natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Tre af de udtagne produkter (to ammeindlæg og en cykelbuks) er udtaget med den formodning, at disse kunne være antibakterielle behandlede.
Most of the products are selected on the basis of the information that indicated the products were treated with antibacterial compounds or they were mildew resistant.
I alt er der undersøgt 17 produkter som fremgår af Tabel 3.1.
All-in-all 17 products, described in Table 3.1, are analysed in the present study.
3.3 Valg af antibakterielle midler
3.3 Selection of antibacterial compounds
Ifølge de indsamlede oplysninger anvendes triclosan ofte til antibakteriel behandling af beklædningsgenstande.
According to the acquired knowledge, triclosan is often used for the antibacterial treatment of textile fibres and clothing articles.
Dette bekræftes også af en EU's videnskabelig komité (1).
This view is also supported by the EU Scientific Committee (1).
Derfor er screeningsanalyse for indhold af triclocarbon, hexachlorophen og Kathon CG også udført i alle produkter.
Therefore, all products were also subjected to screenings analysis for the content of triclocarbon, hexachlorophen and Kathon CG.
Oplysning om antibakterielt behandling
Information on antibacterial treatment
Det undersøgte materiale
The analysed material
Indlæg og tekstilstof m. indlæg
Insert as well as insert with textile material
Indlæg m. tekstilstof
Insert with textile material
Forhandler, web-sider, mærket
Retailer, Web-pages, labelling
Tekstilstof til ærme
Textile material from the arms
Dame badedragt, meldug resistent
Bathing costume, mildew resistant
Cykelshorts Dame cykelbuks med indlæg
Ladies cycle shorts Cycle shorts with insert
Sål til sko, blå
Sole for the shoe, blue
Sokker med "BlisterGuard" behandling
Socks with "BlisterGuard" treatment
4.1 Kemikalier og reagenser
4.1 Chemicals and reagents
HPLC grade methanol og acetonitril er købt hos Rathburn, Skotland og alle andre kemikalier af analyse kvalitet er fra Sigma-Aldrich, USA.
HPLC grade methanol and acetonitrile is from Rathburn, Scotland and all other chemicals of analytical grade are from Sigma-Aldrich, USA.
2H2O i vand (MilliQ), der tilsættes 2.877 g o-phosphorsyre og fyldes op til mærket med vand.
2H2O in water (MilliQ), add 2.877 g o-phosphoric acid and make up to the volume by water.
4.2.1 Ekstraktion i ethylacetat
4.2.1 Extraction in ethyl acetate
2-3 g prøve, klippet i små stykker, afvejes i en 100 ml brun flaske.
2-3 g sample, cut in small pieces, is weighed in a 100 ml dark bottle.
Der tilsættes 20 ml ethylacetat og blandingen ultralyd behandles i 15 min. Ekstraktet filtreres gennem Whatman No.2 papirfilter over i en 50 ml målkolbe.
20 ml ethyl acetate is added and the mixture is treated with ultrasound for 15 min. The extract is filtered through a Whatman No.2 filter paper over to a 50 ml volumetric flask.
Prøven tilsættes på ny 20 ml ethylacetat og ultralyd behandles i 15 min. Ekstraktet filtreres gennem Whatman 2 papirfilter over i den samme målkolbe som før.
Another 20 ml ethyl acetate is added to the sample and the mixture is again treated with ultrasound for 15 min. The extract is filtered through a Whatman No.2 filter paper in the same volumetric flask as before.
Målkolben fyldes op til mærket med ethylacetat.
The volumetric flask is filled up to the mark with ethyl acetate.
40 ml ekstrakt opkoncentreres til 5 ml ved rotationsinddampning ved 35°C.
40 ml extract is concentrated to 5 ml using a rotary evaporator at 35°C.
4.2.2 Ekstraktion i methanol
4.2.2 Extraction in methanol
De produkter, hvori der ikke blev fundet indhold af de udvalgte stoffer efter ekstraktion med ethylacetat, blev ekstraheret med methanol, der er et mere polært opløsningsmiddel.
