natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Analysen for indhold af benzidin produceret ved reduktion af en eller flere azofarvestoffer blev foretaget efter EN 14362-1:2003: ekstraktion af farve i citronsyrepuffer, reduktion med natriumdithionit, oprensning på søjle (Merck Extralut), ekstraktion fra søjle med methyl tert-butylether, inddampning til tørhed og genopløsning i solvent (MTBE).
The analysis for potential content of benzidine produced by reduction of one or more azo-dyes was conducted according to EN 14362-1:2003: extraction of colour in citric acid buffer, reduction by natrium dithionite, purification on column (Merck Extralut), extraction from column by methyl tert-butyl ether, concentration by means of heating and re-dissolvation in solvent (MTBE).
Derpå blev ekstraktet analyseret for indhold af benzidin ved GCMS.
Subsequently the extract was analysed for content of benzidine by GCMS.
Der blev foretaget dobbeltbestemmelse på alle prøver undtagen prøve T24, der var så lille (180mg), at dette ikke var muligt.
Duplicate determinations were performed for all samples besides sample no. T24, which was so small (180 mg) that duplicate determination was not possible.
Detektionsgrænsen er derfor større for T24 (2 mg/kg).
The detection limit related to sample no. T24 is thus larger (2 mg/kg).
To af de ti tekstilkæder havde et indhold af benzidin på henholdsvis 100 og 1200 mg/kg, dvs. langt over det tilladte indhold på 30 ppm..
Two of the ten textile necklaces had a content of benzidine of 100 and 1200 mg/kg respectively, thus far above the permitted content of 30 ppm.
Resultatet kan ses i nedenstående tabel.
The results can be seen in the table below.
Der er ikke observeret noget signal for benzidin i prøver, hvor mængden er angivet =1 mg/kg.
For samples marked with ”≤1 mg/kg” no signal for benzidine was observed.
Tabel 5-2: Resultater af benzidinanalysen i de 10 tekstilkædesmykker.
Table 5-2: Results of the benzidine analysis of the 10 textile necklaces.
I de følgende sundhedsvurderinger antages, at det primært er metalchlorider, der dannes i sved, der har kontakt med metal.
In the following health assessment it is assumed that metal in contact with sweat primarily forms metal chlorides.
Dvs. TDI værdier, dermale og orale optagelsesrater baseres så vidt muligt på information relateret til metalchlorider (eller metallet selv) - eller alternativt studier vedrørende uorganiske metalforbindelser.
Thus, TDI values, dermal and oral absorption rates are, as far as possible, based on information related to metal chlorides (or the metal itself) - or alternatively studies regarding inorganic metal compounds.
Det er dog ikke muligt indenfor rammerne af dette projekt, at afklare præcis hvilke metalforbindelser, der kan dannes (udover metalchlorider), idet litteraturen på dette område er begrænset.
However, it is possible that other forms of metal compounds can be formed in sweat (or saliva), compounds that might have a significant impact on the total absorption of metals.
Optimalt set burde der gennemføres studier (inkl. laboratorietest), der afdækker præcis hvilke forbindelser, der dannes.
In theory, studies (including laboratories tests) should be performed in order to clarify exactly which compounds are formed.
Det primære mål med sundhedsvurderingerne her, er at finde frem til enten en NOAEL (No Observed Adverse Effect Level) eller en TDI (Tolerable Daily Intake) værdi for den kritiske sundhedsskadelige effekt af metallet.
The primary goal of the health assessments here is to locate a NOAEL (No Observed Adverse Effect Level) or TDI (Tolerable Daily Intake) value related to the critical effect of the metal.
Med den kritiske effekt menes her den sundhedsskadelige effekt, der opstår ved den laveste eksponering af stoffet.
The term “critical effect” relates to the health effect that occurs at the lowest exposure of the substance.
NOAEL eller TDI værdierne relateret til denne kritiske værdi anvendes efterfølgende sammen med en eksponeringsberegning, for at afklare hvorvidt den mængde metal, som man udsættes for ved at bære/sutte på smykker udgør en sundhedsrisiko.
NOAEL or TDI values related to this critical value are used subsequently along with an exposure calculation in order to clarify whether the amount of metal that humans are exposed to by carrying/sucking jewelleries constitutes a health risk.
Under eksponeringsberegningen anvendes de fundne værdier for dermal og oral optagelse af de fire metaller.
During the exposure calculation the identified dermal and oral absorption rates related to the four metals are used.
Det skal her nævnes, at det antages, at metal optaget via huden udviser de samme toksiske egenskaber i kroppen, som metal indtaget oralt.
Here it should be mentioned, that it is assumed that metal absorbed through the skin causes the same toxic effects in the body, as metal ingested through the mouth.
6.1.1 Forekomst og anvendelse
6.1.1 Occurrence and use
Bly er et tungt og blødt metal, der findes naturligt i jordens overflade, dog primært i form af blyforbindelser.
Lead is a heavy and soft metal which exists naturally in the earth's crust, however, in the form of lead compounds.
Bly er korrosionsbestandigt, nemt at bearbejde, syre-resistent, kemisk stabilt i vand, luft og jord, og kan kombineres med andre metaller i form af legeringer.
Lead is corrosion-resistant, easy to mould, acid-resistant, chemically stable in water, air and soil, and can be combined with other metals in the form of alloys.
Det primære brug af bly i dag findes i batterier til biler og andre køretøjer (ATSDR, 2005).
The primary use of lead today is in batteries for use in cars and other vehicles (ATSDR, 2005).
Herudover anvendes bly også i produktionen af smykker.
In addition to this lead is also used in the production of jewelleries.
Årsagen hertil er formentlig, at bly er et forholdsvist billigt metal, der er korrosionsbestandigt, samt let at smelte og forme.
The reason for this is probably that lead is a relatively cheap metal, which besides being corrosion-resistant, is easy to mould.
Inden den danske blybekendtgørelse trådte i kraft blev blyforbruget opgjort.
Prior to the commencement of the statutory order regarding lead the lead consumption was estimated.
I Danmark var det samlede forbrug af bly (i færdigvarer) i 2000 anslået til at ligge mellem 14.900 og 19.000 tons.
In Denmark the total consumption of lead (in finished products) in 2000 was estimated to be between 14,900 and 19,000 tonnes.
Forbruget var fordelt på metallisk bly (91%), kemiske forbindelser (9%), og følgestof i andre varer (0,06%) (Lassen et al., 2004).
The consumption was divided between metallic lead (91%), chemical compounds (9%) and “supporting substance” in other goods (0.06%) (Lassen et al., 2004).
På verdensplan produceres ca. 7 mio. tons bly om året, hvoraf ca. halvdelen stammer fra genanvendt metalaffald [1] .
Worldwide approx. 7 mio. tonnes of lead are produced each year, of which half originates from recycled metal waste [1] .
Ifølge WHO (2003) stammer mere end 80% af det daglige indtag af bly fra indtag af føde, jord og støv.
According to WHO (2003) more than 80% of the daily intake of lead originates from food, soil and dust.
Bly optaget via mad eller drikkevarer optages forskelligt alt efter, hvornår man sidst har indtaget føde.
Lead taken up through food or beverages is absorbed differently depending on when the person last had a meal.
Typisk optager børn 50% af den indtagne blymængde (ATSDR, 2005).
Typically, children absorb 50% of the ingested amount of lead (ATSDR, 2005).
Til brug i dette projekt antages oral optagelse af blyforbindelser at være 50% (baseret på værdien målt for børn).
For use in this project an oral absorption rate of lead compounds is set at 50% - based on the value measured for children.
Denne værdi antages ligeledes at være en repræsentativ værdi for oral optagelse i voksne, idet denne værdi ligger mellem værdien for blyoptagelse med fødeindtagelse (6%) og blyoptagelse uden fødeindtagelse (60-80%) hos voksne.
This value is assumed to be a representative value for oral absorption in adults as well, since this value lies between the value for lead absorption with prior food ingestion (6%) and lead absorption without prior food ingestion (60-80%) at adults.
Dermal optagelse af uorganiske blyforbindelser antages generelt at være meget lavere end optagelse via indånding eller via føden.
Dermal absorption of inorganic lead compounds is generally assumed to be lower than absorption via inhalation or food.
Forsøg med påsmøring af kosmetiske produkter indeholdende 203Pb-mærket blyacetat (0,12 mg Pb i 0,1 ml eller 0,18 mg Pb i 0,1 g creme) hos 8 voksne i 12 timer ledte til en absorption på = 0,3%, baseret på 203Pb målinger i urin og blod i hele kroppen.
Experiments with application of cosmetic products containing 203Pb-marked lead acetate (0.12 mg Pb in 0.1 ml or 0.18 mg Pb in 0.1 g lotion) on 8 adults for a period of 12 hours showed absorption of = 0.3%, based on203Pb measurements in urine and blood in the entire body.
Det blev antaget, at ved normal brug (af cremerne) ville 0,06% optages (Moore et al., 1980 i ATSDR, 2005).
It was assumed that by normal use (of the lotions) only 0.06% would be absorbed (Moore et al., 1980 in ATSDR, 2005).
Andre forsøg (3 ikke-specificerede personer over 24 timer) med dermal eksponering af 5 mg Pb som blynitrat eller blyacetat resulterede i mindre end 1% optagelse.
Other experiments (3 non-specified persons, period of 24 hours) with dermal exposure of 5 mg Pb as lead nitrate or lead acetate resulted in less than 1% absorption.
Samme studie viste ingen optagelse af blycarbonat (ATSDR, 2005).
The same study showed no absorption of lead carbonate (ATSDR, 2005).
Resultater fra dyreforsøg har vist tilsvarende lave optagelsesrater (bly naphthenat: 0.17%; blynitrat: 0.03%; blystearat: 0,006%; blysulfat: 0,0006%, blyoxid: 0,005% og bly-pulver: 0,002%) (Bress and Bidanset, 1991 i ATSDR, 2005).
Results from animal experiments have shown similar low absorption rates (lead naphthenate: 0.17%; lead nitrate: 0.03%; lead stearate: 0.006%; lead sulphate: 0.0006%, lead oxide: 0.005% and lead-powder: 0.002%) (Bress and Bidanset, 1991 in ATSDR, 2005).
Baseret på ovenstående informationer anvendes i dette projekt en dermal optagelse af bly i sved på 0,06%.
Based on the above mentioned information a dermal absorption rate of lead (in sweat) of 0.06% is used in this project.
Efter oral optagelse transporteres bly fra tarmene til de forskellige organer via de røde blodlegemer, hvor blyet bindes til hæmaglobin (WHO, 2003).
Following oral absorption the lead is transported via the red blood cells (where the lead is bound to haemoglobin) from the intestines to the different organs (WHO, 2003).
I første omgang ender blyet i organer som lever, nyrer, lunger, hjerne, milt, muskler og hjerte.
At first the lead ends up in organs such as liver, kidney, lungs, brain, spleen, muscles and heart.
Efter adskillige uger ender det meste af blyet dog i knogler og tænder (ATSDR, 2005).
After several weeks most of the lead ends up in bones and teeth (ATSDR, 2005).
Halveringstiden af bly i blod og ”blødt væv” er i voksne 20-30 dage (IARC, 2006), mens den i knogler er ca. 30 år (Baars, et al., 2001).
The half-life of lead in blood and “soft tissue” is in adults 20-30 days (IARC, 2006), while it in bones is approx. 30 years (Baars et al., 2001).
Hos voksne ender omkring 94% af den totale mængde bly, der akkumuleres i kroppen, i knogler og tænder, mens 73% af blyet hos børn ender i deres knogler (ATSDR, 2005).
In adults approx. 94% of the total amount of accumulated lead ends up in bones and teeth, while in children 73% of the accumulated lead ends up in bones (ATSDR, 2005).
Bly kan dog frigives igen fra knoglerne i tilfælde af f.eks. calcium mangel eller knogleskørhed (WHO, 2000).
Lead can be released from the bones in situations where the person suffers from calcium deficiency or osteoporosis (WHO, 2000).
Bly overføres let til fostre under graviditet (Baars et al., 2001).
Lead is easily transferred to foetuses during pregnancy (Baars et al., 2001).
Uorganisk bly omdannes ikke i kroppen.
Inorganic lead is not converted in the body.
Uabsorberet bly, der er optaget via føde, udskilles via afføringen, mens absorberet bly, som ikke tilbageholdes, udskilles via nyrerne (WHO, 2003).
Unabsorbed lead, which is absorbed via the food, is released through the faeces, while absorbed lead, which is not retained, is released via the kidneys (WHO, 2003).
