natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
PFOA, 6:2 FTOH og 8:2 FTOH blev frigjort til gasfasen med henholdsvis 7-337 ng (11-503 pg/cm²), <10-97 ng (<15-204 pg/cm²) og 40-298 ng (42-625 pg/cm²), pr. pande fra fire mærker af slip-let stegepander ved første brug.
PFOA, 6:2 FTOH and 8:2 FTOH were released into the gas phase at 7-337 ng (11-503 pg/cm²), <10-97 ng (<15-204 pg/cm²) and 40-298 ng (42-625 pg/cm²), respectively, per pan from four brands of nonstick frying pans during first use.
Dette tyder på, at rester af PFAS frigøres fra PTFE-belægningen til gasfasen ved normale stegetemperaturer.
This suggests that residual PFAS is released from the PTFE coating to the gas phase under the normal cooking temperatures.
Gasfasekoncentrationen af PFAS varierede afhængigt af mærket på stegepanden, som tyder på, at sintringsforholdene (temperatur, tryk og varighed), som er anvendt ved belægningen af fluorpolymerer, kan have en indflydelse på frigørelsen af PFAS.
Gas-phase concentration of PFAS varied depending on the frying pan brand, which suggests that the sintering conditions (temperature, pressure, and duration) used in the coating of fluoropolymers may have an influence on the release of PFAS.
Yderligere blev PFOA sporet i vand, der blev kogt i 10 minutter i slip-let bradepander.
In addition, PFOA was detected in water boiled for 10 minutes in nonstick pan brands.
En pande i rustfrit stål frigav ikke nogen PFAS selv ved højere temperatur.
A pan in stainless steel did not release any PFAS at even higher temperature.
Larsen et al. (2005) sporede små mængder af PFOA (op til 140 ppb) i ekstrakter af PTFE, opnået efter at have anvendt tryk og øgede temperaturer på materialet.
Larsen et al. (2005) detected small amounts of PFOA (up to 140 ppb) in extracts of PTFE, obtained after applying pressure and increased temperatures to the material.
En senere undersøgelse fra det norske Institut for Folkehelse (The Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 2007) går i yderligere detaljer omkring disse resultater.
A later study by The Norwegian Institute of Public Health (2007) goes in further detail about these findings.
I et worst-case scenario viste den nye undersøgelse, at et voksent menneske ville blive eksponeret til 66 ng PFOA/kg lgv, når vedkommende drak 100 ml vand, der var kogt i en Teflon-behandlet pande.
In a worst case scenario, the new study showed that an adult human would be exposed to 66 ng PFOA/kg bw, when drinking 100 ml water cooked in a Teflon coated pan.
Det blev dog konkluderet, at selv med en formodet 100% optag af PFOA ville det ikke være nogen betydningsfuld indtagelsesvej for mennesker.
It was, however, surprisingly concluded that even at an assumption of 100% uptake of PFOA that being no essential intake route for humans.
7.4 Imprægnering af papir og afsmidtning til fødevarer
7.4 Paper impregnation and migration into food
Perfluorkemikalier bruges til at behandle papir for at forbedre dets fugt- og spærrende egenskaber.
Perfluorochemicals are used to treat paper to improve its moisture and oil barrier properties.
Indpakning til fødevarer kan være en vigtig kilde til perfluorerede kemikalier i mennesker (Renner, 2007b).
Food wrappers may be an important source of perfluorinated chemicals in humans (Renner 2007b).
Før 2000 viste f.eks. en canadisk undersøgelse af fast food sammensætninger, at mere end 55% af disse indeholdt N-ethylperfluoroctansulfonamid (N-EtFOSA).
Before 2000 for example, a Canadian study of fast food composites revealed that more than 55% of the composites contained N-ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamide (EtFOSA).
Det højeste målte niveau (23,5 mg/kg) var i en pizza.
The highest level measured (23.5 mg/kg) was in a pizza.
Nedbrydningsproduktet eller urenheden PFOS blev også sporet i tre prøver.
The degradation product or impurity PFOS was also detected in three samples.
De fleste prøver efter 2000 var fri for disse forureninger, fordi fluortelomere siden da har erstattet PFOS (Tittlemier et al., 2003, 2006).
Most samples after 2000 were free of these contaminants, because fluorotelomers have since substituted PFOS (Tittlemier et al. 2003, 2006).
