natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
We have chosen to base our quantification on its two major recin acids abietic acid (CAS no. 514-10-3) and dehydroabietic acid (CAS no. 1740-19-8) together with a tracer, 7-oxodehydroabietic acid (CAS.
We have chosen to base our quantification on its two major resin acids, abietic acid (CAS no. 514-10-3) and dehydroabietic acid (CAS no. 1740-19-8) together with a tracer, 7-oxodehydroabietic acid (CAS.
We have thus developed a reversed phase HPLC method with UV detection using diode-array-detector (DAD).
We have thus developed a reversed phase HPLC method with UV detection using diod-array-detector.
Pure non-oxidized recin acids and a stable major oxidation product as a marker for a possible autoxidation and the formation of allergenic oxidation products are used as reference substances.
Pure non-oxidized resin acids and a stable major oxidation product as a marker for a possible autoxidation and the formation of allergenic oxidation products are used as reference substances.
The objective of the present study was to develop a suitable method to be used for screening of cosmetics with regard to content of colophonium.
However, no extensive investigations regarding the content of colophonium in cosmetics have been preformed since no applicable analytical method exists that also consider the allergenic oxidized resin acids.
Based on this, it was concluded that a new method was needed for the purpose of the present study.
Oxidized material is present in colophonium due to air exposure at normal handling and storage.
De primære harpikssyrer er abietinsyre (eng. abietic acid) (AbA) og dehydroabietinsyre (eng. dehydroabietic acid) (DeA) (Figur 1) (1).
However, modified colophonium has been described to cause contact allergy due to content of unmodified colophonium (11).
Kolofonium er ofte modificeret eller derivatiseret for at opnå bedre tekniske egenskaber.
Allergic contact dermatitis caused by colophonium in various cosmetic products such as eye
Både modificeret og umodificeret kolofonium kan forårsage kontakt allergi.
shadows, rouge, lip preparations and mascaras is reported in literature.
Omfattende reviews omhandlende brugen af kolofonium er blevet publiceret gennem årene (6, 11, 14, 15).
Extensive reviews on the usage of colophonium have been presented during the years (6, 11, 14, 15).
Dehydroabietinsyre (DeA) Figur 1.
Dehydroabietic acid (DeA) Figure 1.
De primære harpikssyrer i umodificeret kolofonium
The major resin acids in unmodified colophonium
Publicerede metoder til identifikation og kvantificering af kolofonium komponenter er blevet gennemgået og evalueret for at vurdere, om der eksisterede en metode som kunne anvendes til videre udvikling af en ny metode.
Published methods for identification and quantification of colophonium components have been scrutinized and evaluated to find out if any method was suitable for further development into a new method.
De publicerede metoder til identifikation og kvantificering af kolofonium komponenter er beskrevet i Bilag A. Der er korte beskrivelser og evalueringer af de fundne metoder.
Published methods for identification and quantification of colophonium components are presented in Appendix A. Brief descriptions and evaluations of the methods are given.
Metode I er en GC-FID metode, som kræver derivatisering.
Method I is a GC-FID method which requires derivatisation.
Metode II er en HPLC-fluorescens metode, som dog er uspecifik og derfor kræver videre udvikling for at kunne bruges på komplekse prøver.
Method II is an HPLC-fluorescence method which is unspecific and therefore requires development to be applied on complex samples.
Da ingen af disse metoder lever op til de fastlagte krav, blev det besluttet, at det var nødvendigt at udvikle en ny metode til dette projekt.
Thus, it was concluded that a new method was needed for the purpose of the present study.
2.2 Fase 2: Udvikling af en analysemetode
2.2 Phase 2: Development of an analytical method
I denne fase blev der udviklet en metode til bestemmelse og kvantificering af de vigtigste komponenter i kolofonium, AbA og DeA, samt en markør for oxideret harpikssyre.
In this phase a method for detection and quantification of the major colophonium components AbA and DeA, including a marker for oxidized resin acids, was developed.
Traditionelt set bestemmes de vigtigste komponenter i kolofonium ved brug af gas kromatografi (GC) (16), men HPLC metoder har også været anvendt (12).
Traditionally, the major colophonium components are quantified using gas chromatography (GC) (16), but also HPLC methods have been developed (12).
