natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Her skal det dog nævnes, at den daglige tolerable dosis (TDI) er et udtryk for hvad man dagligt må få gennem et helt livsforløb, uden at der opstår sundhedsskadelige effekter.
However, it shall be mentioned that the tolerable daily intake (TDI) states what a person may get daily through an entire lifetime without experiencing health related effects.
Man kan således godt i en kortere periode overskride TDI værdien, uden at dette får nogle effekter, såfremt man i en tilsvarende periode senere i livet indtager mindre end TDI værdien.
Thus, for a shorter period the TDI value can be exceeded without this causing any effects - if in a corresponding period later in life an equally lesser amount is taken in.
For voksne overskrides TDI værdien relateret til cadmium for to af smykkerne, når de bæres i 24 timer - og et enkelt overskrider TDI værdien for nikkel.
For adults the TDI value related to cadmium for two of the jewelleries is exceeded when the jewelleries are worn for 24 hours - and a single one is close to exceed the TDI value for nickel.
Når man ser på befolkningsgruppen, der er udsat for den maksimale baggrundseksponering ser billedet mere alvorligt ud.
When looking at the population group being exposed to the maximum background exposure the picture looks more serious.
Her viser resultaterne, at de 5% danske børn, som udsættes for den maksimale baggrundseksponering af cadmium, allerede har overskredet grænsen for tolerabelt dagligt indtag af cadmium - uden at der er medtaget bidraget fra smykker.
Here the results show that the 5% of Danish children being exposed to the maximum background exposure of cadmium already have exceeded the limit of tolerable daily intake of cadmium - without including the contribution from wearing jewelleries.
For de 5% voksne, der udsættes for den maksimale baggrundseksponering af cadmium, er TDI værdien ikke oveskredet på forhånd, men når der lægges bidraget fra smykkerne til, viser det sig at TDI værdien overskrides for fire af smykkerne, når de bæres i 24 timer.
For the 5% of adults being exposed to the maximum background exposure of cadmium the TDI value is not exceeded in advance but when the contribution from wearing the jewelleries is added it turns out that the TDI value is exceeded for four of the jewelleries when being worn for 24 hours.
Resultaterne viser desuden, at når der suttes på smykkerne i to timer, opstår der potentielle sundhedsmæssige risici relateret til både cadmium, nikkel og bly.
Furthermore, the results show that potential health risks are generated relating to cadmium, nickel and lead when a person sucks the jewelleries for two hours.
Dog mest udtalt for bly og cadmium, idet næsten samtlige smykker (der viste migration af det pågældende metal) overskrider TDI værdien relateret til bly og cadmium (både børn og voksne).
However, most definitely for lead and cadmium as nearly all jewelleries (showing migration of the metal in question) exceed the TDI value related to lead and cadmium (both children and adults).
Dette er gældende for mennesker, der er udsat for en gennemsnitlig baggrundseksponering.
This applies to humans being exposed to an average background exposure.
Ingen af smykkerne gav anledning til problemer relateret til kobber.
None of the jewelleries gave cause to problems related to copper.
Resultaterne viser, at det laveste indhold af bly, som giver anledning til sundhedsmæssige problemer ved at sutte på smykkerne i to timer, er et blyindhold på 1,77%, dvs. en del over blybekendtgørelsens krav om maksimalt indhold af 0,01% bly.
The results show that the lowest content of lead giving cause for health problems by sucking the jewelleries for two hours is a content of lead of 1.77%, i.e. somewhat above the requirements of the lead statutory order on a maximum content of 0.01% of lead.
Samtidig ses, at ingen af de smykker, som indeholdt maksimalt 100 ppm bly, gav anledning til sundhedsmæssige problemer.
At the same time it is seen that none of the jewelleries containing a maximum of 100 ppm of lead caused health problems.
Ingen af de undersøgte smykker gav problemer relateret til kobber.
The jewelleries containing mercury were not examined further in the migration analysis.
