natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
I og med at dokumentationen stammer fra arbejdsmiljøet, siger den ikke noget om, hvorvidt børn skulle være mere følsomme.
As the documentation is based on occupational exposure, it is not known whether children are more sensitive to exposure to mercury vapours.
Børn anses dog generelt for mere følsomme end voksne over for toksiske effekter.
However, children are generally considered more sensitive than adults towards toxic effects.
Børn har lavere respirationsvolumen end voksne og vil således indånde mindre mængder af de skadelige kviksølvdampe, men børn har også en lavere kropsvægt end voksne.
Children have a lower respiration volume than adults and will therefore inhale smaller amounts of the toxic mercury vapours, but children also have a lower body weight than adults.
Desuden er deres nervesystem under udvikling, og som beskrevet i kapitel 4, så er det kritiske organ netop centralnervesystemet ved en vedvarende høj udsættelse for kviksølvdampe.
Furthermore, their nervous system is under development, and as described in Chapter 4 the critical organ at prolonged high exposure to mercury vapours is exactly the central nervous system.
Der er ikke i dette projekt foretaget en vurdering af, hvad disse koncentrationer vil betyde for børn, der er til stede i et rum, hvor der er sket et uheld.
No assessment has been made in this project whether these concentrations will present a special risk to children that are present in a room where a fluorescent lamp breaks.
Ved beregning af DNEL-værdierne er dog anvendt en faktor 10, der tager for højde for individuelle forskelle i følsomhed hos mennesker.
The DNEL values have, however, been calculated by use of a safety factor of 10 thus accounting for individual differences between humans.
Denne sikkerhedsfaktor skulle således tage højde for, at børn generelt er mere følsomme end voksne over for toksiske effekter.
This safety factor should therefore account for the fact that children are more sensitive than adults towards toxic effects.
Der foreligger dog informationer om, at udsættelse for kviksølvdamp er en særlig risiko for gravide, da kviksølvdamp kan passere moderkagen og skade det ufødte barn.
However, information has been found showing that exposure to mercury vapours is a special risk for pregnant women, since mercury vapours can pass the placenta barrier and harm the unborn child.
De beregnede DNEL-værdier er herefter sammenlignet med beregnede worst-case koncentrationer under oprydning og koncentrationer, der er målt ved forsøg, efter oprydning af ituslåede energisparepærer.
The calculated DNEL values are then compared to the calculated worst-case concentrations during clean-up and to concentrations measured in tests after clean-up of broken fluorescent lamps.
Disse koncentrationer stammer fra diverse forsøg fundet i litteraturen.
These concentrations derive from different tests found in literature.
Til beregning af korttidseksponeringen på de 30 minutters oprydning, er der anvendt en beregningsmodel, der tager højde for ventilation i rummet.
For the calculation of short-term exposure (30 minutes' clean-up), a calculation model has been used that accounts for ventilation in the room.
Beregningsmodellen anvender et bestemt mål for det luftvolumen, der er tæt omkring den eksponerede person, i denne rapport også kaldet indåndingszonen.
The calculation model uses a specific measure for the volume of air surrounding the exposed person - in this report called the breathing zone.
Der er beregnet koncentrationer af kviksølvdampe (for værdier 5 mg Hg i en lyskilde), der overskrider DNELkort-værdien 8 gange.
Calculated concentrations of mercury vapours (for ≤5 mg Hg in a compact fluorescent lamp) exceeding the DNELshort value with up to 8 times have been calculated.
• Almindelig rumventilation: sænker langsomt koncentrationen af kviksølvdampene i rummet.
• Ordinary ventilation: Is slow reduction of concentration of mercury vapours in the room.
Der vil gå op til to timer før kviksølvkoncentrationen i indåndingszonen kommer under DNELkortværdien, hvis der er almindeligt luftskifte i rummet - og hvis der er tale om, at en enkelt energisparepære går itu (værdier for 5 mg Hg i en lyskilde).
It will take up to two hours before the concentration of mercury vapours in the breathing zone falls below the DNELshort value at an ordinary ventilation rate - and if only one lamp is broken (for ≤5 mg Hg in a compact fluorescent lamp).
• Kraftig udluftning: har væsentlig betydning i forhold til at sænke koncentrationen af kviksølv til ikke-sundhedsskadelige niveauer i boligen ved uheld.
• Strong ventilation: Is of significant importance with respect to reducing concentration of mercury to non-harmful levels in the home after accidents.