Analyser, der kun er baseret på ikke-oxiderede harpikssyrer, fortæller ikke noget om de oxiderede harpikssyrer.
However, analyses based only on the non-oxidized resin acids do not tell anything about the amount of oxidized acids.
En lille detekteret koncentration af AbA kan betyde at der kun er en lille mængde kolofonium tilstede i produktet, men det kan også skyldes en kraftig oxidation af kolofonium.
A small amount of AbA detected might be due to a small amount of colophonium present, but could also be due to an extensive oxidation.
Eftersom oxidationsprodukterne i kolofonium også er de primære allergener er det være særlig nødvendigt at udvikle en metode til kvantificering, som også medtager oxidationsprodukterne.
As the oxidation products in colophonium are the major allergens, it is necessary to develop a method for quantification that takes the presence of oxidized material into consideration.
Da metoden skal bruges til screening, er det vigtigt at den er robust, billig og simpel samt ikke involverer meget farlige kemikalier.
However, as the method should be used for screening purposes it is important that it is a robust, inexpensive and simple method, not involving highly dangerous materials.
Det er ikke muligt at anvende den kraftigt allergene 15-hydroperoxyabietic som markør for oxidationsprodukter, da det er meget ustabilt og derfor besværlig at håndtere.
Use of the highly allergenic 15-hydroperoxyabietic acid as a marker for oxidation products is not suitable, since it is very unstable and difficult to handle.
Indholdet af AbA varierer mellem 30-50 % i kolofonium af typen gum rosin og 35-40 % i tallolie kolofonium.
For AbA, the content may vary between 30 - 50% for gum rosin and 35 - 40% for tall oil rosin.
Hvis det antages, at indholdet af harpikssyrer er 90 %, vil en detektionsgrænse på 10 mikrogram/g AbA således svare til en detektionsgrænse på cirka 30 mikrogram/g (ppm) for kolofonium.
Assuming that the resin acid content is 90%, a detection limit of 10 microgram/g AbA thus corresponds to a detection limit of approximately 30 microgram/g (ppm) of colophonium.
Dette vil blive betragtet som et acceptabelt niveau i forhold til det niveau, der udløser reaktion hos allergi patienter.
This could be considered acceptable compared to the reactivity in allergic patients.
Følsomme patienters reaktion på kolofonium af typen gum rosin er testet med en serie fortyndinger af gum rosin på 20-0,001 % i vaseline.
Patients sensitized to colophonium of the gum rosin type were tested with serial dilutions of gum rosin 20 - 0.001% in petrolatum.
Ud fra testen reagerede 50 % af forsøgspersonerne på en koncentration ned til 0,1 % (1000 ppm), mens den mest følsomme patient reagerede på et niveau ned til 0,001 % (10 ppm) (18).
Of the subjects tested, 50% reacted down to a concentration of 0.1% (1000 ppm), while the most sensitive patient reacted to a level as low as 0.001% (10 ppm) (18).
For andre patienter testet med tallolie kolofonium (20-0,001 % i vaseline) fandt man ingen reaktion lavere end 1 % (10 000 ppm) (7).
In other patients tested with tall oil rosin (20 - 0.001% in petrolatum), no reactions were found to concentrations lower than 1% (10 000 ppm) (7).
2.2.1 Materialer og metoder
2.2.1 Materials and Methods
7-O-DeA er syntetiseret som beskrevet nedenfor.
7-O-DeA was synthesized as described below.
Stamopløsninger af alle komponenterne er fremstillet i 100 % acetonitril i en koncentration på 1 mg/ml.
Standard stock solutions of each compound were prepared in 100% of acetonitrile at a concentration of 1mg/ml.
De blev opbevaret i fryser gennem projektets forløb.
They were stored in freezer throughout the study.
Standardopløsninger til kvantificering på HPLC blev lavet i acetonitril:MilliQ vand (i forholdet 9:1) med 0,2 % myresyre.
Standard solutions for HPLC were made in acetonitrile:MilliQ water 9:1 with 0.2% formic acid.
Gum rosin (kolofonium) prøver (umodificeret og maleinsyre-anhydridmodificeret fra Soccer, Portugal) og umodificeret kolofonium (Fluka) var opløst i 100 % acetonitril i en koncentration på 1,5 mg/ml.
Gum rosin (colophonium) samples (unmodified and maleic acid anhydridemodified from Soccer, Portugal) and unmodified colophonium (from Fluka) were dissolved in 100% acetonitrile to approximately 1.5 mg/ml.
Kosmetik prøver (1g foundation fra Face, Stockholm) blev spiket med standarder på forskellige koncentrationsniveauer, fra 1 mikrogram/g til 500 mikrogram/g af hver komponent.
Cosmetic samples, (1 g foundation from Face Stockholm) were spiked with standard compounds at different concentration levels, from 1 microgram /g up to 500 microgram/g of each compound.
2.2.1.3 Syntese af 7-O-DeA
2.2.1.3 Synthesis of 7-O-DeA
7-O-deA er syntetiseret i to trin som beskrevet i litteraturen (17).
7-O-DeA was synthesized in two steps according to the procedure described in literature (17).
En blanding af AbA (5,2 g svarende til 17,19 mmol) og 5 % Pd/C (260 mg, 5 % w/w) blev opvarmet til 245 °C i 1 time under nitrogenflow i en to-halset rundbundet kolbe.
A mixture of AbA (5.2 g, 17.19 mmol) and 5 % Pd/C (260 mg, 5 % w/w) was heated to 245 ˚C for 1 hr under nitrogen in a two necked round bottom flask.
Efter afkøling blev det faste stof opløst i ethylacetat (4 x 50 ml eller indtil alt var opløst) og filtreret igennem celite.
After cooling, the solid was dissolved with ethyl acetate (4 x 50 ml, or until all was dissolved) and filtered through celite.
Den organiske fase blev ekstraheret med 0,25 M natrium hydroxid (2 x 100 ml) efterfulgt af forsuring af den vandige fase med 1 M saltsyre.
The organic layer was then extracted with 0.25 M sodium hydroxide (2 x 100 ml) followed by acidifying the aqueous layer with 1 M hydrochloric acid.
Dette var i overensstemmelse med tidligere rapporterede data.
This was in agreement with previous reported data.
Til en blanding af DeA (2,1 g, 6,99 mmol) og kalium hydroxid (0,4 g) i vand (40 ml) blev der drypvis tilsat en opløsning af kalium permanganat (2,8 g, 17,72 mmol) i vand (60 ml) ved stuetemperatur.
To a mixture of DeA (2.1 g, 6.99 mmol) and potassium hydroxide (0.4 g) in water (40 ml), was added a solution of potassium permanganate (2.8 g, 17.72 mmol) in water (60 ml) drop-wise at room temperature.
Slutblandingen blev omrørt i 2,5 time efterfulgt af mætning med svovl dioxid.
The resulting mixture was stirred for 2.5 hr followed by saturating with sulphur dioxide.
Et hvidt bundfald blev dannet og centrifugeret fra, vasket med vand og tørret natten over.
A white precipitate was formed and filtered off, washed with water and air dried over night.
Stoffet blev oprenset ved hjælp af flash kromatografi (ethylacetat/hexan/ trifloureddikesyre 14/85/1) og gav et udbytte på 1,15 g (52 %) af 7-O-DeA med en renhed på 95 %.
Purification by flash chromatography (ethyl acetate/hexane/ trifluoroacetic acid: 14/85/1) afforded 1.15 g (52 %) of 7-O-DeA in 95% purity determined by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR).
Resultatet var i overensstemmelse med tidligere rapporterede data.
This was in agreement with previous reported data
Den stationære fase i kolonnen indeholder både C12-kæder og urea funktioner.
The stationary phase in the column contains both C12-chains and urea functions.
Til SPE blev anvendt Oasis MAX kolonner (6cc, 500mg) fra Waters.
For SPE, Oasis MAX columns (6cc, 500mg) from Waters were used.
2.2.2.1 Analyse af kosmetikprøver
2.2.2.1 Analysis of cosmetic samples
1 g spiket prøve blev tilsat 20 ml acetonitril og sat i ultralydsbad i 30 min. 500 mikroliter EPA opløsning (928 mikrogram/ml) blev tilsat som intern standard (IS) før ekstraktionen.
Spiked 1 g samples were ultrasonicated in 20 ml of acetonitrile during 30 min. An aliquot of 500 microliter EPA from a 928 microgram/ml solution, was added as internal standard (IS) prior to extraction.
Hvert ekstrakt blev overført til plastrør og centrifugeret i 15 min ved 4000 rpm.
