natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
150,000 mg [dinatrium-ethylendiamintetraacetát dihydrát].
The pH of this suspension is adjusted to 5,5 ± 0,5 with CaCO3.
Normalizování střední kontrolní odezvou přináší určité principiální problémy a vede ke vzniku poněkud komplikované struktury rozptylu.
The suspension is conditioned for at least two days with gentle stirring at 20 ± 2 °C, to stabilise pH and establish a stable microbial component.
Dělením odezev střední kontrolní odezvou pro získání procentuální hodnoty inhibice se zavádí dodatečná chyba způsobená chybou kontrolní střední hodnoty.
The pH is measured again and is adjusted to 6,0 ± 0,5 with CaCO3 if necessary.
Zkoušené směsi (FT jako v tabulce 1) obsahující vodu, syntetickou odpadní vodu a zkoušenou chemickou látku se připraví tak, aby se získaly rozdílné nominální koncentrace zkoušené chemické látky (viz tabulka 1 – příklad objemů složek). pH se podle potřeby nastaví na 7,5 ± 0,5;
Then all of the suspension is mixed with the other dry constituents, taking into account any portion used for spiking.
Také adsorptivní látky by se měly navážit přímo do zkušebních nádob a nádoby by se měly silanizovat, aby se minimalizovaly ztráty v důsledku adsorpce.
The remaining deionised water is added to obtain a homogeneous sediment.
je rychlost příjmu kyslíku v důsledku nitrifikace (mg/l.h);
The pH is measured again and is adjusted to 6,5 to 7,5 with CaCO3 if necessary.
Jestliže se ke stanovení NOEC má použít statistická analýza, je třeba mít statistické hodnoty pro každou nádobu (jednotlivé nádoby se považují za opakované pokusy).
If ammonia development is expected, the artificial sediment may be conditioned for seven days under the same conditions which prevail in the subsequent test (e.g. sediment-water ratio 1: 4, height of sediment layer as in test vessels) before it is spiked with the test substance, i.e. it should be topped with water, which should be aerated.
a pokud možno 95 % meze spolehlivosti, případně EC20, EC80, případně NOEC a použité statistické metody, jestliže EC50 nemůže být stanoveno,
Samples of the sediment are taken to determine dry weight and total organic carbon content (e.g. 3 samples).
Brown, D., Hitz, H.R. and Schäfer, L.
Thereafter, the spiked quartz sand is mixed with the sediment for each treatment level, the sediment is distributed to the replicate test vessels, and topped with the test water (e.g. sediment-water ratio 1 : 4, height of sediment layer as in test vessels).
(1981).
The chosen food source should be added prior to or during spiking the sediment with the test substance.
King, E.
In order to ensure that the food is in sufficient contact with the test substance, the food source should be mixed with the sediment not later than on the day the test substance is spiked to the sediment.
F. and Painter H.
Exceptions may be made where the length of the equilibration period leads to excessive microbial degradation of the food before the test organisms are added.
A.
Samples of the sediment are taken to determine dry weight and total organic carbon (e.g. 3 samples of spiked or control sediment).
(1986).
The dry weight of the components (peat, sand, kaolin) should be reported in g and in per cent of total dry weight.
OECD (1984), Activated sludge, Respiration inhibition test, Test Guideline No.
The volume of water to be added to the dry components during preparation of the sediment should also be reported in per cent of total dry weight (e.g. 100 % dry weight + 46 % water means 1000 g d.w. receive a total of 460 ml water, which results in 1460 g wet sediment).
209, Guidelines for the testing of chemicals, OECD, Paris.
The dry constituents of the artificial sediment may be stored in a dry, cool place at room temperature.
ISO (2007).
The prepared, wet sediment may be stored (for further use in the culture only) at 4 ± 2 °C in the dark for a period of 2 to 4 weeks from the day of preparation (8).
Bealing, D.
Sediment spiked with the test substance should be used immediately unless there is information indicating that the particular sediment can be stored without affecting the toxicity and bioavailability of the test substance.
J.
Samples of spiked sediment may be stored under the conditions recommended for the particular test substance until analysis.
(2003).
Oligochaetes species recommended for bioaccumulation testing
Painter, H A, Jones K (1963).
Tubifex tubifex (MÜLLER),Tubificidae, Oligochaeta
Painter, H.
The tubificid oligochaete (Tubificidae, Oligochaeta) Tubifex tubifex (Müller) lives in freshwater sediments in tubes which are lined with mucus.
A.
In these tubes the worms dwell head down, ingesting sediment particles utilising the associated microorganisms and organic debris.
(1986).
The posterior portion usually undulates in the overlying water for respiration purposes.
Robra, B.
Although this species inhabits a wide range of sediment types all over the northern hemisphere, Tubifex tubifex prefers relatively fine grain sizes (59).
(1976).
The suitability of this species for ecotoxicological testing is described for example in (8)(29)(31)(39)(60)(62)(63).
Fiebig S. and Noack, U.
In order to have a sufficient number of Tubifex tubifex for conducting bioaccumulation tests the worms have to be kept in permanent laboratory culture.
(2004).
A system consisting of artificial sediment based on the artificial soil according to Test Method C.8 (40) and reconstituted water according to test method C.1 is recommended for T. tubifex culture (8).
The use of copper(II)sulphate pentahydrate as reference substance in the activated sludge respiration inhibition test – acc. to the OECD guideline 209.
Each culture container is loaded with a layer of wet artificial sediment prepared as described in Appendix 5.
ISO (1995).
The depth of the sediment layer should allow for natural burrowing behaviour of the worms (2 cm minimum depth for T. tubifex).
ISO 10634 Water Quality – Guidance for the preparation and treatment of poorly water-soluble organic compounds for the subsequent evaluation of their biodegradability in aqueous medium, International Organization for Standardization.
Reconstituted water is added to the system.
Teplota v zkušebních nádobách by měla být 24 ± 2 °C. pH kontrolního média by se během zkoušky nemělo zvýšit o více než 1,5.
Care should be taken to minimise disturbing the sediment.
EyCx (počet lístků) a EyCx (celková plocha lístků, hmotnost sušiny nebo čerstvá hmotnost).
The water body is gently aerated (e.g. 2 bubbles per second with 0,45 μm-filtered air) via a pasteur pipette positioned 2 cm above the sediment surface.
ASTM International.
The recommended culture temperature is 20 ± 2 °C.
US EPA – United States Environmental Protection Agency.
The worms are added to the culture system with a maximum loading of 20000 individuals/m2 sediment surface.
AFNOR – Association Française de Normalisation.
A higher loading may cause a reduction in growth and reproduction rates (43).
SSI – Swedish Standards Institute.
In artificial sediment cultures, the worms have to be fed.
Water quality – Determination of growth inhibition (7-d) Lemna minor, duckweed.
A diet consisting of finely ground fish food, e.g. TetraMin® can serve as additional nutrition (8);
Environment Canada.
Klerks 1994, personal communication.
Sims I., Whitehouse P. and Lacey R.
The feeding rates should allow for sufficient growth and reproduction and should keep build-up of ammonia and fungal growth in the culture at a minimum.
(1999) The OECD Lemna Growth Inhibition Test.
Food may be administered twice a week (e.g. 0,6 - 0,8 mg per cm2 of sediment surface).
WRc plc – Environment Agency.
Practical experience has shown that application of food suspended and homogenised in deionised water may facilitate homogeneous food distribution on the sediment surface in the culture containers.
International Organisation for Standardisation.
To avoid accumulation of ammonia, the overlying water should be exchanged using a flow-through system, or, at least once a week, manually.
Water Quality – Determination of the Toxic Effect of Water Constituents and Waste Water to Duckweed (Lemna minor) – Duckweed Growth Inhibition Test.
Sediment should be changed every three months in the stock cultures.
Walbridge C.
Sampling of worms from the culture can be done by sieving the culture sediment through a 1 mm sieve if only adults are required.
T.
For retaining cocoons a 0,5 mm mesh, and for juvenile worms a 0,25 mm sieve is suitable.
(1977).
The sieves can be placed into reconstituted water after the sediment has passed through.
Environmental Research Laboratory – Duluth, Minnesota 55804
The worms leave the mesh and can then be picked from the water using a soft steel forceps or a pipette with fire-polished edges.
Lockhart W.
Only intact and clearly identified specimens of Tubifex tubifex (e.g. (64)) are used to start a test or new cultures.
Hydrobiologia, 118/119, 353 – 359.
Diseased or injured worms as well as cocoons infested with fungal hyphae have to be discarded.
Huebert, D.B. and Shay J.M.
A synchronised culture can provide worms of a specified age in suitable intervals when desired.
Christensen, E.R.,, Nyholm, N.
New culture vessels are set up in the chosen intervals (e.g. every two weeks), starting with animals of a certain age (e.g. cocoons).
(1984):
At the culture conditions described here the worms are adult after 8 - 10 weeks.
Bruce R.D. and Versteeg D.J.
The cultures can be harvested, when the worms have laid new cocoons, e.g. after ten weeks.
OECD.
The sampled adults can be used for tests, and new cultures can be started with the cocoons.
Brain P. and Cousens R.
Lumbriculus variegatus (MÜLLER), Lumbriculidae, Oligochaeta
(1989).
Lumbriculus variegatus (Lumbriculidae, Oligochaeta) is also an inhabitant of freshwater sediments worldwide and is widely used in ecotoxicological testing.
Zdroje druhu Lemna
Information on the biology, culture conditions, and sensitivity of the species can be obtained from (1)(6)(9)(36).
Toronto, Ontario, Kanada, M5S 3 B2
Lumbriculus variegatus can also be cultured in the artificial sediment recommended for T. tubifex according to (8) within certain limitations.
USA
Since, in nature L. variegatus prefers more coarse sediments than T. tubifex (59), laboratory cultures with the artificial sediment used for T. tubifex may cease after 4 to 6 months.
ŠVÉDSKO
Practical experience has shown that L. variegatus can be held in a sandy substratum (e.g. quartz sand, fine gravel) in a flow-through system using fish food as nutritional source over several years without renewing the substratum.
Německo
A major advantage of L. variegatus over other aquatic oligochaete species is its quick reproduction, resulting in rapidly increasing biomass in laboratory-cultured populations (1)(6)(9)(10).
Hillman, W.S.
, ASTM (2000) (1), U.S.
Landolt, E.
The worms can be cultured in large aquaria (57 - 80 l) at 23 °C with a 16L:8D photoperiod (100 - 1000 lux) using daily renewed natural water (45 - 50 l per aquarium).
(1986).
New substrate in the tank will generally last for about two months.
Björndahl, G.
Each worm culture is started with 500 - 1000 worms, and fed a 10 ml suspension containing 6 g of trout starter food 3 times per week under renewal or flow-through conditions.
(1982).
Static or semi-static cultures should receive lower feeding rates to prevent bacterial and fungal growth.
Wang, W.
Food and paper substrate should be analysed for the substances to be used in bioaccumulation tests.
Environmental Research, 52:7-22
Under these conditions the number of individuals in the culture generally doubles in about 10 to 14 d.
Materiál se pak intenzívně třepe v čisté vodě a následně ponoří do 0,5 % (obj.) roztoku chlornanu sodného na dobu mezi 30 s a 5 min.
Lumbriculus variegatus can be removed from the cultures e.g. by transferring substrate with a fine mesh net, or organisms using a fire polished wide mouth (about 5 mm diameter) glass pipette, to a separate beaker.
Pak se rostlinný materiál opláchne sterilní vodou a převede, po várkách, do kultivačních nádob obsahujících čerstvé růstové médium.
They can then be introduced to newly prepared culture tanks, or processed further for the test as outlined in (1) and (6).
(mg/l)
Injuries or autotomy in the worms should be prevented, e.g. by using pipettes with fire polished edges, or stainless steel picks for handling these worms.
pH se nastaví na 6,5 ± 0,2 buď 0,1 mol nebo 1 mol HCl nebo NaOH a objem se doplní do 1 litru deionizovanou vodou.
An issue to be regarded critically when using L. variegatus in sediment bioaccumulation tests is its reproduction mode (architomy followed by morphallaxis).
Růstové médium 20X AAP
This asexual reproduction results in two fragments, which do not feed for a certain period until the head or tail part is regenerated (e.g. (36)(37)).
Zásobní roztoky se připraví v sterilní destilované nebo deionizované vodě.
This means that in L. variegatus sediment and contaminant uptake via ingestion may not take place continuously as in tubificids, which do not reproduce by fragmentation.
Za těchto podmínek mají zásobní roztoky skladovatelnost min.
Such variation can occur, when some individuals, which have fragmented and therefore do not feed for a certain time period, are less exposed to the test substance than other individuals, which do not fragment during the test, e.g. (38).
6–8 týdnů.
10 to 14 days before the start of exposure, the worms should be artificially fragmented (synchronisation) (65).
20 ml každého živného zásobního roztoku se přidá do přibližně 850 ml deionizované vody, čímž vznikne růstové médium. pH se nastaví na 7,5 ± 0,1 buď 0,1 nebo 1 mol HCl nebo NaOH a objem se doplní do 1 litru deionizovanou vodou.
Large worms should be used, which preferably do not show signs of recent fragmentation.
Růstové médium určené pro zkoušení by se mělo připravit 1–2 dny před použitím, aby se pH mohlo stabilizovat. pH růstového média by se mělo před použitím zkontrolovat a podle potřeby znovu upravit přídavkem 0,1 nebo 1 mol NaOH nebo HCl, jak je popsáno výše.
This means, that when regeneration by morphallaxis occurs in synchronised worms during the test, virtually all animals are expected to be equally exposed to the spiked sediment.
(I.
Feeding of the synchronised worms should be done as soon as the worms are starting to burrow in the substrate, or 7 d after dissection.
Sims, P.
After regenerating, intact complete worms of similar size, which are actively swimming or crawling upon a gentle mechanical stimulus, should be used for the test.
Whitehouse a R.
When using Lumbriculus variegatus in the test, due to the specific reproduction mode of this species, an increase of the number of worms should occur during the test, if conditions are appropriate (6).
Lacey.
A lack of reproduction in a bioaccumulation test with L. variegatus should be recorded, and considered when interpreting the test results.
(1999) OECD Zkouška inhibice růstu rodu Lemna.
Branchiura sowerbyi (BEDDARD), Tubificidae, Oligochaeta (not validated in ring test)
Vývoj a okružní test, návrh Pokynu OECD pro zkoušení.
Branchiura sowerbyi inhabits a variety of sediment types of reservoirs, lakes, ponds and rivers, originally in tropical areas.
R&D Technical Report EMA 003.
They can be also found in warm water bodies of the northern hemisphere.
WRc plc – Environment Agency.)
However, they are more abundant in mud-clay sediments with high organic matter content.
(g/l) [1]
Furthermore, the worms are living in the sediment layer.
(mg/l) [1]
Even the posterior end of the worms is usually burrowed.
190; 84
This species is easily identified from the gill filaments on their posterior part.
pH se nastaví na 5,5 ± 0,2 (nastaví se přidáním minimálního objemu roztoku NaOH nebo HCl).
The adults can reach a length of 9 - 11 cm and a wet weight of 40-50 mg.
Doplní se vodou do 1000 ml.
The worms have a high rate of reproduction, show population doubling times of less than 2 weeks and under the conditions of temperature and feeding described below (Aston et al., 1982, (65)).
22 °C ± 10 °C,
B. sowerbyi has been used both in toxicity and bioaccumulation studies (Marchese & Brinkhurst 1996, (31) Roghair et al.
70 % ± 25 %,
1996, (67) respectively).
350 ± 50 μE · m– 2 · s– 1.
A summary of culture conditions for Branchiura sowerbyi is given below (provided by Mercedes R. Marchese, INALI, Argentina, and Carla J. Roghair, RIVM, The Netherlands).
U běžných chemikálií k takovým faktorům patří fyzikální a chemické vlastnosti chemické látky, u přípravků na ochranu rostlin je třeba brát v úvahu fyzikální a chemické vlastnosti a způsob použití zkoušené chemické látky, její maximální koncentraci nebo aplikační dávku, počet aplikací za sezónu anebo stálost zkoušené látky.
No single technique for culturing the test organisms is required.
Počet a rozložení koncentrací nebo dávek by mělo být dostatečné, aby poskytly spolehlivý vztah dávka-odezva a regresní rovnici a umožnily odhad ECx. nebo ERx.
The organisms can be cultured using uncontaminated, natural sediment (31).
Zvolené koncentrace/dávky by měly zahrnovat hodnoty ECx nebo ERx, které mají být stanoveny.
Practical experience showed that a medium consisting of natural sediment and sand improves the condition of the worms compared to pure natural sediment (32)(67).
Například, jestliže je požadována hodnota EC50, bude žádoucí provést zkoušku při dávkách vyvolávajících 20–80 % účinek.
3 L-beakers containing 1500 ml sediment/water medium, consisting of 375 ml of natural uncontaminated sediment (about 10 % Total Organic Carbon; about 17 % of the particles ≤ 63 μm), 375 ml of clean sand (M32), and 750 ml of reconstituted or dechlorinated tap water can be used for the culture (31)(32)(67).
Doporučený počet zkoušených koncentrací/dávek, kterými se toho dosáhne, je alespoň pět v geometrické posloupnosti plus neexponovaný kontrolní vzorek, rozložených s faktorem nepřekračujícím tři.
Paper towels also can be used as a substrate for culturing, but population growth is lower than in natural sediment.
Vztah dávka-odezva se stanoví ve formě regresní rovnice.
In semi-static systems the water layer in the beaker is slowly aerated, and the overlying water should be renewed weekly.
Schrader G., Metge K., and Bahadir M.
Each beaker contains 25 young worms to start with.
(1998).
After two months the large worms are picked out of the sediment with a pair of tweezers and are put in a new beaker with freshly made sediment/water medium.
International Organisation of Standards.
The old beaker also contains cocoons and young worms.
Soil Quality -- Determination of the Effects of Pollutants on Soil Flora – Part 1:
Up to 400 young worms per beaker can be harvested in this way.
Soil Quality -- Determination of the Effects of Pollutants on Soil Flora – Part 2:
Adults worms can be used for reproduction for at least one year.
American Standard for Testing Material (ASTM).
The cultures should be maintained at a temperature of 21 to 25 °C.
U.S.
Variation of temperature should be kept below ± 2 °C.
US EPA.
The time required for embryonic development from an egg being laid until the young leaves the cocoon is approximately three weeks at 25 °C.
Background – Non-target Plant Testing;
The egg production obtained per surviving worm in B. sowerbyi was found to range from 6,36 (31) to 11,2 (30) in mud at 25 °C.
AFNOR, X31-201.
The number of eggs per cocoon ranges from 1,8 to 2,8 (66)(69) or up to 8 (68).
Boutin, C., Freemark, K.E. and Keddy, C.J.
Dissolved oxygen, water hardness, temperature, and pH should be measured weekly.
Forster, R., Heimbach, U., Kula, C., and Zwerger, P.
Fish food (e.g. TetraMin®) can be added as suspension two or three times per week ad libitum.
(1997).
The worms can also be fed with thawed lettuce ad libitum.
Effects of Plant Protection Products on Non-Target Organisms – A contribution to the Discussion of Risk Assessment and Risk Mitigation for Terrestrial Non-Target Organisms (Flora and Fauna).
A major advantage of this species is the high individual biomass (up to 40 - 50 mg wet weight per individual).
Hale, B., Hall, J.C., Solomon, K., and Stephenson, G.
Therefore this species may be used for testing bioaccumulation of non-radiolabelled test substances.
(1994).
It can be exposed in the systems used for T. tubifex or L. variegatus with a single individual per replicate (11).
Soil Texture Classification (US and FAO systems):
Replication, however, should then be increased, unless larger test chambers are used (11).
Audus, L.J.
Also, the validity criterion related to burrowing behaviour needs to be adjusted for this species.
Beall, M.L., Jr. and Nash, R.G.
Part I - IV.
Beetsman, G.D., Kenney, D.R. and Chesters, G.
Chapter C.13 of this Annex, Bioconcentration Flow Thorough Fish test.
(1969).
Chapter C.27 of this Annex, Sediment water Chironomid toxicity test using spliked sediment
Dieldrin uptake by corn as affected by soil properties, J.
Workshop on “Bioaccumulation: Sediment test using benthic oligochaetes”, 26.-27.04.1999, Hochheim/Main, Germany.
Agro.
R. Nagel and R. Loskill (eds.):
McKelvey, R.A., Wright, J.P., Honegger, J.L. and Warren, L.W.
Bioaccumulation of lipophilic compounds from sediments by oligochaetes.
Boutin, C.;
Wat.
Boutin, C., and Rogers, C.A.
Res. 23, 1443-1450.
Patterns of sensitivity of plant species to various herbicides – An analysis with two databases.
A kinetic model for bioconcentration of lipophilic compounds by oligochaetes.
Boutin, C. and Harper, J.L.
Res. 24, 1225-1231.
Boutin, C., Lee, H.-B., Peart, T.E., Batchelor, S.P. and Maguire, R.J.. (2000).
Chapter A.5, Surface tension
Draft Guidance Document, Current Approaches in the Statistical Analysis of Ecotoxicity Data:
Chapter C.4 A-F Determination of ready biodegradability
Hatzios, K.K. and Penner, D.
Chapter C.19, Estimation of the adsorption coefficient (Koc ) on soil and on sewage sludge using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
(1985).
Chapter C.29, Ready biodegradability CO2 in sealed vessels
Hamill, P.B., Marriage, P.B. and G.
In Hutzinger, O. (editor), The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, Vol.
Friesen.
2 Part J (Vol. editor: B. Beek):
Frans, R.E. and Talbert, R.E.
Influence of partition coefficient of lipophilic compounds on bioconcentration kinetics with fish.
Bruce, R.D. and Versteeg, D.
Res. 22, 701-707.
J.(1992).
Development of ecotoxicological test systems to assess contaminated sediments.
Trigonella foenum- graecum
A. Mudroch, J.M.
Solanum lycopersicum
An upper limit is given by the necessity to achieve a complete separation phase after adjustments of the partitition equilibrium and before samples are taken out for analytical determinations.
0,09–0,17 (4, 19)
If proper care is taken, the upper limit can be extended to higher values of Pow
0–3 (2, 4, 14)
Council Directive 91/271/EEC of 21 May 1991 concerning urban waste-water treatment (OJ L 135, 30.5.1991, p.
14–21 (100 %) (14)
40).
2,4–2,6 (14, 19)
The same procedure should be followed with the reference chemical, to give flasks FR1-3
0,85–1,2 (14, 19)
The recommended size is 0,1 litre to 1 litre.
0,06–0,08 (4, 14)
The use of gas-tight silicone septa is recommended.
14–21
It is further recommended that the gas-tightness of caps, especially butyl rubber septa, be tested because several commercially available septa are not sufficiently gas-tight against methane and some septa do not stay tight when they are pierced with a needle under the conditions of the test.Gas tight coated septa are recommended and must be used for volatile chemicals (some commercial septa are relatively thin, less than 0,5 cm, and do not stay gas tight after piercing with syringe needle);Butyl rubber septa (about 1 cm) are recommended, if the test substances are not volatile (these normally stay gas tight after piercing.)Prior to the test it is recommended that the septa are carefully examined for their ability to stay gas tight after piercing.
25–61 (14, 29)
The meter should be used and calibrated at regular intervals, according to the manufacturer's instructions.
10–20 (6, 21)
If a pressure-meter of the prescribed quality is used e.g. capsulated with a steel membrane, no calibration is necessary in the laboratory.
10–20
It should be calibrated by a licensed institute at the recommended intervals.
10–20 (6, 10)
The accuracy of the calibration can be checked in the laboratory with a one-point measurement at 1 × 105 Pa against a pressure-meter with a mechanical display.