SANJIV KHANNA, J.

Leave granted.

2. This common judgment decides the afore-stated appeals filed by Signature Not Verified Digitally signed by NIRMALA NEGI the employees of the Bhavnagar Municipal Corporation 1 who have Date: 2022.05.18 16:44:10 IST Reason: 1 Hereinafter the ‘respondent-Corporation’. Civil Appeal a/o. of SLP (C) No. 2946 of 2020 & Ors. Page 1 of 15 challenged the judgment dated 13 th June 2019 of the Division Bench of the High Court of Gujarat at Ahmedabad, whereby the appeal filed by the respondent-Corporation was partially allowed, in view of delay and laches on the part of the appellants in approaching the court, by restricting the grant of higher pay-scale of Rs.5,000-8,000/-2 with consequential benefits from the date of the judgment of the Single Judge on 31 st July 2018. Prayer of the appellants for recovery of arrears from 2010 was declined. The respondent-Corporation, it has been held, would not be required to refund any amount that they have recovered from the appellants pursuant to the order dated 28th October 2010.

3. The appellants, who were initially appointed to the post of ‘Junior Clerk’ on an ad hoc basis, were made permanent on the post of ‘Data Entry Operator’ in the Computer Department of the respondent-Corporation in the pay-scale of Rs.4,000-6,000/- on different dates.

4. On 19th February 2007, the respondent-Corporation, vide order no. Mahekam/1/223, adopted and implemented in a modified form the Scheme of the Government of Gujarat 3 to, inter alia, deal with the problem of ... ‘absence or restricted chances of promotion to 2 Revised to 9,300-34,800 in terms of the 6th Pay Commission 3 Scheme of Higher Grade Scale dated 16 th August 1994 (Government resolution No. PAY-1194/ (44)/M), hereinafter referred to as the ‘Scheme’ Civil Appeal a/o. of SLP (C) No. 2946 of 2020 & Ors. Page 2 of 15 the Government employees’. The Scheme, inter alia, envisaged grant of pay-scale of the next promotional post on completion of 9, 18 or 27 years of service. The Scheme had also stipulated that in case of ‘employees on posts having more than one promotional post in different scales of pay, their pay of Higher Grade Scale shall be considered the pay of the pay-scale of the lowest of the promotional posts’.

5. The appellants were granted the higher pay-scale of the next promotional post of Rs.5,000-8,000/- from different dates upon furnishing undertakings in favour of the respondent-Corporation. One of the clauses in the undertaking stipulated that the appellants shall give up the benefit made available under the Scheme in case of denial of regular promotion accessible to the employee. In such a scenario, the employee shall accept the original downgraded pay and salary in the original pay-scale. Further, the appellants had agreed that the arrears were payable to them only from 1st January 2006.

6. However, pursuant to the order dated 28 th October 2010, the benefit provided under the Scheme was revised by the respondent-Corporation observing that the appellants and others employees were erroneously granted benefit of the higher grade pay-scale of the next promotional post instead of the next stage in Civil Appeal a/o. of SLP (C) No. 2946 of 2020 & Ors. Page 3 of 15 the hierarchy of pay-scales, that is, the first higher pay-scale.

Consequently, the employees who were in the pay-scale of Rs.4,000-6,000/- had been wrongly granted the higher pay-scale of Rs.5,000-9,000/-, in accordance with the pay-scale of the next promotional post, instead of the pay-scale of Rs.4,500-7,000/- , the next stage in the hierarchy of pay-scales. The order dated 28 th October 2010 states that the anomaly had arisen as the respondent-Corporation had not appropriately fixed the pay-scales and thereby, excessive and unintended benefits had been given to the employees. As a result, the respondent-Corporation had to bear improper and excessive financial burden of the higher pay- scales. Pursuant to the order, the pay-scales of the appellants were appropriately revised to the first higher pay scale and the excess payments made were recovered from the appellants.