Each extract was transferred to plastic tubes and centrifuged during 15 min at 4000 rpm.
Supernatanten blev overført til en kolbe, mens bundfaldet (pellet) blev genopløst i acetonitril, ultralydsbehandlet og centrifugeret igen som beskrevet ovenfor.
The supernatant was transferred to a flask, while the pellet was redissolved in acetonitrile, ultrasonicated and centrifuged using the same procedure.
Supernatant fraktionerne blev samlet og inddampet ved hjælp af rotations inddamper til et volumen på cirka 5 ml.
The supernatants were pooled in the flask and evaporated in a rotavapor to a volume of approximately 5 ml.
MilliQ vand blev derefter tilsat til et slutvolumen på 10 ml indeholdende acetonitril:vand i forholdet 7:3.
MilliQ water was then added to a final volume of 10 ml containing acetonitrile:water 7:3.
Tilsætning af vand gjorde visse af opløsningerne uklare.
Addition of water made some of the solutions opaque.
2.2.2.2 Fast-fase ekstraktion
2.2.2.2 Solid phase extraction
SPE kolonnen blev konditioneret med 1) 3 ml methanol og 2) 3 ml MilliQ.
Conditioning was performed by percolating 1) 3 ml of methanol and 2) 3 ml of MilliQ water through the SPE column.
Prøven blev påsat og kolonnen blev efterfølgende skyllet med 1) 3 ml 50 mM natriumacetat i MilliQ vand for at eliminere meget polære stoffer eller baser, 2) 4 ml methanol for at eliminere hydrofobe stoffer og til sidst 3) 1 ml myresyre (2 %) i methanol.
The sample was loaded and the column was then washed with 1) 3 ml of 50 mM sodium acetate in MilliQ water to eliminate very polar neutrals or bases, 2) 4 ml of methanol to eliminate lipophilic neutrals and finally 3) 1 ml of 2% formic acid in methanol.
Prøven blev derefter elueret med 2 ml myresyre (2 %) i methanol.
The sample was then eluted with 2 ml of 2% formic acid in methanol.
Yderligere 1 ml myresyre (2 %) i methanol blev tilsat i tilfælde af gennembrud.
An additional volume of 1 ml 2% formic acid in methanol was gathered in case of breakthrough.
Frisk myresyre opløsning blev fremstillet hver dag.
Fresh formic acid solution was made daily.
2.2.2.3 Analyse af kolofonium
2.2.2.3 Analysis of gum rosin
Intern standard, 200 mikroliter (186 mikrogram) blev tilsat til 2 ml af 1,5 mg/ml gum rosin opløsninger i acetonitril.
Internal standard, 200 microliter (186 microgram) was added to 2 ml of 1.5 mg/ml gum rosin solutions in acetonitrile.
Gum rosin prøverne blev filtreret og analyseret direkte på HPLC (uden SPE oprensning).
The gum rosin samples were analyzed directly by HPLC after syringe filtration (without SPE clean-up).
Methanol:vand i forholdet 8:2 med 0,05 % myresyre blev brugt som mobil fase med et flow på 1 ml/min (dette giver et tryk på cirka 240 bar).
Methanol:water 8:2 with 0.05% formic acid was used as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1 ml/min (yielding a pressure of approx 240 bar).
Forholdene mellem absorptionen ved de forskellige bølgelængder blev brugt til identifikation af komponenterne.
The different absorption ratios were used for identification of the compounds.
Der blev anvendt isokratisk eluering for at undgå stigning af basislinjen, hvilket ville have givet anledning til højere LOD værdier.
Isocratic elution has to be performed to avoid increasing baseline, which would lead to higher LODs.
Mængden af myresyre var kritisk for både retentionstid og støj på basislinjen.
The amount of formic acid was found to be critical for both retention and noise level.
Der blev lavet en kalibreringskurve i koncentrationsintervallet fra 0,8 ng/mikroliter til 500 ng/mikroliter for hver komponent.
A calibration curve was made from injected concentrations in the interval 0.8 ng/µl to 500 ng/microliter of each compound.
Til kvantificering blev der dagligt lavet et-punkts kalibrering ved tredobbelt injektion af en 250 ng/mikroliter opløsning af komponenterne.
For quantification single-point calibration was performed by a daily triplicate injection of a 250ng/microliter standard.
