natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Den daglige leder af bladet ”DYK” oplyser at der ud over de fritidsdykkere der er organiseret under Dansk Sportsdykker Forbund, uddannes 4.500 dykkere af PADI (Professional Association of Diving Instructors).
The daily manager of the magazine “DYK” informs that besides leisure divers organised in The Danish Sport Diving Federation further 4.500 divers is educated by PADI (Professional Association of Diving Instructors).
For støttebinds vedkommende er det meget vanskeligt at fastsætte antallet af forbrugere der kommer i kontakt med bind fremstillet i chloropren.
For supports, it is very difficult to determine how many consumers get into contact with supports made of chloroprene.
Alle forbrugere kan i princippet komme i den situation at der skal anvendes støttebind, men i langt de fleste tilfælde vil det være i en kortere periode indtil en sportsskade er lægt.
In principle, any consumer risks having to wear a support; however, in the great majority of cases the consumer will have to wear it only for a short period of time until he/she has recovered from a sports injury.
Dog kan forbrugere med svage led skulle bruge støttebind mere eller mindre permanent.
However, consumers suffering from weak joints may have to wear supports more or less permanently.
Det er formentlig den gruppe der er mest udsat for at få gener på grund af gentagen og daglig kontakt året rundt.
This group is probably the one most severely exposed to nuisance due to repeated and daily contact all year.
For kolonnen med kontakttid er der taget udgangspunkt i de mest ivrige inden for de forskellige former for sport.
The contact time column is based on the most enthusiastic persons in the various sports.
Er man taget på fisketur i en uge, er det ikke ualmindeligt at lystfiskeren har waders på i mere end 10 timer om dagen.
It is not unusual for an angler, who is on a fishing holiday for a week, to wear his waders for more the 10 hours each day.
Wind- og kitesurfere går også tit i dragten hele dagen, idet brugeren krænger den øverste del ned når vedkommende er på land.
Wind- and kitesurfers also often wear their suits all day; they just strip off the upper part when on shore.
For støttebinds vedkommende er den nedre grænse sat til 15 timer for sædvanlige sportsudøvere og den øverste grænse til 60 timer for forbrugere med ledskavanker.
For supports, the lower limit is estimated at 15 hours for normal sportsmen and the upper limit at 60 hours for consumers suffering from joint impairments.
Det er naturligvis et groft skøn.
This is of course a rough estimate.
Kontaktbetingelserne er delt op i direkte og indirekte kontakt.
The contact conditions are divided into direct and indirect contact.
Som sagt kan der være en vis direkte kontakt med både waders og chloroprenstøvler med benene ved ankelsokker og korte bukser.
As previously mentioned, waders and chloroprene boots can to some extent be in contact with the user's legs when he is wearing ankle socks or short trousers.
Temperaturen under et støttebind kan tænkes at være højere ved løb eller boldspil på grund af det høje aktivitetsniveau.
The temperature underneath a support may be higher when running or playing ball due to the high activity level.
Tabel 2.4 Forbrugsmønster af chloroprenprodukter Produkttype
Table 2.4 Consumption pattern for chloroprene products Type of product
Antal forbrugere (minimum)
Number of consumers (minimum)
Anslået kontakttid pr. uge (i timer)
Estimated contact time per week (hours)
Oftest ikke direkte hudkontakt
Usually no direct skin contact
Våd- og semivåddragter
Wetsuits and semi-wet suits
Ikke direkte hudkontakt
No direct skin contact
2.3.2 Hvilke miljøproblematiske stoffer kan optræde i chloroprenprodukter
2.3.2 Which environmentally problematic substances can appear in chloroprene products
• Tungmetaller (særlig fokus på bly)
• Heavy metals (particularly lead)
• Blødgøringsmidler (særlig fokus på phthalater og chlorparaffiner)
• Plasticisers (particularly phthalates and chlorinated paraffines)
• Acceleratorer (en bred gruppe af kvælstofholdige organiske
• Accelerators (a wide group of nitrogenous organic sulphur
• Antiældningsmidler (aromatiske aminer eller diaminforbindelser).