Efter 10 minutters udluftning med alle vinduer og døre åbne, vil kviksølvkoncentrationen i indåndingszonen på 2 m være under DNELkort-værdien for energisparepærer med lavt indhold af kviksølv ( 2,5 mg Hg), og således ikke udgøre nogen akut risiko.
After 10 minutes of ventilation with all windows and doors open, the mercury concentration in the breathing zone of 2 m will be below the DNELshort value for compact fluorescent lamps with a low content of mercury (≤2.5 mg Hg), and will therefore not present an acute risk.
Efter 15 minutters kraftig udluftning er kviksølvkoncentrationen i indåndingszonen under DNELkort-værdien for energisparepærer med det i dag tilladte indhold af kviksølv (5 mg Hg), og efter 30 minutter er kviksølvkoncentrationen under DNELkort-værdien for alle de beregnede niveauer af kviksølv fra energisparepærer og lysstofrør.
After 15 minutes of strong ventilation, the mercury concentration in the breathing zone is below the DNELshort value for compact fluorescent lamps with the presently permitted content (≤5 mg Hg), and after 30 minutes the mercury concentration is below the DNELshort value for all calculated contents of mercury in fluorescent lamps.
Beregningerne er baseret på et uheld med en enkelt energisparepære/lysstofrør.
The calculations are based on an accident with one single compact or straight fluorescent lamp.
Beregningerne indikerer, at hvis flere sparepærer/lysstofrør går itu på én gang, er afdampningen af kviksølv større og dermed er behovet for udluftning større.
The calculations thereby indicate that if more than one lamp breaks, the evaporation of mercury is larger, and thus the need for ventilation is greater.
Der ligger imidlertid en række usikkerheder i beregningerne, bl.
However, the calculations are subject to many uncertainties.
• At modellen antager, at hele mængden af kviksølv (her 10 % af den totale indholdsmængde af kviksølv i lyskilden) fordamper i det øjeblik, at uheldet sker, da beregningerne ikke tager højde for fordampningshastigheden.
• The calculation model assumes that the entire amount of mercury (here 10 % of the total content of Hg in the lamp) evaporates instantly, when the accident happens, as the calculations do not account for the evaporation rate.
Kviksølv fordamper imidlertid hurtigt (7 % er fordampet indenfor et par minutter), hvorfor overestimeringen ved at anvende 10 % ikke er stor.
Mercury does, however, evaporate quickly (7 % evaporates within a few minutes), and therefore the overestimation of using 10 % is not high.
• At vi i beregningerne antager, at kviksølvdampene kun spredes til indåndingszonen på 2 m
• It is assumed in the calculations that mercury vapours only disperse within the breathing zone of 2 m
Denne antagelse kan medføre en overestimering
That assumption can cause an overestimation.
• At modellen antager, at forbrugeren er udsat for hele kviksølvmængden i hele eksponeringstiden - dvs. de 30 minutter det tager at rydde op - dog undtagen den mængde kviksølv, der fjernes ved udluftning.
• The model assumes that consumers are exposed to the entire amount of mercury during the entire time of exposure - i.e. the 30 minutes it takes to clean up (except the amount of mercury that is removed through ventilation).
Modellen tager således ikke højde for, at den reelle koncentration af kviksølv i indåndingszonen ikke vil blive så høj, hvis kilden til eksponeringen (den ituslåede lyskilde) samles op og fjernes i løbet af eksponeringstiden.
Therefore, the model does not account for the fact that the real concentration of mercury in the breathing zone will be lower, if the exposure source (the broken lamp) is removed from the room before the end of the exposure time.
Der kan således være en overestimering i beregningerne, hvis man sørger for at fjerne kviksølvresterne fra lyskilden forholdsvis hurtigt.
If the mercury and lamp residues are removed quickly, the calculations are hence overestimated.
• At modellen antager, at kviksølvdampene er jævnt fordelt via brug af en blæser, hvorfor ventilationen også vil medføre en jævn udluftning af kviksølvdampene i hele rummet.
• The model assumes that mercury vapours are evenly distributed by use of a fan, and therefore ventilation of the room will result in an even ventilation of the mercury vapours in the room.
Det er ikke undersøgt nærmere, om kraftig ventilation virker lige så effektivt på udskiftning af luften ved gulvet, hvor kviksølvdampene er koncentreret, som ved udskiftning af luften højere oppe i rummet.
It has not been investigated further, whether strong ventilation is as effective regarding air exchange near the floor, where the mercury vapours are concentrated, compared with air exchange higher in the room.
Undersøgelser viser dog, at udluftning fra et vindue også har en effekt på koncentrationen i gulvhøjde.
