natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
The decoupling system also provides for special provisions for some crops (e.g. starch potato, durum wheat).
The decoupling system also provides for special provisions for some crops (e.g. starch potato, durum wheat).
To receive this payment, farmers must comply with a number of good agricultural and environmental practices.
To receive this payment, farmers must comply with a number of good agricultural and environmental practices.
The maximum area eligible for support is fixed per region and it can vary within the region, depending on the irrigation, the specific crop concerned and average yields.
The maximum area eligible for support is fixed per region and it can vary within the region, depending on the irrigation, the specific crop concerned and average yields.
In addition, Member States are allowed to contribute national aid up to 50% of the total costs associated with establishment of multi-annual crops for biomass production on set aside land.
In addition, Member States are allowed to contribute national aid up to 50% of the total costs associated with establishment of multi-annual crops for biomass production on set aside land.
Set aside land
Set aside land
The set-aside obligation, which was introduced with the 1992 reform as a tool to balance the cereals market, has been integrated into the new single payment scheme.
The set-aside obligation, which was introduced with the 1992 reform as a tool to balance the cereals market, has been integrated into the new single payment scheme.
Set-aside land can normally not be used for any type of production, but the cultivation of non-food crops (including energy crops) is authorised if the use of the biomass is guaranteed either by a contract or by the farmer himself.
Set-aside land can normally not be used for any type of production, but the cultivation of non-food crops (including energy crops) is authorised if the use of the biomass is guaranteed either by a contract or by the farmer himself.
The set-aside regime therefore constitutes an incentive for the cultivation of non-food crops.
The set-aside regime therefore constitutes an incentive for the cultivation of non-food crops.
Energy crops scheme
Energy crops scheme
The production of fuel and energy crops is promoted not only through the set aside payment, but also through the Energy Crops Scheme, which provides a per hectare support for producers on non set-aside land.
The production of fuel and energy crops is promoted not only through the set aside payment, but also through the Energy Crops Scheme, which provides a per hectare support for producers on non set-aside land.
The maximum guaranteed area is 1.5 million hectares and a premium of € 45 per ha is available.
The maximum guaranteed area is 1.5 million hectares and a premium of € 45 per ha is available.
Payments are established for two main energy crops: short rotation coppice and miscanthus.
Payments are established for two main energy crops: short rotation coppice and miscanthus.
In the first year of implementation of the Energy Crops Scheme, 2004, only 300.000 ha (20% of the maximum guaranteed area) were used for this purpose.
In the first year of implementation of the Energy Crops Scheme, 2004, only 300.000 ha (20% of the maximum guaranteed area) were used for this purpose.
Greenhouse effect
Greenhouse effect
The protection of the environment has also become an important part of today's policies, including the agricultural policy.
The protection of the environment has also become an important part of today's policies, including the agricultural policy.
By implementing the Kyoto Protocol, detailed rules have been laid down, for example, a target emission rate per Member State was set to achieve an average of 8% decrease in greenhouse gas emission within the EU.
By implementing the Kyoto Protocol, detailed rules have been laid down, for example, a target emission rate per Member State was set to achieve an average of 8% decrease in greenhouse gas emission within the EU.
The cultivation of biomass, for example, can contribute efficiently in decreasing the greenhouse effect, which is primarily caused by CO 2 , by buffering the CO 2 emission.
The cultivation of biomass, for example, can contribute efficiently in decreasing the greenhouse effect, which is primarily caused by CO 2 , by buffering the CO 2 emission.
Afforestation programmes and agroforestry systems always have been and still are providing the best results in combating the greenhouse effect.
Afforestation programmes and agroforestry systems always have been and still are providing the best results in combating the greenhouse effect.
The establishment of forests on agricultural land is already promoted within certain policies and needs to be kept that way.
The establishment of forests on agricultural land is already promoted within certain policies and needs to be kept that way.
Renewable energy
Renewable energy
The European Parliament recently recognized the potential of renewable energy as an important means to boost employment and create regional added value in rural areas, thus conforming to the Lisbon and Gothenburg strategies.
The European Parliament recently recognized the potential of renewable energy as an important means to boost employment and create regional added value in rural areas, thus conforming to the Lisbon and Gothenburg strategies.
Renewable energies in general
Renewable energies in general
Renewable energy is a general term used for many different kinds of energy, such as renewable electricity, heat and biofuels which are all derived from sources that are inexhaustible, unlike conventional fossil fuels.
Renewable energy is a general term used for many different kinds of energy, such as renewable electricity, heat and biofuels which are all derived from sources that are inexhaustible, unlike conventional fossil fuels.
Examples of renewable sources are wind, solar energy, wood, waste, oilseed rape and other crops and products derived from crops grown for non-food purposes.
Examples of renewable sources are wind, solar energy, wood, waste, oilseed rape and other crops and products derived from crops grown for non-food purposes.
The production of renewable energy needs to be promoted within the European Community, especially in the context of sustainable development but also to decrease dependency on conventional fuels, such as petrol.
The production of renewable energy needs to be promoted within the European Community, especially in the context of sustainable development but also to decrease dependency on conventional fuels, such as petrol.
Several current technologies, like energy derived from
Several current technologies, like energy derived from
biomass , are economically viable and competitive.
biomass , are economically viable and competitive.
The European Commission set out a target of 12% of renewable energy consumption in their White Paper on renewable sources of energy (COM/2001/69).
The European Commission set out a target of 12% of renewable energy consumption in their White Paper on renewable sources of energy (COM/2001/69).
Recently, the Parliament adopted an initiative report on renewable energy in this context.
Recently, the Parliament adopted an initiative report on renewable energy in this context.
Within their opinion the Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development stressed that the production of renewable energy, to which the CAP has contributed, needs to be further developed and the use of renewables needs to be encouraged:
Within their opinion the Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development stressed that the production of renewable energy, to which the CAP has contributed, needs to be further developed and the use of renewables needs to be encouraged:
"It is indispensable to increase the possibility of the co-funding of investment schemes by the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development an the other Structural Funds so as to ensure the balanced and rational development and use of renewable energy, provided the energy and environmental outcomes of this use prove positive and compatible with sustainable production methods."
"It is indispensable to increase the possibility of the co-funding of investment schemes by the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development an the other Structural Funds so as to ensure the balanced and rational development and use of renewable energy, provided the energy and environmental outcomes of this use prove positive and compatible with sustainable production methods."
The Parliament also asked the Commission and the Member States to intensify their efforts in order to meet the target of 12% renewable energy consumption as early as possible.
The Parliament also asked the Commission and the Member States to intensify their efforts in order to meet the target of 12% renewable energy consumption as early as possible.
Biomass Action Plan
Biomass Action Plan
The area within the EU-25 eligible for support for cultivation of non-food crops either under set-aside or under the Energy Crops Scheme will total 8 million hectares in 2005, rising up to 9.4 million in 2011.
The area within the EU-25 eligible for support for cultivation of non-food crops either under set-aside or under the Energy Crops Scheme will total 8 million hectares in 2005, rising up to 9.4 million in 2011.
This includes the maximum area allowance in the Energy Crops Scheme and the 30% increase in voluntary set-aside.
This includes the maximum area allowance in the Energy Crops Scheme and the 30% increase in voluntary set-aside.
In order to meet the EU targets for renewable energy and biofuels , it has been estimated that 6.5 million hectares will need to be devoted to solid fuel energy crops, and at least a further 6.6 million for biofuels .
In order to meet the EU targets for renewable energy and biofuels , it has been estimated that 6.5 million hectares will need to be devoted to solid fuel energy crops, and at least a further 6.6 million for biofuels .
The total of 13.1 million hectares needed is 3.5 hectares more than the area that is predicted to receive support .
The total of 13.1 million hectares needed is 3.5 hectares more than the area that is predicted to receive support .
Currently, the European Commission is drawing up a proposal for a Biomass Action Plan expected to come out at the beginning of next year.
Currently, the European Commission is drawing up a proposal for a Biomass Action Plan expected to come out at the beginning of next year.
This initiative will address the problem stated above.
This initiative will address the problem stated above.
One of the other issues that will be addressed is the reason why the Energy Crops Scheme is not used sufficiently.
One of the other issues that will be addressed is the reason why the Energy Crops Scheme is not used sufficiently.
Another possibility provided by the growth of crops for non-food purposes is the production of biofuels from starch potatoes, cereals, sugar beet, rapeseed and others.
Another possibility provided by the growth of crops for non-food purposes is the production of biofuels from starch potatoes, cereals, sugar beet, rapeseed and others.
The major markets for biofuels are biodiesel and bioethanol, the first is a substitute for diesel and derived mainly from rapeseed oil, the second is a substitute for petrol and can be derived from many carbohydrate sources.
The major markets for biofuels are biodiesel and bioethanol, the first is a substitute for diesel and derived mainly from rapeseed oil, the second is a substitute for petrol and can be derived from many carbohydrate sources.
Today, the EU is the world leader in developing novel technologies for biodiesel production and use.
Today, the EU is the world leader in developing novel technologies for biodiesel production and use.
Within the bioethanol industry, the EU has to compete with cheap bioethanol producing countries like Brazil, which implemented a national programme of fuel alcohol (“proalcool”) in 1974.
Within the bioethanol industry, the EU has to compete with cheap bioethanol producing countries like Brazil, which implemented a national programme of fuel alcohol (“proalcool”) in 1974.
Another issue with the current EU bioethanol technologies is that, above a certain percentage of ethanol mixed with petrol, there is an increase in NO x and aldehyde emissions, which are highly pollutant in terms of air quality and thus larger greenhouse gas emission savings could cause environmental damage.
Another issue with the current EU bioethanol technologies is that, above a certain percentage of ethanol mixed with petrol, there is an increase in NO x and aldehyde emissions, which are highly pollutant in terms of air quality and thus larger greenhouse gas emission savings could cause environmental damage.
Directive 2003/30/EC on biofuels sets targets for the market share of biofuels on the energy market: 2% in 2005 to increase until 5.75% in 2010.
Directive 2003/30/EC on biofuels sets targets for the market share of biofuels on the energy market: 2% in 2005 to increase until 5.75% in 2010.
At present, biofuels contribute less than 1% of the fuel consumption in the EU.
At present, biofuels contribute less than 1% of the fuel consumption in the EU.
The European Commission is currently working on a Communication on biofuels which is expected to have both an agricultural perspective and an international perspective and may make the link with the adjustments of the Directive 1998/70/EC on fuel quality, which are being reviewed during the first half of 2006.
The European Commission is currently working on a Communication on biofuels which is expected to have both an agricultural perspective and an international perspective and may make the link with the adjustments of the Directive 1998/70/EC on fuel quality, which are being reviewed during the first half of 2006.
In order to achieve the targets as set out in the Directive 2003/30/EC on biofuels, different strategies could be followed.
In order to achieve the targets as set out in the Directive 2003/30/EC on biofuels, different strategies could be followed.
One way to promote the cultivation of crops for non-food purposes is to make the biofuel targets obligatory.
One way to promote the cultivation of crops for non-food purposes is to make the biofuel targets obligatory.
This strategy is supported by many stakeholders in the public consultation on the Biomass Action Plan.
This strategy is supported by many stakeholders in the public consultation on the Biomass Action Plan.
Another strategy is based on the fact that by creating a demand for biofuels, the supply will follow.
Another strategy is based on the fact that by creating a demand for biofuels, the supply will follow.
This can be created through tax exemptions, which are already used in Germany, or through support for setting up local biofuel production units, linked to local crop production, within the rural development context.
This can be created through tax exemptions, which are already used in Germany, or through support for setting up local biofuel production units, linked to local crop production, within the rural development context.
We must also consider whether we need to add a tariff to cheap fuels (for instance bio-ethanol from Brazil) in a manner not dissimilar to the United States.
We must also consider whether we need to add a tariff to cheap fuels (for instance bio-ethanol from Brazil) in a manner not dissimilar to the United States.
Finally, the support for biofuel technology research should not only be focussed on first generation biofuels (the biofuel technologies currently being used) but also for novel biofuels (second and third generation) such as syngas based biofuels, and lignocellollosic ethanol.
Finally, the support for biofuel technology research should not only be focussed on first generation biofuels (the biofuel technologies currently being used) but also for novel biofuels (second and third generation) such as syngas based biofuels, and lignocellollosic ethanol.
Furthermore, the energy conversion efficiency and the cost efficiency can be significantly increased by stimulating research and development of novel technologies and the improvement of existing technologies.
Furthermore, the energy conversion efficiency and the cost efficiency can be significantly increased by stimulating research and development of novel technologies and the improvement of existing technologies.
Oil crops
Oil crops
Most of the vegetable oil is consumed by food markets but there are also important industrial applications: detergents and surfactants, lubricants, paints, solvents, polymers and linoleum, to name just a few.
Most of the vegetable oil is consumed by food markets but there are also important industrial applications: detergents and surfactants, lubricants, paints, solvents, polymers and linoleum, to name just a few.
All of these products can be derived from 4 main crops: oilseed rape, soya, sunflower and linseed.
All of these products can be derived from 4 main crops: oilseed rape, soya, sunflower and linseed.
The future use of biolubricants, in particular, is predicted to increase by up to 20% in the next few years.
The future use of biolubricants, in particular, is predicted to increase by up to 20% in the next few years.
The opportunities to improve the oil content through plant breeding or biotechnology are not yet fully exploited.
The opportunities to improve the oil content through plant breeding or biotechnology are not yet fully exploited.
The main problem in the oil sector is the competition with cheap alternatives (mainly imports), for example palm oil.
The main problem in the oil sector is the competition with cheap alternatives (mainly imports), for example palm oil.
The cheap production of palm oil in Indonesia has also caused many environmental problems.
The cheap production of palm oil in Indonesia has also caused many environmental problems.
Possible competition from within the biodiesel market might also reduce the potential future use.
Possible competition from within the biodiesel market might also reduce the potential future use.
Carbohydrate crops
Carbohydrate crops
At present, the most important non-food products derived from carbohydrate crops are: paper, biodegradable polymers, adhesives, glues, agrochemicals, detergents and paints.
At present, the most important non-food products derived from carbohydrate crops are: paper, biodegradable polymers, adhesives, glues, agrochemicals, detergents and paints.
Wheat, maize and potato are the three main carbohydrate sources in the EU.
Wheat, maize and potato are the three main carbohydrate sources in the EU.
Currently 3.6 million tonnes of cereal production per year is used for this purpose and the amount is expected to increase to 5.5 million within the coming 5 years.
Currently 3.6 million tonnes of cereal production per year is used for this purpose and the amount is expected to increase to 5.5 million within the coming 5 years.
Although this accounts for only a few percentages of the yearly EU area devoted to cereal production, it can provide high value market opportunities to farmers.
Although this accounts for only a few percentages of the yearly EU area devoted to cereal production, it can provide high value market opportunities to farmers.
Speciality crops
Speciality crops
Pharmaceuticals, medicinal, flavours, biocides and fragrances are provided by the cultivation of such crops as mustard, poppy, sesame, thyme, rosemary, lavender and mint.
Pharmaceuticals, medicinal, flavours, biocides and fragrances are provided by the cultivation of such crops as mustard, poppy, sesame, thyme, rosemary, lavender and mint.
These crops are grown on a very small scale but they can provide a high return for farmers.
These crops are grown on a very small scale but they can provide a high return for farmers.
Because of the high quality of products produced in the EU compared to other countries, the competition with cheaper products is less significant.
Because of the high quality of products produced in the EU compared to other countries, the competition with cheaper products is less significant.
Finally, industrial and special (non-food) uses of crops can help to add on farm value and some of these uses additionally provide environmental benefits.
Finally, industrial and special (non-food) uses of crops can help to add on farm value and some of these uses additionally provide environmental benefits.
Biodegradable plastics are only one of the many examples that have huge opportunities for increased future use.
Biodegradable plastics are only one of the many examples that have huge opportunities for increased future use.
Research and technologies
Research and technologies
In the report on the share of renewable energy in the EU and proposals for concrete actions, the Parliament asked the Commission to take new regulatory measures and to increase the Union's financial support for research into renewable energy sources, innovation spreading, information sharing and energy economies.
In the report on the share of renewable energy in the EU and proposals for concrete actions, the Parliament asked the Commission to take new regulatory measures and to increase the Union's financial support for research into renewable energy sources, innovation spreading, information sharing and energy economies.
Producers also need to be supported so that they can obtain the appropriate technology by taking part in the relevant national and Community programmes.
Producers also need to be supported so that they can obtain the appropriate technology by taking part in the relevant national and Community programmes.
The Parliament drew attention to the fact that encouraging a greater use of biomass in the production of a renewable form of energy using sustainable production methods must not be an excuse for the European Union not to pursue research aimed at achieving greater energy efficiency and any potential means of lowering the financial burden on farmers.
The Parliament drew attention to the fact that encouraging a greater use of biomass in the production of a renewable form of energy using sustainable production methods must not be an excuse for the European Union not to pursue research aimed at achieving greater energy efficiency and any potential means of lowering the financial burden on farmers.
Six years ago, the European Commission and the Economic and Social Committee stressed the need to develop a centralised non-food policy.
Six years ago, the European Commission and the Economic and Social Committee stressed the need to develop a centralised non-food policy.
The main reason to develop one consolidated policy is to be able to meet the future needs as we seek to use more renewable energy.
The main reason to develop one consolidated policy is to be able to meet the future needs as we seek to use more renewable energy.
Current production is discouraged (or at the very least not encouraged) by a number of EU legislations.
Current production is discouraged (or at the very least not encouraged) by a number of EU legislations.
It has been suggested several times by the European Parliament that the Commission should put more emphasis on the removal of administrative and network-specific obstacles in the Member States and on the creation of attractive encouragement schemes instead.
It has been suggested several times by the European Parliament that the Commission should put more emphasis on the removal of administrative and network-specific obstacles in the Member States and on the creation of attractive encouragement schemes instead.
In order to decrease the competition against European raw agricultural material from cheap imports and other feedstock at the processing level, quality standards must be introduced.
In order to decrease the competition against European raw agricultural material from cheap imports and other feedstock at the processing level, quality standards must be introduced.
Agriculture within the EU generates very high quality, traceable and increasingly safe products in comparison to other countries.
Agriculture within the EU generates very high quality, traceable and increasingly safe products in comparison to other countries.