natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Delprøven er udtaget repræsentativt af overfladen af produktet, og så der sikres en god kontakt med sved- og spytsimulanterne.
The sample is taken to represent of the surface of the product surface and to ensure good contact to the sweat simulant.
Der foretages dobbeltbestemmelse.
An analysis in duplicate was carried out.
Delprøven nedsænkes i den forvarmede svedsimulant (20 ml).
The sample amount was lowered into the preheated sweat simulant (20 ml).
Der medtages blindprøver og kontrolprøver ved analysen.
Blank specimens and control tests were included in the analysis.
Tabel 4.2 Oversigt over prøvetagning til migrationsanalyser
Table 4.2 Outline of sampling for migration analyses
Migrationsforsøg Produkttype Produkt nr.
Migration tests Product type Product no.
Gennemsnitlig vægt (g)
Average weight (g)
4.2 Resultater af migrationsanalyser
4.2 Results of migration analyses
Resultaterne for migrationsanalyser følger nedenfor og er angivet med resultater beregnet som hhv. mg/kg og i %(m/m), som er vægtprocent (masse/masse).
The results of the migration analyses are stated below and are stated with results calculated as mg/kg and in % (m/m), respectively, that are weight percentage (mass/mass).
Desuden er resultaterne beregnet per gennemsnitlige areal, mg/cm
In addition, the results are calculated per average area, mg/cm
Resultater under detektionsgrænsen er angivet som ”< L.O.D”, Limit Of
Results below the detection limit are stated as ”< L.O.D”, Limit of Detection.
Tabel 4.3 Resultater af migrationsanalyser i mg/kg, spyt DIBP
Table 4.3 Results of migration analyses in mg/kg, saliva DIBP
Gns. mg/cm
Average mg/cm
Tabel 4.7 Resultater af migrationsanalyser i %(m/m), sved DIBP
Table 4.7 Results of migration analyses in %(m/m), sweat DIBP
i et produkt.
in one product.
Der ses en mindre migration til kunstigt spyt sammenlignet med kunstigt sved.
Less migration was observed to artificial saliva compared to artificial sweat.
Referenceliste for spinding
List of references for spinning
Dette notat omfatter ringspinding og OE spinding af bomuld eller syntetfibre eller blandinger heraf i bomuldssystemet.
This paper covers ring spinning and OE spinning of cotton or synthetic fibres or blends thereof in the cotton system.
Grundlaget for notatet er referencerne, angivet i kapitlets referenceliste.
The references in this annex's list of references form the basis of this paper.
Garner opdeles overordnet efter to funktioner: garner til henholdsvis trikotage og vævede varer.
Yarns are divided according to two functions: yarns for knitwear and woven yarns.
Fremstilling af spundne trikotagegarner og vævegarner af samme fibertype forløber meget ens inden for de enkelte spindesystemer.
Manufacture of spun knitwear yarns and weaving yarns from the same fibre type is very similar within the individual spinning systems.
Groft sagt er den eneste fremstillingstekniske forskel snoningsantallet, der tilføres sidst i fremstillingsforløbet.
Roughly speaking, the only difference in manufacture is the number of twists (ply) applied towards the end of the manufacturing process.
Trikotagegarner får det færreste antal snoninger.
Knitwear yarns have the lowest number of twists.
Dette betyder, at en produktionslinje, der er sat op til trikotagegarner, relativt nemt kan omstilles til at producere vævegarner.
This means that a production line set up for knitwear yarns is relatively easy to convert to production of weaving yarns.
At dette ikke gøres i praksis, skyldes hensynet til produktionshastighed.
This is not done in practice due to production speed considerations.
For et spinderi er der i LCA-sammenhæng relativt få væsentlige miljøforhold, der skal tages i betragtning.
There are relatively few important environmental aspects to consider for a spinning mill in an lifecycle assessment context.
Energiforbrug dels til spindelinjen og dels til konditionering af luften (luftfugtighed og temperatur)
Energy consumption for the spinning line and for air conditioning (air humidity and temperature)
Fiberspildet ved spindeprocesserne
Fibre waste during spinning processes
Eventuel brug af spindeolier til spindeprocesserne
Any use of spindle oils for the spinning processes
Bomuldsstøv - som kan give anledning til lungesygdommen byssinose.
