natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Denne undersøgelse, som Miljøstyrelsen har fået gennemført af COWI Rådgivende Ingeniører, har omfattet mere end 1.300 af de mest sandsynlige indehavere af PCB-holdige transformatorer og store kondensatorer.
This investigation, conducted by COWI Consulting Engineers and Planners for the Danish Environmental Protection Agency, has included more than 1,300 of the most probable holders of PCB containing equipment.
Undersøgelsen har vist, at der var en beskeden mængde af større PCB-holdigt udstyr i brug.
The investigation showed that only modest amount of PCB-containing equipment was in use.
Formål og baggrund
Background and objectives
Miljøstyrelsen har ved udgangen af 1998 udsendt en ny bekendtgørelse om PCB.
By the end of 1998, the Danish EPA has released a new regulation on PCBs.
I den forbindelse har Miljøstyrelsen ønsket at få overblik over hvor meget PCB, der stadig er i omløb i elektriske apparater i det danske samfund.
Hence the EPA desired an updated status of the amounts of PCB currently in circulation with electrical equipment in the Danish society.
PCB's historie
The history of PCB
PCB er en gruppe af klorerede organiske stoffer, de såkaldte polychlorerede biphenyler.
PCB is a group of chlorinated organic chemicals, the so-called polychlorinated biphenyls.
PCB dannes ikke naturligt, men er siden først i dette århundrede blevet fremstillet i industrien.
They are not formed naturally, but have been synthesised industrially since the first decades of this century.
At de samtidigt har svært ved at brænde, har gjort dem teknisk velegnede til elektriske apparater, der kunne blive udsat for opvarmning.
Furthermore they are fire retardants, all in all making them technically suitable for use in electrical equipment prone to be overheated in use or in case of malfunctioning.
PCB til tekniske formål er kun blevet fremstillet og solgt som flydende, olieagtige stofblandinger.
PCB for technical uses has only been produced and sold as oil-like liquid mixtures.
PCB har især været anvendt i kondensatorer i alle størrelser, samt i store oliekølede højspændingstransformatorer.
PCB has been used in Denmark in capacitors of virtually all sizes, as well as in large oil-cooled transformers for high voltages.
PCB er bioakkumulerbart, dvs. det opkoncentreres gennem fødekæden.
PCB is bioaccumulated in the environment; in other words it is concentrated through the food chains.
På grund af dets kemiske stabilitet er det meget svært nedbrydeligt i naturen.
Because of its chemical stability, its degradability in nature is very low.
PCB er desuden giftigt for mennesker og i miljøet.
Furthermore, it is toxic for humans and in the environment.
En anden uheldig egenskab ved PCB er, at det ved brand kan omdannes til langt mere giftige stoffer, de såkaldte klorerede dibenzofuraner.
Another disadvantage is the possible formation of the highly toxic compounds chlorinated dibenzofuranes, when PCB is burned.
Siden midt i 1970'erne er der derfor indført restriktioner på anvendelsen af PCB i Danmark.
Since the mid 1970'ies, the use of PCB has therefore been restricted in Denmark.
Eksisterende PCB-holdige apparater måtte dog stadig anvendes i en overgangsperiode (frem til 1995 for de vigtigste).
Existing equipment could be used in a transition period (ending in 1995 for the most important equipment types).
I den nyeste bekendtgørelse fra december 1998 er der stillet supplerende krav om, at de vigtigste PCB-holdige apparater skal bortskaffes eller renses ("dekontamineres") inden for nærmere angivne tidsfrister.
In the new regulations of December 1998, deadlines on the disposal or decontamination of existing equipment with PCB have been posed.
For transformatorer og større kondensatorer skulle det ske inden 1. januar 2000.
For transformers and large capacitors, the deadline was January 1 2000.
Denne undersøgelses vurderinger har baggrund dels i oplysninger indhentning fra litteratur og videncentre, dels i spørgeskemaundersøgelser rettet mod de mest sandsynlige indehavere af PCB-holdige transformatorer og store kondensatorer.
This investigation is based on data from the literature and interviews with technical experts in the area, as well as on questionnaires sent to most probable owners of PCB transformers and capacitors.
Undersøgelsen og rapporteringen er foretaget i 1998 og 1999 af Jakob Maag og Carsten Lassen, COWI Rådgivende Ingeniører AS for Miljøstyrelsen.
The investigations and the reporting has been carried out in 1998 and 1999 by Jakob Maag and Carsten Lassen, COWI Consulting Engineers and Planners AS, for the Danish Environmental Protection Agency.
