natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Det er baseret på fibre fra kokos.
This is based on coir fibres.
3.2 Samlet konklusion på de udenlandske undersøgelser og strategi for nærværende undersøgelse
3.2 Overall conclusion of the foreign studies and strategy for this study
Det er først og fremmest i Norge, man har gennemført detaljerede studier af kunststofbaner (T.
Detailed studies of artificial turf pitches have primarily been conducted in Norway (T.
Den svenske rapport bygger hovedsagelig på oplysninger fra andre kilder.
The Swedish report is primarily based on information from other sources.
Der foreligger fire norske rapporter, der i forskellige aspekter vurderer miljø- og sundhedsmæssige risici som følge af anlæg og brug af kunstgræsbaner i Norge.
Four Norwegian reports are available which, in different respects, assess health and environmental risks as a consequence of the laying and use of artificial turf pitches in Norway.
To af undersøgelserne er gennemført på foranledning af Statens Forurensningstilsyn (SFT) (T.
Two of the studies were conducted at the behest of the Norwegian Pollution Control Agency (Statens Forurensningstilsyn (SFT)) (T.
En er udført for Norges fodboldforbund (T.
One was conducted for the Norwegian football association (T.
Sanner, 2006), og den sidste er udført af Byggforsk (T.S.W. Plesser et al., 2004).
Sanner, 2006), and the final one was conducted by Byggforsk (T.S.W. Plesser et al., 2004).
Byggforsk (T.S.W. Plesser et al., 2004) nævnt ovenstående har udgivet sin slutrapport om potentielle sundheds- og miljøeffekter tilknyttet kunstgræsbaner for Norges fodboldforbund i september 2004.
SINTEF Building and Infrastructure (Byggforsk) (T.S.W. Plesser et al., 2004) mentioned above has published its final report on potential health and environmental impacts associated with artificial turf pitches for the Norwegian football association in September 2004.
Byggforsk undersøgelsen har omfattet tre infill-gummigranulater baseret på genbrugt gummi (formentlig alle tre fra dæk) og et EPDM-gummigranulat (formentlig ikke genbrugt).
The Byggforsk study included three infill rubber granule types based on recycled rubber (all three presumably from tyres) and an EPDM rubber granule product (presumably not recycled).
Endvidere indgik to kunstgræsfibertyper baseret på PE og copolymer af PE og PP.
In addition, two artificial turf fibre types based on PE and PE/PP copolymer were used.
Den ene type var splitfiber, den anden monofiber.
One type was split fibre, the other monofibre.
Splitfibre fremstilles ved opslidsning af PE-folie.
Split fibres are produced by slitting PE film.
Monofibre fremstilles ved, at hver enkelt fiber ekstruderes for sig.
Monofibres are produced by each fibre being extruded separately.
Det skulle give bedre langtidsegenskaber mod slid.
This should provide better long-term wear resistance.
I undersøgelsen er der blevet analyseret for totalindhold af arsen, bly, cadmium, kobber, krom, kviksølv, PCB, PAH, ftalater og phenoler i selve materialerne.
The study analysed for total contents of arsenic, lead, cadmium, copper, chromium, mercury, PCB, PAH, phthalates and phenols in the materials.
Endvidere er der udført udvaskningsforsøg og afgasningsforsøg.
Furthermore, leaching tests and degassing tests were conducted.
Risikovurderingen blev udført i en forenklet udgave, idet man sammenlignede totalindholdet af miljøskadelige stoffer i kildematerialet med SFT´s normværdier for mest følsomt arealbrug.
The risk assessment was performed in a simplified version, as the total content of environmentally harmful substances in the source materials was compared to the SFT's normative values for most sensitive area use.
Mest følsomt arealforbrug er i Norge arealer til brug for boliger, haver, børnehaver, skoler o.l.
In Norway “most sensitive area use” means areas intended for housing, gardens, kindergartens, schools etc.
Kontaktvandet fra udvaskningsforsøgene af gummigranulater fra genbrugt gummi indeholdt zink, PAH'er, ftalater og phenoler.