Cotton dust - may cause the lung disease Byssinosis
På baggrund af Hammond et al, 1980 er følgende beregninger for el-energiforbruget foretaget og vist i skemaform i tabel 9.1
Calculations for electricity consumption have been made on the basis of Hammond et al., 1980 and are shown in table 9.1 below.
Tabel 9.1 el-energiforbrug(alle energidata for processer i kWh per kg spundet garn)
Table 9.1 Electricity consumption (all energy data for processes in kWh per kg spun yarn)
*(1) : At disse tal er forskellige skyldes, at det ikke tager lige lang tid at producere et kg af de forskellige garner.
*(1): The reason these figures are different is that it does not take the same amount of time to produce one kg of the different types of yarn.
Data for spindeprocesser fra virksomhed
Company data for spinning processes
Tal i ovenstående tabel er lidt forskellige fra virksomhedsdata (De Danske Bomuldsspinderier):
The figures in the above table differ somewhat from the company data (De Danske Bomuldsspinderier - Danish cotton spinning mills):
Energiforbrug beregnes efter følgende erfaringsformler:
Energy consumption is calculated according to the following formulas based on experience:
Ringgarn 100% syntetisk (i MJ/kg): E = 3,6*(0,6+0,05*(75-tex)), tex-interval 13 - 60, dvs. E = (5 - 13MJ/kg)
Ring yarn 100 per cent synthetic (in MJ/kg): E = 3.6 * (0.6 + 0.05 * (75-tex)), tex-interval 13 - 60, i.e. E = (5 - 13MJ/kg)
Kæmmet ringgarn 65/35 Polyester/bomuld: E = 3,6*(0,75+0,05*(80-tex)), tex-interval 13 - 60, dvs. E= (6 - 15MJ/kg)
Combed ring yarn 65/35 Polyester/cotton: E = 3.6 * (0.75 + 0.05 * (80-tex)), tex-interval 13 - 60, i.e. E = (6 - 15MJ/kg)
Kæmmet 100% bomuld, ringgarn: E = 3,6*(0,8+0,05*(80-tex)), tex-interval 13 - 60, dvs. E= (6 - 15MJ/kg).
Combed 100 per cent cotton, ring yarn: E = 3.6 * (0.8 + 0.05 * (80-tex)), tex-interval 13 - 60, i.e. E = (6 - 15MJ/kg)
For alle garntyper bruges til konditioneringsanlæg:
For all yarn types, the conditioning system uses:
Energi: Naturgas 0,017 Nm³/kg dvs. med 38,9 MJ/m³ ca. 0,6 MJ/kg
Energy: natural gas 0.017 Nm³/kg i.e. with 38.9 MJ/m³ approx. 0.6 MJ/kg
Vand: 2,2 liter/kg.
Water: 2.2 litres/kg
Som det ses, er tal fra virksomhed meget lig litteraturdata.
As can be seen, the company figures are very similar to those from the literature.
Ved fremstilling af kartet bomuld er der ca. 15% spild, kartet syntetisk ca. 9% spild.
From manufacture of carded cotton, there is about 15 per cent waste and about 9 per cent waste from carded synthetic.
Kæmmet bomuld ca. 30% spild (alene 15% fra kæmningen, tal fra Roberts (1980)).
For combed cotton, there is about 30 per cent waste (15 per cent from combing alone, figures from Roberts (1980)).
Særlig ved fremstilling af kæmmet bomuld og ved fremstilling af syntetisk er der mulighed for at bruge fiberaffaldet til garner af lavere kvaliteter.
Particularly during manufacture of combed cotton and synthetic, it is possible to use the fibre waste for lower quality yarn.
Vi har dog valgt at antage, at fiberaffald ikke recirkuleres, idet vi har for få oplysninger til at kunne anslå, hvor stor en del af affaldet der kan genanvendes.
However, we have decided to assume that the fibre waste is not recirculated, as not enough information is available to estimate the proportion of recyclable waste.
Ved spinding af bomuld anvendes der ikke spindeolier.
No spindle oils are used to spin cotton.
