natgillin/translations-raw huggingface dataset:
In this period of exploding oil prices, of increasing natural gas prices, and of considerable energy-import dependence more and more countries are setting up incentive legislations to valorise the energy potential of biogas, that resembles and can substitute natural gas (biogas contains between 55% and 65% methane).
In this period of exploding oil prices, of increasing natural gas prices, and of considerable energy-import dependence more and more countries are setting up incentive legislations to valorise the energy potential of biogas, that resembles and can substitute natural gas (biogas contains between 55% and 65% methane).
Biogas produced in integrated agricultural plants plays and important role among the bioenergy resources and can be used as a universal energy source.
Biogas produced in integrated agricultural plants plays and important role among the bioenergy resources and can be used as a universal energy source.
After increasing methane-concentration purified biogas can be used to propel mechanical output, and through that electricity (lighting of buildings and animal husbandry sites); burning the biogas produces heat usable for heating and drying drying (plastic houses, greenhouses, corn, piggery heating, public facilities).
After increasing methane-concentration purified biogas can be used to propel mechanical output, and through that electricity (lighting of buildings and animal husbandry sites); burning the biogas produces heat usable for heating and drying (plastic houses, greenhouses, corn, piggery heating, public facilities).
Biogas can also be used for fuelling cooling machines (refrigerators), or for fuel-cells.
Biogas can also be used for fuelling cooling machines (refrigerators), or for fuel-cells.
Upgraded and pressurized biogas can be used as biofuel suitable for running road vehicles.
Upgraded and pressurized biogas can be used as biofuel suitable for running road vehicles.
Biogas gathered from one hectare of biomass is twice as effective as biodiesel.
Biogas gathered from one hectare of biomass is twice as effective as biodiesel.
Today there are some 4,242 farm-scale and around 26 centralized biogas plants in the EU, but with wide differences from one EU member state to another.
Today there are some 4,242 farm-scale and around 26 centralized biogas plants in the EU, but with wide differences from one EU member state to another.
Biogas production is most developed in Germany, Belgium, Austria and Denmark.
Biogas production is most developed in Germany, Belgium, Austria and Denmark.
In most countries farm scale biogas plants are predominant, but Denmark has the largest share of its production on centralized biogas plants.
In most countries farm scale biogas plants are predominant, but Denmark has the largest share of its production on centralized biogas plants.
The annual biogas production from agricultural biogas plants in Europe by mid 2007 is estimated at 1.85x10 9 m3 of biogas (containing 65% methane).
The annual biogas production from agricultural biogas plants in Europe by mid 2007 is estimated at 1.85x10 9 m3 of biogas (containing 65% methane).
The potential for biogas production based on manure in the EU is 827 PJ (Petajoule) whereas today some about 50 PJ is produced from both animal manure, energy crops and organic waste.
The potential for biogas production based on manure in the EU is 827 PJ (Petajoule) whereas today some about 50 PJ is produced from both animal manure, energy crops and organic waste.
This means that there is a potential of a 14 times increase in the animal manure only.
This means that there is a potential of a 14 times increase in the animal manure only.
Environmental aspects
Environmental aspects
Biogas from manure does have numerous environmental advantages, like reduction of methane and CO2-emissions, reduction of emissions of particulate matter and nitrous oxides, far less obnoxious odour, hygienisation of slurry and far better fertilizing capacity of the nitrogen in the treated manure, meaning less nitrogen is needed to reach the same fertilizing effect.
Biogas from manure does have numerous environmental advantages, like reduction of methane and CO2-emissions, reduction of emissions of particulate matter and nitrous oxides, far less obnoxious odour, hygienisation of slurry and far better fertilizing capacity of the nitrogen in the treated manure, meaning less nitrogen is needed to reach the same fertilizing effect.
Production of biogas (and thus methane) in a closed, controlled system like a biogas plant – and the subsequent utilization of the biogas as renewable energy source through combustion - has a very positive effect on the "green house emission account".