• Anti-aging agents (aromatic amines or diamine compounds).
Der bør også være fokus på thiuramforbindelser eller deres nedbrydningsprodukter da de kan give anledning til nitrosamindannelse.
Degradation products from the classes of chemical substances above should also be part of the screening study.
I Bilag B er der foretaget en mere grundig udredning vedrørende chloropren og recepter for chloropren.
In annex B a more detailed information is given with regard to chloroprene and recipes for chloroprene.
2.3.3 Hvilke produkttyper bør indgå i screeningsfasen
2.3.3 Which products should be included in the screening phase
Ud fra de anslåede eksponeringsbetingelser for de forskellige produkttyper i chloropren forbrugerne kommer i kontakt med skal det foreslås at der udtages følgende produkttyper til den indledende screeningsundersøgelse:
Based on the exposure conditions expected for the different types of chloroprene products with which consumers get into contact, it was suggested to select the following product types for the initial screening study:
• To typer støttebind
• Two types of supports
• To typer handsker
• Two types of gloves
• En type sokker
• One type of socks
• En type dykkerhætte
• One type of dive hood
• En type waders
• One type of waders
De fleste prøver af forbrugerprodukter i chloropren er anskaffet til projektet ved besøg hos bandagister eller vådsports-, jagt- og fiskeriforretninger i Århusområdet.
Most of the consumer chloroprene product samples were acquired for the project through visits paid to surgical appliance shops or wet sport or hunting and angling shops in the Århus area.
Dykkerdragten er bestilt telefonisk hos dykkerforretning i Koldingområdet.
The dive suit was ordered over the phone from a diving shop in the Kolding area.
Tabel 3.1 Prøvetyper og mærke Prøvenummer
Table 3.1 Types and makes of samples Sample number
Til mindre flygtige forbindelser eksempelvis antiældningsmidler og blødgørere er en ekstraktion af gummiproduktet efterfulgt af GC/MS den mest hensigtsmæssige metode i kombination med tyndlagschromatografi (TLC).
To detect less volatile chemical substances, e.g. anti-ageing agents and plasticisers an extraction followed by GC/MS analysis in combination with thin-layer chromatography is considered the most suitable method of analysis.
Til screening for evt. tungmetaller er røntgenanalyse direkte på produktet den mest hensigtsmæssige metode.
Screening for heavy metals is most convenient carried out by X-ray analysis directly on the product.
Samtidig fås der oplysninger om andre grundstoffer som chlor, svovl, calcium, magnesium og aluminium, der indgår i en gummirecept eller som for chlors vedkommende direkte i chloroprenpolymeren.
In the same analysis information is obtained regarding other chemical elements e.g. chlorine, sulfur, calcium, magnesium and alumina which might be present in the rubber recipy or as is the case chlorine in the chloroprene raw polymer.
Der er foretaget screeningsanalyser på de indkøbte produkter i chloropren ved røntgenanalyse for uorganiske grundstoffer, herunder eventuelle tungmetaller, tyndtlagschromatografi for indhold af antiældningsmidler og GC/MS-analyse ved headspaceteknik for organiske flygtige forbindelser samt GC/MS på ekstrakt af gummiet i dichlormethan/isopropanol 90/10 vol% for også at få mere tungtflygtige forbindelser i form af blødgørere fastlagt.
The chloroprene products purchased underwent screening analyses by x-ray analysing them for inorganic elements, including heavy metals, if any, thin layer chromatography for detection of anti-aging agents, a GC/MS analysis using headspace technique to detect volatile organic compounds, and a GC/MS analysis of a rubber extract in dichloromethane/isopropanol 90/10 vol.% in order also to determine the more slightly volatile compounds in the form of plasticisers.
Analyseprogrammet blev stoppet for det ene af de produkter der viste sig ikke at være af chloropren, nemlig for nr. 3 (dykkerhandsker).
