natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
I forbindelse med Miljøstyrelsens program "Kortlægning af kemiske stoffer i forbrugerprodukter" er der udført en analyse af flygtige kemiske stoffer i tryksager.
Monitoring of volatile organic compounds emitted from printed matter has been performed as part of a programme initiated by the Danish Environmental Protection Agency: "Survey of chemical substances in consumer products".
Formålet var at få et overblik over, hvilke kemiske forbindelser der afgasser fra tryksager og som forbrugeren udsættes for ved læsning eller opbevaring af disse tryksager.
The purpose of the study was to monitor which chemicals and at which concentrations the consumer was exposed when reading or leafing through and keeping printed matter.
Baseret på tryksagstyperne: uge- og månedsmagasiner, fagblade, medlemsblade og adresseløse forsendelser var det årlige forbrug ca. 61 kg per husstand.
The annual consumption of printed matter like weekly and monthly magazines, journals, periodicals and unaddressed mail is approx. 61 kg per household.
Det svarer til 1,2 kg/uge.
The amount equals 1.2 kg per week.
Monocycliske aromater som toluen og xylener var også til stede i offset tryksager men i små mængder.
The printed matter comprised rotogravure, offset (rotation heatset and sheet offset) and flexographics using UV-curing inks.
Som supplement er LCI-værdier inddraget i vurderingen.
No monomere acrylates were observed in the analysis of the emissions
LCI er baseret på inhalation, irritation eller andre effekter, herunder B-værdier eller laveste koncentration med skadelig effekt.
The study simulated the situation where the consumer has the highest exposure, i.e. during reading and handling / leafing through the printed matter.
Der skal bemærkes, at toluen er det stof, der giver mest anledning til opmærksomhed.
The sampling was performed just after the printed matter left the printing house or -works.
Men alfa -pinen er allergifremkaldende og kan give allergisk kontakteksem.
A third group of chemical substances increased their emissions during the study period.
Den væsentligste emission til miljøet fra tryksager efter produktionen, under anvendelse og bortskaffelse er til luft.
At larger exceeding of the used values, the evaluations are refined by a case-by-case assessment.
Størrelsesordenerne kan ikke gøres op på grund af manglende data.
Toluene was the substance that raised most attention.
Den væsentligste emission til miljøet fra tryksager efter produktionen, under anvendelse og bortskaffelse er til luft.
it was concluded that toluene was not expected to be a health problem to the average consumer.
Størrelsesordenerne kan ikke gøres op på grund af manglende data.
It might be disputable whether this may relate to any essential health effects.
Den samlede konklusion er, at der ingen grund er til sundhedsmæssig bekymring hos forbrugere af tryksager ud fra de tilgængelige data.
The terpenerne, except alfa-pinene, only exceeded the threshold values when they were added up.
The measurements were performed as total emission measurements and the sources of the specific components (printing inks, paper, etc) are therefore unknown.
Of the chemicals included in the study this would be the case for aldehydes (propanal, pentanal, heptanal), toluene and the sum of terpenes and terpenoid compounds.
Monocyclic aromatics such as toluene and xylenes were also present in offset but at lesser concentrations.
The concentrations arising from leafing through the printed matter are estimated
The measured concentrations from the emitted chemicals are below the threshold limit values (TLV) intended for the working environment.
The release and thus concentration of chemical compounds was considerably lower when the printed matter was left untouched.
LCI (the Lowest Concentration of Interest) was developed in an EU-project on furniture VOC emissions and is intended for the indoor climate quality evaluation.
Although the single contribution was small in this scenario, a consumer may have considerable amounts of printed matter lying around in the home.
Toluene was the substance that raised most attention.
Thus, the printed matter may contribute to the residential total VOC load.
It might be disputable whether this may relate to any essential health effects.
The emission volumes can not be estimated due to a lack of data.
The terpenerne, except alfa-pinene, only exceeded the threshold values when they were added up.
The overall conclusion is that no health risk exists to the consumer of printed matter.
Nuisance such as odour was evaluated for selected chemicals.
based on the average consumption of printed matter.
The overall conclusion is that no health risks exist to the consumer of printed matter.
The overall conclusion is that no health risk exists to the consumer of printed matter.
De fleste værdier er baseret på inhalation og irritation eller andre effekter herunder B-værdier og laveste koncentration med effekt.
Most values are based on inhalation and irritation or other values including C-values and the lowest concentration with adverse effects
Det skal bemærkes, at LCI-værdierne er vægtningsfaktorer, som indikerer den relative sundhedsfare fra kemiske stoffer, og ikke kriterieværdier for indendørs luft- eller grænseværdier.
