natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
I fase 1 er der udarbejdet en liste over leverandører/producenter af relevante produkter samt allerede kendte indholdsstoffer.
During Phase 1 a list of suppliers/producers of relevant products and already known constituents was drawn up.
I fase 2 er der gennemført kemiske screeningsanalyser af udvalgte produkter på markedet.
During Phase 2, chemical screening of selected products in the market was carried out.
Efterfølgende er der gennemført supplerende analyser af udvalgte kemiske stoffer.
Subsequently, supplementary analyses of selected chemical substances were carried out.
For ti af de fundne stoffer er der gennemført datasøgning til belysning af stofferne og vurdering af deres eventuelle toksiske effekter.
In the case of ten of the substances found, data searches were carried out to obtain information on them and to evaluate any possible toxic effects they might have.
2 Fremstilling af papirlommetørklæder og toiletpapir
2 The manufacture of paper handkerchiefs and toilet paper
Papirlommetørklæder og toiletpapir fremstilles af en papirmasse baseret på nye cellulosefibre, returfibre eller en blanding af begge.
Paper handkerchiefs and toilet paper are produced from pulp based on new cellulose fibres, recycled fibres or a combination of the two.
Produkterne er karakteriserede ved egenskaber som blødhed, renhed, høj absorptionsevne og styrke.
The products are classified according to properties such as softness, purity, high absorption capacity and strength.
Fremstillingsprocesserne er illustreret i den følgende figur 1.
Manufacturing processes are illustrated in Figure 1 below.
Figur 1 Oversigt over fremstilling af papir
Figure 1 Outline of paper manufacture
Ved fremstilling af papirmasse af nye cellulosefibre omdannes frisk træ (nåletræ eller løvtræ) ved enten en mekanisk eller kemisk proces til papirmasse.
In the manufacture of pulp from virgin cellulose fibres, fresh wood (softwood and hardwood) is converted to pulp either through a chemical or a mechanical process.
Ved den kemiske proces opløses træets lignin ved en kogning med anvendelse af sulfat- eller sulfitmetoden.
In the chemical process the lignin of the wood is dissolved by using the sulphate or the sulphite method.
Lignin er bindemidlet, som holder fibrene i træet sammen.
The lignin is the bonding substance that holds the fibres together.
Herved fås en fibermasse samt en kogevæske bestående af kemikalier og træsubstans.
This process results in a fibre pulp and a solution consisting of chemicals and wood substances.
Kemikalierne i kogevæsken kan i begge processer inddampes og genindvindes.
In both processes the chemicals in the fluid can be recovered.
Den anvendte metode afhænger af træsort.
The method used depends on the type of wood.
Sulfatmetoden kan f.eks. anvendes til træsorter som fyr, eg, bøg og birk /4/.
For example, the sulphate method can be used for wood such as pine, oak, beech and birch /4/.
Der benyttes en række kemikalier til kogning af træflisen.
A number of chemicals are used to dissolve the wood.
Ved sulfitmetoden anvendes sulfitter af typen natriumsulfit, magnesiumsulfit og calciumsulfit.
The sulphite method makes use of sulphites such as sodium sulphite, magnesium sulphite and calcium sulphite.
Efter kogning er sulfitmassen grågul.
Following this process the sulphite pulp is greyish yellow.
Typisk benyttes hydrogenperoxid til blegning af sulfitmasse.
Hydrogen peroxide is typically used to bleach the sulphite pulp.
Til sulfatprocessen benyttes kemikalier som natriumsulfid, natriumhydroxid, natriumsulfat og slimbekæmpelsesmidler (slimicider).
The sulphate process makes use of such chemicals as sodium sulphide, sodium hydroxide, sodium sulphate and anti-slime agents (slimicides).
Sidstnævnte anvendes for at forhindre mikrobiel vækst og deraf følgende slimdannelse.
The latter are used to prevent microbial growth and the consequent formation of slime.
Blegemidlerne er hydrogenperoxid, chlordioxid, hypochlorit, natriumhypochlorit, natriumhydroxid med flere.