The contact water from the leaching tests of rubber granules from recycled rubber contained zinc, PAHs, phthalates and phenols.
Mængden af zink placerer kontaktvandet i SFT´s klasse V (meget forurenet vand), men er lavere end zinkindholdet tilladt i Canadian Environmental Quality Guidelines for drikkevand.
The amount of zinc places the contact water in the SFT class V (very polluted water), but it is lower than the zinc content allowed in the Canadian Environmental Quality Guidelines for drinking water.
Mængden af antracen, fluanthen, pyren, ftalater og nonylphenoler er højere end tilladt i Canadian Environmental Quality Guidelines.
The amount of antracene, fluoroanthene, pyrene, phthalates and nonylphenols is higher than that allowed in the Canadian Environmental Quality Guidelines.
Det kræver ifølge forfatterne en mere detaljeret risikoanalyse og yderligere forsøg for at afgøre, om der er en reel risiko for skade på miljø og sundhed for de stoffer, der er målt i kontaktvandet.
According to the authors, it will require a more detailed risk analysis and further tests to determine whether there is a real risk of harm to the environment and health from the substances measured in the contact water.
Gummigranulaterne fra det genanvendte gummi afgiver en række alkylerede benzener i luftform.
The rubber granules from the recycled rubber emit a number of alkylated gaseous benzenes.
I en af prøverne fandtes afgasning af trichlormethan og i en anden cis-1,2-dichlorethen.
In one of the tests, degassing of trichloromethane was detected, and in another cis-1,2-dichloroethene.
Med undtagelse af indhold af chrom og zink indeholdt EPDM-granulatet mindre mængder miljøfarlige stoffer end granulaterne fra genanvendt gummi.
With the exception of the of chromium and zinc content, the EPDM granules contained smaller amounts of environmentally dangerous substances than the granules from recycled rubber.
EPDM afgav også mindre mængder flygtige stoffer.
EPDM also emitted smaller amounts of volatile substances.
I selve kunstgræsfibrene blev der påvist kobber og zink.
In the actual artificial turf fibres, copper and zinc were detected.
Udvaskningen af zink fra begge kunstgræstyper til demineraliseret vand ligger begge over SFT´s grænseværdi for zink i drikkevand (klasse V).
In both cases, the leaching of zinc from these types of artificial turf to demineralised water are above the SFT's threshold values for zinc in drinking water (class V).
I den ene kunstfibertype fandtes indhold af octyl- og nonylphenol.
In one artificial fibre type, contents of octylphenol and nonylphenol were detected.
Endvidere blev der fundet DEHP i begge kunstfibertyper.
Furthermore, DEHP was detected in both types of artificial fibre.
Den ene prøve indeholdt endvidere DMP og DINP.
One sample also contained DMP and DINP.
Källquist, 2005) har vurderet miljørisikoen på baggrund af undersøgelser af miljøfarlige stoffer, som findes i materialer, der benyttes ved anlæg af kunstgræsbaner, og deres potentiale med hensyn til at blive udvasket af regnvand.
Källquist, 2005) has assessed the environmental risk on the basis of studies of environmentally harmful substances existing in materials used when laying artificial turf pitches, and their potential as regards leaching via rainwater.
Risikoen er vurderet på baggrund af resultaterne i Byggforsk rapporten beskrevet ovenfor og ved beregning af kvotienten PEC/PNEC, hvor:
The risk was assessed on the basis of the results in the Byggforsk report described above, and by calculating the PEC/PNEC ratio, where:
PEC er ”Predicted Environmental Concentration”, dvs. den forventede koncentration i miljøet, og PNEC er ”Predicted No Effect Concentration”, dvs. den højeste koncentration, som ikke fører til skadevirkninger på miljøet.
PEC is “Predicted Environmental Concentration”, and PNEC is “Predicted No Effect Concentration”, i.e. the highest concentration which will not result in harmful impacts on the environment.
Vurderingen følger de standardprocedurer, som benyttes ved risikovurdering af kemikalier i EU.
