natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
En producent af både høreværn og høreapparater oplyste dog, at deres erfaring med høreapparater i hård akryl var, at omkring 2% af brugerne oplevede allergiske udslæt, uden der blev givet oplysninger om, hvad der specifikt var årsagen til allergien.
However, a producer of both hearing aids and hearing protection aids informed that their experience with hearing aids in hard acrylic was that about 2% of the users experienced allergenic skin rwactions without stating information about the specific reason for the allergy.
Til disse patienter blev høreapparaterne derfor fremstillet i titanium eller andet allergivenligt materiale.
To these patients the hearing aids were therefore produced in titanium or another hypoallergenic material.
Den pågældende producent fremstiller angiveligt ikke høreværn i hård akryl.
Apparently, the producer in question does not manufacture hearing protection aids in hard acrylic.
Som nævnt i 7.2.2 har en producent af Around-ear høreværn med vulst (udposning/fortykkelse) af PVC gennemført allergitests af deres produkter med negativt resultat.
As mentioned in 7.2.2 a producer of Around-ear hearing protection aids with a bead (bulge/thickening) of PVC has carried out allergenic tests of their products with a negative result.
Det har ikke været muligt at få yderligere detaljer.
It has not been possible to get further details.
En producent af In-ear høreværn af silikone har fået gennemført tests af biologisk reaktivitet af typiske råvarer.
A producer of In-ear hearing protection aids of silicone has carried through tests of biological reactivity of typical raw materials.
Følgende resultater er beskrevet:
The following results are described:
Systemisk toksicitet i mus.
Systemic toxicity in mice.
Ved indgivelse i mus (intraperitonalt og intracutant) var der ikke en større systemisk reaktion ved testpræparatet end ved saltvand, polyethylen glycol 400 eller sesamoile.
Intraperitonal og intracutaneous administration in mice caused no larger systemic reaction from the test preparation than from salt water, polyethylene glycol 400 or sesame oil.
Den makroskopiske reaktion ved implantering i musklerne på en kanin var ikke signifikant, sammenlignet med en USP negativ kontrol plast.
The macroscopic reaction from implantation in the muscles of a rabbit was not significant, compared with an USP negative control plastic.
De pågældende tests viser således primært, at der ikke sker en biologisk reaktion ved kontakt med silikone.
The tests thus show primarily that there is no biological reaction from contact with silicone.
7.3 Sammenfatning - kortlægning af materialer
7.3 Summary - survey of materials
Den gennemførte kortlægning viser først og fremmest, at der anvendes en bred vifte af materialer i hovedtelefoner.
First of all, the completed survey shows that a wide range of materials is applied in headphones.
Hovedparten af materialerne er syntetiske polymerer (plast og gummi), men også et naturligt materiale som læder finder anvendelse.
The main part of the materials is synthetic polymers (plastic and rubber) but also a natural material like leather is used.
Det skal bemærkes, at ”tekstil” i denne forbindelse antages at være polymer-baseret, f.eks. i form af nylon eller polyester.
It shall be noted that “textile” in this connection is assumed to be polymer-based, e.g. in the form of nylon or polyester.
For høreværn viser kortlægningen, at PVC tilsyneladende er det foretrukne materiale til Around-ear høreværn, mens silikone og akryl er de foretrukne materialer til In-ear høreværn.
For hearing protection aids the survey shows that PVC apparently is the preferred material for Around-ear hearing protection aids while silicone and acrylic are the preferred materials for In-ear hearing protection aids.
8 Analyse af udvalgte produkter
8 Analysis of selected products
8.3.2 Kommentar til analyseresultater og vurdering
8.3.2 Comment to analysis results and assessment
Den indledende kortlægning af hvilke materialer og eventuelle additiver, der kommer i kontakt med huden, er blevet suppleret med en analyse af en række produkter, der dækker grupperne hovedtelefoner og høreværn bredt, uden at det kan afgøres, om udvælgelsen er repræsentativ.
The preliminary survey of the materials and possible additives which can come into contact with the skin has been supplemented with an analysis of a number of headphones and hearing protection aids, chosen randomly without possibility of determining whether the selection is representative.
Det skal bemærkes, at forskellene i prisen ikke nødvendigvis afspejler forskelle i materialevalg, men snarere at der er tale om en bedre lydkvalitet i de dyrere produkter.
It shall be noted that the differences in the price do not necessarily reflect differences in the choice of material but rather that there is a better sound quality in the more expensive products.