Loven om kontrol med arbejder af ædle metaller m.v. omhandler bl.
Dette betyder med andre ord, at den orale eksponering er undervurderet til en vis grad.
Der er i projektet ikke udført en komplet kortlægning af markedet for smykker i Danmark.
A number of studies from abroad have proved a problem with the content of large amounts of lead in cheap imported jewelleries.
I de følgende afsnit er beskrevet nøjere, hvorledes indkøbene af såvel metalsmykker som tekstilkædesmykker er foretaget, samt hvorledes de indkøbte smykker er kategoriseret.
Furthermore, it has turned out that the textile part in a necklace imported from Turkey contained the substance benzidine, which is banned in the EU.
Imidlertid består smykker typisk af flere forskellige metaldele (lås, kæde, vedhæng, mv.) som hver især kan have et forskelligt indhold af tungmetal.
Clarify whether there is a relation between price (quality), country of origin, jewellery part, jewellery type and category as well as content/release of heavy metal.
Disse produkttyper er valgt, idet de alle er produkter, der kommer i kontakt med huden.
Thus, this division cannot be regarded as an “official” categorization in terms of “alloyed” and “coated” jewelleries.
På baggrund af denne viden blev strategien for de følgende indkøb lagt.
These product types are selected as they all are products getting into contact with the skin.
De primære elementer, der blev vurderet efter hvert indkøb/screening med henblik på næste indkøb, var følgende:
In the periods between the purchases the purchased jewelleries were screened for a content of heavy metals and then categorized.
Forholdsvis ligelig fordeling mellem produkttyperne (ringe, halskæder, mv.).
Proportionally equal distribution of price per gram.
Forholdsvis ligelig fordeling mellem produktkategorierne (guld, sølv, mv.).
Proportionally equal distribution between the product types (rings, necklaces etc.).
Repræsentativ fordeling i forhold til oprindelsesland.
Proportionally equal distribution between the product categories (gold, silver etc.).
Rimelig fordeling af indkøb i de forskellige butikstyper.
A representative distribution in relation to country of origin.
De basale mål, der er anvendt til at beskrive sammenhængen mellem pris og kvalitet, er pris per vægtenhed (gram), idet råvarernes art og pris må formodes at være et væsentligt element i dette mål.
The basic measurements used to describe the relation between price and quality is price per weight unit (gram) as the type and price of the raw materials may be expected to be a substantial element in this situation.
Det skal dog bemærkes, at det er vanskeligt at definere kvalitet i relation til smykker, idet der også indgår et vist mål af subjektiv æstetik i begrebet.
However, it shall be mentioned that it is difficult to define quality in relation to jewelleries as also a certain degree of subjective aesthetics is included in the term.
For eksempel kan en høj forarbejdningsgrad (f.eks. i filigran-smykker) være en kvalitet, der indvirker på prisen, uden at de anvendte råvarer nødvendigvis er dyre.
For instance, a high degree of processing (e.g. in filigree jewelleries) can be a quality, which influences the price without the used raw materials necessarily being expensive.
Tabellen nedenfor viser indkøbet af smykker fordelt i de forskellige pris/gram-forhold.
The table below shows the purchase of jewelleries divided into the different relations regarding price/gram.
Tabel 3-3: fordelingen af smykker i de forskellige pris/gram-forhold
Table 3-3: The division of jewelleries in the different relations regarding price/gram.
Produkttypen ”Andet” dækker over f.eks. tåringe m.v.
The product type ”Others” covers for instance toe rings etc.
Det blev ligeledes forsøgt at indkøbe smykker fordelt ligeligt over de forskellige produktkategorier (ædelmetalbelagt guld; ædelmetallignende sølv; mv.).
Furthermore, the purchase of the jewelleries was attempted to be equally divided on the different product categories (gold coated; silver-like etc.).
