natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Anmodninger om fravigelse fra reglerne skal behandles af Miljøstyrelsen i løbet af 45 dage.
The Danish Environmental Protection Agency has to deal with requests concerning deviations from the rules in the course of 45 days.
1Alkoholer, ketoner, estre, oliefraktioner (”nafta”, petroleumsdestillater).
1Alcohols, ketones, esters, oil fractions (”nafta”, petroleum distillates).
I nogle tilfælde er der tale om blandinger af vand og opløsningsmidler.
In some cases, mixtures of water and solvents are in question.
For de produkter, hvor det virksomme stof (belægningstypen) er oplyst, er der enten tale om fluorbaserede produkter eller silikone-/siloxanbaserede produkter.
In connection with products where the active substance (coating type) was informed, either fluorine based products or silicone/siloxane based products are in question.
Endvidere er et enkelt produkt baseret på voks.
In addition, one single product is based on wax.
I ingen tilfælde er den nøjagtige kemiske struktur af den anvendte belægning oplyst.
The exact chemical structure of the applied coating has not been informed in any of the cases.
Langt de fleste produkter indeholder organiske opløsningsmidler, der enten udgør hovedbestanddelen i produktet eller findes i en blanding med vand.
The vast majority of the products contain organic solvents and they either constitute the main part in the product or are found in a mixture with water.
Enkelte pumpeprodukter opgives til at være rent vandbaserede, og i disse produkter er det ikke klart, hvilken type belægningsmateriale der er tale om.
A few pump products are declared as purely water based and it is not clear which type of coating is in question in connection with these products.
De gennemførte litteratursøgninger viser, at de produkter, der har forårsaget helbredseffekter, overvejende indeholder fluorholdige polymerer (15 ud af 17 produkter).
The literature searches show that products that have caused health effects mainly contain fluorine containing polymers (15 out of 17 products).
For 1 produkt er indholdet ikke angivet, og det sidste produkt, der er beskrevet i en ældre artikel, indeholder melamin.
In connection with 1 product the content is not stated and the last product that is described in an older article contains melamine.
Det skal bemærkes, at enkelte produkter ud over fluorforbindelser også indeholder silikoneforbindelser.
It should be noted that some products in addition to fluorine compounds also contain silicone compounds.
Det er derfor mest sandsynligt, at produkter indeholdende fluorpolymer under visse omstændigheder kan give uønskede helbredseffekter i luftvejene.
It is most likely that products with fluorpolymers in certain cases can give unwanted health effects in the respiratory passages.
Disse helbredseffekter kan principielt skyldes følgende virkninger eller en kombination heraf:
In principle, the health effects can be due to the following effects or a combination:
De anvendte fluorforbindelser er direkte toksiske over for luftveje/lungevæv.
The applied fluorine compounds are directly toxic to respiratory passages/ lung tissue.
Ved anvendelse dannes små aerosoler, der kan trænge dybt ned i lungevævet og fx give anledning til en skadelig betændelsestilstand.
During use small particles are created that can penetrate into the lung tissue and e.g. give rise to harmful inflammatory conditions.
De opløsningsmidler, der anvendes til netop fluorforbindelser, er skadelige ved den resulterende koncentration.
The solvents that are used for fluorine compounds are injurious in the resulting concentration.
Det har ikke været muligt at finde tilgængelig viden, der tyder på, at fluorpolymerer på fast eller ikke-aerosol form generelt er toksiske.
It has not been possible to find accessible information that indicates that solid or non-aerosol fluorpolymers in general are toxic.
Imprægneringsmidler, der anvendes som spray (under tryk og med drivgas) eller ved hjælp af en pumpe, påføres det eksponerede materiale i form af aerosoler i varierende størrelser, der deponerer på materialet.
Proofing agents that are used as spray (under pressure and with propellant) or by means of a pump are applied to the exposed material as aerosols in varying sizes that deposit on the material.
Spraymidler giver anledning til mindre aerosoler (~10 µm) end pumpedrevne midler (~100 µm).
Spray agents give rise to smaller aerosols (~10 µm) than pumped agents (~100 µm).
De primære dråber vil imidlertid overvejende bestå af meget flygtige organiske opløsningsmidler eller vand, der hurtigt fordamper og dermed kan efterlade væsentlig mindre aerosoler bestående af ikke-flygtigt materiale.
However, the main drops will nevertheless mainly consist of very volatile organic solvents or water that quickly evaporate and therefore can leave substantially smaller aerosols consisting of non-volatile material behind.
