natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Dále se doporučuje otestovat plynotěsnost uzávěrů, zejména sept z butylové pryže, protože několik komerčně dostupných sept není dostatečně plynotěsných vůči methanu a některá septa neudrží těsnost při propíchnutí jehlou za podmínek této zkoušky.Pro těkavé chemické látky se doporučují a musí použít plynotěsná potažená septa (některá komerční septa jsou relativně tenká, méně než 0,5 cm, a nezachovají si plynotěsnost po propíchnutí injekční jehlou).Pokud zkoušené látky nejsou těkavé, doporučuje se použít septa z butylové pryže (asi 1 cm) (obvykle si po propíchnutí zachovají plynotěsnost).Před zkouškou se doporučuje pečlivě zkontrolovat schopnost sept zachovat si plynotěsnost po propíchnutí.
the nominal and measured dry weight in % of wet weight (or dry weight-to-wet weight ratio) of the artificial sediment;
Tlakoměr by se měl používat a kalibrovat v pravidelných intervalech v souladu s pokyny výrobce.
the measured dry weight in % of wet weight (or dry weight-to-wet weight ratio) for field sediments;
Je-li použit tlakoměr předepsané kvality, tj. se zapouzdřenou pružinou a ocelovou membránou, není kalibrace v laboratoři nutná.
water quality within the test chambers as characterised by temperature, pH, ammonium, total hardness, and dissolved oxygen concentration;
Měl by být v doporučených intervalech kalibrován oprávněným ústavem.
detailed information on the treatment of water, sediment, and worm samples, including details of preparation, storage, spiking procedures, extraction, and analytical procedures (and precision) for the test substance and lipid content, and recoveries of the test substance.
Přesnost kalibrace lze v laboratoři zkontrolovat jednobodovým měřením při tlaku 1 × 105 Pa oproti tlakoměru s mechanickým displejem.
mortality of the control worms and the worms in each test chamber and any observed sublethal effects including abnormal behaviour (e.g., sediment avoidance, presence or absence of fecal pellets, lack of reproduction);
Když se tento bod změří správně, nezmění se ani linearita.
the measured dry weight in % of wet weight (or dry weight-to-wet weight ratio) of the sediment and the test organisms (useful for normalisation);
Pokud se používají jiné měřicí přístroje (bez certifikované kalibrace výrobcem), doporučuje se provádět v pravidelných intervalech konverzi celého rozsahu (dodatek 2).
the lipid content of the worms;
To se týká experimentálního uspořádání a experimentálních podmínek, kdy lze objem vyprodukovaného plynu – ze slepých kontrol a z nádob vykazujících 70–80 % inhibici – odhadnout s přijatelnou statistickou chybou.
curves showing the uptake and elimination kinetics of the test substance in the worms, and the time to steady state;
Provzdušnění vody lze udržovat prostřednictvím promývaček plynu.
Ca, Cs and Cw (with standard deviation and range, if appropriate) for all sampling times (Ca expressed in g kg– 1 wet and dry weight of whole body, Cs expressed in g kg– 1 wet and dry weight of sediment, and Cw in mg l– 1).
Promývačky plynu se doporučuje nastavit na hodnoty, které nebudou pulcům způsobovat přílišný stres.
If a biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF; see Appendix 1 for definition) is required (e.g. for comparison of results from two or more tests performed with animals of differing lipid content), Ca should additionally be expressed as g kg– 1 lipid content of the organism, and Cs should be expressed as g kg– 1 organic carbon (OC) of the sediment;
Při teplotě 20 °C za standardního atmosférického tlaku se ASV sladké vody rovná 9,1 mg/l (60 % se rovná 5,46 mg/l).
BAF (expressed in kg wet sediment kg– 1 wet worm), sediment uptake rate constant ks (expressed in g wet sediment kg– 1 of wet worm d– 1), and elimination rate constant ke (expressed in d– 1);
Chlorid rtuťnatý (HgCl2) je velmi toxická látka, s níž je třeba zacházet s náležitou obezřetností.