Imidlertid var det ikke muligt i indkøbssituationen at afklare, hvorvidt smykket rent faktisk indeholdt ædelmetal, ej heller om det i så fald var legeret eller belagt.
However, in the purchase situation it was not possible to clarify whether the jewellery in fact contained precious metal, neither if it was alloyed or coated.
Så selvom der blev foretaget indkøb af flere omgange og smykkerne blev kategoriseret løbende, var det nødvendigt med en mere pragmatisk tilgang i købssituationen i form af nogle overordnede produktkategorier.
Even if the purchases were made in several phases and the jewelleries were categorized continuously it was necessary with a more pragmatic approach to the purchase situation in the form of some overall product categories.
Dette betød, at der blev fokuseret på at indkøbe et repræsentativt udvalg af smykker i de overordnede produktkategorier: 'guldsmykker', 'sølvsmykker' og 'tydeligt uægte smykker'.
This meant that focus was on purchasing a representative selection of jewelleries in the overall product categories “gold jewelleries”, “silver jewelleries” and “clearly non-precious jewelleries”.
Dvs. den overordnede produktkategori ”guldsmykker” inkluderede smykker belagt med guld samt guldlignende smykker.
In other words, the overall product category “gold jewelleries” included jewelleries coated with gold as well as golden-like jewelleries.
Tabel 3-5: Fordeling af indkøb i relation til overordnet produktkategori.
Table 3-5: Division of purchases in relation to overall product category.
3.2.4 Indkøb i relation til oprindelsesland
3.2.4 Purchase in relation to country of origin
Da et af formålene med projektet var at afklare, hvorvidt der er en sammenhæng mellem indhold/afgivelse af tungmetal og oprindelsesland, blev det i indkøbssituationer så vidt muligt forsøgt at fremskaffe information vedrørende smykkets oprindelsesland.
As one of the purposes with the project was to clarify whether there is a relation between content/release of heavy metal and country of origin it was attempted, if possible, in the purchase situation to get information about the country of origin of the jewellery.
Det viste sig imidlertid at være vanskeligt at fremskaffe information vedrørende oprindelsesland, idet de fleste ekspedienter ikke havde mulighed for at svare på dette.
However, it turned out to be difficult to get information regarding country of origin as most of the shop assistants had no possibility of replying to this.
Nedenstående tabel repræsenterer den information, det er lykkedes at fremskaffe.
The table below represents the procured information.
Tabel 3-6: fordelingen af indkøbte smykker i relation til oprindelsesland
Table 3-6: Division of purchased jewelleries in relation to country of origin
Benævnelsen 'Butikken ved det ikke' repræsenterer de butikker, som ikke er blevet kontaktet telefonisk, og som i indkøbssituationen ikke kunne oplyse oprindelsesland.
The definition ”The shop does not know” represents the shops which have not been contacted by phone and which in the purchase situation were not able to inform country of origin.
Benævnelsen 'Undersøgt, men kan ikke oplyses' repræsenterer situationer, hvor opkald til leverandøren ikke har resulteret i en identifikation af oprindelseslandet.
The definition “Investigated but cannot be informed” represents situations where phone calls to the supplier have not resulted in an identification of the country of origin.
Alt i alt lykkedes det at fremskaffe information vedrørende oprindelsesland på 66 ud af de 170 indkøbte smykker, hvilket svarer til 39%.
In total, information regarding country of origin was procured for 66 out of the 170 purchased jewelleries corresponding to 39%.
Da det ikke har været muligt i hovedparten af indkøbssituationerne at få information om oprindelsesland, har det været svært at indkøbe en ligelig fordeling af smykker repræsenterende forskellige lande.
As it has not been possible in the main part of the purchase situation to get information about country of origin it has been difficult to purchase an equal distribution of jewelleries representing different countries.
Som resultaterne umiddelbart indikerer, så stammer hovedparten af de indkøbte smykker fra Asien, især Kina.