Det skal også bemærkes, at der ikke blev indkøbt proukter med en pris over ca. 400 kr.
It shall also be noted that no products with a price above approx. 400 DKK were purchased.
Nogle produkter koster således over 2000 kr, en pris der kun i meget begrænset grad kan antages at være relateret vil valg af eksklusive materialer til kontakt med huden, men snarere af eksklusive materialer (f.eks. guld) til ledning og generering af lydsignalerne.
Thus, some products on the market cost above 2,000 DKK, a price which only to a very limited degree can be assumed to be related to the choice of exclusive materials for contact with the skin but rather to the use of exclusive materials (e.g. gold) for cord and generation of the sound signals.
De relevante karakteristika for de indkøbte produkter er:
The relevant characteristics for the purchased products are:
Overordnede karakteristika for de indkøbte produkter.
General characteristics of the purchased products.
Størstedelen af de indkøbte produkter (11/14 hovedtelefoner; 2/6 høreværn) blev indkøbt via Internet.
The majority of the purchased products (11/14 headphones, 2/6 hearing protection aids) was purchased via the Internet.
Den primære årsag til dette var, at det på denne måde var forholdsvis nemt at sikre, at de indkøbte produkter fordelte sig som ønsket.
The primary reason for this was that in this way it was relatively easy to secure that the purchased products were distributed as wanted.
For høreværn fordelte indkøbene sig på to produkter fra byggemarkeder, to fra Internettet og to produkter, som producenten leverede gratis til projektet, det ene som et prøveeksemplar, det andet produceret på stedet.
For the hearing protection aids, the purchases were spread on two products from do-it-yourself markets, two from the Internet and two products which the producers delivered free of charge to the project, one as a sample, the other being produced on site.
Som udgangspunkt var der to formål med analyserne, dels at verificere producentoplysninger, dels at komplementere disse.
There were two main targets of the analyses, i.e. to verify the producer information and to complement these.
I praksis var det dog ikke muligt at verificere producentoplysninger, idet de indkøbte produkter ikke var forsynet med oplysninger om hvilke materialer, der var anvendt.
However, in practice it was not possible to verify the producer information as the purchased products were not provided with information about which materials being applied.
Undtagelser fra dette var de to In-ear høreværn, hvor begge producenter tydeligt fortæller, hvilke materialer, der grundlæggende anvendes.
Exceptions from this were the two In-ear hearing protection aids where both producers clearly tell which materials form the basis of the products.
IR analyserne blev udført på et Nicolet Impact 400 FT-IR spektrometre.
The IR analyses were completed on a Nicolet Impact 400 FT-IR spectrometer.
Der er anvendt forskellige teknikker afhængig af produktet.
Different techniques were applied, dependent on the product.
Flade, glatte materialer blev undersøgt ved hjælp af ATR teknik.
Flat, smooth materials were examined by use of ATR technique.
Materialer, der ikke var glatte og flade, blev undersøgt ved at gnubbe et siliciumcarbid sandpapir mod prøven og optage spektret ved DRIFT (diffus reflektans) med det rene sandpapir som reference.
Materials which were not smooth and flat were examined by rubbing a silicon carbide sandpaper against the sample and record the spectrum by DRIFT (diffuse reflectance) with the clean sandpaper as reference.
Såvel ATR som DRIFT er reflektionsteknikker, og spektrene bliver lidt fortegnede i forhold til normale transmissionsspektre.
ATR as well as DRIFT are reflection techniques and the spectra become a little distorted compared to normal transmission spectra.
Til identifikation af plasttyper blev fortrinsvis anvendt elektroniske referencebiblioteker (Hummel-Scholl eller Sadtler Know-it-all) kombineret med FORCE Technology's generelle erfaring.
For identification of plastic types electronic reference libraries (Hummel-Scholl eller Sadtler Know-it-all) were mainly used combined with FORCE Technology's general experience.
Blødgørere som ftalater anvendes normalt i store mængder (30%) og vil umiddelbart kunne ses i spektrene.
Plasticizers like phthalates are normally applied in large amounts (30%) and will immediately be seen in the spectra.
Ofte vil disse stoffer camouflere spektret af basispolymeren.
Often these substances will camouflage the spectrum of the basic polymer.
Ftalat, der er til stede i få procenter af en anden ester, vil normalt ikke kunne observeres.
Phthalate being present in a few percentages of another ester will normally not be observed.
Andre additiver, der anvendes i 0,1 til få procent, vil normalt ikke blive opdaget ved screeningsanalysen, medmindre de har absorptioner i områder, hvor basispolymer og eventuel blødgører med sikkerhed ikke absorberer.
Other additives being applied in 0.1 to a few percentages will normally not be observed at the screening analysis unless they have absorptions in areas where a basic polymer and a possible softener for certain do not absorb.
Fyldstoffer med karakteristiske spektre, f.eks. kridt, vil kunne påvises i niveauer 10-30%, medens andre fyldstoffer oftest ikke kan identificeres med sikkerhed.
Fillers with characteristic spectra, e.g. chalk, will be identified at levels of 10-30% while other fillers often cannot be identified for certain.
Resultaterne af analysen af de udvalgte produkter fremgår af Tabel 8.
The results of the analysis of the selected products are shown in Table 8.
Identificerede materialer ved FTIR-analyse.
Identified materials at FTIR analysis.
Resultaterne bekræfter i store træk de oplysninger, der blev fundet i projektets kortlægningsfase, nemlig at PUR (polyurethan) i både opskummet og blød (kunstlæder) kvalitet er hyppigt anvendt i de dele, der kommer i kontakt med øret (On-ear og Around-ear produkter), at silikone anvendes til In-ear produkter (både hovedtelefoner og høreværn), og at PVC er et ofte anvendt materiale til Around-ear høreværn.
In general, the results confirm the information being found in the mapping phase of the project, namely that PUR (polyurethane) in both foamed and soft (artificial leather) quality is often used in parts getting into contact with the ear (On-ear and Around-ear products), that silicone is applied in In-ear products (both headphones and hearing protection aids), and that PVC is a frequently used material in Around-ear hearing protection aids.
Analysen viste derudover nogle elementer, der ikke fremgik af den indledende kortlægning:
Furthermore, the analysis showed some elements which did not appear from the preliminary survey:
Polyurethan-baseret lak anvendes til overfladebehandling af In-ear høreværn i en hård kvalitet, formodentlig akryl.
Polyurethane based lacquer is applied for surface treatment of In-ear hearing protection aids in a hard quality, probably acrylic.
Lakken nedsætter ifølge producenten risikoen for allergi.
According to the producer, the lacquer reduces the risk of allergy.
PVC anvendt i Around-ear høreværn kan være modificeret med nitril (acrylonitril-butadien gummi), der øger modstandsdygtigheden over for olie og forskellige kemiske stoffer, ligesom det også giver en øget smidighed i materialet.
PVC applied in Around-ear hearing protection aids can be modified with nitrile (acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber) which increases the resistance towards oil and different chemical substances and it also gives an increased flexibility in the material.
Nitrilgummi kan således eventuelt erstatte traditionelle blødgørere helt eller delvist.
Thus, nitrile rubber can possibly replace traditional softeners totally or partly.
Til PVC anvendt i Around-ear høreværn anvendes også traditionelle blødgørere.
For PVC applied in Around-ear hearing protection aids, also traditional plasticizers are used.
Analysen giver desværre ikke mulighed for en mere præcis identifikation af hvilken blødgører, der er anvendt.
Unfortunately, the analysis does not give a possibility of a more precise identification of which plasticizer is used.
I de to In-ear hovedtelefoner, hvor der er foretaget en analyse af hårde materialer, har dette været ABS.
In the two In-ear headphones where the hard material was analysed, this was ABS.
I det ene tilfælde kunne brugeren vælge at sætte puder af polyurethan på, mens det andet produkt ikke gav denne mulighed.
In the one of the cases the user could choose to put on pads of polyurethane, while the other product did not give this possibility.
Polybutadien-styren (en gummitype) anvendes som (blødt) materiale i In-ear hovedtelefoner.
Polybutadiene styrene (a type of rubber) is used as (soft) material in In-ear headphones.
Det skal endnu en gang understreges, at de undersøgte produkter ikke nødvendigvis udgør et repræsentativt udsnit af de to produktgrupper.
It is emphasized again that the examined products do not necessarily constitute a representative sample of the two product groups.
Det skal også understreges, at det ikke var indenfor projektets rammer at kvantificere indholdet af additiver i produkterne; i nogle tilfælde var det endog umuligt at bestemme hvilket stof(fer), der var tale om på grund af interferens.
It shall also be emphasized that it was not within the frames of the project to quantify the content of additives in the products; in some cases it was even impossible to determine the substance(s) in question due to interference.
Den eksisterende viden kan sammenfattes i nogle få punkter:
The existing knowledge can be summarized in a few points:
Hvilke hårde materialer kommer i kontakt med øret?
Which hard materials get into contact with the ear?
Det vides med sikkerhed, at ABS anvendes, men der er ikke teknologiske hindringer for, at materialer som polycarbonat (PC) også anvendes, eventuelt som copolymer med ABS eller PBT.
It is known for certain that ABS is used but there are no technological barriers for using materials like polycarbonate (PC), possibly as a copolymer with ABS or PBT.
Der er heller ingen teknologiske hindringer for at bruge hård PVC eller PP til formålet.
Also, there are no technological barriers for using hard PVC or PP for the purpose.
Hvilke bløde materialer kommer i kontakt med øret?
Which soft materials get into contact with the ear?
Der er ingen tvivl om, at PUR er det foretrukne valg til ørepuder til alle typer af hovedtelefoner, både i form af skumpuder og bløde puder.
There is no doubt that PUR is the preferred choice for ear pads for all kinds of headphones, both in the form of foam pads and smooth pads.
Analyserne viser ikke, om der er tale om et ”rent” PUR-materiale, eller om der er tale om en kunstlæderkvalitet, hvor kontaktlaget er PUR, mens substratlaget godt kan være et andet materiale af plast eller tekstil (se afsnit 9.3).
The analyses do not show whether it is a “pure” PUR material or it is an artificial leather quality where the contact layer is PUR while the substrate layer might be a different plastic or textile (se section 9.3).
Fra den detaljerede analyse af et headset vides det, at også skum, baseret på neopren-gummi, kan anvendes.
From the detailed analysis of a headset it is known that also foam, based on neoprene rubber, can be used.
PVC-skum er også en mulighed, men der er ikke fundet oplysninger, der viser, at dette materiale anvendes i praksis.
PVC foam is also a possibility but no information is found showing that this material is used in practice.
Kun et enkelt af de analyserede produkter havde en tekstiloverflade i kontakt med huden.
Only a single of the analyzed products had a textile surface in contact with the skin.
Dette materiale var sandsynligvis polyester (PET), der er et velkendt og meget anvendt materiale i alle former for tekstiler.
This material was most probably polyester (PET) which is a well-known and often applied material in all kinds of textiles.
Som beskrevet i afsnit 9 kan der for andre produkter dog meget vel være tale om at anvende andre tekstiler af kunststof.
As described in section 9, it other synthetic textiles can most probably also be used.
Hvilke blødgørere anvendes i PVC - og i hvor store mængder?
Which plasticizers are used in PVC - and in which amounts?
Svaret er med stor sandsynlighed, at den bløde PVC, der anvendes i hovedtelefoner og høreværn, er modificeret på sammen måde som andre bløde PVC-produkter.
Most probably soft PVC being used in headphones and hearing protection aids is modified in the same way as other soft PVC products.
Der er med andre ord tale om, at der kan være anvendt en bred vifte af blødgørere (herunder ftalater) i mængder op til 40%.
In other words, a wide range of plasticizers (including phthalates) can be used in amounts up to 40%.
Anvendes der flammehæmmere?
Are flame retardants applied?
I to Around-ear høreværn er der måske tilsat flammehæmmere af fosfit-typen.
In two Around-ear hearing protection aids, flame retardants of the phosphate type might be applied.
Det vides ikke om det også gør sig gældende for andre høreværn.
It is unknown whether this is the case for other hearing protection aids.
For ingen af de fundne materialer er det muligt på baggrund af analysen at give et kvalificeret bud på type og mængde af de additiver, der er anvendt.
For none of the identified materials is it possible on basis of the analysis to give a qualified suggestion about type and amount of the additives used.
Der er derfor blevet etableret typiske sammensætninger af hyppigt forekommende materialer, se afsnit 9.
Therefore, typical compositions of frequently used materials given in section 9.
8.3 Analyse af materialer i et headset
8.3 Analysis of materials in a headset
En producent af headsets og andet elektronisk udstyr har stillet en analyse af de materialer, der indgår i et af deres headsets til rådighed for projektet.
A producer of headsets and other electronic equipment made an analysis of the materials being a part of one of there headsets available to the project.
Ørepuder i to størrelser, begge fremstillet af EVA (ethylenvinylacetat), med kontaktflade på ydersiden af øret.
Ear pads in two sizes, both produced from EVA (ethylene vinyl acetate), with contact surface at the external ear.