På baggrund af ovenstående er følgende eksperimentelle undersøgelser gennemført:
In the light of the above, the following experimental investigations were carried out:
Bestemmelse af størrelsesfordelingen af frigivne aerosoler både under anvendelse og i et veldefineret tidsrum efter anvendelsen.
Determination of size distribution of liberated aerosols during use and for a well-defined period of time after use.
Screening for evt. indhold af fluor og/eller silicium (eftersom selve imprægneringsmaterialet i mange tilfælde ikke er kendt).
Screening for possible content of fluorine and/or silicium (as the proofing agent in many cases is unknown).
Undersøgelse af sammensætningen af det anvendte opløsningsmiddel, herunder indhold af andre organiske additiver og mikrokomponenter, samt indhold af monomerer eller oligomerer af det anvendte imprægneringsmateriale.
Investigation of the compostion of the applied solvent, including content of other organic additives and microcompounds and the content of monomers or oligomers in the used proofing material.
Der er udvalgt 16 produkter til analyser ud fra, at både spray- og pumpeprodukter skal være repræsenteret, at både fluor- og silikonebaserede produkter undersøges, samt at både produkter med kendt og ukendt virkningsstof undersøges.
16 products were chosen for analysis and the principle was that spray as well as pump products should be represented, that fluorine as well as silicone based products should be investigated and that products with known as well as unkown substances should be examined.
De valgte produkter fremgår af Tabel 4.2.
The selected products appear from Table 4.2.
Tabel 4.2 Produkter udvalgt til analyse.
Table 4.2 Products selected for analysis.
Ekstrakterne er efterfølgende analyseret ved gaschromatografi (GC/MS).
Internal standard was added in order to obtain semi-quantitative results.
Påviste komponenter er i forbindelse med den udførte screening alene identificeret ved sammenligning med NIST MS-bibliotek (NIST02 Version 2.0).
In connection with the screening that was carried out, the detected compounds were merely identified by comparison with the NIST MS library (NIST02 Version 2.0).
Detektionsgrænsen for analysemetoden er estimeret til 0,01 mg/g, og måleusikkerheden er estimeret til ± 20 %, dog højere for enkelte komponenter, idet der kun er foretaget en semikvantificering over for en intern standard, brombenzen.
The detection limit of the analysis method is estimated to be 0.01 mg/g and the measuring uncertainty is estimated to be ± 20 %, however, it is higher for some compounds as semi-quantification only has been carried out against an internal standard, bromobenzene.
Der er i enkelte tilfælde anvendt en anden intern standard, o-terphenyl, pga. interferens i forhold til brombenzen.
In some cases, another internal standard was used, o-terphenyl, due to interference in relation to bromobenzene.
Tabel 4.4 GC/MS-analyseparametre
Table 4.4 GC/MS analysis parameters
Prøverne er endvidere screenet for flygtige komponenter ved hjælp af fast-fase mikroekstraktion (SPME), hvilket gør det muligt at detektere meget flygtige stoffer, idet der ikke anvendes opløsningsmidler, der kan interferere med disse stoffer.
In addition, the samples were screened for volatile compounds by means of fixed-time microextraction (SPME) which makes it possible to detect very volatile substances as no solvents are used that can interfer with these substances.
En delmængde, ca. 0,2 gram, af prøverne er afvejet direkte i headspace-glas.
A subsample, approx. 0,2 g, was weighed directly in headspace glass.
Gasfasen er efterfølgende analyseret ved SPME-GC/MS.
The gas phase was subsequently analysed by means of SPME-GC/MS.
Resultaterne ved denne analyse dækker primært indholdet af drivgasser og organiske solventer.
The results of this analysis mainly cover the content of propellants and organic solvents.
Der ikke foretaget nogen vurdering af mængden af de identificerede stoffer i produktet, da resultaterne alene er kvalitative, og derfor opgives ingen analyseusikkerhed.
No assessment of the amount of the identified substances in the product was carried out, as the results only are qualitative and therefore no analysis uncertainty is stated.
Tabel 4.5 SPME-GC/MS-analyseparametre
Table 4.5 SPME-GC/MS analysis parameters
Kombinationen af røntgen- og GC/MS-analyser kan give information om, hvilken type af imprægnering, der opnås ved de forskellige produkter, og hvilke kemiske komponenter der indgår i strukturen.
The combination of x-ray and GC/MS analyses can give information about which type of proofing can be obtained from the different products and which chemical compounds form part of the structure.
Det skal dog understreges, at den færdige overflade/imprægnering typisk vil være et polymeriseret materiale, for hvilket den eksakte struktur kan være svær at fastlægge endeligt.
