natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Ligeledes er der en del mere mælkesyre i spytopløsningen end i svedopløsningen, men da mælkesyre heller ikke forventes at danne komplekser med metallet, antages dette ingen betydning at have.
Likewise there is much more lactic acid in the saliva solution than in the sweat solution but because lactic acid is not expected to form complex compounds with the metal it is presumed to be of no importance.
Da pH værdien i spytopløsningen er lavere end pH værdien i svedopløsningen (5 mod 6,5), antages det, at der dannes lidt flere metalchloridforbindelser i spytopløsningen.
Because the pH value in the saliva solution is lower than in the sweat solution (5 versus 6.5) it is presumed that more metal chloride compounds are formed in the saliva solution.
Dette betyder, at ved at anvende resultaterne fra svedtesten til orale eksponeringsberegninger undervurderes eksponeringen til en vis grad.
This means that by using the results from the sweat test in the oral exposure calculations the exposure is underestimated to a certain degree.
Imidlertid forventes denne lille forskel på 3-4% ikke at have afgørende indflydelse på resultaterne, og vil formentlig ligge inden for måleusikkerheden.
However, this small difference of 3-4% is not expected to have crucial influence on the results and will probably lie within the measurement uncertainty.
Det antages, at det primært er uorganiske metalforbindelser (såsom metalchlorider), der dannes i sved, som har kontakt med smykkerne, dvs. orale og dermale optagelsesrater er så vidt muligt baseret på information vedrørende relevante uorganiske metalforbindelser.
It is presumed that it is primarily inorganic metal compounds (as metal chlorides) that are being formed in sweat having contact with the jewelleries, which is the reason why oral and dermal absorption rates as far as possible are based on information concerning relevant inorganic metal compounds.
Baggrunden for denne antagelse findes til dels i en artikel af Menné (1994) citeret fra ATSDR (2005a), der hævder, at nikkellegeringer, der er i kontakt med huden, danner nikkelchlorider og til dels i Miljøstyrelsens risikovurdering af nikkel fra 2005 (Andersen et al., 2005a), der hævder at korrosion af metal i sved primært er afhængig af chlorid- og oxygenindholdet.
The background for the assumption is found partly in an article by Menné (1994) quoted from ATSDR (2005a) who claims that nickel alloys being in contact with the skin forms nickel chlorides and partly in the risk assessment from the Danish EPA from 2005 (Andersen et al., 2005a), which claims that corrosion of metal in sweat primarily is dependent on the content of chloride and oxygen.
Værdierne for oral og dermal optagelse er således behæftet med en vis usikkerhed, idet det ikke vides med sikkerhed hvilke metalforbindelser, der reelt vil dannes, når smykkerne er i kontakt med sved (og spyt).
The values for oral and dermal absorption are in this way associated with some uncertainty because it is not known for sure exactly which metal compounds that will be formed when the jewelleries are in contact with sweat (and saliva).
Optimalt set burde der udføres studier, der afklarer præcis hvilke metalforbindelser, der dannes, samt hvilken oral og dermal optagelse disse kan forventes at have.
The optimum would be to conduct studies that demonstrate precisely which metal compounds that are formed and which oral and dermal absorption these can expect to have.
Det har imidlertid ikke været muligt indenfor rammerne af dette projekt at udføre denne slags studier, idet de er temmelig omfattende.
However, it has not been possible within the scope of this project to perform these kind of comprehensive studies.
7.1.4 Højeste værdi valgt ved dobbelttest
7.1.4 Highest value chosen in duplicate determinations
I tilfælde, hvor dobbelttests har varieret betydeligt, er den største værdi anvendt.
In situations where the duplicate determinations differed significantly the highest value has been used.
I Tabel 4-1 ses resultaterne fra migrationsanalysen for samtlige prøver.
In Table 4-1 the results from the migration analysis for all samples are presented.