BSAF (expressed in kg sediment OC kg– 1 worm lipid content) may be reported additionally;
Vodné odpady obsahující tuto chemickou látku by měly být likvidovány vhodným způsobem;
Non-eliminated residues (NER) at end of elimination phase;
neměly by se vypouštět do systému odpadních vod.
if measured:
neměly by se přímo vypouštět do systému odpadních vod.
percentages of parent substance, degradation products, and bound residues (i.e. the percentage of test substance that cannot be extracted with common extraction methods) detected in the test animals;
Vyhnilý kal je směs usazených fází odpadních vod a aktivovaného kalu, která byla inkubována v anaerobní vyhnívací nádrži při teplotě kolem 35 °C, aby se snížil obsah biomasy a problém zápachu a aby se zlepšila odvodnitelnost kalu.
methods used for statistical analyses of the data.
Obsahuje soubor anaerobních fermentačních a metanogenních bakterií, které produkují oxid uhličitý a metan (11).
Evaluation of results
Podíl n2
compliance of the results with the validity criteria as listed in paragraph 21;
Dále se doporučuje přezkoušet plynotěsnost uzávěrů, zejména sept z butylové pryže, protože některá komerčně dostupná septa nejsou dostatečně plynotěsná vůči metanu a některá septa netěsní, když jsou propíchnuta jehlou za podmínek zkoušky.
unexpected or unusual results, e.g. incomplete elimination of the test substance from the test animals;
Přístroj by měl být používán a v pravidelných intervalech kalibrován podle pokynů výrobce.
in such cases results from any preliminary study may provide useful information.
Přesnost kalibrace lze ověřit v laboratoři jednobodovým měřením při tlaku 1 × 105 Pa oproti tlakoměru s mechanickým displejem.
Artificial sediment, or formulated, reconstituted or synthetic sediment, is a mixture of materials used to mimic the physical components of a natural sediment.
Jsou-li použita jiná měřidla (bez kalibrace certifikované výrobcem), doporučuje se v pravidelných intervalech provádět kalibraci v celém rozpětí.
Bioaccumulation is the increase in concentration of the test substance in or on an organism relative to the concentration of the test substance in the surrounding medium.
Je třeba přehodnotit, pokud jsou zařazeny adsorpční a nerozpustné referenční chemické látky.
Bioaccumulation results from both bioconcentration and biomagnification processes (see below).
Studie vyplavování na kolonách s přípravky na ochranu plodin mohou poskytnout informace o pohybu zkoušené chemické látky a jejích transformačních produktů a mohou doplnit studie sorpce při dávkové metodě.
The bioaccumulation factor (BAF) at any time during the uptake phase of this bioaccumulation test is the concentration of test substance in/on the test organism (Ca in g kg– 1 wet or dry weight) divided by the concentration of the substance in the surrounding medium (Cs as g kg– 1 of wet or dry weight of sediment).
Množství, které se má použít pro sloupce půdy válcovitého tvaru, lze vypočítat pomocí tohoto vzorce:M μgA kgha109μgkgd2cm2π108cm2ha4kde:M množství aplikované na jeden sloupec [v μg]A aplikační dávka [v kg na ha– 1]d průměr půdního sloupce [v cm]π 3,14
In order to refer to the units of Ca and Cs, the BAF has the units of kg sediment kg– 1 worm (15).
Podle FAO a amerického systému (14).
Bioaccumulation factors calculated directly from the ratio of the sediment uptake rate constant divided by the elimination rate constants (ks and ke, respectively — see below) are termed kinetic bioaccumulation factor (BAFK).
§ Příslušné hodnoty parametrů by se měly přednostně nacházet v uvedeném rozmezí.
Bioconcentration is the increase in concentration of the test substance in or on an organism, resulting exclusively from uptake via the body surface, relative to the concentration of the test substance in the surrounding medium.