The analysis programme was stopped for one of the products that appeared not to be made of chloroprene, i.e. no. 3 dive gloves.
Det andet sæt nr.7 (dykkerhandsker) der senere ved en røntgenanalyse viste sig heller ikke at indeholde chloropren, indgik i hele analyseprogrammet.
The other pair of gloves, no. 7, that later appeared not to contain any chloroprene was included in the entire analysis programme.
Leverandøren i England kunne heller ikke give en fyldestgørende forklaring herpå.
The supplier in England could not give a satisfactory explanation either.
Producenten af gummitekstilkompositten er ifølge importøren beliggende i fjernøsten.
According to the importer, the manufacturer of the rubberfabric composite is situated in the Far East.
Han forventede ikke at det er muligt at få nærmere oplysninger fra producenten.
He did not believe that it would be possible to obtain any further details from the manufactor.
4.2 Beskrivelse af analysemetoder og prøveforberedelse
4.2 Description of analysis methods and test preparation
I det følgende gives en kort beskrivelse af de analysemetoder der er anvendt i screeningsfasen.
The analysis methods used in the screening phase are described briefly in the following.
Analysen er udført på et bølgelængdedispersivt Phillips PV 2400 instrument.
The analysis was performed using a wavelength dispersive Phillips PV 2400 instrument.
Indhold af afgasningsprodukter er blevet kvantitativt/semikvantitativt bestemt over for standarder af udvalgte forbindelser der i Pyrexflasker opvarmes til fordampning og analyseres som gummiprøverne.
The content of volatile emission products was determined quantitively/semi-quantitively against selected compound standards heated in Pyrex bottles for evaporation and analysed in the same way as the rubber samples.
Helium, inlettryk 12 psi
Helium, inlet pressure 12psi
4.2.3 Tyndlagschromatografisk screening for antiældningsmidler
4.2.3 Thin-layer chromatographic screening for anti-aging agents
Der afvejes 2 g gummi.
2g of rubber were weighed.
Prøven anbringes i 100 ml glaskolbe og ekstraheres med 50 ml dichlormethan en time på rystebad.
The sample was placed in a 100 ml bulb and extracted using 50ml dichloromethane for an hour in a shaking bath.
Opløsningsmidlet/ekstraktet dekanteres fra.
The solvent/extract was removed by decanting.
Der tilsættes yderligere 10 ml dichlormethan til gummiet som rystes kort.
An additional 10ml of dichloromethane was added and briefly shaken.
Herefter overføres det opkoncentrerede ekstrat til lille reagensglas med tætsluttende låg.
The concentrated extract was then transferred to a small test tube with a closely fitting cap.
Der skylles efter med dichlormethan, så det samlede rumfang bliver på 2 ml.
It was then rinsed with dichloromethane to achieve a total volume of 2ml.
Den tyndtlagschromatografiske screening for tilstedeværelse af antiældningsmidler er foretaget efter principperne i ISO 4645 (1995) ”Rubber and rubber products - Guide to the identification of antidegradantsThin layer chromatographic methods”.
The thin layer chromatographic screening to identify the presence of anti-aging agents was carried out according to the principles of ISO 4645 (1995) ”Rubber and rubber products - Guide to the identification of antidegradants - Thin layer chromatographic methods”.
Der har været anvendt to forskellige elueringsvæsker.
Two different elution liquids were used.
Den ene (I) svarer til metode A i standarden: nheptan:ethylacetat 90:10 (volumenprocent).
One of them (I) corresponds to method A in the standard: n-heptane:ethylacetate 90:10 (volume percentage).
Ved denne sidste metode er det muligt at screene for tilstedeværelsen af ETU der som allerede nævnt ifølge litteraturen anvendes som accelerator i chloroprenrecepter.
As for the latter method, it is possible to screen to identify the presence of ETU which is used, as already mentioned, as an accelerator in chloroprene recipes according to literature.
Tyndlagspladerne der har været anvendt til analysen er Merck (artikel 1.11798) 20 x 20 cm Silica gel 60 F 254 med koncentrationszone.