It should be noted that LCI-values are weighing factors indicating the relative hazard of substances and not a criteria for indoor air quality or a fixed threshold limit value.
Laveste koncentration hvor der kan observeres en lethal effekt
Lowest concentration where effects are observed
Median letal dosis, dvs. den dosis hvor 50% af forsøgsdyrene er døde
Median lethal dose, i.e. the dosis where 50% of the test animals are dead
De fleste værdier er baseret på inhalation og irritation samt eventuelle andre sundhedsmæssige egenskaber, men også tekniske/økonomiske forhold tages i betragtning.
The threshold limit value for the working environment is set based on irritation of eyes and the inhalation system and other health affecting properties but also technical and economical relationships are included.
Projektet "Kortlægning, afgivelse og vurdering af flygtige kemiske stoffer i tryksager" er igangsat af Miljøstyrelsen efter henvendelser fra forbrugere om tryksager.
The project "Survey, emission and evaluation of volatile organic chemicals in printed matter" was initiated by the Danish Environmental Protection Agency as a result of consumer enquiries on printed matter.
Henvendelserne handler typisk om afsmitning eller lugtgener fra tryksagerne.
The questions typically refer to smudging (rubbing off) or odour from printed matter.
Undersøgelsen af, hvilke kemiske stoffer der afgives fra tryksager, skal danne baggrund for en vurdering af, om udsættelsen for disse kemiske stoffer indebærer en sundhedsmæsssig risiko for forbrugeren eller miljøet.
The study on which chemicals that are emitted from printed matter are to establish a background documentation on whether the exposure to these chemicals are hazardous to the consumer or the environment.
Eksponeringen af mennesker kan ske på to måder, den primære eksponering sker ved indånding af kemikalier, der damper af fra tryksagen, og i mindre grad ved hudkontakt.
The exposure to humans take place in two ways, the primary exposure by inhalation of chemicals evaporated from the printed matter and to a lesser extent by skin contact.
Den afsmitning, der er fundet, har væsentligst været fra tryksværte fra aviser og offset reklametryksager.
The smudging (rubbing off) experienced mainly originated from printing inks from newspapers and offset advertising matter.
Den afsmitning kan nok være generende, men er som regel afvaskelig og er derfor fundet at være mindre væsentlig end en potentiel påvirkning fra afdampede kemiske stoffer.
The rubbing off may be annoying but is usually washable and, therefore, found to be less essential than the potential effects from evaporated chemical compounds.
Det vil sige, at kortlægningen har koncentreret sig om at finde ud af, hvilke stoffer der dampede af fra tryksager, hvilken mængde og i hvor lang tid efter trykningen.
Therefore, the study has focused on discovering which chemicals were emitted from printed matter, the amount and for how long after printing.
Begrebet tryksager er temmelig omfattende, men er i denne forbindelse afgrænset til reklamer, ugeblade, månedsblade, medlemsblade og etiketter.
The concept of printed matter is rather comprehensive but in this context limited to advertising matter, weekly and monthly magazines, membership and association journals and labels.
Der bruges forskellige former for tryk til disse tryksager.
Different forms of printing techniques are used in the production of these printed matter.
Det drejer sig typisk om offset, dybtryk og flexotryk med UV-farver.
The categories typically comprise offset, rotogravure and flexography with ultraviolet (UV)-curing inks.
Ud over farverne bruges der ved de forskellige former for tryk også forskellige hjælpestoffer til tryksværten.
In these printed matter, different printing inks and additives are used.
Teknologisk Institut har tidligere været involveret i afgivelse af stoffer fra tryksager, hvor afdampning var så stor, at den var sundhedsskadelig i arbejdsmiljøet.
The Danish Technological Institute has previously experienced emission of chemical compounds from printed matter where the evaporation was high enough to be a health hazard in the working environment.
Det drejede sig især om afgivelse af toluen fra dybtryksager i distributionsleddet (Jelnes 1994).
It concerned especially the emission of toluene from rotogravure during the distribution phase (Jelnes 1994).
Efterfølgende er grænsen for, hvor meget toluen der må afdampe fra reklametryksager, fastsat til 300 mg/kg tryksag i arbejdsmiljøet (Arbejdstilsynet 1995).
Later, the threshold limit for the emission of toluene from printed matter was set at 300 mg/kg printed matter in the working environment (The National Labour Inspection, Arbejdstilsynet 1995).
I forbindelse med toluensagen blev en eksisterende indsamlings og målemetode modificeret og forbedret af Teknologisk Institut (Eggert 1995).
In connection with the case on toluene, a current sampling and measuring method was modified and improved by the Danish Technological Institute (Eggert 1995).
