natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Furthermore, it appears that the average cost of mitigation is usually considered relatively small, in the order of no more than 1% of GDP – with changes to assumptions resulting in slightly higher and lower estimates.
Furthermore, it appears that the average cost of mitigation is usually considered relatively small, in the order of no more than 1% of GDP – with changes to assumptions resulting in slightly higher and lower estimates.
Climate change and the world's water with special focus on sustainable development, land use, land use change and forests
Climate change and the world's water with special focus on sustainable development, land use, land use change and forests
Climate change–induced water stress and its impact on natural and managed ecosystems
Climate change–induced water stress and its impact on natural and managed ecosystems
By IEEP, 07/01/08
By IEEP, 07/01/08
This study has shown that much of the impact anticipated from climate change can be attributed to changes in water regimes.
This study has shown that much of the impact anticipated from climate change can be attributed to changes in water regimes.
The simple summary is to say that this means in some places there will be too much water, in other places not enough; but the story is more complex – shifts in the timing of runoff due to early snow melt; increased annual average precipitation but falling in winter instead of during the growing season; interactions with rising CO2 levels and temperatures that can benefit certain plant species, but only up to a point.
The simple summary is to say that this means in some places there will be too much water, in other places not enough; but the story is more complex – shifts in the timing of runoff due to early snow melt; increased annual average precipitation but falling in winter instead of during the growing season; interactions with rising CO2 levels and temperatures that can benefit certain plant species, but only up to a point.
Preparing for and responding to climate impacts will require reviewing approaches to natural and managed ecosystems, for example through the lens of ecosystem services, by which greater emphasis is placed on the preservation of healthy ecosystems; and through sustainable agricultural and forestry practices that can lend to rather than working against climate resilience and species health.
Preparing for and responding to climate impacts will require reviewing approaches to natural and managed ecosystems, for example through the lens of ecosystem services, by which greater emphasis is placed on the preservation of healthy ecosystems; and through sustainable agricultural and forestry practices that can lend to rather than working against climate resilience and species health.
Forestry and climate change: potential for carbon sequestration
Forestry and climate change: potential for carbon sequestration
By Goossens, Policy Dept.
By Goossens, Policy Dept.
(only internal; available upon request)
(only internal; available upon request)
The note aims to give some exact figures and data on - amongst others - global forest resources, deforestation and carbon stock in vegetation, supplementing the study requested and commissioned by the European Parliament to IEEP on " Climate change - Induced water stress and its impact on natural and managed ecosystems ".
The note aims to give some exact figures and data on - amongst others - global forest resources, deforestation and carbon stock in vegetation, supplementing the study requested and commissioned by the European Parliament to IEEP on " Climate change - Induced water stress and its impact on natural and managed ecosystems ".
The briefing note highlights the potential of forestry to contribute to climate change mitigation through carbon sequestration.
The briefing note highlights the potential of forestry to contribute to climate change mitigation through carbon sequestration.
Sources of emission from the industry and energy sector and transport emissions at global level
Sources of emission from the industry and energy sector and transport emissions at global level
An overview of global greenhouse gas emissions and emissions reduction scenarios for the future
An overview of global greenhouse gas emissions and emissions reduction scenarios for the future
By IEEP, 15/02/08
By IEEP, 15/02/08
This study focuses on carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions from fossil fuels.
This study focuses on carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions from fossil fuels.
Key drivers of these emissions are activity, economics, energy intensity and carbon intensity.
Key drivers of these emissions are activity, economics, energy intensity and carbon intensity.
As reducing GDP or population is not a likely aim of climate policy, the primary means of affecting emissions is to change the last two of the four factors: reducing the amount of energy needed per GDP, and decarbonising the fuel mix.
As reducing GDP or population is not a likely aim of climate policy, the primary means of affecting emissions is to change the last two of the four factors: reducing the amount of energy needed per GDP, and decarbonising the fuel mix.
The study tries to quantify current greenhouse emissions and anticipate their future evolution which are important analytical inputs for policymaking.
The study tries to quantify current greenhouse emissions and anticipate their future evolution which are important analytical inputs for policymaking.
