natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Dette resulterer i et indhold af fluorstoffer i bilpolermidler og voks, der er brugt i Danmark i 2006 på forbrugermarkedet, på mellem 79 g og 358 kg.
This results in a content of fluorinated substances in auto polish and wax used in Denmark in 2006 for the consumer market between 79 g and 358 kg.
Koncentration af fluorstoffer i produkter
Fluorinated levels in products
Trægulvet i dette hjem var blevet behandlet 6 måneder før prøvetagningen med en gulvvoksbehandling.
The wooden floor in this home was treated 6 months before the sampling day with a floor wax coating.
I dette hus var niveauet af PFOA og PFOS i støven fra støvsugeren henholdsvis 250 ng/g støv og 94 ng/g støv.
In this house the level of PFOA and PFOS in the vacuum cleaner dust was 250 ng/g dust and 94 ng/g dust, respectively.
Dinglasan-Panlilio og Mabury (2006) har undersøgt syv forskellige kommercielt tilgængelige og industrielt påførte polymeriske ogoverfladeaktive stoffer, dvs. de kemiske produkter, som påføres imprægnerede forbrugerprodukter.
Dinglasan-Panlilio and Mabury (2006) have investigated seven different commercially available and industrial applied polymeric and surfactant materials, i.e. the chemical products that are applied to impregnated consumer products.
To undersøgte kemiske produkter var overfladeaktive stoffer baseret på fluor til maling, polermidler og andre coatings.
Two investigated chemical products were DuPont Zonyl fluorosurfactants for paint, polish and other coatings.
Markedet for skivoks blev undersøgt ved kontakt til en enkelt norsk producent af skivoks.
The market for ski wax was investigated by contact to a single Norwegian producer of ski wax.
Kun en speciel type af skivoks indeholder en perfluoreret alkan (CAS Nr. 355-49-7, perfluorhexadecan, C16F34).
Only one special type of ski wax is containing a perfluorinated alkane (CAS No. 355-49-7, perfluorohexadecane, C16F34).
Skivoksen er meget dyr (ca. 1.000 NOK for 30 g voks) og bruges derfor kun af top-professionelle skiløbere.
The ski wax is very expensive (around 1000 NOK per 30 g of wax) and is hence only used by top-professional skiers.
Den norske produktion er lige under 1 ton af denne voks, som indeholder 80-100% af perfluorforbindelse.
The Norwegian production is just below 1 tonne of this wax that contains 80-100% of the perfluorinated compound.
Det antages, at brugen af dette produkt i Danmark er ubetydelig.
It is assumed that the use of this kind of product in Denmark is negligible.
Ved søgning på Internettet er et antal rengøringsmidler til glas blevet identificeret.
By searching the Internet a number of cleaning agents for glass have been identified.
Det er dog uvist for de fleste produkter, om rengøringsmidlerne indeholder fluorerede forbindelser.
It is however uncertain for most products whether the cleaning agents contain fluorinated compounds.
Følgende rengøringsmidler er blevet identificeret:
The following cleaning agents have been identified:
Nanoteknologi er blevet anvendt.
Nanotechnology has been used.
”Cif Windows Spray Regular”, Unilever (intet indhold af fluorstoffer ifølge indholdsstofferne på deres hjemmeside - fluorstoffer er ikke nævnt specifikt, men alle indholdsstoffer er opført, så det antages, at der ikke er nogen fluorstoffer i produkterne).
Cif Windows Spray Regular, Unilever (no content of fluorinated substances according to the ingredients on their website - fluorinated substances are not mentioned specific, but all ingredients are listed, so it is assumed that no fluorinated substances are in the products).
”Froggy Sprit Glasspray” (intet indhold af fluorstoffer ifølge indholdsstofferne på deres hjemmeside - fluorstoffer er ikke nævnt specifikt, men alle indholdsstoffer er opført, så det antages, at der ikke er fluorstoffer i produkterne).
