nandhakumarms/qualc-wiktionary-en huggingface dataset:
Word: craze Part of Speech: verb Etymology: From Middle English crasen (“to crush, break, break to pieces, shatter, craze”), from Old Norse *krasa (“to shatter”), ultimately imitative. Cognate with Scots krass (“to crush, squeeze, wrinkle”), Icelandic krasa (“to crackle”), Norwegian krasa (“to shatter, crush”), Swedish krasa (“to crack, crackle”), Danish krase (“to crack, crackle”), Faroese kras (“small pieces”). Pronunciation: /kɹeɪz/ 1. To weaken; to impair; to render decrepit. Labels: archaic Example: till length of years / And ſedentary numneſs craze my limbs 2. To derange the intellect of; to render insane. Example: any man […] that is crazed and out of his wits Example: Grief hath crazed my wits. 3. To be crazed, or to act or appear as one that is crazed; to rave; to become insane. Example: And if Robin should be cast / Sudden from his turfed grave, / And if Marian should have / Once again her forest days, / She would weep and he would craze: [...] 4. To break into pieces; to crush; to grind to powder. See crase. Labels: archaic, intransitive, transitive Example: God looking forth will trouble all his Hoſt / And craze thir Chariot wheels: 5. To crack, as the glazing of porcelain or pottery. Labels: intransitive, transitive
Word: craziness Part of Speech: noun Etymology: Etymology tree English crazy Proto-Germanic *-in- Proto-Indo-European *-h₂ Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂ Proto-Indo-European *-yéti Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti Proto-Indo-European *-h₂ti Proto-Germanic *-ōną Proto-Germanic *-inōną Proto-Indo-European *-dyé- Proto-Germanic *-atjaną Proto-Indo-European *-tus Proto-Germanic *-þuz Proto-Germanic *-assuz Proto-Germanic *-inassuz Proto-West Germanic *-nassī Old English -nes Middle English -nesse English -ness English craziness From crazy + -ness. 1. The state of being crazy; madness; derangement Labels: uncountable, usually 2. The state of being broken down or weakened Labels: archaic, uncountable, usually Example: the craziness of a ship, or of the limbs 3. The result or product of being crazy. Labels: countable, usually
Word: creak Part of Speech: noun Etymology: From Middle English creken, criken, metathesis of Old English cearcian (“to chatter, creak, crash, gnash”), from Proto-West Germanic *krakōn (“to crash, crack, creak”), from Proto-Indo-European *gerh₂- (“to make a sound, cry hoarsely”), ultimately of imitative origin. Compare also Old English crǣccettan, crācettan (“to croak”), Albanian grykë (“throat”). More at crack. Pronunciation: /kɹiːk/ 1. The sound produced by anything that creaks; a creaking. Example: I won't say that I didn't close my eyes for a minute through the whole night, but if I did sleep it was only as a watchdog sleeps. A whisper or a creak of a board would have found me alert.
Word: creak Part of Speech: verb Etymology: From Middle English creken, criken, metathesis of Old English cearcian (“to chatter, creak, crash, gnash”), from Proto-West Germanic *krakōn (“to crash, crack, creak”), from Proto-Indo-European *gerh₂- (“to make a sound, cry hoarsely”), ultimately of imitative origin. Compare also Old English crǣccettan, crācettan (“to croak”), Albanian grykë (“throat”). More at crack. Pronunciation: /kɹiːk/ 1. To make a prolonged sharp grating or squeaking sound, as by the friction of hard substances. Labels: intransitive Example: Then when the four ropes were arranged the coffin was placed upon them. He watched it descend; it seemed descending for ever. At last a thud was heard; the ropes creaked as they were drawn up. Example: He heard the creaking of the bolt as it came slowly back, and at the same moment he found the monkey's paw, and frantically breathed his third and last wish. 2. To produce a creaking sound with. Labels: transitive Example: Creaking my shoes on the plain masonry. Example: I miss the polished brass, the powerful black horses, The drivers creaking the seats of the baroque hearses, […] 3. To suffer from strain or old age. Labels: figuratively, intransitive Example: Fascinating though this high-minded re-reading was, certain crucial joints of the play creaked a good deal under the strain. Example: The whole basis of feudalism, especially in the more intensively farmed champion arable landscapes of the Midlands, was starting to creak.
Word: crease Part of Speech: noun Etymology: From earlier English creast, from Middle English crest (“ridge, crest”). More at crest. Pronunciation: /kɹiːs/ 1. A line or mark made by folding or doubling any pliable substance; hence, a similar mark, however produced. Example: His pants had a nice sharp crease. Example: His shirt was brand new with visible creases from its store fold. 2. One of the white lines drawn on the pitch to show different areas of play; especially the popping crease, but also the bowling crease and the return crease. Example: DRS showed he was out of the crease in a controversial run out review. 3. The circle around the goal, which no offensive players may enter during play, unless after scoring. 4. The area in front of each goal. 5. A crack. Labels: Jamaica, slang Example: (To Ali G): My skin is so dry. So for being a bad boy, I want you to rub oil into me, paying special attention to my breasts and my batty crease.
Word: crease Part of Speech: verb Etymology: From earlier English creast, from Middle English crest (“ridge, crest”). More at crest. Pronunciation: /kɹiːs/ 1. To make a crease in; to wrinkle. Labels: transitive 2. To undergo creasing; to form wrinkles. Labels: intransitive 3. To lightly bloody; to graze. Labels: transitive Example: The bullet just creased his shoulder. 4. To laugh. Labels: UK, colloquial, intransitive, reflexive Example: I can't breathe, I'm creasing so hard. Example: He creases at his own joke.
Word: crease Part of Speech: noun Pronunciation: /kɹiːs/ 1. Archaic form of kris. Labels: alt-of, archaic Example: the cursed Malayan crease, and battle-clubs / From the isles of palm Example: While the crew and some of the natives were taking in the pepper, Samuel Page Pierson noticed that some of the other Malays aboard ship were receiving their creases from the natives in the boat.