The products, which were found not to contain any of the target substances (when extracted with ethyl acetate), were extracted with a more polar solvent, i.e. methanol.
Der følges samme fremgangsmåde som i 4.2.1, undtagen at ethylacetat erstattes med methanol.
The same extraction procedure was used as described in 4.2.1, except that ethyl acetate was substituted by methanol.
Der udføres dobbelt analyser på alle prøveekstrakter og kalibreringsopløsninger af standardstoffer ved HPLC som følgende:
All sample extracts and calibration solutions are analysed in duplicate by HPLC as described below:
HPLC analyse af Triclosan, dichlorophene og hexachlorophene Kørsel
HPLC analysis of Triclosan, dichlorophen, hexachlorophen and triclocarbon
Der udføres analyser af flere fortyndinger af triclosan (10-300 ppm), dichlorphen (10-250 ppm) og Kathon 893 (5-250 ppm) for at lave disses kalibreringskurve.
Five calibration solutions of triclosan (10-300 ppm), dichlorophen (10-250 ppm) and Kathon 893 (5-250 ppm) are analysed to prepare calibration curves of these substances.
Repeterbarheden af analysemetoden bestemmes ved 10 analyser af to opløsninger af triclosan (24 og 124 ppm), dichlophen (20 og 100 ppm) og Kathon 893 (23 og 230 ppm).
Repeatability of the analytical methods is determined by the 10 repeated analysis of two solutions of triclosan (24 and 124 ppm), dichlorophen (20 and 100 ppm) and Kathon 893 (23 and 230 ppm).
Genfindingen af triclosan fra produkter er undersøgt ved analyser af to produkterne 2-0937 og 2-0980 efter disse blev spiket til henholdsvis ca. 50 og ca.100 ppm af stoffet.
The recovery of triclosan is investigated by the analysis of two products (20937 and 2-0980) spiked to concentration levels 50 ppm and 100 ppm respectively with this substance.
De indsamlede data behandles ved at lave et maxplot kromatogram, hvor alle stoffer, der elueres gennem HPLC kolonnen giver en top ved disses respektive λmax.
The data collected is treated to produce a maxplot chromatogram, where all substances eluted through the column show a HPLC peak at their respective λmax.
Identifikation af de udvalgte stoffer i prøveekstrakterne udføres ved at sammenholde retentionstider og spektra af disse HPLC toppe med retentionstider og spektra af standard stoffer, analyseret under samme betingelser som prøverne.
The identification of the target substances in the sample extracts is performed by matching the retention time and UV spectrum of the sample peaks with the retention time and UV spectrum of target substances.
Indholdet af de identificerede stoffer bestemmes med anvendelse af kalibreringskurve af disse.
The content of the identified substances is performed by using their calibration curves.
Alle prøver er ekstraheret i ethylacetat, idet der blev påvist maksimum ekstraktion af triclosan i ehylacetat fra en cykelbuks (3).
All samples were extracted in ethyl acetate, because in an earlier investigation maximum extraction of triclosan from a cycle shorts was established (3).
Produkter, der ikke indeholdt triclosan, blev ekstraheret i methanol og analyseret som før - for at undersøge om nogle af de udvalgte stoffer kunne ekstraheres i methanol.
The products, which did not contain triclosan, were extracted in a more polar solvent, i.e. methanol - to investigate whether other target substances could be extracted in methanol.
Alle prøver er undersøgt for indholdet af triclosan, Kathon 893 (markør for Sanitized behandling), dichlorophen, triclocarbon, hexachlorophen og Kathon CG.
All samples were investigated for the content of triclosan, Kathon 893 (marker of Sanitized treatment) dichlorophen, triclocarbon, hexachlorophen and Kathon CG.
HPLC kromatogrammer og UV-spektre af alle undersøgte stoffer er vist i figur 1-4.
HPLC chromatogram and UV spectra of all of the target substances are shown in Figures 1-4.
Detektionsgrænsen for de undersøgte stoffer er 1-3 ppm for standarder.