Froggy Sprit Glasspray (no content of fluorinated substances according to the ingredients on their website - fluorinated substances are not mentioned specific, but all ingredients are listed, so it is assumed that no fluorinated substances are in the products).
Adskillige af firmaerne blev kontaktet, men kun få var interesserede i at give oplysninger.
Several of the companies were contacted, but only few were interesting in giving information.
JohnsonDiversey sælger kun rengøringsprodukter til vinduer på det professionelle marked, og de bruger ingen fluorforbindelser i deres produkter.
JohnsonDiversey is only selling window cleaning products on the professional market, and they are not using any kind of fluorinated compounds in their products.
Unilever har i øjeblikket ikke nogen rengøringsprodukter til glas på det danske marked.
Presently, Unilever has not any glass cleaning products on the Danish market.
For ca. to år siden solgte de et produkt (Cif Windows Spray), som ikke indeholdt nogen fluorstoffer.
About two years ago they sold the product (Cif Windows Spray), which did not contain any fluorinated substances.
Det ser ud til, at de ”almindelige” rengøringsprodukter til glas, som blev fundet i supermarkeder, ikke indeholder fluorforbindelser.
It seems like the “ordinary” glass cleaning products found in every day stores do not contain fluorinated compounds.
Det er dog sandsynligt, at rengøringsprodukterne til glas, som er baseret på nanoteknologi, indeholder fluorforbindelser.
It is however, uncertain whether the glass cleaning products that are based on nanotechnology contain fluorinated compounds.
5 Forbrug af fluorstoffer i Danmark
5 Consumption of fluorinated substances in Denmark
I alt blev 59 forskellige firmaer kontaktet.
In all 59 different companies were contacted.
Generelt har det været meget svært at få nogle brugbare oplysninger fra firmaerne.
In general, it has been very difficult to get any useable information out of the companies.
Firmaerne er delt i to store grupper:
The companies are divided in two groups:
En stor gruppe, som har intet eller næsten intet kendskab til fluorstoffer og derfor også deres anvendelser.
A large group that has no or almost no knowledge about fluorinated substances and therefore also their uses.
En mindre gruppe, som har stort kendskab til fluorforbindelser.
A smaller group that has a high knowledge about the fluorinated compounds.
Undersøgelsen har vist, at den anden gruppe i de fleste tilfælde er uvillige til at deltage i undersøgelsen eller refererer til brancheforeningen for deres sektor.
The survey has shown that the second group, in most cases are unwilling to participate in the study or are referring to the trade union within their sector.
Nogle af problemerne med kortlægningen af anvendelsen af fluorerede forbindelser er:
Some of the problems in mapping the use of fluorinated compounds are:
Importører og slutbrugere er måske ikke klar over, at produkterne indeholder fluorforbindelser, fordi det er fortrolige oplysninger, og indholdet er ikke nødvendigvis nævnt i sikkerhedsdatabladene.
Importers and end users may not be aware that the products contain fluorinated compounds because it is confidential information, and the content is not necessarily mentioned in material safety data sheets.
Forsyningskæden kan være lang, hvilket betyder, at firmaer giver op, når de forsøger at få fat i oplysninger fra deres leverandører, da det ofte er leverandørens leverandør, som har de nødvendige oplysninger.
The supply chain may be long, meaning that companies are giving up, when trying to retrieve the information from their suppliers, as it often is the supplier of the supplier that has the necessary information.
Ikke alle firmaer er villige til at fortælle om deres leverandørers identitet, og i de fleste tilfælde foretrak firmaerne selv at kontakte deres leverandører.
Not all companies are willing to tell the identity of their suppliers, and in most cases the companies preferred to contact their suppliers themselves.
Producenterne ved ikke nødvendigvis, hvilken slags produkter deres egen produkter bruges til.
The producers do not necessarily know which specific types of products their products are used for.
Kortkædede fluorforbindelser kan forekomme som forureninger eller urenheder i produkter, der indeholder fluorpolymere.
Short chain fluorinated compounds may appear as contaminants or impurities in products containing fluoropolymers.
For eksempel i produkter til imprægnering kan fluorforbindelser forekomme som urenheder på ppm-niveauer.
For example, in products for impregnation fluorinated compounds may appear as impurities at the level of parts per million.
Det er dog et usikkert estimat, fordi nogle af tallene er kalkuleret ved brug af kvalificeret gæt baseret på oplysninger fra industrien og litteratur.
It is, however, an uncertain estimate because some figures are calculated with a use of educated guesses based on information from industry and literature.
Mængderne, som blev fundet ved søgningen i Produktregistret, må for det meste betragtes som minimumværdier, da kun kemikalier, der er klassificerede som farlige i en koncentration på 0,1-1%, skal registreres i Produktregistret, dvs. der kan være en anvendelse af kemikalier, som ikke er klassificerede som farlige, med et indhold af fluorstoffer.
The amounts found by the search in the Product Register must for most used be regarded as minimum values as only chemicals that contain substances classified as dangerous in a concentration of at least 0.1% or 1% (depending on the classification of the substance) are to be registered in the Danish Product Register, i.e. there may be a use of chemicals not classified as dangerous with a content of fluorinated substances.
Yderligere registreres anvendelsen af artikler/produkter med et indhold af fluorstoffer ikke i Produktregistret.
Furthermore a use of articles/products with a content of fluorinated substances is not registered in the Danish Product Register.
I de tilfælde, hvor ingen andre data var tilgængelige blev data fra Produktregistert brugt som både minimum og maksimumtal.
If no other information was available the amounts from the Danishg Product Register were used as both minimum and maximum amounts.
Tabel 5.1: Samlet estimeret mængde af fluorstoffer brugt eller indeholdt i produkter i Danmark
Table 5.1: Total calculated estimated amount of fluorinated substances used or contained in products in Denmark
En ting er anvendelsen af fluorstoffer, en anden ting er dog typen af de anvendte fluorstoffer, og muligheden for at stofferne kan nedbrydes til PFOS, PFOA eller andre PFCAer i miljøet, da disse stoffer er de mest kritiske i miljøet.
One thing is the use of fluorinated substances, another thing is, however, the type of fluorinated substances used, and the possibility of the substances to be degraded to PFOS, PFOA or other PFCAs in the environment, as these substances are the most critical in the environment.
DuPont har offentliggjort en videnskabelig artikel, hvori de beregner indholdet af PFOA (Perfluoroctanoat) i udvalgte forbrugerartikler (Washburn et al., 2005).
DuPont has published a scientific paper, in which they calculate the PFO (Perfluorooctanoate) content in selected consumer articles (Washburn et al., 2005).
Dette indhold dækker urenheder af PFOA, men ikke forbindelser der bliver nedbrudt til PFCAer, som f.eks. muligheden for fluortelomeralkoholer nedbrydes til PFCA.
This content covers the impurities of PFOA, but not compounds being degraded to PFCAs, as for example the possibility of fluorotelomer alcohols to degrade to PFCA.
Ved at bruge de opgivne data i DuPont-artiklen vedr. ovennævnte tal kan det ses, at urenhederne fra PFOA typisk er et sted mellem 0,1 og 1% af det totale indhold af fluorstoffer.
By using the data given in the DuPont paper on the above figures, it can be seen that the impurities of PFOA typically is somewhere between 0.1 and 1% of the total content of fluorinated substances.
Det skal bemærkes, at ca. 7,5 tons af totalen på 16,5 tons, som er registreret i Produktregistret, vedrører stoffer, som har en kædelængde mindre end 8, og som ikke er på OECD-listen over PFAS, PFOS, PFOA og stoffer, som kan nedbrydes til PFCA.
It must be noted that about 7.5 tonnes of the total 16.5 tonnes registered in the Danish Product Register counts for substances that have a chain length lower than 8, and that are furthermore substances that are not on the OECD list of PFAS, PFOS, PFOA and substances that can be degraded to PFCA.
Resten af kemikalierne kan dog have en mulighed for at blive nedbrudt til PFOA eller andre PFCAer i miljøet.
The rest of the chemicals may, however, have a potential to degrade to PFOA or other PFCAs in the environment.
Den nøjagtige mængde er ikke kendt, da det vil kræve detaljeret viden om de anvendte fluorstoffer, da kun specifikke typer af fluorstoffer kan nedbrydes til PFOS, PFOA eller andre PFCAer i miljøet.
The exact amount is not known, as this would require detailed knowledge of the fluorinated substances used, as only specific types of fluorinated substances can be degraded to PFOS, PFOA or other PFCAs in the environment.
Ved mødet med DuPont og brancheforeningen Plastics Europe kommenterede de listen over stoffer fra Produktregistret og oplyste, at det efter deres mening ikke var alle stofferne, som kunne nedbrydes til PFAS og kun i små mængder.
At the meeting with DuPont and the trade association Plastics Europe, they commented on the list of substances from the Danish Product Register, and informed that in their opinion, not all of the substances could be degraded to PFAS and only in small amounts.
Denne undersøgelse af fluorstoffer, der bruges i forbrugerprodukter i Danmark, har desværre ikke givet nogen detaljeret information (som CAS-numre) om de specifikke stoffer, som er anvendt i produkterne.
This survey of fluorinated substances used in consumer products in Denmark has unfortunately not given any detailed information (as CAS numbers) about the specific substances that are used in the products.
Til oplysning om de specifikke stoffer må vi stole på listen over stoffer, som er registreret i Produktregistret, og listen over stoffer, som kan findes ved at gå i detaljer med sikkerhedsdatabladene på de forskellige produkter, der indeholder fluorstoffer.
For information about the specific substances we must rely on the list of substances registered in the Danish Product Register and the list of substances that can be found by going into detail with the Material Safety Data Sheets on different products containing fluorinated substances.
6 Miljøvurdering af polyfluoralkylerede stoffer
6 Environmental assessment of polyfluoroalkylated substances
6.1 Miljøkemi, veje og niveauer
6.1 Environmental chemistry, pathways and levels
Familien på ca. 1.000 polyfluorerede kemiske stoffer (PFC'er) er meget uens med forskellige kemiske strukturer og egenskaber, der bestemmer deres miljømæssige veje og skæbne i biosfæren.
The family of about 1000 polyfluorinated chemical substances (PFCs) is very diverse with different chemical structures and properties determining their environmental pathways and fate in the biosphere.
Nogle stoffer er simple perfluoralkylcarboxylsyrer (PFCA'er som f.eks. PFOA) eller sulfonsyrer (som f.eks. PFOS) og deres salte med forskellige længder af de perfluorerede alkylgrupper og eventuelle forgrenede kæder.
Some substances are simple perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs like e.g. PFOA) or sulfonic acids (like e.g. PFOS) and their salts with various lengths of the perfluorinated alkyl groups and eventual branched chains.
Andre polyfluorstoffer der bruges mest, er komplekse, høj-molekylære derivater af syrerne, f.eks. fyldigt substituterede sulfonamider, fluortelomere (f.eks. FTOH) og perfluorphosphater (PAPS) eller fluorpolymere).
Other polyfluorinated substances - the substances mostly used in consumer products - are complex, high-molecular derivatives of the acids, e.g. bulky substituted sulfonamides), fluorotelomers (e.g. polyfluorinated alcohols (FTOH) and perfluorinated phosphates (PAPS) or polymers).
Disse stoffer er mest kovalente og mere flygtige, men mindre persistente, end de ultimative perfluoralkansyrer (PFAA), som de er forstadier af.
These substances are mostly non-polar and more volatile but less persistent than the parent perfluoroalkanoic acids (PFAA), they are precursors of.
Polyfluorstoffer anvendes på grund af deres overfladeegenskaber.
Polyfluorinated substances are used because of their surfactant properties.
De har både hydrofobe og oleofobe egenskaber og er kemisk og termisk inaktive, især fluoralkylkæden er ekstrem resistent over for varme og kemisk angreb, f.eks. af syrer og baser samt reducerende og oxiderende midler.
They have both hydrophobic and oleophobic properties and are chemically and thermally inert; especially the fluorocarbon chain is extremely resistant to heat and chemical attack, e.g. by acids and bases, and reducing and oxidizing agents.
C-F bindingen er meget stærk.
The C-F binding is very strong.
Således er perfluoralkylkæden en stabil identitet, der i praksis er unedbrydelig i naturen.
Thus the perfluoro chain is a stable identity, which in practice is non-degradable in nature.
På den anden side vil en fyldig funktionel slutgruppe blive hurtigere omdannet i miljøet og i organismer, og derfor vil forbindelserne i den sidste ende nedbrydes til persistente sulfonater (f.eks. PFOS) og carboxylater (PFOA).
On the other hand a bulky functional end group will be more readily transformed in the environment and in organisms, and therefore the compounds will be degraded to the persistent sulfonates (e.g. PFOS) and carboxylates (PFOA) in the end.
Sulfonaterne og carboxylaterne er polære forbindelser, som ikke vil akkumulere i fedtvæv, men hovedsagelig i blodet og leveren, og disse stoffer vil ofte binde sig til polære områder i slam.
The sulfonates and carboxylates are polar species, which will not accumulate in fatty compartments but mainly in blood and liver, and these substances will often interact with polar sites in sediments.
Den lille bionedbrydelighed er sammen med tendensen til at bioakkumulere karakteristisk for persistente organiske forureningskilder (POP'er).
The low biodegradability of PFCs is, together with their tendency to bioaccumulate, characteristics typical of persistent organic pollutants (POPs).
Efter at man har fundet ud af, at PFC'er bliver distribueret globalt i alle miljøområder, er anvendelsen og produktionen af adskillige perfluorforbindelser blevet reguleret af nationale og internationale organer, som f.eks. USA's Miljøstyrelse (2006), Environment Canada (Renner, 2005) og den Europæiske Union (2006).
After PFCs have been found to be distributed globally in all environmental compartments, the use and production of several perfluorinated compounds have been regulated by national and international agencies such as U.S. EPA (2006), Environment Canada (Renner, 2005) and European Union (2006).
PFOS er blevet tilføjet OSPAR-listen over kemikalier for prioriteret handling (OSPAR, 2003) og nomineret for optagelse i Stockholm Konventionen (2005) som en persistent organisk forurening.
PFOS has recently been added to the OSPAR list of chemicals for priority action (OSPAR, 2003) and nominated for inclusion in the Stockholm Convention (2005) as a persistent organic pollutant.
6.1.2 Fysisk-kemiske egenskaber
6.1.2 Physical-chemical properties
Store forskelle eksisterer for vandopløseligheden og damptryk mellem de individuelle PFOS- og PFOA-relaterede stoffer.
Large differences exist between the water solubility and vapour pressure for the individual PFOS- and PFOA-related substances.
Der kan ses nogle data i Tabel 6.1 og Tabel 6.2.
Some data are shown in Table 6.1 and Table 6.2.
Det bør bemærkes, at kommercielle produkter ikke er rene stoffer, men kan være blandinger og kan indeholde adskillige procentdele af forgrenede isomere og spor af andre Perfluorforbindelser.
It should be noted that commercial products are not pure substances but may be mixtures and can contain several percentages of branched isomers and traces of other PFCs.
Syrerne og deres frie salte er faste stoffer, der er opløselige og dissocierede i vand og fordamper ikke fra vandfasen.
The acids and their free salts are solids that are soluble and dissociated in water and insoluble in lipids and do not evaporate from the water phase.
Vandopløseligheden falder naturligvis med øget kædelængde.
The aqueous solubility will decrease with increased chain length.
Tabel 6.1: Vandopløselighed og damptryk for nogle polyfluorsulfonater (Heckster et al. 2003; Shoeib et al. 2004a; Lei et al. 2004b).
Table 6.1: Water solubility and vapour pressure for some perfluorinated sulfonates (Heckster et al. 2003; Shoeib et al. 2004a; Lei et al. 2004b).
For PFOA er octanol-vand fordelingskoefficient (Log Pow) 5, men PFOA's (og andre perfluorsyrers) specielle opløselighedsprofiler og overfladeaktive egenskaber gør miljømæssige skæbneforudsigelser, baseret på octanol-vand fordelingskoefficient, irrelevante for disse kemikalier.
For PFOA the octanol-water partition coefficient (Log Pow) is 5, but the special solubility profiles and surface-active properties of PFOA (and other perfluorinated acids) make environmental fate predictions based on octanol-water partition coefficients irrelevant for these chemicals.
Det synes, at vand er det vigtigste område for perfluorerede syrer i det abiotiske miljø.
Water is believed to be the target compartment for perfluorinated acids in the abiotic environment.
Perfluorerede carboxylsyrer (PFCA) er stærkere syrer end deres ikke-fluorerede modparter og har tilsvarende lavere pKa.
Perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCA) are stronger acids than their non-fluorinated counterparts and have the corresponding lower pKa.
For PFOA er pKa 2,80 (Kissa 2001).
For PFOA the pKa is 2.80 (Kissa 2001).
På grund af den meget stærke C-F-binding er perfluoralkylkæden ekstremt modstandsdygtig over for varme, UV-stråling, kemiske angreb fra syrer og baser, eller reducerende og oxiderende midler.
Because of the very strong C-F binding, the perfluoroalkyl chain is extremely resistant to heat, UV-radiation, chemical attacks by acids and bases, or reducing and oxidizing agents.
De funktionelle grupper (sulfonamid, ester, alkohol etc.) i den anden ende af molekylet vil hurtigere blive omdannet i miljøet og i organismer, og de mere komplekse molekyler vil gradvist blive nedbrudt til de ultimative, perfluorerede sulfonater og -carboxylater, som under normale omstændigheder ser ud til at blive i miljøet i overskuelig tid.
The functional groups (sulfonamides, esters, alcohol etc.) at the other end of the molecule will be more readily transformed in the environment and in organisms, and the more complex molecules will gradually be degraded to the ultimate, perfluorinated sulfonates and carboxylates, which under normal circumstances seem to persist in the environment for foreseeable time.
De 175 polyfluorstoffer på en liste udarbejdet af de canadiske myndigheder blev undersøgt med et computerprogram, som simulerer mikrobiel nedbrydning.
The 175 polyfluorinated substances on a list developed by Canadian authorities were studied with a computer program simulating microbial degradation.
Forudsigelsen var, at 109 stoffer ville være forstadier og blive nedbrudt til PFOS og 61 til PFOA (Dimitrov et al., 2004).
The prediction was that 109 substances might be precursors and be degraded to PFOS and 61 to PFOA (Dimitrov et al. 2004).
Fluorerede organiske polymerer er meget stabile over for hydrolyse, som resulterer i en halveringstid fra 1-5 år til 500 år.
Fluorinated organic polymers are very stable to hydrolysis resulting in half-lives from 1-5 years to 500 years.
Dog ved opvarmning af fluorpolymere som f.eks. poly[tetrafluorethylen] (PTFE) til mere end 350oC forekommer der nedbrydning i mindre molekyler inklusive en lille (0,01%) dannelse af PFOA (Ellis et al., 2001).
However, heating of fluoropolymers such as poly[tetrafluoroethylene] (PTFE) to more than 350oC, degradation in smaller molecules occurs, including a small (0.01%) formation of PFOA (Ellis et al. 2001).