natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
3.2 Udbredelse af allergi og overfølsomhed i Danmark
3.2 Spread of allergy and sensitivity in Denmark
Anvendelse af parfumestoffer i produkter til børn udgør en risiko for udvikling af overfølsomhed eller allergiske sygdomme ved hudkontakt.
Use of perfume substances in products for children constitutes a risk for development of sensitivity or allergic deceases by skin contact.
De, i dette projekt, undersøgte parfumestoffer er af den videnskabelig komite for kosmetik vurderet som allergifremkaldende ved hudkontakt.
The fragrances investigated in this project, are by the scientific committee for cosmetics assessed to be causing allergy by skin contact.
Indånding af parfumestofferne kan give irritation og gener i luftvejene.
Inhaling of the fragrances can cause respiratory irritation and nuisances.
I det følgende beskrives kort begreberne overfølsomhed og allergi.
In the following, the terms sensitivity and allergy are described in brief.
3.1 Typer af overfølsomhedsreaktioner
3.1 Types of sensitivity reactions
Ofte anvendes betegnelsen allergi for de forskellige typer af overfølsomhedsreaktioner.
Often the term allergy is used for the various types of sensitivity reactions.
Allergi er den reaktion, hvor et allergifremkaldende stof påvirker kroppens immunforsvar, som overreagerer og derved giver anledning til symptomer som f.eks. rødme, kløe, hævelse eller blæredannelse (Allergi-leksikon 2004 a).
Allergy is the reaction where an allergy-provoking substance affects the immune system of the body that overreacts and presents symptoms like reddening, itching, swelling or blistering (Allergy-Encyclopaedia 2004 a).
Et allergifremkaldende stof kaldes for et allergen.
An allergy-provoking substance is called an allergen.
Et allergen kan f.eks. være pollen, ekskrementer fra husstøvmider, dyrehår, metaller (nikkel, chrom mv.) eller bestemte kemikalier f.eks. farvestoffer, smagsstoffer, parfumestoffer og organiske opløsningsmidler.
An allergen can for instance be pollen, droppings of house dust mites, animal hair, metals (nickel, chrome, etc.) or certain chemicals, for instance colouring agents, flavouring agents, perfume substances and organic solvents.
Når kroppen udsættes for et allergen påvirkes immunforsvaret, og der dannes IgE-antistoffer (Immunoglobulin E-antistoffer).
When the body is exposed to an allergen, the immune system is affected and IgE anti-substances are produced (Immunoglobulin E-anti-substances).
Denne proces kaldes sensibilisering, og gentagen kontakt til allergenet kan betyde udvikling af allergiske symptomer (Allergi-leksikon 2004 b og c, Astma-Allergi Forbundet 2004 a, Smith & Hotchkiss, 2001).
This process is called sensitization and repeated contact with the allergen can lead to development of allergic symptoms (Allergy-Encyclopaedia 2004 b and c, the Danish Asthma and Allergy Association 2004 a, Smith & Hotchkiss, 2001).
Afhængigt af hvor i kroppen allergener og antistoffer mødes, kan der potentielt fremkaldes forskellige allergiske sygdomme: Astma fremkaldes ved reaktion i lungerne, høfeber ved reaktion i næsen og nældefeber ved reaktion i huden (Allergi-leksikon 2004 a).
Dependent on where in the body the allergens and anti-substances meet, various allergic deceases may be provoked: Asthma is triggered by reaction in the lungs, hay fever is provoked by reaction in the nose and urticaria by reaction on the skin (Allergy-Encyclopaedia 2004 a).
Anden overfølsomhed betegner alle de overfølsomhedsreaktioner, der ikke følges af en reaktion fra immunforsvaret.
Other sensitivity includes all sensitivity reactions not followed by a reaction from the immune system.
Det overfølsomhedsfremkaldende stof er således direkte årsag til symptomerne, mens det ved allergi er stoffets reaktion med IgE-antistoffer i kroppen, der giver symptomerne (Allergi-leksikon 2004 d).