7.1.5 Migration antages konstant over tid
7.1.5 Migration is presumed constant over time
Under risikovurderingen antages at migrationen er konstant over tid.
During the risk assessment it is presumed that the migration is constant over time.
Det skal her nævnes, at et smykke ikke kan forventes at afgive den samme mængde metal per time gennem flere år.
It should be mentioned here that a piece of jewellery cannot be expected to release the same amount of metal per hour during several years.
Migrationen vil aftage med tiden.
The migration will decrease with time.
På baggrund af analyserne i dette projekt er det imidlertid ikke muligt at sige noget om, hvor hurtigt migrationen vil aftage, hvorfor det antages at i en periode på dage/uger vil migrationen være forholdsvis konstant.
Based on the analysis performed in this project it is, however, not possible to determine how fast the migration will decrease and therefore it is assumed that in a period of days/weeks the migration will stay relatively constant.
Det potentielle dermale optag (eksponeringen) ved at bære et smykke kan udtrykkes ved følgende ligning (European Commission, 2003):
The potential dermal intake (the exposure) by wearing a piece of jewellery can be expressed through the following equation (European Commission, 2003):
Mder står for den mængde (µg) kemisk stof (her metal), der migrerer per gram smykke over en periode på 4 timer, dvs. resultatet af migrationsanalysen.
Mder represents the amount (µg) of chemical substance (here metal) which migrates per gram of jewellery during a period of 4 hours, i.e. the result of the migration analysis.
W står for den reelle vægt af den/de dele af smykket, som kan antages at have et problematisk indhold af tungmetal, dvs. stofsnore mv. er fraregnet.
W represents the real weight of the part/s of the jewellery which can be assumed to have a problematic content of heavy metal, i.e. textile strings etc. are deducted.
I tilfælde, hvor der er lavet migrationstest på to forskellige delsmykker (med forskelligt resultat) hørende til samme smykke, er der lavet separate beregninger, hvor W er fastsat til vægten af hver af de to delsmykker.
In cases where a migration test is performed on two different jewellery parts (with a different result) belonging to the same piece of jewellery, separate calculations are made where W is set to the weight of each of the two jewellery parts.
De to resultater (Uder) er til sidst lagt sammen for at give en total dermal optagelse ved at bære det specifikke smykke.
Finally, the two results (Uder) are added to give a total dermal absorption by wearing the specific jewellery.
Fder står for den andel af smykkets vægt (W), der har kontakt til huden.
Fder represents the part of the weight (W) of the jewellery which has contact to the skin.
Fder er fastsat ud fra en visuel bedømmelse af hvert enkelt smykke.
Fder is determined based on a visual assessment of each jewellery.
I de fleste tilfælde er dog antaget, at 50% af smykket har kontakt til huden.
However, in most cases it is assumed that 50% of the jewellery has contact to the skin.
Tcontact står for den tid, hvor smykket har kontakt med huden.
Tcontact represents the time period of which the jewellery has contact with the skin.
BW står for kg legemsvægt.
BW represents body weight in kilograms.
Der antages her, på baggrund af TGD, at børn vejer 20 kg, mens voksne vejer 60 kg. Vægten på 60 kg er valgt, idet det antages primært at være kvinder, der bærer smykker.
Based on TGD, it is here assumed that children weigh 20 kg while adults weigh 60 kg. The value of 60 kg is chosen as it is assumed that it is primarily women who wear jewelleries.
Iflg. TGD anvendes værdier for voksne på både 60 og 70 kg.
According to TGD values for adults of both 60 and 70 kg can be used.
Odermal står for hudoptagelsen (i procent) af det specifikke metal.
Odermal represents the dermal absorption (in percentage) of the specific metal.
Disse værdier er forskellige fra metal til metal (se Tabel 7-1) og er beskrevet under sundhedsvurderingen af de forskellige metaller.
Theses values are different from metal to metal (see Table 7-1) and are described during the health assessment of the different metals.
