natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
In this regard it is necessary to point out that when a growing calf or lamb is reared naturally at pasture with its mother, it begins life on a diet that is entirely of animal origin, i.e. milk.
In this regard it is necessary to point out that when a growing calf or lamb is reared naturally at pasture with its mother, it begins life on a diet that is entirely of animal origin, i.e. milk.
As its rumen develops, it progressively acquires the ability to derive nutrients from grass.
As its rumen develops, it progressively acquires the ability to derive nutrients from grass.
However for at least the first half of growth (e.g. until a calf is about 9 months of age) it cannot sustain normal healthy growth from grass alone.
However for at least the first half of growth (e.g. until a calf is about 9 months of age) it cannot sustain normal healthy growth from grass alone.
In the natural state the growing calf at pasture with its mother obtains a high proportion of its protein, essential fatty acids, minerals and vitamins from milk.
In the natural state the growing calf at pasture with its mother obtains a high proportion of its protein, essential fatty acids, minerals and vitamins from milk.
This bypasses the rumen and is directed through the oesophageal groove directly into the abomasum where it is digested in the same way as milk or other foods of animal origin would be digested by a pig or human.
This bypasses the rumen and is directed through the oesophageal groove directly into the abomasum where it is digested in the same way as milk or other foods of animal origin would be digested by a pig or human.
The most unnatural act associated with commercial farming practice has been to remove the calf from its mother at a very early age thus depriving it of high quality food of animal origin.
The most unnatural act associated with commercial farming practice has been to remove the calf from its mother at a very early age thus depriving it of high quality food of animal origin.
Feed compounders sought to make up for this nutritional insult by formulating diets with a nutritional value close to that of cows’ milk.
Feed compounders sought to make up for this nutritional insult by formulating diets with a nutritional value close to that of cows’ milk.
The feeding of meat and bone meal of mammalian origin in milk replacer diets for young calves was undoubtedly a major contributor to the BSE epidemic in the U.K. However fishmeal has been pronounced safe.
The feeding of meat and bone meal of mammalian origin in milk replacer diets for young calves was undoubtedly a major contributor to the BSE epidemic in the U.K. However fishmeal has been pronounced safe.
Once again fishmeal has been used to remedy an ‘unnatural’ but acceptable feature of standard farm practice.
Once again fishmeal has been used to remedy an ‘unnatural’ but acceptable feature of standard farm practice.
Today almost every aspect of the husbandry of domestic animals differs from their condition in the wild.
Today almost every aspect of the husbandry of domestic animals differs from their condition in the wild.
The use of synthetic amino acids in pig and poultry nutrition and, more recently, in ruminant nutrition appears at least “unnatural”.
The use of synthetic amino acids in pig and poultry nutrition and, more recently, in ruminant nutrition appears at least “unnatural”.
Equally “unnatural” is the current practice of feeding soybeans to farmed salmon, a practise being increasingly encouraged by the European Union through its research programmes.
Equally “unnatural” is the current practice of feeding soybeans to farmed salmon, a practise being increasingly encouraged by the European Union through its research programmes.
There are a number of examples of cows eating animal material in the wild:
There are a number of examples of cows eating animal material in the wild:
· Cows eat their own afterbirth; cows eat bones when they are deficient in phosphorus (Pica)– all cases are examples of ruminants turning to animal protein at a time of nutritional stress.
· Cows eat their own afterbirth; cows eat bones when they are deficient in phosphorus (Pica)– all cases are examples of ruminants turning to animal protein at a time of nutritional stress.
· Cows and sheep with access to beaches eat washed up fish, with examples from the Roman empire, the New world (USA), and Iceland
· Cows and sheep with access to beaches eat washed up fish, with examples from the Roman empire, the New world (USA), and Iceland
Feeding fishmeal or dried fish as a protein supplement is not a recent practice developed by modern intensive farming methods.
Feeding fishmeal or dried fish as a protein supplement is not a recent practice developed by modern intensive farming methods.
The practice of feeding fishmeal goes back 2000 years.
The practice of feeding fishmeal goes back 2000 years.
Belief in the health and condition benefits of feeding small quantities of fishmeal has been passed down through generations of traditional stockmen.
Belief in the health and condition benefits of feeding small quantities of fishmeal has been passed down through generations of traditional stockmen.
Nutrition scientists have been demonstrating benefits and digestibility for 150 years.
Nutrition scientists have been demonstrating benefits and digestibility for 150 years.
Farmed ruminants consume fishmeal willingly and it is very easily digested.
Farmed ruminants consume fishmeal willingly and it is very easily digested.
· The role of fishmeal in modern ruminant production
· The role of fishmeal in modern ruminant production
Fishmeal protects animals from natural stresses and the debilitating effects of bearing young.
Fishmeal protects animals from natural stresses and the debilitating effects of bearing young.
For example fishmeal is fed to hill ewes (mother sheep) in the crucial pre- and post-lambing periods, substantially reducing ewe and lamb deaths , especially in adverse weather.
For example fishmeal is fed to hill ewes (mother sheep) in the crucial pre- and post-lambing periods, substantially reducing ewe and lamb deaths , especially in adverse weather.
Emeritus Professor of Animal Reproduction at SAC Aberdeen, John Robinson, has estimated that hill lamb mortality would double from 15% to 30% in a typical spring lambing period in the absence of fishmeal.
Emeritus Professor of Animal Reproduction at SAC Aberdeen, John Robinson, has estimated that hill lamb mortality would double from 15% to 30% in a typical spring lambing period in the absence of fishmeal.
The welfare benefits to sheep are endorsed by the leading UK animal welfare organization, The Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.
The welfare benefits to sheep are endorsed by the leading UK animal welfare organization, The Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.
Because fishmeal protein is efficiently used by farm animals, nitrogen and phosphorus excretion in the faeces is minimised.
Because fishmeal protein is efficiently used by farm animals, nitrogen and phosphorus excretion in the faeces is minimised.
This reduces the environmental impact of the slurry.
This reduces the environmental impact of the slurry.
Ammonia production is also reduced.
Ammonia production is also reduced.
Crucially fishmeal is rich in both essential amino acids in the form of protein, and in the long chain polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids DHA and EPA (PUFAs) which provide health and welfare benefits to animals.
Crucially fishmeal is rich in both essential amino acids in the form of protein, and in the long chain polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids DHA and EPA (PUFAs) which provide health and welfare benefits to animals.
Meat, milk and eggs from farm animals fed on fishmeal and oil are, in turn, foods that benefit human health.
Meat, milk and eggs from farm animals fed on fishmeal and oil are, in turn, foods that benefit human health.
· Are there animal risks with fishmeal?
· Are there animal risks with fishmeal?
There is no evidence to support banning fishmeal on the grounds that it might transmit BSE or other TSEs.
There is no evidence to support banning fishmeal on the grounds that it might transmit BSE or other TSEs.
This is the view of the Commission and its food safety advisers.
This is the view of the Commission and its food safety advisers.
This view appears to be supported by all other health authorities and experts, including the Committee on Fisheries of the Food and Agriculture Organisation (UN) which has stated that “There is no epidemiological evidence for BSE being transmitted to ruminants or other animals by fishmeal.
This view appears to be supported by all other health authorities and experts, including the Committee on Fisheries of the Food and Agriculture Organisation (UN) which has stated that “There is no epidemiological evidence for BSE being transmitted to ruminants or other animals by fishmeal.
Similarly there is not epidemiological evidence for transmission to humans of a variant CJD caused by prions that used fish or fish products as vectors” (FAO Fisheries Report No 673 page 12).
Similarly there is not epidemiological evidence for transmission to humans of a variant CJD caused by prions that used fish or fish products as vectors” (FAO Fisheries Report No 673 page 12).
In spite of the fact that fishmeal poses no known animal or human disease risk, as argued above, like all feedstuffs unexpected microbiological or chemical contamination above the safe level set by the EU can occur.
In spite of the fact that fishmeal poses no known animal or human disease risk, as argued above, like all feedstuffs unexpected microbiological or chemical contamination above the safe level set by the EU can occur.
It is therefore essential that all feedstuffs, including fishmeal, are traceable to origin, and in the case of fishmeal to the coordinates of the sea where the industrial fish is caught.
It is therefore essential that all feedstuffs, including fishmeal, are traceable to origin, and in the case of fishmeal to the coordinates of the sea where the industrial fish is caught.
Independently certified schemes are now in place to give this assurance.
Independently certified schemes are now in place to give this assurance.
These schemes are mandatory in the EU since January 2005.
These schemes are mandatory in the EU since January 2005.
Professor Webster concluded his presentation to the Hearing by asking: “Could it be unacceptable to incorporate foods of animal origin in rations for ruminants simply on the basis that they are perceived by society (though not the animals themselves) to be unnatural?”
Professor Webster concluded his presentation to the Hearing by asking: “Could it be unacceptable to incorporate foods of animal origin in rations for ruminants simply on the basis that they are perceived by society (though not the animals themselves) to be unnatural?”
The justification for fishmeal has arisen within the context of a whole series of unnatural acts of husbandry, including the selection of dairy cows and ewes for ‘abnormally’ high productivity and the practice of denying young calves a natural source of protein in mother’s milk.
The justification for fishmeal has arisen within the context of a whole series of unnatural acts of husbandry, including the selection of dairy cows and ewes for ‘abnormally’ high productivity and the practice of denying young calves a natural source of protein in mother’s milk.
Fishmeal can make a significant contribution to the solution of these problems.
Fishmeal can make a significant contribution to the solution of these problems.
A ban on the feeding of fishmeal to ruminants is likely to exacerbate them.
A ban on the feeding of fishmeal to ruminants is likely to exacerbate them.
World aquaculture is growing rapidly.
World aquaculture is growing rapidly.
It increased production 15 fold in the period 1970 to 2002, from 3.6 million tonnes to 51 million tonnes.
It increased production 15 fold in the period 1970 to 2002, from 3.6 million tonnes to 51 million tonnes.
With the current world annual growth rate of 6 percent, aquaculture should exceed capture fisheries in the production of edible fish, crustaceans and molluses by 2015 since global capture fishery output remains stable.
With the current world annual growth rate of 6 percent, aquaculture should exceed capture fisheries in the production of edible fish, crustaceans and molluses by 2015 since global capture fishery output remains stable.
In the EU the expansion of aquaculture has been less dramatic.
In the EU the expansion of aquaculture has been less dramatic.
In 2001 the outputs from aquaculture was 600,000 tonnes of finfish and eel.
In 2001 the outputs from aquaculture was 600,000 tonnes of finfish and eel.
Projected future growth in the EU is predicted to reach 1 million tonnes in 2010, but recent figures suggest that growth could be slowing.
Projected future growth in the EU is predicted to reach 1 million tonnes in 2010, but recent figures suggest that growth could be slowing.
· Demand of fishmeal and oil
· Demand of fishmeal and oil
In 2002 it has been estimated that world aquaculture consumed 2.9 million tonnes of fishmeal (45% of annual production) and 790 thousand tonnes of fish oil (83% of annual production).
In 2002 it has been estimated that world aquaculture consumed 2.9 million tonnes of fishmeal (45% of annual production) and 790 thousand tonnes of fish oil (83% of annual production).
Clearly fish oil is a limited resource for future aquaculture production.
Clearly fish oil is a limited resource for future aquaculture production.
This is clearly driving the research to find fish oils substitutes, but there is no substitute with equivalent levels of Omega 3 important fats such as EPA and DHA.
This is clearly driving the research to find fish oils substitutes, but there is no substitute with equivalent levels of Omega 3 important fats such as EPA and DHA.
The amount of fishmeal and fish oil produced globally is not determined by demand.
The amount of fishmeal and fish oil produced globally is not determined by demand.
It is controlled by governments to ensure fishing remains sustainable.
It is controlled by governments to ensure fishing remains sustainable.
This is seen clearly in figure 1 comparing growth of aquaculture feed against almost static production of fishmeal (and fish oil-not shown).
This is seen clearly in figure 1 comparing growth of aquaculture feed against almost static production of fishmeal (and fish oil-not shown).
· Eco-efficiency of converting wild feed-grade fish to farmed fish -Wasting food resources?
· Eco-efficiency of converting wild feed-grade fish to farmed fish -Wasting food resources?
The wild fish caught to produce fishmeal are mainly small, bony pelagic fish for which there is little or no demand for human consumption (see Chapter 5).
The wild fish caught to produce fishmeal are mainly small, bony pelagic fish for which there is little or no demand for human consumption (see Chapter 5).
As there is no direct commercial market for these pelagic fish for human consumption, then fishmeal conversion efficiency should be compared with the only real alternative route into human consumption, namely that pelagic fish are eaten by wild predator fish which are themselves suitable for human consumption.
As there is no direct commercial market for these pelagic fish for human consumption, then fishmeal conversion efficiency should be compared with the only real alternative route into human consumption, namely that pelagic fish are eaten by wild predator fish which are themselves suitable for human consumption.
Studies of the efficiency of conversion for wild caught pelagic fish to human food have shown that: via pelagic fish being eaten by wild cod the conversion into edible cod fillets is 7% (100 tonnes of capelin is needed to produce 7 tonnes of cod fillet) via the fishmeal and land animal feed route it is 21%.
Studies of the efficiency of conversion for wild caught pelagic fish to human food have shown that: via pelagic fish being eaten by wild cod the conversion into edible cod fillets is 7% (100 tonnes of capelin is needed to produce 7 tonnes of cod fillet) via the fishmeal and land animal feed route it is 21%.
Feeding fishmeal to farmed fish improves conversion efficiency significantly above that of the land animal route.
Feeding fishmeal to farmed fish improves conversion efficiency significantly above that of the land animal route.
The European Parliament- DG Research Working Paper stated that the efficiency of humans consuming these wild fish directly compared with consuming farmed fish fed in part on fishmeal was about equal.
The European Parliament- DG Research Working Paper stated that the efficiency of humans consuming these wild fish directly compared with consuming farmed fish fed in part on fishmeal was about equal.
HUMAN HEALTH
HUMAN HEALTH
Fishmeal is not eaten directly by people with the exception of very small volume sales of fishmeal tablets in Norway sold through pharmacies for dietary supplements of sportspersons.
Fishmeal is not eaten directly by people with the exception of very small volume sales of fishmeal tablets in Norway sold through pharmacies for dietary supplements of sportspersons.
About 33% of the fishmeal consumed in the EU is fed to farmed fish; the balance is fed to pigs and poultry.
About 33% of the fishmeal consumed in the EU is fed to farmed fish; the balance is fed to pigs and poultry.
Thus the effect of fishmeal on human health is as a result of the meat eaten from farmed fish, pigs, and poultry fed on the product as a feed ingredient.
Thus the effect of fishmeal on human health is as a result of the meat eaten from farmed fish, pigs, and poultry fed on the product as a feed ingredient.
Some fish oil is consumed directly in the form of health food supplements in the EU.
Some fish oil is consumed directly in the form of health food supplements in the EU.
Currently it is estimated that the quantity consumed in the EU is about 7,000 tonnes per annum.
Currently it is estimated that the quantity consumed in the EU is about 7,000 tonnes per annum.
The largest quantity of fish oil consumed in the EU is used in feed for farmed fish (161,000 tonnes) at about 60% of total annual consumption.
The largest quantity of fish oil consumed in the EU is used in feed for farmed fish (161,000 tonnes) at about 60% of total annual consumption.
Thus whether the consumer is taking fish oil capsules or eating fish, including farmed fish, the question is what are the benefits and risks of this consumption in terms of human health?
Thus whether the consumer is taking fish oil capsules or eating fish, including farmed fish, the question is what are the benefits and risks of this consumption in terms of human health?
· The health considerations
· The health considerations
In 2004 the UK Food Standards Agency (FSA) reported on the benefits and risks of fish consumption, with particular reference to oily fish.
In 2004 the UK Food Standards Agency (FSA) reported on the benefits and risks of fish consumption, with particular reference to oily fish.
The Agency concluded that although oily fish contained persistent organic pollutants, principally dioxin and dioxin-like PCBs, data indicated that the most sensitive individuals (women of reproductive age and girls) could consume two portions of oily fish per week in safety.
The Agency concluded that although oily fish contained persistent organic pollutants, principally dioxin and dioxin-like PCBs, data indicated that the most sensitive individuals (women of reproductive age and girls) could consume two portions of oily fish per week in safety.
Other individuals could consume higher levels – up to four portions of oily fish.
Other individuals could consume higher levels – up to four portions of oily fish.
The benefits of consuming EPA and DHA (omega 3 fats) from oily fish with specific reference to cardiovascular disease (CVD) and pregnancy outcome were confirmed.
The benefits of consuming EPA and DHA (omega 3 fats) from oily fish with specific reference to cardiovascular disease (CVD) and pregnancy outcome were confirmed.
Other reported benefits of fish consumption, such as preventing the development of some cancers, other aspects of brain function (e.g. cognitive decline; bipolar disorder), anti-inflammatory conditions (e.g. arthritis, asthma) and autoimmune diseases, were not considered by the Agency.
Other reported benefits of fish consumption, such as preventing the development of some cancers, other aspects of brain function (e.g. cognitive decline; bipolar disorder), anti-inflammatory conditions (e.g. arthritis, asthma) and autoimmune diseases, were not considered by the Agency.
· Undesirable substances in Animal feed
· Undesirable substances in Aanimal feed
Diane Benford of the UK Food Standards Agency at the Hearing pointed out that legislation concerning maximum levels of undesirable substances in animal feed is harmonised throughout the EU including fishmeal, fish oil and fish feed.
Diane Benford of the UK Food Standards Agency at the Hearing pointed out that legislation concerning maximum levels of undesirable substances in animal feed is harmonised throughout the EU including fishmeal, fish oil and fish feed.
The aim of these maximum permitted levels is to safeguard the health of consumers of products of animal origin and animal health.
The aim of these maximum permitted levels is to safeguard the health of consumers of products of animal origin and animal health.
Moreover, in response to concerns of the public and the European Institutions, the fishmeal and oil industry made a world wide survey of the levels of dioxins and diosin-like PCBs in its products.
Moreover, in response to concerns of the public and the European Institutions, the fishmeal and oil industry made a world wide survey of the levels of dioxins and diosin-like PCBs in its products.
Most were below levels of concern.
Most were below levels of concern.
Sources from some European fisheries, particularly when caught with low body fat levels, were close to the limits being considered by EU Member States.
Sources from some European fisheries, particularly when caught with low body fat levels, were close to the limits being considered by EU Member States.
Some members of various European Institutions have suggested that such fisheries should be closed completely or subject to seasonal closures when dioxin and dioxin-like PCBs are likely to approach or exceed the limits.
Some members of various European Institutions have suggested that such fisheries should be closed completely or subject to seasonal closures when dioxin and dioxin-like PCBs are likely to approach or exceed the limits.
In response to this the fishmeal and oil industries in Denmark and the UK installed facilities for removing some of the diosin from fish oil and fishmeal at a cost of €25 million installation costs and aditional processing costs.
In response to this the fishmeal and oil industries in Denmark and the UK installed facilities for removing some of the diosin from fish oil and fishmeal at a cost of €25 million installation costs and aditional processing costs.
This was done in spite of the fact that the fishmeal industry was not the cause of the pollution, but a victim.
This was done in spite of the fact that the fishmeal industry was not the cause of the pollution, but a victim.
Likewise the industry involved in preparing fish oil food supplements for the market has borne considerable costs to remove or reduce the level of contaminants.
Likewise the industry involved in preparing fish oil food supplements for the market has borne considerable costs to remove or reduce the level of contaminants.
The European principle that the "polluter pays" as set out in Article 174.2 of the EC Treaty (and which is the basis for Directive 2004/35/EC on environmental liability), has not been adopted in these cases.
The European principle that the "polluter pays" as set out in Article 174.2 of the EC Treaty (and which is the basis for Directive 2004/35/EC on environmental liability), has not been adopted in these cases.
SUSTAINABILITY OF INDUSTRIAL FISHERIES
SUSTAINABILITY OF INDUSTRIAL FISHERIES