natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Ydermere blev der valgt renserier, som tidligere har været anvendt i miljøprojekter, således at data fra disse tidligere projekter kunne inddrages i nærværende projekt.
Furthermore, dry-cleaning shops that had participated in environmental projects earlier, were selected, using the old data for this present project.
Kulbrinte-renseri D og Rynex-renseri B blev udvalgt til at forestå rensningerne af tekstilerne.
Hydrocarbon dry-cleaning shop D and Rynex dry-cleaning shopo B were selected to dry-clean the textiles.
Forud for pletning og rensning blev der udtaget prøver fra hvert tekstil.
Prior to the spotting and dry-cleaning, samples were taken from each piece of textile.
Prøverne anvendes som referenceprøver for indholdet af alkylphenolpolyethoxylater efter rensning.
These samples are used as reference samples for the content of alkylphenolethoxylates after dry-cleaning.
6.4 Rensning af tekstiler
6.4 Chemical dry-cleaning of textiles
Rensningen af tekstilerne foregik i samarbejde med renseriejerne.
The dry-cleaning of the textiles was carried out in co-operation with the owners of the dry-cleaning shops.
Efter aftale med Miljøstyrelsen blev kun typen af plet 1-4 oplyst til renserierne, mens plet 5 og 6 var ”ukendte”.
According to agreement with the Danish Environmental Protection Agency, the dry-cleaning shops were only informed about the type of spots 1-4, whereas spots 5 and 6 were unknown.
En medarbejder fra Kampsax førte tilsyn med såvel forbehandling som rensning og efterbehandling.
An employee from Kampsax A/S supervised the pre-treatment, the drycleaning as well as the final treatment.
6.4.1 Rensning i kulbrinte-renseri D
6.4.1 Dry-cleaning in hydrocarbon dry-cleaning shop D
I kulbrinte-renseri D oplyste ejeren, at forud for en rensning blev alt tekstil gennemgået og sprayet med en blanding af vand og forbørstningsmidlet Polysol.
The owner of hydrocarbon dry-cleaning shop D informed that prior to a chemical dry-cleaning, all textiles were examined and sprayed with a mixture of water and the spotting fluid Polysol.
Tekstilerne til forsøgene blev yderligere pletrenset.
The textiles used for the tests were spot cleaned.
Pletbehandlingen fremgår af tabel 6.4.
The spot treatment appears from table 6.4.
Generelt blev hver plet behandlet med ½-1 ml af de nævnte detacheringsmiddel.
Generally, each spot was treated with ½1 ml of the mentioned spotting fluid.
Tabel 6.5: Forsøgsforhold, kulbrinterenseri D.
Table 6.5: Test conditions, hydrocarbon dry-cleaning shop D.
Vægt af tekstiler i batch 20 kg Sammensætning af tekstiler i batch - skønnet
Weight of textiles in batch 20 kg Combination of textiles in batch - estimated
Viscose- og bomuldsfibre: 10-20 %
Viscose and cotton fibres: 10-20%
Tilsætning: 250 ml Prenet Pur
Add 250 ml Prenet Pur
Tilførsel af 90-100 l destillat
Add 90-100 l distillate
Tørring i 20 min., hvorunder temperaturen stiger til 75 oC.
Drying for 20 minutes whereupon the temperature increases to 75
oC over 3½ min. (til 3% af LEL)
oC in 3½ minutes (3% of LEL)
6.4.2 Rensning i Rynex-renseri B
6.4.2 Dry-cleaning in Rynex dry-cleaning shop B
Der henvises til figur 3.1 for nærmere beskrivelse af rensemaskinens funktion.
Please also see figure 3.1 for a further description of the function of the dry-cleaning machine.
: Pletbehandling, Rynex-renseri B. Bemærk, at årsagen til plet 5 og 6 ikke blev oplyst til renseriet.
: Spot treatment, Rynex dry-cleaning shop B. Please note that the dry-cleaning shop did not get any information about spot type 5 and 6.
Generelt blev hver plet behandlet ved detacherbord (med vandforstøver og sug).
Generally, each spot was treated at a spotting table (with water spray and suction).
Efter denne indledende rengøring blev tekstilerne børstet med ca. 2-3 ml.