The sensitivity-provoking substance is thus the direct reason for the symptoms, whereas, in connection with allergy, it is the reaction of the substance together with IgE-anti-substances in the body that causes the symptoms (Allergy-Encyclopaedia 2004 d).
Symptomerne for de to tilstande er ensartede (Allergi-leksikon 2004 d).
The symptoms of the two conditions are homogenous (Allergy-Encyclopaedia 2004 d).
Det er karakteristisk for både allergi og overfølsomhed, at symptomerne fremkaldes af stoffer, der ikke i sig selv medfører funktionsforstyrrelser hos raske personer eller stoffer, der ikke i sig selv er sundhedsskadelige.
It is characteristic for both allergy and sensitivity that the symptoms are provoked by substances that do not result in any dysfunction of healthy persons or by substances that are not harmful in themselves.
Undersøgelser af Johansen (2002) viser, at den tid et duftallergen tolereres af sensibiliserede personer øges, når koncentrationen af allergenet nedsættes.
Investigations made by Johansen (2002) show that the period of time a fragrance allergen is tolerated by sensitized persons is increased when the concentration of the allergen is lowered.
Udsættelse for flere allergener samtidig kan medføre en synergetisk effekt.
Exposure to several allergens at the same time can cause synergetic effect.
Kontaktallergi er en speciel form for allergi.
Contact allergy is a special form of allergy.
Allergien udløses af længerevarende, direkte kontakt med et allergen.
The allergy is triggered by prolonged, direct contact with an allergen.
Reaktionen kaldes også allergisk kontakteksem.
The reaction is also called allergic contact eczema.
Allergisk kontakteksem viser sig på kontaktstedet som en betændelseslignende tilstand i huden (Allergi-leksikon 2004 g).
Allergic contact eczema occurs at the place of contact as an inflammatory condition of the skin (Allergy-Encyclopaedia 2004 g).
Kontaktallergi kan forebygges ved at undgå kontakt med allergifremkaldende stoffer (Astma-Allergi Forbundet 2004 b, Iversen 2000).
Contact allergy can be prevented by avoiding contact with allergy-provoking substances (the Danish Asthma and Allergy Association 2004 b, Iversen 2000).
Allergi og overfølsomhed har stor udbredelse i den danske befolkning.
Allergy and sensitivity are widely spread in the Danish population.
I Danmark regner man i dag med, at 25 % af en fødselsårgang på et tidspunkt i deres liv vil have allergi (Allergi-leksikon 2004 c).
It is estimated that approximately 25 per cent of a birth cohort at one time or another in their life will experience allergy (Allergy-Encyclopaedia 2004 c).
Høfeber er den mest almindelige allergiske sygdom.
Hay fever is the most common allergic decease.
Kontaktallergi og astma er også almindeligt udbredte allergiske sygdomme.
Contact allergy and asthma are also widespread allergic deceases.
Det skønnes således, at ca. 15 % af den danske befolkning, såvel voksne som skolebørn, har kontaktallergi (Nielsen & Menné 1992, Mørtz et al. 2000), mens 5-10 % har astma (Allergi-leksikon 2004 f).
It is estimated that approximately 15 per cent of the Danish population, both adults and schoolchildren, has contact allergy (Nielsen & Menné 1992, Mørtz et al. 2000), whereas 5 -10 per cent suffers from asthma (Allergy-Encyclopaedia 2004 f).
Iversen et al. (2000), Johansen (2002) og Astma-Allergi Forbundet (2004 b) peger alle på, at parfume er en af de hyppigste årsager til kontaktallergi.
Iversen et al. (2000), Johansen (2002) and the Danish Asthma and Allergy Association (2004 b) point out that perfume is one of the most frequently reasons for contact allergy.
Resultaterne af tidligere omtalte undersøgelse af Nielsen og Menné (1992) viste, at ca. 2 % af de undersøgte var sensibiliserede overfor parfumestoffer.
The results of the earlier mentioned investigations by Nielsen and Menné (1992) demonstrated that about 2 per cent of the tested persons were sensitized to perfume substances.
Flere danske undersøgelser peger desuden på, at forekomsten af parfumeallergi er fordoblet inden for de seneste 10-15 år (Videncenter for Allergi 2004 b).
Furthermore, several Danish investigations show that the occurrence of perfume allergy has doubled within the recent 10-15 years (National Allergy Research Centre 2004 b).
Parfumestoffers evne til at fremkalde allergi afhænger ikke af, om de er naturligt dannede eller syntetisk fremstillede (Videncenter for Allergi 2004 a, Miljøstyrelsen 2002b).
The ability of perfume substances to provoke allergy is not dependent on the substances being produced naturally or synthetically (National Allergy Research Centre 2004 a, the Danish Environmental Protection Agency 2002b).
4 Parfume- og smagsstoffer
4 Perfume and flavouring agents
4.4 Undersøgelser af parfumestoffer i børneprodukter
4.4 Investigations of perfume substances in children's articles
Menneskets brug af parfumer og duftstoffer er beskrevet allerede for oldtidens civilisationer.
The use of perfumes and fragrances was already described for the civilisations of ancient times.
På daværende tidspunkt var brugen af parfumer en luksus forbeholdt samfundets elite.
At that time, the use of perfumes was a luxury, reserved the elite of society.
Parfumerne anvendtes i forbindelse med begravelsesritualer, ved salvinger og - som i dag som del af skønhedspleje (Frosch et al. 1998, Frosell 1982).
The perfumes were used in connection with mortuary rituals, anointments and - like today - as part of a beauty care (Frosch et al. 1998, Frosell 1982).
En parfumes duftgivende enkeltbestanddele kaldes duftstoffer.
The fragrant single components of a perfume are called fragrances.
Bestemte parfumers særegne dufte skabes ved at kombinere flere forskellige duftstoffer.
The specific scents of certain perfumes are created by combining different fragrances.
Antallet at forskellige duftstoffer i parfumer varierer fra ganske få til flere hundrede (Rastogi et al. 1994).
The number of fragrances in perfumes varies from a few to several hundred (Rastogi et al. 1994).
Parfumestoffer består alt overvejende af organiske forbindelser, som er syntetisk fremstillede eller naturligt dannede (Frosell 1982).
Perfume substances mainly consist of organic compounds that are synthetically or naturally produced (Frosell 1982).
4.2 Anvendelse af duftstoffer
4.2 Use of fragrances
Med duftstoffers lavere pris og den dermed øgede tilgængelighed for producenter og forbrugere er anvendelsen af stofferne steget.
Due to the lower price of fragrances, and thus increased availability for producers and consumers, the use of the substances has grown.
I dag anvendes parfume og duftstoffer i en lang række produkter, der tidligere kun fandtes uparfumeret.
Today, perfume and fragrances are used for a wide range of products that in earlier years were only available in unscented versions.
Parfumer tilsættes produkter for at gøre disse mere attraktive; enten ved at give produktet en bestemt karakter eller ved at camouflere ubehagelige lugte afgivet fra andre ingredienser i produktet (Rastogi et al. 1994).
Perfumes are added to products to make them more attractive; either by giving the product a certain character or by camouflaging unpleasant odours from other ingredients in the product (Rastogi et al. 1994).
Der er ligeledes en tendens til, at duftstoffer tilsættes produkter til børn for at adskille produktet fra andre produkter af samme typer.
There is also a tendency that fragrances are added to products for children to differentiate the products from other products of the same kind.
Eksempler herpå er brevpapir, viskelæder, tuscher, bamser og lignende, som tilsættes duft for at adskille dem fra de lignende ikke-parfumerede produkter på markedet.
Examples hereof are writing paper, erasers, speed markers, teddy bears, etc. to which fragrances are added to differentiate them from similar non-scented products on the market.
Der er set eksempler på, at producenten af duftende spædbørnslegetøj i markedsføringen anfører, at duften medvirker til at stimulerer sanseudviklingen hos spædbørn under leg med produktet.
There are examples that the producers of fragrant babies' toys state in the marketing of their products that the scent contributes to stimulate the development of babies' senses when playing with the products.
I ekstreme tilfælde udgør duften/lugten af legetøjet produktets egentlige legefunktion.
In extreme cases, the scent/odour of the toys constitutes the actual play function of the products.
Et eksempel herpå er gummifigurer, der ved mekanisk påvirkning afgiver en kraftig lugt.
An example hereof is rubber figures which liberates a strong smell at mechanical pressure.
4.3 klassificering af duftstoffer
4.3 Classification of fragrances
EU's videnskabelige komite for kosmetik (SCCNFP) har således klassificeret 24 duftstoffer som sensibiliserende.
EU's Scientific Committee on Cosmetics (SCCNFP) has classified 24 fragrances as sensitizing.
Miljøstyrelsen (2001) har foretaget en gennemgang af børns kontakt med kemiske stoffer - herunder parfumestoffer - i hverdagen.
The Danish Environmental Protection Agency (2001) has made a review of children's contact with chemical substances - including perfume substances - in everyday life.
Gennemgangen viste også, at der for mange produkttyper er mulighed for at få produktet såvel parfumeret som uparfumeret.
The review also demonstrated that many of the product types are available in both scented and unscented versions.
Dette gælder f.eks. produkter som sæber, cremer, shampooer, sminke, bleer og vådservietter.
This applies to products like soaps, creams, shampoos, make-up, nappies and towelettes.
5 Kortlægning af duftende børneartikler
5 Mapping of fragrant children's articles
Kortlægningen var opdelt i følgende 3 aktiviteter:
The mapping was divided into the following 3 activities:
En overordnet kortlægning af det danske marked for legetøj og børneartikler, der både indeholder parfume og henvender sig til børn i alderen 0-10 år
An overall mapping of the Danish market for toys and children's articles that both contain perfume and appeal to children aged 0-10 year.
Om muligt indhentning af deklarationer
Procuring declarations, if possible.
Estimering af størrelsen af salget af ovennævnte produkter i Danmark.
Estimating the size of the sale of the above products in Denmark.
De enkelte aktiviteter er beskrevet i det følgende.
The activities are described in the following.
Et overblik over produkter, der indeholder duft- eller smagsstoffer, og som henvender sig til børn i alderen 0-10 år samt forhandles i Danmark, blev skabt ved hjælp af internetsøgninger, forhandlerkontakt og kontakt til udvalgte børnefamilier.
An overview of products containing fragrances or flavouring agents, appealing to children aged 0-10 years and sold in Denmark, was prepared via Internet searches, distributor contact and contact to selected families with young children.
Denne indledende kortlægning resulterede i en liste med ca. 15 navngivne duftende produkter til børn.
This preliminary mapping resulted in a list of approximately 15 named fragrant products for children.
5.2.2 Første kontakt til branchen
5.2.2 First contact to the trade
Ud fra listen med produkter blev adresser og telefonnumre på detailforhandlere, leverandører og importører af de eftersøgte produkter fundet.
From the list of products, addresses and telephone numbers of retailers, suppliers and importers of the products searched for were found.
Disse forhandlere, leverandører og importører blev efterfølgende kontaktet telefonisk.
These distributors, suppliers and importers were subsequently contacted on the phone.
For to forhandlere var det ikke muligt at finde et telefonnummer.
It was not possible to find the telephone number of two of the distributors.
Disse blev i stedet kontaktet via e-mail.
These distributors were contacted via e-mail instead.
