natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
UV-hærdende farver og lakker indholder reaktive tyktflydende bindemidler, såkaldte præpolymere acrylater, der ved hærdeprocessen (en polymerisering, som sker ved at farven udsættes for UV lys) omdannes til et fast farve eller laklag.
UV-curing printing inks and lacquers contain reactive, high viscosity binders, so called pre-polymer acrylates, which by the curing process (a polymerisation taking place after exposure to ultraviolet light) are transformed into a solid layer of ink or lacquer.
Farver og lakker indeholder fotoinitiatorer, dvs. lysfølsomme stoffer som ved bestråling aktiveres og sætter hærdeprocessen i gang.
Ink or lacquer contains photoinitiators, i.e. light sensitive compounds, which by radiation become active and initiate the curing process.
Som fortynder anvendes tyndtflydende reaktive monomere af acrylater eller methacrylater.
Low viscosity reactive monomer acrylates or methacrylates are used as thinners.
Desuden indeholder farverne pigmenter og tilsætningsstoffer i mindre mængder (Silfverberg og Sørensen 1998).
Furthermore the inks contain pigments and small amounts of additives (Silfverberg and Sørensen 1998).
Tørring afgiver således ikke fordampelige stoffer, eftersom UV-hærdende farver ikke indeholder opløsningsmidler i normal forstand.
Drying does not release volatile compounds since UV-curing printing inks do not contain solvents in the usual sense.
Det er dog en forudsætning, at hele farvelaget hærdes.
However, a curing of the total ink layer is a prerequisite.
Hvis farvelaget er for tykt, vil noget af farven ikke hærde og kan potentielt medføre eksponering for acrylmonomere.
If the ink layer is too thick some of the ink may not cure (polymerise) sufficiently and may lead to potential exposure from acrylate monomers.
Disse restmonomere kan senere være årsag til kontaktallergi ved berøring.
Residue acrylic monomers may later cause contact dermatitis if exposed to skin.
Acrylmonomere er kendt for at være hudirriterende og kan give allergisk kontakteksem (Thomsen 1990, CEPE 2002).
Acrylic monomers are recognised as skin irritating and may cause contact dermatitis (Thomsen 1990, CEPE 2002).
Teoretisk afgives der ingen flygtige stoffer fra UV-farver og lakker.
Thus, theoretically no volatile compounds are released from UV-cured printing inks and lacquers.
Det bemærkes dog i Silfverberg og Sørensen (1998), at de trykte produkter, hvor der er anvendt UV-hærdende farver og lakker, i visse tilfælde kan have en ubehagelig lugt.
However, it is noted in Silfverberg and Sørensen (1998) that printed matter where UV-curing inks and lacquers are used, sometimes may have an unpleasant smell/odour.
Det udsagn indikerer, at nogle stoffer kan fordampe fra tryksagen.
The statement indicates that some compounds may evaporate from the printed matter.
Rester fra ozondannelsen ved UV-lamperne er også en mulighed.
Residues from ozonation at the UV-lamp may also be a potential source.
2.6 Emissioner under trykning.
2.6 Emissions during printing
Trykkerierne er som andre erhvervsvirksomheder underlagt regler for arbejdsmiljø, og der stilles krav til interne emissionerne.
Printing facilities are as other enterprises subjected to regulations for the working environment and requirements to internal emissions are made.
De fleste emissioner under trykningen opsamles og enten genindvindes (f.eks. op til 98% toluen) eller afbrændes inden udledning til det ydre miljø.
Most emissions from the printing process is collected and either recycled (e.g. up to 98% of toluene) or incinerated before release to the external environment.
Emissioner i distributionen, der tidligere har været undersøgt (Hansen og Petersen 1993, Jelnes 1994) er også reguleret og begrænset i forhold til arbejdsmiljø (EU 1999, Miljøministeriet 2002b).
Emissions during the distribution ( e.g. at post offices) previously examined (Hansen and Petersen 1993, Jelnes 1994) is also regulated relating to the working environment (EU 1999, Miljøministeriet 2002).
For dybtryksager har der især været fokus på toluen, hvor emissionen fra tryksager i arbejdsmiljøet er reguleret (Arbejdstilsynet 1995).
In rotogravure focus has been especially on toluene where emissions from printed matter in the working environment is regulated (Arbejdstilsynet 1995).
I heatset kan det dreje sig om flygtige petroleumsdestillater og alifatiske aldehyder, der er dannet under opvarmningen af de mineralske olier.
In heatset, the releases may be volatile petrodistillates and aliphatic aldehydes formed under heating of the mineral oils.
Aldehyderne kan give lugtgener, da stofferne kan være ildelugtende som f.eks. acetaldehyd, n-butylaldehyd, crotonaldehyd (2-butenal), propionaldehyd, valerianealdehyd (pentanal) (Lauritsen 1991).
The aldehydes may release unpleasant odours as the compounds may be malodorous like acetaldehyde, nbutylaldehyde, crotonaldehyde (2-butenal), propionic aldehyde, or valerianealdehyde (pentanal) (Lauritsen 1991).
2.7 Tryksager i husstanden
2.7 Printed matter in the household
Mængden af tryksager, der finder vej til forbrugeren, er f.eks. opgjort i en undersøgelse, som har beregnet det potentielle papir- og papforbrug i private husstande i år 2000 (Højen og Petersen 2002).
The amount of printed matter reaching the consumer has for instance been assessed in a study calculating the potential consumption of paper and cardboard from private households in the year 2000 (Højen and Petersen 2002).
Papir- og papforbruget er fordelt på kategorier, som er gengivet i nedenstående tabel.
The potential paper and cardboard consumption has been distributed on categories presented in the table below.
Tabel 2.7 Potentielt papir- og papforbrug i år 2000 (Højen og Petersen 2002) kg pr.husstand
Table 2.7 Potential paper and cardboard consumption, 2000 (Højen and Petersen 2002) kg per household
Ugeblade og månedsmagasiner
Weekly and monthly magasines
Distribution af telefonbøger 2)
Distribution af telefone books 2)
3) Ekskl. husstande tilmeldt "Reklamer Nej tak"
3) Excluding housholds registered as not wanting advertising matter
Det samlede potentielle papir- og papforbrug i private husstande er beregnet til 432.000 tons eller 177 kg. per husstand.
The total potential annual consumption of paper and cardboard in private households is estimated to 432,000 tonnes eller 177 kg. per household.
Det beregnede landsgennemsnit dækker imidlertid over større forskelle både med hensyn til såvel sammensætningen som den samlede mængde.
The estimated country average covers large differences in both categories and in the total amount.
Variationen for hver kategori er vist som et interval opgjort i kg/husstand per kommune.
The variation in each category is presented as an interval in kg/household per municipality.
Brancheforeningen af Danske Distributionsvirksomheder (BDD) har angivet gennemsnitstal for omdelte tryksager, gældende uanset om tryksagerne er omdelt privat eller omdelt af Post Danmark.
The association of Danish distribution enterprises (Brancheforeningen af Danske Distributionsvirksomheder, BDD) has information on the average number of distributed printed matter covering private and Post Denmark distributions.
BDD opgiver, at 1934 millioner tryksager er omdelt til danske husstande i 2001, svarende til 15 stk. pr. uge eller ca. 38 kg pr. år.
BDD informs that a number of 1934 million printed matter are distributed to Danish households in 2001 corresponding to 15/week or 38 kg per household.
Heraf er skønnet, at ca. 18% er produceret i dybtryk (BDD 2002).
Of these approx. 18% is produced in rotogravure (BDD 2002).
Baseret på disse oplysninger antages forbruget af tryksager til 61,1 kg per husstand per år svarende til 1,2 kg om ugen.
Based on this information the consumption of printed matter is 61.1 kg per household annually, corresponding to 1.2 kg per week.
Deraf antages 18% at være dybtryk svarende til ca. 0,2 kg og resten offset svarende til ca. 1 kg.