Hos børn vil et indtag af bly på over 5 µg/kg lgv/dag medføre en netto tilbageholdelse på 32% af indtaget, mens der udskilles mere, end der indtages, hvis indtaget er mindre end 4 µg/kg lgv/dag (WHO, 2003).
Children, who ingest more than 5 µg lead per kilo body weight per day, will retain (netto) 32% of the intake, while children who ingest less than 4 µg lead per kilo body weight per day will excrete more than what is taken in (WHO, 2003).
Bly påvirker stort set alle organer i kroppen, og alvorlig blyforgiftning kan medføre døden.
Lead affects pretty much all organs in the body, and serious lead poisoning can cause death.
Dette blev bekræftet af et dødsfald af en 4-årig dreng, som ved et uheld havde slugt et hjerteformet metalsmykke (som fulgte gratis med ved køb af et par sko).
This was confirmed by the death of a 4-year old boy, who by accident had swallowed a heart-shaped metal charm (that came along free of charge by purchasing a pair of shoes).
Smykket viste sig at indeholde 99% bly.
The metal charm showed to contain 99% of lead.
På dødstidspunktet havde drengen en koncentration af bly i blodet (forkortet PbB) på 180 µg/dL (Berg et al., 2006).
At the time of death the boy had a blood lead concentration (in short PbB) of 180 µg/dL (Berg et al., 2006).
Tydelige tegn på akut blyforgiftning er sløvhed, rastløshed, irritation, dårlig koncentrationsevne, hovedpine, rystelser i muskler, mavekramper, nyreskade, hallucinationer og hukommelsestab.
Obvious signs of acute lead poisoning involve dullness, restlessness, irritation, poor power of concentration, headache, vibrations in muscles, stomach cramps, kidney injuries, hallucinations and loss of memory.
Disse effekter kan opstå ved en PbB på 100-120 µg/dL i voksne og 80-100 µg/dL i børn (WHO, 2003).
These effects can occur at PbB levels of 100-120 µg/dL in adults and 80-100 µg/dL in children (WHO, 2003).
Sundhedsskadelige virkninger er dog generelt ikke observeret efter enkelt doser, og der findes ingen LD50 værdi for bly og blyforbindelser relateret til mennesker i litteraturen (WHO, 2000).
Though, health effects are generally not observed after single doses and no LD50 value related to lead and lead compounds (in humans) are located in the literature (WHO, 2000).
De lavest observerede værdier i relation til akut dødelig oral dosis findes i dyreforsøg med blyacetat, blychlorat, blynitrat, blyoleate, blyoxid og blysulfat.
The lowest observed values related to acute deathly oral doses are found in animal studies using lead acetate, lead chlorate, lead nitrate, lead oelate, lead oxide and lead sulphate.
Resultatet varierede fra 300 til 4000 mg/kg legemsvægt.
The result varied from 300 to 4000 mg per kilo bodyweight.
Det store spænd i resultatet skyldtes varierende absorption af de forskellige blysalte, samt forskelle i eksponeringen (WHO, 2000).
The large span in the result was due to varying absorption of the different lead salts as well as differences in the exposure (WHO, 2000).
6.1.8 Lokal irritation og allergi
6.1.8 Local irritation and allergy
Der er ifølge IUCLID (2000) ingen data tilgængelig vedrørende blys egenskaber i form af potentiel lokal irritation.
According to IUCLID (2000) no data is available regarding the ability of lead to cause local irritation.
Imidlertid vides bly(II)oxid (PbO) at være moderat hudirriterende ved en eksponering på 100 mg over 24 timer (IUCLID, 2000a).
Nonetheless, lead(II) oxide (PbO) is known to be moderate skin irritating at exposure levels of 100 mg over a period of 24 hours (IUCLID, 2000a).
Der er ifølge IUCLID (2000) ingen umiddelbart tilgængelig data vedrørende allergiske egenskaber i relation til bly.
According to IUCLID (2000) no data is apparently available regarding the potential allergic qualities related to lead.
6.1.9 Længerevarende, gentagen påvirkning og effekter på arveanlæg
6.1.9 Long-lasting, repeated effect and gene-damaging effects
Bly er en kronisk akkumulativ gift.