As the results immediately indicate the main part of the purchased jewelleries originates from Asia, especially China.
Dette er dog ikke overraskende, idet oplysninger fra Danmarks Statistik viser, at hovedparten af bijouteri importeres fra Asien, primært Kina (se Tabel 3-1 og bilag D).
However, this is not surprising as information from Statistics Denmark shows that the main part of bijouterie is imported from Asia, primarily China (see Table 3-1 and Appendix D).
Det kan dog nævnes, at smykkerne er udvalgt og indkøbt tilfældigt, hvorved der med den store mængde af indkøbte smykker burde være en repræsentativ fordeling af smykkerne på deres oprindelsesland.
However, it can be mentioned that the jewelleries are selected and purchased at random which means that with the large amount of purchased jewelleries there ought to be a representative distribution of the jewelleries as to their country of origin.
3.2.5 Hvor er indkøbene foretaget?
3.2.5 Where are the purchases made?
Indkøb af smykkerne er primært foretaget i detailhandlen (156 stk.), dog suppleret med et mindre indkøb via Internettet (14 stk.).
Purchase of the jewelleries is primarily made in retail trade (156 pcs.), however, supplemented by a small purchase via the Internet (14 pcs.).
Indkøbene blev foretaget i Københavnsområdet, idet det blev vurderet, at smykker solgt i dette område dækker et repræsentativt udvalg af de smykker, der sælges på landsplan.
The purchases were made in the area of Copenhagen as it was assessed that jewelleries sold in this area cover a representative selection of the jewelleries being sold on national basis.
Der blev indkøbt smykker i følgende områder:
Jewelleries were purchased in the following areas:
Vesterbro: Istedgade, Vesterbrogade og Fisketorvet.
Vesterbro: Istedgade, Vesterbrogade and Fisketorvet.
Lyngby: Lyngby Storcenter og Magasin.
Lyngby: Lyngby Storcenter and Magasin.
Hovedparten af smykkerne blev købt i butikker, idet det vurderes at kun en mindre del af befolkningen køber smykker via Internettet.
The main part of the jewelleries was purchased in shops as it was assessed that only a small part of the population buys jewelleries via the Internet.
Der er indkøbt smykker i følgende butikstyper:
Jewelleries were purchased in the following shop types:
10 kr's butikstyper
10 kr's shop types
3.3 Indkøb af tekstilkædesmykker
3.3 Purchase of textile necklaces
Hovedparten af tekstilkædesmykkerne blev indkøbt samtidig med metalsmykkerne, hvilket betyder, at de ovennævnte butikstyper også repræsenterer de butikker, hvorfra der er indkøbt tekstilkædesmykker.
The main part of the textile necklaces were purchased at the same time as the metal jewelleries which means that the above-mentioned shop types also represent the shops where the textile necklaces were purchased.
Det blev dog forsøgt at indkøbe en lidt større andel tekstilkædesmykker i børnetøjs- og legetøjsbutikker, idet det anmeldte tekstilkædesmykke med indhold af benzidin var målrettet børn.
However, it was tried to purchase a little more of textile necklaces in children's wear shops and toyshops as the notified textile necklace with a content of benzidine was targeted children.
Der var desuden under indkøbsfasen fokus på at indkøbe tekstilkædesmykker af forskellig art og farve.
Furthermore, during the purchase phase there was a focus on purchase of textile necklaces of different kind and colour.
3.4 Resultater fra screeningen
3.4 Results from the screening
Samtlige 170 metalsmykker blev screenet for indhold af metaller ved hjælp af et XRF-apparat.
All 170 pieces of metal jewelleries were screened for a content of metals by means of a XRF device.
Det blev i hvert enkelt tilfælde vurderet hvor mange forskellige dele af smykket, det var relevant at screene, dog blev maksimalt 3 forskellige dele af smykket screenet.
In each case it was assessed how many different parts of the jewellery it was relevant to screen; however, a maximum of 3 different parts of the jewellery were screened.