Denne metode er anvendt i denne undersøgelse.
The modified method has been used in this study.
Tryksager omfatter i dette projekt betegnelser som ugeblade, tidsskrifter, reklamer og etiketter.
Printed matter in this study comprises categories such as weekly magazines, periodicals, journals, advertising matter and labels.
Dagblade er ikke medtaget, da eksponeringen af forbrugerne for kemiske stoffer anses for mindre væsentlig i denne sammenhæng.
Newspapers are not included because the consumer exposure of volatile chemical compounds is considered less essential in this context.
Den væsentligste eksponering er tryksværten, der godt nok kan give snavsede hænder og tøj, men som dog er til at vaske af.
The primary consumer exposure from newspapers is printing ink (e.g. carbon black) resulting in smudged hands and clothes but it is considered washable.
Mængden af tryksager er ikke lige gennemskuelig.
The consumption of printed matter is not transparent.
Dansk Oplagskontrol følger en stor del af udgivne dagblade, ugeblade og magasiner, som er tilmeldt kontrollen med kvartalsvise opgørelser.
Dansk Oplagskontrol (Danish Audit Bureau of Circulations) perform quarterly monitoring on a large part of published daily newspapers, journals, periodicals, and other magazines which is enlisted.
Det betyder, at nogle magasiner og tidsskrifter ikke er omfattet af optællingerne.
It means however, that some journals and periodicals are not included in the statistics.
Danmarks statistik følger import og eksport af papir i forskellige kategorier, samt tidsskrifter.
Statistics Denmark follows the import and export of paper in different categories and includes journals, periodicals.
Her kan man finde oplysninger, som til dels kan relateres til tryksager, hvis man kender de anvendte papirtyper.
Statistics Denmark may provide information that may be related to printed matter if you know the used types of paper.
Grafisk Arbejdsgiverforening (GA) udgiver et skrift "De Grafiske Fag", som indeholder en statistik for foreningens aktiviteter.
The Graphic Association of Denmark (GA) publishes "De Grafiske Fag" which contains statistics on the activities of the association.
Heri indgår blandt andet en statistik over papirforbrug samt forbruget af trykfarver.
The statistics include consumption of paper and printing inks.
I opgørelsen over papirforbruget indgår kun papirkvaliteter, som er træfri, eller som højest indeholder 10% mekanisk træmasse.
In the consumption of paper is only included qualities of paper that are free of wood fibres or contain a maximum of 10% mechanical pulp.
I tabellen nedenfor gør kilden opmærksom på, at en del af det nævnte papirforbrug ligger udenfor den grafiske industri.
In the table below the source (GA) inform that a part of the consumption is outside the graphic industry.
Tabel 2.1 Forbruget af træfrit trykpapir i Danmark (udvalgte papirsorter) i 1000 tons (Grafisk Arbejdsgiverforening (GA) 2001, 2002)
Table 2.1 Consumption of wood fibre free printing paper in Denmark (selected sorts of paper) in 1000 tonnes (GA 2001, 2002)
Forbrug* 11.278 12.695 13.945 14.751 14.618 15.350 14.134 16.710 14.389 *: Forbrug = produktion + import - eksport
Consumption* 11.278 12.695 13.945 14.751 14.618 15.350 14.134 16.710 14.389 *: Consumption = production + import - export
2.2 Antallet af virksomheder
2.2 Number of enterprises
Den grafiske industri opgør antallet af momsregistrerede virksomheder til 2323 virksomheder ved udgangen af 1999.
The graphic industry makes up the number of VAT-registered enterprises to 2323 enterprises at the end of 1999.
Produktionen af tryksager omtales kun kort her, hvor det kan være væsentligt for forståelsen af, hvorfra og hvordan de fundne stoffer indgår i fremstillingsprocesserne og for at forklare anvendte begreber.
The production of printed matter is only briefly mentioned as to understand from where and how the observed compounds may be included in the manufacturing processes and to explain used concepts..
Der findes en anden form for dybtryk end magasindybtryk, som kaldes emballagedybtryk.
In packaging gravure, printing is also performed using fluently printing inks drying by evaporation.
Overførslen af trykfarven direkte til trykemnet med et trykværk for hver farve betyder, at papirbanen er nødt til at passere en tørreanordning mellem hvert trykværk.
Transfer of printing ink directly to the printing subject via a printing unit for each colour means that the paper web has to pass a drying device between each printing unit.
Toluen er et typisk anvendt opløsningsmiddel, der opfylder disse krav (se afsnit om trykfarver).
Toluene is a typical solvent fulfilling these requirements (cf. section on printing inks)
Offset trykning omfatter tryksager fremstillet ved en plantryksmetode, hvor trykformen indeholder vandbærende og vandskyende partier.
Offset printing comprises printed matter produced by plane printing method where the printing form contains hydrophilic and hydrophobic areas.
Ved trykningen passerer trykformen et fugteværk med en valse.
In the printing process, the printing form passes a moisturer (wetting unit) with a roller.
Fugtevandet skal sikre en adskillelse af de trykgivende og ikke-trykgivende partier.
The wetting agent applied ensures a separation between the fatty oleophilic inks and the repel of inks in the non-printing areas.
Trykfarven overføres fra de vandskyende partier til en gummidug, som igen afsætter farven på papiret ("to set off").
The ink is transferred from hydrophobic areas to a rubber blanket that transfers the colour to the paper ("to set off")
I ark-offset afsættes farven på papirark.
In sheet-fed offset printing, the colour is set off on paper sheets.
Ved ark-offset er trykformen spændt op på trykmaskinens pladecylinder.
In sheet-fed printing the printing form is fastened to the printing machines plate cylinder.
Af andre offset trykteknikker kan nævnes rotationstryk (avisrotation og heatset).
Other offset printing techniques comprises rotation press (newspaper offset and heatset web offset).
Avisrotation er ikke med i undersøgelsen, men farverne tørrer ved indsugning i papiret ("coldset").
Newspaper offset is not included in the study but the printing inks dry by penetration into the paper ("coldset").
Farvetørring foregår ved, at papirbanen føres gennem en varmeovn, hvor varm luft blæses hen over papirbanen.
Drying takes place by leading the web through a heater where a hot air current passes the web.
Heatset rotation anvendes til trykning af ugeblade, reklametryksager, kataloger osv.
Heatset web is used in the printing of weekly magazines, advertising matter, catalogues etc.
Når papirbanen forlader det sidste trykværk er farven stadig våd.
When the web leaves the last printing unit the colour is still wet.
Tørring sker ved at papirbanen trækkes gennem en opvarmningsenhed ("heater"), hvor papiret opvarmes til 120-140ºC.
Drying takes place by leading the web through a heater where the paper is heated to 120 to 140ºC.
Herved fordamper farvernes indhold af flygtige mineralolier.
Thereby the printing inks contents of volatile mineral oils evaporate.
Efter nedkøling over kølevalser påføres trykket en blanding af silikone og vand for at gøre papiret mere behageligt og beskytte trykket under udskæring (falsning).
After cooling by passing cooling rollers the print is added a mixture of silicone and water to make the paper more smooth and to protect the print during cutting.
Tryksagerne bundtes og stables.
The printed matter are then bundled and stacked.
Det anvendte papir er som regel bestrøget papir ("coated") og glittet papir med en papirvægt på 50-150 g/m2.
The paper used is usually coated or calendered paper with a weight of 50 to 150 g/m2.
Bestrøget papir (coated eller krideret papir) er papir, der under fremstillingen er belagt med et overfladelag.
Coated paper is paper that during its manufacture is covered with a surface layer.
Laget består af et pigment (oftest kridt) og et bindemiddel, f.eks. latex (Hansen og Petersen 1993).
The surface layer consists of a pigment (usually chalk) and a binding agent, e.g. latex (Hansen and Petersen 1993).
Anvendelsen af bestrøget papir giver en glansfuld og skarp trykning.
The use of coated paper results in a glossy and sharp print.
Glittet papir er papir, der under produktionen er kalandreret, dvs. papiret er ført gennem to valser, der trykker papiret sammen og derved giver det en glat overflade.
Calendered paper is paper that during the production process is calendered, i.e. the web has been lead through two rollers compressing the paper and thereby giving it a smooth surface.
Alle trykfarver består af hovedbestanddelene: pigment/farvestof, bindemiddel, opløsningsmiddel og additiver.
All printing inks consist mainly of pigments/colouring agents, binders, solvents and additives.
Additiver kan have forskellige formål som f.eks. at styre farvens flydeegenskaber og forhindre afsmitning.
Additives may have different purposes such as controlling the viscosity of printing inks and reduce smudging.
Additiverne kan f.eks. være forskellige typer af voks, ofte baseret på polyethylen.
The additives may be e.g. different kinds of wax often based on polyethylene.
Trykfarver kan desuden indeholde harpiks samt mineralske olier (uspecificerede baseolier: destillater, hydrogenbehandlede tunge naphthener).
The printing colours may also contain resin and mineral oils (unspecified basic oils: distillates, hydrogenated heavy naphthenes).
Den væsentligste forskel mellem trykfarver til almindelig offset, heatset og dybtryk er opløsningsmidlerne.
The main difference between printing inks to offset, heatset and rotogravure is the solvents.
Opløsningsmidlet skal holde trykfarven flydende under trykkeprocessen.
The solvents keep the printing ink liquid during the printing process.
I farver til heatset benyttes mineralske olier (petroleumdestillater med et kogepunkt på 210-250ºC), der er mere flygtige end de mineralske olier, der anvendes i almindelig offsettryk.
In printing inks to heatset is used mineral oils (kerosene distillates with a boiling point of approx. 210-250ºC) which is more volatile than the mineral oils used in other kinds of offset printing.
Indholdet af mineralske olier i heatsetfarver udgør 25-40% (Bauer 1993).
The content of mineral oils in heatset is 2540% (Bauer 1993).
I Ullmann (1993) afviger oplysningerne for en typisk formulering lidt fra Bauer (1993):
In Ullmann (1993), the information on typical formulations deviates a little from the Bauer (1993) information:
Tabel 2.3 Typisk sammensætning af heatset (offset) trykfarve (Ullmann 1993): Organiske pigmenter
Table 2.3 Typical formulation for heatset web offset inks (Ullmann 1993): Organic pigments
Bindere: Hårde resiner
Binders: Hard resins
Bløde resiner + tørringsoiler
Soft resins + drying oils
Til gengæld giver Ullmann (1993) også oplysninger om en typisk formulering af ark-offset trykfarver:
In addition Ullmann (1993) also presents a typical formulation for sheet-fed offset printing inks:
Tabel 2.4 Typisk sammensætning af ark-offset trykfarve (Ullmann 1993): Organiske pigmenter
Table 2.4 Typical formulation for sheet-fed offset inks (Ullmann 1993): Organic pigments
I farver til dybtryk anvendes en stor mængde opløsningsmidler (solventer), især toluen.
In printing inks to rotogravure a large amount of solvent, especially toluene, is used.
Toluen er meget flygtigt med et damptryk på 3000 Pa ved 20ºC og 3800 Pa ved 25ºC.
Toluene is very volatile with a vapour pressure of 3000 Pa at 20ºC and 3800 Pa at 25ºC.
Fordelen er en hurtig tørring og derfor stor trykkehastighed.
The advantage is quick drying and a high printing speed.
Indholdet af toluen i dybtrykfarver klar til brug er på 60-75% (Bauer 1993).
The content of toluene in ready-to-use printing inks is 60-75% (Bauer 1993).
Tabel 2.5 Typisk sammensætning af dybtryk trykfarve (Ullmann) 1993: Pigmenter
Table 2.5 Typical formulation of publication rotogravure inks (Ullmann) 1993: Pigments
Man kan ikke benytte lige så flygtige opløsningsmidler ved heatset som i dybtryk.
It is not possible to use as volatile solvents in heatset as in publication gravure.
Bindemidlet har til opgave at binde pigmenterne fast til papiret.
Binders are used to make the pigments adhere to the paper.
Til både heatset og dybtryk anvendes forskellige former for harpiks som bindemiddel.
In both heatset and rotogravure different resins are used as binders.
resiner er naturharpikser (kolofonium) modificeret med phenol og aldehyder.
Hard resins are rosin modified with phenols and aldehydes.
Bløde resiner (alkydharpiksolier) og tørringsolier anvendes som opløsningsmiddel for de hårde resiner.
Soft resins and drying oils are used as solvents for hard resins.
Tørringsolier inkluderer planteolier.
They are usually fatty alkyds.
Tabel 2.6 Typisk sammensætning af fugtevandskoncentrat (anvendt i en fortynding til 2-5%) (Ullmann):
Table 2.6 Typical formulation of wetting agent concentrates (applied at a concentration of 2-5%) (Ullmann):
Vand, op til en total på 100%
Water, added to make up to 100%
UV-hærdende farver og lakker anvendes til trykning af selvklæbende etiketter i flexografi, serigrafisk trykning af plakater, lakering af tryksager, som er normalt trykt i offset, osv. (Silfverberg og Sørensen 1998).
UV-curing printing inks and lacquers are used in printing self-adhesive labels by flexography, screen printing (serigraphy) of posters, lacquering of printed matter, normally printed by offset, etc. (Silfverberg and Sørensen 1998).
Anvendelsen af UVhærdende farver og lakker i Danmark sker især indenfor flexografisk trykning, hvor etiketter er det væsentligste område (Lund og Wallström 1999).
The use of UV-curing printing inks and lacquers in Denmark is usually in flexographic printing where labels are the dominating area (Lund and Wallström 1999).