natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
Fishmeal used in the EU is made from fish trimmings and a variety of species depending on the source of production.
Fishmeal used in the EU is made from fish trimmings and a variety of species depending on the source of production.
Estimates of the principal species of industrial fish consumed as fishmeal in the EU, based on the composition of the raw material manufactured into fishmeal in each producing country and the volumes of these materials consumed in EU-15, indicate that the main raw materials are anchovy (33%), followed by trimmings (14%), blue whiting (13%), capelin and sand eel (11% each), sprat (7%) and jack mackerel, herring and others (4% each).
Estimates of the principal species of industrial fish consumed as fishmeal in the EU, based on the composition of the raw material manufactured into fishmeal in each producing country and the volumes of these materials consumed in EU-15, indicate that the main raw materials are anchovy (33%), followed by trimmings (14%), blue whiting (13%), capelin and sand eel (11% each), sprat (7%) and jack mackerel, herring and others (4% each).
· Industrial fisheries
· Industrial fisheries
All the Countries or Regions supplying the EU-(Table 1) support and implement the FAO Guidelines for Responsible Fisheries.
All the Countries or Regions supplying the EU-(Table 1) support and implement the FAO Guidelines for Responsible Fisheries.
All the species listed above are managed by national Governments and/or regional organizations and have national/regional TACs, which are decided on an annual basis or more frequently as is deemed necessary.
All the species listed above are managed by national Governments and/or regional organizations and have national/regional TACs, which are decided on an annual basis or more frequently as is deemed necessary.
The one exception is Blue Whiting.
The one exception is Blue Whiting.
Governments impose many management control measures, which are listed in table 2.
Governments impose many management control measures, which are listed in table 2.
One of the latest technologies to be applied is that of satellite monitoring, which ensures that closed seasons or closed areas are respected.
One of the latest technologies to be applied is that of satellite monitoring, which ensures that closed seasons or closed areas are respected.
Table 2: Fisheries Management Control Measures Used in Different Regions
Table 2: Fisheries Management Control Measures Used in Different Regions
Area Catch Limits
Area Catch Limits
Closed Areas
Closed Areas
Seasonal bans
Seasonal bans
By-catch limits
By-catch limits
Type of gear*
Type of gear*
Effect on seabed
Effect on seabed
Minimum mesh size
Minimum mesh size
Minimum fish landing size
Minimum fish landing size
Vessel registration
Vessel registration
Satellite tracking
Satellite tracking
ITQ sytem
ITQ sytem
SOUTH AMERICA
SOUTH AMERICA
Jack Mackerel
Jack Mackerel
N.E. ATLANTIC and NORTH SEA
N.E. ATLANTIC and NORTH SEA
Norway Pout
Norway Pout
Blue whiting
Blue whiting
*P=purse seine; T=light weight trawl: MT=mid-water trawl
*P=purse seine; T=light weight trawl: MT=mid-water trawl
The 2004 DG Research Working Paper for the European Parliament stated that «In EU waters most of the targeted feed fish stocks, for which data are available, are considered to be within safe biological limits ».
The 2004 DG Research Working Paper for the European Parliament stated that «In EU waters most of the targeted feed fish stocks, for which data are available, are considered to be within safe biological limits ».
Some stocks are un-assessed because they are not fished heavily.
Some stocks are un-assessed because they are not fished heavily.
Since the majority of stocks assessed are considered safe, management measures centred on a TAC scheme (set under the precautionary approach) seem a robust approach.
Since the majority of stocks assessed are considered safe, management measures centred on a TAC scheme (set under the precautionary approach) seem a robust approach.
Blue whiting has received considerable attention over the last few years.
Blue whiting has received considerable attention over the last few years.
According to ICES (2004) blue whiting is classified as having full reproductive capacity but harvested unsustainably.
According to ICES (2004) blue whiting is classified as having full reproductive capacity but harvested unsustainably.
Recruitments in the last decade appear to be at a much higher level than earlier.
Recruitments in the last decade appear to be at a much higher level than earlier.