Rotogravure processed printed matter is assumed to be 18% corresponding to 0.2 kg and the remaining part offset corresponding to approx. 1 kg.
Ved bortskaffelse bliver tryksagerne enten genbrugt eller sendt til forbrænding eller losseplads.
At disposal, printed matter is recycled, incinerated or landfilled.
De fordampelige organiske stoffer (VOC) vurderes at blive frigjort ved disse processer.
Volatile organic compounds are estimated to be released during the processes.
Ved genbrug kan VOC blive frigjort eller forblive i papirmassen (se afsnittet nedenfor).
During recycling the VOCs may be emitted or remain in the paper pulp (cf. below).
Ved anbrigelse på losseplads vil de VOC' er, der er tilbage i papiret, blive frigjort efterhånden som papiret nedbrydes.
By landfilling, the VOCs remaining in then printed matter will slowly be released during the degradation of the paper.
Ved forbrænding skønnes VOC' erne at blive nedbrudt under forbrændingen.
By incineration the VOCs are estimated to be destroyed during the incineration process.
Restemission og de rester, der stadig er tilbage i papir og trykfarver, er ikke målt og kan derfor ikke vurderes.
The residual emissions and the residuals remaining in the paper and printing inks at disposal were not measured.
Som illustreret med eksemplet fra dybtryk nedenfor kan restmængden være betydelig.
As illustrated by rotogravure below the residuals remaining in the paper at disposal may be significant.
I Hansen og Petersen (1993) vurderedes det, at 16% af dybtrykte tryksager bortskaffedes ved deponering, 23% genanvendes og 61% forbrændes.
In Hansen and Petersen (1993), it is estimated that 16% of the rotogravure printed matter is disposed of by landfilling, 23% is reused (recycled) and 61% incinerated.
Størsteparten af de rester af flygtige stoffer, der er tilbage i de tryksager, der forbrændes, antages at blive destrueret under forbrændingen eller omdannes til andre stoffer.
The main fraction of residual volatile organic compounds in printed matter that is incinerated is assumed destroyed during the process of incineration or transformed into other compounds.
Undersøgelsen fra 1993 (Hansen og Petersen 1993) antyder, at ca. 9 tons toluen per år emitteres fra deponerede og genanvendte dybtryksager.
The study from 1993 (Hansen and Petersen 1993) indicates that approx. 9 tonnes of toluene each year is released from landfilled and recycled rotogravure printed matter.
Resultatet er baseret på en totalmængde på 40.000 tons dybtryksager og et restindhold på 690 mg ekstraherbart toluen i tryksagerne.
The result is based on a total volume of 40,000 tonnes of rotogravure with a residue content of 690 mg/kg extractable toluene in the printed matter.
Med de nye regler for indsamling og genanvendelse skal mindst 60% være indsamlet som returpapir senest 2004 (Tønning 2000).
According to current regulations, at least 60% paper and cardboard should be collected and recycled by 2004 at the latest (Tønning 2000).
Hvis det antages, at de fleste kommuner opfylder betingelserne på 55% i 2002, kan emissionen omregnes til ca. 13 tons toluen.
If assumed that most municipalities fulfil the requirement of 55% in 2002, the release to the atmosphere may be estimated to approx. 13 tonnes of toluene.
Toluen bruges stadig i stort omfang, selv om tekniske ændringer såsom opvarmning, papirtype og farvesammensætning er sket i perioden og utvivlsomt har reduceret afgivelsen.
Toluene is still used to a great extent even though a technical progress such as heating, paper types and formulations of printing ink has happened during the later years and may have reduced the emission.
Ved genbrug af tryksager skal alt papiret igennem en afsværtningsproces ("deinking"), hvor der fjernes trykfarver og lakker, lim og andre urenheder, så nyt papir kan fremstilles af fibrene.
At recycling printed matter, all paper has to go through a de-inking process where printing inks, lacquer, glue and other impurities are removed before new paper can be made from the fibres.
Begge metoder begynder med en opslemning af tryksagerne i rigelige mængder vand under mekanisk og kemisk påvirkning.
Both methods start with the printed matter being suspended in large amounts of water under mechanical and chemical influence.
Ved vaskning udvaskes farve og det oprindelige papirs fyldstoffer, mens cellulosefibrene opkoncentreres.
In the "washing" process, inks and additives of the original paper are washed out while the cellulose fibres are concentrated.
Metoden er mest anvendt i USA.
The method is mostly used in America.
Ved flotation, som er den mest anvendte metode i Europa, tilsættes kemikalier, som får cellulosefibrene til at svulme op og afstøde farve.
In the "flotation" process, which is the most used method in Europe, chemicals are added that make the cellulose fibres swell and reject the printing inks.
Ved gennembobling med luft bringes urenheder op til overfladen, hvor de afskummes.
By letting air bubble though the solution, impurities are brought to the surface where they can be removed by defoaming.
I genbrugsprocessen vil en del rest-toluen kunne emitteres, mens en del vil forblive i opløsningen.
In the recycling process a fraction of the residue toluene may be released while a fraction may remain in the solution.
Udvælgelsen var baseret på tryksagskategorier og det endelige valgt blev afgjort af tilgængeligheden af den udvalgte tryksag.
The primary selection was based on the printed matter category and the final selection was based on the availability of the selected printed matter.
For eksempel distribueres tryksager rimelig hurtigt efter trykning, så de enkelte valg kunne være et spørgsmål om, hvad der var muligt på indsamlingstidspunkterne (6-12 september 2002).
For instance, printed matter is distributed rather quickly after printing meaning that the final choice could depend on which printed matter that was available at the sampling time (September 6 to 12, 2002).
Efter en første screening af 21 tryksager udvalgte Miljøstyrelsen på basis af resultaterne 6 tryksager til nærmere analyse af indholdsstoffer og deres mængde.
After the first screening of the 21 printed matter and on the basis of results of the chemical screening, the Danish Environmental Agency selected 6 items of printed matter for further analysis of VOC content and quantity of chemical substances.
3.1.1 Indsamling og analyse
3.1.1 Sampling and analyses
Tryksagerne til den første screening blev indsamlet direkte på trykkeriet lige efter trykning.
The printed matter for the first screening was sampled directly at the printing works right after their printing.
3.1.2 Screening af indholdsstoffer
3.1.2 Screening of volatiles
Den indledende kvalitative screening blev foretaget som en headspaceanalyse.
The qualitative screening was performed as a headspace analysis.
En kendt mængde tryksag blev opklippet i 1 cm brede strimler og anbragt i "red cap" glasbeholder i en mængde på 45 g/l beholdervolumen.
A known amount of printed matter was shredded into 1 cm strips and quickly placed in "red cap" glass containers at 45 g/l container volume.
Beholderen blev opvarmet til 100ºC i 1 time, hvorefter gasprøver blev udtaget.
The container was heated to 100ºC for 1 hour after which gas samples was collected.
Opvarmningen sikrer, at alle potentielle flygtige forbindelser opsamles.
The heating ensures that all potential volatile compounds were released.
Gasprøverne blev analyseret med kapillarkolonne gaschromatografi kombineret med massespektrometrisk detektion (GC-MS).
The gas samples was analysed using capillary column gaschromatography combined with mass spectrophotometric detection (GC-MS).
Resultaterne viser, hvilke organiske forbindelser, der afgasser fra tryksagen og deres indbyrdes relative forhold.
The results showed which organic compounds evaporated from the printed matter and their relative distribution.
Ved de indledende headspaceanalyser er de fleste af de stoffer, der kunne tænkes at afgasse fra tryksagerne (på nær lette aldehyder), identificeret.
In the headspace analyses most potential volatile organic compounds except the low molecular weight aldehydes are identified.
For eksempel var dybtryk præget af store mængder organiske opløsningsmidler, hvoraf toluen udgjorde størsteparten.
matter had a common feature in large amounts of organic solvents of which toluene was the main compound.
For offset (heatset og ark-offset) udgjorde tunge kulbrinter (C8-C19) alkaner den største andel.
Offset (heatset and sheet offset) had a common feature in hydrocarbons where long chained alkanes (C8-C19) constituted the main fraction.
Begge kunne tages som udtryk for de basale arbejdsmetoder ved trykningen.
Both observations could be seen as an expression of the basic printing techniques.
De kvantitative bestemmelser blev udført efter et møde med Miljøstyrelsen, hvor det diskuteredes, hvilke stoffer der kunne være mest interessante at gå i dybden med.
The quantitative measurements were performed after a meeting at the Danish Environmental Protection Agency where it was discussed which compounds that could be the most interesting to focus on.
De udvalgte tryksager er listet i tabellen nedenfor.
The selected printed matters are listed in the table below.
Tryksagernes navne er anonymiseret, eftersom det ikke er meningen at fokusere på den enkelte tryksag, men at få et generelt indblik i eksponeringen fra tryksager baseret på målte emissioner.
The specific names of the printed matter are made anonymous, as it was not the purpose to focus on a specific printed matter but to get a general insight on the exposures of VOCs from the printed matter based on measured emissions.
Før måling er baggrundskoncentrationen i indsugningsluften målt og trukket fra det målte resultat.
Before the actual measuring, the background concentration in the inlet air was measured and subtracted from the measured result.
1. måling er lige efter trykning.
1st measurement is performed just after printing.
2. måling er 1-5 dage efter trykning.
2nd measurement is performed 1 to 5 days after printing.
Tabel 3.1 Tryksager indsamlingsdag, prøvedag og opbevaring Tryk (tryksag)
Table 3.1 Printed matter sampling date, measuring day and way of storage Printed matter
Flexotryk med UV farver (etikette)
Flexography with UV-curing inks (label)
Ca. 5 m rullet sammen
Ca. 5 m wined up
En kendt luftmængde er suget igennem passende opsamlingsmateriale.
A known volume of air is sucked through the container and then through suitable adsorption material.
Opsamlingsmaterialerne, som den afgassede luft blev opsamlet på, var Tenax-rør, aktivkul- og DNPH-rør.
The adsorption material used to sample the exit gas was Tenax-tubes, charcoal- and DNPH-tubes.
Tenax- og kulrør er velegnede til opsamling (adsorption) af flygtige organiske forbindelser (VOC'er).
Tenax- and charcoal tubes are suitable for adsorption of volatile organic compounds (VOC's).
Silicagel imprægneret med dinitro-phenyl-hydrazin (DNPH-rør) er velegnet til opsamling af aldehyder, acetone og 2-butanon.
Silicagel impregnated with dinitro-phenyl-hydrazine (DNPH-tube) is suitable for the collection of aldehydes, acetone and 2-butanon.
Der blev udtaget en luftprøve over 60 minutter med et flow på 0,65 l/min. Den totale luftmængde, der blev trukket gennem beholderen var 117 liter, svarende til 39 liter luft trukket gennem hvert af de tre filtre per time.
An air sample was extracted over 60 minutes with an air flow of 0.65 l/min. The total air volume sucked through the container was 117 litre corresponding to 39 litre of air sucked through each of the three filters (tubes) per hour.
Luftens temperatur var 23ºC med 50% relativ fugtighed.
The air temperature was 23ºC at 50% relative humidity.
De kemiske analyser for de kvantitative bestemmelser af de enkelte flygtige organiske forbindelser (VOC'erne) foregik efter ekstraktion af stofferne fra opsamlingsmaterialet (kul- og tenaxrør) med henholdsvis carbondisulfid og diethylether med deuterium-isotopmærket intern standard.
After extraction of the compounds from the adsorbent charcoal and tenax tubes by carbondisulphide and diethylether, respectively, the chemical analyses and quantitative measurements of the volatile organic compounds took place using deuterium-isotope labelled internal standards.
Eluaterne blev herefter analyseret med GC-MS-SIM.
The eluates were analysed using GC-MS-SIM detection.
DNPH-rørene blev ekstraheret med acetonitril og analyseret med væskechromatografi på udstyr med diode detektor, HPLC-UV.