I alt blev der foretaget 318 screeninger af delsmykker.
In total 318 screenings of jewellery parts were made.
3.4.1 Usikkerheden på XRF-screeningen
3.4.1 The uncertainty of the XRF screening
Resultater opnået ved en XRF-screening indikerer først og fremmest hvilke grundstoffer, der er til stede, samt deres omtrentlige forholdsmæssige fordeling mængdemæssigt.
Results reached through a XRF screening indicate first and foremost which elements being present as well as their approximately proportional distribution with regard to amount.
Resultatet repræsenterer således ikke en sikker værdi for det præcise procentvise indhold af metallet.
Thus the result does not represent a reliable value for the exact content of the metal in percentages.
Såfremt f.eks. et blyindhold findes på ydersiden af smykket, vil screeningens påvisning af indhold af bly ske med langt større sikkerhed, end hvis blyindholdet er placeret midt i smykket.
The content of for instance lead in the screening will be determined with a much greater reliability if for instance the content of lead is located on the outside of the jewellery than if the content of lead is placed in the middle of the jewellery.
Grunden hertil er, at XRF-apparatet anvender røntgenstråler til at indikere et indhold af metal.
The reason being, that the XRF device uses X-rays to indicate a content of metal.
Disse røntgenstråler har sværere ved at trænge helt ind midt i og ud fra smykket (især hvis det er belagt med ædelmetaller), hvilket er årsagen til den større usikkerhed på resultatet, såfremt det søgte metal forefindes midt i smykket (her har volumen af smykket selvfølgelig også indflydelse).
These X-rays have more difficulties in penetrating into the middle of the jewellery and out from the jewellery (especially if it is coated with precious metals) which is the reason for the larger uncertainty of the result if the searched metal is in the middle of the jewellery (here the volume of the jewellery also has an influence).
Ved denne type målinger alene er der ingen mulighed for umiddelbart at vurdere, hvor i smykket et evt. indhold af tungmetaller befinder sig.
When using this type of measurements alone there is no possibility of immediately assessing where in the jewellery a possible content of heavy metals is located.
En anden årsag til, at det ikke er muligt at beskrive den præcise usikkerhed på de udførte XRF-målinger er, at smykkerne varierer meget i form og konstruktion i forhold til kendte referenceprøver.
Another reason why it is not possible to describe the exact uncertainty of the completed XRF measurements is that the jewelleries vary a lot in shape and construction in relation to known reference samples.
XRF-apparatet viser et procentvis indhold af metal i den flade, apparatet umiddelbart kan ”se”.
The XRF device shows in percentages a content of metal in the surface which the device immediately can “see”.
For at screeningen skulle være 'perfekt' skulle prøven således bestå af en perfekt homogen flade, hvilket ikke er tilfældet med de forskellige smykkedele.
Thus, to achieve a “perfect” screening the sample should consist of a perfect homogeneous surface which is not the case with the different jewellery parts.
Ved den semikvantitative screening, som er den der udføres i dette projekt, indebærer et positivt resultat, at der er indhold af det pågældende grundstof; det vil sige en positiv kvalitativ bestemmelse.
At the semi-quantitative screening, which is the one being carried out in this project, a positive result implies that there is a content of the element in question; i.e. a positive quantitative determination.
Et kraftigt signal indebærer, at smykket indeholder relativt store mængder af det pågældende grundstof.
A strong signal implies that the jewellery contains relatively large amounts of the element in question.
Det vurderes, at resultaterne fra XRF-screeningen er anvendelige til at danne sig et begrundet indtryk af hvilke smykker, der burde udtages til videre afprøvning for afgivelse af problematiske tungmetaller.
It is judged that the results from the XRF screening are usable to form a reasonable impression of which jewelleries ought to be selected for further test for release of problematic heavy metals.