However, it should be stressed that the finished surface/proofing typically will be a polymerized material and it can be difficult to finally determine the exact structure of that material.
I samarbejde med Miljøstyrelsen er der på baggrund af screeningsanalyserne udvalgt 10 produkter til kvantitative analyser.
In the light of the screening analyses, 10 products were selected for quantitative analyses in co-operation with the Danish Environmental Protection Agency.
Dog er der udført aerosolanalyser af alle 16 produkter fra screeningsfasen.
However, aerosol analyses were carried out on all 16 products from the screening phase.
Med udgangspunkt i, hvilke stoffer der er identificeret ved screeningsanalyserne, samt en vurdering af de forskellige stoffers relevans for en sundhedsvurdering er der udvalgt en række organiske komponenter i de 10 produkter, som ønskes kvantificeret.
With a starting point in which substances were identified during the screening analyses and an evaluation of the relevance of the different substances to a health assessment, a number of organic compounds in the 10 products were selected for quantification.
For at kunne kvantificere de udvalgte organiske komponenter er det nødvendigt at anvende tre forskellige analysemetoder pga. stoffernes forskellighed mht. flygtighed.
In order to quantify the selected organic compounds it was necessary to use three different analysis methods due to the difference of the substances with regard to volatility.
Det vurderes ud fra screeningsanalyserne, at det ikke er relevant at analysere alle produkter med alle metoder og for alle komponenter.
From the screening analyses it was assessed that it is not relevant to analyse all products with all methods and for all compounds.
Til identifikation og kvantificering af de organiske komponenter blev der anvendt eksterne standarder.
External standards were used to identify and quantify the organic compounds.
Detektionsgrænserne er estimeret ud fra analyse af eksterne standarder og fremgår af resultattabellerne.
The detection limits are estimated from analysis of external standards and they appear from the result tables.
Der blev ikke detekteret organiske stoffer ved screeningsanalyserne af produkt nr. 4.
No organic substances were detected during the screening analyses of product no. 4.
Produkt nr. 4 blev derfor forsøgt opløst i forskellige opløsningsmidler og analyseret ved GC/MS for at afklare, om opløsningsmidlet kunne have indflydelse herpå.
Therefore, it was attempted to dissolve product no. 4 in various solvents and they were analysed by means of GC/MS to determine if the solvent had any influence on this.
Der er afprøvet følgende opløsningsmidler: dichlormethan, acetone, carbondisulfid og xylen.
The following solvents were tested: dichloromethane, acetone, carbon disulphide and xylene.
Indhold og koncentration af opløsningsmidler er analyseret ved hjælp af GC/MS. I lighed med screeningsanalyserne er produkterne sprøjtet direkte i en målekolbe og fortyndet.
The content and concentration of the solvents were analysed by means of GC/MS. Similar to the screening analyses the products were injected directly into a calibrated flask and diluted.
Alle 16 produkter er analyseret for afgivelse af aerosoler op til 1 µm i aerodynamisk diameter under anvendelse på et stykke tekstil.
All 16 products were analysed for liberation of aerosols of up to 1 µm in aerodynamic diameter during use on a piece of textile.
Eksponeringen foregik i et specialfremstillet rørsystem, hvor der både er mulighed for dynamisk måling under anvendelse og måling efter fastholdelse af luft i et kortere tidsrum.
Exposure took place in a purpose-built pipe system where it is possible to carry out dynamic measurements during use and measurement after maintaining the air for a shorter period of time.
Formålet med analysen efter 7 minutter var at undersøge, om størrelsesfordelingen ændredes i perioden umiddelbart efter anvendelse som følge af solventfordampning.
The objective of the analysis carried out after 7 min. was to investigate if the size distribution changed in the period immediately after use due to solvent evaporation.
De foreslåede tider er ikke nødvendigvis repræsentative for typiske brugsmønstre, men resultaterne kan ud fra kendskab til den anvendte mængde produkt umiddelbart skaleres til mere eller mindre omfattende brug.
The suggested times are not necessarily representative of typical application patterns but the results can from the knowledge of the applied product amount be immediately scaled to more or less comprehensive use.
Denne fremgangsmåde er valgt, fordi det ikke er muligt at angive et standardiseret brugsmønster, da produkterne anvendes til både små og store emner, hvor eksponeringstid og -mængde varierer markant.
This procedure was chosen because it is not possible to state a standardised application pattern as the products are used for small and large items where exposure time and amount vary substantially.
Ved at bestemme den anvendte mængde produkt gravimetrisk opnås et mål for aerosolkoncentrationen pr. masseenhed.
By determining the applied product amount gravimetrically, a measure for the aerosol concentration per mass unit was obtained.