Kvantifikationen blev foretaget ved brug af relative respons faktorer analyt/IS.
Quantification was performed by using relative response factors analyte/IS.
Specifikke absorptionsforhold (CV mindre end 10 %) blev brugt til identifikation af de forskellige komponenter: AbA:
Specific absorption ratios (CV below 10%) were used for identification of the different compounds:
240nm/250nm: forhold 1,36
AbA: 240nm/250nm 1.36
EPA (IS): 220nm/210nm: forhold 0,40
EPA (is): 220nm/210nm 0.40
Til kvantificering af DeA og EPA blev der anvendt arealtoppe ved bølgelængden 210 nm.
Quantification of DeA and EPA was performed by integration of peaks at 210 nm.
For AbA og 7-O-DeA anvendtes 240nm.
For both AbA and 7-O-DeA the wavelength at 240 was used.
Den udviklede metode bygger på separation og identifikation af de tre udvalgte komponenter i kolofonium (AbA, DeA og 7-O-DeA) (Figur 3).
The method developed is able to separate and identify the three reference colophonium compounds selected (AbA, DeA and 7-O-DeA) (Figure 3).
Detektionen af syrerne er foretaget ved de ovenfor angivne bølgelængder.
Detection of the acids is performed at the wavelengths given above.
Der blev opnået er basislinje separation af AbA og DeA toppene.
Baseline separation of the peaks corresponding to AbA and DeA was obtained.
Den nye metode anvender en LC-kolonne, hvor den stationære fase er mere selektiv overfor molekyleform, hvilket sikrer en separation af pimarinsyre og AbA (dog ikke med total basislinje separation).
The new method with an LC column, which makes the stationary phase more selective to molecular shape, allows for a separation of pimaric acid and AbA (even though not fully baseline-separated).
For lav koncentration (0,02 %) påvirker separationen i en dårlig retning og ved højt niveau (0,1 %) stiger støj på basislinjen kraftigt.
To low a concentration (0.02%) affected the separation in a bad way and to a high level (0.1%) increased the noise level severely.
Der blev anvendt isokratisk eluering, da gradient eluering øgede støjen på basislinjen.
There was used isocratic elution, since gradient elution increased the noise.
2.2.3.2 Separation af komponenter i kolofonium prøver Basislinje separation af toppe svarende til flere harpikssyrer blev også opnået, hvilket analyse af umodificeret kolofonium viser (Se Figur 4).
2.2.3.2 Separation of the target compounds in colophonium samples Baseline separation of peaks corresponding to other resin acids was also obtained as analysis of unmodified colophonium shows (See Figure 4).
Standard opløsning (500 mikrogram/ml) analyseret med den udviklede metode.
Standard solution (500 microgram/ml) analyzed with the developed method.
Figur 4: Kolofonium prøve, umodificeret Rosin fra Soccer (1,5 mg/ml) analyseret med den udviklede metode.
Figure 4: Colophonium sample, unmodified rosin from Soccer (1.5 mg/ml) analyzed with the developed method.
2 = DeA, 3 = EPA, 4 = pimarinsyre, 5 = AbA.
2 = DeA, 3 = EPA, 4 = pimaric acid, 5 = AbA.
Den oxiderede harpikssyre 7-O-DeA kunne ikke detekteres.
The oxidized resin acid 7-O-DeA could not be detected.
Kromatogrammerne er vist ved 220, 240, 250 and 210 nm
The chromatograms are measured at 220, 240, 250 and 210 nm, respectively
Koncentration af komponenterne i forskellige prøver af umodificeret og modificeret kolofonium (mg/g)
Concentrations of the target compounds in different samples unmodified and modified colophonium (mg/g)
Umodificeret kolofonium af gum rosin type (Soccer)
Unmodified colophonium of the gum rosin type (Soccer)
Umodificeret kolofonium af gum rosin type (Fluka)
Unmodified colophonium of the gum rosin type (Fluka)
Malein anhydrid-modificeret gum rosin (Soccer)
Maleic anhydride-modified gum rosin (Soccer)
Toparealerne for AbA, DeA og 7-O-DeA varierer lineært med harpikssyre koncentrationen indenfor koncentrationsområdet 10 mikrogram/g til 500 mikrogram/g.