The assessment follows the standard procedures used in risk assessment of chemicals in the EU.
Scenariet, som vurderingen er baseret på, er en kunstgræsbane med et areal på 7200 m², en årlig nedbør på 800 mm, og at der sker dræn til en nærliggende bæk.
The scenario on which the assessment is based is an artificial turf pitch with an area of 7,200 m², annual precipitation of 800 mm and drainage into a nearby stream.
Vandføringen i bækken vil naturligvis have indflydelse på fortyndingsgraden.
Naturally, the flow rate in the stream will have an impact on the dilution ratio.
Denne er sat til en faktor 10.
This was set to be a factor of 10.
Mængden af kunstfibergræs og gummigranulat for en bane med det nævnte areal er sat til henholdsvis 5.760 kg og 129.600 kg.
The amount of artificial fibre turf and rubber granules for a pitch with the area mentioned was set at 5,760 kg and 129,600 kg, respectively.
Det er en forudsætning for beregningerne, at de koncentrationer, der er fundet i kontaktvandet, er ligevægtskoncentrationer, dvs. uafhængige af mængdeforholdet vand/materiale.
It is a supposition for the calculations that the concentrations found in the contact water are equilibrium concentrations, i.e. independent of the water/material volume ratio.
Beregningerne viste, at der foreligger en mulighed for miljøeffekter for små recipienter, som modtager overfladevand fra kunstgræsbaner.
The calculations showed that there is a possibility of environmental impacts for small recipients receiving surface water from artificial turf pitches.
De stoffer, der bidrager mest, er zink og alkylphenoler (især octylphenol).
The substances contributing the most are zinc and alkylphenols (in particular octylphenol).
Koncentrationen af udvaskede stoffer ventes at aftage, men over mange år.
The concentration of leached substances is expected to diminish, but over many years.
De mængder, der afgives til vandet, er beskedne, hvorfor evt. miljøeffekter ifølge rapporten kun vil være lokale.
The amounts leached into the water are modest, and according to the report, any environmental impacts will therefore only be local.
For at opnå et bedre grundlag for at bedømme miljøeffekterne af kunstgræsbaner bør der ifølge forfatterne gennemføres målinger direkte på dræn fra anlagte kunstgræsbaner.
In order to obtain a better basis for evaluating the environmental impacts of the artificial turf pitches, the authors believe that measurements should be conducted directly on drains from laid artificial turf pitches.
Målingerne bør omfatte toksicitetstests.
The measurements should include toxicity tests.
Norsk institutt for luftforskning (NILU) har foretaget luftforureningsmålinger i tre indendørs kunstgræshaller i 2005 (C.
The Norwegian Institute for Air Research (Norsk Institutt for Luftforskning (NILU)) conducted air pollution measurements in three indoor artificial turf sports halls in 2005 (C.
Målingerne blev gennemført for kunstgræsbaner med nylagt gummigranulat (SBR-dæk), med gummigranulat lagt for et år siden (SBR-dæk) og for en kunstgræsbane med infill af en termoplastisk elastomer (TPE).
The measurements were conducted for artificial turf pitches with newly laid rubber granules (SBR tyres), with rubber granules laid one year previously (SBR tyres) and for an artificial turf pitch with thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) infill.
Endvidere er der målt for flygtige organiske forbindelser (VOC) og polycykliske aromatiske hydrocarboner (PAH'er) i luftfasen.
Furthermore, measurements were made for volatile organic compounds (VOC) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the air phase.
Der er blevet målt for total sum af flygtige organiske stoffer (TVOC) i de tre sportshaller og for en lang række specifikke flygtige stoffer.
Measurements were made for the total sum of volatile organic compounds (TVOC) in the three sports halls, as well as for a wide range of specific volatile compounds.
I undersøgelsen er der angivet koncentrationer for benzothiazol, toluen, 4-metyl-2-pentanon, diethylftalat (DEP), diisobutylftalat (DIBP) og dibutylftalat (DBP) samt TVOC.
