Word: folkism Part of Speech: noun Etymology: From folk + -ism. 1. An ideology that emphasizes racial or ethnic identity, especially when combined with nationalism. Labels: uncountable Example: For example, I hear a "forward" reference to the quartets of Bartok and Shostakovitch (and perhaps more generally to a kind of imprecise "Central European nationalism/folkism”) in the bare and unharmonized motif in the viola and cello, imitated by the first and second violins, at bars 92–94 of the movement. Example: While Marilyn Booth notes how the Negm-Imam duo drew on 'popular oral performance and collective life', she adds that 'these songs, performed, countered the "naïve folkism” that Nasserist rhetoric – including publications for the populace in the form of poems, songs and studies of “folk life” – incorporated' (Booth 2009, 71). 2. An ideology that emphasizes racial or ethnic identity, especially when combined with nationalism. Labels: countable, uncountable Example: Folkism viewed itself as a present-oriented phenomenon called into existence not by individuals or ideals, but by the exigencies of daily life in the Diaspora. Example: Subsequently, this vision led him to an embrace of a populist folkism that attempted to forge a Jewish nationally autonomous space by creating an independent Jewish economics and politics. 3. An ideology that emphasizes racial or ethnic identity, especially when combined with nationalism. Labels: countable, uncountable Example: For folkism, human value and human rights were associated with cultural identity just as they are for contemporary postmodernism. Example: It was, in essence a romantic folkism synthesized with scientific evolutionism. It included the standard Darwinian ideas of struggle (Kampf) and competition as the foundation for natural law, and therefore social law, with a curious "religion" of nature which implied a small place for rationalism, the lack of free will, and happiness as submission to the eternal laws of nature. 4. An ideology that emphasizes racial or ethnic identity, especially when combined with nationalism. Labels: countable, uncountable Example: But folkism, he urged, should not be understood as imperial expansion but rather as the necessity of the group to transcend "certain limits." "The formation of Manchukuo," he wrote, "had nothing to do with capitalism but resulted from the [needs] of Japanese folkism." Example: Harootunian calls this "an ideological/cultural order calling for authenticity, folkism, and communitarism” in pointing out fascism's “ideological appeal to culture and community.” 5. An ideology that emphasizes racial or ethnic identity, especially when combined with nationalism. Labels: countable, uncountable Example: Further, the 'slope' from mild 'folkism' to more major nationalism, including the use of symbols associated with the far right and the appropriation and use of heathen or Asatru symbolism by such groups, is documented for the USA by Gardell (2003); we have commenced some discussion of such phenomena within the UK (e.g. Blain 2004) but wish to emphasise that the majority of heathens with whom we have been in contact see this as a major problem and seek to distance themselves from 'political' and 'racial' frameworks. Example: Notwithstanding, the idea of Folkism is largely rejected by more than a hundred kindreds, including the Raven Kindreds and those affiliated with the Ring of Troth, the Irminsul Ættir, or the American Vinland Association. 6. Synonym of populism. Labels: uncountable Example: These movements were intensely nationalist, highly moral and, although middle class, discovered folkism 'as a reaction against bourgeois society' (Joll, 1983: 154). Example: The communal body, wrapped with the social fabric of folkism, naturalized social relations, thus erasing any differences of class, gender, or region. 7. An artistic aesthetic that is based on traditional practices that are passed on from individual to individual, such as folk tales, folk music, common cultural practices, etc. Labels: uncountable Example: The emergence of folkism in Bangladeshi cinema had much to do with what in the romantic tradition is called escapism. Example: And so, in a sense, folklore was, in the rhetoric of the thirties, a makeshift, used more as an enabling language, a medium, than anything else. In the postwar forties, this veneer of folkism rubbed off as easily as, in the thirties, it had been laid on. 8. A movement within Nigerian theater started by Sam Ukala that focuses on folk tales as a reaction against colonialism. Labels: uncountable Example: Apart from the African folktale's capacity for clear communication and its popularity among the folk, there are other reasons why it should provide a matrix for folkism. Example: Folkism permits the audience to feel but sacrifices the luxury of sustained empathy, in contrast to epic drama, which exhorts the audience to reason (p. 286). 9. A folksy saying, expression, or practice. Labels: countable Example: Quaint folkisms, rejected by the folk, did exert some influence – a selective influence, surely – on upper-class and noble writers, such as the great poet Aleksandr Pushkin. Example: Step-parenting is proverbially the hardest of relatiohships to build successfully. For many o fhte millions who start over again with children in the equation, that folkism proves woefully true. 10. A philosophical stance that meaning is based on common usage by ordinary people rather than an abstract principle. Labels: uncountable Example: Once one accepts the concept of folkism in man's thought, this leads to a consideration of folkism in religion. Example: This compromises the note of purportedness in reference that it seems to me folkism means to sound. Either the intentionality of reference is accepted as a datum or it has to be explained. Folkism short-stops the question, both ways.