Ørekrog, fremstillet af en blanding af PP (polypropylen) og EPDM (ethylen/propylen dimer), en såkaldt termoplastisk elastomer, med kontaktflade på bagsiden af øret.
Ear hook, produced from a mixture of PP (polypropylene) and EPDM (ethylene/propylene dimer), a so-called thermo plastic elastomer, with a contact surface on the back of the ear.
Stabiliseringsbøjle med blødt skum, fremstillet af neopren-gummi, med kontakt på hovedbunden.
Stabilization spring band with soft foam, produced from neoprene rubber, with contact on the scalp.
Det headset, der er analyseret, kan varieres på forskellig måde.
The headset being analyzed can be varied in different ways.
For eksempel er det muligt at vælge mellem en stor og en lille ørepude, ligesom det kan fastgøres på tre forskellige måder ved hjælp af bøjler, der enten går over hovedbunden eller rundt om øret.
For instance, it is possible to choose between a large and a small ear pad and it can be fastened in three different ways by means of spring bands which either is placed above the scalp or around the ear.
Basismodellen er vist i Figur 6.
The basic model is shown in Figure 6.
Basisudformingen af det analyserede headset.
The basic design of the analyzed headset.
Koncentration af metaller og kemiske forbindelser, der kommer i kontakt med huden i det analyserede headset.
Concentration of metals and chemical compounds getting into contact with the skin in the analyzed headset.
Ingen af disse stoffer blev fundet i koncentrationer over detektionsgrænsen.
None of these substances was found in concentration above the detection limit.
8.3.1 Vurdering af analyseresultaterne
8.3.1 Assessment of the analysis results
Et anerkendt institut har vurderet analyseresultaterne med hensyn til risikoen for, at materialerne fremkalder allergi hos brugerne af headset'et.
An acknowledged institute has evaluated the analysis results with regard to the risk of the materials causing allergy in the users of the headset.
Instituttet peger i deres vurdering på følgende stoffer som potentielt problematiske i relation til allergi: cobalt, nikkel, chrom og 4-tert-butylphenol.
In their evaluation, the institute points at the following substances as potentially problematic in relation to allergy: cobalt, nickel, chromium and 4-tert-butylphenol.
På baggrund af de lave koncentrationer af de fire stoffer i materialerne er det dog instituttets vurdering, at der ikke kan forventes allergiske reaktioner.
Based on the low concentrations of the four substances in the materials, the institute concludes that no allergenic reactions can be expected.
Ingen af de stoffer, der er analyseret for, vurderes at være irritanter.
None of the identified substances is considered to be irritants.
Instituttet bemærker dog, at der kan have været andre stoffer i materialerne end de, der er blevet udvalgt til analyserne.
However, the institute notes that there may have been other substances in the materials than those that have been selected for the analyses.
Analyseresultaterne giver mulighed for - udover en vurdering af risikoen for allergi - at pege på problematiske stoffer i de materialer, der er anvendt.
Besides an assessment of the risk of allergy, the analysis results give a possibility of pointing out problematic substances in the materials being applied.
Analyserne giver dog alene oplysning om indholdet af stoffer, ikke om hvorvidt de afgives ved migration til (kunstigt) sved og dermed kan give anledning til eksponering af brugerne.
However, the analyses give only information about the content of substances, not whether they can migrate migration to (artificial) sweat and thus can cause exposure of the users.
Umiddelbart kan der peges på stofferne i Tabel 11 som værende kendte problemstoffer.
The substances in Table 11 are well-known problematic substances.
I tabellen er angivet deres koncentration i de analyserede materialer samt et groft estimat af den samlede vægt for stoffet i komponenterne.
In the table their concentration in the analyzed materials is stated as well as a rough estimate of the total weight of the substance in the components.
Kendte problemstoffer og deres koncentration i det analyserede headset.
Known problematic substances and their concentrations in the analyzed headset.
Det understreges, at den ovenstående beregning af den samlede vægt af de givne stoffer i enkeltkomponenterne er et groft estimat, omend størrelsesordenen er rigtig.
It is emphasized that the above calculation of the total weight of the given substances in the single components is a rough estimate, indicating the order of magnitude.
Den samlede vægt af stofferne er et udtryk for, hvor stor den samlede eksponering teoretisk kan være i produktets levetid, der sikkert vil være et år eller mere.
The total weight of the substances expresses how large the total exposure theoretically can be in the lifetime of the product, probably one year or more.