Bleaching agents include hydrogen peroxide, chlorine gas, chlorine dioxide, hypochlorite, sodium hypochlorite, sodium hydroxide, and others.
Hvis fremstillingen baseres på returpapir eller en andel af returpapir, skal tryksværte fjernes fra papiret og papiret skal omdannes til fibre igen.
If manufacture is based on recycled paper or a proportion of recycled paper the printing ink must be removed from the paper and the paper must be reconverted to fibre.
Det sker ved en proces ("De-inking"), hvor sæbebobler opfanger trykfarven, der efterfølgende centrifugeres fra.
This takes place during the de-inking process during which soap bubbles absorb the printing ink, which is then centrifuged out.
Der indgår både vand og kemiske stoffer.
Both water and chemicals are used in the process.
Natriumsæbe tilsættes den opslemmede genbrugspapirmasse, hvorved urenheder som fyldstoffer og tryksværte kan skummes af som slam.
Sodium soap is added to the recycled pulp in suspension, after which impurities such as filler and printing ink can be skimmed off as sludge.
Herefter vaskes fibrene adskillige gange.
The fibres are then washed a number of times.
Til oprensning af genbrugsfibrene kan natriumhydroxid, kompleksdanner, hydrogenperoxid og vandglas anvendes.
Sodium hydroxide, complexing agents, hydrogen peroxide and alkali silicates can be used in the purification of recycled fibres.
Efter papiret er fremstillet, sker der en oprulning af papiret til flere lag.
After the paper has been produced it is rolled up in layers.
I kapitel 4 gives en kort beskrivelse af de forskellige kemiske stoffer, der indgår i processerne og dermed kan følge med fibrene eller kan forekomme som restindhold i returfibre.
Chapter 4 provides a short description of the various chemicals used in the processes and which can thus be integrated in the fibre or can occur as residual content in recycled fibres.
3 Kortlægning af producenter og leverandører
3 Survey of manufacturers and suppliers
Papirlommetørklæder og toiletpapir forhandles især via supermarkeder og andre dagligvarebutikker.
Paper handkerchiefs and toilet paper are mostly sold through supermarkets and other convenience stores.
Produkterne fremstilles ikke i Danmark, men af store internationale producenter.
These products are not manufactured in Denmark but by major international manufacturers.
3.1 Producenter og leverandører
3.1 Manufacturers and suppliers
De væsentligste aktører på det danske marked er identificeret og er kontaktet ved telefonisk og/eller skriftlig henvendelse.
The most important players in the Danish market were identified and contacted by telephone and/or mail.
Det drejer sig om følgende:
The following companies are involved:
Papirlommetørklæder og toiletpapir Producent
Paper handkerchiefs and toilet paper Manufacturer
Der findes i følge detailhandelen, fire væsentlige leverandører til det danske marked af papirlommetørklæder.
According to the retail trade, there are four major suppliers to the Danish paper handkerchief market.
Derudover kan der være andre leverandører, som leverer private labels, dvs. mærker, hvis navne er specifikke for den pågældende kæde, f.eks. COOP eller Dansk Supermarked.
In addition, there may be other suppliers which supply private labels, i.e. whose name is specific to the chain in question, e.g. COOP or Dansk Supermarked.
De fire største producenter der leverer til det danske marked er:
The four major manufacturers supplying the Danish market are:
Tabel 1 giver en oversigt over pairlommetørklæder på det danske marked med tilhørende producent, leverandører og forhandlere.
Table 1 provides a review of paper handkerchiefs in the Danish market with manufacturers, suppliers and dealers.
Bemærk at der kan være flere forhandlere af produkterne end angivet i tabellen.
Note that there may be more product dealers than those mentioned in the table.
Tabel 1 Oversigt over producenter, der leverer papirlommetørklæder til det danske marked
Table 1 Survey of Manufacturers supplying paper handkerchiefs to the Danish market
100% ny cellolose, brintperoxid
100% new cellulose, hydrogen peroxide
Ny cellulose + returmasse, DIP, eucalyptus menthol
New cellulose + recycled pulp, DIP, eucalyptos menthol
Georgia Pacific Lotus menthol Ingen
Georgia Pacific Lotus menthol
Svanemærket Dansk Supermarked m.fl.