7. After nearly seven years, in September 2017, the appellants filed Writ Petitions before the High Court of Gujarat at Ahmedabad challenging the order dated 28 th October 2010 whereby the higher pay-scales of the promotional post granted to them were withdrawn and a direction was sought against the respondent- Corporation to avail the pay-scale of the next higher promotional post and to pay the arrears. In support of their contention, the appellants had relied upon the interpretation of the Scheme Civil Appeal a/o. of SLP (C) No. 2946 of 2020 & Ors. Page 4 of 15 rendered in the judgment dated 16 th August 2016 passed in a Writ Petition, SCA No. 14370 of 2011, that was preferred by one Mukeshbhai Jaswantrai Joshi, an employee of the respondent- Corporation. In this case, on interpretation of the relevant clauses of the scheme, it has been held that on financial upgradation, Mukeshbhai Jaswantrai Joshi would be entitled to the pay-scale applicable to the next promotional post of Rs.8,000-13,500/-, notwithstanding the fact that it was not the next higher pay-scale in the hierarchy of pay-scales. The respondent-Corporation was further directed to recompense the difference of arrears of pay with interest at the rate of 9% per annum from the date on which the benefit was withdrawn until the date of payment. This interpretation of the Scheme has been accepted and not challenged by the respondent-Corporation.

8. By way of background, it is noted that Mukeshbhai Jaswantrai Joshi had challenged the impugned order dated 28 th October 2010 in a Writ Petition, SCA No. 14857 of 2010, which was filed in the year 2010. He had partly succeeded as the respondent- Corporation was directed to pass a fresh reasoned order in accordance with law after affording an opportunity of personal hearing to Mukeshbhai Jaswantrai Joshi. However, on 12 th September 2011, the respondent-Corporation issued a second Civil Appeal a/o. of SLP (C) No. 2946 of 2020 & Ors. Page 5 of 15 order reiterating their earlier decision that Mukeshbhai Jaswantrai Joshi was entitled to the higher pay-scale of Rs.6,500-10,500/- only, and not the pay-scale of the next promotional post of Rs.8,000-13,500/-. It can be seen that Mukeshbhai Jaswantrai Joshi, unlike the appellants before us, approached the court with diligence and without any delay.

9. The doctrine of delay and laches, or for that matter statutes of limitation, are considered to be statutes of repose and statutes of peace, though some contrary opinions have been expressed. 4 The courts have expressed the view that the law of limitation rests on the foundations of greater public interest for three reasons, namely, (a) that long dormant claims have more of cruelty than justice in them; (b) that a defendant might have lost the evidence to disapprove a stale claim; and (iii) that persons with good causes of action (who are able to enforce them) should pursue them with reasonable diligence. 5 Equally, change in de facto position or character, creation of third party rights over a period of time, waiver, acquiesce, and need to ensure certitude in dealings, are equitable public policy considerations why period of limitation is prescribed by law. Law of limitation does not apply to writ 4 See Nav Rattanmal and Others v. State of Rajasthan , AIR 1961 SC 1704 5 State of Kerala and Others v. V. R. Kalliyanikutty and Another , (1999) 3 SCC 657 relying on Halsbury’s Laws of England, 4th Edn., Vol. 28, para 605; Halsbury’s Laws of England, Vol. 68 (2021) para 1005 Civil Appeal a/o. of SLP (C) No. 2946 of 2020 & Ors. Page 6 of 15 petitions, albeit the discretion vested with a constitutional court is exercised with caution as delay and laches principle is applied with the aim to secure the quiet of the community, suppress fraud and perjury, quicken diligence, and prevent oppression. 6 Therefore, some decisions and judgments do not look upon pleas of delay and laches with favour, especially and rightly in cases where the persons suffer from adeptness, or incapacity to approach the courts for relief. However, other decisions, while accepting the rules of limitation as well as delay and laches, have observed that such rules are not meant to destroy the rights of the parties but serve a larger public interest and are founded on public policy. There must be a lifespan during which a person must approach the court for their remedy. Otherwise, there would be unending uncertainty as to the rights and obligations of the parties.7 Referring to the principle of delay and laches, this Court, way back in Moons Mills Ltd. v. M.R. Mehar, President, Industrial Court, Bombay and Others,8 had referred to the view expressed by Sir Barnes Peacock in The Lindsay Petroleum Company AND. Prosper Armstrong Hurd, Abram Farewell, and John Kemp,9 in the following words:

6 See Popat and Kotecha Property v. State Bank of India Staff Association , (2005) 7 SCC 510 7 See N. Balakrishnan v. M. Krishnamurthy , (1998) 7 SCC 123 8 AIR 1967 SC 1450 9 (1874) LR 5 PC 221 Civil Appeal a/o. of SLP (C) No. 2946 of 2020 & Ors. Page 7 of 15 “Now the doctrine of laches in Courts of Equity is not an arbitrary or a technical doctrine. Where it would be practically unjust to give a remedy, either because the party has, by his conduct, done that which might fairly be regarded as equivalent to a waiver of it, or where by his conduct and neglect he has, though perhaps not waiving that remedy, yet put the other party in a situation in which it would not be reasonable to place him if the remedy were afterwards to be asserted, in either of these cases, lapse of time and delay are most material. But in every case, if an argument against relief, which otherwise would be just, is founded upon mere delay, that delay of course not amounting to a bar by any statute of limitations, the validity of that defence must be tried upon principles substantially equitable. Two circumstances, always important in such cases, are, the length of the delay and the nature of the acts done during the interval, which might affect either party and cause a balance of justice or injustice in taking the one course or the other, so far as relates to the remedy.”

10. At the same time, the law recognises a ‘continuing’ cause of action which may give rise to a ‘recurring’ cause of action as in the case of salary or pension. This Court in M.R. Gupta v. Union of India and Others,10 has held that so long as the employee is in service, a fresh cause of action would arise every month when they are paid their salary on the basis of a wrong computation made contrary to the rules. If the employee’s claim is found to be correct on merits, they would be entitled to be paid according to the properly fixed pay-scale in future and the question of limitation would arise for recovery of the arrears for the past period. The 10 (1995) 5 SCC 628 Civil Appeal a/o. of SLP (C) No. 2946 of 2020 & Ors. Page 8 of 15 Court held that the arrears should be calculated and paid as long as they have not become time-barred. The entire claim for the past period should not be rejected.

11. Relying upon the aforesaid ratio, this Court in the case of Union of India and Others v. Tarsem Singh,11 while referring to the decision in Shiv Dass v. Union of India and Others,12 quoted the following passages from the latter decision:

Insofar as the consequential relief of recovery of arrears for a past period is concerned, the principles relating to recurring/successive wrongs will apply. As a consequence, the High Courts will restrict the consequential relief relating to arrears normally to a period of three years prior to the date of filing of the writ petition.”

12. In Tarsem Singh (supra), the delay of 16 years in approaching the courts affected the consequential claim for arrears and thus, this Court set aside the direction to pay arrears for 16 years with interest. The Court restricted “the relief relating to arrears to only three years before the date of writ petition, or from the date of demand to date of writ petition, whichever was lesser”. Further, the grant of interest on arrears was also denied. Civil Appeal a/o. of SLP (C) No. 2946 of 2020 & Ors. Page 11 of 15

13. The aforesaid ratio in Tarsem Singh (supra) has been followed by this Court in State of Madhya Pradesh and Others v. Yogendra Shrivastava14 and Asger Ibrahim Amin v. Life Insurance Corporation of India.15

14. In the facts of the present case, it is accepted that the respondent-

Corporation had accepted the interpretation rendered by the High Court of Gujarat to the Scheme whereby the appellants, on financial upgradation, would be entitled to the higher grade pay- scale of the next promotional post, which is Rs.5,000-8,000/- in the present case. As noted above, the impugned judgment of the Division Bench accepts the said position and grants the appellants the said pay-scale but restricts the benefit from the date of the judgment of the Single Judge in the Writ Petitions filed by the appellants, that is, with effect from 31 st July 2018. The Division Bench should not have taken the date of the decision/judgment of the Single Judge for grant of the said benefit in view of the decision and ratio in Tarsem Singh (supra) which has been followed in several other decisions. That apart, the date of the decision of the Single Judge is a fortuitous circumstance. Only the date of filing of the writ petition is relevant while examining the question of delay and laches or limitation. The appellants would, in 14 (2010) 12 SCC 538 15 (2016) 13 SCC 797 Civil Appeal a/o. of SLP (C) No. 2946 of 2020 & Ors. Page 12 of 15 consonance with the case law referred to above , be entitled to the arrears for three years before the date of filing of the Writ Petitions.

15. We are also inclined to grant interest to the appellants on the arrears at the rate of 7% per annum, which would be payable with effect from 1st September 2017. We have fixed the said date for grant of interest as the respondent-Corporation has accepted the interpretation of the Scheme rendered on 16 th August 2016 in the Writ Petition preferred by Mukeshbhai Jaswantrai Joshi. Normally, and as a model employer, on accepting the said decision , the respondent-Corporation should have uniformly applied and granted the benefit to all its similarly situated employees affected by the order dated 28th October 2010. This would have avoided unnecessary litigation before the courts, as was held in State of Uttar Pradesh and Others v. Arvind Kumar Srivastava and Others:16 “22.1. The normal rule is that when a particular set of employees is given relief by the court, all other identically situated persons need to be treated alike by extending that benefit. Not doing so would amount to discrimination and would be violative of Article 14 of the Constitution of India. This principle needs to be applied in service matters more emphatically as the service jurisprudence evolved by this Court from time to time postulates that all similarly situated persons should be treated similarly. Therefore, the normal rule 16 (2015) 1 SCC 347 Civil Appeal a/o. of SLP (C) No. 2946 of 2020 & Ors. Page 13 of 15 would be that merely because other similarly situated persons did not approach the Court earlier, they are not to be treated differently.

22.2. However, this principle is subject to well- recognised exceptions in the form of laches and delays as well as acquiescence. Those persons who did not challenge the wrongful action in their cases and acquiesced into the same and woke up after long delay only because of the reason that their counterparts who had approached the court earlier in time succeeded in their efforts, then such employees cannot claim that the benefit of the judgment rendered in the case of similarly situated persons be extended to them. They would be treated as fence-sitters and laches and delays, and/or the acquiescence, would be a valid ground to dismiss their claim.

22.3. However, this exception may not apply in those cases where the judgment pronounced by the court was judgment in rem with intention to give benefit to all similarly situated persons, whether they approached the court or not. With such a pronouncement the obligation is cast upon the authorities to itself extend the benefit thereof to all similarly situated persons. Such a situation can occur when the subject-matter of the decision touches upon the policy matters, like scheme of regularisation and the like (see K.C. Sharma v. Union of India ). On the other hand, if the judgment of the court was in personam holding that benefit of the said judgment shall accrue to the parties before the court and such an intention is stated expressly in the judgment or it can be impliedly found out from the tenor and language of the judgment, those who want to get the benefit of the said judgment extended to them shall have to satisfy that their petition does not suffer from either laches and delays or acquiescence.”

16. In view of the aforesaid discussion, the prayer of the appellants that they should be given arrears right from 2010 has to be rejected. We also reject the prayer of the appellants that they Civil Appeal a/o. of SLP (C) No. 2946 of 2020 & Ors. Page 14 of 15 should be refunded the entire amount which had been collected by the respondent-Corporation in terms of the order dated 28 th October 2010.

17. Recording the aforesaid, we partly allow the present appeals with a direction that the appellants would be entitled to arrears in the pre-revised pay-scale of Rs.5,000-8,000/- for three years prior to the date of filing of the Writ Petitions along with interest at the rate of 7% per annum with effect from 1 st September 2017. The arrears, with interest, would be paid within a period of four months from the date of pronouncement of this judgment. A computation sheet/statement of accounts on the basis of which payment is made by the respondent-Corporation shall be furnished to the appellants. The impugned judgment is, accordingly, partly set aside and the Writ Petitions filed by the appellants would be treated as allowed in the aforesaid terms. There would be no order as to costs.

......................................J. (AJAY RASTOGI) ......................................J. (SANJIV KHANNA) NEW DELHI;

MAY 18, 2022.

Civil Appeal a/o. of SLP (C) No. 2946 of 2020 & Ors. Page 15 of 15