Ved denne indledende kontakt blev projektets indhold beskrevet, og de kontaktede blev spurgt, om de var interesserede i at besvare et spørgeskema angående deres sortiment af legetøj og børneprodukter tilsat duft- eller smagsstoffer.
At this introductory contact, the content of the project was described and the ones contacted were asked if they would fill in a questionnaire on their range of toys and children's products containing fragrances or flavouring agents.
De kontaktede blev ydermere oplyst om, at undersøgelsen ikke omfattede teatersminke, make-up eller kropsplejeprodukter.
The persons contacted were informed that the investigation did not include theatre make-up, ordinary make-up or body care products.
Ved kontakten til forhandlere, leverandører og importører blev disse yderligere forespurgt om, de havde kendskab til andre lignende duftende produkter.
When the distributors, suppliers and importers were contacted, they were asked if they had any knowledge of other similar fragrant products.
I alt blev 23 forhandlere, importører og leverandører kontaktet, fordelt som 9 forhandlere og 14 importører/leverandører:
In total, 23 distributors, importers and suppliers were contacted, distributed as 9 distributors and 14 importers/suppliers:
Blandt de 14 importører/leverandører var 4 specialiserede inden for bøger, kontor- og skriveartikler, 7 inden for legetøj og børneprodukter, heraf 2 inden for spæd- og småbørnsprodukter.
Among the 14 importers/suppliers, 4 were specialized within books, office and writing articles, 7 were specialized within toys and children's products (2 of them within babies' products).
5.2.3 Spørgeskema og efterlysning af deklarationer samt salgstal
5.2.3 Questionnaire and inquiries for declarations and sales figures
Spørgeskemaet indeholdt spørgsmål om produktnavne, producenter, importører/leverandører samt størrelse af salget af produkterne.
The questionnaire contained questions about product names, producers, importers/suppliers and the size of the sale of the products.
I følgebrevet til spørgeskemaet blev de kontaktede desuden opfordret til at vedlægge eventuelle varedeklarationer og/eller sikkerhedsblade for de enkelte produkter.
In the covering letter of the questionnaire, the contacted persons were also asked to enclose any declarations of contents and/or safety sheets for the single products.
Spørgeskemaet blev udsendt til 18 forhandlere, importører eller leverandører.
The questionnaire was sent to 18 distributors, importers or suppliers.
Af de 18 udsendte spørgeskemaer blev i alt syv udfyldte spørgeskemaer returneret.
Of the 18 questionnaires, seven were duly filled in and returned.
Ved den efterfølgende telefoniske kontakt eller mailkontakt til forhandlere, importører eller leverandører blev deklarationer og salgstal efterlyst.
When the distributors, importers or suppliers were subsequently contacted on the phone or via mail, declarations and sales figures were asked for.
5.3 Fundne produkter ved kortlægningen
5.3 Products located in the mapping
Der er i alt fremkommet oplysninger om 15 produkttyper med duft.
In total, information on 15 product types containing fragrances was received.
Visse af de fremkomne produkttyper indeholdt flere produktdele med forskellige dufte.
Some of these product types contained several product components with different scents.
Et eksempel herpå er tuscher og stiftblyanter hver med forskellige frugtdufte.
Examples hereof are speed markers and mechanical pencils with various scents of fruit.
Desuden findes en serie af lugtende gummifigurer med 14 forskellige lugte.
Furthermore, there is a series of fragrant rubber figures with 14 different scents.
Medtages alle enkeltprodukterne i produktserien er der således identificeret 68 produkter med duft.
If all single products of the product series are included, 68 products containing scent have been identified.
De fundne produkter fremgår af nedenstående tabel 5.1.
The products identified occur from table 5.1 below.
Det skal bemærkes, at markedet for legetøj og børneartikler tilsat duft skifter meget hurtigt og nærværende kortlægning skal således ses som et øjebliksbillede.
As the market for toys and children's articles containing fragrances changes very quickly, the present mapping should thus be seen as a snapshot of a moving picture.