Upon this introductory dry-cleaning, the textiles were brushed with approximately 2-3 ml Devantol Soft.
Detafix Color og Devantol soft
Detafix Color and Devantol soft
Detaprofi Tanex og Devantol soft
Detaprofi Tanex and Devantol soft
Centifugering, 750-800 omdrejninger/min. (305-320 G) i 10 min.
Spin-drying, 750-800 rotations/minute (305-320 G) for 10 minutes
Tørring i 65 min. med 75
Drying for 65 minutes with 75
oC - varighed 4 min. Udluftning af tromle i 4 min.
oC in 4 minutes Bleeding of drum for 4 minutes
Presning ved Dampdukke / pressebænk
Pressing using Dummy / pressing bench
10 sek. damp + 60 sek. luft.
10 seconds vapour + 60 seconds air
6.4.3 Transport af rensede tekstiler til laboratorium
6.4.3 Transport of dry-cleaned textiles to laboratory
Det kunne efter rensningen konstateres, at pletterne var forsvundet fra tekstilerne - såvel dem, der var renset i Rynex-renseriet som dem, der var renset i kulbrinte-renseriet.
After the dry-cleaning, the textiles did not have any spots - either the textiles dry-cleaned in the Rynex dry-cleaning shop or the textiles dry-cleaned in the hydrocarbon dry-cleaning shop.
Transporttiden fra Kampsax til Eurofins var ca. 3 timer.
The transport from Kampsax A/S to Eurofins Denmark A/S took approximately 3 hours.
Der gik således skønnet 4 timer fra presningen var færdig til tekstilet var i klimakammeret.
It took approximately 4 hours from the pressing was finished till the textile was in the climatic room.
6.5 Klimakammermålinger - Bestemmelse af residualindhold af flygtige komponenter
6.5 Climatic chamber measurements of residues of volatile compounds
Ved modtagelsen på laboratoriet blev tekstilerne pakket ud, rystet for at rette dem ud og derpå anbragt i klimakamrene.
When the textiles were received in the laboratory, they were unpacked, shaken in order to be straightened and then placed in the climatic chambers.
Tidspunktet for anbringelse i klimakammeret blev defineret som t=0.
The time the textiles were placed in the climatic chambers was defined as t=0.
Tekstilerne blev under hele afgasningstesten opbevaret i klimakamrene.
During the emission test, the textiles were kept in the climatic chambers.
Omstændighederne blev valgt således, at de svarer til testomstændighederne fastlagt i Prøvningsstandarden for Dansk Indeklimamærkning (1998) med den modifikation, at lufthastigheden ikke blev reguleret.
The conditions were selected so that they correspond to the test conditions determined in the test standard for Danish Indoor Climate Labelling (1998) with the modification that the air speed was not adjusted.
Dansk Indeklimamærkning foreskriver en lufthastighed på 0,15 m/s ved test af byggevarer, men denne lufthastighed er væsentlig højere end luftbevægelserne i et garderobeskab.
The Danish Indoor Climate Labelling prescribes an air speed of 0.15 m/s for building materials, but this air speed is much higher than the air circulation in a wardrobe.
Da formålet med undersøgelsen var at efterligne forholdene under normal brug, blev det valgt ikke at forøge lufthastigheden yderligere i forhold til de luftbevægelser, som luftskiftet i klimakammeret skaber.
As the purpose of the investigation was to imitate the conditions during normal use, it was decided not to increase the air speed further in relation to the air circulation that the change of air in the climatic chamber creates.
Måleomstændighederne var således:
The measurement conditions were as follows:
0,5 gange pr. time
0.5 times per hour
Første prøve blev udtaget 1 døgn efter forsøgets start.
The first air sample was taken 1 day after the start of the test.
Prøvetagning blev foretaget på adsorptionsrør med aktiv kul, mens analyse blev foretaget ved gaskromatografi (GC/MS).
Sampling was made on adsorption tube with active coal, whereas the analysis was carried out by gas chromatographical analysis (GC/MS).
Detaljeret metodebeskrivelse med metodereferencer kan findes i bilag 5
Please see appendix 5 for a detailed description of the method including method references.
6.6 Analyse for residualindhold efter klimakammermålingerne
6.6 Analysis of residue in dry-cleaned textiles
Efter afgasningsforsøgenes afslutning blev prøverne udtaget fra klimakamrene.
After the emission tests, the textiles were removed from the climatic chambers.
Der blev udtaget et stykke på 10 x10 cm fra hvert tekstil på det sted, hvor pletterne oprindelig var påsat.
Samples were taken from an area of 10 x 10 cm from each textile on the place where the spots were originally put.
Prøverne blev derpå analyseret for indhold af alkylphenolpolyethoxylater.
The samples were subsequently analysed for the content of alkyl phenol poly ethoxylates.
Der blev tilsvarende udtaget endnu en prøve fra tekstilerne til analyse for residualindhold af flygtige komponenter.
Another sample was taken from each textile to be analysed for any residue of volatile components.
6.7.1 Afgivelse af flygtige organiske forbindelser
6.7.1 Emission of volatile organic compounds
I bilag 6 er rådata og henfaldskurver for alle forsøg vedlagt.
Raw data and curves of decay of all tests are available in appendix 6.
Tabel 6.8: Emitterede stoffer og emissionsparametre for tekstiler renset med kulbrintebaserede rensermidler -:
Table 6.8: Emitted chemicals and emission parameters for textiles dry-cleaned using hydrocarbonbased cleaning fluids -:
Afdampning af rensemidler ikke påvist
Evaporation of cleaning fluids not demonstrated
Kulbrinteblanding, C10-C15
Hydrocarbon compound, C10-C15
Korrelationskoefficient R0: Initial emissionsrate k:
Correlation coefficient R0: Initial emission rate k:
Glycoletherne udgøres af en multikomponent blanding med 3-4 enkeltkomponenter.
The glycolethers consist of a multi component mixture with 3-4 single components.
Den primære komponent er en isomerblanding af dipropylenglycolt-butylether (CAS nr. 132739-31-2).
The primary component is an isomer compound of dipropylenglycol-t-butylether (CAS number 132739-31-2).
Der er i alle prøver med indhold af glycolethere endvidere påvist butoxyethoxyethanol.
In all samples containing glycolethers, the content of butoxyethoxyethanol has been demonstrated.
I prøver fra rensninger med glycoletherbaserede rensemidler var mængden af butoxyethoxyethanol mindre end 1% af den samlede mængde glycolethere, mens butoxyethoxyethanol udgjorde mellem 3 og 20% af glycolethermængden i tekstiler, hvor det primære rensemiddel er kulbrintebaseret.
In samples from dry-cleaning using glycolether-based cleaning fluids, the quantity of butoxyethoxyethanol was smaller than 1% of the total quantiy of glycolethers, whereas butoxyethoxyethanol made up between 3 and 20% of the glycolether quantity in textiles where the primary cleaning fluid is hydrocarbon-based.
6.7.2 Restindhold af alkylphenolpolyethoxylater De gennemførte analyser for alkylphenolpolyethoxylater før og efter rensning af tekstilerne har givet følgende resultater. jf. tabel 6.10 og 6.11.
6.7.2 Residue of alkylphenolpolyethoxylates The analyses for alkylphenolpolyethoxylates before and after the dry-cleaning of the textiles have given the following results (table 6.10 and 6.11).
Resultaterne er korrigeret for blindværdier (indhold før rensning).
The results have been corrected for blind values (content before dry-cleaning).
Tabel 6.10: Restindhold af alkylphenolpolyethoxylater efter rensning (kulbrintebaserede rensemidler).
Table 6.10: Residue of alkylphenolpolyethoxylates after dry-cleaning (hydrocarbon-based cleaning fluids).
7.1 Opstilling af matematisk model
7.1 Development of a mathematical model
Formålet med fase 4 er at opstille en simpel metode til omregning af afdampningshastighederne for de fundne komponenter bestemt ved klimakammermålingerne i fase 3 til resulterende koncentrationer (bidrag) af disse i boligers indeluft.
The purpose of phase 4 is to set up a simple method for conversion of the evaporation speeds of the components determined by measurements in climatic chambers in phase 3 into resulting concentrations (contribution) in the indoor air of residences.
Data fremskaffet i fase 3 anvendes sammen med modellen til eksemplificering af indeklimakoncentrationer ved introduktion af renset tøj i boligen.
The data provided in phase 3 will be used together with the model for exemplification of the indoor climate concentrations when introducing dry-cleaned clothes into the residence.
Sinkeffekter beskriver det forhold, at bygningsdele og interiør adsorberer og desorberer kemikalierne.
Elimination of adsorption/desorption in the model means that the maximum concentrations from the calculations are probably overestimated.
· Det antages videre, at effekten af temperatur- og luftfugtighedsvariationer på emissionen af komponenterne fra renset tøj er ubetydelige, idet emissionsparametrene fundet i nærværende projekt er bestemt ved typiske indeklimaforhold.
· It is also assumed that the effect of the temperature and atmospheric humidity variations in the emission of the components from drycleaned clothes is insignificant, as the emission parameters found in this project have been determined under typical indoor climate conditions.
· Det antages, at det rensede tekstil er taget ud af posen og opbevares frit i rummet.
· It is assumed that the dry-cleaned textile is taken out of the bag and is kept freely in the room.
Det antages videre, at tøjet forbliver i rummet/boligen i hele emissionsperioden.
It is also assumed that the clothes remain in the room/ residence throughout the whole emission period.
Med udgangspunkt i førnævnte antagelser kan der opstilles en ”single chamber unsteady state” massebalance for situationen, hvor der introduceres renset tekstil i boligen.
Based on the above assumptions, a ”single chamber unsteady state” mass balance can be set up for the situation where dry-cleaned textile is introduced into the residence.
Der opstilles indledningsvis en model for den situation, at der introduceres ét stykke renset tekstil til boligen.
Initially, a model is developed for the situation where one piece of dry-cleaned textile is introduced into the residence.
Herefter opstilles en model, hvor det antages, at der på samme tid er introduceret flere typer af renset tekstil til boligen.
Then, a model is developed where it is assumed that more types of dry-cleaned textile are introduced into the residence at the same time.
Endelig diskuteres størrelsen af startværdien (baggrundskoncentrationen).
Finally, the size of the starting value (background concentration) is discussed.
7.1.1 Model for introduktion af ét stykke renset tekstil
7.1.1 Model for introduction of one piece of dry-cleaned textile
Følgende massebalance danner udgangspunkt for modellen til beregning af den resulterende koncentration i indeklimaet efter introduktion af én type renset tekstil:
The following mass balance forms the basis of the model for calculation of the resulting concentration in the indoor climate upon introduction of one type of dry-cleaned textile:
(2) Ændring i masse = masse emitteret - masse fjernet
(2) Change in mass = mass emitted - mass removed
7.1.2 Model for introduktion af flere typer renset tekstil
7.1.2 Model for introduction of more types of dry-cleaned textile
Hvis der introduceres forskellige typer af renset tøj med forskellige emissionsstyrende parametre (Ro, k) samtidigt i boligen, ser massebalancen ud som følger:
If various types of dry-cleaned clothes with different emission controlling parameters (Ro, k) are introduced simultaneously in the residence, the mass balance will look as follows:
Ydermere gennemføres beregninger for den situation, hvor det rensede tekstil emitterer i en stor velventileret bolig.
The value is assumed to be representative of a non-affected background level in both single-family houses and apartments.
Koncentration af komponent i indeluften
Indoor air concentration of component
Det bemærkes, at luftkvalitetskriterierne ikke kan anvendes i forbindelse med vurdering af, hvad der er en acceptabel eller uacceptabel udsættelse i forbindelse med indeklimapåvirkninger som følge af privatpersoners forbrugsmønstre, herunder hjembringelse af renset tekstil.
Please note that the air quality criteria cannot be used for estimating what is an acceptable or unacceptable exposure in connection with the indoor climate influences as a result of the consumption patterns of private persons, including bringing home dry-cleaned textile.
Da der ikke foreligger et luftkvalitetskriterium for den primære glycolether dipropylen-tert-butylether (CAS nr. 132739-31-2) er den samlede eksponering af glycolethere er foretaget relativt i forhold til størrelsesordenen af luftkvalitetskriteriet for dipropylenglycol-butylether (CAS nr. 29911-28-2).