The study lists concentrations for benzothiazole, toluene, 4-methyl-2-pentanone, diethyl phthalate (DEP), diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) as well as TVOC.
De største koncentrationer fandtes for toluen 15-85 µg/m³ og benzothiazol 3-16 µg/m³.
The largest concentrations were found for toluene: 15-85 µg/m³ and benzothiazole: 3-16 µg/m³.
Det konkluderes i undersøgelsen, at TPE giver lavere TVOC end granulaterne baseret på SBR fra brugte dæk.
The study concludes that TPE provides a lower TVOC than the granules based on SBR from used tyres.
Svævestøvets indhold af organisk materiale er betydeligt i alle tre haller.
The content of organic materials in the flying dust was considerable in all three sports halls.
Typisk drejer det sig om PAH'er, ftalater, semiflygtige organiske stoffer, benzothiazoler og aromatiske aminer.
Typically, these are PAHs, phthalates, semi-volatile organic compounds, benzothiazoles and aromatic amines.
I rapporten (T.
In the report (T.
Sanner, 2006) udført af Nasjonalt folkehelseinstitutt og Radiumhospitalet er sundhedsrisikoen for fodboldspillere blevet vurderet.
Sanner, 2006) prepared by the Norwegian Institute of Public Health (Nasjonalt folkehelseinstitutt) and the Radium Hospital (Radiumhospitalet), the health risk for football players was assessed.
På baggrund af scenarierne konkluderer rapporten, at der ud fra de eksponeringer, som er beregnet ved brug af indendørshaller med kunstgræs, og hvor man anvender granuleret gummi fra kasserede bildæk, ikke er grund til at antage, at disse skal medføre en øget sundhedsrisiko.
On the basis of the scenarios, the report concludes that, based on the exposures calculated from the use of indoor halls with artificial turf, and where granulated rubber from discarded car tyres is used, there is no reason to assume that these will lead to an increased health risk.
Dog tages der et vist forbehold, når det gælder udvikling af astma-/luftvejsallergi, hvor den nuværende viden er begrænset.
However, certain reservations are made regarding the development of asthma/airway allergies, in which area the existing knowledge is limited.
Det gælder specielt for latexallergener.
This applies in particular to latex allergenes.
Det er et åbent spørgsmål, om disse latexallergener kan optræde i støv fra kunstgræsbaner med infill baseret på kasserede bildæk.
It is an open question whether these latex allergenes can occur in dust from artificial turf pitches with infill based on discarded car tyres.
For flere af de påviste stoffer i halluften er den toksikologiske viden begrænset.
For several of the detected substances in the sports hall air, the toxicological knowledge is limited.
Imidlertid er koncentrationerne af stofferne meget lave, og de forventes af denne grund ikke at udgøre en sundhedsrisiko.
However, the concentrations of the substances are very low, and for this reason they are not expected to pose any health risk.
Eksponeringsmængderne for benzen og PAH'er udgør ifølge rapporten ingen sundhedsrisiko.
According to the report, the exposure amounts for benzene and PAHs pose no health risks.
Det anses ifølge forfatterne ikke for nødvendigt at udskifte det nuværende infill af SBR-gummigranulat i sportshallerne ud fra den nuværende viden om sundhedseffekter, men man anbefaler, at der ved supplering af infill ikke benyttes genanvendt SBR fra dæk, da der kunne være en mulig induktion af latexallergi.
According to the authors, it is deemed necessary to replace the current SBR rubber granule infill in the sports halls based on the existing knowledge on health effects, but it is recommended that when adding infill, recycled SBR from tyres should not be used, as there is a possible risk of inducing latex allergy.
Kemikaliekontrollen i Sverige har i 2006 udgivet en statusrapport ”Konstgræs ur et kemikalieperspektiv” (Kemikalieinspektionen, 2006) vedrørende miljø- og sundhedsmæssige problemstillinger ved brugen af kunstgræs.