En velkendt forekomst af fluorkemikalier og telomere er som tilsætningsstof (mg kvantiteter) i fedttætte popkornsposer til mikroovn, hvorfra kemikalierne kan frigives gradvist under mikrobølgeopvarmningen og sive ind i maden eller findes i dampene (Sinclair et al., 2007).
A well-known occurrence of perfluorinated chemicals and telomers is as greaseproof additive (mg quantities) in microwave popcorn bags, from which the chemicals can be released gradually during microwave heating and leak into the food or found in the vapors (Sinclair et al. 2007).
En af de tre undersøgte mærker frigav 16 ng PFOA, 223 ng 6:2 FTOH og 258 ng 8:2 FTOH.
One of the three brands investigated did release 16 ng PFOA, 223 ng 6:2 FTOH and 258 ng 8:2 FTOH.
En anden frigav ikke spor.
Another did not release anything.
Fødeindhold kan være en anden eksponeringsvej.
Food may also be polluted by PFCs via the environment.
New Jersey's Afdelingen for Miljøbeskyttelse har for nyligt anbefalet et drikkevandsgrænseværdi på 0,04 µg/L (Renner, 2007a).
The New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection has recently recommended a drinking water guidance level of 0.04 µg/L (Renner 2007a).
I en nylig PhD-afhandling blev de samlede eksponeringer til PFOS og PFOA i mennesker vurderet ved at bruge en Scenarie-Baseret Risikovurdering (SceBRA) (Horowitz 2007).
In a recent PhD thesis the total average internal exposures to PFOS and PFOA in humans were assessed by using a Scenario-Based Risk Assessment (SceBRA) (Horowitz 2007).
Den modellerede gennemsnitlige samlede indre eksponering af PFOS I denne undersøgelse var i området fra 17 ng/kg lgv/dag (voksne) til 66 ng/kg lgv/dag (børn).
The modelled average total internal exposure to PFOS was in the range of 17 ng/kg bw/day (adults) to 66 ng/kg bw/day (infants).
Den vej, der bidrager mest til den indre eksponering til PFOS i voksne, er indtagelse af føde (>98%).
The pathway contributing most to the internal exposure to PFOS in adults was ingestion of food (>98%).
Den modellerede indre eksponering til PFOA er i området 1 ng/kg lgv/dag (voksne) til 4 ng/kg lgv/dag (børn).
The modelled internal exposure to PFOA is in the range of 1 ng/kg bw/day (adults) to 4 ng/kg bw/day (infants).
For PFOA er vejen for indtagelse af føde også hovedbidragsyder (>75%) til den samlede indre eksponering.
For PFOA the pathway ingestion of food is also the main contributor (>75%) to the total internal exposure.
Oral eksponering fra hånd-til-mund-kontakt med tæpper og tilfældig indtagelse af støv bidrager i et vist omfang til eksponeringen af småbørn, rollinger og børn.
Oral exposure from hand-to-mouth contact with carpets and incidental ingestion of dust contribute to some extent to the exposure of infants, toddlers, and children.
Undersøgelsen konkluderer, at eksponeringerne, som er modelleret med ScrBRA, og eksponeringerne, som er udledt fra målte blodserumsniveauer, stemmer godt overens for PFOS, men for PFOA er de modellerede eksponeringer en størrelsesorden lavere end de eksponeringer, som er udledt fra de målte blodniveauer.
The study concludes that the exposures modelled with SceBRA and exposures deduced from measured blood serum levels correspond well for PFOS, but for PFOA the modelled exposures are one order of magnitude lower than the exposures deduced from the measured blood levels.
Mulige forklaringer er enten oversete eller undervurderede (indeklima?) eksponeringsveje eller bidrag fra forstadieforbindelser, som ikke er blevet inkluderet i Horowitz-undersøgelsen.
Possible explanations are either overlooked exposure pathways or contribution from precursor compounds, which have not been included in the Horowitz study.
8 Niveauer af polyfluoralkylstoffer i menneskevæv
8 Levels of polyfluoroalkylated substances in human tissues
8.4 Niveauer i leveren
8.4 Levels in the liver
Fluorkemikaliers fysisk-kemiske egenskaber dækker et stort spektrum.
The physical-chemical properties of perfluorinated chemicals cover a large spectrum.
De mest forekommende i miljøet og mennesket er de endelige nedbrydningsprodukter af sulfonamider og telomerer: Perfluoralkylsulfonater og perfluoralkylcarboxylater.
The most abundant in the environment and in Man are the ultimate degradation products of sulfonamides and telomers: Perfluoroalkyl sulfonates and perfluoroalkyl carboxylates.
Disse kemikalier har i modsætning til de fleste andre persistente organiske forureninger (POP) en lille affinitet til fedtstoffer i fedtvæv, men binder til proteiner i cellemembranerne.
These chemicals have in contrary to most other persistent organic pollutants (POP) a low affinity to lipids in adipose tissues but bind to proteins in cell membranes.
Derfor vil akkumuleringen i kroppen hovedsagelig være i proteinrige dele, som f.eks. blod og indre organer, som lever, nyrer og milt.
The accumulation in the body will therefore mainly be in protein rich parts such as blood and internal organs such as liver, kidney and spleen.
En omfattende redegørelse, der diskuterer kontrol og toksikologiske fund til perfluoralkylsyrer, er for nyligt blevet offentliggjort (Lau et al., 2007).
A comprehensive review discussing monitoring and toxicological findings for perfluoroalkyl acids has recently been published (Lau et al. 2007).
Den kvantitative bestemmelse af perfluorerede kemikalier i miljø- og menneskeprøver er ikke noget let arbejde.
The quantitative determination of perfluorinated chemicals in environmental and human samples is not an easy task.
Det inkluderer forskellige ekstraherings og oprensningstrin før instrumentanalyse.
It includes various extraction and cleanup steps before instrumental analysis.
En sammenlignende undersøgelse viste store variationer i resultater fra forskellige prøvetyper mellem laboratorier (van Leeuwen et al., 2006).
An interlaboratory survey showed great variations in results from various sample types between laboratories (van Leeuwen et al. 2006).
8.1 Niveauer i modermælk
8.1 Levels in human milk
Skønt modermælk hovedsageligt opkoncentrerer lipofile forureninger, er fluorkemikalier også blevet fundet i modermælk, men i meget lavere niveauer end i blod.
Although human milk mainly concentrates lipophilic pollutants, perfluorinated chemicals have also been found in human milk, however, in much lower levels than in blood.
Udvikling af fast-fase ekstrationsmetoder gjorde det for nyligt muligt at analysere disse lave niveauer i mælk.
Development of solid phase extraction methods made it recently possible to analyse these low levels in milk.
I den første pilotundersøgelse af to modermælksprøver fra USA blev der kun sporet PFPA (1,56 ng/mL) i en prøve og PFHxA (0,82 ng/mL) (Kuklenyik et al., 2004).
In the first pilot study of two human milk samples from USA only PFPA (1.56 ng/mL) in one sample and PFHxA (0.82 ng/mL) were detected (Kuklenyik et al. 2004).
PFOA blev ikke bestemt i disse prøver, men PFNA forekom i tre prøver.
PFOA was not detected in these samples but PFNA was detected in three samples.
Undersøgelsen inkluderede også en afpasset sammenligning mellem niveauer i mælk og blodserum fra 12 mødre.
The study also included a matched comparison between levels in milk and blood serum from 12 mothers.
De gennemsnitlige niveauer af PFOS i serum og mælk var henholdsvis 20,7 og 0,201 ng/mL, og således 100 gange lavere niveauer i modermælk end i blod.
The mean levels of PFOS in serum and milk were 20.7 and 0.201 ng/mL, respectively, thus 100 times lower levels in human milk than in blood.
Det højeste PFOS-niveau i modermælk i denne undersøgelse var 0,465 ng/mL; hvis et spædbarn har et dagligt indtag af 150 mL mælk/kg lgv, vil dette svare til et dagligt indtag af 70 ng fluorkemikalier/kg lgv - noget over en foreløbig fastsat referencedosis på 25 ng/kg lgv/dag.
The highest PFOS level in human milk in this study was 0.465 ng/mL; if an infant has a daily intake of 150 mL milk/kg bw that will correspond to a daily intake of 70 ng perfluorinated chemicals/kg bw - somewhat above a preliminary reference dose of 25 ng/kg bw/day.
En pilotundersøgelse i Tyskland inkluderede 19 friske modermælkeprøver fra München og 38 arkiverede prøver fra Leipzig (Völkel et al., 2007).
A pilot study in Germany included 19 fresh human milk samples from Munich and 38 archived samples from Leipzig (Völkel et al. 2007).
Niveauerne for PFOS rangerede mellem 28 og 309 pg/mL med en median på 119 pg/mL.
The levels for PFOS ranged between 28 and 309 pg/mL with a median of 119 pg/mL.
Yderligere blev 13 frosne mælkeprøver fra Gyor, Ungarn, analyseret.
In addition, 13 frozen milk samples from Gyor, Hungary, were analysed.
PFOS-niveauerne var højere og på 96-639 pg/mL med en median på 330 pg/mL.
The PFOS levels were higher and ranged 96-639 pg/mL with a median of 330 pg/mL.
PFOA blev kun fundet i 11 ud af 70 prøver, hvori niveauerne var mellem 201-460 pg/mL (detektionsgrænse: 200 pg/mL).
PFOA was only detected in 11 out of 70 samples in which the levels ranged 201-460 pg/mL (detection limit: 200 pg/mL).
8.2 Niveauer i menneskeblod
8.2 Levels in human blood
I blodet er perfluorkemikalier hovedsageligt bundet til serumproteiner, især albumin (Jones et al., 2003b).
In the blood perfluorinated chemicals are mainly bound to serum proteins, especially albumin (Jones et al. 2003b).
I de fleste undersøgelser er blodserum analyseret, mens andre analyserer fuldblod eller blodplasma.
In most studies blood serum is analysed but other studies analyse whole blood or blood plasma.
Når man sammenligner sådanne undersøgelser, er det vigtigt at tage hensyn til, at resultaterne vil afhænge af, hvilken fraktion, der bliver analyseret.
When comparing such studies it is important to take into account that results will depend on what medium is analysed.
I en japansk undersøgelse blev koncentrationer af PFOS målt i fuldblod og serum fra de samme personer.
In a Japanese study concentrations of PFOS were measured in whole blood and serum from the same persons.
Det viste, at niveauerne i serum var to til tre gange højere (område: 19-41 ng/mL; gennemsnit: 27 ng/mL) end i fuldblod (område: 5-14 ng/mL; gennemsnit: 11 ng/mL) (Taniyasu et al., 2003).
It showed that levels in serum were two to three times higher (range: 19-41 ng/mL; mean: 27 ng/mL) than in whole blood (range: 5-14 ng/mL; mean 11 ng/mL) (Taniyasu et al. 2003).
En anden undersøgelse af Ehresman et al. (2007) viste, at forholdet mellem plasma og serum for PFHxS, PFOS og PFOA var 1:1 uafhængigt af koncentrationsniveauer.
Another study by Ehresman et al. (2007) showed that the plasma to serum ratios for PFHxS, PFOS and PFOA were 1:1 independent of concentration level.
Forholdet mellem serum/plasma til fuldblod var, uafhængigt af den anvendte antikoagulant, ca. 2:1.
The serum/plasma to whole blood ratio, regardless the anticoagulant used, was approximately 2:1.
Forskellen mellem plasma, serum og fuldblod svarer til den volumenforskydning røde blodlegemer, som ikke tiltrækker disse kemikalier, fremkalder.
The difference between plasma, serum and whole blood corresponds to volume displacement by red blood cells, which are not attracting these chemicals.
Røde blodlegemer bidrager generelt til 41-45% af vægten af blodet.
Red blood cells contribute in general to 41-45% of the weight of blood.
Perfluorkemikalier i menneskeblod er i årtier blevet detekteret i individer, som var eksponeret via deres erhverv, og de erhvervsmæssige niveauer kan være 100-1000 gange højere end niveauerne for den generelle befolkning.
Perfluorinated chemicals in human blood have for decades been detected in occupationally exposed individuals and occupational levels may be 100-1000 times higher than levels in the general population.
For eksempel indeholdt blodet fra en arbejder, der håndterede ammoniumsaltet af PFOA, op til 71 µg organisk fluor/ml blod (Ubel et al., 1980).
For example in a worker handling the ammonium salt of PFOA the blood contained up to 71 µg organic fluorine/ml blood (Ubel et al. 1980).
8.2.2 Eksponering af den generelle befolkning
8.2.2 General population exposure
Der er to produktionsmetoder til at syntetisere polyfluoralkylkemikalier.
There are two production methods to synthesise PFCAs.
Den elektrokemiske fluoreringsproces (ECF) resulterer i en blanding af linære og forgrenede isomere, men telomeriseringsprocessen vil kun resultere i linære isomere.
The electrochemical fluorination process result in a mixture of linear and branched isomers but the telomerisation process will only result in linear isomers.
Isomerfordelingen af perfluorcarboxylater i menneskeblod kan bruges til at identificere eksponeringskilden.
The isomer distribution of perfluorocarboxylates (PFCAs) in human blood may be used to explain the exposure source.
PFC'er er knyttet til serum proteiner, og serum har derfor højere forureningsniveauer end fuldblod.
PFCs are attached to serum proteins, and serum has higher levels of contamination than whole blood.
Derfor er det bedst at måle disse kemikalier i blod serum eller plasma.
Therefore, it is best to monitor these chemicals using blood serum or plasma.
Ikke desto mindre er fuldblod analyseret i en række undersøgelser.
Never the less in some studies whole blood were analysed instead of blood serum.
Resultater herfra er ikke direkte sammenlignelige, da fuldblodsniveauer vil være 2-3 gange lavere end serumniveauer.
Such results are not directly comparable, as whole blood levels will be 2-3 times lower than serum levels.
Blodserum fra 31 amerikanske bloddonorer i alderen 5-74 år blev analyseret for fluorkemikalier af Olsen et al. (2003a).
Blood serum from 31 American (age range: 5-74 years) were analysed for fluorochemicals by Olsen et al. (2003a).
PFOS blev bestemt i alle på nær én prøve, og koncentrationerne rangerede mellem <6,1 og 58,3 ng/mL.
PFOS was determined in all but one serum sample and concentrations ranged between <6.1 to 58.3 ng/mL.
Gennemsnittet af de positive prøver for PFOS var 18,3 ng/mL, og det gennemsnitlige forhold mellem serum og lever var 1:3.
The mean of the positive samples for PFOS was 18.3 ng/mL, and the mean serum to liver ratio was 1.3.
I blodserum var de gennemsnitlige niveauer for PFOA, FOSA og PFHxS henholdsvis 3,1, 4,5 og 2,4 ng/mL.
In blood serum the mean levels for PFOA, FOSA and PFHxS were respectively 3.1, 4.5 and 2.4 ng/mL.
Kun nogle få prøver havde niveauer af PFOSA og PFHxS over kvantificeringsgrænserne.
Only a few samples had levels of FOSA and PFHxS above the quantification limits.
En større undersøgelse karakteriserede PFOS og seks andre relaterede fluorkemikalier i serumprøver taget i 2000-2001 fra 645 voksne amerikanske bloddonorer fra byer i seks stater (Olsen et al., 2003b).
A larger study characterised PFOS and six other related fluorochemicals in serum samples taken in 2000-2001 from 645 adult American blood donors from cities in six states (Olsen et al. 2003b).
En lignende forskel blev set for PFOA men på lavere niveauer; blandt ikke-hispanic hvide mænd og kvinder henholdsvis 7 ng/mL og 4 ng/mL, og højere end for både ikke- latinamerikanske sorte mænd (3,6 ng/mL) og kvinder (2,85 ng/mL) eller mexicansk-amerikanske mænd (3 ng/mL) og kvinder (2 ng/mL).
A similar difference was seen for PFOA but at lower levels; among non-Hispanic white male and females 7 ng/mL and 4 ng/mL, respectively, and higher than for both non-Hispanic males (3.6 ng/mL) and females (2.85 ng/mL) or Mexican American males (3 ng/mL) and females (2 ng/mL).
I en senere undersøgelse undersøgte den samme forskergruppe 1.562 NHANES serumprøver fra de tidligere år 1999-2000 for andre varianter end køn og etnisk afstamning som blev bestemt tidligere (Calafat el al., 2007a).
In a later study the same research group investigated 1562 NHANES serum samples from the earlier years 1999-2000 for other variables than sex and ethnicity as determined earlier (Calafat et al. 2007a).
Konklusionen var, at højere uddannelse var forbundet med højere PFAS-niveauer, men alder havde ingen betydning.
The conclusion was that higher education was associated with higher PFAS levels but age had no influence.
I en opfølgningsundersøgelse blev 2.094 serumprøver fra NHANES 2003-2004 analyseret, og PFOS, PFOA, PFHxS og PFNA blev detekteret i >98% af prøverne (Calafat et al., 2007b).
In a follow-up study 2094 serum samples from the NHANES 2003-2004 were analysed, and PFOS, PFOA, PFHxS and PFNA were detected in >98% of the samples (Calafat et al. 2007b).
Geometriske gennemsnitskoncentrationer i 2003-2004 var markant lavere end i 1999-2000 for PFOS (32%), PFOA (25%) og PFHxS (10%), men gennemsnitsniveauet for PFNA var steget 100%.
Geometric mean concentrations in 2003-2004 were significant lower than in 1999-2000 for PFOS (32%), PFOA (25%) and PFHxS (10%) but average level of PFNA had increased 100%.
8.2.2.2 Niveauer i Canada
8.2.2.2 Levels in Canada
En undersøgelse af 16 canadiske blodserumprøver viste, at de linære isomere dominerede med 98%, således må PFCA'er komme fra telomerisering (De Silva og Mabury, 2006).
A study of 16 Canadian blood serum samples showed that the linear isomers dominated with 98% thus most PFCAs must come from telomerisation (De Silva and Mabury 2006).
Lige-nummererede PFCAer havde højere koncentrationer end ulige-nummererede i modsætning til i de arktiske pattedyr; den højeste koncentration af PFCA var af PFOA (gennemsnit: 4,4 ng/g).
Even numbered PFCAs had higher concentrations than odd numbered in contrary to the arctic mammals; the highest concentration of PFCAs was of PFOA (mean 4.4 ng/g).
Koncentrationer af PFOS i fuldblod fra 10 japanske frivillige indsamlet i juni 2002 rangerede mellem 2-14 ng/mL med et gennemsnit på ca. 8 ng/mL (Taniyasu et al., 2003).
Concentrations of PFOS in whole blood from 10 Japanese volunteers sampled in June 2002 ranged 2-14 ng/mL with a mean of about 8 ng/mL (Taniyasu et al., 2003).
Mere end 200 serumprøver, samlet i 2002-2003 fra byerne Kyoto, Yokote og Taiwa, blev undersøgt af Harada et al. (2004).
More than 200 serum samples, collected in 2002-2003 from the cities of Kyoto, Yokote and Taiwa, were investigated by Harada et al. (2004).
Højeste niveauer af PFOS og PFOA blev målt i et område med kendt forurening af overfladevandet.
Highest levels of PFOS and PFOA were measured in an area with known contamination of surface water.
Harada et al. (2004, 2007) har berettet om resultaterne fra analysering af 100 historiske blodserumprøver fra Kyoto, Japan, i perioden 1983-1999, som viste, at PFOA-koncentrationerne steg mere end 4 gange i den periode og fortsatte med at stige, mens niveauerne for PFOS nåede et fast højt niveau i de sene 1980'er.
Harada et al. (2004, 2007) have reported the results of analysing 100 historic blood serum samples from Kyoto, Japan, from the period 1983-1999, which showed that PFOA concentrations did increase more than 4 times in that period and continued to increase, but levels of PFOS reached a plateau in late 1980s.
Produktionen af fluorpolymere i Japan steg i den samme periode med 3,5 gange.
The production of fluoropolymers in Japan increased in the same period 3.5 fold.
Niveauerne blev påvirket af adskillige faktorer.
Levels were influenced by several factors.
Køn og beboelsesområde er de mest indflydelsesrige faktorer, mens alder og rygerstatus ikke var så vigtig.
Sex and residential area are the most influential factors, while age and smoking status are not so important.
Generelt havde mænd 50-100% højere koncentrationer end kvinder.
In general males had 50-100% higher concentrations than females.
Mere end 100 serumprøver samlet i 2003-2004 fra 10 byer viste også store geografiske forskelle (Harada et al., 2007).
Other 100 serum samples collected in 2003-2004 from 10 cities showed also large geographical differences (Harada et al. 2007).
Yderligere var der spor af PFOSA til stede i 9 prøver.
In addition, traces of PFOSA were present in 9 samples.
Medianerne var generelt lidt lavere end gennemsnittene.
The medians were generally a little lower than the means.
8.2.2.6 Niveauer i Norge
8.2.2.6 Levels in Norway
Mænd havde højere niveauer end kvinder.
Males had higher levels than females.
Den første gruppe inkluderede prøver fra 12 mødre indsamlet i 2000 og prøver fra deres 5 år gamle børn indsamlet i 2005.
The first group included 12 mothers sampled in 2000 and their 5 year old children sampled in 2005.