Forhandlerne har oplyst, at markedet i perioder rummer produkter, der kun findes en meget kort periode.
The distributors informed that some products are only available on the market for a very short period of time.
Disse produkter refererer forhandlere til som "diller".
The distributors refer to these products as "crazes".
Produkter som slim med coladuft og duftende klistermærker med bestemte figurer kan nævnes som eksempler på diller.
As examples of crazes can be mentioned products like slime with coke scent and fragrant stick-on labels with certain figures.
Desuden vil findes sæsonafhængige varer som skoleskemaer og produkter med "juledufte".
Moreover, there are seasonal articles like school timetables and products with "Christmas scents".
Der blev ikke fundet nogen sæsonvarer ved nærværende kortlægning.
No seasonal goods were identified during this mapping.
I tabel 5.1. er alene medtaget produkter, hvor duften er tiltænkt og en del af markedsføringen af produktet.
Table 5.1 only includes products where the scent is intended and forms part of the marketing of the product.
Dette betyder, at eksempelvis Pokémonfigurer i Pokémonkugler ikke er medtaget trods tydelig duft af kokos, idet duften ikke anvendes i markedsføringen af produktet.
This means that for instance Pokémon figures in Pokémon balls are not included in spite of a clear scent of coconut, as the scent is not used for the marketing of the product.
Tabel 5.1: Resultat af kortlægningen af duftende legetøj og børneartikler, juni 2004.
Table 5.1: Result of the mapping of fragrant toys and children's articles, June 2004.
Oversigt over produkter, produktserier og dufte.
Overview of products, product series and scents.
^findes ikke længere på det danske marked
^ Is no longer on the Danish market
5.3.1 Deklarationer og salgstal for duftende produkter
5.3.1 Declarations and sales figures for fragrant products
Flere forhandlere, importører eller leverandører oplyste, at deklarationer og salgstal var fortrolige og derfor ikke kunne udleveres.
Several distributors, importers or suppliers informed that declarations and sales figures were confidential and therefore could not be disclosed.
For de deklarationer, som blev modtaget, er oplysninger behandlet fortrolige.
Information relating to the received declarations has been treated confidentially.
I alt blev der fremsendt deklarationer på to produkter/produktserier samt salgstal på otte produkter/produktserier.
In total, declarations of two products/product series and sales figures for eight products/product series were received.
Ingen af disse producenter ønskede deklarationerne offentliggjort, og deklarationerne er derfor videregivet til Miljøstyrelsen som fortroligt materiale.
As none of these producers wanted the declarations published, the declarations were conveyed to the Danish Environmental Protection Agency as confidential material.
De fremkomne deklarationer er kontrolleret for deklarerede sensibiliserende stofferne jf. listen i tabel 4.1 og det kan konstateres, at fire af produkterne i produktserien D08 (tuscher) har deklareret indhold af sensibiliserende stoffer, nemlig tuscherne med citron-, rosen-, chokolade- og viol-duft.
The received declarations have been controlled for declared sensitizing substances according to the list in table 4.1 and it can be established that four of the products in the product series D08 (speed markers) have a declared content of sensitizing substances, viz. the speed markers with lemon, rose, chocolate and violet scent.
Af de fortrolige deklarationer fremgår det, at fire af de fem deklarerede duftstoffer i tuschen med citronduft er opført på EU's liste over sensibiliserende stoffer.
From the confidential declarations, it appears that four of the five declared fragrances in the speed marker with lemon scent are on EU's list of sensitizing substances.
For de øvrige tuscher findes hhv. to af fire, et af seks og et af otte duftstoffer på listen.
As to the other speed markers, two of four, one of six and one of eight fragrances are on the list.
For 8 produkter blev der fremsendt datablade for CE-mærkning af produkterne.
Data sheets for CE labelling of 8 products were submitted.
Produkternes indhold af duftstoffer fremgår dog ikke af disse datablade.
However, the content of fragrances in the products does not appear from these data sheets.