3.4.2 Test for indhold af Arsen og Barium
3.4.2 Test for a content of Arsenic and Barium
Det anvendte XRF-apparat var ikke kalibreret til at teste for indhold af As og Ba, hvorfor test for indhold af disse blev foretaget ved visuelt at undersøge det spektrum, der kom ud for hver XRF-scanning.
The used XRF device was not calibrated to test for a content of As and Ba and therefore a test for a content of these elements was made through a visual examination of the spectrum which came out for each XRF scanning.
Trods metodens visuelle karakter kan den stadig med acceptabel sikkerhed indikere et evt. indhold af disse to metaller.
Despite the visual character of the method it can still indicate a possible content of these two metals with an acceptable certainty.
Imidlertid viste alle screeninger intet tegn på indhold af hverken As eller Ba, hvilket dog heller ikke var at forvente, idet disse to metaller normalt ikke anvendes under fremstilling af smykker.
However, all the screenings showed no sign of a content of either As or Ba which was not expected anyway as normally these two metals are not used in the production of jewelleries.
3.4.3 Indhold af tungmetal i metalsmykkerne
3.4.3 Content of heavy metal in the metal jewelleries
De 170 metalsmykker blev testet for indhold af følgende metaller: Au, Ag, Cu, Sb, Pb, Se, Cr, Cd, Hg, Sn, Al, Mo, Nb, Zr, Bi, W, Zn, Ni, Co, Fe, Mn, V, Ti, In, Pt, Pd, As, Ba.
The 170 pieces of metal jewelleries were tested for a content of the following metals: Au, Ag, Cu, Sb, Pb, Se, Cr, Cd, Hg, Sn, Al, Mo, Nb, Zr, Bi, W, Zn, Ni, Co, Fe, Mn, V, Ti, In, Pt, Pd, As, Ba.
Følgende otte metaller blev vurderet til at være de mest interessante i forbindelse med potentielle sundhedsmæssige risici relateret til migration til huden, samt indtagelse via munden: Pb, Hg, Cd, Se, Cr, Sb, As, Ba.
The following eight metals were judged to be the most interesting in terms of potential health risks related to migration to the skin as well as ingestion through the mouth: Pb, Hg, Cd, Se, Cr, Sb, As, Ba.
Bilag A viser indholdet af de ovennævnte 8 metaller samt guld, sølv og kobber i samtlige 318 screeninger (svarende til samtlige 170 smykker).
Appendix A shows the content of the above-mentioned 8 metals as well as gold, silver and copper in all the 318 screenings (corresponding to all the 170 pieces of jewelleries).
Screeningen afslørede, at godt 58% af alle undersøgte smykker indeholdt bly i en koncentration på over 100 ppm.
The screening revealed that approx. 58% of all examined jewelleries contained lead in a concentration above 100 ppm.
Hvad angår indhold af cadmium, viste screeningen, at godt 24% af alle undersøgte smykker indeholdt cadmium i en koncentration over 75 ppm.
As regards the content of cadmium the screening showed that approx. 24% of all the examined jewelleries contained cadmium in a concentration above 75 ppm.
Det er dog ikke muligt på baggrund af XRF-screeningen at sige noget om, hvorvidt cadmiumindholdet findes i form af en cadmiering af overfladen eller om det findes centralt i smykket.
However, based on the XRF screening it is not possible to conclude whether the content of cadmium is found in the form of a cadmium plating of the surface or whether it is found in the middle of the jewellery.
Med hensyn til kviksølv overskred 4 smykker, svarende til 2% af de undersøgte smykker, det maksimalt tilladte indhold på 75 ppm Hg.
Regarding mercury, 4 pieces of jewelleries, corresponding to 2% of the examined jewelleries, exceeded the maximally allowed content of 75 ppm Hg.
Det maksimale blyindhold på 69,6% blev fundet i en guldbelagt lås (delsmykke nr. 95,3).
The maximum content of lead of 69.6% was found in a gold coated catch (jewellery part no. 95.3).