However, investigations show that air exchange from a window also has an effect on the concentration of mercury near the floor.
• DNELkort-værdien er beregnet på baggrund af en LOAEL-værdi for en eksponering på et par timer (som ikke er yderligere specificeret).
• The DNELshort value is calculated by use of a LOAEL value for an exposure for a few hours (not specified further).
Denne situation dækker over, at man ikke får samlet resterne af den knuste energisparepære ordentligt op og man derved langvarigt kan blive eksponeret for kviksølv.
This is a situation where not all residues of the broken lamp are removed and therefore people can be exposed to mercury vapours in a prolonged time period.
For dette scenarium er det ikke muligt at foretage en beregning af koncentrationen af kviksølv i hjemmet, da det afhænger af mange faktorer som ventilation, hvor godt der er ryddet op osv. I princippet vil afdampning af kviksølv kunne ske, så længe der er kviksølvrester tilbage i lokalet.
For this scenario, it has not been possible to carry out a calculation of the concentration of mercury vapours in the room, as it depends on many factors, such as ventilation, how well clean-up has been performed etc. Evaporation of mercury can in principle continue as long as residues of mercury are left in the room.
Grundig rengøring, hurtigt efter uheldet er sket, vil kunne fjerne langt det meste kviksølv og er derfor vigtigt.
shorter, meaning that the exposure will be significantly lower than calculated.
I nogle tilfælde gik der flere uger før de målte værdier lå under den amerikanske langtidskoncentration uden skadelige effekter på 0,0003 mg Hg/m
In some cases it took several weeks before the measured values were below the US long-term concentration without harmful effects of 0.0003 mg Hg/m
Ved udsættelse for kviksølvdampe over længere tid er konklusionen således, at der kan være en sundhedsmæssig risiko, hvis man ikke får fjernet alle kviksølvholdige rester (dvs. ryddet ordentligt op).
For long-term exposure to mercury vapours the conclusion is that if all mercury residues are not removed properly (i.e. thorough clean-up), they may constitute a health risk.
Grundig rengøring, hurtigt efter uheldet er sket, vil kunne fjerne langt det meste kviksølv og er derfor vigtigt.
Thorough clean-up soon after the accident will remove most of the mercury.
Det er vigtigt at fortsætte udluftningen efter et uheld, da der kan afgives kviksølvdampe fra ikke synlige rester af den ituslåede lyskilde i flere uger/måneder efter uheldet.
Furthermore, it is important to continue ventilation after an accident, as mercury vapours can be released from nonvisible residues of the broken lamp for several weeks/months after the accident.
With this project, the Danish Environmental Protection Agency will examine whether a health risk arises when a compact or straight fluorescent lamp by accident breaks at home.
The purpose of this project is to study whether there is a health risk associated with compact fluorescent lamps or straight fluorescent lamps that accidentally break in private homes.
Therefore, it is examined
The study covers a survey of:
Mercury is a metallic element that can occur as a metal, and in inorganic and metal-organic compounds.
Mercury in solid or liquid form is in equilibrium with vapour-phase mercury.
Mercury vapours are seven times heavier than air and will spread along the floor in a room with inadequate ventilation.
An alloy is composed of one or more elements of which at least one of the elements is a metal.
In compact and straight fluorescent lamps mercury is used either in the form of a HgFe compound, in the form of amalgam or in the form of metallic mercury.
fluorescent lamp furthermore contain an inert gas (e.g. argon) under low pressure and the glass tube is coated on its inner side with a thin layer of fluorescent phosphor (www.datalyse.dk).
Calculation of the level of mercury vapours with no health effects
Straight fluorescent lamps general purpose (triphosphate normal lifetime)
No assessment has been made in this project whether these concentrations will present a special risk to children that are present in a room where an accident with a CFL happens.
In addition, fluorescent lamps contain an electrode, an inert gas and have a thin phosphor coating on the inner side of the glass.
This safety factor should therefore account for the fact that children are more sensitive than adults towards toxic effects.
In the subsequent decay ultraviolet light is emitted and converted to visible light when it hits the phosphor coating on the inner side of the glass.
Therefore, the model does not account for the fact that the real concentration of mercury in the breathing zone will be lower, if the exposure source (the broken CFL) is removed from the room during the exposure time.
In the subsequent decay ultraviolet light is emitted and converted to visible light when it hits the phosphor coating on the inner side of the glass.
If you remove the mercury and CFL residues quickly, the calculations are hence overestimated.
During the lifetime of the lamp more and more mercury will be bound to the phosphor coating.