The thin layer plates used for the analysis were Merck (article 1.11798) 20 x 20cm Silica gel 60 F 254 with concentration zone.
Efter eluering afdamper elueringsvæsken i stinkskab inden visuel vurdering.
After eluation, the eluation liquid evaporated in a fume cupboard before visual assessment.
Pladerne er først gransket under UV-lys og siden efter nedsænkning i chromatografikammer med jodkrystaller.
The plates were first investigated under UV light and then after immersion in a chromatograpic chamber with iodine crystals.
Resultaterne fra de jodbehandlede plader er fotodokumenteret.
The results of the iodises plates were documented by photos.
De anvendte referencestoffer ved den tyndtlagschromatografiske screening fremgår af Tabel 4.1:
The reference substances used for the thin layer chromatographic screening are indicated in table 4.1
Oktyleret diphenylamin Bisdiphenylamin
N,N´-diphenyl- pphenylenamine
Ethylenthiourinstof/ Imidazolin-2-thion
Ethylenthiourea/ Imidazoline-2-thione
I Tabel 4.2 angives erfaringsbaserede og typiske detektionsgrænser for de anvendte analysemetoder.
In table 4.2 typical detection limits based on experience are indicated for the analysis methods used.
Organiske forbindelser ved GC/MS
Organic substances by GC/MS
For headspaceanalysen der har været anvendt til screeningen for de mere flygtige bestanddele af gummiet, er der foretaget en kvantitativ/semikvantitativ. bestemmelse af mængden af udvalgte enkeltkomponenter der er bestemt ved analysen ved eksponeringstemperaturen på 100 ºC og 2 timers eksponeringstid.
As for the headspace analysis used for the screening for the more volatile constituents of the rubber, a semi-quantitative determination of the amount of selected individual components identified by the analysis at the exposure temperature of 100ºC and a 2-hour period of exposure.
Resultaterne fremlægges og diskuteres under resultatafsnittet.
The results are submitted and discussed under the result section.
Røntgenanalysen giver et godt overblik over hvilke grundstoffer der indgår i chloroprengummiet (fra aluminium og opefter i atomvægt).
The X-ray analysis gives a general view of which elements were included in the chloroprene rubber (from aluminium and upwards in
Endvidere vil man kunne få et mål for indholdet af selve chloroprenrågummiet i produktet og andre elementer som svovl, zink, calcium, magnesium, aluminium og silicium der typisk indgår i de tilsætningsstoffer der indgår i en chloroprenrecept.
Furthermore, it would be possible to get an indication of the content of chloroprene rubber in the product as well as other elements, such as sulphur, zinc, calcium, magnesium, aluminium and silicium, which are components typically found in the additives that form part of a chloroprene recipe.
Tabel 4.3 Resultater af røntgenanalyse (vægtprocent) Prøve /mærke Mg
Table 4.3 Results of X-ray analysis (weight percentage) Sample/Mark Mg
Tabel 4.4 Resultater af røntgenanalyse (vægtprocent) Prøve /mærke Mg
Table 4.4 Results of x-ray analysis (weight percentage) Sample/Brand Mg
Øvrige grundstoffer blev ikke detekteret.
No other elements were detected.
Resultaterne for overflader medtager en ukendt mængde af indholdet i selve gummiet, idet overfladelaget (tekstil) er tyndt.
The results for the surfaces includes an unknown amount of the contents of the rubber itself as the surface layer (fabric) is thin.
Det er bemærkelsesværdigt at to af produkterne ud af de otte indkøbte kun indeholder spor af grundstoffet chlor.
It is remarkable that only two of the eight products purchased contained traces of the element chlorine.
Det betyder at selv om produkterne er indkøbt som neoprenprodukter, er det en anden gummitype der har været anvendt ved fremstillingen af handskerne.
This means that even though the products were purchased as neoprene products a different type of rubber was used to manufacture the gloves.