Ufarvet bomuldsstof med en porestørrelse på 200-300 µm (Figur 4.1) blev spændt over et specialfremstillet halvlukket forsøgskammer (Figur 4.2) og Figur 4.3), således at afstanden fra spraydåsen til stoffet var 24 cm.
Undyed cotton fabric with a pore size of 200-300 µm (Figure 4.1) covered the purpose-built semi-closed experimental chamber (Figure 4.2 and Figure 4.3) and the distance from the spraying can to the fabric was 24 cm.
Figur 4.1 Optisk mikroskopibillede af det ufarvede bomuldsstof.
Figure 4.1 Optical microskope image of the undyed cotton fabric.
Imprægneringen af stoffet blev udført ved at påføre produktet gennem en lille cylinder i toppen af forsøgskammeret.
Fabric proofing was carried out by applying the product through a small cylinder at the top of the experimental chamber.
Der blev sprayet i 10 sekunder, da det viste sig, at der på den tid blev afgivet tilstrækkelig imprægneringsvæske til at foretage partikelmålinger.
Spraying took 10 s as it appeared that enough proofing liquid was liberated in that amount of time to carry out particle measurements.
Ved imprægnering i længere tid, fx 1-2 minutter, bliver der afgivet meget store mængder af imprægneringsvæske i forhold til volumen af forsøgskammeret (7,5 liter).
If proofing takes longer time e.g. 1-2 min. very large amounts of proofing liquid is liberated compared to the volume of the experimental chamber (7.5 litres).
Alle produkter med drivmiddel til forstøvning af indholdet blev holdt vandret under imprægnering, og alle produkter, hvor indholdet blev forstøvet vha. en pumpemekanisme, blev holdt lodret under imprægnering.
All products with propellant for spraying of the content were kept horizontal during proofing, and all produts with a pump mechanism for spraying of the content were kept vertical during proofing.
Efter imprægnering blev forsøgskammeret lukket med en prop så den tidslige udvikling i størrelse og antal af aerosoler kunne bestemmes.
After proofing the experimental chamber was closed with a plug so the time-related development in size and number of aerosols could be determined.
Der var ikke tegn på kondensation i kammeret.
There was no sign of condensation in the chamber.
Figur 4.2 Skematisk tegning af forsøgsopstillingen.
Figure 4.2 Schematic drawing of the experimental setup.
Figur 4.3 Forsøgsopstillingen i plexiglas, som er vist skematisk i figur 4.2.
Figure 4.3 Experimental setup in plexiglass which is shown schematically in figure 4.2.
Aerosoler dannet af sprayprodukterne blev målt bagved produktet, svarende til den almindelige brugssituation, hvor brugeren sprayer væk fra kroppen.
Aerosols created by the spray products were measured behind the product corresponding to the ordinary application situation where the user directs the spraying away from the body.
Der sprayes således ikke direkte ind i måleapparatet, men måles på aerosoler frigivet til luften i kammeret under brug af produkterne.
That means that spraying does not take place directly into the measuring device, but measuring takes place on aerosols liberated to the air during use of the products.
Aerosolstørrelsesfordelingen af aerosolerne blev målt med en Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (TSI SMPS 3934 udstyret med Differential Mobility Analyzer (DMA model 3081) og ultrafine Condensation Particle Counter (CPC model 3776)).
Aerosol size distribution of the aerosols was measured with a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (TSI SMPS 3934 equipped with Differential Mobility Analyzer (DMA model 3081) and ultra fine Condensation Particle Counter (CPC model 3776)).
Aerosoler suges ind i apparatet og passerer en radioaktiv kilde, hvorved aerosolerne opnår en kendt ladningsfordeling.
Aerosols are drawn into the device and pass a radioactive source by means of which the aerosols obtain a known charge distribution.
Aerosolerne føres derefter i en laminar luftstrøm igennem et elektrisk felt, der separerer aerosoler efter størrelse.
Then the aerosols are led to a laminar air flow through an electric field that separates the aerosols according to size.
Aerosolerne tælles med en kondensationskimtæller.
The aerosols are counted by a condensation particle counter.
Visse produkter, hvor der var mistanke om større aerosoler, blev endvidere analyseret for aerosoler mellem 650 nm og 1000 nm.
In certain products, larger aerosols were suspected and in those cases the products were analysed for particles of between 650 nm and 1000 nm.
Aerosolerne blev suget ind i måleinstrumentet med et flow på 0,3 L/min. eller 1,5 L/min. gennem en specialfremstillet silikoneslange.
The aerosols were sucked into a measuring instrument with a flow of 0.3 L/min. or 1.5 L/min. through a purpose-built silicone tube.