Vyskytnou-li se však při hledání vhodného půdního materiálu obtíže, jsou přijatelné i hodnoty nacházející se pod uvedeným minimem.
Biomagnification is the increase in concentration of the test substance in or on an organism, resulting mainly from uptake from contaminated food or prey, relative to the concentration of the test substance in the food or prey.
‡ U půd s obsahem organického uhlíku nižším než 0,3 % může být porušena korelace mezi obsahem organických látek a adsorpcí.
Biomagnification can lead to a transfer or accumulation of the test substance within food webs.
Doporučuje se proto používat půdy s minimálním obsahem organického uhlíku 0,3 %.
The biota-sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) is the lipid-normalised steady state concentration of test substance in/on the test organism divided by the organic carbon-normalised concentration of the substance in the sediment at steady state.
# Půdy s velmi vysokým obsahem uhlíku (např. > 10 %) nemusejí být právně přijatelné např. pro účely registrace pesticidů.
Ca is then expressed as g kg– 1 lipid content of the organism, and Cs as g kg– 1 organic content of the sediment.
To simuluje mimořádně vysoké dešťové srážky.
The conditioning period is used to stabilise the microbial component of the sediment and to remove e.g. ammonia originating from sediment components; it takes place prior to spiking of the sediment with the test substance.
Průměrné roční dešťové srážky například ve střední Evropě činí řádově 800–1000 mm.
The elimination of a test substance is the loss of this substance from the test organism tissue by active or passive processes that occurs independently of presence or absence of the test substance in the surrounding medium.
Příklady sypné hustoty u porušených půd:pro písčitou půdu 1,66 g na ml– 1,pro hlinitou půdu 1,17 g na ml– 1,pro hlinitopísčitou půdu 1,58 g na ml– 1,pro prachovitou půdu 1,11 na g ml– 1.
The elimination phase is the time, following the transfer of the test organisms from a contaminated medium to a medium free of the test substance, during which the elimination (or the net loss) of the substance from the test organisms is studied.
Při použití půdních sloupců o průměru 4 cm a délce 30 cm se typický objem výluhu pohybuje v rozmezí 230–260 ml, což odpovídá přibližně 92–104 % celkového objemu umělého deště (251 ml).
The elimination rate constant (ke) is the numerical value defining the rate of reduction in the concentration of the test substance in/on the test organism, following the transfer of the test organisms from a medium containing the test substance to a chemical-free medium;
V půdě se může vytvořit více než jeden hlavní transformační produkt, který se může objevit v různých časových bodech v průběhu transformační studie.
ke is expressed in d– 1.
V takových případech může být nezbytné provést studie vyplavování s vyzrálými rezidui o různém stáří.
The equilibration period is used to allow for distribution of the test substance between the solid phase, the pore water and the overlying water;
Původní návrh této zkušební metody vycházel z článku autorů C.
it takes place after spiking of the sediment with the test substance and prior to addition of the test organisms.
V.
The octanol-water partitioning coefficient (Kow) is the ratio of substance's solubility in n-octanol and in water at equilibrium, also sometimes expressed as Pow.
Eadsfortha a P.
The logarithm of Kow (log Kow) is used as an indication of a substance's potential for bioaccumulation by aquatic organisms.
Mosera (1).
The organic carbon-water partitioning coefficient (Koc) is the ratio of a substance's concentration in/on the organic carbon fraction of a sediment and the substance's concentration in water at equilibrium.
vážený průměrlog Pow
Overlying water is the water lying on top of the sediment in the test vessel.
plocha %
A plateau or steady state is defined as the equilibrium between the uptake and elimination processes that occur simultaneously during the exposure phase.
celková plocha píku
The steady state is reached in the plot of the BAF at each sampling period against time when the curve becomes parallel to the time axis and three successive analyses of BAF made on samples taken at intervals of at least two days are within 20 % of each other, and there are no statistically significant differences among the three sampling periods.
plocha %i
For test substances which are taken up slowly, more appropriate intervals would be seven days (5).
