natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
- минимум 50% пряко намаляване на емисии на парникови газове от неизкопаеми горива, получени от биомаса, в сравнение с изкопаемите горива;
- at least 50% direct greenhouse gas emissions savings of non-fossil fuels derived from biomass are achieved in comparison with fossil fuel;
Социалните критерии гарантират, inter alia, следното:
The social criteria shall ensure, inter alia, that:
- провежда се задължително редовно осведомяване за социалното въздействие на производството на биологични суровини и по-специално върху цените на хранителните продукти, за да се докаже отсъствието на отрицателни последици, inter alia по отношение на продоволственото осигуряване;
- mandatory regular reporting takes place about the social consequences of bio feedstock production, notably on food prices to demonstrate absence of negative effects, inter alia on food security;
- осигурява се декларация за съгласие от страна на представители на местните общности/население;
- a declaration of consent by a representation of local communities/population is secured;
- обществото има достъп до информацията и участието.
- the public has access to information and participation.
The revision of the Fuel Quality Directive has two purposes.
The revision of the Fuel Quality Directive has two purposes.
Firstly, to improve air quality by reducing emissions, inter alia, of sulphur and PACs.
Firstly, to improve air quality by reducing emissions, inter alia, of sulphur and PACs.
A second aim is to help combat climate change by reducing greenhouse gases from transport fuels.
A second aim is to help combat climate change by reducing greenhouse gases from transport fuels.
This second aim represents a remarkable political decision.
This second aim represents a remarkable political decision.
Emissions of greenhouse gases must first be measured throughout the life cycle: the extraction and production phase, transport and distribution and ultimate use.
Emissions of greenhouse gases must first be measured throughout the life cycle: the extraction and production phase, transport and distribution and ultimate use.
The next step is to reduce emissions.
The next step is to reduce emissions.
This is the first time that a specific product (fuel) has been set a reduction target on the basis of a life cycle analysis.
This is the first time that a specific product (fuel) has been set a reduction target on the basis of a life cycle analysis.
It is interesting to note that in the USA the State of California has more or less simultaneously announced a similar initiative, as a result of which the prospect of productive cooperation with the USA has arisen.
It is interesting to note that in the USA the State of California has more or less simultaneously announced a similar initiative, as a result of which the prospect of productive cooperation with the USA has arisen.
In order to prepare for the political debate, the coordinators in the European Parliament's Environment Committee have requested a study.
In order to prepare for the political debate, the coordinators in the European Parliament's Environment Committee have requested a study.
This study, Inclusion of sustainability criteria in the Fuel Quality Directive , was published at the beginning of July.
This study, Inclusion of sustainability crite ria in the Fuel Quality Directive , was published at the beginning of July.
On 5 July, the ENVI Committee and the policy department organised a workshop at which experts stated their opinions, while interested parties were invited to attend.
On 5 July, the ENVI Committee and the policy department organised a workshop at which experts stated their opinions, while interested parties were invited to attend.
Some 50 people took part in the discussion, including representatives of the Commission, the ESC, Member States, the Council Presidency, the oil industry, the environmental movement and biofuel producers.
Some 50 people took part in the discussion, including representatives of the Commission, the ESC, Member States, the Council Presidency, the oil industry, the environmental movement and biofuel producers.
In recent months, your rapporteur has held many talks, both with interested parties and with experts.
In recent months, your rapporteur has held many talks, both with interested parties and with experts.
In May she attended a symposium in California on this subject.
In May she attended a symposium in California on this subject.
Certain decisions on the choice of options, regarding both air quality and the climate change objective, require elucidation.
Certain decisions on the choice of options, regarding both air quality and the climate change objective, require elucidation.
Air quality
Air quality
The Fuel Quality Directive lays down new standards for sulphur dioxide and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
The Fuel Quality Directive lays down new standards for sulphur dioxide and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
As regards the sulphur content of fuel for inland shipping, the Commission proposes a reduction to be implemented in two stages: on 31 December 2009 to 300 mg/kg and on 31 December 2011 to 10 mg/kg.
As regards the sulphur content of fuel for inland shipping, the Commission proposes a reduction to be implemented in two stages: on 31 December 2009 to 300 mg/kg and on 31 December 2011 to 10 mg/kg.
The Commission justifies this two-stage approach by reference to the extra energy consumption required in order to reduce the sulphur content of fuels.
The Commission justifies this two-stage approach by reference to the extra energy consumption required in order to reduce the sulphur content of fuels.
However, it may be objected to this that low-sulphur fuel makes more efficient ships' engines possible.
However, it may be objected to this that low-sulphur fuel makes more efficient ships' engines possible.
The extra energy consumption at the refinery is amply compensated by reduced fuel consumption by ships.
The extra energy consumption at the refinery is amply compensated by reduced fuel consumption by ships.
The more efficient ships' engines are already available.
The more efficient ships' engines are already available.
The Commission proposes that the maximum permitted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content of fuels should be reduced from 11% to 8%.
The Commission proposes that the maximum permitted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content of fuels should be reduced from 11% to 8%.
However, the mean level in the EU is between 3% and 4%, while 6% is exceeded in only a few exceptional cases.
However, the mean level in the EU is between 3% and 4%, while 6% is exceeded in only a few exceptional cases.
A further reduction of the ceiling from 8% to 6% could therefore be achieved without much extra cost.
A further reduction of the ceiling from 8% to 6% could therefore be achieved without much extra cost.
Vapour pressure and ethanol
Vapour pressure and ethanol
Another point is vapour pressure.
Another point is vapour pressure.
The higher the vapour pressure, the greater the emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs).
The higher the vapour pressure, the greater the emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs).
VOCs play an important part in the formation of ozone.
VOCs play an important part in the formation of ozone.
Particularly in warm conditions, ozone formation can be a serious health problem.
Particularly in warm conditions, ozone formation can be a serious health problem.
In its resolution on the thematic strategy for air quality, Parliament called for a more ambitious approach, precisely on account of the damage caused to health by VOC emissions.
In its resolution on the thematic strategy for air quality, Parliament called for a more ambitious approach, precisely on account of the damage caused to health by VOC emissions.
The Commission does not propose any further reduction and wishes to retain a figure of 60kPa for the maximum permitted vapour pressure, with the possibility of increasing it to 70kPa in Arctic conditions, so that cars can also be started in Arctic regions.
The Commission does not propose any further reduction and wishes to retain a figure of 60kPa for the maximum permitted vapour pressure, with the possibility of increasing it to 70kPa in Arctic conditions, so that cars can also be started in Arctic regions.
In addition, the Commission actually proposes an increase where ethanol is blended with fuel.
In addition, the Commission actually proposes an increase where ethanol is blended with fuel.
Where ethanol is blended with fuel, one side-effect is to increase the vapour pressure, which results in more VOCs being emitted into the atmosphere.
Where ethanol is blended with fuel, one side-effect is to increase the vapour pressure, which results in more VOCs being emitted into the atmosphere.
The increase in the vapour pressure is not directly proportional to the quantity of ethanol used for blending.
The increase in the vapour pressure is not directly proportional to the quantity of ethanol used for blending.
It reaches a maximum with a 5% blend, beyond which figure it gradually declines again.
It reaches a maximum with a 5% blend, beyond which figure it gradually declines again.
In order to make a balanced proposal, your rapporteur has studied the situation in the USA.
In order to make a balanced proposal, your rapporteur has studied the situation in the USA.
In most states in the USA, the maximum permitted vapour pressure is considerably lower, namely 48 kPa.
In most states in the USA, the maximum permitted vapour pressure is considerably lower, namely 48 kPa.
No increase is provided for in the event of blending with ethanol, although states where the air quality permits it do take advantage of this option.
No increase is provided for in the event of blending with ethanol, although states where the air quality permits it do take advantage of this option.
There are no technical obstacles to likewise imposing a lower vapour pressure in the EU.
There are no technical obstacles to likewise imposing a lower vapour pressure in the EU.
A vapour pressure of 56 kPa is possible.
A vapour pressure of 56 kPa is possible.
In addition, it is open to question to what extent an exception for ethanol is necessary.
In addition, it is open to question to what extent an exception for ethanol is necessary.
In view of the rapid increase in vapour pressure when a small proportion of ethanol is blended, to allow an increase in vapour pressure where only a small percentage is blended would provide the wrong incentive.
In view of the rapid increase in vapour pressure when a small proportion of ethanol is blended, to allow an increase in vapour pressure where only a small percentage is blended would provide the wrong incentive.
In that case, a small contribution to reducing greenhouse gas emissions would result in a disproportionate deterioration of air quality.
In that case, a small contribution to reducing greenhouse gas emissions would result in a disproportionate deterioration of air quality.
Your rapporteur therefore proposes a limited waiver of 4kPa if at least 3 per cent biofuels are blended with fuel.
Your rapporteur therefore proposes a limited waiver of 4kPa if at least 3 per cent biofuels are blended with fuel.
To sum up, your rapporteur proposes:
To sum up, your rapporteur proposes:
- accelerating the reduction of sulphur in fuels for inland shipping
- accelerating the reduction of sulphur in fuels for inland shipping
- reducing the maximum permitted quantity of PACs
- reducing the maximum permitted quantity of PACs
- prohibiting the damaging additive MMT
- prohibiting the damaging additive MMT
- reducing the vapour pressure and only permitting an exception if between 3% and 10% biofuels are blended.
- reducing the vapour pressure and only permitting an exception if between 3% and 10% biofuels are blended.
Greenhouse gases
Greenhouse gases
Road transport causes approximately 20% of greenhouse gas emissions in the EU.
Road transport causes approximately 20% of greenhouse gas emissions in the EU.
In order to achieve a CO 2 reduction of 30% by 2020, cars must become considerably more efficient, but CO 2 emissions caused by fuels must also be reduced.
In order to achieve a CO 2 reduction of 30% by 2020, cars must become considerably more efficient, but CO 2 emissions caused by fuels must also be reduced.
The Commission proposes first measuring emissions of greenhouse gases and then between 2011 and 2020 reducing them by 1% per annum.
The Commission proposes first measuring emissions of greenhouse gases and then between 2011 and 2020 reducing them by 1% per annum.
Around 85% of greenhouse gas emissions from fuel occur upon combustion in the car and 15% in the overall production and refining process, including fuel transport and distribution.
Around 85% of greenhouse gas emissions from fuel occur upon combustion in the car and 15% in the overall production and refining process, including fuel transport and distribution.
The Commission's proposal to reduce emissions deserves every support.
The Commission's proposal to reduce emissions deserves every support.
In order to achieve the reduction, fuel suppliers may opt to render the extraction and refining processes more efficient so that less energy is used to obtain oil and turn it into petrol or diesel.
In order to achieve the reduction, fuel suppliers may opt to render the extraction and refining processes more efficient so that less energy is used to obtain oil and turn it into petrol or diesel.
Comparative research, for example by Kristina Holmgren of IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, indicates that refineries within the EU differ – and that many opportunities to save energy are not yet being exploited.
Comparative research, for example by Kristina Holmgren of IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, indicates that refineries within the EU differ – and that many opportunities to save energy are not yet being exploited.
Another option is the production and marketing of alternative fuels, such as natural gas, hydrogen or LPG.
Another option is the production and marketing of alternative fuels, such as natural gas, hydrogen or LPG.
Naturally, the production these alternative fuels must be subjected to the same Well to Wheel analysis.
Naturally, the production these alternative fuels must be subjected to the same Well to Wheel analysis.
A third possibility is blending with biofuels.
A third possibility is blending with biofuels.
Here too, the Well to Wheel approach must be applied, which will lead to a preference for biofuels which have a better greenhouse gas balance than fossil fuels.
Here too, the Well to Wheel approach must be applied, which will lead to a preference for biofuels which have a better greenhouse gas balance than fossil fuels.
This proposal gives fuel suppliers enough options to make choices in the light of their own judgment and supply those fuels which have a better carbon balance.
This proposal gives fuel suppliers enough options to make choices in the light of their own judgment and supply those fuels which have a better carbon balance.
The proposal deserves our full support.
The proposal deserves our full support.
However, there are a few remarks which should be made about the Commission proposal:
However, there are a few remarks which should be made about the Commission proposal:
Determination of the method
Determination of the method
The Commission proposes determining the Well to Wheel approach by means of commitology.
The Commission proposes determining the Well to Wheel approach by means of commitology.
As a number of important political choices have to be made in this context, Parliament must have a say in deciding a number of guidelines.
As a number of important political choices have to be made in this context, Parliament must have a say in deciding a number of guidelines.
This can be ensured by formulating guidelines in a new annex, which can be fleshed out later by means of the commitology procedure.
This can be ensured by formulating guidelines in a new annex, which can be fleshed out later by means of the commitology procedure.
These guidelines can, inter alia, include decisions about the base year and the standard.
These guidelines can, inter alia, include decisions about the base year and the standard.
The base year and the standard
The base year and the standard
Oil companies have invested to differing extents in improved efficiency.
Oil companies have invested to differing extents in improved efficiency.
Under the Commission proposal, every supplier must supply data on greenhouse gas emissions, which will then become the standard.
Under the Commission proposal, every supplier must supply data on greenhouse gas emissions, which will then become the standard.
This would mean that a different standard applied to each company, which is contrary to the logic of the internal market.
This would mean that a different standard applied to each company, which is contrary to the logic of the internal market.
It is also contrary to the sense of justice, because companies which have invested in improvements would suffer by having to comply with stricter standards than their competitors who had invested less in efficiency.
It is also contrary to the sense of justice, because companies which have invested in improvements would suffer by having to comply with stricter standards than their competitors who had invested less in efficiency.
In order to guarantee a level playing field, a common standard is needed.
In order to guarantee a level playing field, a common standard is needed.
Ideally, the base year should lie in the past in order to ensure that behaviour is not influenced by strategic motives.
Ideally, the base year should lie in the past in order to ensure that behaviour is not influenced by strategic motives.
In that case, use must be made of existing studies.
In that case, use must be made of existing studies.
Because many data are lacking, and because not every fuel supplier and biofuel producer clearly endorses the results, it would be better for the base year to lie in the future, namely as soon as possible after the adoption of this directive.
Because many data are lacking, and because not every fuel supplier and biofuel producer clearly endorses the results, it would be better for the base year to lie in the future, namely as soon as possible after the adoption of this directive.
In that way, every supplier can supply data and will have to do so.
In that way, every supplier can supply data and will have to do so.
The target
The target
The proposed target is 1% per annum.
The proposed target is 1% per annum.
In order to achieve this level of ambition, experts say that a considerable effort is necessary, but this of course depends very much on the starting point or the basic standard.
In order to achieve this level of ambition, experts say that a considerable effort is necessary, but this of course depends very much on the starting point or the basic standard.
The question is, naturally, how the standard is to be chosen from the data supplied by fuel producers.
The question is, naturally, how the standard is to be chosen from the data supplied by fuel producers.
It would be advisable, certainly, not to take the lowest standard, and not the average either.
It would be advisable, certainly, not to take the lowest standard, and not the average either.
In order to ensure an adequate level of ambition, a top-runner approach is the obvious choice: in that case, the best company (or, for example, the average of the top three companies) would set the standard for the rest.
In order to ensure an adequate level of ambition, a top-runner approach is the obvious choice: in that case, the best company (or, for example, the average of the top three companies) would set the standard for the rest.
But there is one qualification to be made here.
But there is one qualification to be made here.
It is likely that the best company will be operating with light oil, as that requires less processing and refining.
It is likely that the best company will be operating with light oil, as that requires less processing and refining.
If the best company sets the standard, this will give all European fuel suppliers a strong incentive, or even compel them, likewise to use as much light oil as possible.
If the best company sets the standard, this will give all European fuel suppliers a strong incentive, or even compel them, likewise to use as much light oil as possible.
This will mean a price rise for light oil and will result in heavy oil going to such countries as China and India.
This will mean a price rise for light oil and will result in heavy oil going to such countries as China and India.
That would not necessarily be better for worldwide emissions of greenhouse gases: it would merely relocate emissions from European companies to other companies.
That would not necessarily be better for worldwide emissions of greenhouse gases: it would merely relocate emissions from European companies to other companies.
In order to ensure that a genuine reduction is achieved, it may be necessary to introduce two standards: one for heavy oil and one for light oil.
In order to ensure that a genuine reduction is achieved, it may be necessary to introduce two standards: one for heavy oil and one for light oil.
However, the need for this can only be ascertained on the basis of data on actual emissions by fuel producers.
However, the need for this can only be ascertained on the basis of data on actual emissions by fuel producers.
In addition, the proposed reduction of 1% per annum will be difficult to enforce.
In addition, the proposed reduction of 1% per annum will be difficult to enforce.
A reduction of 2% per two years is easier and will bring about the same emission reduction by 2020.
A reduction of 2% per two years is easier and will bring about the same emission reduction by 2020.
The whole chain
The whole chain
The Commission proposal specifically mentions a Well to Wheel approach.
The Commission proposal specifically mentions a Well to Wheel approach.
This means that emissions throughout the chain are taken into account.
This means that emissions throughout the chain are taken into account.
For fossil fuels, the chain comprises oil extraction, flaring, initial processing, transport, refining, distribution and emission upon combustion in the engine.
For fossil fuels, the chain comprises oil extraction, flaring, initial processing, transport, refining, distribution and emission upon combustion in the engine.
For biofuels, the same applies, but there the emphasis is more likely to be on the use of production inputs (such as artificial fertiliser) and changes in land use.
For biofuels, the same applies, but there the emphasis is more likely to be on the use of production inputs (such as artificial fertiliser) and changes in land use.
The annex lists these criteria in such a way as to render them applicable to oil, gas, hydrogen and biofuels.
The annex lists these criteria in such a way as to render them applicable to oil, gas, hydrogen and biofuels.
An alternative would be to describe a different method for each biofuel, but this approach guarantees that the method is technology-neutral and that there is no concealed stimulus for one of the fuels.
An alternative would be to describe a different method for each biofuel, but this approach guarantees that the method is technology-neutral and that there is no concealed stimulus for one of the fuels.
The fuel supplier can himself decide on the option which is optimal for him.
The fuel supplier can himself decide on the option which is optimal for him.
The Commission proposal does not refer to hydrogen.
The Commission proposal does not refer to hydrogen.
However, it is important to give fuel suppliers optimal choices and not exclusively back the use of biofuels.
However, it is important to give fuel suppliers optimal choices and not exclusively back the use of biofuels.
It is therefore necessary to amend Article 2 defining the scope.
It is therefore necessary to amend Article 2 defining the scope.
One difficult point is electricity.
One difficult point is electricity.
Of course it would be good if cars operated on sustainably produced electricity.
Of course it would be good if cars operated on sustainably produced electricity.