Edit Softis Swan label Dansk Supermarked etc.
100% ny cellulose, blegning uden klor
100% new cellulose, bleaching without chlorine
Svanemærket Dansk Supermarked m.fl.
Swan label Dansk Supermarked etc.
100% ny cellulose, blegning uden klor, eucalyptus menthol
100% new cellulose, bleaching without chlorine, eucalyptos menthol
100% ny cellulose, brintperoxid
100% new cellulose, hydrogen peroxide
Ren ny cellulose, ingen blegning
New cellulose, no bleaching
Ny cellulose, ECF
New cellulose, ECF
Ny cellulose, ECF, mineral olie, ceresin, stearyl alkohol, isopropyl palmitat, calendula olie
New cellulose, ECF, mineral oil, ceresin, stearyl alcohol, isopropylpalmitate calendula oil
ECF (elementary chlorine free): iltforbindelser som ilt, ozon, brintperioxid og chlordioxid er anvendt til blegning
ECF (elementary chlorine free): oxygen compounds such as oxygen, ozone, hydrogen peroxide are used in bleaching
På tilsvarende måde findes der ligeledes tre væsentlige leverandører til det danske marked af toiletpapir.
Similarly, there are three major suppliers to the Danish toilet paper market.
Derudover kan der ligeledes være andre leverandører, som leverer private labels.
In addition, there may be other suppliers who supply private labels.
De tre største producenter der leverer til det danske marked er:
The three major manufacturers supplying the Danish market are:
Tabel 2 giver en oversigt over toiletpapir på det danske marked med tilhørende producent, leverandører og forhandlere.
Table 2 provides a review of toilet paper in the Danish market with appurtenant manufacturers, suppliers and dealers.
Tabel 2 Oversigt over udvalgte leverandører og forhandlere af toiletpapir.
Table 2 Survey of selected toilet paper suppliers and dealers
Mærkning Forhandlere Fibre/blegemetode/farve
Fibre/Bleaching method/additives
Ny cellulose + returmasse, ECF/BCTMP, tørstyrkemiddel, pigmenter
New cellulose + recycled pulp, ECF/BCTMP, dry stregnth agent, pigments
Svanemærket Diverse supermarkeder
Swan label Various supermarkets
100% bleget returmasse, formamidinsulfinsyre (FAS) og natriumdithionit
100% bleached recycled pulp, formamidine sulfonic acid (FAS), sodium thionite
I den efterfølgende tabel 3 er anført en liste over væsentlige detailhandelskæder på det danske marked, som er forhandlere af produkterne.
Table 3 below contains a list of the most important retail chains in the Danish market which are dealers in these products.
Tabel 3 Oversigt over udvalgte forhandlere
Table 3 Survey of selected dealers
4 Kortlægning af kemiske indholdsstoffer
4 Survey of chemical constituents
Detailhandelskæder og producenter er kontaktet telefonisk og skriftligt ved spørgeskema og kommentering af udsagn.
Retail chains and manufacturers were contacted by telephone or by post with a questionnaire and comments on statements.
Formålet har været at indhente informationer om hvilke stoffer, der aktivt tilsættes produkterne og at indhente analyseresultater af indholdsstoffer fra producenterne.
The purpose was to obtain information about the substances which are actively added to the products and to obtain analysis results on constituent substances from the manufacturers.
De indsamlede data fra producenter har generelt været meget begrænsede.
The data collected from the manufacturers has in general been of a very limited nature.
Kun enkelte detailhandelskæder har kendskab til hvilke stoffer, der indgår i produkterne i form af analyser.
Only very few of the retail chains possess any knowledge in the form of analyses of which substances are contained in the products.
Oplysningerne har været af generel karakter.
Information was of a general nature.
De har fx oplyst at de ikke aktivt tilsætter kemiske stoffer, men de formoder, der kan være restindhold af kemiske stoffer fra returfibre og fra renseprocesserne ved brug af returfibre.
For example, we were informed that there is no active addition of chemical substances, but they suppose that there might be chemical residues from recycled fibres and from the purification process when using recycled fibres.
Dataindsamlingen er suppleret med data fra tilgængelig litteratur.
Data collection was supplemented with data from available literature.
Ved fremstilling af papir anvendes en række kemiske stoffer.
A number of chemical substances are used in the manufacture of paper.
I henhold til beskrivelse af papirproduktion i Europa /6/, det såkaldte BREF (BAT reference document) under IPPC direktivet, kan der anvendes op til 800 forskellige kemiske stoffer i papirproduktion.
According to the description of paper production in Europe /6/, the so-called BREF (BAT reference document) under the IPPC directive, up to 800 different chemical substances may be used in paper manufacture.
Når det gælder produktionen af papir, der anvendes til toiletpapir og papirlommetørklæder, vurderes omfanget at være noget mindre, idet der anvendes færre typer af stoffer i færre procestrin.
In the case of paper produced for use as toilet paper and paper handkerchiefs, the range is assessed as being somewhat narrower, as fewer types of substance in fewer process steps are used.
De syntetiske kemiske stoffer, som anvendes til papirproduktion kan opdeles efter funktioner i processen og det færdige produkt, som illustreret i tabel 4.
The synthetic chemical substances used in paper production can be divided according to the parts of the process and the finished product, as shown in table 4.
Sizing incl. stivelse
Wet strength agents
Blegemidler ”retention” og flokkulering
Retention and flocculation
Farvestoffer og optisk hvidt
Dyes and optical brightening
Proceskemikalier til papirfremstilling er:
Processing chemicals used in paper manufacture are:
Produkt kemikalier er:
Product chemicals are:
· Fyldstoffer (filler) · Sizing (gør papiret vandskyende) · Fixing (øger adsorption af kemiske stoffer til fibrene) · Tørstyrkemiddel (øger papirets styrke i tør tilstand) · Vådstyrkemiddel (øger papirets styrke i våd tilstand) · Farvestof · Optisk hvidt · Coatning (overfladegenskaber)
· Fillers · Sizing (makes the paper water-repellent) · Fixing (increases adsorption of chemicals to the fibres) · Dry strength agents (increases paper strength in dry state) · Wet strength agents (increases paper strength in wet state) · Dyes · Optical brightening · Coating (surface properties)
I produktionen af papir til toiletpapir og papirlommetørklæder anvendes ikke nødvendigvis alle de nævnte grupper af kemiske stoffer.
All the mentioned groups of chemicals may not necessarily be used in the manufacture of toilet paper and paper handkerchiefs.
Følgende typer af kemiske stoffer kan anvendes til produktionen af toiletpapir og papirlommetørklæder:
The following types of chemical substances are used in the production of toilet paper and paper handkerchiefs.
4.1 Restindhold af kemiske stoffer i papir
4.1 Chemical residues in paper
De anvendte kemiske stoffer i produktionen af papir kan udledes til vand, til luft, som affald eller følge med papiret.
The chemicals used in the manufacture of paper can be discharged into water environment, the air, as waste or may remain contained in the paper.
Fordelingen afhænger af processen og hvilke additiver, der bruges.
Distribution depends on the process and the additives used.
Tendensen blandt producenterne går i retning mod, at sikre, at så stor en andel som muligt tilbageholdes i papiret, for at beskytte det eksterne miljø mod udledning af stofferne, jf. BAT reference document /6/.
The trend among manufacturers is towards ensuring that as great a part as possible is retained in the paper in order to protect the external environment against the discharge of chemicals, cf. BAT reference document /6/.
Derudover tilstræbes det generelt at begrænse anvendelsen af kemiske stoffer mest muligt, samt at anvende stoffer, som ikke er skadelige for miljø og sundhed.
In addition, in general efforts are made to limit the use of chemical substances as much as possible, and to use substances which are not harmful to the
De anvendte kemiske stoffer kan opdeles i hjælpestoffer relateret til processerne og stoffer, der skal forbedre produktets egenskaber.
The chemicals used may be divided into process-related auxiliary substances and substances intended to enhance the properties of the product.
Denne gruppe af stoffer består af kaolin (China clay), calciumcarbonat, titaniumdioxid, talkum og plastmikrospherer.
This group consists of kaolin (China clay), calcium carbonate, titanium dioxide, talcum and plastic microspheres.
Der tilsættes typisk op til 300 kg pr. ton.
Typically, up to 300 kg per ton are added.
50-80 % tilbageholdes i papiret.
50-80 % is retained in the paper.
Fyldstoffer anvendes ikke i papirlommetørklæder og toiletpapir.
Fillers are not used in the production of paper handkerchiefs and toilet paper.
Blegemidler kan bestå af hydrogenperoxid, chlordioxid, hypochlorit, natriumhypochlorit og natriumhydroxid.
Bleaching agents can consist of hydrogen peroxide, chlorine dioxide, hypochlorite, sodium hypochlorite and sodium hydroxide.
Det vurderes, at hovedparten udledes med spildevand/procesvand.
It is assessed that most of them are discharged in the waste/process waters.
Resterende blegemiddel i papiret vil desuden være inaktivt efter brug.
Moreover, the remaining bleaching agent in the paper is inactive after use.
4.1.3 Rententionsmiddel (Koagulerings- /flokkuleringsmiddel)
4.1.3 Retention and flocculation agents
De hyppigst anvendte stoffer er syntetiske polymere som modificeret polyacrylamid i størrelsesordenen 0,1 - 0,5 kg pr. ton eller polyethylenamin i 1-2 kg pr. ton.
The most frequently used substances are synthetic polymers such as modified polyacrylamide in quantities of the border of 0.1 - 0.5 kg per ton or polyethylenamine in 1-2 kg per ton.
Vådstyrkemiddel kan være forskellige polymer typer.
Wet strength agents may consist of several different types of polymer.
Det kan f.eks. være urea formaldehyd bindemiddel, melamin formaldehyd eller polyamidoaminepichlorhydrin bindemiddel.
For example, these may include urea formaldehyde binding agent, melamine formaldehyde or polyamidoamine-epichlorohydrin binding agent.
Heraf vurderes over 90% at blive tilbageholdt i papiret, dvs. op til ca. 45 kg pr. ton.
Of this, it is assessed that over 90% is retained in the paper, i.e. up to approx. 45 kg per ton.
Formaldehyd kan afgives ved processer i forbindelse med behandling af returpapir.
Formaldehyde can be released in processes related to the treatment of recycled paper.
Det formodes, at der kan afgives formaldehyd fra papiret ved brug som hhv. toiletpapir eller lommetørklæder, hvis der er anvendt bindemidler baseret på urea formaldehyd.
It is thought that formaldehyde can be released through use as toilet paper or handkerchiefs if binding agents based on urea formaldehyde are used.
Det kendes tilsvarende fra andre produkttyper, hvor dette stof anvendes som bindemiddel.
This is known from other types of product where this substance is used as binding agent.
Stivelse eller modificeret kationisk stivelse anvendes i størrelsesordenen 10 kg pr. ton og yderligere op til 50 kg ved presning af papiret.
Starch or modified cationic starch is used in quantities of approximately 10 kg per ton and a further up to 50 kg is used in the pressing of the paper.
En stor del frigives til procesvandet.
A major part is discharged into the process water.
Det vurderes at op til 90% af de 10 kg tilbageholdes i papiret, dvs. op til 9 kg pr. ton og op til 54 kg pr. ton hvis der sker en presning.
It is assessed that up to 90% of the 10 kg is retained in the paper, i.e. up to 9 kg per ton, and up to 54 kg per ton if pressing is carried out.
Forskellige typer af farvestoffer kan anvendes.
Various types of dye may be used.
Det kan være di og tri phenylmethan, xanthen, acridin, quinolin, thiazolidin, anthraquinon, indigo og phthalocyanin farvestoffer.
These may include triphenyl methane, xanthene, acridine, quinoline, thiazolidine, anthraquinone, indigo and phthalocyanine dyes.
Forbruget er typisk fra 0,1 kg pr. ton og op til 100 kg pr. ton for meget mørke farver.
Consumption is typically from 0.1 kg per ton up to 100 kg per ton for extremely dark colours.