The detection limits of target substances are in the range 1-3 ppm.
Dette betyder at indholdet af de udvalgte stoffer kan bestemmes, når disses indhold i produkterne er 2-5 ppm.
Thus, it should be possible to determine the content of these substances in the products, when their content in the products is in the range of 2-5 ppm respectively.
Kalibrereringskurver af triclosan, dichlorphen og Kathon 893 er lineære i det undersøgte koncentrationsområde (figur 5).
The calibration curves of triclosan, dichlorophen and Kathon 893 are linear in the investigated concentration range (Figure 5).
Genfindingen af triclosan i to prøver (2-0937 og 20980) spiket med dette stof, er 74% henholdsvis 94%.
The recovery of triclosan from two samples (2-0937 and 2-0980) spiked with this substance is 74% and 94% respectively.
Genfindingen af dichlorophene fra de samme to prøver spiket med dette stof er henholdsvis 64 % og 91%.
The recovery of dichlorophen from the same two samples spiked with this substance is 64% and 91% respectively.
Det fundne indhold af de udvalgte stoffer i produkterne fremgår af tabel 5.2.
The content of the target substances in the investigated products is described in Table 5.2.
Resultaterne er ikke korrigeret for genfindingen.
The results have not been corrected for the per cent recovery.
HPLC kromatogrammer af disse fem prøver og spektrum-match med triclosan er vist i figurer 6-10.
The HPLC chromatograms of sample extracts and spectrum match with standard triclosan are shown in Figures 6-10.
I ingen af de undersøgte produkter kunne dichlorophen, Kathon 893, hexachlorophen, triclocarbon eller Kathon CG påvises.
Dichlorophen, Kathon 893, hexachlorophen, triclocarbon or Kathon CG could not be identified in any of the investigated products.
Tabel 5.1: Repeterbarhed af bestemmelse af triclosan, dichlorphen og Kathon 893 Triclosan, arealtal
Table 5.1: Repeatability of determination of triclosan, dichlorphen and Kathon 893 Triclosan, arealtal
Tabel 5.2: Indholdet af de udvalgte antibakterielle midler i produkterne.
Table 5.2: The contents of target antibacterial substances in the products.
DMU Nr. Triclosan Dichlorophen
NERI No. Triclosan Dichlorophen
i.d. * indholdet er målt i indlægget (uden tekstil) som firmaet sendte separat .
* The content is determined in the insert (without textile material), which was sent separately by the importer.
Der er undersøgt indholdet af seks udvalgte antibakterielle midler (triclosan, dichlorphen, Kathon 893, hexachlorphen, triclocarbon og Kathon CG ) i 17 produkter fra det danske detailmarked.
The contents of six selected antibacterial substances (triclosan, dichlorphen, Kathon 893, hexachlorphen, triclocarbon and Kathon CG) has been determined in 17 clothing articles that were bought from the Danish retail out-lets.
Produkterne blev valgt efter en markedsundersøgelse og indsamling af oplysninger på de relevante web-sider.
The products were selected after a market survey and collecting the information from Web pages concerning antibacterial treated clothing articles.
Efter de indhentede oplysninger skulle 14 af de undersøgte produkter være behandlet med antimikrobielle midler.
According to the available information, 14 of the investigated products should have been treated with some antibacterial agent.
Analysemetoderne til bestemmelse af triclosan, dichlorophen og Kathon 893 er valideret før bestemmelse af disses indhold i produkterne.
The analytical methods for the determination of triclosan, dichlorophen and Kathon 893 are validated before determining their contents in the products.
Der er kun udført screeningsanalyse for indholdet af de resterende tre stoffer.
For the content of remaining target substances in the products, only screening analysis has been performed.
Detektionsgrænse for disse stoffer i produkter er ca. 5 ppm (0,0005%).
The detection limit for all of the target substances in the products is approximately 5 ppm (0.0005%)
Der er fundet 0,0007% - 0,0195% (7-195 ppm) triclosan i fem af de undersøgte produkter.