Der blev ikke afsat signifikante mængder af aerosoler i denne slange.
Significant amounts of aerosols were not deposited in this tube.
Hver måling af størrelsesfordeling varede 60 sekunder.
Each measurement of size distribution lasted 60 s.
Figur 4.4 viser en skematisk fremstilling af forsøgsgangen.
Figure 4.4 gives a schematic presentation of the experimental course.
Derefter blev aerosolflowet øget til 1,5 L/min. for at kunne måle aerosoler ned til 6 nm.
The aerosol flow was then increased to 1.5 L/min. in order to measure particles down to 6 nm.
Der blev målt ved to forskellige tidspunkter for at se, om der var en tidslig ændring af størrelsen og mængden af de frigivne aerosoler.
Measurements took place at two different points of time to see if there was a time-related change in the size and the amount of the liberated aerosols.
Figur 4.4 Skematisk fremstilling af forsøgsgangen.
Figure 4.4 Schematic presentation of the experimental course.
Før hver måling blev der udført en måling af baggrundsniveauet af aerosoler, som viste, at antallet af baggrundsaerosoler varierede fra 500-4000 aerosoler/cm³ per minut, hvilket svarer til det forventede niveau af baggrundsaerosoler i indendørs miljø.
Before each measurement, a measurement of the background level of aerosols was carried out and it showed that the number of background aerosols varied from 500-4000 aerosols/cm³ per minute, corresponding to the expected level of background aerosols in an indoor environment.
5 Resultater af screening af indholdsstoffer
5 Results of screening of compounds
5.1.3 Resultater for SPME-GC/MS-screening
5.1.3 Results of the SPME-GC/MS screening
For de valgte produkter er der gennemført undersøgelse af, hvilke stoffer de indeholder for at vurdere, om der evt. er indhold af sundhedsmæssige problematiske stoffer, som skal undersøges nærmere ved kvantitativ analyse.
The selected products were examined to find out which substances they contain in order to assess if they consist of health hazardous substances that require closer investigation through quantitative analyses.
Alle produkter er analyseret kvantitativt mht. aerosol-frigivelse, og størrelsesfordeling og disse resultater er præsenteret i Kapitel 6: Resultater af kvantitative analyser og aerosolanalyser.
All products were analysed quantitatively with regard to aerosol liberation and size distribution and the results are shown in chapter 6: Results of quantitative analyses and aerosol analyses.
5.1 Resultater af den kemiske screening
5.1 Results of the chemical screening
De stoffer, der er identificeret i forbindelse med de udførte screeninger, er sammenfattet i de følgende tabeller.
The substances that were identified in connection with the effectuated screenings are summed up in the following tables.
Resultaterne er opdelt efter analysemetode.
They are divided according to analysis method.
5.1.1 Resultater for røntgenmålinger
5.1.1 Results before x-ray measurements
I Tabel 5.1 er angivet resultater af analyse for fluor og silicium.
Table 5.1 states the results of the fluorine and silicium analysis.
Indhold af silicium i produkt nr. 6, 8, 9, 14, 15 og 16 er muligvis et udtryk for en baggrundsværdi fra det anvendte tekstil, hvor imprægneringsprodukterne er påført.
The content of silicium in product no. 6, 8, 9, 14, 15 and 16 might be an expression of a background value from the used fabric on which the proofing product was applied.
Resultaterne forudsætter, at prøverne er homogene, dvs. at produktet er påført i et ensartet lag på stoffet.
The results are based on the condition that the samples are homogeneous, meaning that the product was applied in a uniform layer on the fabric.
Tabel 5.1 Resultater for røntgenmålinger, vægt%
Table 5.1 Results of x-ray measurements, weight%
* Dette resultat dækker over en sum af flere kulbrinter
* This result covers a sum of several hydrocarbons
** Disse komponenter har ikke kunnet identificeres med en rimelig sandsynlighed vha. NIST-biblioteket.
** It has not been possible to identify these compounds with reasonable probability by means of the NIST library.
Komponenten kan være en lignende forbindelse.
The component can be a similar compound.
I Tabel 5.3 ses resultaterne for den udførte SPME-GC/MS-screening.
Table 5.3 shows the results of the SPME-GC/MS screening that was carried out.
De stoffer, der er identificeret, er markeret med ”X”.
The identified substances are marked with ”X”.
Stofferne er vist efter deres retentionstid, som er et udtryk for deres kogepunkt og dermed deres fordampelighed.
The substances are shown according to their retention time which is an expression for their boiling point and thus their ability to evaporate.