The DNPH-tubes was extracted by acetonitrile and analysed using liquid chromatography with a diode detector: HPLC-UV.
Der er foretaget dobbeltbestemmelse på eluaterne og gennemsnitsmængden er beregnet.
Double detection was performed on each eluate and the average calculated.
Ved alle analyserne er kvantificeringen foretaget i forhold til kalibreringsstandarder af det detekterede stof eller tæt beslægtede kemiske forbindelser (NIST database).
For all analyses quantification were performed in relation to calibration standards of the detected compound or closely related compounds (NIST database).
Til estimering af eksponeringerne er resultaterne for hver tryksag opgjort som:
To estimate the exposure the results for each printed matter is presented as:
· Koncentrationen afgasset til luften i beholderen med papirstrimler (µg/m3).
· Concentration evaporated to the air from the shredded paper (µg/m3).
· Mængden af afgivet kemisk stof per tryksag (µg/tryksag)
· Amount of emitted compound per printed matter (µg/printed matter)
· Mængden af afgivet stof per kg tryksag (µg/kg tryksag)
· Amount of emitted compound per kg printed matter (µg/kg printed matter)
Detaljerede tal af de kemiske analyser af adsorbanterne kan findes i den kemiske analyserapport (bilag 4).
Details of the chemical analyses of the adsorbants can be found in the chemical analysis report (Appendix 4).
Resultaterne af den kvalitative bestemmelse er gengivet nedenfor (tabel 3.2).
The result of the qualitative measurements is presented below (table 3.2).
Oversigten i tabellen viser, at dybtryk adskiller sig væsentligst ved afgivelser af store mængder toluen og terpenolier/terpener, flexotryk ved alkoholer, og offset ved alifatiske kulbrinter.
The summary table illustrate that rotogravure differs significantly by the release of large amounts of toluene and terpene oils/terpenes, flexographic by alcohols and offset by the release of aliphatic hydrocarbons.
Fælles for dem alle er toluen, aldehyder og enkelte ketoner.
Common to all is toluene, aldehydes and single ketones.
Forskelle i sammensætninger og mængder omtales separat for hver tryksag nedenfor.
Differences in composition and amounts are mentioned separately for each printed matter (cf. below).
Tabel 3.2 Oversigt over målte flygtige forbindelser i de udvalgte tryksager Tryksag, ID nr.:
Table 3.2 Summary of measured volatile compounds in selected printed matter Printed matter, ID no.:
Kul / Tenax-rør:: Toluen
Charcoal/Tenax tube: Toluene
C9 H12, arom kulbrinte C10 H14, arom kulbrinte alfa-Pinen
C9 H12, arom hydrocarbon C10 H14, arom hydrocarbon alfa-Pinene
Nedenfor gives en oversigt over målingerne for de enkelte tryksager.
Below is presented a summary of the measured results for each printed matter.
Eftersom trykformen er den væsentligste faktor, omend papiret kan være medvirkende, er de involverede tryksager ikke navngivet.
Because the type of printing is the most important factor, even though the paper also may affect the results, the printed matter is not specified further.
Til målingerne er anvendt, hvad trykkerierne havde af "friske" tryksager på indsamlingstidspunktet.
For the measurements is used what the printing works had of "fresh" printed matter if the intended printed matter was unavailable.
Det er derfor ikke nødvendigvis de samme tryksager som ved screeningen, der er anvendt.
The printed matter therefore may not necessarily have to be the same as the ones used in the screening.
Det er dog sikret at papir og trykfarver er de samme.
However, it has been ensured that the printing inks and paper are identical.
3.1.4.1 Tryksag nr. 2 (dybtryk) Måleresultater og beregnede værdier er gengivet i tabellen nedenfor.
3.1.4.1 Printed matter no. 2 (rotogravure) Measured concentrations and calculated values are presented in the table below.
Tabel 3.3 Resultater af emissionsmåling af tryksag nr. 2 (dybtryk)
Table 3.3 Results of emission measurements of printed matter no. 2 (rotogravure)