Arbejdet er blevet fulgt af en styregruppe med deltagelse fra Miljøstyrelsen og COWI.
The work has been reviewed by a steering committee with representatives from The Danish EPA and COWI.
Undersøgelsen omfatter kun anvendelsen af PCB i elektriske apparater.
The investigation covers PCB in electrical appliances only.
PCB i maling, fugematerialer mv. er ikke behandlet.
Uses in paints, sealant, etc. are not described.
Spørgeskemaer udsendt til over 1.300 indehavere af transformatorer og store kondensatorer viser, at der ikke længere er PCB-holdigt udstyr i brug i forsyningsnettet.
Questionnaires send to more than 1,300 holders of transformers and large capacitors show that PCB containing equipment is no longer in use in the power distribution network.
I alt 23 forbrugere af elektricitet svarede, at de havde PCB-holdigt udstyr eller udstyr, som muligvis indeholder PCB.
In total 23 consumers of electricity answered that they were holders of PCB-containing equipment or equipment that may hold PCB.
Alle 23 indehavere af PCB-holdigt udstyr har efterfølgende bortskaffet udstyret.
All 23 have subsequent to the inventory disposed of the equipment to Kommunekemi.
Folk i el-branchen bør dog stadig være opmærksomme på gammelt elektrisk udstyr, således at PCB-holdigt udstyr, i fald det dukker frem, kan blive bortskaffet korrekt.
However, electricians should still be aware of PCB-containing equipment and take care that it is disposed of as hazardous waste if it emerge.
Historiske oplysninger stammende fra en opgørelse Miljøstyrelsen fik lavet i 1983 er vist i tabel 1.
Information on the historical consumption based on an investigation initiated by the Danish EPA in 1983 is shown in Table 1.
På dette tidspunkt var salget af PCB-holdige apparater i Danmark praktisk taget stoppet.
At that time the sales of PCB equipment had virtually stopped in Denmark.
Alle oplysninger om store kondensatorer tyder på, at der fortsat vil være en begrænset mængde PCB i brug i kondensatorer til fasekompensering, men det er ikke muligt at pege på, hvor det præcist vil kunne være.
All available information on large capacitors indicate, that a limited volume of PCB may still be in use in capacitors for power factor correction, but it is not possible explicitly to point out where they are.
Fasekompensering anvendes til aflastning af elforsyningsnettet for den såkaldte blindstrøm, der dannes ved brug af elmotorer, transformatorer og (andre) kondensatorer.
Power factor correction is a measure to limit the effects on the power distribution network of the so-called "blind current" generated by electromotors, transformers and (other) capacitors.
De har blandt mange andre steder været benyttet i fx jern- og metalstøberier, foderstoffirmaer, fiskeindustri, større maskinfabrikker, skibsværfter, savværker og andre større træforarbejdende virksomheder, plaststøberier, store vaskerier, hospitaler, lysanlæg på stadioner og rensningsanlæg.
Among many other places, they have been used in foundries, in other metal industries, in the fish processing industries, in sawmills and other large woodprocessing industries, in plastic processing, industrial laundries, lighting systems of stadiums, hospitals, waste water treatment plants, etc.
I nærværende undersøgelse har 19 store forbrugere af elektricitet svaret, at de var indehavere af PCB-holdige kondensatorer.
In the present inventory 19 consumers of electricity has answered that they were holders of PCB-containing capacitors.
Da undersøgelsen omfatter mere end 1.300 af de største og mest sandsynlige indehavere af PCB-holdigt udstyr, vurderes det, at det vil være ret begrænsede mængder af store PCB-holdige kondensatorer, der endnu er i omløb.
The inventory covers more than 1,300 of the most probable holders of the equipment and the result indicate that only a small amount of PCB-containing large capacitors are still in use.
Heraf besvarede 92% henvendelsen.
About 92% has answered the inquiry.
Det skal bemærkes, at virksomhederne ved den første runde ikke havde pligt til at svare og ved de sidste to runder kun havde pligt til at svare, hvis de var indehavere af PCB-holdigt udstyr.
It should be noted that by the first round the enterprises had no obligation to answer the inquiry and by the second and third round they only had the obligation if the answer was affirmative.
Oplysninger fra Kommunekemi om indleveret PCB-holdigt affald bekræfter, at stort set alle højspændingstransformatorer med PCB synes at være væk i dag, mens der stadig modtages en lille mængde PCB-holdige kondensatorer.