As there is no air quality criterion for the primary glycolether dipropylen-tertbutylether (CAS number 132739-31-2), the total exposure of glycolether is made relatively in relation to the air quality criterion for dipropylenglycolbutylether (CAS number 29911-28-2).
Som det fremgår af afsnit 6.7 er der i klimakammermålingerne på alle Rynexrensede tekstiler påvist glycolethere.
As it appears from section 6.7, glycolethers have been demonstrated in all Rynex dry-cleaned textiles during all measurements made in climatic chambers.
Ydermere er der konstateret spor af tetrachlorethylen fra jakken og bukserne, mens tetrachlorethylenafgivelsen fra kjolen var målbar.
Furthermore, the jacket and trousers bore traces of tetrachlorethylen, whereas liberation of tetrachlorethylen from the dress could be measured.
I tabel 7.1 er opsummeret modelresultaterne for emissionen af glycolether fra Rynex-renset tekstil.
Table 7.1 shows the model results for the emission of glycolether from Rynex dry-cleaned textile.
Tabel 7.1: Modelberegninger af den resulterende koncentration af glycolethere (regnet som dipropylengycol-butylether) som følge af Rynex-renseprocessen.
Table 7.1: Model calculations of the resulting concentration of glycolethers (dipropylengycol-butylether) as a result of the Rynex dry-cleaning process.
B: Vurderet relativt til Miljøstyrelsens luftkvalitetskriterium for di-propylenglycolbutylether (Cas nr. 29911-28-2).
Estimated relatively to the air qualtiy criterion of the Danish Environmental Protection Agency for di-propylenglycol-butylether (CAS number 29911-28-2).
Rynex-renset tekstil Emission af glycolethere
Rynex dry-cleaned textile Emission af glycolethers
Antal habitter (jakke og bukser)
Number of suits (jacket and trousers)
Gennemsnitlig indeklimakoncentration mg/m
Average indoor climate concentration mg/m
Maksimal koncentration, mg/m
Air quality criterion
Foretages beregningen på et fuldt opblandet parcelhus, viser resultaterne, at koncentrationen af rensevæske i indeklimaet vil være mindre end luftkvalitetskriteriet for di-propylenglycol-butylether.
If the calculation is made for a completely mixed single-family house, the results show that the concentration of cleaning fluid in the indoor climate will be smaller than the air quality criterion for di-propylenglycol-butylether.
Beregningerne viser, at koncentrationen i indeklimaet vil være i samme størrelsesorden som luftkvalitetskriteriet for di-propylenglycol-butylether efter typisk 1-2 uger, såfremt der er tale om dårligt ventilerede forhold og efter få dage, såfremt der er tale om velventilerede forhold.
The calculations show that the size of the concentration in the indoor climate will be identical to the size of the air quality criterion for di-propylenglycolbutylether after typically 1-2 weeks in case of poorly ventilated conditions and after a few days in case of well-ventilated conditions.
Det kan således ikke udelukkes, at der kan forekomme indeklimaproblemer som følge af afgivelse af glycolethere fra Rynex-renset tekstil til boliger.
Therefore, indoor climate problems may occur due to emission of glycolether from Rynex dry-cleaned textile for residences.
Gennemføres beregningerne for afgivelse af tetrachlorethylen fra den Rynexrensede kjole, kan det vises, at koncentrationsbidraget af tetrachlorethylen fra kjolen til indeklimaet i et rum i en dårligt ventileret lejlighed ikke på noget tidspunkt overskrider 0,2 mg/m
If the calculations are made for emission of tetrachlorethylen from the Rynex dry-cleaned dress, it can be demonstrated that the concentration contribution of tetrachlorethylen from the dress to the indoor climate in a room of a poorly ventilated apartment will never exceed 0.2 mg/m
3. Til sammenligning kan nævnes, at luftkvalitetskriteriet for tetrachlorethylen er 6 mg/m
3. It this connection, it can be mentioned that the air quality criterion for tetrachlorethylen is 6 mg/m
Jævnfør afsnit 6.7 viste klimakammermålingerne afgivelse af kulbrinter og glycolethere fra kulbrinte-rensede bukser og jakke.