104-54-1
The sediment uptake rate constant (ks) is the numerical value defining the rate of increase in the concentration of the test substance in/on the test organism resulting from uptake from the sediment phase. ks is expressed in g sediment kg– 1 of worm d– 1.
C.V.
Spiked sediment is sediment to which test substance has been added.
Klein, W.
The steady state bioaccumulation factor (BAFss) is the BAF at steady state and does not change significantly over a prolonged period of time, the concentration of the test substance in the surrounding medium (Cs as g kg– 1 of wet or dry weight of sediment) being constant during this period of time.
H.
The uptake or exposure phase is the time during which the test organisms are exposed to the test substance.
Ellgehausen, C.
Calculation of uptake and elimination parameters
D'Hondt and R.
The main endpoint of a bioaccumulation test is the bioaccumulation factor, BAF.
Fuerer (1981).
The measured BAF can be calculated by dividing the concentration of the test substance in the test organism, Ca, by the concentration of the test substance in the sediment, Cs, at steady state.
B.
If the steady state is not reached during the uptake phase, the BAF is calculated in the same manner for day 28.
McDuffie (1981).
However, it should be noted whether the BAF is based on steady state concentrations or not.
OECD (2000).
The preferred means for obtaining the kinetic bioaccumulation factor (BAFK), the sediment uptake rate constant (ks) and the elimination rate constant (ke) is to use non-linear parameter estimation methods on a computer.
Guideline for Testing of Chemicals – Partition Coefficient (n-octanol/water):
Given the time series of average accumulation factors (Ca, mean values of each sampling date/Cs, mean values of each sampling date = AF) of the uptake phase based on worm and sediment wet weight, and the model equation
OSPAR (1995).
[equation 1]
M.
where AF(t) is the ratio of concentration of the test substance in worms and its concentration in the sediment at any given time point (t) of the uptake phase, these computer programs calculate values for BAFK, ks and ke.
Thatcher, M.
When steady state is reached during the uptake phase (i.e. t = ∞), equation 1 may be reduced to:
Robinson, L.
[equation 2]
R.
uptake rate constant in tissue [g sediment kg– 1 of worm d– 1]
Henriquez and C.
elimination rate constant [d– 1]
C.
Then ks/ke × Cs is an approach to the concentration of the test substance in the worm tissue at steady state (Ca,ss).
Karman.
The Biota-Sediment Accumulation Factor (BSAF) should be calculated as follows:
E.
where foc is the fraction of sediment organic carbon, and flip is the fraction of worm lipid, both based either on dry weight, or on wet weight.
A.
Given a time series of concentration values, the elimination kinetics can be modelled using the following model equations and a computer calculation based non-linear parameter estimation method.
Vik, S.
The mean measured body residue at the end of the uptake phase is recommended as the default starting point.
Bakke and K.
The value modeled/estimated from the uptake phase should only be used, e.g. if the measured value deviates significantly from the modelled body residue.
Bansal.
See also paragraph 50 for alternative pre-exposure of worms designated for elimination;
L.O.
with this approach, samples of these pre-exposed worms on day 0 of the elimination phase are thought to provide a realistic body residue to start the elimination kinetics with.
J.E.
If the data points plotted against time indicate a constant exponential decline of the test substance concentration in the animals, a one-compartment model (equation 4) can be used to describe the time course of elimination.
S.
[equation 3]
Fujisawa and E.
Elimination processes sometimes appear to be biphasic, showing a rapid decline of Ca during the early phases, that changes to a slower loss of test substances in the later phases of the elimination (8)(19)(25)).
Masuhara.
The two phases can be interpreted by the assumption, that there are two different compartments in the organism, from which the test substance is lost with different velocity.
C.
In these cases specific literature should be studied (15)(16)(17)(25).
Hansch and A.
A two-compartment elimination is described e.g. by the following equation (25):
J.