Information obtained from the national Danish hazardous waste treatment plant, Kommunekemi, seem to confirm that virtually all high voltage PCB transformers seem to have been disposed of today, whereas a limited amount of PCB capacitors is still delivered for treatment.
Små PCB-holdige kondensatorer i armaturer til lysstofrør er tidligere overvejende blevet bortskaffet via dagrenovation og storskrald til affaldsforbrænding eller deponering.
The majority of small PCB capacitors in fluorescent light ballasts etc. is deemed to have been disposed of in the regular solid waste streams, ending up in landfills and waste incineration plants.
I 1998 blev der lavet en bekendtgørelse om håndtering af kasserede elektriske og elektroniske produkter med ikrafttrædelse 1. dec. 1999.
In 1998 a new Statutory Order on treatment of waste of electric and electronic products coming into force by December 1 1999 was adopted.
Denne bekendtgørelse har medført at kommunerne i dag er aktive med at informere borgerne om, at alt elektrisk og elektronisk udstyr skal indsamles særskilt.
The Statutory Order has brought along that the municipalities today are active in informing the public that all waste of electronic and electric equipment has to be separately collected.
Det må derfor forventes, at eventuelle PCB-holdige komponenter af lysstofarmaturer og elektronisk udstyr fremover vil blive behandlet særskilt.
Consequently it must be expected that any PCB containing components of fluorescent lamps and electronics that may arise from now on will be treated separately.
I december 1998 offentliggjorde Miljøstyrelsen vejledningen "Oprydning på forurenede lokaliteter".
In December 1998 the Danish Environmental Protection Agency issued guidelines for "Remedial works on contaminated sites".
Vejledningen består af seks bind, hhv. et hovedbind, et appendiks og fire branchevejledninger.
These guidelines comprise six volumes: one main volume, one appendix and four specific sections.
Vejledningerne er en opdatering, udbygning og præcisering af Miljøstyrelsens vejledninger fra 1992.
The guidelines represent an update, extension and clarification of the 1992 guidelines from the Danish Environmental Protection Agency.
Vejledningen beskriver håndteringen af forurenede lokaliteter fra undersøgelsesfasen og til eventuel afværgeforanstaltning.
The guidelines describe the handling of contaminated sites from the examination phase to any potential remedial works.
Et centralt afsnit i vejledningen omhandler risikovurdering af jordforurening i forhold til arealanvendelsen, grundvandet og afdampning.
A key section of the guidelines deals with risk assessment of contaminated soil in relation to land use, groundwater and evaporation.
For at lette gennemførselen af de beregningsrutiner som indgår i risikovurderingen og give mulighed for at præsentere resultatet af vurderingen grafisk, besluttede Miljøstyrelsen at udarbejde et regneark.
To facilitate calculation routines involved in risk assessment and to provide the option of graphical presentation of the assessment, the Danish Environmental Protection Agency decided to develop a spreadsheet.
Udviklingen af regnearket
Development of the spreadsheet
Regnearket er udviklet til en dansk version af Excel 97 og kan med rimelig hastighed afvikles på en computer med en Intel Pentium 166 Mhz processor og med en hukommelse på 32 MB RAM.
The spreadsheet has been designed for a Danish version of Excel 97 and will run with adequate performance on a computer with an Intel Pentium 166 MHz processor and 32 MB of RAM.
Regnearket er programmeret i Visual Basic.
The spreadsheet has been programmed in Visual Basic.
Når programmet kører kalder det en række formler og makroer samt skjulte regneark.
When the program is running it invokes a number of formulae, macros and hidden spreadsheets.
Der er angivet en mere teknisk forklaring i manualen til programmet.
For a more technical description please consult the software manual.
Programmet letter risikovurderingen af forurenede grunde
The program facilitates risk assessment of contaminated sites
Regnearket kan bruges til at risikovurdere forurenede lokaliteter ud fra den fremgangsmåde, som er beskrevet i vejledningen om oprydning på forurenede lokaliteter.
The spreadsheet can be used to carry out risk assessment of contaminated sites on the basis of the procedure described in the guidelines for the Remediation of Contaminated sites.
I regnearket er der for en lang række forurenende stoffer angivet fysisk-kemiske data og grænseværdier for jord, grundvand og afdampning til luften.
In the spreadsheet, the physical-chemical data and limit values for soil, groundwater and evaporation to air are stated for numerous contaminating substances.
Endvidere findes der en hjælpefunktion til hvert skærmbillede samt mulighed for at se og udskrive diverse mellemregninger.
In addition, each screen image displays a help facility and the possibility to view and print various intermediate calculations.