In principle agreement has been reached for a long-term management plan consistent with a precautionary approach including sharing out the quota among the main fishing nations.
In principle agreement has been reached for a long-term management plan consistent with a precautionary approach including sharing out the quota among the main fishing nations.
In practice Member States continue not to agree on individual state quotas.
In practice Member States continue not to agree on individual state quotas.
Your rapporteur urges Ministers of Fisheries in Norway, Iceland, and EU to agree a global TAC and the proportion to be caught by each party to the agreement.
Your rapporteur urges Ministers of Fisheries in Norway, Iceland, and EU to agree a global TAC and the proportion to be caught by each party to the agreement.
The European Parliament- DG Research Working Paper notes that by-catch is a problem in many human-consumption fishing activities world-wide.
The European Parliament- DG Research Working Paper notes that by-catch is a problem in many human-consumption fishing activities world-wide.
For example, landings of roundfish in the North Sea in 1990 were estimated to have a by-catch of 25% which was discarded.
For example, landings of roundfish in the North Sea in 1990 were estimated to have a by-catch of 25% which was discarded.
With regard to industrial fisheries most attention has been given to this matter in North European waters.
With regard to industrial fisheries most attention has been given to this matter in North European waters.
Juvenile herring are known to shoal with sprat.
Juvenile herring are known to shoal with sprat.
Juveniles of various food-fish species are known to shoal with Norway Pout.
Juveniles of various food-fish species are known to shoal with Norway Pout.
The 2004 European Parliament- DG Research Working Paper details the average landings and percentage by-catch from North Sea by different Danish industrial fisheries during the periods 1998-01 and 2002.
The 2004 European Parliament- DG Research Working Paper details the average landings and percentage by-catch from North Sea by different Danish industrial fisheries during the periods 1998-01 and 2002.
The most controversial fisheries are summarised in table 3.
The most controversial fisheries are summarised in table 3.
Table 3: Average Percentage By-catch landed with Target Species
Table 3: Average Percentage By-catch landed with Target Species
Target species %
Target species %
Other food-fish %
Other food-fish %
Other Industrial fish %
Other Industrial fish %
This issue has been addressed by closure of part of the North Sea to Norway Pout fishing.
This issue has been addressed by closure of part of the North Sea to Norway Pout fishing.
Similarly seasonal closures and by-catch limits exist for conservation of the juveniles of herring and sprat.
Similarly seasonal closures and by-catch limits exist for conservation of the juveniles of herring and sprat.
The Commission has outlined plans for further improvements in monitoring industrial fishing (COM(2004)167 of 25/3/04).
The Commission has outlined plans for further improvements in monitoring industrial fishing (COM(2004)167 of 25/3/04).
· Ecosystem Management
· Ecosystem Management
FAO and other national and international bodies are encouraging States to adopt an ecosystem approach to fisheries management, in which the effects of fishing are not only monitored and managed in respect of the stock of a particular fish species being caught, but also in terms of its effects on other fish species (multi-species models) and marine benthos organisms, algae, crustaceans, birds and mammals.
FAO and other national and international bodies are encouraging States to adopt an ecosystem approach to fisheries management, in which the effects of fishing are not only monitored and managed in respect of the stock of a particular fish species being caught, but also in terms of its effects on other fish species (multi-species models) and marine benthos organisms, algae, crustaceans, birds and mammals.
Obviously such monitoring and eventual management requires considerable investment.
Obviously such monitoring and eventual management requires considerable investment.
ICES is starting to implement an Ecosystem Approach to fisheries management.
ICES is starting to implement an Ecosystem Approach to fisheries management.
Reports from Peru and Chile to the Parliament Hearing showed that the Peruvian fisheries research institute (IMARPE) has established eco-system models based on over 30 years of species data.
Reports from Peru and Chile to the Parliament Hearing showed that the Peruvian fisheries research institute (IMARPE) has established eco-system models based on over 30 years of species data.
Chile has established two marine protected areas, with a third in the pipe-line.
Chile has established two marine protected areas, with a third in the pipe-line.
Currently trimmings represent 35% of the total supply of raw material to the EU fishmeal industry.
Currently trimmings represent 35% of the total supply of raw material to the EU fishmeal industry.
Trimmings have other outlets including pet foods and mink feed.
Trimmings have other outlets including pet foods and mink feed.
The proportion going to fishmeal is estimated at 900.000 tonnes.
The proportion going to fishmeal is estimated at 900.000 tonnes.
As far as the problem of discards is concerned, it is estimated that fishermen discard up to 1 million tonnes of healthy fish, dead into the sea, every year within EU waters, simply because the fish are undersize, out of quota or due to high grading.
As far as the problem of discards is concerned, it is estimated that fishermen discard up to 1 million tonnes of healthy fish, dead into the sea, every year within EU waters, simply because the fish are undersize, out of quota or due to high grading.
Fishermen have been forced into this destructive and unsustainable behaviour in the name of conservation.
Fishermen have been forced into this destructive and unsustainable behaviour in the name of conservation.
One of the first policies which must be pursued is to insist on all fish being landed.
One of the first policies which must be pursued is to insist on all fish being landed.
There should be tough penalties for anyone caught discarding fish.
There should be tough penalties for anyone caught discarding fish.
This is the policy in Iceland and Norway and the Faeroes.
This is the policy in Iceland and Norway and the Faeroes.
By insisting on everything being landed, scientists can get a more accurate picture of the size and nature of the catch, enabling more accurate stock recovery measures to be put in place and enabling more rapid action to be taken to close areas where juveniles are being caught.
By insisting on everything being landed, scientists can get a more accurate picture of the size and nature of the catch, enabling more accurate stock recovery measures to be put in place and enabling more rapid action to be taken to close areas where juveniles are being caught.
Your rapporteur believes that to implement such a dramatic new initiative will require the implementation of a policy of incentives and fines.
Your rapporteur believes that to implement such a dramatic new initiative will require the implementation of a policy of incentives and fines.
Fines to hit those who offend and continue to dump dead fish, but incentives, by way of financial compensation, to the fishermen who land fish they would otherwise have thrown over the side.
Fines to hit those who offend and continue to dump dead fish, but incentives, by way of financial compensation, to the fishermen who land fish they would otherwise have thrown over the side.
The fishmeal and fish oil industry could buy the raw material.
The fishmeal and fish oil industry could buy the raw material.
I believe that prices of up to 70 Euros a tonne could be expected which would be sufficient to encourage fishermen to land such fish, although not enough to encourage them to target these stocks.
I believe that prices of up to 70 Euros a tonne could be expected which would be sufficient to encourage fishermen to land such fish, although not enough to encourage them to target these stocks.
Landing discards for the meal and oil industry would increase the volume of production significantly, resulting in the EU being less dependent on imports.
Landing discards for the meal and oil industry would increase the volume of production significantly, resulting in the EU being less dependent on imports.
It would add a further estimated income of €70 million to the EU fishing industry.
It would add a further estimated income of €70 million to the EU fishing industry.
CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES
CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES
Many fishmeal and oil companies are linked commercially with canning, freezing and filleting plants.
Many fishmeal and oil companies are linked commercially with canning, freezing and filleting plants.
Thus any growth in the human food markets for pelagic fish can readily be met by the food processing facilities.
Thus any growth in the human food markets for pelagic fish can readily be met by the food processing facilities.
However, this opportunity should not be exaggerated.
However, this opportunity should not be exaggerated.
The condition of the industrial fish (small, bony and often inedible) limits the development of this market and the growth of the canned fish market is slow.
The condition of the industrial fish (small, bony and often inedible) limits the development of this market and the growth of the canned fish market is slow.
By contrast the development of the aquaculture sector is dynamic.
By contrast the development of the aquaculture sector is dynamic.
Since the 1970s the growth has been nearly 9% per annum, with projected future growth to the end of this decade at 6% per annum.
Since the 1970s the growth has been nearly 9% per annum, with projected future growth to the end of this decade at 6% per annum.
Nearly half of the world annual production of fishmeal is currently being used for aquaculture feed, and 80% of the fish oil.
Nearly half of the world annual production of fishmeal is currently being used for aquaculture feed, and 80% of the fish oil.
Future growth and intensification of the aquaculture industry may require increased quantities of fishmeal and fish oil.
Future growth and intensification of the aquaculture industry may require increased quantities of fishmeal and fish oil.
However, this development is likely to be off-set, primarily, by greater substitution of the oil, but also the meal with vegetable oils and proteins, respectively.
However, this development is likely to be off-set, primarily, by greater substitution of the oil, but also the meal with vegetable oils and proteins, respectively.
In future the likely limited supplies of fish oil will lead to steady increases in prices with the products being diverted to strategic use within the aquaculture markets, away from grow-out diets.
In future the likely limited supplies of fish oil will lead to steady increases in prices with the products being diverted to strategic use within the aquaculture markets, away from grow-out diets.
Fishmeal is unlikely to be in a shortage situation for the next 20 years or more.
Fishmeal is unlikely to be in a shortage situation for the next 20 years or more.
Currently fishmeal is being used in grow-out diets for land animals.
Currently fishmeal is being used in grow-out diets for land animals.
It will be many years before fishmeal is only available for strategic use.
It will be many years before fishmeal is only available for strategic use.
Discards are a complete waste of an important natural resource.
Discards are a complete waste of an important natural resource.
Allowing the EU fishermen to land this material for conversion into meal and oil could produce an extra 200,000 tonnes of meal and 40,000 tonnes of oil.
Allowing the EU fishermen to land this material for conversion into meal and oil could produce an extra 200,000 tonnes of meal and 40,000 tonnes of oil.
The extra fish oil will help meet the projected change in demand by the EU aquaculture feed industry during the next 10 years.
The extra fish oil will help meet the projected change in demand by the EU aquaculture feed industry during the next 10 years.
The extra fishmeal will mainly find a market in land-animal feeds.
The extra fishmeal will mainly find a market in land-animal feeds.
It could add a further estimated annual income of €70 million to the EU fishing industry, increasing the present added value of the EU fishmeal and oil sector by 50%.
It could add a further estimated annual income of €70 million to the EU fishing industry, increasing the present added value of the EU fishmeal and oil sector by 50%.
About 500 extra jobs could be created in remote areas of the EU where unemployment is already high.
About 500 extra jobs could be created in remote areas of the EU where unemployment is already high.
In 2001 the EU legislated against the use of fishmeal in ruminant diets as part of its emergency measures to protect humans and animals against TSE related diseases.
In 2001 the EU legislated against the use of fishmeal in ruminant diets as part of its emergency measures to protect humans and animals against TSE related diseases.
The EU Commission confirmed in 2003 that fishmeal is not an intrinsic source of TSE (Scientific Opinion published on the 14/3/03 on the “feeding of wild fishmeal to farmed fish and recycling of fish with regards to risk of TSE”), but justified its continued ban on the use of fishmeal in ruminant diets on the basis that control methods were not reliable for distinguishing between fishmeal and other animal proteins in ruminant feed.
The EU Commission confirmed in 2003 that fishmeal is not an intrinsic source of TSE (Scientific Opinion published on the 14/3/03 on the “feeding of wild fishmeal to farmed fish and recycling of fish with regards to risk of TSE”), but justified its continued ban on the use of fishmeal in ruminant diets on the basis that control methods were not reliable for distinguishing between fishmeal and other animal proteins in ruminant feed.
The consensus was that it would not be possible to detect the presence of illegal meat and bone meal in ruminant feed, if fishmeal was allowed to be present.
The consensus was that it would not be possible to detect the presence of illegal meat and bone meal in ruminant feed, if fishmeal was allowed to be present.
In 2003, the Commission recognised that a new EU official method, which applied from 1 st July 2004 (Commission directive 2003/126/EC), would adequately distinguish between fishmeal and other animal proteins, and thus drafted a proposal to lift the ban on fishmeal in ruminant diets.
In 2003, the Commission recognised that a new EU official method, which applied from 1 st July 2004 (Commission directive 2003/126/EC), would adequately distinguish between fishmeal and other animal proteins, and thus drafted a proposal to lift the ban on fishmeal in ruminant diets.
This proposal was resisted by the European Parliament.
This proposal was resisted by the European Parliament.
The fishmeal and sections of the farming industries are claiming that the ban is not justified and is causing their industries harm.
The fishmeal and sections of the farming industries are claiming that the ban is not justified and is causing their industries harm.
The fishmeal industry estimates that the ban has caused a loss of market of 100, 000 tonnes per annum in the EU ruminant sector and an additional 200,000 tonnes in the pig and poultry sectors.
The fishmeal industry estimates that the ban has caused a loss of market of 100, 000 tonnes per annum in the EU ruminant sector and an additional 200,000 tonnes in the pig and poultry sectors.
Although the latter two sectors do not have a ban on fishmeal use, legislation does not allow mills producing feed for ruminants, pigs and poultry (mixed mills) to have fishmeal on the premises.
Although the latter two sectors do not have a ban on fishmeal use, legislation does not allow mills producing feed for ruminants, pigs and poultry (mixed mills) to have fishmeal on the premises.
The estimated loss to the fishmeal industry world-wide is €130 million per annum, and to the EU industry alone is €10 million per annum, about 7% of the gross added value of the EU fishmeal industry.
The estimated loss to the fishmeal industry world-wide is €130 million per annum, and to the EU industry alone is €10 million per annum, about 7% of the gross added value of the EU fishmeal industry.
Certain sections of the farming community have also suffered because of the ban.
Certain sections of the farming community have also suffered because of the ban.
Sheep farmers in more remote areas of the EU (e.g. the highlands of Scotland) have reported increased mortality of sheep during lambing.
Sheep farmers in more remote areas of the EU (e.g. the highlands of Scotland) have reported increased mortality of sheep during lambing.
Animal welfare problems have also been experienced by many breeds of growing calves, dairy cows, pig and chickens unable to obtain their genetically inspired nutritional requirements due to the absence of high protein fishmeal.
Animal welfare problems have also been experienced by many breeds of growing calves, dairy cows, pig and chickens unable to obtain their genetically inspired nutritional requirements due to the absence of high protein fishmeal.
The Commission has now confirmed that with fishmeal there is no intrinsic safety problems relating to BSE and control methods are now acceptable.
The Commission has now confirmed that with fishmeal there is no intrinsic safety problems relating to BSE and control methods are now acceptable.
Thus legislation banning fishmeal should be repealed as soon as possible, so that these markets can be recovered.
Thus legislation banning fishmeal should be repealed as soon as possible, so that these markets can be recovered.
Farmers and feed mixers not willing to add fishmeal to the ration can continue to exercise that right and even promote it if it is thought to lead to market advantages with the consumer.
Farmers and feed mixers not willing to add fishmeal to the ration can continue to exercise that right and even promote it if it is thought to lead to market advantages with the consumer.
The restored fishmeal market in the EU should add a further 300,000 tonnes per annum to present demand.
The restored fishmeal market in the EU should add a further 300,000 tonnes per annum to present demand.
In EU and North America consumers are increasingly taking nutritional supplements (nutraceuticals) to improve their health.
In EU and North America consumers are increasingly taking nutritional supplements (nutraceuticals) to improve their health.
One of the significant components of this market is EPA and DHA supplements.
One of the significant components of this market is EPA and DHA supplements.
Although the added value of these products to the food supplement industry is considerable, to the fish oil industry it represents small volumes of crude oil (eg anchovy oil), with little added value.
Although the added value of these products to the food supplement industry is considerable, to the fish oil industry it represents small volumes of crude oil (eg anchovy oil), with little added value.
World wide the consumption of fish oil for these purposes is currently estimated at 25,000 tonnes per annum.
World wide the consumption of fish oil for these purposes is currently estimated at 25,000 tonnes per annum.
Growth in the next 10 years could rise steeply, possibly to 65,000 tonnes per annum.
Growth in the next 10 years could rise steeply, possibly to 65,000 tonnes per annum.