Når Uder, pot er beregnet, holdes denne værdi op mod den ”Margen til TDI” værdi, som står beskrevet i Tabel 7-2.
When Uder, pot is calculated the value is compared with the “Margin to TDI” value which is described in Table 7-2.
”Margen til TDI” værdien skal, som beskrevet tidligere, opfattes som den tolerable daglige dosis metal vi kan tåle at få, fratrukket den eksponering som danskerne i forvejen udsættes for via mad, drikke og luft.
As earlier described, the “Margin to TDI” value shall be regarded as the tolerable daily dose of metal which people can tolerate, deducted the exposure which the Danes are already exposed to through food, beverages and air.
Hvis Uder, pot værdien overskrider denne ”Margen til TDI” værdi, betyder det, at den samlede eksponering (fra mad, drikke, luft og smykker) er højere end det tolerable daglige indtag.
If the Uder, pot value exceeds this ”Margin to TDI” value it means that the total exposure (from food, beverages, air and jewelleries) is higher than the tolerable daily intake.
I disse tilfælde kan der være tale om en potentiel sundhedsmæssig risiko ved at bære smykkerne.
In these cases, there might be a potential health risk by wearing the jewelleries.
Eksempel på en beregning af optag via dermal eksponering
Example of a calculation of absorption through dermal exposure
Nedenfor er beskrevet eksponerings- og risikoberegningen for cadmiumeksponering fra smykke nr. 62.
Below the exposure- and risk calculation for cadmium exposure from jewellery no. 62 is described.
Beregningerne er foretaget ved at ekstrapolere resultatet for migrationstesten af delsmykket (hørende til det specifikke smykke) til at gælde for alle de metaldele af smykket, som kan forventes at have det samme metalindhold som delsmykket (dvs. W).
The calculations are made by extrapolating the result from the migration test of the jewellery part (belonging to the specific jewellery) to apply to all the metal parts of the jewellery which can be expected to have the same content of metal as the jewellery part examined (i.e. W).
Eksponeringsscenariet er 16 timer for børn (20 kg).
The exposure scenario is 16 hours and valid for children (20 kg).
Migrationsanalysen viste, at 3 µg cadmium migrerede per gram smykke over 4 timer.
The migration analysis showed that 3 µg cadmium migrated per gram of jewellery during 4 hours.
Den del af hele smykket, som antages at have et problematisk metalindhold (W) - dvs. vægten af smykkedele, der ligner den analyserede del, vejede 40 gram, hvoraf 50% antages at have hudkontakt, mens den dermale optagelsesrate er 0,6%.
The part of the whole jewellery which is assumed to have a problematic content of metal (W) - i.e. the weight of jewellery parts resembling the analysed part - weighed 40 gram of which 50% is assumed to have skin contact while the dermal absorption rate is 0.6%.
Følgende formel er derfor gældende:
Therefore, the following formula is valid:
Det skal her bemærkes, at migrationsanalysen er foretaget over 4 timer, hvorfor der under beregningerne ganges med 4 for at illustrere et eksponeringsscenarie på 16 timer (og 6 for eksponeringsscenarier relateret til 24 timer).
Here it shall be noted that the migration analysis is made during a period of 4 hours and therefore the calculations are multiplied by 4 to illustrate an exposure scenario of 16 hours (and 6 for exposure scenarios related to 24 hours).
TDI værdien for cadmium er fastsat til 0,5 µg/kg lgv/dag.
The TDI value for cadmium is set to 0.5 µg/kg bw/day.
Hvis man fratrækker den mængde cadmium, som et gennemsnitligt barn (4-6 år) udsættes for dagligt via luft, mad og drikke (0,39 µg/kg lgv/dag), fås en ”Margen til TDI” værdi på 0,11 µg/kg lgv/dag (se Tabel 7-2).
If the amount of cadmium which an average child (4-6 yours) is exposed to daily through air, food and beverages (0.39 µg/kg bw/day) is deducted, a “Margin to TDI “ value of 0.11 µg/kg bw/day is achieved (see Table 7-2).