In 2006, the Swedish Chemicals Agency (Kemikalieinspektionen) published a status report “Artificial turf from a chemical perspective” (Konstgræs ur et kemikalieperspektiv) (Kemikalieinspektionen, 2006) concerning health and environmental problems in connection with the use of artificial turf.
Rapporten omhandler udelukkende fodboldkunstgræsbaner, som har infill af genanvendte bildæk.
The report focuses exclusively on artificial turf football pitches with an infill made from recycled car tyres.
Ifølge rapporten, som er udarbejdet i juni 2006, findes der i Sverige ca. 150 fodboldbaner med kunstgræs baseret på infill med gummigranulat fra genanvendte dæk.
According to the report from June 2006, Sweden has approx. 150 artificial turf football pitches laid on infill made from rubber granules from recycled tyres.
De fleste baner er til udendørs brug, men der findes også indendørs baner.
Most pitches are for outdoor use, but indoor pitches also exist.
Alene i Stockholm-området skulle der være planer om 30 nye baner baseret på kunstgræs.
In the Stockholm area alone, there are apparently plans for 30 new artificial turf pitches.
Det vurderes, at ca. 90 % af banerne er baseret på infill fra genanvendte dæk.
It is assessed that approx. 90% of the pitches will be based on infill from recycled tyres.
Rapporten bygger i høj grad på de norske undersøgelser, hvis resultater gennemgås.
To a large extent, the report is based on the Norwegian studies, the results of which are reviewed.
Der er også reference til et par enkelte målinger i kunstgræshaller i Sverige.
There are also references to a few individual measurements in artificial turf halls in Sweden.
Målinger og beregninger viste et meget lavt indhold af benzo(a)pyren og ca. 10.000 gange lavere end grænsen sat af det svenske arbejdstilsyn for arbejdsmiljø.
Measurements and calculations showed a very low content of benzo(a)pyrene, approx. 10,000 times lower than the threshold set by the Swedish working environment authority.
I rapporten findes der en gennemgang af europæiske retningslinier, herunder den tyske foreløbige standard DIN 18035-7:2002.
The report reviews European guidelines, including the German provisional standard DIN 18035-7:2002.
Rapporten slutter med at konkludere, at granulater fra genanvendt gummi stammende fra bildæk ikke bør anvendes som infill, når nye kunstgræsbaner skal anlægges.
The report finally concludes that granules from recycled rubber originating from car tyres should not be used as infill when laying new artificial turf pitches.
Det begrundes med et miljømål sat af den svenske Rigsdag, som foreskriver, at materialer, som indeholder særligt farlige stoffer, ikke bør anvendes.
The reason for this is an environmental objective set by the Swedish parliament, determining that materials containing particularly dangerous substances should not be used.
De øvrige konklusioner lægger sig tæt op af de tilsvarende norske anbefalinger og med de selv samme argumenter.
The other conclusions are very close to the corresponding Norwegian recommendations and with the very same arguments.
Der foreligger tre omfattende hollandske studier (A.J. Verschoor, 2007; M. van Bruggen et al., 2006; U. Hofstra, 2007):
Three comprehensive Dutch studies are available (A.J. Verschoor, 2007; M. van Bruggen et al., 2006; U. Hofstra, 2007):
RIVM-rapport 601774001, der omhandler udvaskning af zink fra gummi-infill i kunstgræsbaner (A.J. Verschoor, 2007)
RIVM report 601774001, on the leaching of zinc from rubber infill in artificial turf pitches (A.J. Verschoor, 2007)
RIVM-rapport 609300001, der omhandler nitrosaminer i gummigranulat (M. van Bruggen)
RIVM report 609300001, on nitrosamines in rubber granules (M. van Bruggen)
INTRON-rapport omhandler miljø- og sundhedsaspekter af infill-gummigranulat fra genanvendte bildæk (på hollandsk, men med engelsk resumé) (U.
INTRON report on health and environmental aspects of infill rubber granules from recycled car tyres (in Dutch, but with English summary) (U.
Rapporten om zinkafgivelse konkluderer, at udvaskningen af zink fra SBR-infill vil vise stigende tendens som følge af, at gummiet ældes.