Word: crease Part of Speech: verb Pronunciation: /kɹiːs/ 1. Archaic form of kris. Labels: alt-of, archaic Example: Then a Malay creased Richard Hunt, who escaped for a moment up the ropes.
Word: creek Part of Speech: noun Etymology: From Middle English crike, probably from Old Norse kriki, from Proto-Germanic *krikjô, variant of krekô, from Proto-Indo-European *ger- (“to turn, to wind”); the modern form creek (already late Middle English creke) either reflects open-syllable lengthening of Middle English /i/ or reborrowing from Middle Dutch krēke., Compare typologically English bight, akin to bend, bow. See also Old Dutch creka, crika (“inlet, cove, creek”), Medieval Latin creca, crica, kríkr (“angle, corner, nook, bay”), Old Norse kraki (“pole with a hook, anchor”), and possibly Old Norse krókr (“hook, bend, bight”). Modern cognates include West Frisian kreek (“creek”), Dutch kreek (“creek, cove, inlet, bight”), and French crique (“cove”) (borrowed from Germanic). Early British colonists of Australia and the Americas used the term in the usual British way, to name inlets; as settlements followed the inlets upstream and inland, the names were retained and creek came to be used to refer to any small waterway. A similar semantic development occurred in Dutch and French, where the word originally meant "bay" but came to mean "stream" especially in the French and Dutch colonies (French Guiana, Dutch Guiana and Indonesia). Pronunciation: /ˈkɹiːk/, [kʰɹʷɪi̯k], /ˈkɹɪk/, [ˈkʰɹʷɪk] 1. A small inlet, often saltwater, leading to the sea or to the main channel of a river, especially a river estuary. Labels: UK Example: Seven miles to the north of Venice, the banks of sand, which near the city rise little above low-water mark, attain by degrees a higher level, and knit themselves at last into fields of salt morass, raised here and there into shapeless mounds, and intercepted by narrow creeks of sea. Example: There is a tide in the affairs of men, / Which, taken any way you please, is bad, / And strands them in forsaken guts and creeks / No decent soul would think of visiting. 2. The inner part of a port that is used as a dock for small boats. Labels: UK 3. A stream of water, typically a stream of freshwater smaller than a river; in Australia, also used of river-sized bodies of water. Labels: Australia, Canada, New-Zealand, US Example: We all feel it Looming, even when we're awake, out there ahead someplace, the way you come to feel a River or Creek ahead, before anything else,— sound, sky, vegetation,— may have announced it. 4. Any turn or winding.
Word: creel Part of Speech: noun Etymology: Inherited from Northern Middle English crele, possibly from an Old French root *creille, variant of greille (compare French grille), from Latin crāticula. Pronunciation: /kɹiːl/ 1. A woven basket, especially a wicker basket. Example: For this purpose they got an old creel to put him in and some straw to light under it. Seeing the serious turn matters were likely to take, he resolved not to await the trial, but flew up the smoke-hole, and when at the top he cried out that things would have gone very differently with them had it not been for the arrival of their guests. 2. A woven basket, especially a wicker basket. Example: Return with a creel of trout for supper. Example: Her great creel forehead-slung, she wanders nigh, Easing the heavy strap with gnarled, brown fingers 3. A woven basket, especially a wicker basket. Labels: historical 4. A woven basket, especially a wicker basket. Labels: historical 5. A bar or set of bars with skewers for holding paying-off bobbins, as in the roving machine, throstle, and mule.
Word: creel Part of Speech: verb Etymology: Inherited from Northern Middle English crele, possibly from an Old French root *creille, variant of greille (compare French grille), from Latin crāticula. Pronunciation: /kɹiːl/ 1. To place (fish) in a creel. Labels: transitive
Word: creel Part of Speech: verb Etymology: Unclear. The English Dialect Dictionary has cites of a British dialectal verb creel "crouch, bend the body" from 1897. Pronunciation: /kɹiːl/ 1. To wrench or sprain. Labels: Appalachia, Southern-US Example: For aught that appears in the record, plaintiff's fall was due entirely to the fact that his foot "creeled," and no one can say that his injuries were not due to the fall, but to the fact that he rolled down the embankment. […] he stepped around, and in doing so "creeled his foot in some way" and fell down the embankment, […] Example: […] a "creeled foot " strapped to relieve strained muscles, […]
Word: cremation Part of Speech: noun Etymology: Borrowed from Latin cremātiō, cremātiōnis; equivalent to cremate + -ion. Pronunciation: /kɹɪˈmeɪʃən/ 1. A burning; especially the act or practice of cremating the dead, burning a corpse. Labels: countable, uncountable Example: Cremation removes a significant amount of "closure" from the process of death.