Hertil kommer muligheden for en grafisk præsentation af risikovurderingen.
Finally, a graphical presentation of the risk assessment is available.
Programmet indeholder følgende menusider:
The program contains the following menu pages:
Fugacitetsberegninger dvs. beregning af ligevægtskoncentrationer imellem henholdsvis gas-, jord- og vandfase
Fugacity calculations, i.e. calculation of equilibrium concentrations between gas, soil and water phases, respectively
Afdampning til ude- eller indeluft
Evaporation to indoor or outdoor air
Gasproduktion og konvektiv spredning af gas fra losseplads
Gas production and convective migration of gas from waste disposal sites (landfill gas)
Risikovurdering af diffus jordforurening i forhold til arealanvendelsen
Risk assessment of diffused soil contamination in relation to land use
Risikovurdering af en jordforurening i forhold til grundvandsressourcen
Risk assessment of contamination in relation to groundwater resource
Forureningsspredning i den umættede zone
Migration of contamination in unsaturated zone
Beregning af sandsynligheden for at lokalisere en jordforurening
Calculation of the probability of locating contaminated soil
Regneark med otte menuer
Spreadsheet with eight menus
Pc-regnearket er bygget op af 8 menusider, som kan vælges fra programmets forside.
The spreadsheet is designed with 8 menu pages, selectable from the front page of the program.
Hovedholdet af de enkelte menuer beskrives i det følgende.
The main content of the individual menus is described as follows:
Vurdering af diffus jordforurening
Assessment of diffused soil contamination
Afdampning til udeluft
Vaporisation to outdoor air
I regnearket kan man udføre en konservativ beregning af den diffusive transport i jordens poreluft fra det forurenede område til jordoverfladen og den videre opblanding i udeluften.
A conservative calculation of the diffusive transport of pore gas from a contaminated area to the surface of the soil and the subsequent mixing with outdoor air.
Beregningerne udføres med udgangspunkt i målte eller beregnede poreluftkoncentrationer, jordparametre samt viden om forureningens udbredelse.
The calculations are made on the basis of measured or calculated pore gas concentrations, soil parameters and knowledge of the size of the contaminated area.
Afdampning til indeklima
Vaporisation to indoor climate
Transporten af forurenende stoffer ind i huset kan beregnes som summen af den diffusive og konvenktive transport.
Calculations are made on the basis of pore gas concentrations, soil parameters and available data on the buildings and floors.
Beregningerne udføres på baggrund af indtastede poreluftkoncentrationer, jordparametre og data om bygninger og gulve.
Chemical parameters and various building data have been included in the spreadsheet as standard parameters.
Formelsættet, som benyttes i beregningerne, er udarbejdet for armerede betongulve, men beregningerne kan også gennemføres for uarmerede betongulve, hvis de relevante revnelængder og revnevidder i gulvet kendes.
The equations used in the calculations have been derived assuming reinforced concrete floors but calculations can also be made for plain concrete floors if the relevant lengths and widths of fissures in the floor are known.
Ud fra værdier for halveringstider og total gasproduktion, som afhænger af affaldstypen, kan regnearket beregne den årlige gasproduktion.
The spreadsheet can calculate the annual rate of gas production on the basis of half time values and total gas production, which depend on the residual type.
Ud fra konvektionsmodellen, som er angivet i vejledningen, kan man beregne forholdet mellem poreluftkoncentrationerne i lossepladsen og indeluftkoncentrationen i en bygning placeret uden for lossepladsen.
It is possible to calculate the relationship between pore gas concentrations of the landfill and the indoor-air concentration in a building placed outside the landfill on the basis of the convection model, which is stated in the guidelines.
Beregningerne giver endvidere den tid, der skal til før ligevægtskoncentrationen og trykgradienten er opnået.
The calculations also provide the pressure gradient and time necessary to establish equilibrium.
Beregningerne gælder for en worstcase situation dvs., hvor overjorden er frossen eller vandmættet, og hvor al gas transporteres ud fra lossepladsen ud i den aktuelle bygning.
The calculations represent a worstcase scenario, i.e. where the topsoil is frozen and water-saturated and where all gas from the landfill is transported out and into the building in question.
Risikovurdering i forhold til grundvandet
Risk assessment in relation to groundwater
Regnearket indeholder en risikovurdering opdelt i tre trin, som gradvis nuanceres mere og mere.