According to section 6.7, the measurements carried out in the climatic chambers showed emission of hydrocarbons and glycolethers from the hydrocarbon dry-cleaned trousers and jacket.
Der kunne ikke påvises afgivelse af tetrachlorethylen fra de nævnte tekstiler.
No emission of tetrachlorethylen from the mentioned textiles could be demonstrated.
Ved målinger på kjolen kunne ikke konstateres målbar afgivelse af nogen af de nævnte stoffer.
It was not possible to measure any emission of the above substances from the dress.
Resultaterne af modelberegningerne fremgår af nedenstående tabel 7.2 og 7.3 for hhv. kulbrinter og glycolethere afgivet fra kulbrinte-renset tekstil.
The results of the model calculations appear from table 7.2 and 7.3 for hydrocarbons and glycolethers emitted from hydrocarbon dry-cleaned textile.
Tabel 7.2: Modelberegninger af den resulterende koncentration af kulbrinter fra kulbrinte-rensede tekstiler introduceret i indeluften.
Tablel 7.2: Model calculations of the resulting concentration of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbon dry-cleaned textiles introduced into residences.
A: Det antages, at alle de rensede tekstiler opbevares i dette rum.
A: It is assumed that all the dry-cleaned textiles are kept in this room.
B: Miljøstyrelsens luftkvalitetskriterium for kulbrinter fra kulbrinte-rensevæske.
B: The air quality criterion of the Danish Environmental Protection Agency for hydrocarbons from hydrocarbon cleaning fluid.
Kulbrinte-renset tekstil Emission af kulbrinter
Hydrocarbon dry-cleaned textile Emission of hydrocarbons
Lille, dårligt ventileret lejlighed
Small poorly ventilated apartment
Maksimal koncentration, mg/m Luftkvalitetskriterie
Maximum concentration, mg/m Air quality criterion
Antal dage fra introduktion af renset tekstil til koncentrationen er i samme størrelsesorden som luftkvalitetskriteriet
Number of days from introduction of drycleaned textile till the size of the concentration is identical to the size of the air quality criterion
Beregningerne viser, at ved de fundne residualindhold af kulbrinter i de kulbrinte-rensede tekstiler opnås koncentrationsbidrag for begge scenarier, der som gennemsnit kun udgør få mg/m
The calculations show that the found residual content of hydrocarbons in the hydrocarbon dry-cleaned textiles results in average concentration contributions for both scenarios of only a few mg/m
3. Koncentrationerne når på intet tidspunkt op på koncentrationer i samme størrelsesorden som luftkvalitetskriteriet på 0,6 mg/m
3. The concentrations never reach the size of the air quality criterion of 0.6 mg/m
Forestiller man sig, at der introduceres 3 kulbrinte-rensede habitter til et rum i en lille dårligt ventileret lejlighed opnås et koncentrationsbidrag af kulbrinter til rummet på 19 mg/m
If you introduce 3 hydrocarbon dry-cleaned suits into a room of a small poorly ventilated apartment, you will get an average concentration contribution of hydrocarbons of 19 mg/m
som et gennemsnit over 1 uge med en maksimums
in the room over a period of 1 week with a
værdi på 41 mg/m
maximum value of 41 mg/m
få timer efter rensningen.
a few hours after the dry-cleaning.
Tabel 7.3: Modelberegninger af den resulterende koncentration af glycolethere fra kulbrinte-rensede tekstiler introduceret i indeklimaet.
Table 7.3: Model calculations of the resulting concentration of glycolethers from hydrocarbon dry-cleaned textiles introduced into residences.
: Det antages, at alle de rensede tekstiler opbevares i dette rum.
: It is assumed that all the dry-cleaned textiles are kept in this room.
Vurderet relativt til Miljøstyrelsens luftkvalitetskriterium for di-propylenglycolbutylether (Cas nr. 29911-28-2).
Estimated relatively to the air quality criterion of the Danish Environmental Protection Agency for di-propylenglycol-butylether (CAS number 29911-28-2).
8.1 Kemiske stoffer anvendt i kulbrinte- og Rynex-renserier
8.1 Chemicals used in hydrocarbon and Rynex dry-cleaning shops