Biocider tilsættes procesvandet (ca. 30 mg/l).
Biocides are added to the process water (approx. 30 mg/l).
I Danmark er der i alt tre godkendte slimbekæmpelsesmidler til papirproduktion /9/.
In Denmark there are three approved anti-slime agents for paper production /9/.
Da produktionen af toiletpapir og papirlommetørklæder ikke foregår i Danmark kan der være brugt andre midler end de, der er godkendte i Danmark.
As toilet paper and paper handkerchiefs are not manufactured in Denmark, products other than those approved for use in Denmark may be used.
En gennemgang af den svenske statistik over forbrug af godkendte slimicider /7/ viser, at forbruget i Sverige domineres af 2,2-dibrom-2cyanoacetamid (76,5 t) og glutaraldehyd (78,4 t), som tilsammen udgør 93 % af det totale forbrug.
A review of Swedish statistics concerning the use of approved slimicides /7/ shows that consumption in Sweden is dominated by 2,2-dibromo-2cyanoacetamide (76,5 t) and glutaraldehyde (78,4 t), which together account for 93 % of total consumption.
Restindholdet af slimicider i papiret vurderes i henhold til det europæiske BAT reference document /6/ at være meget begrænset.
According to the European BAT reference document /6/, slimicide residues in paper are assessed as being of an extremely limited nature.
Det vurderes, at langt den største andel udledes med procesvandet.
It is assessed that by far the major share is discharged with the process water.
Det antydes dog, at der kan være en risiko for, at der teoretisk set kan være et restindhold på 0,008 til 0,08 kg pr. ton papir.
However, there are indications that there may be a theoretical risk of residues of between 0.008 and 0.08 kg per ton of paper.
Optisk hvidt kan tilsættes for at få papiret til at syne mere hvidt.
Optical whitening may be added to give the paper a whiter appearance.
Der tilsættes 5-10 kg pr. ton, heraf tilbageholdes 50-90 % i papiret, dvs. af størrelsesordenen 2,5 til 9 kg pr. ton.
5-10 kg per ton are added, of which 50-90 % is retained in the paper, i.e. in the region of 2.5 to 9 kg per ton.
Dufstoffer kan tilsættes for at ændre duftindtrykket.
Aromatic agents may be added to alter the aroma.
Det kan være stoffer som eucalyptusolie og menthol.
These might be substances such as eucalyptus oils and menthol.
De tilsatte mængder kendes ikke p.t.
At present, amounts added are not known.
Lotion eller balsam kan tilsættes for at blødgøre papiret ved brug.
Lotions or balsams may be added to soften the paper upon use.
Det kan være stoffer som ceresin, stearylakohol, isopropyl palmitat, dimethicon og mineralsk olie.
Substance used may include ceresin, stearyl alcohol, isopropyl palmitate, dimethicone and mineral oils.
Tabel 5 Duftstoffer, Lotion og balsam i papirlommetørklæder og tilhørende fysiskkemiske egenskaber (data fra chemfinder).
Table 5 Aromatic agents, lotions and balsams in paper handkerchiefs and appurtenant physical-chemical properties (data from chemfinder).
- angiver at værdien er ukendt eller ikke relevant.
- indicates that the value is unknown.
Menthol (Cyclohexanol- C10H20O) Ceresin (voks)
Menthol (Cyclohexanol- C10H20O) Ceresin (wax)
Stearylalkohol (OctadecanolC8H38O)
Stearyl alcohol (OctadecanolC8H38O)
Isopropyl palmitat (C19H38O2) Dimethicon (silikone gummi)
Isopropyl palmitate (C19H38O2) Dimethicone (silicone rubber)
Producenter af papirlommetørklæder og toiletpapir har i mange tilfælde deres egne krav til hvilke stoffer deres produkter må indeholder.
In many cases the manufacturers of paper handkerchiefs and toilet paper have their own requirements to the products in regard to the content of chemical substances.
Det kan være stoffer som f.eks. optisk hvidt, kræftfremkaldende farvestoffer og stoffer som frigiver formaldehyd.
The demands could for instance be that the products may not contain optical brightening and formaldehyde releasing substances.