Ved spinding af syntetisk kan der anvendes spindeolier på spinderiet, men det er mere almindeligt at syntetfibrene har fået påført spindeolie ved fiberfremstillingen.
Spindle oils may be used at the spinning mill to spin synthetic, but it is more common to apply spindle oil to the synthetic fibres during fibre production.
For støv på bomuldspinderi haves ingen data p.t.
There is currently no data for dust at cotton spinning mills.
Personlige samtaler, 1999 med Anders Hedegaard, De Danske Bomuldsspinderier A/S.
Personal talks, 1999, with Anders Hedegaard, De Danske Bomuldsspinderier A/S.
Feminisering af hanfisk er i dag blevet observeret i en række lande over hele verden.
Feminisation of male fish has now been detected in a number of countries world-wide.
Denne form for hormonforstyrrelser er blevet set hos både en række ferskvands- og saltvandsfisk, skønt det oftest er set blandt ferskvandsarter.
These kinds of hormone disruptions have been seen in a range of both freshwater and marine species of fish though most frequently among freshwater species.
Feminiseringerne tilskrives en udledning af naturlige og syntetiske østrogener samt østrogene stoffer til det akvatiske miljø via spildevand.
The feminisations are believed to be caused by release of natural and synthetic estrogens and estrogenic compounds being released to the aquatic environment via sewage effluent.
Tegnene på feminisering af hanfisk er generelt en produktion af blommeproteinet, vitellogenin - en markør for østrogen eksponering, samt udvikling af intersex, en unormal form for tvekønnethed, hvor hannerne udvikler ægceller i testiklerne.
Signs of feminisation in male fish are generally a synthesis of the yolk protein vitellogenin, an estrogen marker, and intersex, an abnormal type of hermaphoditism in which males develop egg cells in the testes.
De værste tilfælde af feminisering, hvad angår både forekomst og grad af fænomenet, er set i England, mens en mindre hyppig udbredelse er set i øvrige lande herunder Danmark.
Worst cases of feminisation in regard to both occurrence and degree of the disruption have been seen in England while a lower extent has been found in other countries including Denmark.
Man skal være opmærksom på, at kort-tids-eksponeringsforsøg for stofferne under mistanke ikke nødvendigvis giver et korrekt estimat af risikoen for vilde populationer af fisk, som lever hele deres liv i spildevandsbelastede vandløb.
Care must be taken in using results from short-term exposure studies as ultimate estimates of risk for wild populations of fish which live their entire life in sewage effluent receiving waters.
De østrogene komponenter i spildevand
The estrogenic components of sewage effluent
En kombination af cellebaserede in vitro analysemetoder samt kemiske analyser af spildevand har verificeret og kvantificeret den østrogene aktivitet af spildevand i en række lande.
A combination of cell based in vitro assays and chemical analyses of sewage water has verified and quantified the estrogenicity of sewage effluent from numerous countries.
I enkelte tilfælde er de østrogene kemikalier, alkylphenoler, også blevet antaget at være medansvarlige kandidater.
In single cases, the estrogenic chemicals, alkylphenols, have also been suggested as possible causative agents.
Østrogenkoncentrationer i spildevand og overfladevand
Sewage effluent and surface water concentrations of estrogens
I overfladevand er østrogenerne fundet i koncentrationerne 0.05 15.5 ng estradiol/l, < 0,1 17 ng estrone/l, < 0,1 3.4 ng estriol/l og < 0,053 30,8 ng ethinylestradiol/l med typiske koncentrationer under 5 ng/l for estradiol og østron og under 1 ng/l for ethinylestradiol.
Concentrations in surface waters have been found in the ranges 0.05 15.5 ng estradiol/l, < 0.1 17 ng estrone/l, < 0.1 3.4 ng estriol/l and < 0.053 30.8 ng ethinylestradiol/l with typical concentrations of less than 5 ng/l for estradiol and estrone and less than 1 ng/l for ethinylestradiol.
Ethinylestradiol er mere persistent end de naturlige østrogener både i vand og sediment.
Ethinylestradiol is more persistent than the natural estrogens both in water and sediment.