The peak areas for AbA, DeA and 7-O-DeA varied linearly with resin acid concentrations within the concentration range of 10 microgram/g and 500 microgram/g.
Under anvendelse af den beskrevne metode var instrument detektionsgrænsen (LOD) 4 mikrogram/ml for AbA, 31 mikrogram/ml for DeA og 3 mikrogram for 7-O-DeA.
Using the procedure described, the instrumental limit of detection (LOD) was 4 microgram/ml for AbA, 31 microgram/ml for DeA, and 3 microgram/ml for 7-O-DeA.
De forskellige tilsatte niveauer af de enkelte analytter var 100, 200 og 500 mikrogram/ml.
The different spiked levels for each analyte were 100, 200 and 500 microgram/g.
Enkelte kosmetikprodukter var dog analyseret for indhold af de udvalgte komponenter indenfor dette projekt.
However, selected cosmetic products were analyzed for the content of colophonium.
2.3.1.1 Separation af de udvalgte komponenter i kosmetik Komponenterne blev kvantificeret i forskellige kosmetikprøver i henhold til den udviklede metode.
2.3.1.1 Separation of the target compounds in cosmetics The analytes were quantified in different cosmetic samples according to the method developed.
Separationen var fyldestgørende for identifikation og kvantificering i de testede kosmetikprøver.
The separation was sufficient for identification and quantification in the tested cosmetics samples.
Dette er illustreret med et kromatogram af et voks-strip produkt til hårfjerning (Figur 5).
This is illustrated by the chromatogram of a wax strip product for hair removal (Figure 5).
Kromatogrammet målt ved 210 nm er vist som eksempel.
The chromatogram measured at 210 nm is shown as an example.
Kromatogram af voks strip ved 210 nm.
Chromatogram of a wax strip product at 210 nm.
1=7-O-DeA, 2=DeA, 3=EPA, 4=pimarinsyre, 5=AbA.
1=7-O-DeA, 2=DeA, 3=EPA, 4=pimaric acid, 5=AbA: .
For det høje niveau (135-250 mikrogram/g) var præcisionen 5-7 % (se Tabel 3).
At high levels (135 - 250 microgram/g) the precision was in the range of 5-7% (See Table 3).
Analyser af kosmetikprodukter ved lavt niveau (50 - 90 mikrogram/g) ved standard addition komponent repeterbarhed % repeterbarhed % genfinding LOD LOQ AbA
Analysis of cosmetic product at low level (50 - 90 microgram/g) by standard addition component precision % precision % recovery LOD LOQ AbA
Analyser af kosmetikprodukter ved højt niveau (135 - 250 mikrogram/g) ved standard addition komponent repeterbarhed % repeterbarhed % genfinding AbA
Analysis of cosmetic products at high level (135 - 250 microgram/g) by standard addition component precision % precision % recovery AbA
2.3.1.3 Linearitet og repeterbarhed af HPLC Lineariteten og repeterbarheden blev testet for den udviklede HPLC metode ved gentagne injektioner (n=10).
2.3.1.3 Linearity and Repeatability of HPLC The linearity and repeatability were tested with regard to the developed HPLC method by multiple injections (n=10).
Detektionsgrænsen er bestemt som 3 x SD baseret på 6 analyserede prøver spiket på lavt niveau og lå i omkring 7-20 mikrogram/g (se Tabel 2).
Limit of detection was calculated as 3 x SD based on 6 analyzed samples spiked at low level and ranged from 7-20 microgram/g, (See Table 2).
Bestemmelse af metodens kvantifikationsgrænsen var baseret på spikede kosmetikprøver ved brug af ligningen: LOQ = blind + 3 x LOD.
The method limit of quantification was calculated based on the spiked cosmetic samples using the equation: LOQ = blank + 3 x LOD.
Dette svarede til LOQ = 3 x LOD, da der ikke var målbare blindværdier.
This was equal to LOQ = 3 x LOD as there was no detectable blank values.
Genfindingerne, baseret på standard addition, svarede i niveau til de værdier der var fundet i fase 2.
The recoveries based in standard addition were in accordance with those obtained in phase 2.
Se Tabel 2 og 3.
See table 2 and 3.
CV for genfindingerne lå på 4-6 %.
CV of the recoveries was 4-6%.
2.3.1.7 Identifikation af analytter
2.3.1.7 Identification of the analytes