Denne ”Margen til TDI” værdi ganges med den orale optagelsesrate for cadmium (8,9%) for at kunne ”imitere” en TDI værdi for optaget metal.
This “Margin to TDI” value is multiplied by the oral absorption rate for cadmium (8.9%) in order to “imitate” a TDI value for absorbed metal.
I denne situation overskrider den dermale eksponering ”Margen til TDI” værdien, og resultatet ligger derfor under 1, dvs. der kan være en potentiel sundhedsmæssig risiko for et barn, der bærer dette smykke i 16 timer.
In this situation the dermal exposure exceeds the “Margin to TDI” value and therefore the result is below 1, i.e. there might be a potential health risk for a child who wears this jewellery for 16 hours.
Det skal her pointeres, at en TDI værdi er et udtryk for hvad man dagligt må få gennem et helt livsforløb, uden at der opstår sundhedsskadelige effekter.
Here it shall be emphasized that a TDI value is an expression of what a person may get on a daily basis through an entire lifetime without experiencing health related effects.
Man kan således godt i en kortere periode overskride TDI værdien, uden at dette får nogle effekter, såfremt man i en tilsvarende periode senere i livet indtager mindre end TDI værdien.
Thus, for a shorter period the TDI value can be exceeded without this causing any effects, if the person in a corresponding period later in life takes in an equivalent lesser amount.
At bære det ovennævnte smykke i 16 timer over en enkelt dag, vil således ikke resultere i sundhedsskadelige effekter, medmindre man hver dag resten af livet indtager grænseværdien (TDI værdien).
Thus, to wear the above-mentioned jewellery for 16 hours during a single day will not result in effects harmful to health unless an amount equal to the TDI value is taken in every day for the rest of the life.
7.2.1 Resultater - dermal eksponering
7.2.1 Results - dermal exposure
NB: Mørkegrå felter indikerer at TDI værdien er overskredet, mens lysegrå felter indikerer at TDI værdien er tæt på at blive overskredet.
NB: Dark grey fields indicate that the TDI value is exceeded while pale grey fields indicate that the TDI value is close to being exceeded.
Her skal dog igen nævnes, at den daglige tolerable dosis (TDI) er et udtryk for hvad man dagligt må få gennem et helt livsforløb, uden at der opstår sundhedsskadelige effekter.
However, here it shall again be mentioned that the daily tolerable dose (TDI) is an expression of what a person may daily get through an entire lifetime without this causing health related effects.
Kun et enkelt smykke nærmede sig TDI værdien for bly, mens et andet smykke nærmede sig TDI værdien for nikkel.
Only one piece of jewellery was close to the TDI value of lead while another piece of jewellery was close to the TDI value of nickel.
Resultaterne tyder på at der ikke er nogen sundhedsmæssig risiko forbundet med kobberindholdet i smykkerne.
The results indicate that there is no health risk associated with the content of copper in the jewelleries.
Fem andre smykker ligger tæt på TDI værdien.
None of the jewelleries gave problems related to lead and copper.
Fire andre smykker lå tæt på TDI værdien for nikkel.
Three other jewellery parts were close to the TDI value for nickel.
Kobber er ikke medtaget, idet der ikke er fundet baggrundseksponering svarende til 95-percentilen for kobbereksponering i Danmark.
Copper is not included as no background exposure corresponding to the 95 percentile for copper exposure in Denmark was found.
Resultaterne viser, at for de 5% voksne, der udsættes for den maksimale baggrundseksponering af cadmium (dvs. værdien hørende til 95-percentilen eller højere), overskrides TDI værdien for fire af smykkerne, når de bæres i 24 timer, mens kun to af dem overskrider TDI værdien, når de kun bæres i 16 timer.