[equation 4]
Leo.
A and B represent the size of the compartments (in percent of overall tissue residue), where A is the compartment with rapid loss of substance, and B the compartment with slow loss of test substance.
C. Hansch, chairman;
The sum of A and B equals 100 % of the whole animal compartment volume at steady state. ka and kb represent the corresponding elimination constants [d– 1].
A tool for the quantitative prediction of bioactivity – Available from Pomona College Medical Chemistry Project, Pomona College, Claremont, California 91711
If the two compartment model is fitted to the depuration data, the uptake rate constant ks may be determined as follows (53)(54):
R.
[equation 5]
F.
Nevertheless, these model equations should be used with caution, especially when changes in the test substance's bioavailability occur during the test (42).
Rekker, H.
As an alternative to the model equations described above, the kinetics (ks and ke) may also be calculated in one run by applying the first order kinetics model to all data from both the uptake and elimination phase together.
M. de Kort.
For a description of a method that may allow for such a combined calculation of uptake and elimination rate constants, references (55), (56) and (57) may be consulted.
Chim.
The Non-Eliminated Residues (NER) should be calculated as a secondary endpoint by multiplying the ratio of the average concentration in the worms (Ca) on day 10 of the elimination phase and the average concentration in the worms (Ca) at steady state (day 28 of uptake phase) by 100:
G.E.
Example of a Sampling Schedule for a 28-day Bioaccumulation Test
interakční členy
Uptake phase (including a 4 d- equilibration phase)
Pomona College, Medicinal Chemistry Project, Claremont, California 91711, USA, Log P Database and Med.
Activities
C.
Preparation of peat suspension for sediment;
Hansch and A.J.
conditioning of the suspension for 48 h;
Leo, C.
Spiking of the sediment or sediment fraction;
Hansch and D.
mixing of all sediment constituents;
Elkins.
removing sediment samples of treated and solvent control sediment for determination of test substance concentration;
Toshio Fujita, Junkichi Iwasa & Corwin Hansch (1964).
addition of overlying water;
R.F.
incubation at test conditions (equilibration phase);
R.A.
Separation of the test organisms from the culture for acclimatisation;
ACS – Symposium Series 255, p. 225, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C.
of water quality (see paragraph 52);
Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata
removing replicates for taking samples of water and sediment for determination of test substance concentration;
(Nulová koncentrace řas v jedné ze dvou nebo tří nádob-replik může ukazovat na to, že nádoba nebyla správně naočkována nebo byla nesprávně vyčištěna.)
randomised distribution of the worms to the test chambers;
Důvody pro vyřazení bodu jako odlehlé hodnoty jasně uveďte v závěrečné zprávě.
retaining of sufficient sub-samples of worms for determination of analytical background values;
V závislosti na zamýšleném použití dat, jakosti (přesnosti) a množství dat, jakož i na dostupnosti nástrojů pro analýzu dat je možné rozhodnout (a někdy je to dostatečně odůvodněno) o ukončení analýzy dat v tomto stadiu a klíčové hodnoty EC50 a EC10 (a/nebo EC20) se jednoduše odečtou z křivky vytvořené od oka (rovněž viz následující bod o stimulačních účincích).
controlling air supply, if closed test system is used;
International Organisation for Standardisation (1993).
Remove replicates for sampling;
ISO 8692 Water quality – Algal growth inhibition test.
controlling air supply, worm behaviour, water quality (see paragraph 56);
International Organisation for Standardisation (1998).
taking water, sediment and worm samples for determination of test substance concentration;
Mayer, P., Cuhel, R. and Nyholm, N.
4 - 6
(1997).
Same as day 2;
Slovacey, R.E. and Hanna, P.J.
compensate evaporated water if necessary;
919-925.
8 - 13
Simpson, S.L., Roland, M.G.E., Stauber, J.L. and Batley, G.E.
15 - 20
Christensen, E.R., Nyholm, N.
22 - 27
(1984).
measurement of water quality (see paragraph 52);
Nyholm, N.
end of uptake phase;
Sørensen, P.S., Kusk, K.O. and Christensen, E.R.
retaining of sufficient subsamples of worms for determination of analytical background values, wet and dry weight, and lipid content;
Bruce, R.D.,and Versteeg, D.J.
transfer worms from remaining exposed replicates to vessels containing clean sediment for elimination phase (no gut-purging);
Dunnett, C.
sampling of water, sediment and worms from solvent controls; sampling of trapping solutions, if installed.
W.
Pre-exposure activities (equilibration phase) should be scheduled taking into account the properties of the test substance.
1096-1121.
If required, conditioning of the prepared sediment under overlying water at 20 ± 2 °C for 7 days;
Norberg-King T.J.
in this case, earlier preparation of the sediment!
Williams, D.A.
Activities described for day 2 should be performed daily (at least on workdays).
Draper, N.R. and Smith, H.
Elimination phase
(1981).
Mixing of all sediment constituents;
Brain, P. and Cousens, R.
incubation at test conditions;
(1989).
0 (day 28 of uptake phase)
American Type Culture Collection (Americká sbírka kultur druhů)
Measurement of water quality (see paragraph 52);
CCAP, Culture Collection of Algae and Protozoa (Sbírka kultur řas a prvoků)
transfer worms from remaining exposed replicates to vessels containing clean sediment;
Collection of Algal Cultures (Sbírka kultur řas)
after 4 - 6 h removing replicates for taking samples of water, sediment and worms for determination of test substance concentration;
University Göttingen
controlling air supply, worm behaviour, water quality (see paragraph 52);
Nicholausberger Weg 18
8 - 9
Německo
end of elimination phase;
UTEX Culture Collection of Algae (Sbírka kultur řas)
sampling of water, sediment and worms from solvent controls;
Section of Molecular, Cellular a Developmental Biology
sampling of trapping solutions, if installed.
8–14 × 2–3
Preparation of the sediment prior to start of elimination phase should be done in the same manner as before the uptake phase.
7–15 × 3–12
Some physical-chemical characteristics of an acceptable dilution water
40–60 [1]
< 2μg/l
60–80 [1]
COMPOSITION OF THE RECOMMENDED RECONSTITUTED WATER
40–50 [1]
The sum of the calcium and magnesium ions in this solution is 2,5 mmol/l.
30–40 [1]
The pH of an acceptable dilution water should be in the range of 6 - 9.
1,2–1,5
Artificial sediment — preparation and storage recommendations
1,1–1,4
In contrast to the requirements in test method C.8 (40) the peat content of the artificial sediment is recommended to be 2 % instead of 10 % of dry weight, in order to correspond to a low to moderate organic content of natural sediments (58).
2,0–2,4
Percentage of dry constituents of the artificial sediment:
pHrovn = 11,30 + log[HCO3]
% of dry sediment
92,760 mg
Folia urticae, powdered leaves of Urtica sp.
207,690 mg
(stinging nettle), finely ground (particle size ≤ 0,5 mm), or a mixture of powdered leaves of Urtica sp. with alpha-cellulose (1:1);
1,635 mg
in accordance with pharmacy standards, for human consumption;
79,880 mg
in addition to dry sediment
0,714 mg
If elevated ammonia concentrations are expected, e.g. if the test substance is known to inhibit the nitrification, it may be useful to replace 50 % of the nitrogen-rich urtica powder by cellulose (e.g., α-Cellulose powder, chemically pure, particle size ≤ 0,5 mm).
3,630 mg
The peat is air-dried and ground to a fine powder (grain size ≤ 0,5 mm, no visible plant remains).
0,006 mg
A suspension of the required amount of peat powder is prepared using a portion of the deionised water to be added to the dry sediment (a water volume of 11,5 × dry weight of peat has been found useful to produce a stirrable peat slurry (8)) using a high-performance homogenising device.