How to engage other main actors - climate change, adaptation in third countries and global security
How to engage other main actors - climate change, adaptation in third countries and global security
State of play of post-Bali negotiations
State of play of post-Bali negotiations
By Ecofys, 15/03/08
By Ecofys, 15/03/08
The note summarises the status of negotiations after the Bali meeting (COP 13/CMP 3) of December 2007, and presents the issues at stake for building the elements of a future climate agreement: on mitigation the specification of “measurable, reportable and verifiable nationally appropriate mitigation commitments or actions” for developed countries (most likely continuing the emission reduction targets under the Kyoto Protocol);. on adaptation , the difficult issue is to define exactly which adaptation activities should be supported by the international system and how developing countries would be able to apply for support; on technology , a comprehensive framework for technology transfer has been decided and ways to assess the effectiveness of technology transfer are being developed; on finance , the challenge is to create a constant flow of financial resources, substantially larger than the currently available funds, and independent of government budgets.
The note summarises the status of negotiations after the Bali meeting (COP 13/CMP 3) of December 2007, and presents the issues at stake for building the elements of a future climate agreement: on mitigation the specification of “measurable, reportable and verifiable nationally appropriate mitigation commitments or actions” for developed countries (most likely continuing the emission reduction targets under the Kyoto Protocol);. on adaptation , the difficult issue is to define exactly which adaptation activities should be supported by the international system and how developing countries would be able to apply for support; on technology , a comprehensive framework for technology transfer has been decided and ways to assess the effectiveness of technology transfer are being developed; on finance , the challenge is to create a constant flow of financial resources, substantially larger than the currently available funds, and independent of government budgets.
Engaging developing countries in climate change negotiations
Engaging developing countries in climate change negotiations
By IEEP, 26/03/08
By IEEP, 26/03/08
Engaging the developing world has become increasingly more important and urgent.
Engaging the developing world has become increasingly more important and urgent.
This paper explores the possible ways to attract developing countries on board in addressing climate change and reducing their own emissions.
This paper explores the possible ways to attract developing countries on board in addressing climate change and reducing their own emissions.
The paper addressed the following issues: the division of the world into Annex I/B and non Annex I/B countries; the lack of commitment globally to defining a long-term objective on when climate change becomes dangerous for the earth and defining a pathway towards achieving such a long-term goal; the limited resources available in the multiple funds especially for adaptation; the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM); the slow rate at which technology transfer and capacity building; land-use and deforestation; and adaptation.
The paper addressed the following issues: the division of the world into Annex I/B and non Annex I/B countries; the lack of commitment globally to defining a long-term objective on when climate change becomes dangerous for the earth and defining a pathway towards achieving such a long-term goal; the limited resources available in the multiple funds especially for adaptation; the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM); the slow rate at which technology transfer and capacity building; land-use and deforestation; and adaptation.
The paper concludes with a menu card of policy options and a set of recommendations on a long-term objective, on policies and measures.
The paper concludes with a menu card of policy options and a set of recommendations on a long-term objective, on policies and measures.
Engaging emerging economies - Removing barriers for technology cooperation
Engaging emerging economies - Removing barriers for technology cooperation
By Wuppertal Institute, 26/03/08
By Wuppertal Institute, 26/03/08
For emerging economies technology transfer is crucial in order to ensure a steady energy supply for their rapid economic development.
For emerging economies technology transfer is crucial in order to ensure a steady energy supply for their rapid economic development.
Energy demand in these countries is growing fast, particularly in India and China..
Energy demand in these countries is growing fast, particularly in India and China..
To ensure that the economic growth is not coupled with the high GHG emission growth, technology transfer of low-carbon technologies and technology avoiding negative impact on adaptation is essential.
To ensure that the economic growth is not coupled with the high GHG emission growth, technology transfer of low-carbon technologies and technology avoiding negative impact on adaptation is essential.
The briefing gives an overview of key partnerships and points the barriers that technology transfer is facing and examples for appropriate tools that can help to overcome the remaining obstacles and promote technology transfer and climate change-related projects.
The briefing gives an overview of key partnerships and points the barriers that technology transfer is facing and examples for appropriate tools that can help to overcome the remaining obstacles and promote technology transfer and climate change-related projects.
Linking the EU ETS with other Emissions Trading Schemes
Linking the EU ETS with other Emissions Trading Schemes
In this note, different options of linking the EU ETS with other emissions trading schemes are quantitatively and qualitatively assessed, as well as the economic and environmental impacts and the design implications of these options.
In this note, different options of linking the EU ETS with other emissions trading schemes are quantitatively and qualitatively assessed, as well as the economic and environmental impacts and the design implications of these options.
Economic analysis shows the important role of cap-setting and global emissions constraints for the economic impacts of linking the EU ETS internationally.
Economic analysis shows the important role of cap-setting and global emissions constraints for the economic impacts of linking the EU ETS internationally.
The institutional analysis shows that several design issues of emerging schemes have important implications for the equity, the economic and the environmental effectiveness in a combined scheme.
The institutional analysis shows that several design issues of emerging schemes have important implications for the equity, the economic and the environmental effectiveness in a combined scheme.
The report concludes that these problematic issues fundamentally flow from countries’ level of ambition as regards climate protection and that linking should therefore only be sought between countries which have a comparably ambitious climate policy outlook.
The report concludes that these problematic issues fundamentally flow from countries’ level of ambition as regards climate protection and that linking should therefore only be sought between countries which have a comparably ambitious climate policy outlook.
Engaging the US & other industrialized countries: US climate change policy
Engaging the US & other industrialized countries: US climate change policy
By World Resources Institute, 26/03/08
By World Resources Institute, 26/03/08
The United States’ cumulative GHG emissions have continued to be among the world’s largest – topped only by the rise in Chinese emissions on an annual basis.
The United States’ cumulative GHG emissions have continued to be among the world’s largest – topped only by the rise in Chinese emissions on an annual basis.
Due to lack of leadership at the federal level, the U.S. still does not have a comprehensive plan to reduce emissions.
Due to lack of leadership at the federal level, the U.S. still does not have a comprehensive plan to reduce emissions.
In the absence of a national direction, many regions, states, and municipalities have begun to implement policies to reduce emissions on their own and in concert with other regions, states, and municipalities.
In the absence of a national direction, many regions, states, and municipalities have begun to implement policies to reduce emissions on their own and in concert with other regions, states, and municipalities.
The policies addressing a variety of sectors – in particular the electricity and transportation sectors and many aim to increase energy efficiency and renewable energy use are presented in this note.
The policies addressing a variety of sectors – in particular the electricity and transportation sectors and many aim to increase energy efficiency and renewable energy use are presented in this note.
These efforts are complemented by action in the private and nongovernmental sectors and, in part driven by local and business initiatives, new proposals for legislation in the U.S. Congress.
These efforts are complemented by action in the private and nongovernmental sectors and, in part driven by local and business initiatives, new proposals for legislation in the U.S. Congress.
The paper also presents the U.S. Presidency candidates policy perspectives in the field of climate change.
The paper also presents the U.S. Presidency candidates policy perspectives in the field of climate change.
Meeting the Climate commitments: Addressing competitiveness, trade, financing and sustainable employment in a European global context
Meeting the Climate commitments: Addressing competitiveness, trade, financing and sustainable employment in a European global context
Competitive distortions and leakage in a world of different carbon prices
Competitive distortions and leakage in a world of different carbon prices
Compilation of briefing notes by several authors, 04/07/08
Compilation of briefing notes by several authors, 04/07/08
Effective climate policy in Europe requires early commitment to ambitious emission reduction targets, with tight emission caps and rapid shifts towards auctioning of emissions.
Effective climate policy in Europe requires early commitment to ambitious emission reduction targets, with tight emission caps and rapid shifts towards auctioning of emissions.
This guides a transition to a low carbon economy, provides growth opportunities for innovative sectors and technologies, and demonstrates leadership to drive international climate policy.
This guides a transition to a low carbon economy, provides growth opportunities for innovative sectors and technologies, and demonstrates leadership to drive international climate policy.
Whether or not an agreement is reached at the Copenhagen in 2009, it is very unlikely that a single global price for carbon will prevail.
Whether or not an agreement is reached at the Copenhagen in 2009, it is very unlikely that a single global price for carbon will prevail.
A frequently voiced concern is that states with stringent climate policies will place domestic industries at a disadvantage relative to competitors in states with less ambitious climate efforts.
A frequently voiced concern is that states with stringent climate policies will place domestic industries at a disadvantage relative to competitors in states with less ambitious climate efforts.
This study compilation is an attempt to present the policy options available in this possible future situation of different levels of ambitions in climate policies.
This study compilation is an attempt to present the policy options available in this possible future situation of different levels of ambitions in climate policies.
This is done in 5 chapters by different authors, from different points of views and academic disciplines.
This is done in 5 chapters by different authors, from different points of views and academic disciplines.
The study compilation asks the question whether competitive distortions and leakage, either in CO2 or employment, present a realistic danger in a world of different carbon prices.
The study compilation asks the question whether competitive distortions and leakage, either in CO2 or employment, present a realistic danger in a world of different carbon prices.
Climate change financing in developing countries
Climate change financing in developing countries
Compilation of briefing notes by several authors
Compilation of briefing notes by several authors
Part 1 the report assesses the interaction between climate change financing and development aid: what are the impacts of those policies today, and what are potential incoherencies in the different intervention areas of development assistance with regards to climate change adaptation and mitigation objectives and development objectives.
Part 1 the report assesses the interaction between climate change financing and development aid: what are the impacts of those policies today, and what are potential incoherencies in the different intervention areas of development assistance with regards to climate change adaptation and mitigation objectives and development objectives.
Part2 provides an overview of EC programmes and international EC funded financing initiatives aimed at developing countries in the field of climate change mitigation and adaptation (objective, allocated budgets and financing mechanisms) and recommendations to improve coherence and effectiveness of the different EC mechanisms.
Part2 provides an overview of EC programmes and international EC funded financing initiatives aimed at developing countries in the field of climate change mitigation and adaptation (objective, allocated budgets and financing mechanisms) and recommendations to improve coherence and effectiveness of the different EC mechanisms.
Part 3 assesses the mechanisms for mainstreaming of adaptation and mitigation of climate change in development policies and programmes at EU and international level and for climate risk assessment and recommendations for improvement (EU/donor perspective).
Part 3 assesses the mechanisms for mainstreaming of adaptation and mitigation of climate change in development policies and programmes at EU and international level and for climate risk assessment and recommendations for improvement (EU/donor perspective).
Part 4 assesses the mechanisms for mainstreaming of adaptation and mitigation into development projects on a national and local level and recommendations for improvement (recipient countries perspective)
Part 4 assesses the mechanisms for mainstreaming of adaptation and mitigation into development projects on a national and local level and recommendations for improvement (recipient countries perspective)
Achieving significant CO2 emission reductions in short time: learning from Best Practices regarding successful policies and technologies
Achieving significant CO2 emission reductions in short time: learning from Best Practices regarding successful policies and technologies
Sustainable cities: Best practices on CO 2 savings in urban areas - Building efficiency, household emissions and energy use
Sustainable cities: Best practices on CO 2 savings in urban areas - Building efficiency, household emissions and energy use
By Wuppertal Institute, 23/06/08
By Wuppertal Institute, 23/06/08
In Europe, numerous good practice examples related to emission reductions in cities can be found.
In Europe, numerous good practice examples related to emission reductions in cities can be found.
A high number of cities and towns have implemented local energy action plans, local emission reduction targets or even plan to become carbon neutral.
A high number of cities and towns have implemented local energy action plans, local emission reduction targets or even plan to become carbon neutral.
These targets usually include a whole package of different measures and instruments.
These targets usually include a whole package of different measures and instruments.
The aim of the following compilation is to identify medium-scale examples that are innovative, show short-term emission reductions and are replicable to other urban areas throughout Europe.
The aim of the following compilation is to identify medium-scale examples that are innovative, show short-term emission reductions and are replicable to other urban areas throughout Europe.
The focus lies on energy efficiency in buildings, household emissions and energy use.
The focus lies on energy efficiency in buildings, household emissions and energy use.
China and climate change: Impacts and policy responses
China and climate change: Impacts and policy responses
By Prof Ash, London University, 01/10/07
By Prof Ash, London University, 01/10/07
This briefing paper seeks to demonstrate that the challenges for China posed by climate change are real.
This briefing paper seeks to demonstrate that the challenges for China posed by climate change are real.
The consequences of global warming are already apparent.
The consequences of global warming are already apparent.
The scientific evidence of investigations by Chinese and international bodies overwhelmingly indicates that the threat to the sustainability of China’s future social and economic development, as well as to fragile ecosystems, will intensify.
The scientific evidence of investigations by Chinese and international bodies overwhelmingly indicates that the threat to the sustainability of China’s future social and economic development, as well as to fragile ecosystems, will intensify.
That the Chinese government recognises the scale of the problems that China faces as a result of climate change is beyond doubt, as is its commitment to address those problems, subject to its insistence that industrialised countries bear the major responsibility in meeting the challenges of global warming.
That the Chinese government recognises the scale of the problems that China faces as a result of climate change is beyond doubt, as is its commitment to address those problems, subject to its insistence that industrialised countries bear the major responsibility in meeting the challenges of global warming.
More questionable, however, is whether the policies Beijing has so far put in place will be capable of halting, let alone reversing, the recent inexorable and accelerating increase in China’s GHG emissions.
More questionable, however, is whether the policies Beijing has so far put in place will be capable of halting, let alone reversing, the recent inexorable and accelerating increase in China’s GHG emissions.