Production of biogas (and thus methane) in a closed, controlled system like a biogas plant – and the subsequent utilization of the biogas as renewable energy source through combustion - has a very positive effect on the "green house emission account".
Under normal circumstances there will be a considerable methane emission from storage and application of animal manure; by collecting the biogas through biogas installations, the total methane emission from agriculture will be reduced compared to a ‘no biogas plants’ scenario.
Under normal circumstances there will be a considerable methane emission from storage and application of animal manure; by collecting the biogas through biogas installations, the total methane emission from agriculture will be reduced compared to a ‘no biogas plants’ scenario.
By converting the methane into energy and carbon dioxide through combustion, there is a ‘reverse’ input to the green house effect account, because CO2 is by far less harmful than methane, and because the energy from the biogas combustion replaces fossil energy sources.
By converting the methane into energy and carbon dioxide through combustion, there is a ‘reverse’ input to the green house effect account, because CO2 is by far less harmful than methane, and because the energy from the biogas combustion replaces fossil energy sources.
CO2-emissions from renewable energy sources (like combustion of straw, wood and biogas) are considered neutral, because the same amounts of CO2 which are emitted upon combustion have basically been assimilated by green plants in the first place to produce the biomass.
CO2-emissions from renewable energy sources (like combustion of straw, wood and biogas) are considered neutral, because the same amounts of CO2 which are emitted upon combustion have basically been assimilated by green plants in the first place to produce the biomass.
Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) is probably the substance in biogas which is given most focus, when talking about potential hazards.
Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) is probably the substance in biogas which is given most focus, when talking about potential hazards.
Different methods can be used to reduce the concentration of H2S in the biogas; either the biogas is cleaned itself, for instance in a scrubber, or a small amount (approximately four percent) of fresh air is added to the biogas in a tank - for instance a covered, gas-tight slurry storage tank - where bacteria at the surface of the slurry take up the H2S.
Different methods can be used to reduce the concentration of H2S in the biogas; either the biogas is cleaned itself, for instance in a scrubber, or a small amount (approximately four percent) of fresh air is added to the biogas in a tank - for instance a covered, gas-tight slurry storage tank - where bacteria at the surface of the slurry take up the H2S.
A further advantage of this is that the sulphur remains in the slurry for later plant nutrition.
A further advantage of this is that the sulphur remains in the slurry for later plant nutrition.
Other substances may be present in small amounts in the biogas.
Other substances may be present in small amounts in the biogas.
Nitrogen (N2) and oxygen (O2) may be present in concentrations up to a couple of percent (this would typically be the case if fresh air is added to the biogas for desulphurization), but these gasses are obviously not an environmental hazard.
Nitrogen (N2) and oxygen (O2) may be present in concentrations up to a couple of percent (this would typically be the case if fresh air is added to the biogas for desulphurization), but these gasses are obviously not an environmental hazard.
Hydrogen (H2) may also be present in small amounts, but will be eliminated during combustion.
Hydrogen (H2) may also be present in small amounts, but will be eliminated during combustion.
Two potentially hazardous gasses, carbon monoxide (CO) and ammonia (NH3) may also be present in trace amounts, but given a safe and controlled combustion process, CO is completely eliminated.
Two potentially hazardous gasses, carbon monoxide (CO) and ammonia (NH3) may also be present in trace amounts, but given a safe and controlled combustion process, CO is completely eliminated.
Amount of ammonia is negligible compared to the potential for reduction of nitrogen to the environment resulting from the improved utilization of the bio fertilizer compared to untreated slurry.
Amount of ammonia is negligible compared to the potential for reduction of nitrogen to the environment resulting from the improved utilization of the bio fertilizer compared to untreated slurry.
So in general, if leak of biogas from the installations is prevented effectively, and if the combustion of the biogas is carried out under optimal conditions the overall effects on emissions from converting organic biomass to biogas through anaerobic digestion are absolutely positive.
So in general, if leak of biogas from the installations is prevented effectively, and if the combustion of the biogas is carried out under optimal conditions the overall effects on emissions from converting organic biomass to biogas through anaerobic digestion are absolutely positive.
Not only by reducing CO2-emissions from using fossil fuel, but also by a net reduction in other emissions (methane etc.) from animal manure etc. compared to a situation without a biogas plant
Not only by reducing CO2-emissions from using fossil fuel, but also by a net reduction in other emissions (methane etc.) from animal manure etc. compared to a situation without a biogas plant
Energy aspects and the need for EU and national support
Energy aspects and the need for EU and national support
Biogas output from animal fertilizers is rather low (40-90 m3/t (cubic meters per tons), much higher from cereals (170-220 m³/t), and even higher from food-industrial materials (primarily slaughterhouse by-products and waste (250-480 m³/t).
Biogas output from animal fertilizers is rather low (40-90 m3/t (cubic meters per tons), much higher from cereals (170-220 m³/t), and even higher from food-industrial materials (primarily slaughterhouse by-products and waste (250-480 m³/t).
Combining different biogas raw materials a minimum output of 120 m³/t is desirable.
Combining different biogas raw materials a minimum output of 120 m³/t is desirable.
Animal manure processing and biogas technologies contain joint elements, therefore it is advisable to link the support for setting up biogas plants to animal manure processing, but also using other raw materials like organic waste or non-food energy crops.
Animal manure processing and biogas technologies contain joint elements, therefore it is advisable to link the support for setting up biogas plants to animal manure processing, but also using other raw materials like organic waste or non-food energy crops.
The co-digestion units are capable of treating different types of waste at the same time, principally liquid and solid manures mixed with diverse organic waste.
The co-digestion units are capable of treating different types of waste at the same time, principally liquid and solid manures mixed with diverse organic waste.
Biogas production’s profitability is negative both in the case of farm-scale biogas plants centralised plants.
Biogas production’s profitability is negative both in the case of farm-scale biogas plants centralised plants.
Revenues include value of the biogas itself in the form of heat and electricity and value of increased field effect of nitrogen in livestock manure.
Revenues include value of the biogas itself in the form of heat and electricity and value of increased field effect of nitrogen in livestock manure.
Larger biogas plants that receive external biomass have the possibility for additional income from fertiliser value of N, P and K, value of "gate fees", and value of CO2e reduction.
Larger biogas plants that receive external biomass have the possibility for additional income from fertiliser value of N, P and K, value of "gate fees", and value of CO2e reduction.
In some EU member states biogas plants have the possibility to generate income from sale of Green Certificates.
In some EU member states biogas plants have the possibility to generate income from sale of Green Certificates.
On the cost side the investment and operational costs are both considerable.
On the cost side the investment and operational costs are both considerable.
Profitability and competitiveness of a biogas plant is mainly determined by the selling price of the produced electricity (usually set by the state).
Profitability and competitiveness of a biogas plant is mainly determined by the selling price of the produced electricity (usually set by the state).
In Hungary for example the green-electricity price is set at 0,09 EUR per kWh (kilowatt per hour) for all renewable energy sources, whereas in Germany - with the possible bonuses - it amounts to around 0,2 EUR per kWh - twice as much as in Hungary, while the electricity wholesale prices are almost the same.
In Hungary for example the green-electricity price is set at 0,09 EUR per kWh (kilowatt per hour) for all renewable energy sources, whereas in Germany - with the possible bonuses - it amounts to around 0,2 EUR per kWh - twice as much as in Hungary, while the electricity wholesale prices are almost the same.
The selling price set by the state is therefore in many cases insufficient for the sustainability of the biogas production.
The selling price set by the state is therefore in many cases insufficient for the sustainability of the biogas production.
The analyses show that the value of the CO2 e could almost bring the economy of farm-scale plants in balance, and cover around half of the economic loss for the centralised plants.
The analyses show that the value of the CO2 e could almost bring the economy of farm-scale plants in balance, and cover around half of the economic loss for the centralised plants.
Removal of the transition costs for trade with CO2 e would not only benefit the profitability of the biogas production, but also the national accounts for the CO2 e production.
Removal of the transition costs for trade with CO2 e would not only benefit the profitability of the biogas production, but also the national accounts for the CO2 e production.
Nevertheless, negative profitability clearly shows that biogas production is not viable without considerable support from both European and national financial resources.
Nevertheless, negative profitability clearly shows that biogas production is not viable without considerable support from both European and national financial resources.
Investments should be encouraged by various measures, including regional and rural development EU-funds.
Investments should be encouraged by various measures, including regional and rural development EU-funds.
They key factor is, however the ‘green-electricity’ price set by the state, which should be sufficient to ensure sustainability and act as a real incentive.
They key factor is, however the ‘green-electricity’ price set by the state, which should be sufficient to ensure sustainability and act as a real incentive.
However, these European and national resources should be spent wisely.
However, these European and national resources should be spent wisely.
All financial support for biogas installations ought to be based on the efficiency, technical development and positive greenhouse-gas balance and other environmental advantages of installations.
All financial support for biogas installations ought to be based on the efficiency, technical development and positive greenhouse-gas balance and other environmental advantages of installations.
A need for a new biogas directive and review of legislation
A need for a new biogas directive and review of legislation
EU as well as national legislation has to be revised in order to facilitate the setting-up and operation of biogas plants across the EU:
EU as well as national legislation has to be revised in order to facilitate the setting-up and operation of biogas plants across the EU:
· First and foremost, an EU-directive on biogas production is needed, with specific targets for the agricultural biogas share within the target for renewable energy production, statistical elements, measures for construction and promotion of biogas-installations based on a national or regional impact evaluation, measures for dissemination and promotion of results gained from prior experiences, call for national and regional planning in order to restrict legal and administrative hindrances, and recommendations for the minimum level and yearly adjustment mechanism of payment for ‘green-electricity’ and 'green gas'.
· First and foremost, an EU-directive on biogas production is needed, with specific targets for the agricultural biogas share within the target for renewable energy production, statistical elements, measures for construction and promotion of biogas-installations based on a national or regional impact evaluation, measures for dissemination and promotion of results gained from prior experiences, call for national and regional planning in order to restrict legal and administrative hindrances, and recommendations for the minimum level and yearly adjustment mechanism of payment for ‘green-electricity’ and 'green gas'.
· The legislation on the use of residues from biogas installations should be revised.
· The legislation on the use of residues from biogas installations should be revised.
· A ban should be considered on using growth enhancers in animal feed containing heavy metals if this should be a European wide problem for later use of biogas residues on fields.
· A ban should be considered on using growth enhancers in animal feed containing heavy metals if this should be a European wide problem for later use of biogas residues on fields.
· The effective enforcement of the IPPC and Nitrates Directives are crucial, along with the Sewage Sludge Directive, Water Framework Directive, Birds directive, Habitats Directive and the Heavy Metals legislation.
· The effective enforcement of the IPPC and Nitrates Directives are crucial, along with the Sewage Sludge Directive, Water Framework Directive, Birds directive, Habitats Directive and the Heavy Metals legislation.
· A strategy is needed to include biogas installations into the Kyoto-mechanism.
· A strategy is needed to include biogas installations into the Kyoto-mechanism.
· EU-wide legislation is needed to ensure that biogas - upgraded to natural gas quality - can be fed into the natural gas network.
· EU-wide legislation is needed to ensure that biogas - upgraded to natural gas quality - can be fed into the natural gas network.
· Proposals are needed for further enhancing the use of animal by-products for biogas as announced in the 'Biomass action plan',
· Proposals are needed for further enhancing the use of animal by-products for biogas as announced in the 'Biomass action plan',
· Member States should include biogas in their mid-term evaluation of existing rural and regional development programmes and propose actions for the future.
· Member States should include biogas in their mid-term evaluation of existing rural and regional development programmes and propose actions for the future.
Rural Development strategies, including LEADER projects should contain development scenarios for biomass and biogas utilities;
Rural Development strategies, including LEADER projects should contain development scenarios for biomass and biogas utilities;
· The Commission should present a coherent report on European biogas production to the European Parliament until 15 December 2008 taking into account the above mentioned proposals and the progress made;
· The Commission should present a coherent report on European biogas production to the European Parliament until 15 December 2008 taking into account the above mentioned proposals and the progress made;
· Efforts should be made to fund research, development and demonstration.
· Efforts should be made to fund research, development and demonstration.
The draft was also discussed with independent experts and Member States administrations who have helped immensely to clarify up certain aspects of a future biogas-policy.
The draft was also discussed with independent experts and Member States administrations who have helped immensely to clarify up certain aspects of a future biogas-policy.
СТАНОВИЩЕ на комисията по промишленост, изследвания и енергетика (*)
OPINION of the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy (*)
относно устойчиво селско стопанство и биогаз: необходимост от преразглеждане на законодателството на ЕС
on Sustainable agriculture and biogas: a need for review of EU legislation
(*) Процедура с асоциирани комисии − член 47 от правилника
(*) Procedure with associated committees - Rule 47 of the Rules of Procedure
Комисията по промишленост, изследвания и енергетика приканва водещата комисия по земеделие и развитие на селските райони да включи в предложението за резолюция, което ще приеме, следните предложения:
The Committee on Industry, Research and Energy calls on the Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development, as the committee responsible, to incorporate the following suggestions in its motion for a resolution:
Šarūnas Birutis, Jan Březina, Renato Brunetta, Philippe Busquin, Jerzy Buzek, Pilar del Castillo Vera, Dragos Florin David, Den Dover, Adam Gierek, Norbert Glante, Fiona Hall, David Hammerstein, Rebecca Harms, Erna Hennicot-Schoepges, Mary Honeyball, Romana Jordan Cizelj, Werner Langen, Anne Laperrouze, Pia Elda Locatelli, Eugenijus Maldeikis, Eluned Morgan, Angelika Niebler, Reino Paasilinna, Atanas Paparizov, Francisca Pleguezuelos Aguilar, Anni Podimata, Miloslav Ransdorf, Vladimír Remek, Herbert Reul, Teresa Riera Madurell, Mechtild Rothe, Paul Rübig, Andres Tarand, Britta Thomsen, Catherine Trautmann, Nikolaos Vakalis, Alejo Vidal-Quadras, Dominique Vlasto
Šarūnas Birutis, Jan Březina, Renato Brunetta, Philippe Busquin, Jerzy Buzek, Pilar del Castillo Vera, Dragos Florin David, Den Dover, Adam Gierek, Norbert Glante, Fiona Hall, David Hammerstein, Rebecca Harms, Erna Hennicot-Schoepges, Mary Honeyball, Romana Jordan Cizelj, Werner Langen, Anne Laperrouze, Pia Elda Locatelli, Eugenijus Maldeikis, Eluned Morgan, Angelika Niebler, Reino Paasilinna, Atanas Paparizov, Francisca Pleguezuelos Aguilar, Anni Podimata, Miloslav Ransdorf, Vladimír Remek, Herbert Reul, Teresa Riera Madurell, Mechtild Rothe, Paul Rübig, Andres Tarand, Britta Thomsen, Catherine Trautmann, Nikolaos Vakalis, Alejo Vidal-Quadras, Dominique Vlasto
Neena Gill, Lambert van Nistelrooij, Pierre Pribetich, Vittorio Prodi, John Purvis, Esko Seppänen, Vladimir Urutchev
Neena Gill, Lambert van Nistelrooij, Pierre Pribetich, Vittorio Prodi, John Purvis, Esko Seppänen, Vladimir Urutchev
относно устойчиво земеделие и биогаз: необходимост от преразглеждане на законодателството на ЕС
on Sustainable agriculture and biogas: a need for review of EU legislation
Комисията по околна среда, обществено здраве и безопасност на храните приканва водещата комисия по земеделие и развитие на селските райони да включи в предложението за резолюция, което ще приеме, следните предложения:
The Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety calls on the Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development, as the committee responsible, to incorporate the following suggestions in its motion for a resolution: