natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
PFDA med en længere alkylkæde ser endda ud til at være mere akkumulerende og reaktiv end PFOA.
PFDA (perfluorodecanoic acid) with a longer alkyl chain seems even accumulative and more active than PFOA.
Der er rapporteret om giftige påvirkninger som f.eks. induktion af fedtlever og blokering af åndingskæden i mitokondrier.
Toxic effects, such as induction of fatty liver and uncoupling of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, have been reported.
PFOS, PFOSA, PFHxS og perfluorerede carboxylsyrer med kulstofkædelængde på 7-10 kan hurtigt og reversibelt hæmme ”gap junction intercellular communication” (GJIC) dosis-afhængigt, og PFDA hæmmer mere effektivt end PFOA.
PFOS, PFOSA, PFHxS and perfluorinated carboxylic acids with carbon chain length of 7-10 can rapidly and reversibly inhibit gap junction intercellular communication in a dose-dependent manner, and with PFDA inhibiting more than PFOA.
”Gap junction intercellular communication” er den vigtigste måde intracellulære signaler overføres på, og det er således vigtig for den normale cellevækst og cellefunktion.
Gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC) is the major pathway of intracellular signal transduction, and it is thus important for normal cell growth and function.
Brist i denne kommunikation kan føre til fosterskader, nervesygdom, ufrugtbarhed, sukkersyge, cancer, autoimmune sygdomme og andre sygdomme.
Defects in this communication may lead to teratogenesis, neuropathy, infertility, diabetes, autoimmune disorders, cancer, and other diseases.
Skønt perfluoralkylforbindelser ikke ser ud til at være mutagene, fremkalderPFOA testikelsvulster i forsøgsdyr, og PFOS og EtFOSE forårsager leverkræft i forsøgsdyr.
Although the fluorinated chemicals do not seem to be mutagenic, PFOA induces testis tumors, and PFOS and EtFOSE induce liver cancer in experimental animals.
USEPA klassificerer PFOA som et kræftfremkaldende stof i dyr.
USEPA classifies PFOA as a carcinogen in animals.
PFOS påvirker fosterudviklingen, deriblandt reduceret fostervægt, ganespalte, ødemer, forsinket knogledannelse og hjertefejl.
In experimental animals PFOS causes developmental effects including reduction of foetal weight, cleft palate, oedema, delayed ossification of bones, and cardiac abnormalities.
De strukturelle misdannelser blev dog fundet i grupperne med den højeste PFOS-dosis, hvor der også blev konstateret markante reduktioner af vægtforøgelsen og fødeindtagelsen hos gravide moderdyr.
However, the structural abnormalities were found in the highest PFOS dose groups, where significant reductions of weight gain and food consumption were also observed in the pregnant dams.
U.K. Committee on Toxicity (2006) har anbefalet en midlertidig tolerabel daglig indtagelse (TDI) for PFOA og PFOS på henholdsvis 3 mg/kg lgv/d og 0,3 mg/kg lgv/d ved brug af en usikkerhedsfaktor på 100.
The U.K. Committee on Toxicity (2006) has recommended a provisionally Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) for PFOA and PFOS of 3 mg/kg bw/d and 0.3 mg/kg bw/d, respectively, using an uncertainty factor of 100.
De konkluderer, at denne TDI allerede kan være overskredet for nogle små børn.
They conclude that for some small children the TDI may already be exceeded.
Denne vurdering var baseret på resultater fra dyreforsøg, som synes at være misvisende, fordi menneskers udskillelse af PFOA og PFOS igennem nyrerne er ubetydelig, i modsætning til en stor aktiv udskillelse i forsøgsdyr.
This assessment was based on results from animal experiments, which may be very arbitrary and unreliable, because the renal clearances of PFOA and PFOS are almost insignificant in humans, contrary to a large active excretion in experimental animals.
Dette betyder, at disse kemikalier i mennesker forlader blodet via fordeling til indre organer og ikke via udskillelse fra kroppen.
This means that these chemicals in humans leave the blood mainly by redistribution to internal organs and not by elimination from the body.
Dette forøger betragteligt den indre eksponeringstid i de kritiske organer.
This may increase the internal exposure time in critical organs considerable.
1 Baggrund, mål og målgruppe
1 Background, goal and target group
1.3 Anvendte metoder i kortlægningen
1.3 Methods applied for the survey
Gennem de seneste år er man blevet opmærksom på en ny type persistente organiske forureninger, der indeholder en alkylkæde, typisk med mellem 4 og 12 kulstofatomer, og med alle eller næsten alle brintatomer erstattet med fluor.
During the past years an awareness has arisen on a new type of persistent organic pollutants containing an alkyl chain, typically between 4 and 12 carbon atoms, with all or most hydrogen atoms replaced by fluorine.
Dette gør kæden meget stabil og praktisk talt unedbrydelig i miljøet.
This makes the chain very stable and practically non-degradable in the environment.
Stofferne indeholder også en mere reaktiv funktionel gruppe, som kan være en alkohol, carboxylsyre, sulfonsyre, phosphorsyre eller deres derivativer.
The substances also contain a more reactive functional group, which may be an alcohol, a carboxylic acid, a sulfonic acid, a phosphoric acid or their derivatives.
Adskillige hundreder af disse polyfluor- eller perfluoralkylforbindelser [2] er kendte i dag.
Several hundred of these polyfluoroalkyl or perfluoroalkyl [2] compounds are known today.
Alle disse stoffer er overfladeaktive stoffer med en ekstrem lille overfladespænding, og de afviser vand, fedt og snavs og bruges derfor som imprægneringsmidler i en del industri- og forbrugerprodukter under varemærker som fx Scotchgard®, Baygard®, Gore-Tex®, Zonyl® og Stainmaster®.
These substances are all surface active substances with an extreme low surface tension, and they repel water, grease and dirt, and are therefore used as detergents or impregnating agents in a number of industrial- and consumer products under trade names like Scotchgard®, Baygard®, Gore-Tex®, Zonyl® and Stainmaster®.
Perfluoroctansulfonsyre (PFOS) er den bedst kendte perfluoralkylforbindelse.
Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) is the best known perfluorinated compound.
PFOS indeholder en liniær perfluoralkylkæde på 8 kulstofatomer og en sulfonsyre eller dets salt som funktionel gruppe.
PFOS has a linear perfluoroalkyl carbon chain of 8 and a sulfonic acid functional group.
I år 2000 stoppede det amerikanske firma 3M, som var hovedproducent af stoffet, produktionen og salget af PFOS og relaterede forbindelser, fordi PFOS overraskende blev fundet i høje koncentrationer i alle miljøområder, inklusive i fjerne områder såsom i Arktis.
In the year 2000, the American company 3M that was the main producer of the substance, voluntarily ceased the production and sale of PFOS and related compounds, because PFOS surprisingly was found in high concentrations widespread in the environment, included in remote areas such as the Arctic.
PFOS-relaterede forbindelser kom på Miljøstyrelsens liste over uønskede stoffer i 2004 og på Stockholm Konventionens liste over POP-stoffer i 2005.
PFOS-related compounds were introduced on the List of Undesirable Substances of the Danish EPA in 2004 and are nominated for the Stockholm Convention (2005) List of POP Substances.
Europaparlamentet og EU's Ministerråd har reguleret disse stoffer med Direktiv 2006/122/EC af 12. december 2006 om ”Begrænsning af markedsføring og anvendelse af visse farlige stoffer og præparater (perfluoroctansulfonater)”.
The European Parliament and the EU Council of Ministers have regulated these substances by the Directive 2006/122/EC of 12 December 2006 on “Restriction on the marketing and use of certain dangerous substances and preparations (perfluorooctane sulfonates)”.
Der eksisterer dog nogle undtagelser fra begrænsningerne, for eksempel inden for brug af fotografisk overfladebehandling til film, papir eller printerplader.
However, some exceptions from the limitations exist, for example within the use of photographic coatings for film, paper or printing plates.
Som substitution for PFOS fremstiller og forhandler 3M nu for eksempel perfluorbutansulfonat (PFBS) og dennes derivativer.
As a substitute for PFOS, 3M is now, for example, producing and trading perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) and its derivatives.