Triclosan 0.0007% - 0.0195% (7-195 ppm) was present in five of the investigated products.
I andre produkter kunne ingen af de udvalgte stoffer påvises.
None of the other target substances were identified in any of the products.
Da de fleste produkter skulle være behandlet med antibakterielle midler, formodes det, at produkterne enten indholder <5 ppm af de udvalgte stoffer eller at der er anvendt nogle andre end de udvalgte stoffer til antibakteriel behandling af disse produkter.
As most of the products should have been treated with some antibacterial agent, it is expected that either the products contain < 5 ppm of the target substances, or some other antibacterial agents were present in the investigated products.
Efter oplysninger fra forhandler af prøve nr. 2-0937 (trusser), skulle indlægget til trusserne være behandlet med Sanitized
According to the information from the importer of the ladies underwear (Sample No. 2-0937), the insert in this product should have been treated with Sanitized
I prøven (2-0937) er der fundet triclosan, men ikke Kathon 893.
In the sample 2-0937, triclosan was found, but not Kathon 893 (marker of Sanitized
Der er ikke fundet oplysninger om hvilken koncentration, der er nødvendig for triclosans virkning som antibakterielt middel i beklædningsgenstande.
There is no information on the minimum required concentration of triclosan for an optimal antibacterial functionality in clothing articles.
Undersøgelsen har også vist, at andre udvalgte stoffer (triclocarbon, hexachlorophen, dichlorophen, Kathon 893 of Kathon CG) enten ikke anvendes til antibakteriel behandling af beklædningsgenstande, eller at indholdet af disse stoffer i produkterne er under 0,0005%.
The investigation further indicated that other target substances (triclocarbon, hexachlorophen, dichlorophen, Kathon 893 and Kathon CG) are either not used as antibacterial agents in clothing, or their content in the products is < 0.0005%.
Det fremgik af markeds undersøgelsen, at der findes mange handelsnavne for antibakteriel behandling, hvis sammensætning ikke er kendt.
The market survey revealed that antibacterial treatment is performed under various trade names, composition of which is not described.
Undersøgelsen her viser, at triclosan indgår i bl.
Present investigation demonstrated that triclosan is used in Sanitized
Triclosan anvendes tilsyneladende ikke i fabrikation af beklædningsgenstande i Danmark.
It appears that triclosan is not used in the manufacture of clothing articles in Denmark.
I andre EU-lande anvendes flere tons triclosan i fabrikationen af beklædningsgenstande.
In some other EU Member States, several tons of triclosan is used in the manufacture of clothing.
Da der er fri bevægelighed af varer i EU medlemsstaterne, vil en del triclosan-antibakterielt behandlede varer finde vej til Danmark.
As there is free movement of products in the EU Member States, some antibacterial treated clothing will obviously be available in Denmark.
Ifølge artikler og reklamer på web-siderne er interessen og behovet for antibakterielt behandlede beklædningsgenstande stigende på grund af hygiejne, renlighed, lugtfri, og frisk fornemmelse.
According to articles and advertisements in the Webpages, interest and need of antibacterial treated clothing is increasing, because of hygiene, cleanliness and odourless fresh feelings.
For eksempel skriver Amicor* "as lifestyle becomes faster and more hectic, Amicor provides a solution to the needs of modernliving: health conscious, and functional materials from bed linen, fashion to sportswear round the clock freshness, comfort and cleanliness".
For example, the owner of Amicore* treatment writes "as lifestyle becomes faster and more hectic, Amicor provides a solution to the needs of modern living: health conscious, and functional materials from bed linen, fashion to sportswear round the clock freshness, comfort and cleanliness".
Ifølge oplysninger fra nogle forhandlere er der kommet flere antibakterielt behandlede produkter på markedet i de sidst 2-3 år, men stigningen er ikke mærkbar.
According to the retailers, the number of antibacterial treated clothing in the market has been increasing in the last 2-3 years, but the in
Dette skyldes muligvis, at der ikke i særlig grad reklameres for disse varer.
And there is still not a great demand of antibacterial treated clothing.