Det kunne evt. være en opskummet EPDM-gummi da denne gummitype er meget vejrbestandig og meget brugt i gummiindustrien.
It could have been foamed EPDM rubber since this type of rubber is extremely weather-resistant and widely used in the rubber industry.
Det skal dog påpeges at det ikke er bevist at det drejer sig om EPDM-gummi.
It should be pointed out that it was not demonstrated to be EPDM rubber.
Det skal tilføjes at chloropren hører til de mellemdyre gummityper, og at der derfor vil være en besparelse ved at bruge billigere gummityper som EPDM og SBR.
It should be mentioned that chloroprene is a medium prised rubber and money can be saved by use of cheaper rubbers like EPDM and SBR.
Indholdet af chlor i polymeren vil da være 40,1 % w/w beregnet ud fra sumformlen.
The content of chlorine in the polymer would then be 40.1% w/w, calculated on the basis of the sum formula.
For svovlmodificerede typer vil chlorindholdet være lavere på grund af de indbyggede polysulfidgrupper.
For sulphur-modified types, the chlorine content would be lower due to the integrated polysulphidic groups.
En prøve af chloropren rågummi modtaget fra en dansk gummifabrik viser et indhold af chlor ved røntgenanalysen på 34 % w/w .
The x-ray analysis of a chloroprene sample received from a Danish rubber factory showed a content of chlorine of 34% w/w.
Det kunne passe på en svovlmodificeret type omend svovlindholdet er lavt.
This could fit a sulphur-modified type even though the sulphur content was low.
Tager man herefter udgangspunkt i den standardreceptur der er anført i bilag B, er indholdet af chloropren i denne recept 45,5 % w/w.
If we then look at the standard formulary mentioned in annex B, the content of chloroprene was 45.5% w/w.
Der er god overensstemmelse med det chlorindhold der er fundet i prøve 2 (underbensbeskyttelse) og prøve 8 (dykkerdragt) på henholdsvis 12 og 14 % w/w i forhold til en standardrecept.
The chlorine content found in sample 2 (lower leg protector) and in sample 8 (dive suit) of 12 and 14% w/w, respectively, corresponded well in relation to that of a standard recipe.
Prøve 1 (knæbandage) og prøve 4 (dykkerhætte) har et chlorindhold på henholdsvis 7,0 og 9,7 % w/w hvilket stadig tyder på et pænt og ikke atypisk indhold af chloropren i recepterne.
Sample 1 (knee bandage) and sample 4 (dive hood) have a chlorine content of 7.0 and 9.7% w/w, respectively, which still indicated that the content of chloroprene was fairly high and not atypical.
Med hensyn til produkterne med det lave chlorindhold har der været rettet henvendelse til DuPont Dow Elastomers og Nordica Elastomers.
With regard to the products with a low chlorine content Du Pont Dow Elastomers and Nordica Elastomers has been consulted.
Resultatet af drøftelserne med sidstnævnte som DuPont Dow Elastomers henviste til var at man ikke kunne pege på et typisk chlorindhold i et chloroprenprodukt, idet andre gummityper også kunne indeholde chlor, eksempelvis CSM (chlorsulfoneret polyethylen).
The result from the discussions with the latter (referred to by Du Pont Dow Elastomers) is that one was not able to give an example of a typical chlorine content in a chloroprene product as other rubber types could contain chlorine e.g. CSM ( chlorsulphonated polyethylene).
Men det blev oplyst at i dykkerkredse er Neopren synonymt med kvalitet, og at det kunne være årsagen til den misvisende varebetegnelse for produkter helt uden chlor.
However it was stressed that among divers Neoprene is equal to good quality and this might be the reason for the Neoprene labelling even in products without chlorine.
Endvidere blev der givet udtryk for at de produkter der indeholdt få procent chlor, måske var tilsat en lille mængde chloropren for at retfærdiggøre betegnelsen Neopren.
Also the view was expressed that products with a low content of chlorine might be had a small addition of chloroprene to justify the Neoprene labelling.