The spreadsheet performs a risk assessment that is subdivided into three steps that are specified individually.
er en kildenær opblandingsmodel dvs., hvor der regnes med opblanding i de øverste 0,25 m af grundvandsmagasinet umiddelbart under forureningskilden.
is a "Mixing model close to the source area", where the infiltrating contaminated pore water is mixed with groundwater in a 0.25 m wide verticalzzone of the top of the aquifer, immediately under the source of contamination.
er en kildefjern opblandingsmodel, hvor tykkelsen af opblandingen i grundvandsmagasinet bestemmes i en afstand svarende til af grundvandet har strømmet 1 år, dog maksimum 100 meter fra forureningskilden.
is a "Mixing model downstream of the source area" where the thickness of the vertical zone in the aquifer is determined on the basis of the distance corresponding to 1 yr. of groundwater travel time with a maximum of 100 metres from the source area.
Princippet er, at jo længere grundvandet strømmer, jo større bliver opblandingstykkelsen og dette vil føre til en mindre forureningskoncentrationen.
The principle that is the longer the groundwater flows, the greater the mixing zone thickness becomes, leading to a lower concentration of contamination
Da det et svært, at forudsige nedbrydningsraten, bør der altid foregå en monitering på lokaliteten, så den specifikke nedbrydningsrate kan bestemmes.
As it is difficult to predict the rate of degradation, monitoring should always take place on site in order to determine the specific degradation rate.
Baseret på moniteringsdata kan programmet beregne nedbrydningsraten.
On the basis of the monitoring data the program can calculate the actual rate of degradation.
Et eksempel på udskrift af beregnede forureningskoncentrationer i de tre trin ses i figur 1.
An example of plots of the calculated concentrations of contamination at the three steps is shown in Figure 1 (in Danish).
Grafisk afbilding af de beregnede forureningskoncentrationer igrundvandet som funktion af afstanden.
Graphical presentation of the calculated concentrations of contamination in the groundwater as a function of distance.
Ved fugacitetsprincippet antager man, at der er ligevægt mellem forureningsfordelingen i faserne jord, vand og luft.
In the principle of fugacity, equilibrium is assumed between the distribution of contamination in soil, water and air phases.
Når det forudsættes, at der er det samme forhold mellem faserne ved lavere koncentrationer, kan man beregne koncentrationen i poreluft og porevand, hvis kan kender jordkoncentrationen.
Assuming that the same relationship exists between the phases at lower concentrations, the concentration in pore gas and pore water may be calculated if the soil contaminant concentration is known.
Som inddata skal der i regnearket vælges en forureningskomponent og jordtype evt. via af en af programmets mange valgtabeller.
Input data for the spreadsheet includes a contamination component and soil type, possibly by means of one of the many selection tables available in the program.
Spredning i umættet zone
Migration in unsaturated zone
I regnearket kan der også udføres beregning af stofspredning via porevandstransport gennem den umættede zone.
The spreadsheet also provides an opportunity to calculate the migration of substance by means of pore water transportation through the unsaturated zone.
Her kan porevandskoncentrationen beregnes som funktion af tid og dybde.
Here the pore water concentration may be calculated as a function of time and depth.
Da forureningsspredningen i umættet zone endnu kun kan beskrives meget ufuldstændigt, skal resultaterne tages med store forbehold.
As it is currently impossible to give more than an incomplete description of the migration of contamination in unsaturated zone the results obtained must be considered with great reservation.
Og koncentrationer og især "gennembrudstider" skal kun opfattes som tendenser.
In addition concentrations, and especially "breakthrough times" should only be regarded as trends.
Regnearket skelner mellem stoftransport ved pulstilførsel og stoftransport med vedvarende stoftilførsel.
The spreadsheet can distinguish between pulse contamination e.g. due to an incident action and continuously contamination e.g. due to leaching from a landfill site.
Endelig kan man i sandsynlighedsdelen beregne, hvor stor sandsynlighed der er for at træffe forurening på et givet areal, hvor diameteren af et hotspot eller det forurenede areal i % er kendt, og hvor antallet af punkter, hvor der tages prøver, er givet på forhånd.
Finally, it is possible to calculate the probability of encountering contamination at a given site where the diameter of a hot spot or the percentage of the contaminated site is known and where the number of places where samples are taken is given in advance.
Figur 2 viser et skærmbillede med inddata og resultater.
Figure 2 shows a screen image with input data and results (in Danish).
Skærmbillede med inddata (hvide felter) og resultater.
Screen image with input data (white fields) and results
I 1996 blev der fastsat en særlig ordning for udvikling af rensnings- og afværgeteknologier på jordforureningsområdet.
In 1996 a programme for development of clean-up and remediation technologies relating to soil and groundwater contamination was set up.