Word: crepitation Part of Speech: noun 1. The act of crepitating or crackling. Labels: countable, uncountable Example: When she returned the room was silent again, save for the faint crepitation of his chair and the occasional clink of a bottle. Example: Silence again, save for the crepitation of the flames, the fall of an ember, the murmur of the current. 2. A grating or crackling sensation or sound, as that produced by rubbing two fragments of a broken bone together, or by pressing upon cellular tissue containing air. Labels: countable, uncountable 3. A crepitant rale. Labels: countable, uncountable
Word: crest Part of Speech: noun Etymology: From Middle English creste, from Old French creste (modern French crête) and perhaps continuing Old English cræsta (“crest, tuft, plume”); both ultimately from Vulgar Latin *cresta, from Latin crista. Doublet of crista. The informal meaning “design, logo” (noun sense 11) stems from a misinterpretation of the heraldic noun sense 4, which specifically refers to the object placed on top of the helm. Pronunciation: /kɹɛst/ 1. The summit of a hill or mountain ridge. 2. A tuft, or other natural ornament, growing on an animal's head, for example the comb of a cockerel, the swelling on the head of a snake, the lengthened feathers of the crown or nape of bird, etc. 3. The plume of feathers, or other decoration, worn on or displayed on a helmet; the distinctive ornament of a helmet. 4. A bearing worn, not upon the shield, but usually on a helmet above it, sometimes (as for clerics) separately above the shield or separately as a mark for plate, in letterheads, and the like. Example: I liked the man for his own sake, and even had he promised to turn out a celebrity it would have had no weight with me. I look upon notoriety with the same indifference as on the buttons on a man's shirt-front, or the crest on his note-paper. 5. The upper curve of a horse's neck. 6. The ridge or top of a wave. Example: Then, too, the same flutter is observed when it glides over the crest of a wave, but this probably only occurs when the wind lies in a certain direction from the axis of flight. 7. The helm or head, as typical of a high spirit; pride; courage. 8. The ornamental finishing which surmounts the ridge of a roof, canopy, etc. 9. The top line of a slope or embankment. 10. A ridge along the surface of a bone. 11. A design or logo, especially one of an institution, sports club, association or high-class family. Labels: informal Example: Hungry for fame and the approval of rare-animal collector Queen Victoria (Imelda Staunton), Darwin deceives the Captain and his crew into believing they can get enough booty to win the pirate competition by entering Polly in a science fair. So the pirates journey to London in cheerful, blinkered defiance of the Queen, a hotheaded schemer whose royal crest reads simply “I hate pirates.” 12. Any of several birds in the family Regulidae, including the goldcrests and firecrests.
Word: crest Part of Speech: verb Etymology: From Middle English creste, from Old French creste (modern French crête) and perhaps continuing Old English cræsta (“crest, tuft, plume”); both ultimately from Vulgar Latin *cresta, from Latin crista. Doublet of crista. The informal meaning “design, logo” (noun sense 11) stems from a misinterpretation of the heraldic noun sense 4, which specifically refers to the object placed on top of the helm. Pronunciation: /kɹɛst/ 1. Particularly with reference to waves, to reach a peak. Labels: intransitive 2. To reach the crest of (e.g. a hill or mountain). Labels: transitive Example: the land rolls gently, so that, upon cresting a low rise or passing a copse of wind turbines, you suddenly spot a lot full of lorries or a complex of gigantic sheds. 3. To furnish with, or surmount as, a crest; to serve as a crest for. Labels: transitive Example: His legs bestrid the ocean, his reared arm / Crested the world. Example: groves of clouds that crest the mountain's brow 4. To mark with lines or streaks like waving plumes. Labels: transitive Example: Like as the shining skie in summers night, / What time the dayes with scorching heat abound, / Is creasted all with lines of firie light
Word: crier Part of Speech: noun Etymology: From Middle English criour, cryour, crier, from Old French crieor (Modern French crieur), derived from the verb crier. By surface analysis, cry + -er. Pronunciation: /ˈkɹaɪɚ/, /ˈkraɪə/ 1. One who cries. Example: Once again she had been stricken, beaten down, so violated that to give utterance to her feelings might have outshrilled all the criers in hell. 2. An officer who proclaims the orders or directions of a court, or who gives public notice by loud proclamation, such as a town crier.
Word: crisp Part of Speech: noun Etymology: The adjective is derived partly from the following: * Etymology 1, adjective sense 1: Middle English crisp (“curly, wavy”), from Old English crisp (“curly”), from Latin crispus (“of hair: crimped, curly”), possibly ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kris-, from *(s)ker- (“to bend; to turn”). * Etymology 1, adjective sense 2: from the above, and probably also onomatopoeic, representing a crinkling or crunching sound. Doublet of crape and crepe. Adjective etymology 1, adjective sense 2.2.3 (“of air, weather, etc.: cool and dry”) is transferred from a description of frost or snow as “crisp”, that is, crunchy. The noun is derived partly from the following: * Middle English crisp (“light, crinkled fabric; kind of pastry; crinkliness or roughness of skin”), from crisp (adjective) (see above). * Modern English crisp (adjective) (“having a consistency which is hard yet brittle”). Pronunciation: /kɹɪsp/, /kɾɪsp/, /kɹəsp/ 1. Senses relating to something brittle. Labels: Ireland, UK, in-plural Example: Edward, give me another of those delicious olives. / What's that? Potato crisps? No, I can't endure them. Example: I was buying some crisps and pop when there was a noisy clatter on the bare floorboards and something hit my right heel. It was a white cue ball. 2. Senses relating to something brittle. Labels: Ireland, UK, broadly, in-plural Example: kale crisps prawn crisp Example: When she’s not writing, Katie spends her time with her husband and two kids, and their dogs: Wotsit, the King Charles spaniel, and Skips, the three-legged rescue dog. (And yes, they are both named after crisps!) 3. Senses relating to something brittle. Labels: Canada, US 4. Senses relating to something brittle. Labels: dated, slang 5. Senses relating to something brittle. Labels: also, figuratively Example: He bears my name—Glendinning. I will disown it; were it like this dress, I would tear my name off from me, and burn it till it shriveled to a crisp! Example: And, oh, to think she should meet such a death at last!—a sitting over the red-hot stove at three o'clock in the morning and went to sleep and fell on it and was actually roasted! Not just frizzled up a bit, but literally roasted to a crisp! 6. Senses relating to something brittle. Labels: dialectal Example: Alon[zo]. Anon they’l cut off ſlivers from us, as they did from the vvhole Ox, in St. James’s Fair. / Gonz[alo]. Oh, ’tis intollerable: methinks I hear a great ſhe Devil, call for [a] Groats vvorth of the Criſpe of my Countenance.—They are all for Griſtle. 7. Senses relating to something curled. Labels: obsolete Example: They are proud, and vveare their hayre pretty long, and about their criſpes vvreath a valuable Shaſh or Tulipant; […] 8. Senses relating to something curled. Labels: obsolete Example: Vpon her head a ſiluer criſp ſhe pind, / Looſe vvauing on her ſhoulders vvith the vvind. Example: [T]he nevv deuiſed names of Stuffes and Colours, Crispe, Tamet, Pluſh, Tabine, Caffa, […]
Word: crore Part of Speech: noun Etymology: Borrowed from Hindustani करोड़ / کروڑ (karoṛ). Pronunciation: /kɹoɹ/, /kɹɔː/, /kɹo(ː)ɹ/, /kɹoə/ 1. ten million (10⁷): 10,000,000, that is, with Indian digit grouping, 1,00,00,000. Labels: India, Pakistan Example: Meronym: lakh Example: The population of Gujarat is 3.39 crores.
Word: cross-examination Part of Speech: noun Etymology: From cross- + examination. 1. The interrogation or questioning of a witness by the party against whom they have been called and examined, in an attempt to prove or reveal something false or untold during direct examination. Labels: countable, uncountable Example: It is impossible to bring them here for cross-examination; one simply has to conduct one's defence and argue one's case against an invisible opponent, […] Example: When Horsley finished his testimony, Richardson began the cross-examination, which was to last for twenty-six hours over the course of an entire week. 2. Any intense period of questioning, especially if hostile. Labels: broadly, countable, uncountable
Word: crouch Part of Speech: verb Etymology: From Middle English crouchen (“to bend, crouch”), variant of croken (“to bend, crook”), from crok (“crook, hook”), from Old Norse krókr (“hook”), from Proto-Germanic *krōkaz (“hook”), from Proto-Indo-European *gerg- (“wicker, bend”), from Proto-Indo-European *ger- (“to turn, wind, weave”). Compare Middle Dutch krōken (“to crook, curl”). More at crook. Pronunciation: /ˈkɹaʊ̯t͡ʃ/, [ˈkʰɹʷaʊ̯t͡ʃ], /ˈkɹɐʊ̯t͡ʃ/, [ˈkʰɹʷɐʊ̯t͡ʃ], /ˈkɹɜʊ̯t͡ʃ/ 1. To bend down; to stoop low; to stand close to the ground with legs bent, like an animal when waiting for prey, or someone in fear. Labels: intransitive Example: We crouched behind the low wall until the squad of soldiers had passed by. Example: Archer and Jacob jumped up from behind the mound where they had been crouching with the intention of springing upon their mother unexpectedly, and they all began to walk slowly home. 2. To bend servilely; to bow in reverence or humility. Labels: intransitive Example: kings ſhall crouch vnto our conquering ſwords, And hoſtes of Souldiers ſtand amazd at vs, When with their fearfull tongues they ſhall confeſſe Theſe are the men that al the world admires, Example: Must I stand and crouch Under your testy humour?
Word: crouch Part of Speech: noun Etymology: From Middle English crouchen (“to bend, crouch”), variant of croken (“to bend, crook”), from crok (“crook, hook”), from Old Norse krókr (“hook”), from Proto-Germanic *krōkaz (“hook”), from Proto-Indo-European *gerg- (“wicker, bend”), from Proto-Indo-European *ger- (“to turn, wind, weave”). Compare Middle Dutch krōken (“to crook, curl”). More at crook. Pronunciation: /ˈkɹaʊ̯t͡ʃ/, [ˈkʰɹʷaʊ̯t͡ʃ], /ˈkɹɐʊ̯t͡ʃ/, [ˈkʰɹʷɐʊ̯t͡ʃ], /ˈkɹɜʊ̯t͡ʃ/ 1. A bent or stooped position. Example: The cat waited in a crouch, hidden behind the hedge.
Word: crouch Part of Speech: noun Etymology: From Middle English crouche, cruche, from Old English crūċ (“cross”). Compare Old Saxon krūci (“cross”), Old High German krūzi (“cross”). Doublet of cross and crux. Pronunciation: /ˈkɹaʊ̯t͡ʃ/, [ˈkʰɹʷaʊ̯t͡ʃ], /ˈkɹɐʊ̯t͡ʃ/, [ˈkʰɹʷɐʊ̯t͡ʃ], /ˈkɹɜʊ̯t͡ʃ/ 1. A cross. Labels: obsolete
Word: crouch Part of Speech: verb Etymology: From Middle English crouche, cruche, from Old English crūċ (“cross”). Compare Old Saxon krūci (“cross”), Old High German krūzi (“cross”). Doublet of cross and crux. Pronunciation: /ˈkɹaʊ̯t͡ʃ/, [ˈkʰɹʷaʊ̯t͡ʃ], /ˈkɹɐʊ̯t͡ʃ/, [ˈkʰɹʷɐʊ̯t͡ʃ], /ˈkɹɜʊ̯t͡ʃ/ 1. To sign with the cross; bless. Labels: obsolete
Word: crucial Part of Speech: adj Etymology: 1706, from French crucial, a medical term for ligaments of the knee (which cross each other), from Latin crux, crucis (“cross”) (English crux), from the Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to turn, to bend”). The meaning “decisive, critical” is extended from a logical term, Instantias Crucis, adopted by Francis Bacon in his influential Novum Organum (1620); the notion is of cross fingerboard signposts at forking roads, thus a requirement to choose. Pronunciation: /ˈkɹuː.ʃəl/ 1. Essential or decisive for determining the outcome or future of something; extremely important; vital. Example: The battle of Tali-Ihantala in 1944 is one of the crucial moments in the history of Finland. Example: A secure supply of crude oil is crucial for any modern nation, let alone a superpower. 2. Cruciform or cruciate; cross-shaped. Labels: archaic 3. Very good; excellent; particularly applied to reggae music. Labels: Jamaica, especially, slang Example: Delbert Wilkins is the most crucial pirate radio DJ in Brixton.
Word: crusader Part of Speech: noun Etymology: Etymology tree English crusade Proto-Indo-European *-yósder. Proto-Italic *-āzios Latin -āriusnom. Latin -āriusbor. Proto-Germanic *-ārijaz Proto-West Germanic *-ārī Old English -ere Middle English -ere English -er English crusader From crusade + -er. Pronunciation: /kɹuːˈseɪdə/, /kɹuˈseɪdɚ/ 1. A fighter or participant in the medieval Crusades. Labels: historical Example: Tony's face expressed relief, and Nettie sat silent for a moment until the vicar said “It was a generous impulse, but it may have been a momentary one, while in the case of monk and crusader there must have been a sustaining purpose, and possibly a great abnegation, a leaving of lands and possessions.” Example: the crusaders of the Middle Ages 2. A person engaged in a crusade. Labels: figuratively 3. An American, especially a soldier or leader who wages war against Islamist militants. Labels: derogatory Example: 1998, Osama Bin Ladenhttps://irp.fas.org/world/para/docs/980223-fatwa.htm Second, despite the great devastation inflicted on the Iraqi people by the crusader-Zionist alliance, and despite the huge number of those killed, which has exceeded 1 million... despite all this, the Americans are once against trying to repeat the horrific massacres, as though they are not content with the protracted blockade imposed after the ferocious war or the fragmentation and devastation. 4. A Westerner; a Christian, especially of European descent or a missionary. Labels: derogatory, slur 5. (either attributively or in the plural) The United States and its Western allies. Labels: derogatory
Word: crystallization Part of Speech: noun Etymology: Etymology tree English crystal Proto-Indo-European *-id- Proto-Indo-European *-yéti Proto-Indo-European *-idyéti Proto-Hellenic *-íďďō Ancient Greek -ῐ́ζω (-ĭ́zō)bor. Late Latin -izōder. Middle French -iserbor. Middle English -isen English -ize Proto-Indo-European *-tis Proto-Indo-European *-Hō Proto-Indo-European *-tiHō Proto-Italic *-tiō Latin -tiō Latin -ātiōlbor. Old French -ationbor. Middle English -acioun English -ation English -ization English crystallization From crystal + -ization. Pronunciation: /ˌkɹɪstəlaɪˈzeɪʃən/ 1. The act or process by which a substance in solidifying assumes the form and structure of a crystal, or becomes crystallized. Labels: countable, uncountable 2. The body formed by crystallizing. Labels: countable, uncountable Example: Silver on precipitation forms arborescent crystallizations. 3. The formation of a solid from a solution, melt, vapour or from a different solid phase Labels: countable, uncountable 4. The process or the result of becoming more definite or precise. Labels: countable, uncountable
Word: culmination Part of Speech: noun Etymology: Borrowed from French culmination, from culminer, or from Medieval Latin culminatus + -tion. Morphologically culminate + -ion. Pronunciation: /ˌkʌl.mɪˈneɪ.ʃən/, /ˌkʌl.məˈneɪ.ʃən/, /ˌkal.mɪˈnæɪ.ʃən/ 1. The attainment of the highest point of altitude reached by a heavenly body; passage across the meridian; transit. Labels: countable, uncountable 2. An endpoint arrived at after some series of actions or events, or some period, usually after the series or period has ended. The sum of something. Labels: Canada, UK, countable, uncountable 3. An attainment or arrival at the highest pitch of glory, power, etc. Labels: US, countable, uncountable 4. A ceremony marking the completion of studies at an elementary school, middle school or junior high school. Labels: US, countable, uncountable
Word: cultivation Part of Speech: noun Etymology: From Medieval Latin cultivātus, perfect passive participle of cultivō, + -ion, or Middle French cultivation. By surface analysis, cultivate + -ion. Pronunciation: /ˌkʌltɪˈveɪʃən/, [ˌkʰʌltɪˈveɪʃn̩], /ˌkʌltəˈveɪʃən/, [ˌkʰʌltəˈveɪʃn̩] 1. The art or act of cultivating (improvement of land for or by agriculture), as: Labels: countable, uncountable Example: The cultivation of these valleys dates back thousands of years. 2. The art or act of cultivating (improvement of land for or by agriculture), as: Labels: countable, uncountable Example: The cultivation of the hillside led to soil erosion. 3. The state of being cultivated or used for agriculture Labels: countable, uncountable Example: These fields are in cultivation. 4. Devotion of time or attention to the improvement of (something) Labels: countable, uncountable Example: His steadfast cultivation of their relationship finally bore fruit. 5. Advancement or refinement in physical, intellectual, or moral condition Labels: countable, uncountable Example: She is a woman of great cultivation.
Word: cumulation Part of Speech: noun Pronunciation: /ˌkjuːm.jəˈleɪ.ʃən/ 1. Synonym of accumulation. Labels: countable, uncommon, uncountable Example: The cumulation and toleration of medicines. Example: The Cumulation of Methylmercury and Phenylmercury Species on Alga. 2. The effect of free trade agreements on the rules of origin in calculating importation tariffs, quotas, etc. Labels: countable, uncountable Example: Cumulation is a deviation from the principle that goods must be produced entirely in the country of exportation, or have undergone sufficient working or processing there, in order to qualify as originating goods. Cumulation makes it possible for goods from a free trade partner to be treated the same as those originating in the country of exportation.
Word: customary Part of Speech: adj Etymology: From Middle English custumary, from Medieval Latin custumarius. By surface analysis, custom + -ary. Pronunciation: /ˈkʌs.tə.m(ə.)ɹi/, /ˈkʌs.təˌmɛɹ.i/ 1. In accordance with, or established by, custom or common usage. Example: At half-past nine on this Saturday evening, the parlour of the Salutation Inn, High Holborn, contained most of its customary visitors.[…]In former days every tavern of repute kept such a room for its own select circle, a club, or society, of habitués, who met every evening, for a pipe and a cheerful glass. Example: When two people met for the first time in Diaspar—or even for the hundredth—it was customary to spend an hour or so in an exchange or courtesies before getting down to business, if any. 2. Holding or held by custom. Example: customary tenants Example: The tenants are chiefly customary and heriotable.
Word: customary Part of Speech: noun Etymology: From Middle English custumary, from Medieval Latin custumarius. By surface analysis, custom + -ary. Pronunciation: /ˈkʌs.tə.m(ə.)ɹi/, /ˈkʌs.təˌmɛɹ.i/ 1. A book containing laws and usages, or customs; a custumal.
Word: cuvette Part of Speech: noun Etymology: Etymology tree French cuve Proto-Indo-European *-tós Proto-Italic *-tosder.? Late Latin -ittus Old French -et Middle French -et French -etder. French -ette French cuvettebor. English cuvette Borrowed from French cuvette. Pronunciation: /kjuˈvɛt/ 1. A pot, bucket, or basin, in which molten plate glass is carried from the melting pot to the casting table. 2. A cunette. 3. A small vessel with at least two flat and transparent sides, used to hold a liquid sample to be analysed in the light path of a spectrometer. Example: The cell / DNA mixtures were nucleoporated in 1 cm transfection cuvettes according to a predefined program on the Nucleofactor. 4. The inner lid of a timepiece.
Word: dally Part of Speech: verb Etymology: From Middle English dalien, from Anglo-Norman delaier. Doublet of delay. Pronunciation: /ˈdæli/ 1. To waste time in trivial activities, or in idleness; to trifle. Example: I wish, grave governor, 'twere in my power / To favour you; but 'tis my father's cause, / Wherein I may not, nay, I dare not dally. Example: […] after we by our presumptuous delays have put off God, and dallied with his grace; […] 2. To caress, especially of a sexual nature; to fondle or pet Labels: ambitransitive Example: Not dallying with a Brace of Curtizans, / But meditating with two deepe Diuines: Example: Mr Dombey in the meantime stood bolt upright in the carriage like a highly respectable ghost, looking on too; while Cleopatra and the Major dallied as two ancient doves might do. 3. To delay unnecessarily; to while away.
Word: dally Part of Speech: noun Etymology: Possibly from Spanish dale vuelta (“twist it around”) by law of Hobson-Jobson, from dale + la + vuelta. Pronunciation: /ˈdæli/ 1. Several wraps of rope around the saddle horn, used to stop animals in roping. Example: What matters is now if he tied hard and fast, / Or tumbled his steer with a dally.
Word: dally Part of Speech: verb Etymology: Possibly from Spanish dale vuelta (“twist it around”) by law of Hobson-Jobson, from dale + la + vuelta. Pronunciation: /ˈdæli/ 1. To wind the lasso rope (ie throw-rope) around the saddle horn (the saddle horn is attached to the pommel of a western style saddle) after the roping of an animal Example: The end of the top rope he dallied around the gooseneck trailer hitch.
Word: dally Part of Speech: noun Pronunciation: /ˈdæli/ 1. Alternative form of dolly (“offering of fruit or flowers”). Labels: India, alt-of, alternative Example: We have known Mazagon and long-pod Beans to be thrown out of a dally, because they were full of seed!
Word: damnation Part of Speech: noun Etymology: From Middle English dampnacioun, from Old French dampnacion, from Latin damnatio. Pronunciation: /dæmˈneɪʃən/ 1. The state of being damned; condemnation; openly expressed disapprobation. Labels: countable, uncountable 2. Condemnation to everlasting punishment in the future state, or the punishment itself. Labels: countable, uncountable
Word: damnation Part of Speech: intj Etymology: From Middle English dampnacioun, from Old French dampnacion, from Latin damnatio. Pronunciation: /dæmˈneɪʃən/ 1. Expressing annoyance or disappointment; damn; dammit. Example: Oh damnation! The window doesn't shut! Example: "Damnation!" he yelled, spinning round. "He's shot the box out of my hand!"
Word: dandelion Part of Speech: noun Etymology: From Middle English dentdelyon, from Old French dent de lion (“lion's tooth”), also in Latin dēns leōnis, referring to the jagged shape of the plant's leaves. The term is now rare in French (together with liondent, calque from Germanic), but compare Spanish diente de león, Portuguese dente-de-leão, Italian dente di leone, German Löwenzahn, Norwegian Bokmål løvetann, Welsh dant y llew, all descendants, calques, or loan translations of the Latin term. First attested in the late 14th c. Displaced various words, including native Old English ǣġwyrt, native Middle English houndes-tooth, and English tell-time and swine's snout; and mostly displaced English cankerwort, monk's head, and pissabed. Pronunciation: /ˈdæn.dəˌlaɪ.ən/, /ˈdæn.diˌlaɪ.ən/, /ˈdæn.dɪˌlaɪ.ən/ 1. Any of the several species of plant in the genus Taraxacum, characterised by yellow flower heads and notched, broad-ended leaves, especially the common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale). Labels: countable Example: the sanguine hue of the poppy and the hibiscus, the gold of the daisy and dandelion, the dark green of the sorrage on either side, and the blue and purple of the blossoming mulberry and sycamore Example: There are asexual variants among all sorts of creatures, including jellyfish, dandelions, lichens and lizards. 2. The flower head or fruiting head of the dandelion plant. Labels: countable 3. A yellow colour, like that of the flower. Labels: uncountable
Word: dandelion Part of Speech: adj Etymology: From Middle English dentdelyon, from Old French dent de lion (“lion's tooth”), also in Latin dēns leōnis, referring to the jagged shape of the plant's leaves. The term is now rare in French (together with liondent, calque from Germanic), but compare Spanish diente de león, Portuguese dente-de-leão, Italian dente di leone, German Löwenzahn, Norwegian Bokmål løvetann, Welsh dant y llew, all descendants, calques, or loan translations of the Latin term. First attested in the late 14th c. Displaced various words, including native Old English ǣġwyrt, native Middle English houndes-tooth, and English tell-time and swine's snout; and mostly displaced English cankerwort, monk's head, and pissabed. Pronunciation: /ˈdæn.dəˌlaɪ.ən/, /ˈdæn.diˌlaɪ.ən/, /ˈdæn.dɪˌlaɪ.ən/ 1. Of a yellow colour, like that of the flower. Labels: not-comparable
Word: Darwinism Part of Speech: noun Etymology: From Darwin + -ism (suffix forming names of schools of thought, systems, or theories), from the surname of the English natural philosopher, physician, and poet Erasmus Darwin (1731–1802), and his grandson the biologist, geologist, and naturalist Charles Darwin (1809–1882). The word was apparently first applied in noun sense 1 (“Charles Darwin’s theory regarding the evolution of living organisms through natural selection”) by the English anthropologist and biologist Thomas Henry Huxley (1825–1895) in 1860: see the quotation. Pronunciation: /ˈdɑːwɪnɪz(ə)m/, /ˈdɑɹwənˌɪzəm/ 1. Charles Darwin's theory regarding the evolution of living organisms through natural selection (set out chiefly in his works On the Origin of Species, 1859; and The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex, 1871); also, belief in this theory. Labels: uncountable Example: [W]e do not hesitate to assert that it [Darwin's theory] is as superior to any preceding or contemporary hypothesis, in the extent of observational and experimental basis on which it rests, in its rigorously scientific method, and in its power of explaining biological phenomena, as was the hypothesis of [Nicolaus] Copernicus to the speculations of Ptolemy. But the planetary orbits turned out to be not quite circular after all, and grand as was the service Copernicus rendered to science, [Johannes] Kepler and [Isaac] Newton had to come after him. What if the orbit of Darwinism should be a little to circular? 2. Charles Darwin's theory regarding the evolution of living organisms through natural selection (set out chiefly in his works On the Origin of Species, 1859; and The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex, 1871); also, belief in this theory. Labels: abbreviation, alt-of, uncountable 3. Charles Darwin's theory regarding the evolution of living organisms through natural selection (set out chiefly in his works On the Origin of Species, 1859; and The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex, 1871); also, belief in this theory. Labels: broadly, uncountable 4. Charles Darwin's theory regarding the evolution of living organisms through natural selection (set out chiefly in his works On the Origin of Species, 1859; and The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex, 1871); also, belief in this theory. Labels: broadly, uncountable Example: social Darwinism 5. Charles Darwin's theory regarding the evolution of living organisms through natural selection (set out chiefly in his works On the Origin of Species, 1859; and The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex, 1871); also, belief in this theory. Labels: broadly, countable, uncountable 6. Erasmus Darwin's poetic style, or theory of natural philosophy suggesting that living organisms developed from simpler lifeforms (set out in his work Zoonomia, 1794–1796). Labels: countable, historical, poetic, uncountable Example: The blank verse of Queen Mab differs little from that measure as it appears in the poems of Akenside, who exercised considerable influence over such poets as escaped from the popular vortex of Darwinism.
Word: daze Part of Speech: noun Etymology: From Middle English, back-formation from dazed. Compare Old Norse dasask (“to become weary”), with reflexive suffix -sk, Swedish dasa (“lie idly”), and Icelandic dasask (“to make weary with cold”). Also compare Proto-Germanic *dusāną, to slumber. Alternatively from Middle Dutch dasen (“act silly”). Pronunciation: /deɪz/ 1. The state of being dazed Example: He was in a daze. 2. A glittering stone.
Word: daze Part of Speech: verb Etymology: From Middle English, back-formation from dazed. Compare Old Norse dasask (“to become weary”), with reflexive suffix -sk, Swedish dasa (“lie idly”), and Icelandic dasask (“to make weary with cold”). Also compare Proto-Germanic *dusāną, to slumber. Alternatively from Middle Dutch dasen (“act silly”). Pronunciation: /deɪz/ 1. To stun or stupefy, for example with bright light, with a blow, with cold, or with fear. Labels: transitive Example: Near-synonyms: confuse, benumb
Word: dean Part of Speech: noun Etymology: From Middle English den, deen (“dean”), from Anglo-Norman deen and continental Old French deien (modern French doyen), from Latin decānus. Doublet of doyen. Pronunciation: /diːn/, [diːn], [dĩːn] 1. A senior official in a college or university, who may be in charge of a division or faculty (for example, the dean of science) or have some other advisory or disciplinary function (for example, the dean of students). Example: Lucretius versus the Lake Poets ' Nature I loved ; and next to Nature , Art . ' Dean , adult education may seem silly . What of it though ? I got some willy - nilly The other evening at your college deanery . And grateful for it ( Let's not be facetious!)[…] 2. A dignitary or presiding officer in certain church bodies, especially an ecclesiastical dignitary, subordinate to a bishop, in charge of a chapter of canons. 3. The senior member of some group of people. Example: dean of the diplomatic corps - a country's most senior ambassador Example: dean of the House - the longest-serving member of a legislature
Word: dean Part of Speech: verb Etymology: From Middle English den, deen (“dean”), from Anglo-Norman deen and continental Old French deien (modern French doyen), from Latin decānus. Doublet of doyen. Pronunciation: /diːn/, [diːn], [dĩːn] 1. To serve as a dean. Labels: intransitive, rare 2. To send (a student) to see the dean of a college or university. Labels: informal, transitive
Word: dean Part of Speech: noun Etymology: Related to den. Pronunciation: /diːn/, [diːn], [dĩːn] 1. A hill.
Word: dean Part of Speech: noun Pronunciation: /diːn/, [diːn], [dĩːn] 1. Alternative form of dene. Labels: Northumbria, alt-of, alternative
Word: debacle Part of Speech: noun Etymology: From French débâcle, from débâcler (“to unbar; unleash”) from prefix dé- (“un-”) + bâcler (“to dash, bind, bar, block”) [perhaps from unattested Middle French and Old French *bâcler, *bacler (“to hold in place, prop a door or window open”)], from Vulgar Latin *bacculare, from Latin baculum (“rod, staff used for support”), from Proto-Indo-European *bak-. Also attested in Old French desbacler (“to clear a harbour by getting ships unloaded to make room for incoming ships with lading”) and in Occitan baclar (“to close”). The hypothesised derivation from Middle Dutch *bakkelen (“to freeze artificially, lock in place”), a frequentative of bakken (“to stick, stick hard, glue together”) no longer seems likely due to the lack of attestation of *bakkelen in Middle Dutch and by it having the limited meaning of "freeze superficially" in Dutch. Pronunciation: /deɪˈbɑː.kəl/, /dɛˈbɑː.kəl/, /dɪˈbɑ.kəl/, /dəˈbɑ.kəl/, /deɪˈbɑ.kəl/ 1. An event or enterprise that ends suddenly and disastrously, often with humiliating consequences. Labels: figuratively Example: The event proved to be a great debacle for the partisans of this prognosticator. Example: The result is a military approach which maximizes political tensions with Russia […] and lays the ground for a military debacle. 2. A breaking up of a natural dam, usually made of ice, by a river and the ensuing rush of water. Example: […] so that in extreme cases the latter may even be dammed up for a time, and a debacle be the consequence, when the main river overcomes the resistance opposed to it, […] Example: For several months after the debacle just described, the river Dranse, having no settled channel, shifted its position continually […]
Word: debarkation Part of Speech: noun Pronunciation: /diːbɑːˈkeɪʃən/ 1. Disembarkation. Labels: countable, uncountable
Word: debilitation Part of Speech: noun Etymology: From Middle French débilitation. Pronunciation: /dɪbɪlɪˈteɪʃən/ 1. The act or process of debilitating, or the condition of one who is debilitated; weakness. Labels: countable, uncountable
Word: decapitation Part of Speech: noun Etymology: From French décapitation. Pronunciation: /dɪˌkæp.ɪˈteɪ.ʃən/, /diˌkæp.ɪˈteɪ.ʃən/, /ˈdi.kæp.əˌteɪ.ʃən/, /ˈdi.kæp.əˌteɪ.ʃɪn/ 1. Beheading; the act of beheading or decapitating. Labels: countable, uncountable Example: If the headsman's axe was sharp and his aim was true, decapitation was a quick and relatively painless form of death. Example: The tortoise, possessing, like the serpent, the power of retaining life in its limbs after mutilation or decapitation, became a symbol of androgynity as well as of immortality. 2. The ousting or destruction of the ruling body of a government or other organization. Labels: countable, uncountable Example: A decapitation strike carried out by drone killed many of the country's senior generals. Example: Even those who welcome the decapitation of the Iranian regime may feel deep unease about America’s behavior. 3. The unseating of a senior politician. Labels: countable, uncountable Example: The decapitation of the Foreign Secretary was a significant publicity coup for the opposition. Example: The Lib Dem contender hoping to accomplish a bit of pre-emptive decapitation is Andrew Crawford.
Word: decease Part of Speech: noun Etymology: From Old French deces (Modern French décès), from Latin dēcessus (“departure”). Pronunciation: /dɪˈsiːs/ 1. Death, departure from life. Labels: countable, formal, uncountable Example: So should that beauty which you hold in lease Find no determination: then you were Yourself again after yourself's decease […] Example: I thought about my predecessor, who had died of drink and smoke; and I could have wished he had been so good as to live, and not bother me with his decease.
Word: decease Part of Speech: verb Etymology: From Old French deces (Modern French décès), from Latin dēcessus (“departure”). Pronunciation: /dɪˈsiːs/ 1. To die. Labels: archaic Example: After which usurped victorie, he presently deceased: and partly through the excessive joy he thereby conceived. 2. To cause to die. Labels: formal, transitive
Word: deceit Part of Speech: noun Etymology: From Middle English deceyte, from Old French deceite, deçoite, from decevoir (“to deceive”), from Latin dēcipere (“to cheat, mislead”). Pronunciation: /dɪˈsiːt/ 1. An act or practice intended to deceive; a trick. Labels: countable, uncountable Example: The whole conversation was merely a deceit. 2. An act of deceiving someone. Labels: countable, uncountable Example: Upon his return he killed Eriphyle for her vanity and deceit of him and his father. 3. The state of being deceitful or deceptive. Labels: uncountable Example: [T]he tvvo commended rules by him [Aristotle] ſet down, vvhereby the axioms of Sciences are precepted to be made convertible, and vvhich the latter men have not vvithout elegancy ſurnamed; the one the rule of truth, becauſe it preventeth deceipt; the other the rule of prudence, becauſe it freeth election, are the ſame thing in ſpeculation and affirmation, vvhich vve novv obſerve. Example: His mouth is full of curſing, and deceit, and fraud : vnder his tongue is miſchiefe and vanitie. 4. The tort or fraudulent representation of a material fact made with knowledge of its falsity, or recklessly, or without reasonable grounds for believing its truth and with intent to induce reliance on it; the plaintiff justifiably relies on the deception, to his injury. Labels: countable, uncountable
Word: decentralization Part of Speech: noun Etymology: Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *de Proto-Indo-European *-h₁ Proto-Indo-European *déh₁ Proto-Italic *dē Latin dē Latin dē-der. English de- Proto-Indo-European *ḱent-der. Ancient Greek κέντρον (kéntron)der. Latin centrum Proto-Indo-European *h₂el-der.? Proto-Italic *-ālis Latin -ālis Latin centrālisbor. English central Proto-Indo-European *-id- Proto-Indo-European *-yéti Proto-Indo-European *-idyéti Proto-Hellenic *-íďďō Ancient Greek -ῐ́ζω (-ĭ́zō)bor. Late Latin -izōder. Middle French -iserbor. Middle English -isen English -ize English centralize English decentralize Proto-Indo-European *-tis Proto-Indo-European *-Hō Proto-Indo-European *-tiHō Proto-Italic *-tiō Latin -tiō Latin -ātiōlbor. Old French -ationbor. Middle English -acioun English -ation English decentralization From de- + centralization or decentralize + -ation. Pronunciation: /diːˌsɛntɹəlaɪˈzeɪʃən/ 1. The process of decentralizing Labels: countable, uncountable 2. The state of being decentralized. Labels: countable, uncountable