The results show that for the 5% adults being exposed to the maximum background exposure of cadmium (i.e. the value belonging to the 95 percentile or higher) the TDI value is exceeded for four of the jewelleries when they are worn for a period of 24 hours, while only two of them exceed the TDI value when they are worn for only 16 hours.
Adderede resultater for smykker, der havde delsmykker med forskellige migrationsresultater
Added results for jewelleries which had jewellery parts with different migration results
Der har for 5 smykker været foretaget migrationsanalyse på to forskellige delsmykker, hørende til det samme smykke.
For 5 jewelleries a migration analysis has been made on two different jewellery parts belonging to the same jewellery.
For at få et korrekt billede af den potentielle hudoptagelse på disse smykker er det nødvendigt at addere resultaterne for de to forskellige delsmykker.
To get a correct picture of the potential skin absorption on these jewelleries it is necessary to add the results for the two different jewellery parts.
Nedenfor er præsenteret de adderede resultater.
Below the added results are presented.
Disse beregninger er kun relevante at udføre for dermal eksponering, idet det ikke forventes, at mennesker vil have to forskellige vedhæng i munden på samme tid.
These calculations are only relevant to carry out for dermal exposure as it is not expected that humans will have two different charms in the mouth at the same time.
Der var intet tilfælde af et smykke, som viste migration af cadmium fra to forskellige dele på det samme smykke, hvorfor der ingen resultater er at vise for cadmium.
There was no case of a jewellery showing migration of cadmium from two different parts on the same jewellery and therefore there are no results for cadmium.
Dermal eksponeringstid: 24 timer.
Dermal exposure time: 24 hours.
*Ved 16 timers eksponering er værdien 0.4.
* At exposure of 16 hours the value is 0.4.
Når personer sutter på smykker, eksempelvis et halssmykkevedhæng, vil de metaller, der migrerer, blive indtaget direkte.
When people suck jewelleries (as for instance a pendant) the metals, which migrate from the jewellery, will be ingested directly.
I dette tilfælde er der tale om, at den totale mængde stof, der måles ved migrationsanalysen, vil blive indtaget (dog ikke nødvendigvis optaget i kroppen).
In these cases, the total amount of migrated metal (measured in the migration analysis) will be ingested (though not necessarily absorbed in the body).
Den TDI værdi, der anvendes under risikoberegningerne, er baseret på studier, der viser effekter ved en bestemt mængde indtaget metal.
The TDI value, which is used during the risk assessment, is based on studies that indicate an effect at a certain amount of ingested metal.
Dvs. under risikovurderingen i dette projekt sammenlignes den indtagne mængde metal direkte med TDI værdien (dvs. der ganges ikke en oral optagelsesrate på, som ved beregningerne hørende til dermal eksponering).
Thus, during the risk assessment in this project the amount of ingested metal is compared directly to the TDI value (i.e. an oral absorption rate is not multiplied, as in the calculations related to dermal exposure).
Det antages, at der som worst case bliver suttet på smykket maksimalt to timer per dag.
It is assumed that as a worst case jewellery is sucked for a period of maximal two hours per day.
Som udgangspunkt for det orale indtag er anvendt ligningen for migration af stoffer fra et produkt over til fødevarer/drikkevarer, som så indtages (European Commission, 2003).
Calculations regarding oral ingestion are based on the equation for migration of substances from a product to food/beverages, which is then ingested (European Commission, 2003).
Det er dog ikke nøjagtig denne situation, der forekommer, når der suttes på et smykke, hvorfor ligningen er tilpasset.
However, sucking jewellery is not fully comparable with the situation of which the above mentioned equation is based, thus the equation is adjusted.
Mder, W, og BW repræsenterer det samme som under beregningerne for dermal eksponering.
Mder, W, and BW represent the same as described in the section regarding dermal exposure calculation.
Foral står her for den andel af smykkets vægt W (som har et problematisk indhold af tungmetal), der kan antages at puttes i munden.