The report on zinc leaching concludes that the leaching of zinc from SBR infill will show an increasing trend as a consequence of the ageing of the rubber.
Det vurderes, at zinkbelastningen fra infill vil være 800 mg/m²/år.
It is assessed that the zinc impact from infill will be 800 mg/m²/year.
I de hollandske myndigheders (Dutch Building Materials Decree) er en acceptabel belastning med zink sat til 2100 mg/m²/100 år.
In the Dutch Building Materials Decree, an acceptable zinc impact is set at 2,100 mg/m²/100 years.
Det anføres, at zinkbelastningen lokalt vil være ca. 20 gange højere end fra landbruget (gylle og pesticider).
It is stated that the zinc impact locally would be approx. 20 times higher than from agriculture (slurry manure and pesticides).
Rapporten slutter med en konklusion om, at yderligere undersøgelser for zinkudvaskning kan reducere den eksperimentelle usikkerhed, der ligger til grund for risikovurderingen.
The report concludes that further studies on zinc leaching could reduce the experimental uncertainty which underlies the risk assessment.
Det foreslås, at der udføres studier over ældning af forskellige typer gummi og over ældningens indflydelse på afgivelse af zink og andre stoffer, der kan migrere fra gummi.
It is suggested that studies be made on the ageing of different types of rubber and on the effect of the ageing on the leaching of zinc and other substances which may migrate from rubber.
Endvidere foreslås der feltmålinger på kunstgræsbaner med infill-gummi af forskellig alder og kvalitet.
Furthermore, field measurements are suggested for artificial turf pitches with infill rubber of different ages and qualities.
Der anbefales bioassay af drænvandet til bestemmelse af effekten af den blanding af stoffer, der frigives fra infill-materialet.
Bioassays of the drainage water are recommended to determine the impact of the mixture of substances emitted from the infill material.
I en INTRON rapport (U.
An INTRON report (U.
Hofstra, 2007) konkluderes det, at udvaskning af zink fra gummigranulat fra brugte bildæk betragtes som den alvorligste kilde til forurening af miljøet fra udendørs kunstgræsbaner.
Hofstra, 2007) concludes that leaching of zinc from rubber granules from used car tyres is considered to be the most serious source of environmental pollution from outdoor artificial turf pitches.
Det anføres, at man forventer, at hollandske grænseværdier for afgivelse af zink vil blive overskredet inden for en 3-20 års brugsfase.
It states that the Dutch threshold values for zinc emissions are expected to be exceeded within a 3-20 years utilisation phase.
I et konferenceindlæg (N.
A conference presentation (N.
Salzmann, 2006) konkluderes det, at mængden af luftbårne nitrosaminer (N-nitrosodimethylamin) målt på en bane [2] er højere end sundhedstærskelværdien (health treshhold).
Salzmann, 2006) concludes that the amount of airborne nitrosamines (N-nitrosodimethylamine) measured on a pitch [2] is higher than the health threshold.
Der var ikke nærmere detaljer om de eksperimentelle parametre og moniteringen.
There were no further details about the experimental parameters and the monitoring.
Laboratoriemålinger påviste nitrosaminer i små koncentrationer i selve infill-materialet.
Laboratory measurements detected nitrosamines in small concentrations in the actual infill material.
Samlet konklusion af denne undersøgelse er, at nitrosaminer ikke udgør et sundhedsproblem (modsat konklusionen ovenfor).
The overall conclusion of this study was that nitrosamines are not a health problem (contrary to the conclusion above).
Med hensyn til sundhedsmæssige risici i form af hudkontakt, indånding eller oralt indtag konkluderes det, at der ikke er signifikant risiko for fodboldspillere som følge af infill i kunstgræsbaner baseret på gummigranulat fra brugte bildæk.
As regards health risks in the form of skin contact, inhalation or oral intake, it is concluded that there is no significant risk for football players as a consequence of infill in artificial turf pitches based on rubber granules from used car tyres.