It is assumed in this report that clean-up in worst case will take half an hour.
Only to a limited extent information about actual quantity of mercury in different products was found.
Which levels can be found at long-term exposure at accidents with broken bulbs at home?
The survey has only to a limited extent been able to clarify which form of mercury is contained in products.
This situation is a situation where you do not remove all the residues of the broken CFL and therefore can be exposed to mercury vapours on a long-term basis.
A limited number of importers, dealers, manufacturers and suppliers were, however, able to deliver more detailed information concerning mercury amounts and mercury compounds used in compact fluorescent lamps/straight fluorescent lamps.
Furthermore, it is important to continue the ventilation after an accident, as mercury vapours can be released from nonvisible residues of the broken CFL in several weeks/months after the accident.
In the following the categories used in the RoHS Directive, the EU ecolabel scheme and Danish tax legislation are described along with the categories of products used by manufacturers/dealers and the Danish energy saving trust.
Undersøgelsen består af en kortlægning af:
• Straight Fluorescent Lamps for special purposes
• hvilke mængder kviksølv og hvilke kviksølvforbindelser, der findes i disse energisparepærer/lysstofrør.
Furthermore, the ecolabel criteria divide single-ended light bulbs into the following two groups:
Der vil derfor være en lille mængde kviksølv på dampform inde i pæren eller lysrøret.
Light bulbs with integral ballast have a normal base, i.e. bayonet or screw base.
En legering er sammensat af to eller flere grundstoffer, hvoraf mindst et af grundstofferne er et metal.
Light bulbs without integral ballast (single and double-ended straight fluorescent lamps) are tubes that are pin based.
Når der sættes spænding på glasrøret, opvarmes elektroden, og der bliver frigjort elektroner.
Nonintegral lamps are single-ended while straight fluorescent lamps are doubleended.
Normalt kan dette ses ved, at indersiden af glasset og det indvendige phosphorlag bliver gråt.
Straight fluorescent lamps are furthermore divided into two categories, of which one is subject to excise duty:
Når der sættes strøm til pæren/lysstofrøret frigives elektroner, der eksiterer kviksølvatomer, som derved løftes til højere energiniveauer.
Furthermore, the same manufacturer has stated that the compact fluorescent lamp without the extra casing is presently most popular on the market, since it is normally cheaper.
I løbet af lyskildens levetid vil mere og mere kviksølv blive bundet til phosphorlaget.
The survey showed that quantities of mercury in fluorescent lamps vary much.
Disse værdier er for tiden under revision, og der arbejdes på at nedsætte grænsen for indhold af kviksølv i sparepære/lysstofrør yderligere.
No pattern has been found regarding types of lamps whether divided according to lamps with integral ballast, without integral ballast, straight fluorescent lamps or shape of lamps.
Kun i et begrænset omfang blev der fundet oplysninger om den konkrete mængde af kviksølv i forskellige produkter.
Examples have been seen that manufacturers already today indicate the mercury content on their packaging.
Kortlægningen har kun i et begrænset omfang kunnet klarlægge, hvilken form for kviksølv, der indgår i produkterne.
Some manufacturers also indicate the mercury content on their website (e.g. Philips).
Oplysninger modtaget fra producenter/importører Producent/Forhandler Info om mængde kviksølv Info om type kviksølv A
Quantities of mercury in compact fluorescent lamps differ among manufacturers.
• Kompakte lysstoflamper (Compact Fluorescent Lamps = CFL) - i daglig tale kaldet energisparepærer
Three manufacturers/importers have told which mercury compounds are added to different compact fluorescent lamps and straight fluorescent lamps.
Dette betyder, at forbrugeren direkte kan erstatte glødepærer med denne type lampe i deres almindelige armaturer.
All these issues have an impact on the quantity of mercury needed in a fluorescent lamp.
De lyskilder, der er uden integreret forkoblingsenhed (lysstofrør med én og to sokler), er lyskilder med stiftsokler.
Research is also made in how to reduce releases of mercury when a fluorescent lamp breaks.
De ikke afgiftspligtige lysstofrør beskrives som:
The result of the survey was the following:
Denne opdeling følger opdelingen i RoHS Direktivet og skelner således mellem lysstofrør, der bruges til generelle belysningsformål og lysstofrør, der bruges til specielle formål i industrien.
Three manufacturers/importers have stated that mercury in the lamps is found in the form of a HgFe tablet, in the form of amalgam or in the form of metallic mercury.
Det er kun de førstnævnte lysstofrør, der er inkluderet i denne undersøgelse.