For nylig har en EU-videnskabelig komité vurderet, at der ikke er grundlag for at ændre på den maksimalt tilladte koncentration af triclosan i kosmetiske produkter (5).
Recently an EU Scientific Committee has concluded that there is no basis for changing the maximum authorised concentration of triclosan in cosmetic products (5).
Derfor synes det ikke at være betænkeligt at anvende beklædningsgenstande behandlet med triclosan ud fra en direkte sundhedsmæssig betragtning.
Thus, the use of antibacterial treated clothing seems not be of concern according to a direct health consideration.
Det var planlagt at udledning af antibakterielle midler fra tøjvask til miljøet skulle undersøges i den sidste fase af projektet.
It was planned to investigate emission of antibacterial compounds to the environment by washing the clothing containing such materials.
Da der kun er fundet relativt små mængder af kun ét stof (triclosan) i kun få produkter, er det vurderet at triclosan bidrag fra tøjvask til miljøet vil være meget mindre end det der muligvis udledes f.eks. fra kosmetiske produkter.
As only few products were found to contain relatively small amounts of only one substance (triclosan), it is considered that the contribution of such substances from clothing to the environment may be much less than from other sources, for example from cosmetics.
Figur 1: HPLC kromatogram (A) og spektra (B) af dichlorophen (0,006%), og triclosan (0,005%) og triclocarbon (0,001%)
Figure 1: HPLC chromatogram (A) and UV spectra (B) of dichlorophen (0.006%), triclosan (0.005%) and triclocarbon (0.001%)
Figur 2: HPLC kromatgram (A) og UV spektra (B) af 0,001 % Kathon CG (methylisothiazolinone og chloromethylisothiazolinone)
Figure 2: HPLC chromatogram (A) and UV spectra (B) of 0.001 % Kathon CG (methylisothiazolinone and chloromethylisothiazolinone)
Figur 3: HPLC komatogram (A) og UV spektrum (B) af 0,001 % Kathon 893
Figure 3: HPLC chromatogram (A) and UV spectrum (B) of 0.001 % Kathon 893
Figur 4: HPLC kromatogram (A) og UV spektrum of hexachlorophene 0,01%.
Figure 4: HPLC chromatogram (A) and UV spectrum of hexachlorophen 0,01%.
(Den store top ved 5,8 min er opløsningsmiddeltop, og top ved 14,6 min er en spøgelsestop)
(The large peak at 5.8 min is the solvent peak, and the peak at 14.6 min is a ghost peak)
Figur 5: Kalibreringskurve af de udvalgte antimikrobielle midler
Figure 5: Calibration curves of some selected antibacterial substances.
Status for LCA i Danmark 2003
State of LCA in Denmark 2003
Introduktion til det danske LCA metode og konsensusprojekt
Introduction to the Danish LCA methodology and consensus project
Hvad er LCA
What is LCA
Hvad er nyt i UMIP2003
What is new in EDIP2003
3.1 UMIP2003 versus UMIP1997
3.1 EDIP2003 versus EDIP1997
4.1 Valg i LCA - grundlæggende overvejelser 4.2 Valg i LCA - metodeelementer og deres brug 4.3 Start med det enkle og lette
4.1 Choices in LCA - basic considerations 4.2 Choices in LCA - methodology elements and their use 4.3 Start with the simple and easy
Denne vejledning er skrevet som led i det danske LCA metode- og konsensusprojekt, som er gennemført i perioden 1997 til 2003.
This guideline has been prepared within the Danish LCA methodology and consensus-creation project during the period from autumn 1997 to 2003.
Vejledningerne skal betragtes som et supplement til snarere end en erstatning for denne generelle litteratur.
The guidelines, however, build on the line of LCA-methodology known as the EDIP methodology.
Det skal dog understreges, at vejledningerne er udviklet gennem en konsensus proces, med deltagelse af alle væsentlige forskningsinstitutioner og konsulentfirmaer, som er aktivt beskæftiget med LCA i Danmark.
