af både vand- og landfødekæder.
These values were applied for risk assessment of both aquatic and terrestrial food chains.
En sammenligning af PNEC-værdien med målte koncentrationer for ferskvandsfisk viste, at de højest målte rapporterede koncentrationer overstiger PNEC'en på 0,0167 mg/kg. Et antal værdier overstiger også PNEC'en på 0,067 mg/kg. Emissioner til spildevand, som var årsag til en risiko for landfødekæden, blev estimeret at være i området 1,65 - 3,30 g/dag.
A comparison of the PNEC value with measured concentrations for freshwater fish showed that the highest measured concentrations reported exceed the PNEC of 0.0167 mg/kg. A number of values also exceed the alternative PNEC value of 0.067 mg/kg. The emissions to waste water giving rise to a risk for the terrestrial food chain were estimated to be in the range 1.65 - 3.30 g/day.
Dette gælder for en 10 årig anvendelse; emissionerne, som var årsag til en risiko fra en enkel anvendelse af slam, blev estimeret til at være 15 - 30 g/dag.
These are for 10 years of application; the emissions giving a risk from a single application of sludge were estimated to be 15 - 30 g/day.
Forfatterne konkluderede, at det største område til bekymring var den sekundære forgiftning i vandmiljøet, for både ferskvands- og havmiljøer.
The authors concluded that the major area of concern was the secondary poisoning in the aquatic environment, for both freshwater and marine environments.
Vejene, som leder til en general human eksponering for polyfluorkemikalier, inklusive PFOS, PFOA og telomere, er ikke velkendte (Butenhoff et al., 2006).
The pathways leading to general human exposure to polyfluorinated chemicals, including PFOS, PFOA and telomers are not well-known (Butenhoff et al. 2006).
Bidraget fra forbrugerprodukter, der indeholder disse kemikalier, kan være markant.
The contribution from consumer products containing these chemicals may be significant.
PFOA og andre polyfluorerede kemikalier kan være en del af produkterne enten:
PFOA and other polyfluorinated chemicals can be part of products either
- fordi produktet er behandlet med fluorforbindelser pga. et formål med anvendelsen, eller
- because the product is treated with fluorinated compounds due to intentional application, or
- i form af en utilsigtet urenhed, eller
- in form of an unintended impurity, or
- på grund af nedbrydning af forstadieforbindelser, som f.eks. FTOH.
- due to degradation of precursor compounds such as FTOHs.
Det er ikke altid muligt at skelne mellem disse tilfælde, da recepter for tekniske anvendelser for det meste er fortrolige, eller det kan være en aktuel sammensætning af den brugte blanding af aktive forbindelser, som er fortrolig.
It is not always possible to distinguish between these cases, since recipes of technical applications are mostly confidential or the actual composition of the used mixture of active compounds confidential.
Imprægnering af regntøj, tekstiler, telte, fodtøj, møbler og tæpper er blandt de vigtigste anvendelser af polyfluorerede kemikalier (se tidligere).
Impregnation of all-weather-clothes, textiles, tents, footwear, furniture and carpets are among the most important uses of polyfluorinated chemicals.
En undersøgelse udført af Dinglasan-Panlilio og Mabury (2006) indikerer muligheden for, at en markant mængde af fluorerede alkoholer bliver frigjort som rester fra en lang række af fluorerede materialer, som er påført industrielt og tilgængelige i handlen og dermed bidrager markant til den atmosfæriske byrde fra FTOH.
A study performed by Dinglasan-Panlilio and Mabury (2006), indicates the potential for a significant amount of fluorinated alcohols to be released as residuals from a suite of fluorinated materials that are industrially applied and commercially available and hence contribute substantially to the atmospheric burden of FTOHs.
De syv undersøgte materialer var:
The seven materials were:
Polyfox-L-diol, der ikke er kommercielt tilgængelig, hvori andel af resterne var ca. 65% 8:2 FTOH og 35% 10:2 FTOH.
Polyfox-L-diol (not commercial available) in which the residuals were about 65% 8:2 FTOH and 35% 10:2 FTOH.
Teflon Advance, der er en pletafviser til tæpper til hjemmebrug, hvori resternes andel var ca. 55% 8:2 FTOH og 30% 10:2 FTOH og 15% 6:2 FTOH.
Teflon Advance (a carpet stain repellent for home use), in which the residuals were about 55% 8:2 FTOH and 30% 10:2 FTOH and 15% 6:2 FTOH.