Foral represents the part of the weight of the jewellery (W) (which has a problematic content of heavy metal) that can be assumed to be sucked.
Foral er beregnet ved visuelt at bedømme hvor stor en del af hvert enkelt smykke, der realistisk set kan forventes at puttes i munden.
Foral is determined by visually judging how large a part of each jewellery that realistically can be assumed to be put into the mouth.
Dvs. for smykker som ringe, armbånd, piercinger, er Foral sat til 0, idet disse ikke antages at puttes i munden.
Thus, for jewelleries such as rings, bracelets and piercings Foral is 0 since these jewelleries are not assumed to be put into the mouth.
Tcontact står for varigheden af eksponeringen, som her antages at være 2 timer.
Tcontact represents the duration of the exposure which here is assumed to be 2 hours.
Når Ioral, pot er beregnet, holdes denne værdi op mod den ”Margen til TDI” værdi, som står beskrevet i tabel 7-2.
When Ioral, pot is calculated, the value is compared to the value representing “Margin to TDI” which is described in Table 7-2.
”Margen til TDI” værdien skal, som beskrevet tidligere, opfattes som den tolerable daglige dosis metal vi kan tåle at få, fratrukket den eksponering som danskerne i forvejen udsættes for via mad, drikke og luft - dvs. ”Margen til TDI” værdien skal opfattes som den ekstra mængde metal vi kan tåle at få tilført dagligt uden at der opstår sundhedsskadelige effekter.
The “Margin to TDI” value must, as described earlier, be regarded as the amount of metal which people can tolerate to take in on a daily basis, subtracted the amount of metal which the Danes already take in via food, beverages and air - in other words, the “Margin to TDI” value must be thought of as the extra amount of metal which people can tolerate on a daily basis without experiencing health related effects.
Hvis Ioral, pot værdien overskrider denne ”Margen til TDI” værdi, er der således en potentiel sundhedsmæssig risiko ved at sutte på smykkerne.
If the Ioral, pot value exceeds this “Margin to TDI” value there is a potential health related risk by sucking the jewelleries.
Eksempel på en beregning af optag via oral eksponering
Example of a calculation on uptake via oral exposure
Nedenfor er beskrevet eksponeringsberegningen relateret til bly for smykke nr. 62.
Below is described how the exposure calculation related to lead is performed for jewellery no. 62.
Beregningen er foretaget ved at ekstrapolere resultatet for migrationstesten af delsmykket (hørende til det specifikke smykke) til at gælde for den metaldel af smykket, som kan forventes at puttes i munden.
The calculation is performed by extrapolating the result derived from the migration test of the jewellery part (belonging to that specific jewellery) to account for the metal part of the jewellery which can be expected to be put into the mouth.
Varigheden af eksponeringen (Tcontact) er 2 timer og er gældende for børn (20 kg).
The duration of the exposure (Tcontact) is 2 hours and the “target” of interest is children (20 kg).
Migrationsanalysen viste, at 39 µg bly migrerede per gram smykke over en periode på 4 timer.
The migration analysis showed that 39 µg lead migrated per gram of jewellery during a period of 4 hours.
Følgende formel er derfor gældende:
Thus, the following equation is valid:
TDI værdien for bly er fastsat til 1,8 µg/kg lgv/dag.
The TDI value for lead is set at 1.8 µg/kg bw/day.
Hvis man fratrækker den mængde bly, som et gennemsnitligt barn (4-6 år) udsættes for dagligt via luft, mad og drikke (0,49 µg/kg lgv/dag), fås en ”Margen til TDI” værdi på 1,31 µg/kg lgv/dag (se tabel 7-2).
If the amount of lead, which an average child (4-6 years) is exposed to on a daily basis via air, food and beverages (0.49 µg/kg bw/day) is subtracted, a “Margin to TDI” value of 1.31 µg/kg bw/day arises (see Table 7-2).
Dvs. resultatet bliver følgende:
Thus, the result is as follows: