J. B. PARDIWALA, J.:

The terms of the purchase orders also entitled the original defendants to deduct up to a maximum of 5% of the contract price towards liquidated damages upon delay in supply of bags by the original plaintiff.

i. Case of the original plaintiff before the trial court

7. The case of the original plaintiff before the trial court was that the original defendants placed with it certain purchase orders for the supply of the HDPE bags, which were manufactured by it as per the specifications and duly supplied periodically. The purchase orders were amended from time to time to account for the increase in the number of bags which were required by the original defendants. It was the case of the original plaintiff that in pursuance of the communications exchanged with the original defendants, it supplied 42,000 bags over and above the quantity mentioned in the purchase orders to meet with the urgent requirements of the original defendants, on the understanding that a subsequent purchase order would be issued to account for the extra supply.

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8. The grievance of the original plaintiff was that when a formal purchase order was subsequently issued by the original defendants to account for the extra bags supplied by the original plaintiff, the price per bag mentioned in the said order fell short of the price agreed upon between the parties. The original plaintiff was also aggrieved by the deductions made by the original defendants towards the liquidated damages for the alleged delay in supply of the bags and the penalty imposed towards the supply of the alleged poor quality of the bags. The original plaintiff also claimed to have suffered losses due to the refusal of the original defendants to accept 25,000 bags after placing the order, which were printed as per the specifications prescribed by the original defendants and had to be sold as scrap due to non-acceptance by the original defendants.

9. With a view to recover the aforesaid losses, the original plaintiff instituted the civil suit for the recovery of Rs 8,27,100.74/- along with Rs 10,31,803.14/- towards interest up to the date of institution of the suit. A detailed break-up of the claim of the original plaintiff before the trial court is as follows:

10. The original defendants filed their written statement before the trial court stating that there was no discrepancy in the purchase order issued subsequent to the supply of the extra bags and that the imposition of liquidated damages was justified as per the terms of the NIT and the purchase orders. It was also stated that the deductions imposed as penalty for the supply of poor quality of the bags was also justified and interest @ 24% was not liable to be imposed. Civil Appeal Nos. 5366-5367 of 2024 Page 6 of 91

11. The original defendants further stated before the trial court that as they had been declared to be a sick company under Section 3(1)(o) of the Sick Industrial Companies (Special Provisions) Act, 1985 (“the 1985 Act”), the suit for recovery was not maintainable as per Section 22(1) of the 1985 Act and thus was liable to be dismissed.

12. The trial court, having regard to the specific pleadings of the parties proceeded to frame 10 issues as tabulated hereinbelow.

5. Whether the plaintiff was entitled to interest Partly decided in favour of for the delayed payment as per law? the plaintiff – Interest rate of 12% granted on the payments held as due and delayed.

6. Whether the plaintiff had printed 25,000 Decided in favour of the bags as per the oral order of the plaintiff – Rs 1,18,000/- with defendants? If so, whether the plaintiff Civil Appeal Nos. 5366-5367 of 2024 Page 7 of 91 sustained loss at the rate of 50% of the value interest @ 12% p.a. from due to refusal on the part of the defendants 01.01.1994 till realisation. to take delivery of the bags?

7. Whether the defendants had called for a Decided in favour of the fresh tender after placing of the orders to plaintiff the plaintiff and in which M/s Neptune Polymers, Ahmedabad quoted rate of a bag at Rs. 8.46, the same has become binding on the plaintiff?

8. Whether the defendants had regularised the Decided in favour of supply of 33,000 bags at Rs. 8.46/bag vide plaintiff P.O. No. 40893 dated 21.04.1994 and same was accepted by the plaintiff?

9. Whether the suit was not maintainable as Decided in favour of the the defendants have been declared as Sick plaintiff Industry by the BIFR vide Case No. PUC/C/515/92 dated 06.11.1992?

10. Whether the suit of the plaintiff was barred Decided in favour of the by limitation? plaintiff

13. On the issue of applicability of Section 22 of the 1985 Act, it was observed thus by the trial court:

14. The final decree drawn by the trial court reads thus:

55,710/-, Rs. 100,848 and Rs. 1,18,000/- to the plaintiff together with interest @ 12% per annum from 01.01.1994 till realization. Civil Appeal Nos. 5366-5367 of 2024 Page 8 of 91

3. That the defendants 1 to 4 be and are hereby further directed to pay Rs. 1,72,734/- to the plaintiff together with interest @ 12% per annum from 16.07.1994 till realization.

4 That the suit of the plaintiff for the rest of the claim of Rs. 4,89,919/- be and is hereby dismissed.

5. That the defendants do pay Rs. 37,169/- to the plaintiff towards the costs of the suit.” iii. Appeals before the High Court

15. Both the parties went to the High Court in appeal against the aforesaid decision of the trial court. The original plaintiff contended before the High Court, inter alia, that the deductions towards the liquidated damages and penalty were wrongly imposed on it by the original defendants, and that the interest at the rate of 24% with monthly compounding ought to have been granted on the delayed payments in light of the provisions of the Interest on Delayed Payments to Small Scale and Ancillary Industrial Undertakings Act, 1993 (“the 1993 Act”).

16. The original defendants on the other hand contested that the trial court had failed to consider the evidence properly and had wrongly awarded the amounts under different heads to the original plaintiff. The contention as to the applicability of Section 22(1) of the 1985 Act was also raised by the original defendants.

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17. The High Court, vide the impugned judgment partly allowed both the appeals.

The original defendants were allowed to deduct an amount of Rs 1,63,471/- towards the liquidated damages, whereas the original plaintiff was allowed to recover the amounts deducted towards penalty, price difference in the supply of 42,000 bags and the loss incurred due to the refusal of the original defendants to accept the delivery of 25,000 bags. Pertinently, the High Court accepted the contention of the original plaintiff on the issue of interest and granted 24% compound interest on the amounts due.

18. Despite recording the submissions of the parties on the applicability of Section 22(1) of the 1985 Act, neither any point for determination was framed nor any finding was returned on the same by the High Court.

19. Aggrieved by the impugned judgment, more particularly as regards the awarding of 24% interest in favour of the original plaintiff – which has inflated the principal decretal amount to one of mammoth proportions – the original defendants are before this Court with the present appeals. B. SUBMISSIONS ON BEHALF OF THE APPELLANTS/ORIGINAL DEFENDANTS Civil Appeal Nos. 5366-5367 of 2024 Page 10 of 91

20. Ms. Malvika Trivedi, the learned senior counsel appearing on behalf of the original defendants submitted that the 1985 Act overrides the 1993 Act as the same was enacted in the larger public interest by the Parliament with a view to secure the directive specified under Article 39 of the Constitution.

21. It was further submitted that the 1993 Act having been enacted to provide for and regulate the payment of interest on delayed payments to the small-scale industries, does not envisage a situation where an industrial undertaking becomes sick and requires a scheme for its revival.

22. It was argued that the provisions of the 1985 Act should be given the widest possible import in light of the fact that the same is a self-contained code containing provisions like the statutory bar on civil suits for recovery of money from sick industrial companies under Section 22 and the non-obstante clause under Section 32 by virtue of which the provisions of the 1985 Act are given an overriding effect. Reliance was placed by the learned senior counsel upon the decisions of this Court in Jay Engineering Works Ltd. v. Industry Facilitation Council reported in ( 2006) 8 SCC 677 and Tata Motors Ltd. v. Pharmaceutical Products of India Ltd. reported in (2008) 7 SCC 619.

23. It was further submitted that the impugned judgment and order passed by the High Court failed to take into consideration the law settled by this Court in Civil Appeal Nos. 5366-5367 of 2024 Page 11 of 91 Bhoruka Textiles Ltd. v. Kashmiri Rice Industries reported in (2009) 7 SCC 521 which held that if the jurisdiction of the civil court was ousted in terms of the jurisdictional bar imposed under Section 22 of the 1985 Act, then any judgment rendered by it would be coram non-judice and as a result a nullity.

24. To fortify her aforesaid submission, the learned senior counsel argued that the facts of the present case are similar to the facts in Bhoruka Textiles (supra) as follows:

25. The learned senior counsel further submitted that the contention of the original plaintiff that the statutory bar under Section 22 of the 1985 Act applies only against a recognized creditor and such debts as are acknowledged before the BIFR during the pendency of the reference application is not the correct understanding of the law and is against the beneficial object of the Act. It was contended that the reliance placed by the original plaintiff on the decision of the Delhi High Court in Sunil Mittal Properties of Shree Shyam Packaging Industries v. M/s LML Ltd. reported in (2011) 123 DRJ 249 is misplaced as the said decision failed to consider the law settled by this Court in Bhoruka Textiles (supra) and thus could be termed as per incuriam.

26. One another submission made by the learned senior counsel was that out of the total claim put forward by the original plaintiff before the trial court, only the amount of Rs 55,710/- could have been recognized as delayed payment. It was submitted that the deductions made by the original defendants towards liquidated damages and penalty while remitting the payment to the original plaintiff could not have been classified as delayed payment for the purpose of computation of interest under the 1993 Act and the interest could only have been claimed on the undisputed and agreed upon sum under the contract.

27. It was argued that the liability, if any, of the original defendants to pay interest on the amount of Rs 4,89,919.99/- should be limited from the date of the Civil Appeal Nos. 5366-5367 of 2024 Page 13 of 91 impugned judgment, wherein the High Court while partially modifying the decree awarded by the trial court, awarded the amount as above in favour of the original plaintiff for the first time.

28. It was also argued that the High Court erred in interfering with the exercise of discretion by the trial court in awarding 12% pendente lite interest in favour of the original plaintiff.

29. The learned senior counsel further submitted that the original plaintiff had the option of taking recourse to the mechanism prescribed under Section 6 of the 1993 Act which provides for making a reference of any dispute to the Industry Facilitation Council for acting as an arbitrator or a conciliator. However, by consciously approaching the civil court by way of a suit for recovery of money despite the jurisdictional bar contained under Section 22 of the Act, the original plaintiff must now face the consequences of approaching a non- jurisdictional forum.

30. Lastly, it was submitted by the learned senior counsel that the defendant company remained under BIFR for a period of 21 years and was revived in 2013 after intervention of the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs. The economic distress caused by the enforcement of the liability imposed upon the Civil Appeal Nos. 5366-5367 of 2024 Page 14 of 91 original defendants by the High Court may potentially overwhelm the efforts at revival of the defendant company.

C. SUBMISSIONS ON BEHALF OF THE RESPONDENT/ORIGINAL PLAINTIFF

31. Mr. Sundeep Pothina, the learned counsel appearing on behalf of the original plaintiff submitted at the outset that Section 22 of the 1985 Act is not applicable to the instant case as neither the debt came to be acknowledged, nor the name of the creditor company figured before the BIFR. Since, in the case on hand, the original defendants did not include the liability of the original plaintiff in their list of liabilities in accordance with Section 21(a)(i) of the 1985 Act nor in their book of accounts under Section 21(a)(ii) of the 1985 Act nor did it include the original plaintiff company in the list of creditors under Section 21(b) of the 1985 Act at the time of reference or thereafter, the jurisdictional bar available under Section 22 of the 1985 Act cannot be said to be applicable to the suit instituted by the original plaintiff.

32. It was further submitted that the reliance placed by the original defendants on Bhoruka Textiles (supra) in support of their contention regarding Section 22 of the 1985 Act is misplaced for the following reasons:

33. It was further argued that the reliance placed by the original defendants on Jay Engineering (supra) is also of no avail as in the facts of that case, there was no dispute over the quantum of dues and the sick company therein had reckoned the dues and the liabilities were covered in the revised rehabilitation scheme. Further, the decision in the said case only supports the contention of the original plaintiff that the adjudicatory process of making an award is not barred under Section 22 of the 1985 Act and it is only the execution of such an award against a sick company which is protected under Section 22 of the 1985 Act. Thus, as the civil court in this case was the adjudicating authority having inherent jurisdiction to decide the suit under Section 9 of the Civil Civil Appeal Nos. 5366-5367 of 2024 Page 16 of 91 Procedure Code, 1908, the adjudicatory part of determining the liability couldn’t be said to have been barred by Section 22 of the Act. It is only the execution of such a decree arrived at as a result of the adjudicatory process which could be said to be barred under Section 22 of the 1985 Act during the period when the sick company is under the protection of the BIFR.

34. The learned counsel further submitted that the reliance placed by the original defendants on the decision of this Court in Tata Motors (supra) is also misplaced as the said decision pertains to Section 26 of the 1985 Act while the case on hand pertains to the applicability of Section 22 of the 1985 Act. He contended that even the said decision supports the case of the original plaintiff as it explains the distinction between the adjudicatory authority of a civil court and the BIFR and holds that the jurisdiction of a civil court is barred in respect of any matter for which the BIFR or the Appellate Authority for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction (“AAIFR”) is empowered.

35. The learned counsel, while placing reliance on the decision of the Delhi High Court in Sunil Mittal (supra), argued that the facts of the present case are squarely covered by the said decision. It was submitted that in the said case, a distinction was drawn between the ‘process of assessment’ and ‘quantified recoveries’ and it was held that while the realisation of the latter is stayed by virtue of Section 22 of the 1985 Act, the former, which is the process of Civil Appeal Nos. 5366-5367 of 2024 Page 17 of 91 finalisation of liability, does not get stayed by operation of Section 22 of the 1985 Act.

36. The learned counsel submitted that the contention of the original defendants that the decision in Sunil Mittal (supra) is rendered per-incuriam as the same failed to consider the decision in Bhoruka Textiles (supra) is incorrect as the court therein had based its decision on the judgment of a division bench of the Delhi High Court in Saketh India Limited v. W. Diamond India Ltd. reported in 2010 SCC OnLine Del 1786. The decision in Saketh India (supra) has exhaustively considered the various decisions of this Court on the issue of applicability of jurisdictional bar under Section 22 of the 1985 Act and thus the decision in Sunil Mittal (supra) cannot be characterised as per-incuriam.

37. The learned counsel submitted that the High Court in its impugned judgment has determined the issue of rate of interest under Section 4 of the 1993 Act. The High Court, after looking into the relevant material, observed that the floor rate charged by the State Bank of India (“SBI”) for the financial year 1993-94 was 19% and thus awarded interest at 24% which is 5 per-cent points above the floor rate.

38. The learned counsel, in the last, submitted that as opposed to the representations made by the defendant company about its current financial Civil Appeal Nos. 5366-5367 of 2024 Page 18 of 91 status, the net worth of the defendant company as on 31.03.2022 is in the positive and is at the least not less than 2,000/- crores.

D. ANALYSIS

39. Before adverting to the rival submissions canvassed on either side, we would like to briefly discuss the proceedings in respect of the defendant company before the Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction (“BIFR”) in terms of Section 15 of the 1985 Act.

i. Proceedings in respect of FCIL before the BIFR

40. At the end of financial year 1991-92, the defendant company suffered huge erosion in its net worth and became a sick industrial company. Accordingly, a reference was made to the BIFR in terms of Section 15 of the 1985 Act. Thereafter, the BIFR after hearing the representatives and stakeholders declared the defendant company to be a sick company under Section 3(1)(o) of the 1985 Act vide its order dated 06.11.1992. The BIFR also granted FCIL and the Government of India time till 31.03.1993 to submit their final plan for rehabilitating the company.

41. During the entire period of adjudication of the suit by the trial court and for a part of the period during the pendency of the appeals before the High Court, the defendant company continued to remain a Sick Industrial company with a Civil Appeal Nos. 5366-5367 of 2024 Page 19 of 91 Special Director appointed by the BIFR and the SBI appointed as the Operating Agency.

42. On 09.05.2013, the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (“CCEA”) met and took decisions on the revival of the defendant company. The Government of India waived off its loan and interest amounting to Rs. 10,643/- crore and the debt owed to the other PSUs were settled at 30% of their respective dues as on 31.03.2003.

43. Meanwhile, the BIFR in the course of one important hearing looked into the progress towards the revival of the defendant company in detail. After taking into account the developments over the course of 20 years, the BIFR issued the following relevant directions: -

44. Thus, in view of the directions of the BIFR dated 27.06.2013 referred to above , the defendant company ceased to be a Sick Industrial company during the pendency of the appeals before the High Court.

45. The submissions of the original defendants were focussed on and limited to the following two aspects – jurisdictional bar on the civil court in deciding the suit instituted by the original plaintiff by virtue of Section 22(1) of the 1985 Act; and the legality & validity of the interest rate of 24% per annum awarded by the High Court in the original plaintiff’s favour.

ii. Issues for Determination

46. Having heard the parties extensively on the aforesaid aspects and having perused the materials on record, the following two questions fall for our consideration:

47. Before we proceed to answer the aforesaid issues, we would like to discuss briefly the concept of industrial sickness, the legislative scheme of the 1985 Act and the object behind its enactment. This will help us develop a better contextual understanding of the questions before us.

48. Sickness in industries is a natural fall-out of industrialisation. Industrial sickness can be understood to refer to a situation wherein an industrial unit fails to generate surplus and is incurring losses over a period of time resulting in the erosion of its net-worth. Section 3(o) of the 1985 Act defines a ‘sick industrial company’ to be one which at the end of a financial year accumulates losses equal to or exceeding its net worth.

49. While there could be numerous causes of sickness, the mismanagement of the industrial unit, faulty planning at the inception of an industry, technical drawbacks, recession in the market, labour disputes, changes in the fiscal policies of the government, unavailability of credit facilities, and non- availability of raw-materials are some of the prominent factors causing industrial sickness.

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50. As the Indian economy transitioned from being an agriculture-intensive one towards a more industry-centric one, a growing number of industries suffered huge financial losses resulting in their closure, which in turn led to the loss of employment, government revenue and locking up of the investible funds of banks and financial institutions which were invested in setting up of those industries. In order to curb industrial sickness and its detrimental impacts on the Indian economy, many policies and legislations were enacted over the years by the executive and the legislative wing respectively. The aim of such enactments was two-fold – first, to reduce the incidence of sickness in industries by promoting a conducive industrial climate and secondly, to identify sick companies and take effective remedial steps for revival of such companies and upon failure, to wind them up.

51. One of the first such enactments was the Industrial Development and Regulation Act, 1951 (“IDRA Act, 1951”) which contained provisions empowering the Central Government to cause investigation into the affairs of an Industrial Company which is to be wound up for the purpose of reviving such Company in the interest of general public by ensuring production, supply or distribution of articles.

52. Nationalisation of sick industries through legislations was another approach adopted by the government to revive or continue the operation of sick Civil Appeal Nos. 5366-5367 of 2024 Page 23 of 91 industries in national interest. An enactment brought in with the object of dealing with sickness in the textile industry was the Sick Textile Undertaking (Nationalization) Act, 1974 which, inter alia, provided for the reorganisation and rehabilitation of sick textile industries. Similarly, The Aluminium Corporation of India Ltd. (Acquisition and Transfer of Aluminium Undertaking) Act, 1984 and The Futwah Islampur Lightway Line (Nationalisation) Act, 1985 were enacted with similar objects.

53. Industrial Reconstruction Bank of India Act, 1984 was enacted to provide financial assistance to sick industrial companies for their revival. However, the said enactment was repealed thereafter.

54. In 1981, the Reserve Bank of India (“RBI”) appointed a committee under the chairmanship of late Shri T. Tiwari to look into the causes of industrial sickness, to assess the depth of the problem and to suggest comprehensive and focussed remedial measures to counter the problem of industrial sickness in India. The committee submitted its report suggesting, inter alia, the setting up of a quasi-judicial body through a special legislation to handle the cases of industrial sickness. This suggestion of the committee led to the enactment of the 1985 Act.

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55. The Statement of Objects and Reasons accompanying the Sick Industrial Companies Bill, 1985 reads as follows:

4. The notes on clauses appended to the Bill explain the various provisions of the Bill.

NEW DELHI THE 22nd August, 1985. VISHWANATH PRATAP SINGH”

56. The preamble to the 1985 Act reads as follows:

57. Having discussed the object behind the enactment of the 1985 Act and the developments leading up to its inception, we shall now briefly discuss the scheme and scope of the 1985 Act.

58. The 1985 Act is divided into four chapters. The first chapter contains preliminary provisions including the definitions and a declaration that the 1985 Act is enacted in furtherance of the principles enshrined in clauses (b) and (c) of the Article 39 of the Constitution. The second chapter, inter alia, provides for the establishment of the BIFR and the AAIFR and prescribes the term of office and conditions of service of their chairperson and members and also the procedure to be followed by them.

59. The third chapter, which is often described as the soul and essence of the 1985 Act, provides for the methodology that is to be adopted for the purposes of detecting, reviving or even winding up a sick industrial company. Section 15 enables the Board of Directors of a company which has become sick to make reference to BIFR for determination of measures which shall be adopted with respect to the company. The Central Government or the Reserve Bank or the State Government concerned may also make the reference to the BIFR for the same purpose if it has sufficient reasons to believe that a company has become sick. Once a reference is made, it is open to the BIFR to conduct an inquiry Civil Appeal Nos. 5366-5367 of 2024 Page 27 of 91 for determining whether the company has become sick. If the BIFR is satisfied on completion of the inquiry that the company has become sick, it can adopt any of the measures envisaged in Section 17 of the 1985 Act. When an order is made under Section 17 a scheme with respect to the company shall be prepared by “the operating agency” specified in such order under Section 18 . The operating agency may also be directed by the BIFR under Section 21 to prepare, inter alia, an inventory of the books of account of the sick company and its assets and liabilities, a list of shareholders and secured and unsecured creditors, a valuation report in respect of the shares and the assets etc. Section 20 provides for the winding up of a sick company where the BIFR is of the opinion that such a company is not likely to become viable in the future. Section 22 , which is at the heart of the dispute before us, inter alia, provides for the suspension of legal proceedings of the nature as specified in the said section.

60. The fourth chapter, among other things, provides for the detection of potentially sick companies in the initial stages by mandating the Board of Directors of such companies to bring such potential sickness to the knowledge of the BIFR and the shareholders of the companies. Punishment of up to two years imprisonment along with fine is also prescribed in case of default in complying with the requirement. The issue of mismanagement leading to sickness in companies is sought to be dealt with under Section 24 of the 1985 Civil Appeal Nos. 5366-5367 of 2024 Page 28 of 91 Act which provides strict measures in case of proved misfeasance, breach of trust, etc. Section 26 bars the jurisdiction of civil courts in respect of matters which the BIFR or the AAIFR are empowered to determine. Section 32 is the non-obstante provision which imparts overriding effect to the 1985 Act over other laws in force except for the two legislations mentioned in the said section itself. The 1985 Act was repealed by the Sick Industrial Companies (Special Provisions) Repeal Act, 2003 which was notified on 01.12.2016.

61. Having discussed in detail the scheme of the 1985 Act and the object and purpose behind its enactment, we shall now proceed to answer the issues framed by us.

iv. ISSUE NO. 1: Whether the suspension of legal proceedings as envisaged under Section 22(1) of the 1985 Act would extend to a civil suit for recovery of money even if the debt sought to be proved in the plaint has not been admitted by the sick industrial company? If so, whether the decree in favour of the original plaintiff could be said to be coram non-judice?

62. To answer the issue before us, it is important to first delineate the scope of the relevant provision, which is reproduced hereinbelow:

63. Section 22(1) of the 1985 Act provides that subject to the fulfilment of the conditions as described in the sub-section, proceedings of the nature mentioned therein shall remain suspended in respect of a sick industrial company.

64. For the bar under the said sub-section to get attracted, it is necessary that in respect of an industrial company:

65. If one of the four conditions as mentioned aforesaid is fulfilled, then notwithstanding anything contained in the Companies Act, 1956 or any other Civil Appeal Nos. 5366-5367 of 2024 Page 30 of 91 law or the memorandum and articles of association of the industrial company or any other instrument having effect under the Companies Act, 1956 or other law, proceedings in the nature of the following cannot be initiated, and if already initiated, cannot be proceeded with, except with the consent of the BIFR or the AAIFR, as the case may be:

66. It is pertinent to mention that prior to the coming into force of the Sick Industrial Companies (Amendment) Act, 1993 w.e.f. 01.02.1994, the proceedings in the nature of a suit as mentioned in (iv), (v) and (vi) in paragraph 65 above were exempt from the ambit of the suspension as envisaged under Section 22(1) of the 1985 Act.

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67. Thus, as can be seen from the plain reading of Section 22(1) of the 1985 Act, for an industrial company to avail the benefit of suspension of legal proceedings, two conditions have to be fulfilled – First, one of the four requirements as mentioned in paragraph 64 should be satisfied, that is, the industrial company must be at the prescribed stage of proceedings before the BIFR or the AAIFR. Secondly, the nature of proceedings sought to be suspended should be one which falls within the ambit of proceedings mentioned in paragraph 65 above.

68. We shall first examine whether the first of the two conditions as mentioned above is satisfied, as the protective shield of Section 22(1) of the 1985 Act is only available so long as the proceedings before the BIFR or the AAIFR are pending. It was observed by a three-judge bench of this Court in Shree Chamundi Mopeds Ltd. v. Church of South India Trust Association CSI CINOD Secretariat, Madras reported in (1992) 3 SCC 1 thus:

69. As discussed hereinbefore in paragraph 40 of the judgment, the Board of Directors of the defendant company, passed a resolution dated 20.04.1992 to the effect that the company had become a sick company for the purposes of the 1985 Act and thus a reference to the BIFR was required to be made. In accordance with the resolution, a reference was accordingly made under Section 15(1) of the 1985 Act. Subsequently, a bench of the BIFR took up the reference of the defendant company for consideration and vide order dated 06.11.1992, inter alia, decided that the company fulfilled all the criteria prescribed under Section 3(1)(o) of the 1985 Act for being declared a sick company. The bench also granted the defendant company and the Government of India time till 31.03.1993 to submit a proposal for rehabilitation of the company for the consideration of the bench.

70. The defendant company continued to remain a sick company under the 1985 Act and proceedings before the BIFR continued and it was only on 27.06.2013, after a detailed consideration of the progress made by the company towards revival, that the BIFR declared the defendant company to Civil Appeal Nos. 5366-5367 of 2024 Page 33 of 91 have ceased to be a sick industrial company. Consequently, the defendant company was deregistered from BIFR on the said date.

71. It is the case of the original defendants that the original civil suit for the recovery of money having been filed against the defendant company during the pendency of proceedings before the BIFR, the trial court committed an error in deciding the suit despite the statutory bar as envisaged under Section 22(1) of the 1985 Act.

72. From a perusal of the facts as discussed above, it is clear that the civil suit was instituted by the original plaintiff on 21.11.1996, that is, indeed, during the pendency of the proceedings in respect of the defendant company before the BIFR. Thus, the first condition precedent for the applicability of the restriction under Section 22(1) of the 1985 Act being satisfied, the only aspect that is now required to be determined is whether the suit instituted by the original plaintiff was of a nature as contemplated under Section 22(1) .

73. From a bare reading of the provision, it appears that any ‘suit for recovery of money’ against a sick industrial company shall not lie or be proceeded with during the pendency of the proceedings in respect of such a company before the BIFR or the AAIFR, except with the permission of the BIFR or the AAIFR, as the case may be. However, it has been contended by the original plaintiff Civil Appeal Nos. 5366-5367 of 2024 Page 34 of 91 that it is not a suit for recovery of money simpliciter is not barred under the provision, and only such suits for recovery of money which are instituted towards recovery of liabilities admitted by the sick company before the BIFR that fall within the protective ambit of Section 22(1) .

74. In other words, the contention of the original plaintiff is that if a suit for recovery of money is brought against a sick company during the pendency of proceedings before the BIFR or the AAIFR with respect to the recovery of an acknowledged debt, then such a suit will be hit by Section 22(1) and cannot lie or be proceeded with except with the permission of the BIFR or the AAIFR, as the case may be.

75. This Court including many of the High Courts have had the occasion of interpreting Section 22(1) of the 1985 Act. One of the earliest decisions concerning Section 22(1) was rendered by a two-Judge Bench of this Court in Gram Panchayat and Another v. Shree Vallabh Glass Works Limited and Others reported in (1990) 2 SCC 440. In the said case, while deciding an appeal against the decision of the Bombay High Court quashing recovery proceedings towards property taxes and other amounts due under the provisions of the Bombay Village Panchayat Act, 1959 against the respondent company therein, which had been declared to be a sick company under the Act, the Bench held:

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Indeed, there would be automatic suspension of such proceedings against the company's properties. As soon as the inquiry under Section 16 is ordered by the Board, the various proceedings set out under sub-section (1) of Section 22 would be deemed to have been suspended.

11. It may be against the principles of equity if the creditors are not allowed to recover their dues from the company, but such creditors may approach the Board for permission to proceed against the company for the recovery of their dues/outstandings/overdues or arrears by whatever name it is called. The Board at its discretion may accord its approval for proceeding against the company. If the approval is not granted, the remedy is not extinguished. It is only postponed. Sub-section (5) of Section 22 provides for exclusion of the period during which the remedy is suspended while computing the period of limitation for recovering the dues.

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12. In our opinion, the High Court was justified in quashing the recovery proceedings taken against the properties of the company and we accordingly, reject this petition, with no order as to costs.” (Emphasis supplied)

76. One another decision interpreting Section 22(1) of the 1985 Act was delivered by a two-judge bench of this Court in Maharashtra Tubes Ltd. v. State Industrial & Investment Corpn. of Maharashtra Ltd. reported in (1993) 2 SCC 144. In this case, this Court, while deciding the interplay between the power of recovery under the State Financial Corporations Act, 1951 and the suspension of certain legal proceedings under Section 22 of the 1985 Act, held thus:

77. The decisions in Gram Panchayat (supra) and Maharashtra Tubes (supra) considered the unamended Section 22(1) of the 1985 Act. However, the said provision came to be amended by the Sick Industrial Companies (Amendment) Act, 1994 which came into effect from 01.02.1994. The suit in question before us having been filed in 1996, it is the amended Section 22(1) which would apply. Thus, we shall now look into some of the decisions wherein the amended Section 22(1) of the 1985 Act was interpreted.

78. The question whether proceedings for the recovery of dues arising after the sanctioning of the scheme would also be covered under the protective umbrella of Section 22(1) of the 1985 Act fell for the consideration of a two- Civil Appeal Nos. 5366-5367 of 2024 Page 39 of 91 judge bench of this Court in Deputy Commercial Tax Officer and Others v. Corromandal Pharmaceuticals and Others reported in (1997) 10 SCC 649. This Court, while answering the issue in the negative, distinguished the facts before it from the decisions in Gram Panchayat (supra) and Maharashtra Tubes (supra) and held thus:

At any rate, in none of those cases, a situation arose whereby the sick industrial unit was enabled to collect tax due to the Revenue from the customers after the “sanctioned scheme” but the sick unit simply folded its hands and declined to pay it over to the Revenue, for which proceedings for recovery, had to be taken. The two decisions of this Court as also the decisions of High Courts Civil Appeal Nos. 5366-5367 of 2024 Page 41 of 91 brought to our notice are, therefore, distinguishable. They will not apply to a situation as has arisen in this case. We are, therefore, of the opinion that Section 22(1) should be read down or understood as contended by the Revenue. The decision to the contrary by the High Court is unreasonable and unsustainable. We set aside the judgment of the High Court and allow this appeal. There shall be no order as to costs.” (Emphasis supplied)

79. The decision in Corromandal Pharmaceuticals (supra) was referred to and relied upon by a two-Judge Bench of this Court in Jay Engineering (supra) which set aside the order of the High Court as it failed to consider that the liabilities of the appellant-sick company therein with respect to the creditor were indisputably a part of the revised rehabilitation scheme. This Court held that if the liabilities of the creditor were duly considered and made a part of the rehabilitation scheme, the bar under Section 22(1) of the 1985 Act would apply, notwithstanding the fact that the liabilities arose after the company was declared to be a sick one. The relevant observations of this court are extracted hereinbelow:

It was categorically held:

80. The original defendants have strongly relied upon the decision of a two-judge bench of this Court in Bhoruka Textiles (supra). In the said case, the respondent therein, filed a suit for recovery against the appellant, a sick industrial company. The civil court decreed the suit in favour of the respondent therein with the finding that the transaction referred to took place subsequent to the reference of the appellant company to the BIFR and thus the suspension under Section 22(1) of the 1985 Act would not apply. The civil court also held that in the absence of any final order declaring the appellant company as a sick company by the BIFR, mere reference of the said company to the BIFR would not bring the protection under Section 22(1) of the 1985 Act into effect.

81. This Court negatived both the findings noted above and held that the civil court committed a manifest error in holding that the transaction in question was subsequent to the reference, when from the admitted facts it was apparent that it took place prior to the referral. It was observed by the Bench thus:

82. A three-Judge Bench of this Court in Raheja Universal Limited v. NRC Limited and Others reported in (2012) 4 SCC 148 undertook a comprehensive study of the various decisions of this Court on the interpretation of Section 22 of the 1985 Act to clarify the divergences and settle the position of law on the said provision. The relevant observations are as follows:

Once the dictum of this Court is read with reference to the facts of the respective cases, it would be evident that there is no conflict of views within the ambit of ratio decidendi of the respective judgments to make both of them legal and binding precedents.

55. Despite these judgments and with an intention to clarify the law, we would state that the matters which are connected with the sanctioning and implementation of the scheme right from the date on which it is presented or the date from which the scheme is made effective, whichever is earlier, would be the matters which squarely fall within the ambit and scope of Section 22 of SICA 1985 subject to their satisfying the ingredients stated under that provision. This would include the proceedings before the civil court, Revenue Authorities and/or any other competent forum in Civil Appeal Nos. 5366-5367 of 2024 Page 47 of 91 the form of execution or distress in relation to recovery of amount by sale or otherwise of the assets of the sick industrial company. It is difficult for us to hold that merely because a demand by a creditor had not been made a part of the scheme, pre- or post- sanctioning of the same for that reason alone, it would fall outside the ambit of protection of Section 22 of SICA 1985.

xxx xxx xxx

58. Section 22 is the reservoir of the statutory powers empowering BIFR to determine a scheme, right from its presentation till its complete implementation in accordance with law, free of interjections and interference from other judicial processes. Section 22(1) deals with the execution, distress or the like proceedings against the company's properties, including appointment of a Receiver. It also specifically provides that even a winding-up petition would not be instituted and no other proceedings shall lie or proceed further, except with the consent of BIFR.

xxx xxx xxx

61. It can safely be perceived that the provisions of Section 22 of SICA 1985 are self-explanatory. They would cease to operate within their own limitations and not by force of any other law, agreement, memorandum or even articles of association of the company. The purpose is so very clear that during the examination, finalisation and implementation of the scheme, there should be no impediment caused to the smooth execution of the scheme of revival of the sick industrial company. It is only when the specified period of restrictions and declarations contemplated under the provisions of SICA 1985 is over, that the status quo ante as it existed at the time of the consideration and finalisation of the scheme, would become operative. This is done primarily with the object that the assets of the company are not diverted, wasted, taken away and/or disposed of in any manner, during the relevant period.

xxx xxx xxx

69. Sections 22 , 22-A, 26 and 32 have to be read and construed conjointly. A common thread of legislative intent to treat this law as a special law, in contradistinction to the other laws except the laws stated in the provisions and to ensure its effective Civil Appeal Nos. 5366-5367 of 2024 Page 48 of 91 implementation with utmost expeditiousness, runs through all these provisions. It also mandates that no injunction shall be granted by any court or authority in respect of an action taken or to be taken in pursuance of the powers conferred to or by under this Act.

xxx xxx xxx

78. The expression “no proceedings” that finds place in Section 22(1) is of wide spectrum but is certainly not free of exceptions. The framers of law have given a definite meaning to the expression “proceedings” appearing under Section 22(1) of SICA 1985. These proceedings are for winding up of the industrial company or for execution, distress or the like against any of the properties of the industrial company or for the appointment of a Receiver in respect thereof.

79. The expression “the like” has to be read ejusdem generis to the term “proceedings”. The words “execution, distress or the like” have a definite connotation. These proceedings can have the effect of nullifying or obstructing the sanctioning or implementation of the revival scheme, as contemplated under the provisions of SICA 1985. This is what is required to be avoided for effective implementation of the scheme. The other facet of the same section is that, no suit for recovery of money, or for enforcement of any security against the industrial company, or any guarantee in respect of any loan or advance granted to the industrial company shall lie, or be proceeded with further without the consent of BIFR. In other words, a suit for recovery and/or for the stated kind of reliefs cannot lie or be proceeded with further without the leave of BIFR. Again, the intention is to protect the properties/assets of the sick industrial company, which is the subject-matter of the scheme.

80. It is difficult to state with precision the principle that would uniformly apply to all the proceedings/suits falling under Section 22(1) of SICA 1985. Firstly, it will depend upon the facts and circumstances of a given case, it must satisfy the ingredients of Section 22(1) and fall under any of the various classes of proceedings stated thereunder. Secondly, these proceedings should have the impact of interfering with the formulation, consideration, finalisation or implementation of the scheme.” (Emphasis supplied) Civil Appeal Nos. 5366-5367 of 2024 Page 49 of 91

83. While the decisions in each of the aforesaid cases should be seen in the context of the specific factual situation therein, there is a common thread that binds them all together. All of the aforesaid decisions proceed on the footing that any proceeding which can possibly interfere with the formulation, consideration, finalisation or implementation of a rehabilitation scheme as envisaged under Chapter III of the Act , has to be suspended under Section 22(1) of the 1985 Act.

84. It is the above purpose which the scheme of Section 22(1) seeks to achieve by suspending the proceedings of the nature either mentioned specifically in the provision, or the proceedings of a like nature. Although this Court has interpreted the provision liberally by widening the ambit of its protective umbrella, yet it has also been mindful to extend such protection only to such cases where the refusal to allow such extension would result in miscarriage of the very purpose of the Act, which is the expeditious revival of sick companies.

85. The ameliorative object of the 1985 Act, as envisaged by the legislature, is sought to be achieved, inter alia, by the smooth formulation and implementation of a rehabilitation scheme. Thus, if any impediment exists to Civil Appeal Nos. 5366-5367 of 2024 Page 50 of 91 the successful execution of the scheme, such an impediment is curtailed at the outset by the embargo provided under Section 22(1) of the 1985 Act.

86. It can be said without a cavil of doubt that the proceedings in the nature of execution or distress by way of appointment of receiver or attachment of immovable property, bank accounts, etc. would affect the assets of a sick company and may inevitably come in the way of the preparation or execution of the rehabilitation scheme. However, to hold that the protective shield of Section 22(1) of the 1985 Act would apply even to those proceedings which do not have any impact on the prospects of successful formulation and implementation of the scheme, and the possibility of revival of the sick company, would run contrary to the object of the Act, which was never to confer absolute immunity or impunity on the sick company.

87. Thus, as explained in paragraph 67 of this judgment, a perusal of the plain text of Section 22(1) of the 1985 Act brings out only two conditions for the suspension of legal proceedings to operate. However, various decisions of this Court, by necessary implication, have read into the said provision a third condition which too has to be fulfilled before a sick company can seek protection of the said provision. This third condition is that for a legal proceeding to be suspended under Section 22(1) of the 1985 Act, it should be Civil Appeal Nos. 5366-5367 of 2024 Page 51 of 91 shown to be interfering with the formulation, consideration, finalisation or implementation of a rehabilitation scheme.

88. A Single Judge of the Delhi High Court has explained very succinctly these conditions in Goyal MG Gases Pvt. Ltd. v. SBQ Steels Ltd. reported in 2016 SCC OnLine Del 5100 thus:

and no principle of universal application can be laid down in all such matters.

27. The use of the expressions “Firstly” and “Secondly”, in para 80 of Raheja Universal Ltd. (supra) would make it clear that both the conditions given in the judgment have to be satisfied cumulatively. Even if the suit/proceeding is of the category contemplated in Section 22(1) , that by itself will not attract the bar contained in the said provision, unless it additionally has the impact of “interfering with the formulation, consideration, finalisation or implementation of the scheme.” (Emphasis supplied)

89. A Division Bench of the Delhi High Court in Saketh India (supra) considered the scope of Section 22(1) of the 1985 Act in the context of the object sought Civil Appeal Nos. 5366-5367 of 2024 Page 52 of 91 to be achieved by it and held that the term ‘suit for recovery’ as it appears in the said provision must be construed ejusdem generis, meaning thereby that only such a suit for recovery which is in the nature of execution or any other coercive enforcement will be suspended by the effect of the provision. The relevant parts of the said decision are extracted hereinbelow:

We see the conduct of the Appellant as nothing more than an abuse of SICA.

7. The Apex Court has in Deputy Commercial Tax Officer v. Corromandal Pharmaceuticals , (1997) 10 SCC 649 enunciated the law in the context of SICA to be that a cessation of legal proceedings would be justified only if the dues in respect of which adjudication is ongoing is also included in or within the contemplation of the Scheme presented to BIFR. Their Lordships had analysed and distinguished its previous decisions in Gram Panchayat v. Shree Vallabh Glass Works Limited , (1990) 2 SCC 440 as well as Maharashtra Tubes Ltd. v. State of Industrial and Investment Corporation of Maharashtra Ltd. , (1993) 2 SCC 144 on the reasoning that in those cases the liability of the sick Civil Appeal Nos. 5366-5367 of 2024 Page 54 of 91 company had arisen for the first time after the sanction of the Scheme by BIFR….

8. In Sirmor Sudburg Auto Ltd. v. Kuldip Singh Lamba , [1998] 91 Comp. Cas. 727, R.C. Lahoti, J., as the Learned Single Judge of this Court then was, opined that to be entitled to a stay of legal proceedings under Section 22 of the Act, a mere pendency of the enquiry would not suffice; the claimed dues must be reckoned or included in the sanctioned scheme. A suit for eviction against a sick industrial company is not liable to be stayed under Section 22(1) of the SICA. This decision has been followed by the Division Bench of the Calcutta High Court in Taulis Pharma Ltd. v. Bengal Immunity Ltd. , [2002] 108 Comp. Cas. 237. Similar views have also been expressed in Vibgyar Ink Chem (Pvt.) Ltd. v. Safe Pack Polymers Ltd. , [1998] 93 Com. Cas. 407, which likewise is a decision of the Division Bench of the Andhra Pradesh High Court which enunciates that “an independent transaction de hors the scheme obviously cannot thus be covered within the ambit of Section 22 of the 1985 Act”.

9. Justice Lahoti's view has also been followed by a Single Bench of the Calcutta High Court in Fort William Industries Limited v. Usha Bentron Limited , [2002] 108 Comp. Cas. 176. His Lordship, Dr. Mukundakam Sharma, J. has, in the Cement Corporation of India v. Manohar Basin , 82 (1999) DLT 343 :

92. The decision in LML Ltd. (supra), on the contrary, fortifies the interpretation of Section 22(1) as was done in Sunil Mittal (supra) and Saketh India (supra). The relevant paragraph of the decision in LML Ltd. (supra) is extracted hereinbelow:

93. In M/s Haryana Steel & Alloys Ltd. v. M/s Transport Corporation of India reported in (2012) SCC OnLine Del 2140 it was held that the mere contention Civil Appeal Nos. 5366-5367 of 2024 Page 57 of 91 of the sick company unsubstantiated by any material indicating that the amount forming subject-matter of the recovery suit is covered under the scheme, would not be sufficient to bring the company under the protective ambit of Section 22(1) of the Act. The relevant paragraphs of the said decision are extracted thus:

94. In Kusum Products Ltd. v. Hitkari Industries Ltd. reported in 2014 SCC OnLine Del 4926, a learned Single Judge of the Delhi High Court, relying upon the decision in Raheja Universal (supra) held that a suit for recovery of money simpliciter will not be liable to be suspended under Section 22(1) of the 1985 Act. It was observed thus:

Accordingly, in the subject suit, there is no threat to the liquidation of the assets of the sick company and therefore no prior permission is required under Section 22 of SICA.” (Emphasis supplied) Civil Appeal Nos. 5366-5367 of 2024 Page 59 of 91

95. In FMI Investment Pvt. Ltd. v. Montari Industries Ltd. and Another reported in (2012) SCC OnLine Del 5354, the High Court undertook a comprehensive analysis of the dictum as laid in Raheja Universal (supra) and Saketh India (supra) and held thus:

7. Learned counsel for the defendant no. 2 sought to place reliance on the following three judgments to argue that permission under Section 22 is a sine qua non.

( i) Managing Director, Bhoruka Textiles Ltd. v. Kashmiri Rice Industries (2009) 7 SCC 521;

( ii) Tata Davy Ltd. v. State of Orissa (1997) 6 SCC 669;

( iii) Dr. B.K. Modi v. Morgan Securities and Credits Pvt. Ltd. and Morgan Securities and Credits Pvt. Ltd. v. Dr. B.K. Modi MANU/DE/2779/2012

8. In my opinion, all the three judgments, which have been cited on behalf of defendant no. 2 have no application because the legal position is sufficiently elaborated by the Supreme Court in the judgment of Raheja Universal (supra).

9. None of the aforesaid judgments cited on behalf of defendant no. 2 deal with the issue of interpretation of Section 22 of SICA as has been done by the Division Bench of three Judges in the case of Raheja Universal (supra) and which holds that unless the suit Civil Appeal Nos. 5366-5367 of 2024 Page 60 of 91 proceedings are in the nature of ‘execution, distress or the like’, the suit can continue. The judgments relied upon by the defendant no. 2 are judgments which simply hold that once a company is a sick company, permission is required under Section 22 of the SICA, however, none of the judgments cited on behalf of the defendant no. 2 deal with the proposition as incorporated in the later judgment of the Division Bench of three Judges of the Supreme Court in the case of Raheja Universal (supra). Accordingly, it is held that the suit is maintainable.

10. In the present suit for recovery it cannot be said that the suit is of a nature which has impact of or threat to the properties of the defendant No. 1 sick company to affect the scheme of revival. The suit is a simple suit for recovery under Order 37 CPC not having proceedings, whether interim or final, of execution, distress or the like and hence the suit is not hit by Section 22 of SICA. So far as defendant No. 2/guarantor is concerned, the suit against him will not surely hit any assets of the sick company and hence is not barred under Section 22 of SICA.” (Emphasis supplied)

96. In one recent decision of the Delhi High Court in Chhattisgarh Distilleries Ltd. v. Percept Advertising Limited reported in 2023 SCC OnLine Del 6417, while considering the question on applicability of Section 22(1) of the 1985 Act, it was held thus:

97. From the aforesaid discussion, the position of law on the first issue before us appears to be that for the applicability of Section 22(1) of the 1985 Act, three aspects need to be considered – I. First, an inquiry under Section 16 of the 1985 Act must be pending; or any scheme referred to in Section 17 of the 1985 Act must be under preparation or consideration or a sanctioned scheme must be under implementation; or an appeal under Section 25 of the 1985 Act must be pending – in relation the company against whom the legal proceedings sought to be suspended have been initiated.

II. Secondly, the proceedings must be one from amongst the six types as described in paragraph 65 of this judgment, or of a similar nature, i.e. ejusdem generis to the said six types of proceedings. III. Thirdly, the proceedings must have the effect of threatening the assets of the sick company and interfering with the formulation, consideration, finalisation or implementation of the scheme.

Civil Appeal Nos. 5366-5367 of 2024 Page 62 of 91

98. Applying the aforesaid tests to the facts of the present case, we have already observed that requirement (i) is fulfilled. The proceeding in question being a suit for recovery of money, requirement (ii) is also satisfied. However, we are of the considered opinion that the third requirement is not fulfilled. We say so because the suit for recovery was not of a nature which could have proved to be a threat to the properties of the defendant sick company or would have adversely impacted the scheme of revival. The suit was a simple suit for recovery of money towards the dues arising under the alleged illegal deductions under the contract. This cannot be said to be a proceeding in the nature of execution, distress or the like and hence the suit was not hit by Section 22(1) of the 1985 Act.

99. By no stretch of imagination could it be said that the legislature intended to include even the proceedings for the adjudication of the liabilities not admitted by a sick company within the protective ambit of Section 22(1) of the 1985 Act. Such an adjudicatory process only determines the liability of the defendant towards the plaintiff, and does not threaten the assets of the sick company or interfere with the formulation of the scheme unless execution proceedings are initiated pursuant to the completion of such adjudicatory process. In the case of Jay Engineering (supra), it was rightly observed by this Court in the context of arbitration proceedings under the 1993 Act for the adjudication of claims, that while the execution of an award would definitely Civil Appeal Nos. 5366-5367 of 2024 Page 63 of 91 be suspended under Section 22(1) of the 1985 Act, the adjudicatory process for arriving at such an award cannot be said to be suspended by the said provision. This position also seems to be justified in light of the fact that the proceedings before the BIFR under the 1985 Act were generally long-drawn and time consuming and it would subserve the interest of justice if a party was prevented even from proving the debt/liability of the sick company for the entirety of that lengthy period.

100. We may also look at Section 22(1) of the 1985 Act by applying the mischief rule of interpretation. G.P. Singh in his authoritative commentary on the interpretation of statutes describes the mischief rule of construction as follows:

101. Applying the aforesaid rule to Section 22(1) of the Act, we find that there was a vacuum in the legal framework to deal with sick industrial companies and provide ameliorative steps for their revival. The 1985 Act was thus enacted to fill in this vacuum. The mischief which was sought to be dealt with by the enactment of Section 22 was any such legal proceeding which could impact the assets of the sick company and in-turn negatively impact the Civil Appeal Nos. 5366-5367 of 2024 Page 64 of 91 formulation and implementation of the rehabilitative scheme. This provision was inserted to provide a remedy by ensuring that the multiple recourses available under the law for recovery of debts, etc. were suspended for the period during which the sick company was under the ameliorative shelter of the BIFR. Finally, it can be said that the reason for the remedy was to shield the formulation and implementation of the revival scheme from any impediments thereby maximising the chances of revival of sick company, which was the ultimate object sought to be achieved by the Act.

102. The original defendants have placed strong reliance on 3 decisions of this Court in Jay Engineering (supra), Bhoruka Textiles (supra) and Tata Motors (supra) respectively. We have discussed in the foregoing parts of this judgment as to how this Court in Jay Engineering (supra) expressly observed that it was not the adjudicatory process, but the execution of an award which would be restricted by Section 22(1) of the 1985 Act. This judgment, thus, only furthers the line of reasoning we have adopted to negate the contention of the original defendants on the applicability of Section 22(1) of the 1985 Act.

103. The decision in Bhoruka Textiles (supra) dealt with the specific facts in that case and should be read alongwith the decision in Raheja Universal (supra) wherein the scope of Section 22(1) of the 1985 Act was considered in Civil Appeal Nos. 5366-5367 of 2024 Page 65 of 91 detail by a three-Judge bench. We would also like to observe that the reliance placed by this Court in Bhoruka Textiles (supra) on the decision in Tata Motors (supra) seems to be misplaced. The relevant paragraph of Bhoruka Textiles (supra) is reproduced hereinbelow:

Pharmaceutical Products of India Ltd. [(2008) 7 SCC 619] wherein it, in no uncertain terms, held that SICA is a special statute and, thus, overrides other Acts like the Companies Act, 1956 , stating: (SCC p. 635, paras 31-33) “31. SICA furthermore was enacted to secure the principles specified in Article 39 of the Constitution of India. It seeks to give effect to the larger public interest. It should be given primacy because of its higher public purpose. Section 26 of SICA bars the jurisdiction of the civil courts.

32. What scheme should be prepared by the operating agency for revival and rehabilitation of the sick industrial company is within the domain of BIFR. Section 26 not only covers orders passed under SICA but also any matter which BIFR is empowered to determine.

33. The jurisdiction of the civil court is, thus, barred in respect of any matter for which the Appellate Authority or the Board is empowered. The High Court may not be a civil court but its jurisdiction in a case of this nature is limited.”

12. If the civil court's jurisdiction was ousted in terms of the provisions of Section 22 of the Act, any judgment rendered by it would be coram non judice. It is a well-settled principle of law that a judgment and decree passed by a court or tribunal lacking Civil Appeal Nos. 5366-5367 of 2024 Page 66 of 91 inherent jurisdiction would be a nullity. In Kiran Singh v. Chaman Paswan [AIR 1954 SC 340] this Court held: (AIR p. 342, para 6) “6. … It is a fundamental principle well established that a decree passed by a court without jurisdiction is a nullity, and that its invalidity could be set up whenever and wherever it is sought to be enforced or relied upon, even at the stage of execution and even in collateral proceedings. A defect of jurisdiction, whether it is pecuniary or territorial, or whether it is in respect of the subject-matter of the action, strikes at the very authority of the court to pass any decree, and such a defect cannot be cured even by consent of parties.” (See also Chief Engineer, Hydel Project v. Ravinder Nath [(2008) 2 SCC 350 : (2008) 1 SCC (L&S) 940] , SCC p. 361, para 26.)”

104. A perusal of the above indicates that in Tata Motors (supra), it was Section 26 and not Section 22 of the 1985 Act which was under consideration. As opposed to Section 26 of the Act, which bars the jurisdiction of the civil courts in respect of those matters for which the BIFR or the AAIFR are empowered, Section 22 only places a temporary embargo on the initiation or continuation of legal proceedings in respect of certain matters mentioned therein. Further, unlike Section 22 , where the said suspension can be revoked by seeking express permission of the BIFR or the AAIFR, no such permission can be sought under Section 26 of the 1985 Act. Again, in any view of the matter, the adjudication and determination of a contested liability under a contract is undoubtedly the domain of the civil court or an arbitral tribunal and not that of the BIFR or the AAIFR.

Civil Appeal Nos. 5366-5367 of 2024 Page 67 of 91 v. ISSUE NO. 2: Whether the High Court was correct in granting 24% Compound Interest on the Principal Decretal Amount in favour of the original Plaintiff?

105. The High Court in its impugned judgment considered, as a separate issue, whether the original plaintiff was entitled to claim 24% compound interest from the original defendants on the delayed payments.

a. Concept of Interest

106. When interest is awarded by the Court, our normal feeling is that it is so awarded by way of penalty or punishment. But interest in all cases is not granted by way of penalty or punishment. In this regard, reference may be made to the decision of this Court in the case of Alok Shanker Pandey v. Union of India , reported in 2007 AIR (SC) 1198, wherein the concept of grant of interest has been explained in the following manner:

107. The above-noted decision of this Court makes it clear that interest on the delayed payment of the claim amount accrues due to the continuing wrong Civil Appeal Nos. 5366-5367 of 2024 Page 68 of 91 committed by the wilful withholding of the payment towards the claim, resulting in a continuous injury until such payment is made, or in other words, until the claim is realised.

108. The High Court relied upon the provisions of the 1993 Act to hold that as per Sections 4 and 5 respectively of the said legislation, the original plaintiff, which was a small-scale industrial undertaking, was entitled to claim compound interest @ 24% per annum from the original defendants. As a result, the High Court set aside the decree of the trial court which granted 12% simple interest in favour the original plaintiff.

109. The original defendants are aggrieved by the awarding of 24% interest in favour of the original plaintiff, which they contend has resulted in the principal decretal amount getting inflated exorbitantly. The original plaintiff, on the other hand, has argued that the impugned judgment of the High Court insofar as it deals with the issue of interest cannot be said to suffer from any infirmity and was arrived at after due consideration of relevant material viz. the Handbook of Statistics of Indian Economy published by the Reserve Bank of India, etc. and after hearing the parties at length.

110. The original plaintiff has further submitted that the High Court considered the floor rate charged by the SBI for the financial year 1993-1994, which was Civil Appeal Nos. 5366-5367 of 2024 Page 69 of 91 19%, as observed under the Table 74 on Structure of Interest Rates in the Handbook of Statistics of Indian Economy published by the Reserve Bank of India.

111. We shall briefly consider the object and scope of the 1993 Act for a better understanding of the issue before us. The Interest on Delayed Payments to Small Scale and Ancillary Industrial Undertakings Ordinance, 1992 was promulgated by the President of India on 23.09.1992. To replace this ordinance, the 1993 Act was enacted on 02.04.1993 and came into force with retrospective effect from 23.09.1992. Subsequently, the 1993 Act was repealed by the Micro Small and Medium Enterprises Development Act, 2006 (“ MSMED Act, 2006 ”). The statement of objects and reasons to the 1993 Act reads as under:

112. It is evident from the aforesaid statement of objects and reasons that the legislature desired to bring about a legislation which would ensure prompt payment of money to small scale units, as the absence of working capital may have severe impacts on the functioning of small scale and ancillary industries. The 1993 Act envisaged that there should be minimal delay in payments to small scale units. Section 2 of the 1993 Act provides for the certain important definitions which are reproduced hereinbelow:

113. Section 3 of the 1993 Act provides for the liability of the buyer to make payment to the small-scale industries whereas Section 4 and 5 respectively of the said Act pertain to the date from which and the rate at which interest is payable. Section 5 of the 1993 Act also stipulates that the buyer shall be liable to pay compound interest. Sections 3 , 4 and 5 respectively of the 1993 Act, as existing at the time when the dispute between the parties arose, are reproduced thus: -

Explanation: For the purposes of this section, "floor rate for comparable lending" means the highest of the minimum lending rates charged by scheduled banks (not being co-operative banks) on credit limits in accordance with the directions given or issued to banking companies generally by the Reserve Bank of India under the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 (10 of 1949).

5. Liability of buyer to pay compound interest - Notwithstanding anything contained in any agreement between a supplier and a buyer or in any law for the time being in force, the buyer shall be liable to pay compound interest (with monthly interest) at the rate mentioned in section 4 on the amount due to the supplier.”

114. On a perusal of Section 3 of the 1993 Act, we find that where any supplier supplies any goods, the buyer shall make payment on or before the date agreed upon between him and the supplier in writing or, where there is no agreement in this behalf, before the appointed day. In the instant case, as per the terms of the NIT, payment was to be made within 20 days from the receipt of the goods.

115. As discussed in the preceding paragraphs of this judgment, the High Court has awarded 24% compound interest on the amounts due to the original plaintiff from the date the amounts were determined to have become due till the date of their realisation by the original plaintiff. While there is no doubt Civil Appeal Nos. 5366-5367 of 2024 Page 73 of 91 that the rate of interest applicable to the dues of the original plaintiff as determined by the High Court is correct, we think it is necessary to examine if the compound interest can be said to have continued to accrue even when FCIL was declared a sick company and was awaiting its revival before the BIFR. In other words, it is not the rate of interest but the period for which it is applicable, is the question that is to be determined.

116. We have discussed at length in the foregoing paragraphs of the judgment the object behind the enactment of the 1985 Act. Sickness of industrial companies was considered to be a problem that affected the country at large, and thus the 1985 Act was enacted as per the policy directions contained in Article 39 of the Constitution to provide, inter alia, ameliorative steps for the revival of sick companies, and for the expeditious detection of potentially sick companies. In particular, we would like to mention that Section 19 of the 1985 Act provides that the scheme for rehabilitation of a sick company may provide for financial assistance to the sick company by way of loans, advances, reliefs or concessions or sacrifices from the Central Government, a State Government, a public financial institution etc.

117. In the present case, in pursuance of Section 19 of the Act, a number of decisions were taken by the CCEA on 09.05.2013 including the waiver of loans and interest thereon by the Central Government which ran into Civil Appeal Nos. 5366-5367 of 2024 Page 74 of 91 thousands of crores. As per the document F.No. 18055/13/2012-FCA-1 titled “Gist of the CCEA decisions dated 09th May, 2013” published by the Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, it appears that the dues of the major unsecured creditors were settled at 30% of their dues as on 31.03.2003. Further, the dues of some other parties were settled without any interest or penalty, as otherwise the entire process of revival might have gotten derailed.

118. We have also discussed how Section 22(1) of the 1985 Act suspends any legal proceedings of the nature specified therein if they can potentially interfere with the consideration, sanction or execution of the rehabilitation scheme. The intention behind the sanction and execution of a rehabilitation scheme, without a doubt, is to increase the chances of the revival of the sick company in public interest.

119. Thus, on one hand we have the beneficial provisions of the 1985 Act, enacted to maximise the chances of revival of sick industrial companies, while on the other, we have the 1993 Act, which was enacted with the intention to ensure that small-scale industries are paid their dues in time. This object of the 1993 Act was sought to be achieved by providing a high interest rate, with monthly compounding, so as to act as a deterrent for the buyers.

120. A preliminary contention was raised by the original defendants that the original plaintiff chose to institute a civil suit for recovery of money, rather Civil Appeal Nos. 5366-5367 of 2024 Page 75 of 91 than following the process prescribed under Section 6 of the 1993 Act, which provides for the referring of a dispute arising under the 1993 Act to arbitration before the Industry Facilitation Council, and thus for this reason, the suit for recovery, which is expressly suspended under Section 22(1) of the Act, should be held as not maintainable. It was also argued that even otherwise no interest should be granted on the amount claimed as due since the mechanism prescribed under Section 6(2) of the 1993 Act was not followed.

121. Section 6 of the 1993 Act reads as follows:

122. We do not find any force in this contention of the original defendants. Section 6 merely provides that for the purpose of recovery of the amounts due under the 1993 Act, a supplier may make a reference to the Industries Facilitation Council, which is established under Section 7A of the 1993 Act. Civil Appeal Nos. 5366-5367 of 2024 Page 76 of 91 First, at the time of the institution of the suit by the original plaintiff, the Industries Facilitation Councils didn’t exist as the provision for their establishment was only brought in vide an amendment in 1998. Secondly, even otherwise, Section 6(2) of the 1993 Act merely provides for an alternate avenue to the supplier in addition to a suit or any other legal proceedings as mentioned in Section 6(1) of the 1993 Act.

123. It is also pertinent to mention that in the absence of the express permission of the BIFR, Section 22(1) of the 1985 Act suspends any legal proceedings in the nature of execution during the pendency of the scheme before the BIFR, as execution would necessarily result in negatively impacting the assets of a sick company, thereby affecting the preparation, sanction or implementation of scheme and as a net effect, would bring down the chances of revival of the sick company.

124. In the present case, the suit was decreed in favour of the original plaintiff by the trial court vide its judgment dated 19.09.2001. However, while the adjudication of the suit of the original plaintiff could not have been said to be barred under Section 22(1) of the 1985 Act as it was for the mere determination of liability of the parties inter-se, the execution of decree obtained as a result thereof was expressly suspended during the period as Civil Appeal Nos. 5366-5367 of 2024 Page 77 of 91 mentioned in the said provision, unless the requisite permission from the BIFR or the AAIFR could be obtained.

125. Interest of justice requires that both the 1985 Act and the 1993 Act, which are in the nature of beneficial enactments, should be read harmoniously so as to impart a meaningful construction to the language of each of the enactments. It was held in Jay Engineering (supra) on the interplay between the two Acts as follows:

126. In our opinion, it would defy logic to hold that even for the period when the principal decretal amount awarded by the civil court under a decree could not have been realised in lieu of the suspension of execution proceedings, interest would continue to mount on the principal decretal amount. Thus, while there is a stay on proceedings in the nature of distress and execution, etc. against the properties of the sick company, to safeguard its assets, awarding interest for that very same period, though not expressly barred under any provision of the Act, could not have been the intention of the legislature. Civil Appeal Nos. 5366-5367 of 2024 Page 78 of 91

127. Any other interpretation would only lead to an absurd result that as soon as a sick company is revived after the steps taken by the BIFR, and concessions, financial support, etc. provided by the government, it would be prone to the liability of having to pay exorbitant interest that would have accrued on any decree which can be put to execution after the end of BIFR proceedings.

128. The net effect would be that a freshly revived sick company would potentially be saddled with huge amounts, as has happened in the present case because of the impugned judgment, and be at a risk of being rendered sick again, thus defeating the very purpose of the 1985 Act.

129. A two-judge bench of this Court, in a recent decision in Modi Rubber Ltd. v. Continental Carbon India Ltd. , reported in 2023 SCC OnLine SC 296 decided the issue as to whether it was open to an unsecured creditor to not accept the scaled down value of its dues, as computed in the rehabilitation scheme, and wait for the revival of the sick company to recover its debt with interest post the rehabilitation. This Court, after an exhaustive consideration of the object of the 1985 Act, answered the issue in the negative and held as follows:

Once the rehabilitation scheme/scheme under Section 18 prepared by the operating agency is sanctioned by the BIFR, which may include the scaling down the value of dues of the unsecured creditors, the same shall bind all, otherwise the rehabilitation scheme shall not be workable at all and the object and purpose of enactment of the SICA, 1985 will be frustrated. If some persons/unsecured creditors and/or even the labourers are permitted to get out of the purview of the scheme and thereafter permitting such or some of the unsecured creditors to wait till the scheme for rehabilitation of the sick company has worked itself out , in that case , the scheme shall not be workable at all. To make the company viable, the concerned persons including the unsecured creditors have to sacrifice to some extent otherwise the revival efforts shall fail.

xxx xxx xxx

59. If the submission on behalf of the unsecured creditors, which has been accepted by the High Court in the case of Continental Carbon India Ltd. (supra) that an unsecured creditor can opt out of the scheme sanctioned by the BIFR under the SICA, 1985 and is allowed not to accept the scaled down value of its dues and may wait till the scheme for rehabilitation of the sick company has worked itself out, with an option to recover the debt post such rehabilitation is accepted/allowed , in that case , the minority creditors may frustrate the rehabilitation scheme, which may frustrate the object and purpose of enactment of SICA, 1985.

xxx xxx xxx

61. Thus, minority creditors and that too some unsecured creditors cannot be permitted to stall the rehabilitation of the sick company by not accepting the scaled down value of its dues. Unless and until there is a sacrifice by all concerned, including the creditors, financial institutions, unsecured creditors, labourers, there shall not be any revival of the sick industrial company/company.

62. Now, so far as the submission on behalf of the unsecured creditors that the unsecured creditors should have an option not to accept the scaled down value of its dues and to wait till the scheme for rehabilitation of the sick company has worked itself out, with an option to recover the debt post such rehabilitation is concerned, the same has no substance and cannot be accepted. It is required Civil Appeal Nos. 5366-5367 of 2024 Page 81 of 91 to be noted that in a given case, because of the scaling down of the value of the dues of the creditors, the company survives. The company has survived in view of the rehabilitation scheme because of the sacrifice/scaling down the value of the dues of the creditors including the financial institutions. How such a benefit can be permitted to be given to the unsecured creditors, who does not accept the scaled down value of its dues. Such an unsecured creditor cannot be permitted to take the benefit of the revival scheme, which is at the cost of other creditors including the financial institutions and even the labourers.

63. Now, so far as the view taken by the High Court that the unsecured creditor had an option not to accept the scaled down value of its dues and can wait till the scheme for rehabilitation of the company has worked itself out with an option to recover the debt with interest post such rehabilitation is accepted, in a given case, the sick company, which has been able to revive because of the scaling down the value of the dues, may again become sick, if the entire dues of the unsecured creditors are to be paid thereafter. It may again lead to becoming such a revived company again as a sick company. If such a thing is permitted , in that case , it will again frustrate the object and purpose of enactment of the SICA, 1985.

64. Now, so far as the submission on behalf of the unsecured creditors that to compel the unsecured creditors to accept the scaled down value of its dues would tantamount to and would be violative of Article 300A of the Constitution of India is concerned, the same has also no substance. Scaling down the value of the dues is under the rehabilitation scheme prepared under Section 18 of the SICA, which has a binding effect on all the creditors. Therefore, the same cannot be said to be violative of Article 300A of the Constitution of India. The law permits framing of the scheme taking into consideration and to provide the measures contemplated under Section 18 , therefore, the rehabilitation scheme which provides for scaling down the value of dues of the creditors/unsecured creditors and even that of the labourers cannot be said to be violative of Article 300A of the Constitution of India as submitted on behalf of the unsecured creditors.

65. In view of the above and for the reasons stated above, the view taken by the High Court of Delhi in Continental Carbon India Ltd. (supra) that on approval of a scheme by the BIFR under Civil Appeal Nos. 5366-5367 of 2024 Page 82 of 91 the Sick Industrial Companies (Special Provisions) Act, 1985 , the unsecured creditors has an option not to accept the scaling down value of its dues and to wait till the rehabilitation scheme of the sick company has worked itself out with an option to recover the debt with interest post such rehabilitation is erroneous and contrary to the scheme of SICA, 1985 and the same deserves to be quashed and set aside and is accordingly quashed and set aside.” (Emphasis supplied)

130. It is clear from the aforesaid observations of this Court that the revival of a sick industry should be given utmost priority and any interpretation which may result in a newly revived company becoming sick again should be avoided at all costs. In the case on hand, the decree in favour of the original plaintiff was not a part of the scheme of rehabilitation approved by the BIFR. Had it been so, it is nothing but obvious that the scheme would have proposed to settle the dues of the original plaintiff at a scaled down value, since a similar approach was adopted in the scheme to settle the dues of all the other creditors. In that scenario, the original plaintiff would not have had any other option but to accept the scaled down value and settle its dues as per the dictum in Modi Rubber (supra).

131. The decree awarded by the trial court was contested by both the parties before the High Court. No material was placed before us to show whether any steps were taken by the original plaintiff to obtain the permission of the BIFR for the execution of the decree of the trial court, or for the inclusion of the said Civil Appeal Nos. 5366-5367 of 2024 Page 83 of 91 decree in the rehabilitation scheme. At the same time, the original defendants too failed to bring anything on record to show if any steps were taken by them for the inclusion of the dues of the original plaintiff in the rehabilitation scheme.

132. Although the facts of the case on hand are different from the facts in Modi Rubber (supra), we are of the opinion that the general principles enunciated in that case are equally applicable in the present case. Thus, only for the reason that the dues of the original plaintiff were not a part of the scheme and thus could not be settled at a scaled-down value, it cannot be held that it will now be open for the original plaintiff to recover its dues along with compound interest for the entire period in a manner that will saddle the defendant company with enormous liability, thereby possibly rendering the entire process of its revival futile. This, in our view, could never have been the object of the 1985 Act and the provisions of the 1993 Act thus have to be harmonised so as to give effect to the true object of the 1985 Act.

133. We also had the occasion to look into the decision of a 2-Judge bench of this Court in LML Limited v. Union of India & Others reported in (2014) 13 SCC 375 wherein this Court was considering the purport of Section 19 of the Civil Appeal Nos. 5366-5367 of 2024 Page 84 of 91 MSMED Act, 2006 which is in pari-materia to the Section 7 of the 1993 Act. The provisions read as under:

MSMED Act, 2006 The 1993 Act “19. Application for setting aside decree, award or “7. Appeal – order.

No appeal against any decree, No application for setting aside any decree, award or award or other order shall be other order made either by the Council itself or by any entertained by any court or other institution or centre providing alternate dispute authority unless the appellant resolution services to which a reference is made by (not being a supplier) has the Council, shall be entertained by anyf court unless deposited with it seventy-five the appellant (not being a supplier) has deposited with per cent. of the amount in terms it seventy-five per cent. of the amount in terms of the of the decree, award or, as the decree, award or, as the case may be, the other order case may be, other order in the in the manner directed by such court: manner directed by such court or, as the case may be, such Provided that pending disposal of the application to authority.” set aside the decree, award or order, the court shall order that such percentage of the amount deposited shall be paid to the supplier, as it considers reasonable under the circumstances of the case, subject to such conditions as it deems necessary to impose.”

134. In the aforesaid case, the petitioner therein, having become a sick company, filed a reference to the BIFR under Section 15(1) of the 1985 Act. Around the same time, one of the respondents filed a claim petition before the Industries Facilitation Council under Section 6 of the 1993 Act. The 1993 Act was replaced by the MSMED Act, 2006 during the pendency of the proceedings. While the reference of the company remained pending before the BIFR, the Industries Facilitation Council passed an award in the favour of the said respondent, which the petitioner sought to appeal under the Section 34 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996. However, both the District Court and Civil Appeal Nos. 5366-5367 of 2024 Page 85 of 91 the High Court dismissed the challenge petition for not complying with the Section 19 of the MSMED Act, 2006, which mandates that 75% of the decretal/award amount has to be deposited by the appellant before the appeal can be entertained by the appellate court.

135. However, this Court set aside the dismissal orders and held as follows:

136. We would also like to advert to the principle of harmonious construction to understand the interplay between the 1985 Act and the 1993 Act. Simply put, the doctrine of harmonious construction is based on the principle that the legislature would not lightly take away from one hand what it had given with the other. Thus, this doctrine provides, that as far as possible, two seemingly Civil Appeal Nos. 5366-5367 of 2024 Page 86 of 91 conflicting provisions within a statute, or the seemingly conflicting provisions of one statute vis a vis another, should be construed in a manner so as to iron out any conflict.

137. Section 10 of the 1993 Act provides for an overriding effect to the provisions of the said Act to the extent of inconsistency with any other statute. Similarly, Section 32 of the 1985 Act provides overriding effect to the provisions of the said Act except for the enactments specified therein. Dealing with a case involving the apparent conflict between the two statutes containing overriding provisions, this Court in Sarwan Singh v. Shri Kasturi Lal reported in (1977) 1 SCC 750 held as follows:

138. Similarly, in Jay Engineering (supra), it was observed by this Court thus:

139. We would also like to refer to a recent decision of the Madras High Court in Metafilms India Ltd. v. Assistant Commissioner (CT) (Addl .), Civil Appeal Nos. 5366-5367 of 2024 Page 87 of 91 Amaindakarai Assessment Circle, Chennai and Others reported in (2022) 96 GSTR 272. Although the said decision was rendered in the peculiar facts of the case therein, yet the reasoning behind the same appears to have been similar to the one that we have employed. The relevant parts of the judgment are extracted hereinbelow:

(Emphasis supplied)

140. For the period during which the defendant company was sick and before the BIFR, it cannot be said that the withholding of the payment of the dues of the original plaintiff was wilful and intentional. We say so because first, the liability of the original defendants was disputed and was finally adjudicated only by way of the impugned judgment, much after the BIFR proceedings had come to an end; and secondly, even if the liability of the original defendants was not disputed, or was even acknowledged before the BIFR, recovery of the same could not have been done without the permission of the BIFR in view of the suspension of recovery proceedings by Section 22(1) of the 1985 Act.

141. Thus, in view of our aforesaid discussion, we deem it fit to exclude the period commencing from the date when FCIL was declared to be a sick company under the 1985 Act going up to the date when it was discharged by the BIFR and declared to be no longer a sick industrial company from the purview of the applicability of the interest provision under the 1993 Act. Thus, while the applicability of the 1993 Act to the dues of the original plaintiff is Civil Appeal Nos. 5366-5367 of 2024 Page 89 of 91 not disputed, such interest shall not be calculated for the period between 06.11.1992 and 27.06.2013.

E. CONCLUSION

142. The net effect of the aforesaid discussion and findings is as follows:

143. As a result, the impugned judgment and order of the High Court is upheld subject to the modification of the period for which interest may be granted as discussed aforesaid. To clarify, the interest will be calculated at 24% p.a. with monthly compounding.

144. The appeals are disposed of in the aforesaid terms. The final amount that may be determined in accordance with the final decree shall be paid to the Civil Appeal Nos. 5366-5367 of 2024 Page 90 of 91 original plaintiff within a period of 4 weeks from today, failing which interest at the rate of 36% p.a. with monthly compounding shall accrue.

145. Pending application(s), if any, shall stand disposed of.

146. Parties to bear their own costs.

............................................................. J.

(J.B. Pardiwala) ............................................................. J.

(Sandeep Mehta) New Delhi 26th April, 2024 Civil Appeal Nos. 5366-5367 of 2024 Page 91 of 91