No correlation has been found between the type of lamp and the type of mercury compound used.
Der kan ændres på absorption karakteristika for den ydre indkapsling for at give pæren mere behagelige farvekarakteristika (f.eks. mindre blåligt og mere rødligt spektrum).
Three manufacturers/importers have stated that mercury in the lamps is found in the form of a HgFe tablet, in the form of amalgam or in the form of metallic mercury.
Ifølge en producent tilsættes der ikke ekstra kviksølv for at kompensere for tabet i lysydeevne (lumen).
No correlation has been found between the type of lamp and the type of mercury compound used.
Samme producent har desuden oplyst, at energisparepærer uden den ekstra indkapsling i øjeblikket er den mest solgte type, da disse generelt er billigere.
Some sources state that consumers are better protected against exposure to mercury in a fluorescent lamp using a HgFe tablet or amalgam compared with liquid mercury, since this mercury is bound.
Forskelle forekommer ikke kun mellem producenter, men også mellem typer af pærer fra den samme producent.
This chapter describes information found in various literature regarding release of mercury when compact/straight fluorescent lamps break.
En lyskilde med en integreret forkoblingsenhed har en almindelig sokkel, dvs. en bajonetsokkel eller skruesokkel, der direkte kan anvendes i almindelige armaturer.
In these tests only metallic mercury was measured and therefore it is not known whether mercury is also released in other forms.
Der er ikke identificeret nogen sammenhæng mellem typen af lyskilde og typen af den kviksølvforbindelse, der bliver anvendt.
Many different tests were made, but one lamp was broken at a time after which a new test (new lamp with new flooring material etc.) was analysed.
Der er derfor ikke gået i yderligere detaljer med den teknologiske udvikling på området.
This reflects that mercury vapours are very heavy and concentrate near the floor.
Den gængse opdeling går på formen (f.eks. pære-, globe-, kerte- eller spiralformede) eller funktionen (f.eks. dæmpbare, udendørs, osv.).
period of time (corresponding to the USEPA reference long-term concentration without hazardous effects (RfC)).
Tre producenter/importører har oplyst, at kviksølv i lyskilderne anvendes i form af en HgFe-tablet, i form af amalgam eller i form af metallisk kviksølv.
One test was also conducted with a cracked lamp instead of a broken lamp as well as one test where lamps were warm further to use.
En producent oplyser desuden, at energisparepærer med en ekstra indkapsling også kan give forbrugeren en ekstra beskyttelse, idet det kan være, at det kun er denne ydre indkapsling, der går i stykker ved uheld i hjemmet.
In other words, release of mercury depends more on type of lamp, i.e. especially quantities of mercury in the lamp and it may also depend on the mercury compound found in the lamp.
En af producenterne har oplyst, at kviksølv kun er på dampform, når pæren er tændt, og at det ellers er bundet til f.eks. phosphorlaget på indersiden af glasset (Producent C).
It was common to all types of flooring (long and short-pile carpets and laminate wooden floor) that even if they looked clean all types of flooring still released mercury even after cleaning and vacuuming.
Dette mere jævnt fordelte
for a total of six measurements.
I bund og grund må det handle om temperaturen (om lyskilden er tændt eller slukket) og af det indre volumen af lyskilden.
For the consumer it is therefore relevant to remove all visible glass, powder and mercury droplets, if any, after an accident with a broken lamp.
Beregningsmodellen indregner baggrundskoncentrationen af kviksølv i udeluften og tager højde for luftskifte/ventilation i rummet.
Evaporation will presumably be lower if the mercury is packed airtight, for instance.
for en arbejdsdag (AT,
Measurements during test (room
I alle tilfælde blev gulvtæpperne fysisk påvirket (simuleret en støvsugning) flere gange efter oprydningen.
Old wooden floors with large spaces may, however, be just as difficult to clean as a carpet.
Undersøgelserne viste, at især gulvtæpper så ud til at indeholde flere ”kviksølvrester” efter en oprydning sammenlignet med trægulv.
One of the interviewed manufacturers stated that during an accident it is relevant to remove all visible glass, powder and even droplets of pure mercury.
Det anvendte trægulv var et laminattrægulv.
Both glass and powder contain mercury.
En af de kontaktede producenter beskriver, at jo ældre pæren er, desto mere kviksølv vil være bundet til phosphorlaget på indersiden af glasset i pæren.
Pieces from the broken lamp and various collection tools should be placed in a closed container, e.g. a canning jar, to avoid spreading of mercury vapours.