It is important to note that the guidelines have been developed by a consensus process involving in reality all major research institutions and consulting firms active in the field of LCA in Denmark.
De råd og anbefalinger, som gives i vejledningerne, kan derfor betragtes som udtryk for, hvad der er generelt accepteret som bedst praksis på LCA-området i Danmark i dag.
The advice given in the guidelines may thus be said to represent what is generally accepted as best practice today in the field of LCA in Denmark.
Vejledningerne er støttet af en række tekniske rapporter, som indeholder de videnskabelige diskussioner og dokumentionen bag de råd og anbefalinger som er givet i vejledningerne.
The guidelines are supported by a number of technical reports, which present the scientific discussions and documentation for recommendations offered by the guidelines.
De planlagte vejledninger og rapporter udviklet som led i projektet er præsenteret i oversigtsfiguren på næste side.
The guidelines and the technical reports are presented in the overview figure below.
Følgende forskningsinstitutioner og konsulentfirmaer har været aktive i udviklingsog konsensusarbejdet:
The research institutions and consulting firms active in the development and consensus process comprised:
COWI AS (Projekt Leder)
COWI A/S (Project Management)
Institut for Produkt Udvikling, Danmarks Tekniske Universitet FORCE Technology
Institute for Product Development, the Technical University of Denmark
Dansk Toksikologi Center
DHI - Water and Environment
Påvirkningskategorier, normalisering og vægtning i LCA
Impact categories, normalisation and weighting in LCA
Geografisk, teknologisk og tidsmæssig afgrænsning i LCA
Geographical, technological and temporal delimitation in LCA
Produkt, funktionel enhed og reference strømme i LCA
The product, functional unit and reference flows in LCA
Denne vejledning er en tværgående og samlende vejledning om LCA, der er udarbejdet under det danske LCA metode- og konsensusprojekt.
This guideline is a cross-cutting and unifying guideline on LCA developed within the Danish LCA methodology and consensus project.
Vejledningen henvender sig til beslutningstagere og brugere af LCA i private virksomheder og offentlige organisationer.
The guideline addresses decision-makers and users of LCA in private companies as well as public and governmental institutions.
Formålet med vejledningen er:
The objectives of the guideline are:
1. At beskrive de valg, der skal træffes ved udarbejdelsen af en LCA, for derved at gøre læseren i stand til at stille krav til en LCA udfra hvad denne LCA skal bruges til.
1. To describe the choices that have to be made in the process of developing an LCA, thereby allowing the reader to identify requirements to an LCA considering the anticipated utilization of the LCA.
2. At være en indledning til de øvrige tekniske vejledninger, der er udarbejdet under metode og konsensusprojektet (se forord), samt anden relevant LCA litteratur, såsom ISO standarder, UMIP-bøger m.m.
2. To be an introduction to the other technical guidelines, prepared within the methodology and consensus project (reference is made to the preface), as well as other relevant LCA literature, as ISO standards, EDIP-publications etc.
Mere kontant kan formålet med vejledningen siges at være at forklare, hvordan LCA bruges og udnyttes mest hensigtsmæssigt.
More directly the purpose of the guideline can be said to explain the appropriate way to use and utilize LCA.
LCA er ikke en videnskab.
LCA is not science.
LCA er derimod et værktøj baseret på videnskabelige overvejelser.
LCA is , however, a tool based on science.
I praksis bruges resultaterne af LCA sammen med økonomiske og tekniske overvejelser til at træffe beslutninger.
In reality the results of an LCA is used together with financial and technical considerations for decision making.
LCA må derfor karakteriseres som et beslutningsstøtteværktøj.
LCA, therefore, must be classified as a decision support tool.
Denne vejledning beskriver status for LCA i dag samt styrker og svagheder forbundet med forskellige metodiske valg.
This guideline describes the state of LCA today and advantages and drawbacks related to different choices of methodology.
Hermed er vejledningen forhåbentlig med til at sikre at LCA bliver brugt som det, det reelt er, nemlig:
Hereby the guideline hopefully assists in securing that LCA is used and respected for what it really is: