natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Samme kolonne er brugt til begge detektorer.
Both detectors on the same column.
HPLC separation på 10 minutter.
HPLC separation time only approx. 10 minutes.
• Ulemper; Ingen oxidationsprodukter er detekteret.
•Disadvantages: No oxidation products detected.
• Anvendes til: Klæbemiddel i makeup
•Used for: makeup adhesive
Ekstraktion med acetonitril eller diethylether.
Extraction with acetonitrile or diethyl ether.
Samme kolonne brugt til begge detektorer.
Both detectors on the same column.
• Ulemper; Ingen oxidationsprodukter detekteret.
•Disadvantages: No oxidation products detected.
Top identifikation er baseret på retentions tid af kendte, rene analytter; risiko for interferens af eller overlapning af ukendte toppe.
Peak identification based on retention time of known, pure analytes; risk of interferences by and confusion with unknown peaks.
• Anvendes til: urteolier og -salver
•Used for: herbal oils and ointments
• Fordele: Ingen modifikation af analytter.
•Advantages: No modification of analyte.
Massespektre af oxidationsproduktet 15-HPDA, der er termisk ustabilt.
Mass spectra of the oxidation product 15-HPDA, which is thermally instable.
• Ulemper: AbA og DeA ikke detekteret.
•Disadvantages: AbA and DeA not detected.
Syntese af reference stof 15-HPDA er nødvendigt, da dette stof ikke er kommercielt tilgængeligt.
Need to synthesise reference substance 15-HPDA, since it is not commercially available.
• Ulemper: Ikke kvantitativ.
No modification of analytes.
2.2.4 Direkte indsat probe MS metode
2.2.4 Direct insertion probe MS method
• Beskrivelse: Ekstraktion med ethanol.
•Description: Extraction with ethanol.
• Fordele: Detektion af 7-O-DeA samt AbA og DeA og en række andre stoffer inklusiv oxidationsprodukter.
•Advantages: Detection of the oxidation product 7-O-DeA, also AbA and DeA and a number of additional components, including oxidation products.
Ingen modifikation af analytterne.
No modification of analytes.
• Ulemper: Ingen separation, komplekse massespektre.
•Disadvantages: No separation; complex mass spectra.
2.2.5 MALDI-MS metode
2.2.5 MALDI-MS method
• Beskrivelse: Ekstraktion med dichlormethan.
•Description: Extraction with dichloromethane.
TLC plade coatet med cellulose anvendes som prøveopsamler.
TLC plate coated with cellulose as sample probe.
• Fordele: Detektion af 7-O-DeA og andre oxidationsprodukter.
•Advantages: Detection of 7-O-DeA and other oxidation products.
Kræver mekanisk ændring af instrumentets prøveopsamler
Requires mechanical modification of instrument sample probe.
• Bruges til: Umodificeret kolofonium.
•Used for: unmodified colophonium as such
Indholdet af AbA varierer mellem 30-50 % i kolofonium af typen gum rosin og 35-40 % i tallolie kolofonium.
The content of AbA may vary between 30 - 50% for gum rosin and 35 - 40% for tall oil rosin.
Derfor bør en detektionsgrænse for AbA 10 ppm anvendes som en retningslinje til at vurdere størrelsesordnen af den ønskede detektionsgrænse i den udvalgte analysemetode.
A detection limit of 10 ppm AbA may therefore serve as a guide to determine the order of magnitude for the desired limit of detection in the chosen analytical method.
Foreslået metode I, eksisterende
Suggested method I, existing
GC-FID metoden [2, 8, 10] inkluderer kvantitativ analyse af AbA, DeA og 7O-DeA.
The GC-FID-method [2, 8, 10] includes the quantitative analysis of AbA, DeA and 7-O-DeA.
Det er nødvendigt at derivatisere analytterne, hvilket inkluderer brugen af farlige kemikalier.
Note that the necessary derivatisation of the analytes includes the use of hazardous chemicals.
Matrix interferens er begrænset og specificiteten af detektionen er øget ved hjælp af SPE oprensning.
Matrix interferences are limited and the detection specificity is enhanced by SPE.
Oxidationsproduktet 7O-DeA er inkluderet i metoden.
The oxidation product 7-O-DeA may be included in this method.
Denne analyt er undersøgt ved hjælp af HPLC-UV [8], dog ikke kvantitativt.
This analyte has been investigated by HPLC-UV method [8], however not quantitatively.
Da HPLC-UV-flourescens metoden er ikke-destruktiv, er fraktionering og efterfølgende analyse en mulighed, f. eks. direkte ved MS for at undgå forveksling med ukendte toppe [12-14].
As the HPLC-UV-fluorescence method is non-destructive, fractionation and further analysis is an option, e.g. directly by MS to avoid confusion with potential unknown peaks [12-14].
En metode til kvantificering af harpikssyrer i kosmetik
A method for quantification of resin acids in cosmetics
Standardopløsninger til HPLC laves i acetonitril: MilliQ vand 9:1 med 0,2 % myresyre.
Standard solutions for HPLC were made in acetonitrile:MilliQ water 9:1 with 0.2% formic acid.
Opløsningerne opbevares på køl og er stabile i mindst 2 uger.
They were stored in refrigerator and were stable for at least 2 weeks.
Kolofonium prøver opløses i 100 % acetonitril i en cirka koncentration på 1,5 mg/ml
Colophonium samples were dissolved in 100% acetonitrile to approximately 1.5 mg/ml.
Prøver Metoden er blevet testet på voks strips, foundation, rouge og mascara.
Samples The method has been tested on Wax strips, foundation, rouge and mascara
Papirerne fjernes for at opnå kontakt mellem voks og solvent.
The papers were separated to expose the wax to solvent.
500 ml EPA fra en 928 mikrogram/ml opløsning tilsættes som intern standard (IS) før ekstraktion.
An aliquot of 500 l EPA, from a 928 microgram/ml solution, was added as internal standard (IS) prior to extraction.
For alle kosmetik prøver undtagen voks strips: Hvert ekstrakt overføres til plastrør og centrifugeres i 15 min. ved 4000 rpm.
For all cosmetic samples except wax strips: Each extract was transferred to plastic tubes and centrifuged during 15 min at 4000 rpm.
Supernatanten overføres til en kolbe, bundfaldet genopløses i acetonitril, ultralydbehandles og centrifugeres efter samme procedure.
The supernatant was transferred to a flask, while the pellet was redissolved in acetonitrile, ultrasonicated and centrifuged using the same procedure.
Supernatant fraktionerne samles og inddampes ved hjælp af rotationsinddamper til et volumen på cirka 5 ml.
The supernatants were pooled in the flask and evaporated in a rotavapor to a volume of approximately 5 ml.
Tilsætning af vand gør opløsningen uklar.
Addition of water made the solution opaque.
Opløsningen filtreres derfor gennem et sprøjtefilter (0,45 mikrometer polypropylene membranfilter).
It was therefore filtrated through a syringe filter (0.45 micrometer polypropylene membrane).
Note: Kontroller at filtret kan tåle acetonitril.
Note: Check that the syringe filter is resistant to acetonitrile.
Til voks strips: Efter ultralydsbehandling, inddampes prøven ved brug af rotationsinddamper, til ca. 5 ml.
For wax strips: After ultrasonic extraction, the sample was evaporated, using rotavapor, to about 5 ml.
Prøven overføres til plastrør.
The sample was transferred to plastic tubes.
Kolben skylles med en lille mængde acetonitril, der også overføres til røret.
The flask was washed with a small volume of acetonitrile, which was also transferred to the tubes.
Prøven centrifugeres ved 4000 rpm i 15 min. Supernatanten overføres direkte til en konditioneret SPE kolonne, uden filtrering.
The sample was then centrifuged at 4000 rpm during 15 min. The supernatant was loaded directly on the conditioned SPE, without syringe filtration.
Fastfase ekstraktion (SPE):
Solid phase extraction (SPE):
Der anvendes Oasis MAX kolonne (6cc, 500mg) fra Waters til oprensning.
MAX columns (6cc, 500mg) from Waters were used.
Konditionering af SPE kolonne foretages ved eluering med 1) 3 ml methanol og 2) 3 ml MilliQ vand.
Conditioning was performed by percolating 1) 3 ml of methanol and 2) 3 ml of MilliQ water through the SPE column.
Prøven påsættes og kolonnen skylles med 1) 3 ml 50 mM NaOAc i MilliQ vand, 2) 4 ml methanol og til sidst 1 ml 2 % myresyre i methanol.
The sample was loaded and the column was then washed with 1) 3 ml of 50 mM NaOAc in MilliQ water, 2) 4 ml of methanol and finally 1 ml of 2% formic acid in methanol.
Prøven elueres med 2 ml 2 % myresyre i methanol.
The sample was then eluted with 2 ml of 2% formic acid in methanol.
3 fraktioner gemmes: 1) sidste skyllefraktion (1 ml) 2) elueringsfraktionen (2 ml) og 3) den sidste ekstra fraktion (1 ml).
3 fractions were thus kept: 1) the last wash fraction (1ml), 2) the elution fraction (2 ml) and 3) an additional fraction (1ml).
Kun elueringsfraktionen analyseres.
Only the elution fraction is to be analyzed.
Note 1: Forholdet acetonitril:vand 7:3 i prøven er vigtigt for en god genfinding ved oprensning på SPE.
Note 1: The composition of acetonitrile:water 7:3 is important for at good recovery from the SPE clean up.
Note 2: Myresyre opløsningen skal laves frisk hver dag.
Note 2: The formic acid solution has to be freshly made (daily).
Det er meget vigtigt for genfindingen at opsamle nøjagtig volumen af elueringsfraktionerne.
It is critical for good recoveries to collect exact volumes of the elution fractions.
Kolofonium prøver analyseres direkte efter filtrering på HPLC (uden oprensning på SPE).
The colophonium samples were analyzed directly by HPLC after syringe filtration (without SPE clean-up).
Den stationære fase indeholder både C12-kæder og urea funktioner.
The stationary phase contains both C12-chains and urea functions.
Methanol:vand 8:2 med 0,05 % myresyre bruges som mobil fase med et flow på 1 ml/min (hvilket giver et tryk på 240 bar).
Methanol:water 8:2 with 0.05% formic acid was used as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1 ml/min (yielding a pressure of approx 240 bar).
Der måles på fire forskellige bølgelængder 210, 220, 240, og 250 nm.
Four different wavelengths were used 210, 220, 240 and 250 nm.
De forskellig absorptions forhold anvendes til identifikation af de enkelte komponenter.
The different absorption ratios were used for identification of the compounds.
Note: Der anvendes isokratiosk eluering for at undgå en stigende basislinje, som vil medføre højere LOD værdier.
Note: Isocratic elution has to be performed to avoid increasing baseline, which would lead to higher LODs.
Mængden af myresyre er vigtig for både retentionstiden og støjniveau på basislinjen.
The amount of formic acid is critical for both retention and noise level.
Kromatogrammer af en standard opløsning (200 ng/μl) ved de enkelte bølgelænger er vist på næste side.
Chromatograms of a standard solution (200 ng/l) at the different wavelengths are shown on next page.
De forskellig absorptions forhold til brug til identifikation (CV under 10 %).
The different absorption ratios used for identification (CV below 10%):
7-OxoDeA: 220nm/210nm forhold 0.53 240nm/210nm forhold 0.26
7-OxoDeA: 220nm/210nm ratio 0.53 240nm/210nm ratio 0.26
250nm/210nm forhold 0.45
250nm/210nm ratio 0.45
AbA 240nm/250nm forhold 1.36
AbA 240nm/250nm 1.36
Kortlægning af kemiske hårfjerningsmidler
Analysis of chemical hair-removal products
Anette Ejersted og Annette Orloff, Miljøstyrelsen
Anette Ejersted and Annette Orloff, the Danish Environmental Protection Agency
Efter flere henvendelser fra forbrugere samt fra Forbrugerrådet angående skader efter brug af hårfjerningsmidler, besluttede forbrugersektionen i Miljøstyrelsen, at der var grundlag for at lave en kortlægning af hårfjerningsmidler på det danske marked.
After receiving several complaints from consumers and the Danish Consumer Council regarding injuries resulting from the use of hair-removal products, the consumer section of the Environmental Protection Agency decided an analysis of hair-removal products on the Danish market was called for.
I første omgang blev der fokuseret på et specifikt produkt.
Initially, focus was given to a specific product.
Denne undersøgelse blev afsluttet i efteråret.
This investigation was completed last autumn.
Efterfølgende har Miljøstyrelsen lavet en generel gennemgang af kemiske hårfjerningsmidler.
The Environmental Protection Agency has subsequently carried out a general examination of chemical hair-removal products.
Der findes flere typer af hårfjerningsmidler.
Several types of hair-removal products are on the market.
Der findes cremer og skum, der fjerner hårene ved en kemisk reaktion.
Creams and foams are available which remove hair by means of a chemical reaction.
Desuden findes vokse, der ikke er kemiske hårfjerningsmidler, men virker ved at hårene trækkes ud, og endelig findes forskellige maskiner og shavere til anden mekanisk fjernelse af hårene eventuelt ved samtidig brug af barberskum.
Waxes are also available which are not chemical hair-removal products, but which work by pulling out the hairs, and finally, various machines and shavers are available which remove hairs by other mechanical means, often in connection with the use of shaving cream.
I dette projekt er kun inkluderet de kemiske hårfjerningsmidler.
Only the chemical hair-removal products have been included in this project.
De mekaniske metoder med brug af barberskum eller voks er ikke medtaget i dette projekt.
The mechanical methods involving the use of shaving cream or wax have not been considered as part of this project.
Miljøstyrelsen har tidligere kigget på brugen af voks, der skal opvarmes før brug.
The Environmental Protection Agency has previously examined the use of wax which has to be heated before use.
Producenter/importører af hårfjerningsmidlerne har haft rapporten i høring inden offentliggørelsen.
Manufacturers/importers of hair-removal products have been given copies of this report for public hearing before publication.
Kommentarer er indarbejdet i rapporten efterfølgende.
Their comments have subsequently been incorporated into this report.
Projektet er gennemført af
The project has been carried out by
Anette Ejersted, cand. scient, Miljøstyrelsen
Anette Ejersted, MSc, the Danish Environmental Protection Agency
For at kortlægge hvilke kemiske hårfjerningsmidler der findes på det danske marked til hårfjerning er detailhandlen blevet besøgt.
In order to ascertain what chemical hair-removal products are available on the Danish market, various retailers were visited.
Der er indkøbt produkter i supermarkeder, i materalister, på apoteket, hos helse/naturkosmetikbutkker samt på internettet.
Products were purchased from supermarkets, druggists, chemists, health/natural cosmetics shops and on the Internet.
Hårfjerningsmidler er omfattet af bekendtgørelse nr. 594 af 6. juni 2000 om kosmetiske produkter.
Hair-removal products are covered by Statutory Order no. 594 of 6 June 2000 on cosmetic products.
Bekendtgørelsen gennemfører i Danmark de regler der er fastsat i EU's direktiv om kosmetiske produkter, jf. Rådets direktiv 76/768/EØF om den indbyrdes tilnærmelse af medlemsstaternes lovgivning om kosmetiske produkter.
The Statutory Order implements in Denmark the regulations set in the EU Directive on cosmetic products, cf. Council Directive 76/768/EEC on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to cosmetic products.
Hårfjerningsmidler, der markedsføres i Danmark, skal overholde de regler, der efter bekendtgørelsen gælder for produkternes indhold af sundhedsskadelige stoffer (§ 9), for produkternes mærkning (§ 16-23), for sikkerhedsforskrifter for anvendelsen (§ 20) og for de oplysninger, som producenten eller den markedsføringsansvarlige skal være i besiddelse af til brug for myndighedernes administration af reglerne (§ 32).
Hair-removal products marketed in Denmark must comply with the regulations of the Statutory Order, which apply to the products' content of dangerous substances (section 9), labelling (sections 16-23), safety directions for use (section 20), and the information the manufacturer or marketing entity must have in their possession for use by the authorities in their administration of the regulations (section 32).
Kemiske hårfjerningsmidler virker ved nedbrydning af hårets keratin.
Chemical hair-removal products work by breaking down the hair's keratin.
Det er ikke vanskeligt at nedbryde hårets keratin, da det er følsomt overfor stærke alkaliske vandige opløsninger og reduktionsmidler.
It is not difficult to break down the keratin in hair, since it is sensitive to strongly alkaline, aqueous solutions and deoxidation agents.
Huden indeholder imidlertid også keratin i de øverste lag (corneum).
However, skin also contains keratin in the outer layers (corneum).
Det betyder, at det er vanskeligt at formulere et kemisk produkt, der kan fjerne/nedbryde keratin i hårene uden at det samtidig får indflydelse på keratin i huden.
This means that it is difficult to produce a chemical product which can remove/break down keratin in hair, without affecting keratin in the skin at the same time.
Det er dog påvist, at produkter som kombinerer en stærk reducerende reaktion med en stærk alkalisk (basisk) effekt kan nedbryde hårene på kort tid samtidig med, at huden næsten forbliver upåvirket.
However, it has been shown that products which combine a strongly deoxidising reaction with a strongly alkaline (basic) effect can break down the hair in a short time, while leaving the skin almost unaffected.
Ved formulering af hårfjerningsmidler skal de aktive stoffer altså ikke alene sikre, at det angriber hårets keratin hurtigere end hudens keratin.
When producing hair-removal products, it is not enough that the active ingredients attack the keratin in the hair faster than the keratin in the skin.
Det skal samtidig sikres, at indholdsstofferne ikke er sundhedsmæssigt problematiske og kun i meget sjældne tilfælde forårsager eksemer eller allergiske reaktioner.
It must also be ensured that the constituents are not dangerous and only very rarely cause eczema or allergic reaction.
Det skal også sikres, at produktet hverken har en ubehagelig lugt eller udvikler lugt under brug, og andre uønskede effekter skal undgås.
It must also be ensured that the product neither has an unpleasant odour nor develops odour during use, and other undesirable effects must be avoided.
Princippet i hårfjerningsmidler er nedbrydningen af svovlbindingerne i hårets keratin.
The principle employed in hair-removal products is to break down the sulphur bonds in the hair's keratin.
Der sker en reduktion af svovlbindingerne ved hjælp af salt af thioglycolsyre.
The sulphur bonds are deoxidised using a salt of thioglycolic acid.
For at thioglycolsyre kan reducere bindingerne kræves det, at den findes som aktiv dianion i produktet.
In order to enable thioglycolic acid to deoxidise the bonds, it has to exist as an active dianion in the product.
Det kræver en høj koncentration af hydroxid ioner, der reagerer med thioglycolsyren efter følgende reaktion:
This requires a high concentration of hydroxide ions, which react with the thioglycolic acid as follows:
Dianionen kan herefter reagere med keratin efter følgende reaktion: R-S-S-R + 2
The dianion can then react with keratin as follows: R-S-S-R + 2
Der er tale om en reversibel reaktion, det betyder, at reaktionen ikke løber til ende men indstiller sig som en ligevægt hvor både reaktanter og reaktionsprodukter er tilstede i opløsningen.
This reaction is reversible, which means that it does not run to completion, but settles at an equilibrium where both the reactants and the reaction products are present in the solution.
I praksis betyder det, at øges koncentrationen af en af reaktanterne i ligevægtstilstanden vil koncentrationen af den anden reaktant tilsvarende aftage, indtil ligevægten igen er indstillet.
In practise, this means that if one increases the concentration of one of the reactants in the equilibrium state, the concentration of the other reactant will reduce correspondingly, until equilibrium is again established.
Det er dermed muligt at sænke mængden af ureduceret keratin ved at øge koncentrationen af thioglycolsyren i ovenstående ligevægt.
It is thus possible to reduce the quantity of undeoxidised keratin by increasing the concentration of thioglycolic acid in the above equilibrium.
Ved hårfjerning er det imidlertid ikke kun svovlbindingerne i keratin, der skal brydes men også salt-, hydrogen- og amidbindinger.
However, during hair-removal, it is not just the sulphur bonds in keratin which have to be broken, but also salt, hydrogen, and amide bonds.
Dette gøres i et stærkt alkalisk miljø.
This is achieved using a strongly alkaline environment.
Koncentrationen af dianionen af thioglycolsyre er derfor afhængig af begyndelseskoncentrationen af såvel thioglycolsyre som hydroxidionen og dermed af den stærke base.
The concentration of the dianion of thioglycolic acid is therefore dependent on the initial concentrations of both thioglycolic acid and hydroxide ions, and hence on the strong alkali.
Som det fremgår af ovenstående ligninger bliver større mængder af hårets keratin reduceret ved højere koncentration af thioglycolsyrens dianion.
As the above equations show, larger amounts of the hair's keratin are deoxidised with higher concentrations of the thioglycolic acid's dianion.
Det betyder, at jo højere koncentration af basen og dermed højere pH-værdi og jo højere koncentration af thioglycolsyren, des mere effektivt vil produktet være.
This means that the higher the concentration of the alkali and hence the higher the pH value, and the higher the concentration of the thioglycolic acid, the more effective the product will be.
Der er dog andre faktorer at tage hensyn til.
However, there are other factors to take into account.
Thioglycolsyre er giftig, og dermed er der fastsat restriktioner for dens anvendelse i kosmetik.
Thioglycolic acid is toxic, and restrictions have therefore been placed on its use in cosmetics.
Den høje pHværdi kan samtidig i sig selv være skadende for huden i form af ætsninger, og som nævnt skal der tages hensyn til påvirkningen af hudens keratin også.
The high pH value can, in itself, also be harmful to the skin in the form of corrosive burning, and as already mentioned, its effect on the skin's keratin must also be considered.
I kosmetikbekendtgørelsen er der fastsat en grænseværdi både for indholdet af thioglycolsyre (max 5 % beregnet efter vægt) i produkter beregnet til hårfjerning samt en grænse for, hvor høj pH-værdien må være (pH=12.7).
The Statutory Order on cosmetics sets a limit value for the content of thioglycolic acid (max 5% by weight) in products designed to remove hair, and a limit value for the maximum permitted pH value (pH=12.7).
Der er ved fastsættelsen af disse grænseværdier taget hensyn til, at det er nødvendigt med den høje pH-værdi for, at thioglycolsyren kan bringes på den aktive form.
In setting these limit values, consideration has been given to the fact that it is necessary to have a high pH value in order to turn the thioglycolic acid into the active form.
De nævnte grænseværdier gælder derfor kun for produkter beregnet til hårfjerning, mens der gælder andre grænseværdier for andre typer af kosmetiske produkter.
The limit values mentioned above therefore only apply to products designed for hair removal, while other limit values apply to other types of cosmetic products.
Hårfjerningscremers indholdsstoffer fremgår af ingredienslisten på emballagen eller på selve produktet.
The constituents in hair-removal creams are shown in the list of ingredients on the packaging or on the product itself.
Som beskrevet ovenfor indeholder hårfjerningsmidlerne flere aktive stoffer, der er nødvendige for at opnå den ønskede virkning.
As described above, hair-removal products contain several active ingredients which are necessary in order to achieve the desired effect.
Thioglycolsyre tilsættes som forskellige salte som f.eks. calcium- og kaliumthioglyconate samt ren thioglycolsyre.
Thioglycolic acid is added as various salts, such as calcium and potassium thioglycolate as well as pure thioglycolic acid.
For at opnå den høje pH-værdi og dermed også den høje koncentration af hydroxidioner anvendes stærke baser som calcium-, kalium- og natriumhydroxid.
In order to attain the high pH value, and thereby also the high concentration of hydroxide ions, strong alkalis are used, such as calcium, potassium, and sodium hydroxide.
Udover disse aktive stoffer indeholder hårfjerningsmidler en lang andre stoffer på linie med andre typer af cremer.
In addition to these active ingredients, hair-removal products contain a large number of other substances, on par with other types of creams.