Det er ellers kendt at blyoxid anvendes i stedet for zinkoxid som accelerator for særligt vandbestandige chloroprentyper.
Rather than zinc oxide, lead oxide is known to be used as an accelerator particularly for water-resistant types of chloroprene.
Derimod er der fundet mindre mængder af nikkel i prøverne 1, 2, 4 og 8 (knæbandage, underbensbeskyttelse, dykkerhætte og dykkerdragt).
However, smaller quantities of nickel were found in the 1, 2, 4 and 8 samples (knee bandage, lower leg protector, dive hood and dive suit).
Niveauet er på 0,01 % w/w til 0,06 % w/w.
The levels ranged between 0.01% w/w and 0.06% w/w.
Det er karakteristisk at nikkel findes i alle de prøver der har et højt indhold af chlor (7-14 %).
It was characteristic that nickel was found in all the samples with a high content of chlorine (7 - 14 % w/w).
Nikkel findes ikke i reference råchloropren fra Codan Gummi.
There was no nickel in the reference raw chloroprene from the rubber factory.
En mulig kilde til forureningen kunne tænkes at være sliddele fra mixeren hvor gummiblandingen fremstilles, idet der i dette procestrin er en meget intim kontakt mellem kammervæggen og rotorerne der kan være fremstillet i en stållegering med nikkel.
The source of contamination can be wearing parts from the mixer where the rubber compound is produced due to the intimate contact at this processing level between the chamber wall and the rotors which may have been made in a steel alloy with nickel.
gummi af nikkel vil ligge på 1-6 µg totalt i de fire prøver hvor nikkel er konstateret.
rubber of nickel was calculated to range between 1 - 6 µg for the total of the four samples where nickel was found.
Det er lokaliseret til tekstilet og ikke til gummiet.
release of nickel was therefore measured based on this new knowledge.
Da indholdet af silicium også er højt for waders, tyder det på at man har tilsat fyldstoffet magnesiumsilikat til dette produkt.
The silicium content being high also for waders indicates that this product has been added magnesium silicate filler.
Det skal sluttelig bemærkes at der ikke er fundet spor af grundstoffet tin i produkterne.
Finally, it should be noted that no trace of the tin element was found in the products.
Der er således på baggrund af røntgenscreeningen ingen indikation af at der skulle have været anvendt organotinforbindelser i de undersøgte produkter som mug- og skimmelhæmmer.
So based on the x-ray screening, there was nothing to suggest that organotin compounds had been used as yeast and mould inhibitors in the products studied.
4.3.2 GC/MS headspaceanalysen
4.3.2 GC/MS headspace analysis
GC/MS headspaceanalysen er blevet gennemført ved 100 °C.
The headspace analysis by GC/MS was carried out at 100ºC .
Det er naturligvis langt over brugstemperatuen for produkterne men det er en hensigtsmæssig testtemperatur til bestemmelse af hvilke flygtige forbindelser, der findes i gummiet.
This temperature is of cause much higher than the consumer exposure temperature, but is the most suitable test temperature to determine volatile chemical substances in the rubber.
I alle undersøgte prøver fandtes der afgasning af en række flygtige forbindelser i løbet af forsøgstiden på to timer.
In all investigated samples a row of volatile chemical substances were revealed during the two-hour exposure time.
Dog blev kun den ene prøve af dykkerhandsker (prøve nr. 7) undersøgt ved screeningen, idet Teknologisk Institut udelod prøven af handske nr. 3 efter aftale med Miljøstyrelsen da den kun indeholdt chlor på sporniveau.
Only one of the dive glove samples (no. 7) was tested because the Technological Institute left out glove sample no. 3 according to agreement with the National Agency of Environmental Protection since it contained chlorine only at trace level.
Chlorindholdet i dykkerhandske (prøve nr.7) var også ganske lavt, men analysen var udført da ovennævnte aftale blev indgået.
The chlorine content in diving glove (sample no. 7) was also quite low, however the analysis had been performed when the above agreement was made.