Forekomst og skæbne af alkylphenoler og bisphenol A i spildevand og overfladevand
Occurrence and fate of alkylphenols and bisphenol A in sewage effluent and surface water
Nogle af de mere potente østrogene kemikalier, som kan udledes med spildevand, er alkylphenolerne, nonylphenol og octylphenol, samt bisphenol A. Nonylphenol og octylphenol er i spildevand generelt blevet fundet i koncentrationer under 10 µg/l og i overfladevand i koncentrationer under 1 µg/l, skønt der er få eksempler på koncentrationer over 300 µg/l i spildevand og 600 µg/l i overfladevand.
Some of the more potent estrogenic compounds which might be released with sewage effluent are the alkylphenols, nonylphenol and octylphenol, and bisphenol A. Nonylphenol and octylphenol have in sewage effluent generally been detected in concentrations below 10 µg/l and below 1 µg/l in surface water, though, few example of concentrations above 300 µg/l in sewage effluent and 600 µg/l in surface water have been seen.
Bisphenol A er sjældent fundet over 1 µg/l i hverken spildevand eller overfladevand.
Bisphenol A is seldom detected above 1 µg/l in either sewage effluent or surface water.
Både alkylphenoler og bisphenol A har et stort potentiale for at akkumulere i sedimentet.
Both alkylphenols and bisphenol A have great potential for accumulating in the sediment.
Laveste effektkoncentrationer for feminisering med østrogener, alkylphenoler og bisphenol A
Lowest effect concentrations for feminisation by estrogens, alkylphenols and bisphenol A
Ethinylestradiol er mere potent end de naturlige østrogener med hensyn til at fremkalde feminiserende effekter hos hanfisk.
Ethinylestradiol is more potent than the natural estrogens in regard to inducing feminising effects.
Vitellogeninproduktion og intersex i hanner er blevet induceret med 0,1 ng/l, og kønsratio er ændret mod hunner med en eksponering for 0,6 ng/l. En række andre testikeleffekter er set ved koncentrationer under 10 ng/l.
Vitellogenin production and intersex in males have been induced by 0,1 ng/l and changed sex ratio by 0,6 ng/l. A range of other testis effects have been seen at concentrations below 10 ng/l.
Nonylphenol, oktylphenol og bisphenol A har en lavere østrogenicitet end de naturlige og syntetiske østrogener.
Nonylphenol, octylphenol and bisphenol A have lower estrogenicity compared to the natural and synthetic estrogens.
Induktion af vitellogenin kan forekomme ved en eksponering for 5 µg/l nonylphenol eller octylphenol, og intersex, ændret kønsratio og andre effekter ved nonylphenol-koncentrationer mellem 30 og 100 µg/l. Forstyrrelser i det hanlig reproduktionssystem er set ved 2 µg/l oktylphenol.
Induction of vitellogenin has been made by 5 µg/l nonylphenol or octylphenol, and intersex, changed ratio and other effects at nonylphenol concentrations between 30 and 100 µg/l. Male reproductive disorders have been seen with 2 µg/l octylphenol.
Bisphenol A kan fremkalde effekter ved koncentrationer mellem 10 og 40 µg/l.
Bisphenol A has exerted effects at concentrations between 10 and 40 µg/l.
Sammenhæng mellem lavest effektkoncentration for østrogenerne/østrogene stoffer og deres forekomst i vandmiljøet
Relationsship between lowest effect concentrations of estrogens/estrogenic compounds and their presence in the environment
Baseret på den nuværende viden omkring miljømæssig forekomst og østrogene potentiale af østriol er det endnu ikke muligt at estimere bidraget af dette østrogen til de observerede feminiseringer.
Based on the present knowledge on environmental occurrence of and the estrogenic potential of estriol it is not possible to estimate the contribution of this estrogen to observed feminisations.
Bisphenol A er generelt blevet fundet i koncentrationer under den laveste effektkoncentration for inducering af reproduktive effekter.
Bisphenol A is generally detected at concentrations below the lowest effect concentrations for inducing reproductive disorders in male fish.
Hvilke stoffer, der er ansvarlige for den observerede feminisering af fisk i Danmark, er stadig uvist pga. begrænset viden om vandkoncentrationer af østrogener i de danske vandløb.