Zonyl FSO-100, der er et industriel overfladeaktivt stof baseret på fluor til maling, politur og andre belægninger, hvori resternes andel var ca. 55% 6:2 FTOH, 25% 8:2 FTOH og 15% 10:2 FTOH.
Zonyl FSO-100 (industrial fluorosurfactant for paint, polish and other coatings), in which the residuals were about 55% 6:2 FTOH, 25% 8:2 FTOH and 15% 10:2 FTOH.
Zonyl FSE, der er et industriel overfladeaktivt stof baseret på fluor til maling, politur og andre belægninger, hvori resterne udgjorde ca. 50% 6:2 FTOH, 45% 8:2 FTOH og 5% 10:2 FTOH.
Zonyl FSE (industrial fluorosurfactant for paint, polish and other coatings), in which the residuals were about 50% 6:2 FTOH, 45% 8:2 FTOH and 5% 10:2 FTOH.
Motomaster Windshield Washer fluid with Teflon, hvori resterne var ca. 50% 6:2 FTOH og 40% 8:2 FTOH samt 5% 10:2 FTOH.
Motomaster Windshield Washer fluid with Teflon, in which the residuals were about 50% 6:2 FTOH and 40% 8:2 FTOH, and 5% 10:2 FTOH.
8:2 Methacrylate (monomer), hvori restindholdet var ca. 100% 8:2 FTOH.
8:2 Methacrylate (monomer), in which the residual was about 100% 8:2 FTOH.
3M Scotchgard Rug og Carpet Protector, hvori restindholdet var ca. 100% MeFOSE, og derfor må være et obsolet produkt.
3M Scotchgard Rug and Carpet Protector, in which the residual was about 100% MeFOSE, and therefore must be an old product.
Denne undersøgelse antyder også, at direkte eksponering af den generelle befolkning for disse forbindelser er sandsynlig, hvis disse materialer anvendes i hjem og afgasser efter behandling af overflader, inklusive tæpper, tekstiler eller papirsprodukter.
This study also suggests that direct exposure of the general population to these compounds is plausible, if these materials are applied in homes and are out gassing after treatment of surfaces, including carpet, textiles, or paper products.
Resultaterne viste, at voksne inhalerer mere PFOS, og børn havde et højere indtag med støv.
The results show that adults will inhale more PFOS, and children had a higher intake with dust.
Baseret på legemsvægt havde børn en 5-10 gange højere PFOS-indtag end voksne.
Based on body weight, children had a 5-10 times higher PFOS intake than adults.
7.3 Slip-let køkkengrej
7.3 Non-stick cookware
Den kemiske resistens, slip-let egenskaber og varmestabiliteten af fluorpolymerer (polytetrafluorethylen, PTFE, Teflon®) har medført adskillige anvendelser i tandlægepraksis og forbrugerprodukter.
The chemical resistance, non-stick properties and thermal stability of fluoropolymers (polytetrafluoroethylene, PTFE, Teflon) have lead to several applications in dental practice and consumer products.
Den mest velkendte forekomst af perfluorerede kemikalier for offentligheden er nok PFOA som en urenhed i slip-let overfladelaget af fluorpolymerbehandlet køkkengrej, som f.eks. stegepander.
The most publicly well-known occurrence of perfluorinated chemicals is probably PFOA as impurity in the non-stick surface layer of fluoropolymer treated cookware, such as frying pans.
DuPont, en af producenterne af polymeren, har selv målt PFOA-indhold på 4-75 µg/kg i køkkengrej af PTFE (Begley et al., 2005).
DuPont, the producer of the polymer, has detected PFOA content of 4-75 µg/kg in PTFE cookware (Begley et al. 2005).
Dog kunne en anden undersøgelse fra DuPont af fluorpolymer-behandlet køkkengrej slet ikke spore PFOA under simulerede madlavningsforhold (Powley et al., 2005).
However, another study by DuPont of fluoropolymer treated cookware could, however, not at all detect PFOA under simulated cooking conditions (Powley et al. 2005).
I en nyere undersøgelse af Sinclair et al. (2007) blev gasfaseudslippet af PFOA, 6:2 FTOH og 8:2 FTOH målt efter opvarmning af nye slip-let stegepander.
In a recent study by Sinclair et al. (2007) gas-phase release of PFOA, 6:2 FTOH, and 8:2 FTOH were measured from heating new nonstick frying pans.
PFOA blev rapporteret at fordampe ved 189 °C og nedbryde ved >234 °C.
PFOA was reported to vaporize at 189 °C and decompose at >234 °C.