Lead is a chronic accumulative poison.
Disse effekter kan opstå i voksne med en PbB på 50-80 µg/dL (WHO, 2003).
These effects can occur in adults having a PbB between 50-80 µg/dL (WHO, 2003).
Blyforgiftning hos børn kan desuden medføre nedsat vækst samt forsinket seksuel modning (ATSDR, 2005).
Lead poisoning in children can additionally cause reduced growth and delayed sexual maturation (ATSDR, 2005).
Der findes en lang række studier relateret til sundhedsskadelige effekter af bly og blyforbindelser.
A number of studies exist, which deal with health related effects of lead and lead compounds.
En række af disse er beskrevet i ATSDR (2005) og WHO (2003).
Some of these studies are described in ATSDR (2005) and WHO (2003).
Nedenfor er et udsnit af disse præsenteret med fokus på de studier, som har påvist sundhedsskadelige effekter ved den lavest målte koncentration af bly i kroppen.
Below a segment of these is presented, though focusing on studies which have shown health related effects at the lowest measured concentration of lead in the body.
Hos arbejdere med en PbB på 40-80 µg/dL har der været rapporteret neurologiske effekter, som bl.
Neurological effects have been reported in workers having a PbB at 40-80 µg/dL.
a. inkluderer utilpashed, glemsomhed, irritation, sløvhed, hovedpine, træthed, impotens, mindsket libido, svimmelhed og svaghed (ATSDR, 2005).
The neurological effects included among other things uneasiness, forgetfulness, irritation, dullness, headache, tiredness, impotence, decreased libido, dizziness and weakness (ATSDR, 2005).
Nyrefunktionen ser ud til at være den biologiske funktion, der i følge ATSDR (2005) påvirkes ved den lavest målte PbB.
The kidney function seems to be the biological function, which according to ATSDR (2005) is affected at the lowest measured PbB.
To studier har påvist effekter relateret til denne funktion ved PbB <10 µg/dL.
Two studies have shown effects related to this function at PbB < 10 µg/dL.
Et andet typisk symptom på kronisk blyforgiftning er blodmangel.
Another typical symptom related to chronic lead poisoning is anaemia.
Ved et blyindhold i blodet på <10 µg/dL er set en hæmning af et enzym involveret i syntesen af røde blodlegemer.
At a blood lead concentration < 10 µg/dL an enzyme involved in the synthesis of red blood cells has been seen inhibited.
Dose-response forholdet lå fra 5,6 - 22,1 µg/dL.
The dose-response relationship was between 5.6 - 22.1 µg/dL.
Et andet lignende forsøg har imidlertid ikke kunne genskabe resultatet (WHO, 2003).
However, another similar study has not been able to reproduce the results (WHO, 2003).
I relation til reproduktive effekter har der været påvist en sammenhæng mellem PbB > 20 µg/dL og øget risiko for aborter og dødfødte børn (WHO, 2000).
Regarding reproductive effects a relation between PbB> 20 µg/dL and an increased chance of abortion and stillborn babies have been proven (WHO, 2000).
EPA (1986a) refereret i ATSDR (2005) har desuden identificeret en LOAEL værdi på 60-100 µg/dL for tilfælde af kolik i børn som følge af blyforgiftning.
EPA (1986a) quoted from ATSDR (2005) has furthermore identified a LOAEL value of 60-100 µg/dL related to colic in children as a result of lead poisoning.
6.1.10 Tolerabelt daglig indtag - TDI
6.1.10 Tolerable daily intake - TDI
Baars et al. (2001) har ved et review af ny litteratur siden 1991 ikke fundet argumenter for at ændre den TDI værdi på 25 µg/kg lgv/uge (baseret på en effekt ved en PbB på 10 µg/dL), som i 1995 blev bekræftet af WHO(1995) som stadig gældende - både for børn og voksne.
Baars et al. (2001) has through a review of new literature since 1991 not been able to find arguments for altering the TDI value of 25 µg/kg bw/week (based on effects at a PbB at 10 µg/dL), which in 1995 was found still to be valid by WHO (1995) - both regarding adults as well as children.
Baars et al. (2001) har på baggrund af denne værdi beregnet en tolerabel daglig dosis (TDI) ved indtagelse af bly på 3,6 µg/kg lgv/dag.
Baars et al. (2001) calculated, based on this TDI value, a tolerable daily intake (TDI) of lead to be 3.6 µg/kg bw/day.
Imidlertid er der i WHO (2003) beskrevet en række forsøg, der indikerer en mulig sammenhæng mellem nedsat IQ og en PbB på under 10 µg/dL (5,6 µg/dL).
However, WHO (2003) describes a number of studies, which indicate a possible correlation between reduced IQ and a PbB of < 10 µg/dL (5.6 µg/dL).
Korrigering af TDI pga. hensyntagen til baggrundseksponering
Adjustment of TDI values due to background exposure
Når man taler om tolerabelt dagligt indtag af bly, er det væsentlig at tage højde for den mængde bly, som befolkningen i forvejen er udsat for (f.eks. bly fra vand, mad og luft).
However, when dealing with tolerable daily intake of lead, it is important to take into consideration the amount of lead that the population already is exposed to (for instance lead from water, food and air).
Baggrundseksponering af bly via føde og drikkevarer i Danmark
Background exposure of lead via food and beverages in Denmark
Ifølge en rapport udgivet af Fødevarestyrelsen (Fromberg, et al. 2005) er baggrundseksponeringen fra fødevarer o.l. i Danmark i gennemsnit 19 µg/dag.
According to a report published by the Danish Veterinary and Food Administration (Fromberg et al., 2005) the background exposure from food etc. in Denmark is in average 19 µg/day.
Tallene i rapporten er baseret på studier af indhold af metaller i 96 fødevarer i Danmark i perioden 1998-2003 (Fromberg, et al. 2005), samt tal for gennemsnitlig fødeindtag i Danmark i perioden 2000-2002 (Andersen, et al. 2002).
The numbers in the report are based on studies regarding content of metals in 96 foods in Denmark during the period 1998-2003 (Fromberg et al., 2005), as well as numbers regarding the average food intake in Denmark during the period 2000-2002 (Andersen et al., 2002).
Tallene opgivet af Fromberg et al. (2005) inkluderer eksponering via læskedrikke og postevand.
The numbers given by Fromberg et al. (2005) include exposure via beverages and tap water.
Omregnes gennemsnitsværdien på 19 µg/dag til indtag per kilo legemsvægt (ved brug af TGD's referencevægt på 60 kg for en kvinde, idet kvinder antages at være dem, der oftest bærer smykker) fås et gennemsnitligt dagligt indtag af bly for voksne på (19/60) 0,317 µg/kg lgv/dag.
A recalculation of the average value of 19 µg/day to intake per kilo bodyweight (by the use of TGD's reference weight related to women (60 kg), since women are assumed to be those, who most often wear jewellery) gives an average daily intake of lead for adults of (19/60) 0.317 µg/kg bw/day.
Fromberg et al. (2005) opgiver også tal for det gennemsnitlige indtag af bly hos børn i alderen 4-6 år.
Fromberg et al. (2005) also states numbers for the average intake of lead by children in the age 4-6 years.
Ifølge disse tal indtager et barn på 4-6 år i gennemsnit 9,7 µg bly/dag.
According to these numbers a child of 4-6 years take in - in average - 9.7 µg lead/day.
Ifølge netdoktor.dk [3] vejer et barn på 5 år 19 kg (ens for drenge og piger).
According to netdoktor.dk [3] a child of 5 years weighs 19 kg (both girls and boys).
Imidlertid oplyser netdoktor.dk, at børn, siden undersøgelsen, der ligger til grund for tallene blev lavet, er blevet tungere.
However, netdoktor.dk informs that children, since the study of which the numbers were based upon was performed, have gotten heavier.
Med baggrund i disse data er den gennemsnitlige baggrundseksponering for bly via føden hos børn i Danmark (9,7/20) 0,485 µg/kg lgv/dag.
With these data in mind, the average background exposure of lead (through food) in children in Denmark is (9.7/20) 0.485 µg/kg bw/day.
Fromberg et al. (2005) opgiver også baggrundseksponeringen i 95-percentiler (dvs. en værdi for hvad 95% af befolkningen maksimalt udsættes for).
Fromberg et al. (2005) also states the background exposure in terms of 95-percentiles (i.e. a value for the maximum level of which 95% of the population is exposed to).