Which compounds are responsible for observed feminisations of fish in Denmark is still uncertain due to a limited knowledge on water concentrations of estrogens.
Under en vurdering af den mulige betydning af østrogener/østrogene stoffer i miljøet på reproduktionssystemet hos fisk skal flere aspekter tage i betragtning.
Several aspects have to be taken into account when assessing the possible implications for the reproductive health of fish of estrogenic compounds in the environment.
Østrogener og østrogene stoffer i spildevand vil virke additivt, hvorved man nedsætter den koncentration af et enkeltstof, som kræves for at fremkalde effekter.
Estrogens and estrogenic chemicals in sewage effluent will act in an additive manner thereby lowing the concentration of a single compounds which is needed to induce effects.
Forskellige arter udviser ikke samme sensitivitet.
Different species exert different sensitivities.
Timingen af eksponering i forhold til kritiske perioder i fiskens livscyklus er af stor betyding for de resulterende effekter, og gentagende eksponering for høje koncentrationer af østrogner ser ud til at give uforholdsmæssig store effekter.
The timing of the exposure relative to critical periods in the fish life-cycle is of great importance to the resulting effects, and intermittent exposures to high concentrations of estrogens seems to give unproportionately large effects.
Effekten af feminisering eller østrogen eksponering for han- og hunfisks fertilitet
Effect of feminisation or estrogenic exposure on fertility of male and female fish
Der er meget lidt viden om betydningen af de observerede tegn på feminisering for fertilitet og forplantningssucces hos fisk.
Little is known about the importance of the observed signs of feminisation on the fertility and reproductive success of fish.
Observationer blandt intersex skaller i England af en asynkron udvikling af kønsceller hos hanner og hunner pga en forsinket sædcelleudviling samt observationer af nedsat sædvolumen, sædcelledensitet og motilitet har dog indikeret nedsat fertilitet.
However, observations among intersex roach in England of asynchrony of gamete maturation between males and females due to reduced spermatogenesis as well as reduced sperm volume, density and motility have indicated reduced fertility.
Den normale udvikling af ægceller hos hunner var også påvirket.
The normal development of egg cells in females was also affected.
Kontrollerede eksponeringsforsøg med de omtalte enkeltstoffer har også påvist nedsat befrugtningssucces blandt hanner og nedsat gydning af æg blandt hunner.
Controlled exposure experiments with the compounds in question have also demonstrated reduced fertilisation success among males and reduced spawning of eggs among females.
Påvirkningen af østrogener og østrogene stoffer på reproduktionsevnen kan evt. også være af indirekte karakter via nedsatte energiresourcer til reproduktion.
Impact of estrogens and estrogenic compounds on the reproductive capacity might also be indirectly via reduced energy sources to reproduction.
Kilder til østrogener i spildevand
Sources of estrogens to sewage effluent
Den pulje af østrogener, som når renseanlæggene stammer fra menneskets naturlige produktion af østrogener, fra hormon- og østrogenerstatningsterapi og fra indtagelsen af p-piller, som indeholder ethinyløstradiol.
The pool of estrogens which enters the municipal sewage system origins form the natural production of estrogens by humans, from hormone and estrogen replacement therapies and the intake of hormone contraceptives containing ethinylestradiol.
Østrogener udskillles hovedsageligt som vandopløselige konjugater.
The estrogens are mainly excreted as water-soluble conjungates.
En estimering af østrogenekskretionen fra mennesker i Danmark har vist, at hovedparten af østrogenerne stammer fra den naturlige produktion, som bidrager med ca. 87 % af den totale ekskretion af østrogener.
Estimation of the excretion of estrogens by humans in Denmark showed that the main part of the estrogens originates from the natural production in humans which contributes to approx. 87 % of the total excretion of estrogens.
Ekskretionen fra hormonbehandling er ansvarlig for ca. 12 %, mens ekskretionen af hormoner fra p-piller udgør ca. 1 % af den totale mængde udskilt østrogen.
Excretion from hormone therapy accounts for approx. 12 % while excretion of hormones from contraceptives only accounts for approx. 1 % of the total excreted amount of estrogens.
Kilder til alkylphenoler og bisphenol A i spildevand
Sources of alkylphenols and bisphenol A to sewage effluent
Alkylphenoler anvendes hovedsageligt i produktionen af andre produkter som f.eks. alkylphenolethoxylater.
Alkylphenols are mainly used in production of other products as e.g. alkylphenolethoxylates.
Alkylphenolethoxylater er relativt nemt nedbrudt til alkylphenoler og derfor vigtige kilder til alkylphenoler i renseanlæg.
Alkylphenolethoxylates are relatively easy degraded to alkylphenols and, therefore, important sources of alkylphenols in sewage systems.
Der forventes ikke nogen frigivelse af hverken alkylphenoler eller alkylphenolethoxylater fra produktion af sidstnævnte i Danmark.
No release from production of either alkylphenols and alkylphenolethoxylates in Denmark is expected.
Nonylphenolfamilien repræsenterer ca. 85 % af alkylphenolmarkedet, og de resterende 15 % formodes at være octylphenol.
The nonylphenol family represents approx. 85 % of the alkylphenol market and the remaining 15 % are assumed to be octylphenol.
Den totale frigivelse af nonylphenolethoxylater til spildevand i Danmark er estimeret til at være mellem 37 og 996 tons pr. år.
The total release of nonylphenolpolyethoxylates to waste water in Denmark was estimated to be between 37 and 996 tonnes per year.
Der antages ikke at foregå nogen produktion af bisphenol A i Danmark.
No production of bisphenol A is expected to take place in Denmark.
Frigivelsen i Danmark forventes derfor udelukkende at stamme fra forarbejdning, brug og bortskaffelse af bisphenol A-holdige materialer.
The release in Denmark is expected to arise solely from processing, use and disposal of bisphenol A containing materials.
Frigivelsen af bisphenol A til spildevand i Danmark er estimeret til 17 kg pr. år fra PVC-bearbejdning, 256 kg fra PVC-anvendelse og 492 kg fra papirgenbrug.
The release of bisphenol A to waste water in Denmark per year was estimated to 17 kg from PVC processing, 256 kg from PVC use and 492 kg from paper reuse.
Østrogeners skæbne i renseanlæg
Fate of estrogens in sewage treatment works
I tyske renseanlæg er det vist, at konjugerede steroider bidrager til ca. 50 % af steroiderne i indløbsvand og ca. 70 % af steroiderne i udløbsvand.
Conjungated steroids have been found to contribute to approx. 50 % in influent and approx. 70 % in effluent of German STPs.
Den totale mængde østrogener (østron, østradiol og ethinyløestradiol) var 25,5 ng/l og 9,3 ng/l i henholdsvis indløbs- og udløbsvand.
The total amount of estrogens (estrone, estradiol and ethinylestradiol) was 25.5 ng/l and 9.3 ng/l in the influent and effluent, respectively.
Baseret på laboratorieforsøg forventes det, at konjugeret østradiol relativt hurtige dekonjugeres, og at østradiol oxideres til østron, som yderligere elimineres.
Based on laboratory experiments it is expected that the conjugates of estradiol are de-conjungated relatively fast and that estradiol is oxidised into estrone which is further eliminated.
Biologisk nedbrydning er den vigtigste proces for fjernelse af østrogener i renseanlæg.
Analyses of glucuronates were not included in these studies.
Reduktion i spildevandets østrogenicitet er også registreret ved primær (sorption til slampartikler) og tertiær rensning.
The removal of the estrogens may occur by degradation as well as sorption to sludge particles.
Alkylphenolers og bisphenol As skæbne i renseanlæg
Fate of alkylphenols and bisphenol A in sewage treatment works
De resulterende produkter fra nedbrydning af alkylphenolethoxylater under aerobe forhold i renseanlæggene er mono- og diethoxylater samt de mere hydrofobe carboxylater og alkylphenoler.
The resulting products of the degradation of alkylphenolethoxylates under aerobic conditions in STPs are mono- and diethoxylates, the more hydrophobic carboxylates and alkylphenols.
Det endelige produkt, alkylphenol, ser ud til at være nedbrydeligt under aerobe forhold.
The final product alkylphenol seems to be degradable under aerobic conditions.