natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
5. žádá, aby Komise pečlivě posoudila, zda přiřknout Číně statut země s tržním hospodářstvím a tento statut uznat pouze za předpokladu, že Čína splní příslušná kritéria;
Calls on the Commission to assess carefully whether to award China the status of a market economy country, and only to grant this status once China has fulfilled the relevant criteria;
7. vyzývá členské státy, aby vybudovaly účinnou kontrolu trhu, která evropské spotřebitele co nejlépe ochrání před výrobky, které neodpovídají standardům CE;
Calls on the Member States to develop effective market controls in order to protect European consumers as well as possible against products which do not comply with the CE standard;
Mezinárodní konkurenční vlivy
International competitive effects
17. je mimořádně znepokojen tím, že způsob, jakým bylo memorandum o porozumnění uplatněno v praxi, způsobil vážné problémy některým evropským maloobchodníkům; poznamenává, že se Komise účastní dalších rozhovorů s čínskými orgány, které mají vyřešit tuto otázku a do budoucna zabránit přerušení dodávek některého textilního a oděvního zboží pro evropský trh; vyzývá také Komisi, aby zajistila, že jakákoli přepracovaná dohoda bude patřičně zohledňovat nejen zájmy evropských spotřebitelů a podniků, ale také výrobců textilu v rozvojových zemích, kteří byli poškozeni vypršením platnosti dohody o textilu a oděvech;
Is extremely concerned that the way in which the Memorandum of Understanding has been implemented in practice has caused serious disruption to some European retailers; notes that the Commission is involved in new discussions with the Chinese authorities so as to address this issue and avoid further disruption to the supply of certain textile and clothing products to the European market; calls on the Commission to ensure that any revised agreement takes appropriate account of the interests not only of European consumers and firms but also of textile producers in developing countries that have been adversely affected by the expiry of the Agreement on Textiles and Clothing;
21. uvědomuje si, že zvýšení objemu čínského dovozu textilu do Evropské unie je doprovázeno razantním poklesem hodnoty těchto produktů o 60 % jejich kupní hodnoty, aniž by z toho evropští zákazníci měli znatelný prospěch; požaduje, aby Komise vyšetřila, zda mezi dovozci a/nebo velkými distributory byly uzavřeny nějaké dohody, a požaduje, aby Komise zajistila transparentnost procesu tvorby cen;
Notes that the increase in the volume of Chinese textile exports to the European Union has been accompanied by a sharp decrease in the value of those products of as much as 60% of their purchase value, without European consumers having benefited notably from this; calls on the Commission to investigate whether there have been any agreements between importers and/or large distributors and to ensure transparency in the price formation process;
24. žádá Komisi, aby vytvořila pevnější komplexní partnerský svazek, který bude prospěšný pro Čínu i EU a aby tuto spolupráci rozšířila do více oblastí a pracovala na aktivním překonávání negativních faktorů mezi oběma stranami;
Calls on the Commission to create a closer comprehensive partnership which would be beneficial to China and the EU, to extend this cooperation to more areas and to work towards actively overcoming negative factors between the two parties;
29. vyzývá Komisi, aby objasnila, nakolik jsou nynější nízké prodejní a dovozní ceny čínských výrobků přínosem pro zvyšování blahobytu spotřebitelů v Evropě a jaký střednědobý a dlouhodobý vývoj v tomto směru Komise očekává;
Calls on the Commission to state to what extent the current low sale and import prices for Chinese products are bringing improvements in prosperity to consumers in Europe, and what medium and long-term trends the Commission expects to see in this connection;
31. žádá Komisi, aby podrobně analyzovala, která odvětví těží a budou těžit z obrovského hospodářského rozvoje Číny, kolik pracovních míst je tím v těchto odvětvích zajištěno a kolik vznikne nových, jaké má Komise strategie, aby identifikovala a podporovala další taková odvětví, tak aby byl ve výsledku vliv na evropské hospodářství z hlediska pracovních míst a prosperity pozitivní, a jaké činnosti si členské státy EU udrží v sektoru špičkových technologií, které nemohou být prováděny v konkurečních zemích s nízkou úrovní mezd, zejména v Číně;
Asks the Commission to investigate precisely which sectors are currently benefiting, or will benefit in future, from China's tremendous economic growth, how many jobs in these sectors have been safeguarded or created, what strategies the Commission has for identifying and promoting other such sectors, in order that on balance overall the effect on European economies in terms of employment and prosperity is a positive one, and what EU Member States will retain in the high-tech sector that cannot be done by lower-wage competitors, and in particular by China;
34. uvědomuje si však, že vedle vyjádřených zřejmých obav Čína představuje pro evropské investory trh s velkým potenciálem, a že byl využit doposud jen jeho pouhý zlomek; požaduje proto, aby Komise určila nejúčinnější prostředky, které by evropskému průmyslu pomohly vyhledávat a využívat všechny příležitosti, které nabízí tak velký a stále se rozšiřující trh;
Recognises, however, that alongside the evident concerns expressed, China represents a market of great potential for European investors, and that only a fraction of it has been exploited to date; calls on the Commission therefore to pinpoint the most effective means to assist European industry to seek out and seize all the opportunities offered by that large and expanding market;
36. vyzývá Komisi a členské státy, aby svoje současné a budoucí programy rozvojové pomoci pro Čínu, zejména pak všeobecný prefereční systém, přezkoumaly z hlediska, zda pomoc pro Čínu znamená také odpovídající finanční výhody pro Evropu nebo evropské podniky;
Calls on the Commission and the Member States to examine their current and future development aid programmes, and in particular the Generalised System of Preferences, for China in order to ascertain whether assistance for China is balanced by financial advantages for Europe or European companies;
38. vyjadřuje své obavy z působení čínského odvětví neželezných kovů, které vede ke strukturálnímu pokřivení mezinárodního trhu recyklace neželezných kovů; žádá Komisi, aby prošetřila situaci a případně usilovala v rámci WTO o nápravná opatření, aby zajistila, že společnosti z EU budou mít přístup ke šrotu za rovných podmínek;
Expresses its concerns about the operation of the Chinese non-ferrous metals sector which leads to a structural distortion of the international market for recycling non-ferrous metals; calls on the Commission to investigate the situation and, if appropriate, to pursue WTO remedies so as to ensure that EU firms have access to scrap under fair conditions;
41. vyzývá Komisi, aby společně s Čínou hledala možnosti většího otevření čínského trhu pro zahraniční podniky a umožnila a podpořila usazování zahraničních podniků bez povinné spolupráce s čínskými partnery;
Calls on the Commission, jointly with China, to explore ways of opening up Chinese markets more to foreign companies and enabling, and encouraging, foreign companies to set up business without compulsory involvement of Chinese partners;
Dopady na sociální oblast a životní prostředí
Social and Environmental Impacts
48. uznává rostoucí konkurenceschopnost Číny v dnešním mezinárodním hospodářském klimatu, ale vyzývá Čínu, aby přijala účinné a rychlé kroky, které by zabránily využívání práce dětí a vězňů; žádá Komisi, aby v tomto ohledu Číňanům nabídla svoji podporu;
Acknowledges China's increasing competitiveness in today's international economic climate but calls on China to take effective and swift action against the use of child labour and forced labour; asks the Commission to offer the Chinese its support in this connection;
52. očekává od západních, a především evropských podniků působících v Číně, že plně uznají odborová práva a že se budou chovat příkladným způsobem k pracovníkům a k životnímu prostředí;
Looks to Western, particularly European, businesses operating in China to give full recognition to trade union rights and behave in an exemplary manner towards workers and the environment;
55. dále naléhá na Radu a Komisi, aby využívaly všech vhodných dvoustranných cest a vícestranných institucí a dohod, jejichž stranami jsou jak EU, tak Čína, k dalšímu prosazování vysokých standardů sociálního blahobytu a ochrany životního prostředí jako základních komponentů mezinárodní solidarity;
Urges, in addition, the Council and the Commission to use all appropriate bilateral channels, as well as multilateral institutions and agreements to which both the EU and China are parties, to further press the case for high standards of social welfare and environmental protection as an essential component of international solidarity;
58. žádá Komisi, aby nalezla co nejefektivnější způsob vyjednávání o zavedení minimálních sociálních a ekologických standardů do obchodních dohod a zajištění jejich účinného uplatňování;
Calls on the Commission to investigate the most effective way of negotiating the introduction of minimum social and environmental standards into trade agreements and ensuring their effective enforcement;
60. poznamenává, že většina dřeva importovaného do EU z Číny je ve formě zpracovaných výrobků, z nichž některé jsou vyrobeny ze dřeva, které Čína získala protiprávně;
Notes that most of the wood imported into the EU from China comes in the form of processed products, some of which are derived from wood which China has sourced illegally;
Stávající projekty, řízení
Existing projects, governance
63. uznává, že mnoho z ekologických problémů Číny nepramení z nedostatku právních předpisů, ale z jejich nedostatečného uplatňování, a proto žádá Komisi, aby se v rámci kooperačních projektů zaměřila na vytváření kapacit na místní úrovni;
Recognises that many of China's environmental problems stem not from lack of laws but from lack of law enforcement, and therefore calls on the Commission to make capacity building at the local level an important focus of cooperation projects;
Politický dialog
Political Dialogue
68. lituje, že rychlý hospodářský rozvoj Číny nebyl doprovázen pokrokem v politických a občanských právech pro obyvatelstvo a že oficiální dialog o lidských právech, který EU a Čína vedou od roku 1997 souběžně s jejich rostoucími obchodními a hospodářskými vztahy, nebyl úspěšný; proto zdůrazňuje potřebu odlišného přístupu zahrnujícího vytvoření jasné a účinné politiky podmíněnosti lidskými právy ve vztahu k obecné obchodní politice EU vůči Číně;
Regrets that China's rapid economic development has not been accompanied by progress in political and civil rights for the population and that the official human rights dialogue in which the EU and China have engaged since 1997 in parallel to their growing trade and economic relations has not been successful; therefore stresses the need for a different approach including the establishment of a clear and effective policy of human rights conditionality with regard to the EU's general trading policy with China;
70. upozorňuje členské státy, že kodex chování EU ohledně vývozu zbraní uvádějí jako kritérium respektování lidských práv v zemi konečné destinace takového vývozu a že zdůrazňují zejména skutečnost, že není možné vydávat licenci k vývozu, pokud existuje riziko, že by mohlo být vyvážené zboží použito pro potřeby vnitřní represe nebo k nepřátelským vojenským akcím vůči sousedním státům, například v případě Číny vůči Tchaj-wanu;
Reminds Member States that the EU Code of Conduct on Arms Exports quotes respect for human rights in the country of final destination of such exports as a criterion and that it lays particular emphasis on the fact that export licences shall not be issued if there is a risk that the exported good might be used for internal repression or hostile military action against neighbouring countries, for example, in China's case, Taiwan;
This report focuses on the threats and opportunities posed by China’s growth as a major trading power, and on measures the EU can take in response.
This report focuses on the threats and opportunities posed by China’s growth as a major trading power, and on measures the EU can take in response.
It analyses the impact of China’s WTO accession, explores China’s compliance with its WTO obligations, and identifies areas of continuing concern to EU industry and to those concerned with issues of equality in China.
It analyses the impact of China’s WTO accession, explores China’s compliance with its WTO obligations, and identifies areas of continuing concern to EU industry and to those concerned with issues of equality in China.
Trade cannot be viewed in isolation, however, and the report examines some of the social and environmental costs of China's rapid growth, both within China, and globally.
Trade cannot be viewed in isolation, however, and the report examines some of the social and environmental costs of China's rapid growth, both within China, and globally.
The report also addresses the wider question of the challenge China poses, not just to the international trading system, but to international trade theory itself, and makes the case for a new framework for understanding the impacts of globalisation.
The report also addresses the wider question of the challenge China poses, not just to the international trading system, but to international trade theory itself, and makes the case for a new framework for understanding the impacts of globalisation.
EU-China Trade relations
EU-China Trade relations
China and the EU, two of the world’s largest markets, have deepened their commercial ties during recent decades.
China and the EU, two of the world’s largest markets, have deepened their commercial ties during recent decades.
Two-way trade has increased more than forty-fold since reforms began in China in 1978, and was worth €175 billion in 2004.
Two-way trade has increased more than forty-fold since reforms began in China in 1978, and was worth €175 billion in 2004.
In 2003, China and the EU became each others’ 2 nd largest trading partners and whereas the EU enjoyed a trade surplus with China at the beginning of the 1980s, EU-China trade relations are now marked by a large and growing EU deficit with China – reaching €78 billion in 2004 (see Annex I, trade statistics).
In 2003, China and the EU became each others’ 2 nd largest trading partners and whereas the EU enjoyed a trade surplus with China at the beginning of the 1980s, EU-China trade relations are now marked by a large and growing EU deficit with China – reaching €78 billion in 2004 (see Annex I, trade statistics).
The 2004 European Competitiveness Report
The 2004 European Competitiveness Report
http://europa.eu.int/comm/enterprise/enterprise_policy/competitiveness/doc/comprep_2004_en.pdf highlights the challenge to the EU from a China competing on the basis of labour abundance, as well as in goods embodying both skills and technology.
http://europa.eu.int/comm/enterprise/enterprise_policy/competitiveness/doc/comprep_2004_en.pdf highlights the challenge to the EU from a China competing on the basis of labour abundance, as well as in goods embodying both skills and technology.
China is proving to be a sought-after base for the establishment of offshore centres for the manufacture of a broad range of products and services.
China is proving to be a sought-after base for the establishment of offshore centres for the manufacture of a broad range of products and services.
So far, the effects have been felt most in the new Member States and candidate countries, since they tend to compete as nearshore production centres in the same sectors.
So far, the effects have been felt most in the new Member States and candidate countries, since they tend to compete as nearshore production centres in the same sectors.
However, as this report will demonstrate, these impacts are likely to spread to the EU-15.
However, as this report will demonstrate, these impacts are likely to spread to the EU-15.
During the visit of the Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao to the European Commission in May 2004, a high level Trade policy Dialogue was set up to address issues in rapidly-growing bilateral trade relations as well as on WTO issues.
During the visit of the Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao to the European Commission in May 2004, a high level Trade policy Dialogue was set up to address issues in rapidly-growing bilateral trade relations as well as on WTO issues.
There are currently around 20 sectoral policy Dialogues which address many of the non-tariff barriers that still remain.
There are currently around 20 sectoral policy Dialogues which address many of the non-tariff barriers that still remain.
Moreover, during the last EU-China summit in December 2004, the two parties set the objective to actively explore the feasibility of concluding a new framework agreement.
Moreover, during the last EU-China summit in December 2004, the two parties set the objective to actively explore the feasibility of concluding a new framework agreement.
China's integration into the world economy will also be determined by its relations with its Asian neighbours.
China's integration into the world economy will also be determined by its relations with its Asian neighbours.
In particular, the prospect of India and China finding complementarity would not only boost "power house" Asia, but would have global geopolitical consequences, challenging the EU's role as a second global power.
In particular, the prospect of India and China finding complementarity would not only boost "power house" Asia, but would have global geopolitical consequences, challenging the EU's role as a second global power.
India’s expertise in software, and China’s in hardware mean that, together, they could prove a powerful force.
India’s expertise in software, and China’s in hardware mean that, together, they could prove a powerful force.
Bilateral trade between them could top $15 billion for the first time in 2005, compared to just $300 million a decade ago.
Bilateral trade between them could top $15 billion for the first time in 2005, compared to just $300 million a decade ago.
A virtual ‘Chindia’, a loose economic link-up, is already beginning to take shape.
A virtual ‘Chindia’, a loose economic link-up, is already beginning to take shape.
Growth and Poverty in China
Growth and Poverty in China
Given China’s impressive growth rate, it is easy to forget that vast areas of poverty remain.
Given China’s impressive growth rate, it is easy to forget that vast areas of poverty remain.
China has quadrupled its income in the space of 25 years, lifted over 270 million people out of poverty, and dramatically improved health and education indicators.
China has quadrupled its income in the space of 25 years, lifted over 270 million people out of poverty, and dramatically improved health and education indicators.
But rapid growth and structural change have also created new challenges: employment insecurity, environmental pressures, and persistent poverty, while Chinese income inequalities are among the fastest growing in the world.
But rapid growth and structural change have also created new challenges: employment insecurity, environmental pressures, and persistent poverty, while Chinese income inequalities are among the fastest growing in the world.
Using the World Bank’s “$1 a day” indicator for absolute poverty, around one quarter of the rural population – more than 100 million people – are still in extreme poverty.
Using the World Bank’s “$1 a day” indicator for absolute poverty, around one quarter of the rural population – more than 100 million people – are still in extreme poverty.
It is important that EU policy makers do not forget that their trade policies can have a direct bearing on poverty reduction in China.
It is important that EU policy makers do not forget that their trade policies can have a direct bearing on poverty reduction in China.
China and the WTO
China and the WTO
Today it is the world’s fourth-largest exporter.
Today it is the world’s fourth-largest exporter.
The terms of China’s accession are far-reaching, and its market-opening commitments extensive.
The terms of China’s accession are far-reaching, and its market-opening commitments extensive.
For example, having lowered the weighted average tariff from 40% to 13% between 1992-2001, China is now required to implement a further cut to 6.8% by the end of the accession period - cuts that are far deeper than anything contemplated by the EU or US.
For example, having lowered the weighted average tariff from 40% to 13% between 1992-2001, China is now required to implement a further cut to 6.8% by the end of the accession period - cuts that are far deeper than anything contemplated by the EU or US.
On services, a World Bank assessment suggests that China’s commitments on the liberalization of this sector are the most radical ever undertaken in the WTO.
On services, a World Bank assessment suggests that China’s commitments on the liberalization of this sector are the most radical ever undertaken in the WTO.
Even so, far more radical commitments are being demanded, including by the EU, covering financial services, banking, and wider capital markets.
Even so, far more radical commitments are being demanded, including by the EU, covering financial services, banking, and wider capital markets.
Accession provisions on anti-dumping and safeguard measures also place China at a disadvantage.
Accession provisions on anti-dumping and safeguard measures also place China at a disadvantage.
The implications of WTO accession for agriculture raise the most serious concerns.
The implications of WTO accession for agriculture raise the most serious concerns.
In spite of rapid industrialisation, agriculture still accounts for 16% of GDP and around half of all employment.
In spite of rapid industrialisation, agriculture still accounts for 16% of GDP and around half of all employment.
Currently, China has around 238 million farm households, the vast majority operating on small plots.
Currently, China has around 238 million farm households, the vast majority operating on small plots.
However, many of them – particularly producers of major commodities such as wheat, maize, cotton, sugar and soybean - could suffer income declines as lower import prices are transmitted through domestic markets.
However, many of them – particularly producers of major commodities such as wheat, maize, cotton, sugar and soybean - could suffer income declines as lower import prices are transmitted through domestic markets.
There is a broad consensus among trading partners over the general improvement in trading conditions since China's accession to the WTO, particularly on trade-related laws and market access.
There is a broad consensus among trading partners over the general improvement in trading conditions since China's accession to the WTO, particularly on trade-related laws and market access.
A multi-country study published in June 2004
A multi-country study published in June 2004
Identification of concrete trade obstacle
Identification of concrete trade obstacle
to be removed through the future WT
to be removed through the future WT
negotiations on trade facilitation or other negot
negotiations on trade facilitation or other negot
ations in the framework of the
ations in the framework of the
oha Development Agenda
oha Development Agenda
http://mkaccdb.eu.int/cgi-bin/stb/study/consult/study.pl observes that a large variety of non-tariff barriers affecting access for EU goods have been progressively removed and the country has also significantly opened foreign investment in services.
http://mkaccdb.eu.int/cgi-bin/stb/study/consult/study.pl observes that a large variety of non-tariff barriers affecting access for EU goods have been progressively removed and the country has also significantly opened foreign investment in services.
Nonetheless, the study also identified specific "burdensome" procedures, including pre-import registration procedures.
Nonetheless, the study also identified specific "burdensome" procedures, including pre-import registration procedures.