Kædelængden på PFBS er det halve af PFOS, og kædelængder på < 6 kulstoffer anses i disse typer kemikalier for at være mindre toksiske og mindre farlige for miljøet.
The chain length of PFBS is the half of PFOS, and chain lengths of less than 6 carbons are in these types of chemicals considered to be less toxic and less environmentally dangerous.
En anden kendt forbindelse er perfluoroctansyre (PFOA), der som ammoniumsalt bruges til fremstilling af fluorpolymere (som f.eks. Teflon®).
Another known compound is perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), which as the ammonium salt is used for manufacturing fluoropolymers (such as Teflon®).
PFOA kan forekomme som en urenhed i produkter af fluorpolymere, som f.eks. overfladebehandlede slip-let køkkenartikler(Washburn et al., 2005).
PFOA may occur as impurity in products of fluoropolymers, such as coated non-stick kitchen ware (Washburn et al. 2005).
PFOA udledes også fra industrier, som fremstiller fluorpolymere.
PFOA is also emitted from industries that are manufacturing fluoropolymers.
Denne slags processer findes dog ikke i Danmark.
Such type of manufacturing does not take place in Denmark.
PFOA og andre perfluorcarboxylsyrer (PFCA) med kortere eller længere kulstofkæder kan også forekomme som urenheder eller som et dekomponeringsprodukt af fluortelomere, som bruges til lignende formål som de tidligere anvendte PFOS-derivativer (Washburn et al., 2005).
PFOA and other perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCA) with shorter or longer carbon chains can also occur as impurities or as a decomposition product of fluorotelomers, which are used for similar purposes as the formerly used PFOS derivatives (Washburn et al. 2005).
Fluortelomere er polyfluoralkylforbindelser fremstillet ved telomerisering, en proces hvor et molekyle, kaldet telogen, reagerer med to eller flere umættede molekyler af ethylenfamilien, kaldet taxogener.
Fluorotelomers are polyfluoroalkyl compounds produced by telomerisation, a process in which a molecule, called telogen, reacts with two or more unsaturated molecules in the ethylene family, called taxogens.
Den væsentligste reaktion er:
The principal reaction is:
Telomere er blot polymere med en funktionel gruppe i enden.
Telomers are thus polymers with a functional group in the end.
Et lige kulstofsnummer kan opnås ved en reaktion mellem pentafluorethyliodid og tetrafluorethylen, dvs. den såkaldte C8-kemi for produktion af overfladeaktive stoffer:
An even carbon number may be obtained by the reaction of pentafluoroethyl iodide with tetrafluoroethylene, e.g. the so-called C8-chemistry for surfactant production:
Fluortelomere betragtes som mindre problematiske for miljøet end PFOS-forbindelserne, men de er også persistente i miljøet, og de kan nedbrydes til PFOA eller andre relaterede problematiske forbindelser.
Fluorotelomers are considered to be less environmentally problematic than the PFOS compounds, but they are also persistent in the environment, since they can be degraded to PFOA or other related problematic compounds.
Funktionsgruppen i en fluortelomer kan også være et substitueret sulfonamid som i en perfluoroctansulfonamid betaintelomer, som bruges i skum til at bekæmpe brande på olierigge, olieterminaler og lufthavne.
The functional group in a fluorotelomer can also be a substituted sulfonamide as in a perfluorooctane sulfonamide betaine telomer, which is used in fire fighting foams for fighting fires at oil rigs, oil terminals and airports.
1.1.2 Produktion og brug
1.1.2 Production and use
Produktionen i hele verden af polyfluorforbindelser er estimeret til at være omkring 10.000 tons om året.
The world production of polyfluorinated compounds is estimated to be about 10,000 tonnes per year.
Produktionen i hele verden af fluortelomere alene i årene 2000 til 2002 var 5.000 til 6.000 tons pr. år (Prevedourous et al., 2006).
The world production of fluorotelomers in the years 2000 to 2002 was 5,000 to 6,000 tonnes per year alone (Prevedourous et al., 2006).
Denne produktion er muligvis steget betragteligt siden hen, hvilket er bekræftet af et svensk og norsk studie fra 2006, som oplyser, at den årlige globale produktion af fluortelomere er ca. 10.000 tons.
This production has probably increased considerably since then, which is confirmed by a Swedish and Norwegian study from 2006, which states that the annual global fluorotelomer production is around 10,000 tonnes.
Forfatterne anfører også, at ca. 50 % af denne produktion går til imprægnering af tekstilforbrugerprodukter, f.eks. all-weather tøj, tæpper og møbelstoffer (Schulze og Norin, 2006).
The authors also state that about 50% of this production goes to the impregnation of textile consumer products, e.g. in all-weather clothing, carpets and upholstery (Schulze and Norin, 2006)
I de tidligere danske undersøgelser var imprægnering af tekstiler, tæpper, læder, papir og karton det dominerende brugsområde for polyfluorforbindelser og beløb sig til mere end halvdelen af det totale forbrug.
In earlier surveys impregnation of textiles, carpets, leather, paper and cardboard were the dominating use area for perfluorinated chemicals and amounted to more than half of the total use.
Fluortelomere kan sprayes på overfladen af et objekt eller blive integreret permanent ind i en polymeroverflade.
Fluorotelomers can be sprayed on the surface of a subject or be integrated permanently into a polymer surface.
Imprægneret papir og karton bruges til pakning af mad (f.eks. popcornposer til mikrobølgeovn) og foderstof (f.eks. papirsposer til tørfoder til hunde og katte) for at undgå gennemtrængning af fedt og fugt.
Impregnated paper and cardboard are used for packaging of food (e.g. popcorn bags for microwave oven) and foodstuff (e.g. paper bags for dry feed for dogs and cats) in order to prevent breakthrough of grease.
Brugsområderne for perfluorerede forbindelser er måske ret stabile, men tendensen er at erstatte PFOS-relaterede kemikalier med fluortelomere og fluorforbindelser med kortere perfluoralkylkæder end C8 (Poulsen et al., 2005).
The use areas for perfluorinated compounds are probably quite stable but the trend is to substitute PFOS related chemicals with fluorotelomers and fluorinated compounds with shorter perfluoroalkyl chains than C8 (Poulsen et al., 2005).
Polyfluorforbindelser er blevet et globalt miljøproblem.
Polyfluorinated compounds have become a global environmental problem.
Stofferne optræder overalt i indendørsluft, husstøv, udeluft, jord, affald, slam, grundvand, regnvand, overfladevand, dyr og mennesker, men forekomsten af de enkelte forbindelser varierer fra sted til sted.
The substances occur everywhere in indoor air, household dust, outdoor air, earth, sediment, sludge, groundwater, rainwater, surface water, animals and humans, but the occurrence of the individual compounds vary from place to place.
Forbindelserne er fundet selv i fjerne polarområder, deriblandt Grønland (Giesy og Kannan, 2002; Bossi et al., 2005ab; Jensen et al., 2006).
The compounds have been found even in remote polar areas, including Greenland (Giesy and Kannan 2002; Bossi et al., 2005ab; Jensen et al., 2006).
Polyfluorforbindelser bliver opkoncentreret gennem fødekæden.
The polyfluorinated substances are being upconcentrated through the food chain.
I modsætning til de mest almindelige persistente organiske forureninger(POPs) er polyfluorforbindelser ikke koncentreret i fedtvævet.
As opposed to the most common persistent organic pollutants (POPs) polyfluorinated compounds are not concentrated significantly in fatty tissue.
Tværtimod binder de til proteiner i blodet og indre organer, f.eks. milt, lever og nyre.
In contrary they are associated to proteins in blood and internal organs, such as spleen, lever and kidney.
Isbjørne har meget høje koncentrationer af adskillige fluoralkylforbindelser, især PFOS, på grund af isbjørnens placering i toppen af den arktiske fødekæde.
Polar bears have very high concentrations of several fluoroalkylated compounds, especially PFOS, because of the placement of the polar bear in top of the arctic food chain.
Undersøgelser fra DMU viser, at koncentrationer af perfluoralkylforbindelser er stigende i sæler fra Grønland - et af isbjørnens primære byttedyr.
Studies from the Danish National Institute for Environmental Research show that the concentrations of fluoroalkylated compounds are growing in seals from Greenland - one of the primary preys of the polar bear.
Polyfluoralkylforbindelser er også udbredt i miljøet i Syddanmark, som det er blevet påvist i en nylig undersøgelse udført af DMU (Strand et al., 2007).
Fluoroalkylated compounds are also wide-spread in the Danish environment, which has been shown in a recent study carried out by DMU (Strand et al., 2007).
OECD har gennem de seneste år udarbejdet en liste over PFOA, PFOS og PFOS-relaterede samt polyfluorstoffer.
OECD has during the past years prepared a list of PFOA, PFOS and PFOS-related as well as polyfluorinated substances.
Denne liste er flere gange blevet opdateret.
This list has continuously been updated.
I dag indeholder listen næsten 1.000 forskellige stoffer, der dækker PFOS-stoffer, PFOA og andre PFCA'er, PFAS, fluortelomere og andre stoffer, der kan nedbrydes til PFCA'er (OECD, 2007).
Today the list contains nearly 1,000 different substances covering PFOS-substances, PFAS, PFOA and other PFCAs, fluorotelomers and other substances that may degrade to PFCAs (OECD, 2007).
OECD's 2006 liste blev brugt i denne kortlægning, idet kun den var tilgængelig ved starten af projektet (OECD, 2006).
The list used in this survey was the OECD 2006-list which was available at the start of the project (OECD, 2006).
OECD's 2006 liste inddeler de forskellige fluorforbindelser i forskellige kategorier, som vist nedenfor.
The OECD 2006-list divides the different fluorinated compounds in different categories as listed below.
Der er noget overlap mellem de forskellige kategorier (f.eks. PFOS-forbindelser er også PFAS-forbindelser osv.), hvorfor listen indeholder mindre end 1.000 unikke CAS-numre.
Some overlap exists between the different categories (e.g. PFOS compounds are also PFAS compounds etc.), why the list contains less than 1,000 unique CAS numbers.
OECD-grupperingen er brugt gennem hele denne rapport.
The OECD grouping is used in throughout this report.
Tabel 1.1: Kategorier af perfluorerede og polyfluorstoffer i henhold til OECD 2006-liste (OECD, 2006).
Table 1.1: Categories of perfluorinated and polyfluorinated substances according to OECD 2006-list (OECD, 2006).
F17: Delvis fluor- & forskellige fluorforbindelser
F17: Partial fluoro & miscellaneous fluoro compounds
1.1.5 Projekter om fluorstoffer tidligere udført i Danmark
1.1.5 Projects on perfluorinated substances carried out previously in Denmark
1.1.5.1 2001/2002: Brug af PFOS og relaterede forbindelser i Danmark
1.1.5.1 2001/2002: Use of PFOS and related compounds in Denmark
Undersøgelser af perfluoroctansulfat (PFOS) og relaterede forbindelser i forbrugerprodukter udført af COWI for Miljøstyrelsen i 2001 og 2002 viste, at PFOS-relaterede forbindelser blev brugt i adskillige produkter i Danmark (Havelund, 2001, 2002).
A survey of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and related compounds in consumer products carried out by COWI for the Danish EPA in 2001 and 2002 revealed that PFOS-related compounds were used in numerous products in Denmark (Havelund 2001, 2002).
Kortlægningen dengang viste, at 75 af de 175 identificerede PFOS og PFOS-relaterede forbindelser på OECD's liste var på det tidspunkt registreret i Produktregisteret.
The survey showed that 75 of the 175 identified PFOS and PFOS-related compounds on OECD's list at that time were registered in the Danish Product Register.
Et totalt forbrug på 8-16 tons PFOS-forbindelser om året var registreret.
A total consumption of 8-16 tonnes PFOS-compounds annually was registered.
En markedsundersøgelse blev udført for at kvantificere den ikke-registrerede mængde af PFOS-forbindelser i produkter.
A market survey was carried out in order to quantify the non-registered amount of PFOS-compounds in products.
Denne undersøgelse konkluderede, at det totale årlige danske forbrug af PFOS-forbindelser i produkter nok var mellem 5 og 50 tons.
This survey concluded that the total Danish consumption of PFOS-compounds in products probably was between 5 and 50 tonnes per year.
Søgningen i 2001 i Produktregisteret viste, at PFOS-relaterede forbindelser oftest kunne findes i følgende produkttyper:
The 2001 search in the Danish Product Register showed that the PFOS-related compounds were mostly present in the following types of products:
Imprægneringsmidler til tekstiler, læder og papir
Impregnation agents for textiles, leather and paper
Voks og andre polérmidler
Wax and other polishes
Maling, lak og reprografiske midler
Paint, varnish and reprographic agents
Rengøringsprodukter; generelle rengøringsprodukter og rengøringsprodukter brugt til rengøring af metaloverflader eller tæpper.
Cleaning products (general cleaning products and cleaning products used for cleaning of metal surfaces or carpets).
1.1.5.2 2002: Brug af PFOS og relaterede forbindelser i imprægneringsmidler, voks og gulvvoks.
1.1.5.2 2002: Use of PFOS and related compounds in impregnating agents, wax and floor polish.
Som opfølgning iværksatte Miljøstyrelsen en anden kortlægning af brugen af PFOS-relaterede forbindelser i imprægneringsmidler, voks og gulvvoksprodukter (Vejrup et al., 2002).
As a follow-up, the Danish EPA initiated another survey of the use of PFOS-related compounds in impregnating agents, wax and floor polish products (Vejrup et al. 2002).
I dette projekt blev PFOS påvist i 3 ud af 21 indkøbte forbrugerprodukter.
In that project PFOS was detected in 3 out of 21 purchased consumer products.
To imprægneringsmidler indeholdt henholdsvis 212 mg perfluordecansulfonat/ml og 3,5 mg perfluoroctansulfonamid/ml.
Two impregnating agents contained 212 mg perfluorodecane sulfonate/ml and 3.5 mg perfluorooctane sulfonamide/ml, respectively.
1.1.5.3 2004: Kortlægning af alternativer til PFOS og PFOS-relaterede forbindelser
1.1.5.3 2004: Survey of alternatives to PFOS and PFOS-related compounds
I 2004 iværksatte Miljøstyrelsen en kortlægning med det formål at samle viden om de eksisterende tekniske alternativer til PFOS/PFOS-relaterede forbindelser og PFOA/PFOA-relaterede forbindelser.
In 2004 the Danish EPA initiated a survey with the aim to collect the know-how about the existing technical alternatives to PFOS/PFOS-related compounds and PFOA/PFOA-related compounds.
Dette projekt gennemførte også en miljø- og sundhedsvurdering af PFOS/PFOA-relaterede stoffer og af mulige alternativer til PFOS/PFOA-relaterede forbindelser (Poulsen et al., 2005).
This project also carried out an environmental and health assessment of PFOS/PFOA-related substances and of the possible alternatives to PFOS/PFOA-related compounds (Poulsen et al., 2005).
1.1.5.4 2005: Kemikalier brugt i skoplejeprodukter - PFOS blev fundet
1.1.5.4 2005: Chemicals used in shoe care products - PFOS discovered
I 2005 gennemførte Miljøstyrelsen en kortlægning af brugen af forskellige kemikalier i skoplejeprodukter (Engelund og Sørensen, 2005).
In 2005 the Danish EPA carried out a survey of the use of various chemicals in shoe care products (Engelund and Sørensen, 2005).
I 1 ud af 4 analyserede prøver blev der fundet meget små mængder (henholdsvis 1,1 og 0,36 mg/kg) af PFOS-relaterede forbindelser.
In 1 out of 4 analysed samples very small amounts (1.1 and 0.36 mg/kg, respectively) of PFOS-related compounds were found.
Det blev antaget, at PFOS-forbindelserne var til stede i produktet som urenheder i en fluorpolymer, som blev tilført på grund af dets vand- og smudsafvisende egenskaber.
The PFOS-compounds were believed to be present in the product as impurities in a fluoropolymer that was added due to its water and dirt repelling properties.
Formålet med dette projekt var at
The purpose of this project was to