nandhakumarms/qualc-wiktionary-en huggingface dataset:
Word: hysteria Part of Speech: noun Etymology: From New Latin hysteria, a back-formation from Latin hystericus, from Ancient Greek ὑστερικός (husterikós, “suffering in the uterus, hysterical”), from ὑστέρα (hustéra, “womb”). Compare French hystérie. Pronunciation: /hɪˈstɪəɹiə/, /hɪˈstɛɹiə/, /hɪˈstɪɹiə/ 1. Behavior exhibiting excessive or uncontrollable emotions, in a wide range from joy to panic but usually including anxiety or fear. Labels: uncountable, usually Example: Zinoviev was unwell and feverish. He was told he was to be transferred to another cell. But when he saw the guards he at once understood. All accounts agree that he collapsed, yelling in a high-pitched voice a desperate appeal to Stalin to keep his word. He gave the impression of hysteria, but this is probably not fair, as his voice was always very piercing when he was excited, and he was perhaps trying to make a last speech. He was, in addition, still suffering from heart and liver trouble, so that some sort of collapse is understandable. Example: At the very end of the Middle Ages, Breughel depicted country folk wrapped up in fits of mass hysteria, and the historical accounts of these rural frenzies have explained the delirium in terms of the slender diet on which the poor had to subsist during the hungry gap. 2. A mental disorder characterized by emotional excitability etc. without an organic cause. Labels: uncountable, usually Example: The typical cases of hysteria cited by Freud thus involved a moral conflict—a conflict about what the young women in question wanted to do with themselves. Did they want to prove that they were good daughters by taking care of their sick fathers? Or did they want to become independent of their parents, by having a family of their own, or in some other way? I believe it was the tension between these conflicting aspirations that was the crucial issue in these cases. The sexual problem—say, of the daughter's incestuous cravings for her father—was secondary (if that important); it was stimulated, perhaps, by the interpersonal situation in which the one had to attend to the other's body. Moreover, it was probably easier to admit the sexual problem to consciousness and to worry about it than to raise the ethical problem indicated. In the final analysis, the latter is a vastly difficult problem in living. It cannot be "solved" by any particular maneuver but requires rather decision making about basic goals, and, having made the decisions, dedicated efforts to attain them. 3. Synonym of conversion disorder. Labels: informal, uncountable, usually 4. Any disorder of women with some psychiatric symptoms without other diagnosis, ascribed to uterine influences on the female body, lack of pregnancy, or lack of sex. Labels: historical, obsolete, uncountable, usually
Word: hysterical Part of Speech: adj Etymology: From hysteric + -al, from Latin hystericus, from Ancient Greek ὑστερικός (husterikós, “suffering in the womb, hysterical”), from ῠ̔στέρᾱ (hŭstérā, “womb”). Pronunciation: /hɪˈstɛɹɪkəl/ 1. Of, or arising from hysteria. Example: Henrietta gasped for breath; but she swallowed down the hysterical emotion, and signed with her hand for Walter to go on. Example: An event of this nature, a marriage, or a refusal, or a proposal, thrills through a whole household of women, and sets all their hysterical sympathies at work. 2. Having, or prone to having hysterics. 3. Provoking uncontrollable laughter. Example: She was a fat, round little woman, richly apparelled in velvet and lace, […]; and the way she laughed, cackling like a hen, the way she talked to the waiters and the maid,[…]—all these unexpected phenomena impelled one to hysterical mirth, and made one class her with such immortally ludicrous types as Ally Sloper, the Widow Twankey, or Miss Moucher. Example: There is a certain irony in all of this because in their hysterical use of charge of “double standard” – that Israel is being “singled out for criticism”– it is Israel’s supporters who are themselves guilty of a “double standard”, since, if they were to have their way, it is Israel that would be singled out as the only country that cannot be criticised.
Word: calypso Part of Speech: noun Etymology: Originally Trinidad English, an alteration of kaiso, perhaps ultimately of African origin; Allsopp 1996 suggests Ibibio ka iso (“come on”), used to urge dancers on. The spelling reflects a later folk-etymological assimilation with the mythological name Calypso. Pronunciation: /kəˈlɪp.səʊ/, /kəˈlɪp.soʊ/ 1. A style of Afro-Caribbean music that originated in Trinidad and Tobago during the early to the mid-19th century and spread to the rest of the Caribbean Antilles and Venezuela by the mid-20th century. Labels: countable, uncountable Example: 'How you does live, Mr. Wordsworth?' I asked him one day. He said, 'You mean how I get money?' When I nodded, he laughed in a crooked way. He said, 'I sing calypsoes in the calypso season.' 'And that last you the rest of the year?' 'It is enough.' 2. A song in this style of music. Labels: countable, uncountable
Word: calypso Part of Speech: verb Etymology: Originally Trinidad English, an alteration of kaiso, perhaps ultimately of African origin; Allsopp 1996 suggests Ibibio ka iso (“come on”), used to urge dancers on. The spelling reflects a later folk-etymological assimilation with the mythological name Calypso. Pronunciation: /kəˈlɪp.səʊ/, /kəˈlɪp.soʊ/ 1. To perform calypso. Labels: intransitive
Word: calypso Part of Speech: noun Etymology: From Latin, itself from Ancient Greek Καλυψώ (Kalupsṓ, “name of a sea nymph”) Pronunciation: /kəˈlɪp.səʊ/, /kəˈlɪp.soʊ/ 1. A bulbous bog orchid of the genus Calypso, Calypso bulbosa Labels: countable, uncountable 2. A light blue color. Labels: countable, uncountable
Word: calyx Part of Speech: noun Etymology: From Latin calyx, from Ancient Greek κάλυξ (kálux, “case of a bud, husk”). Doublet of chalice and kelch. Pronunciation: /ˈkæ.lɪks/, /ˈkeɪ.lɪks/ 1. The outermost whorl of flower parts, comprising the sepals, which covers and protects the petals as they develop. Example: Black crowberry. Empetrum nigrum. Crowberry Family. Fruit. — The black drupe is berrylike, globular, and incloses six to nine seedlike nutlets with a seed in each. The calyx is at the base and the stigma is at the apex. The drupes are solitary in the leaf axils. They are juicy, acid, edible, and serve as food for the Arctic birds. 2. Any of various cup-like structures. 3. Any of various cup-like structures. 4. Any of various cup-like structures. 5. Any of various cup-like structures.
Word: carcinoma Part of Speech: noun Etymology: Learned borrowing from Latin carcinōma (“tumour; ulcer; carcinoma”), from Ancient Greek κᾰρκῐ́νωμᾰ (kărkĭ́nōmă, “sore, ulcer; cancer”), from καρκινόω (karkinóō, “to make (something) resemble a crab”, in the mediopassive "to become cancerous; to suffer from cancer") + -μᾰ (-mă, action noun suffix). Καρκινόω is derived from καρκῐ́νος (karkĭ́nos, “crab; the zodiac sign Cancer; sore, ulcer; cancer”) (according to Paul of Aegina (c. 625 – c. 690) in his Medical Compendium in Seven Books, because the veins surrounding a cancerous tumour resemble a crab’s legs). The English word is a doublet of cancer, and may be analysed as carcino- + -oma. The plural form carcinomata is a learned borrowing from Latin carcinōmata, from Ancient Greek κᾰρκῐνώμᾰτᾰ (kărkĭnṓmătă). Pronunciation: /ˌkɑːsɪˈnəʊmə/, /ˌkɑːsnˈəʊmə/, /ˌkɑɹsɪˈnoʊmə/, /-sə-/, /ˌkɑːsɪˈnəʊmətə/ 1. An invasive malignant tumour derived from epithelial tissue that tends to metastasize to other areas of the body. Labels: countable 2. A form of cancer; (uncountable) cancer in general as a disease. Labels: countable, obsolete Example: Take the fatteſt and fulleſt Figs you can get, lay them upon the ugly and ill favored tumor called Carcinoma, i. the Canker, ſo it be not yet exulcerat, I aſſure you it is a ſoveraine remedie, and hardly can be matched againe: […]
Word: cardiology Part of Speech: noun Etymology: From cardio- + -logy. Pronunciation: /ˌkɑː(ɹ)diˈɒlədʒi/ 1. The study of the structure, function, and disorders of the heart. Labels: uncountable, usually
Word: catharsis Part of Speech: noun Etymology: From Ancient Greek κάθαρσις (kátharsis, “cleansing, purging”), from καθαίρω (kathaírō, “I cleanse”). Coined in the dramatic-emotional sense by Aristotle. Pronunciation: /kəˈθɑːsɪs/, /kəˈθɑɹˌsɪs/ 1. A release of emotional tension after an overwhelming vicarious experience, resulting in the purging or purification of the emotions, as through watching a dramatic production (especially a tragedy). Labels: countable, uncountable Example: True, as the show has entered its later years, there have been more inspired moments of catharsis, but fewer unpredictable arcs and story beats, as a narrative nearing its conclusion is no longer attempting to shock. 2. Any release of emotional tension to the same effect, more widely. Labels: countable, uncountable 3. A purification or cleansing, especially emotional. Labels: countable, uncountable 4. A therapeutic technique to relieve tension by reestablishing the association of an emotion with the memory or idea of the event that first caused it, and then eliminating it by complete expression (called the abreaction). Labels: countable, uncountable 5. Purging of the digestive system. Labels: countable, uncountable
Word: cauterize Part of Speech: verb Etymology: From Middle French cauteriser, from Late Latin cauterizō (“to burn with a hot iron”), from Ancient Greek καυτηριάζω (kautēriázō, “to brand”), from καυτήρ (kautḗr, “branding iron”), from καίω (kaíō, “to burn”). Pronunciation: /ˈkɔːtəɹaɪz/, /ˈkoːtəɹɑjz/, /ˈkɔtəɹaɪz/, [ˈkʰɔɾəɹaɪz], /ˈkɑtəɹaɪz/ 1. To burn and hence seal open tissue using a heated article or caustic agent so as to stop bleeding or minimise the risk of infection. Example: […] Lanfrank takes Notice of Tract. 3. Doct. 3. cap. 18. ſaying, "I have ſeen many who being full of Humours, have made an Iſſue under the Knee, before due Purgation had been premis'd; whence, by reaſon of the too great Defluxion of Humours, the Legs tumified, ſo that the cauterized Place corrupted, and a Cancer (or rather cacoethic Ulcer) was thereby made, with which great Difficulty was cur'd."
Word: charisma Part of Speech: noun Etymology: From Ancient Greek χᾰ́ρῐσμᾰ (khắrĭsmă, “grace, favour, gift”), from χᾰρῐ́ζομαι (khărĭ́zomai, “to show favor”), from χᾰ́ρῐς (khắrĭs, “grace”), from the same root χαρ- (khar-) as χαίρω (khaírō, “to be happy”). Doublet of charism. First attested in 1875. Outside of theology, as early as 1930, charisma was found in a translation of a book written by German sociologist Max Weber, which OED and Etymonline regards as a semantic loan from German Charisma, denoting the special ability of certain leaders to inspire devotion (sense 1). By the 1940s and more clearly in the 1950s, the term was used more loosely to refer to personal charm in general (sense 1.1). Pronunciation: /kəˈɹɪzmə/ 1. A gift or power of leadership or authority. Labels: uncountable, usually Example: The leader has his charisma. 2. A gift or power of leadership or authority. Labels: uncountable, usually Example: the charisma of a popular actor 3. A gift or power bestowed upon a person by the Holy Spirit; a grace. Labels: uncountable, usually
Word: Chloe Part of Speech: name Etymology: Borrowed from Ancient Greek χλόη (khlóē, “young green shoot”), an epithet of goddess Demeter. Pronunciation: /ˈkləʊ.i/, /ˈkloʊ.i/, /ˈkləʉ.i/, /ˈklɐʉ.i/ 1. A female given name from Ancient Greek. Example: For it hath been declared unto me of you, my brethren, by them which are of the house of Chloe, that there are contentions among you. Example: Of Chloe all the town has rung; / By ev'ry Size of Poets sung. / So beautiful a Nymph appears / But once in Twenty Thousand Years.
Word: chlorophyll Part of Speech: noun Etymology: Borrowed from French chlorophylle, from Ancient Greek χλωρός (khlōrós, “pale green”) and φύλλον (phúllon, “leaf”). Pronunciation: /ˈklɔː.ɹə.fɪl/, /ˈklɒɹ.ə.fɪl/, /ˈklɔɹ.ə.fɪl/ 1. Any of a group of green pigments that are found in the chloroplasts of plants and in other photosynthetic organisms such as cyanobacteria. Labels: uncountable, usually
Word: chyme Part of Speech: noun Etymology: From Late Latin chymus, from Ancient Greek χυμός (khumós, “juice”). Pronunciation: /kaɪm/ 1. The thick semifluid mass of partly digested food that is passed from the stomach to the duodenum. Labels: uncountable, usually
Word: chlamydia Part of Speech: noun Etymology: From New Latin chlamydia, from Ancient Greek χλαμύδιον (khlamúdion, “small cloak”), from χλαμύς (khlamús, “cloak”). Pronunciation: /kləˈmɪd.i.ə/ 1. Any of several common, often asymptomatic, sexually transmitted diseases caused by the microorganism Chlamydia trachomatis. Labels: uncountable Example: That makes sense, because we’re all looking for flowery language from our physicians. “Like the sunlight shines upon the hidden grassy meadow, so does chlamydia cast a warm glow upon your private parts.” 2. Any of various coccoid microorganisms of the genus Chlamydia that are pathogenic to humans and other animals. Labels: countable
Word: cinema Part of Speech: noun Etymology: Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *keyh₂-der. Ancient Greek κινέω (kinéō) Proto-Indo-European *-mn̥ Ancient Greek -μα (-ma) Ancient Greek κίνημα (kínēma) Proto-Indo-European *gerbʰ- Proto-Hellenic *grə́pʰō Ancient Greek γράφω (gráphō) Ancient Greek -γράφος (-gráphos)bor. Latin -graphuslbor. French -graphe French cinématographeclip. French cinémabor. English cinema Borrowed from French cinéma, clipping of cinématographe (term coined by the Lumière brothers in the 1890s), from Ancient Greek κίνημα (kínēma, “movement”) + γράφω (gráphō, “write, record”). Compare German Kino (“cinema”), ultimately from the same Greek source. Pronunciation: /ˈsɪn.ə.mə/, /ˈsɪn.ɪ.mə/, /ˈsɪn.ɪ.mɑː/ 1. A movie theatre, a movie house. Labels: countable Example: The cinema is right across the street from the restaurant. 2. Films collectively. Labels: uncountable Example: Despite the critics, he produced excellent cinema. 3. The film and movie industry. Labels: uncountable Example: In the long history of Spanish cinema[…]. Example: Even without hovering drones, a lurking assassin, a thumping score and a denouement, the real-life story of Edward Snowden, a rogue spy on the run, could be straight out of the cinema. But, as with Hollywood, the subplots and exotic locations may distract from the real message: America’s discomfort and its foes’ glee. 4. The art of making films and movies; cinematography. Labels: countable, uncountable Example: Throughout the history of cinema, filmmakers[…]. Example: The French and Italian cinemas can seem to persist autonomously—in the sense of being spaces of separate development and marked difference from Hollywood and other national cinemas. 5. A sophisticated or exemplary film, representative of the art of cinema. Labels: Internet, uncountable 6. A sophisticated or exemplary film, representative of the art of cinema. Labels: Internet, broadly, countable, humorous, uncountable Example: That game was absolute cinema.
Word: Cleopatra Part of Speech: name Etymology: From Middle English Cleopatra, from Latin Cleopatra, from Ancient Greek Κλεοπάτρα (Kleopátra), meaning "glory of her father", from κλέος (kléos, “glory”) + πατήρ (patḗr, “father”). Pronunciation: /kliːoʊˈpætɹə/ 1. A given name of women in the Ptolemaic dynasty of Egypt; notably Queen Cleopatra VII of Egypt (69–30 BCE); last of the Ptolemy line. 2. A female given name from Ancient Greek. Labels: rare
Word: Cleopatra Part of Speech: noun Etymology: From Middle English Cleopatra, from Latin Cleopatra, from Ancient Greek Κλεοπάτρα (Kleopátra), meaning "glory of her father", from κλέος (kléos, “glory”) + πατήρ (patḗr, “father”). Pronunciation: /kliːoʊˈpætɹə/ 1. A woman of great seductive beauty. Example: Inanna becomes the archetype for all the Cleopatras to come; she is "the bitch goddess" who from her first appearance in Sumerian civilization will live on in all other civilizations - in myth and legend, novel and poem, Shakespearean play and Hollywood film. 2. A variety of apple. 3. The Cleopatra butterfly (Gonepteryx cleopatra).
Word: comedy Part of Speech: noun Etymology: Etymology tree Ancient Greek κῶμος (kômos) Proto-Hellenic *awéidō Proto-Hellenic *-ā́ Proto-Hellenic *awoidā́ Ancient Greek ᾰ̓οιδή (ăoidḗ) Ancient Greek ᾠδή (ōidḗ) Ancient Greek κῶμος (kômos) Proto-Hellenic *awoidós Ancient Greek ἀοιδός (aoidós) Ancient Greek κωμῳδῐ́ᾱ (kōmōidĭ́ā)bor. Latin cōmoediader. Middle French comediebor. Middle English comedie English comedy Inherited from Middle English comedie, borrowed from Middle French comedie, from Latin cōmoedia, borrowed from Ancient Greek κωμῳδῐ́ᾱ (kōmōidĭ́ā), from κῶμος (kômos, “revel, carousing”) + ᾠδή (ōidḗ, “song”), or from κῶμος (kômos, “revel, carousing”) + ἀοιδός (aoidós, “singer, bard”). Doublet of commedia. Pronunciation: /ˈkɒmədi/, /ˈkɔmədɪj/, /ˈkɑmədi/, /ˈkɔməde/, /-dɪ/ 1. a choric song of celebration or revel, especially in Ancient Greece Labels: countable, historical 2. a light, amusing play with a happy ending Labels: countable Example: A Midsummer Night's Dream is among Shakespeare's most famous comedies. 3. a narrative poem with an agreeable ending (e.g., The Divine Comedy) Labels: Europe, Medieval, countable 4. a dramatic work that is light and humorous or satirical in tone Labels: countable 5. the genre of such works Labels: countable, uncountable 6. entertainment composed of jokes, satire, or humorous performance Labels: uncountable Example: Why would you be watching comedy when there are kids starving right now? 7. the art of composing comedy Labels: countable, uncountable 8. a humorous event Labels: countable
Word: climax Part of Speech: noun Etymology: From Latin clīmax, from Ancient Greek κλῖμαξ (klîmax, “ladder, staircase, [rhetorical] climax”), from κλίνω (klínō, “to lean, slant”). Pronunciation: /ˈklaɪ.mæks/ 1. A rhetorical device in which a series is arranged in ascending order. Labels: countable, uncountable Example: Ye haue a figure which as well by his Greeke and Latine originals […] may be called the marching figure […] and goeth as it were by ſtrides or paces; it may aſwell by called the clyming figure, for Clymax is as much to ſay as a ladder,[…] Example: Climax, by steps advancing, onward goes Higher and still more high to an impassion'd close. 2. An instance of such an ascending series. Labels: countable, obsolete, uncountable Example: […]Expressions for the whole Climax of sensibility[…] Example: The Begums' ministers, on the contrary, to extort from them the disclosure of the place which concealed the treasures, were, […] after being fettered and imprisoned, led out on to a scaffold, and this array of terrours proving unavailing, the meek tempered Middleton, as a dernier resort, menaced them with a confinement in the fortress of Chunargar. Thus, my lords, was a British garrison made the climax of cruelties! 3. The culmination of a narrative's rising action, the turning point. Labels: countable, uncountable Example: As a trafficker in climaxes and thrills and characterization and wonderful dialogue and suspense and confrontations, I had outlined the Dresden story many times. 4. A culmination or acme: the last term in an ascending series, particularly Labels: countable, often, uncountable Example: In the accomplishment of this, they frequently reach the climax of absurdity. 5. A culmination or acme: the last term in an ascending series Labels: countable, often, rhetoric, uncountable Example: When he adds epithets of praise, his climax is ‘so English’. 6. A culmination or acme: the last term in an ascending series Labels: countable, often, uncountable Example: The succession of associations leading to a climax represents the process of adjustment to the conditions of stress, and the climax represents a condition of relative equilibrium. Climax associations[…] are the resultants of certain climatic, geological[…] conditions. 7. A culmination or acme: the last term in an ascending series Labels: countable, euphemistic, often, uncountable Example: In many cases the man's climax comes so swiftly that the woman's reactions are not nearly ready. Example: What's the use of bringing some high schooler to climax?
Word: climax Part of Speech: verb Etymology: From Latin clīmax, from Ancient Greek κλῖμαξ (klîmax, “ladder, staircase, [rhetorical] climax”), from κλίνω (klínō, “to lean, slant”). Pronunciation: /ˈklaɪ.mæks/ 1. To reach or bring to a climax (in any sense). Labels: ambitransitive Example: All our memories are burning in time / Like a bittersweet perfume / Can you tell me how a love that's so fine / Could have climaxed in a single afternoon? Example: Huntsman starts out with a vision of Theron that’s specific, unique, and weighted in character, but it trends throughout toward generic fantasy tropes and black-and-white morality, and climaxes in a thoroughly familiar face-off. 2. To form the climax to; to be the climax of. Labels: transitive Example: A group of about 50 people, mostly young adults and teenagers, charged into a city park where gay people were having a swimming party on June 8. Gay people were attacked, climaxing a year in which this conservative Ohio city [Cincinnati] has become aware of its gay population.
Word: cosmos Part of Speech: noun Etymology: From Middle English cossmos (“the universe; the world”), borrowed from Ancient Greek κόσμος (kósmos, “order; universe; the earth, the world; decoration, ornament”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ḱens- (“to announce, proclaim; to put in order”). The plural form cosmoi is a learned borrowing from Ancient Greek κόσμοι (kósmoi). Pronunciation: /ˈkɒzmɒs/, /ˈkɑzməs/, /ˈkɑzˌmoʊs/, /ˈkɒzmɔɪ/, /ˈkɑzmɔɪ/ 1. The universe regarded as a system with harmony and order. Labels: countable Example: This doctrine [the nebular hypothesis] supposes all the material universe to have been once in a fluid or nebular condition, and that, by the operation of universal gravitation and the thousand other laws of nature, the nebular matter has been mainly aggregated into masses, and the existing cosmoi been developed. Example: It [the earth] was in the centre of the Kosmos; it remained stationary because of its equal distance from all parts of the outer revolving spheres; there was no cause determining it to move upward rather than downward or sideways, therefore it remained still. Its exhalations nourished the fire in the peripheral regions of the Kosmos. 2. The universe regarded as a system with harmony and order. Labels: broadly, countable, uncountable Example: This simple cell is a cosmos in this respect: it represents the laws of the universe in changes of matter, and clearly exemplifies their workings in the oral cavity. Example: Obviously, there are multiple cosmoses in the debate, out of which we picked four. The two first can be understood as compromise cosmoses. […] There is the cosmos of the reformer, which took by and large shape in the EDDP and which we entitled Public Future. Then there is the cosmos of the existing mode of ordering the city which by and large prevailed in the RDDP. […] Further, we present two cosmoses nurturing the strong opposition. They are both militant perspectives surging from the "civil society". 3. Harmony, order. Labels: uncountable Example: He [Frederick I of Prussia] founded Universities, this poor King; University of Halle; Royal Academy of Berlin, [Gottfried Wilhelm] Leibniz presiding: he fought for Protestantism;—did what he could for the cause of Cosmos versus Chaos, after his fashion.
Word: cosmos Part of Speech: noun Etymology: Borrowed from translingual Cosmos (genus name), from New Latin cosmos, from Ancient Greek κόσμος (kósmos, “decoration, ornament; order; universe; the earth, the world”) (referring to its elegant leaves); see further at etymology 1. Pronunciation: /ˈkɒzmɒs/, /ˈkɑzməs/, /ˈkɑzˌmoʊs/ 1. Any of various mostly Mexican herbs of the genus Cosmos having radiate heads of variously coloured flowers and pinnate leaves. Labels: countable, uncountable Example: This beautiful plant was discovered in Mexico, before 1789; as seeds of it sent to Madrid produced plants, which blossomed in that year in the Royal Botanic Garden of Spain. It was first described and figured in 1797, by [Antonio José] Cavanilles, who called it Cosmos, from the Greek word Kosmos, beautiful; but this name was afterwards altered by [Carl Ludwig] Willdenow to Cosmea, as being more consistent with the rules of botanical nomenclature. Example: COSMOS DIVERSIFOLIUS; var. atro-sanguineus. Various-leaved Cosmos; deep blood-flowered var. […] Seeds of this plant were received by Mr. Thompson, of Ipswich, from Mexico. It is doubtless a handsome species of Cosmos. The question is if it can be safely referred to any described species.
Word: cosmos Part of Speech: noun Etymology: See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form. Pronunciation: /ˈkɒzməʊz/, /ˈkɑzmoʊz/ 1. plural of cosmo Labels: form-of, plural
Word: cranium Part of Speech: noun Etymology: From Medieval Latin crānium (“skull”), from Ancient Greek κρᾱνίον (krāníon, “skull”). By surface analysis, crani- + -um. Pronunciation: /ˈkɹeɪ.ni.əm/ 1. That part of the skull consisting of the bones enclosing the brain, but not including the bones of the face or jaw. Example: The Skull is divided into two parts, the Cranium and the Face. The Cranium is composed of eight bones; […] Example: ‘I always ask leave, in the interests of science, to measure the crania of those going out there,’ he said. 2. The upper portion of the skull, including the neurocranium and facial bones, but not including the jawbone (mandible). Labels: informal Example: In this study, the cranium recovered from the River Witham in Lincoln exhibited a black metallic staining on the surfaces of the teeth. 3. Synonym of skull. Labels: informal
Word: crypt Part of Speech: noun Etymology: Learned borrowing from Latin crypta (“vault”), from Ancient Greek κρυπτός (kruptós, “hidden”). Doublet of grotto. Pronunciation: /kɹɪpt/ 1. A cave or cavern. Labels: archaic 2. An underground vault. 3. An underground vault. Example: Near-synonyms: vault, tomb, sepulchre, sepulcher Example: She turned and waved a hand to him, she cried a word, but he didn't hear it, it was a lost word. A sable wraith she was in the parkland, fading away into the dolorous crypt of winter. 4. A small pit or cavity in the surface of an organ or other structure. Example: Near-synonyms: fovea, fossa Example: Sometimes, too much foreign material can get caught in the crypts, leading to frequent infections. 5. Any of the genus Cryptocoryne of aquatic plants of southern and southeastern Asia. 6. Any of the genus Cryptopus of orchids of Madagascar and Mauritius.
Word: cynic Part of Speech: noun Etymology: From Middle English cynike, cynicke, from Middle French cynique, from Latin cynicus, from Ancient Greek κυνικός (kunikós), originally derived from the portico in Athens called Κυνόσαργες (Kunósarges), the earliest home of the Cynic school, later reinterpreted as being derived from κύων (kúōn, “dog”), in a contemptuous allusion to the uncouth and aggressive manners adopted by the members of the school. Pronunciation: /ˈsɪnɪk/ 1. A person whose outlook is scornfully negative. Example: Well, that's one in the eye for the nay-sayers, the doubters, the cynics and assorted tosspots what make up the media and that. Example: "Accept your limitations," I'd warn her. "A lot of these kids are damaged beyond repair." And you know what her response was? That I was cynical. Which hit a nerve, I had to admit. I wasn't a cynic; I was a banged-up realist. You live to middle age, you begin to reckon with life's limits, you know? You lace up your sneakers and run it out. 2. A person who believes that all people are motivated by selfishness.
Word: cynic Part of Speech: adj Etymology: From Middle English cynike, cynicke, from Middle French cynique, from Latin cynicus, from Ancient Greek κυνικός (kunikós), originally derived from the portico in Athens called Κυνόσαργες (Kunósarges), the earliest home of the Cynic school, later reinterpreted as being derived from κύων (kúōn, “dog”), in a contemptuous allusion to the uncouth and aggressive manners adopted by the members of the school. Pronunciation: /ˈsɪnɪk/ 1. Synonym of cynical. 2. Relating to the Dog Star. Labels: not-comparable Example: the cynic, or Sothic, year; cynic cycle
Word: macron Part of Speech: noun Etymology: From Ancient Greek μακρόν (makrón), neuter form of μακρός (makrós, “long”) (English macro-). Pronunciation: /ˈmækɹɒn/, /ˈmeɪkɹɒn/, /ˈmeɪkɹɑn/, /ˈmækɹɑn/ 1. A short, straight, horizontal diacritical mark (◌̄) placed over a letter, usually to indicate that the pronunciation of a vowel is long. Example: We say such words belong to a Long family, because of the long macron hat the vowels wear. Like the other twin o's, one hat is enough for both, for these twins are always found together. Example: A macron is a mark placed above a long vowel to mark its quantity.
Word: margarita Part of Speech: noun Etymology: Etymology tree Proto-Indo-Iranian *mr̥gás Proto-Iranian *mr̥gáhder. Proto-Iranian *mŕ̥ga-ahri-ita-der.? Ancient Greek μαργᾰρῑ́της (margărī́tēs)der. Latin margarītader. Spanish margaritabor. English margarita Borrowed from Spanish margarita. Doublet of Margaret (and various forms, q.v.), margarite, Margherita, and marguerite. Pronunciation: /ˌmɑː.ɡəˈɹiː.tə/, /ˌmɑɹ.ɡəˈɹi.tə/ 1. A cocktail made with tequila, an orange-flavoured liqueur, and lemon or lime juice, often served with salt encrusted on the rim of the glass. Labels: countable, uncountable Example: In the summer, he’s posted on the corner with his BMX sipping margarita from a styrofoam cup and in the winter he’s indoors with his PlayStation and blunt.
Word: masticate Part of Speech: verb Etymology: From Latin masticātus, perfect passive participle of masticō (“to chew”), see -ate (verb-forming suffix). Alternatively, back-formation from mastication, either ultimately from Ancient Greek μαστιχάω (mastikháō, “to grind the teeth”). Compare French mastiquer. Pronunciation: /ˈmæstɪkeɪt/ 1. To chew (usually food). Labels: transitive Example: The cow stood, quietly masticating its cud. Example: The fat boy rose, opened his eyes, swallowed the huge piece of pie he had been in the act of masticating when he last fell asleep, and slowly obeyed his master’s orders. 2. To grind or knead something into a pulp. Labels: transitive
Word: megalith Part of Speech: noun Etymology: PIE word *méǵh₂s From mega- (prefix meaning ‘very large, great’) + -lith (suffix meaning ‘stone’), a back-formation from megalithic probably modelled after monolith. from Ancient Greek λίθος (líthos, “stone”) Pronunciation: /ˈmɛɡəlɪθ/, /ˈmɛɡəˌlɪθ/ 1. A large stone slab making up a prehistoric monument, or part of such a monument. 2. A prehistoric monument made up of one or more large stones. 3. A large stone or block of stone used in the construction of a modern structure. Labels: broadly
Word: melanoma Part of Speech: noun Etymology: From melano- + -oma. Pronunciation: /mɛləˈnoʊmə/ 1. A dark-pigmented, usually malignant tumor arising from a melanocyte and occurring most commonly in the skin.
Word: Melanie Part of Speech: name Etymology: From French Mélanie, from Latin Melania, the name of two Roman fifth century saints, from Ancient Greek μέλας (mélas, “black, dark”). Pronunciation: /ˈmɛləni/ 1. A female given name from Ancient Greek. Example: 'I learn the craft. I'm your uncle's apprentice, Melanie.' - - - She did not quite like the way he kept calling her by her name; there was a humorous inlection on the three liquid syllables as though he found the name funny.
Word: melisma Part of Speech: noun Etymology: From Ancient Greek μέλισμα (mélisma, “song”), from μελίζω (melízō, “(I) sing, modulate; (I) celebrate in song”), from μέλος (mélos, “song, tune, melody; limb, part; member”). Pronunciation: /məˈlɪzmə/ 1. A passage of several notes sung to one syllable of text. Labels: countable Example: A choir sang one of the Lamentations of Jeremiah. The mournful melisma accompanied the slow procession to the palace built by Herod the Great, at present untenanted. Example: At the top of the hill in the archway of the main house, an eyeless old man sat on a bucket, scratching at a two-stringed gourd, warbling weird melismas on a madman's text. 2. The use of such passages. Labels: uncountable Example: A subsequent generation of singers, including Ms. Aguilera, Jennifer Hudson and Beyoncé, built their careers around melisma.
Word: mentor Part of Speech: noun Etymology: From French mentor, from Ancient Greek Μέντωρ (Méntōr, “Mentor”), a mythological character in the Odyssey, whose name, a historical name from Ancient Greece, shares the same root as English mind. Cognate to Sanskrit मन्तृ (mantṛ, “advisor, counselor”) and Latin monitor (“one who admonishes”), and perhaps ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *monéyeti (compare Latin moneō (“to warn”), causative form of *men- (“to think”). Pronunciation: /ˈmɛn.tɔː/, /ˈmɛn.toə/, /ˈmɛn.toɹ/, /ˈmɛn.tɚ/, /ˈmen.toː/ 1. A wise and trusted counselor or teacher. Example: Many mentors claim that they would work with the vocationers for free because of the sense of satisfaction the interaction provides. Example: I thought he was supposed to be my mentor. But, in actuality, what did I know about the often beguiling world of adults?
Word: mentor Part of Speech: verb Etymology: From French mentor, from Ancient Greek Μέντωρ (Méntōr, “Mentor”), a mythological character in the Odyssey, whose name, a historical name from Ancient Greece, shares the same root as English mind. Cognate to Sanskrit मन्तृ (mantṛ, “advisor, counselor”) and Latin monitor (“one who admonishes”), and perhaps ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *monéyeti (compare Latin moneō (“to warn”), causative form of *men- (“to think”). Pronunciation: /ˈmɛn.tɔː/, /ˈmɛn.toə/, /ˈmɛn.toɹ/, /ˈmɛn.tɚ/, /ˈmen.toː/ 1. To act as someone's mentor. Labels: transitive Example: After him came several deshi, or followers he had mentored. Example: I want to get people motivated about mentoring students, to help them get excited about staying in school, finding their passion, and starting a career.
Word: mia Part of Speech: noun Pronunciation: /miː.ə/ 1. An ancient bluffing game played with dice. Labels: uncountable
Word: mia Part of Speech: noun Etymology: Clipping of bulimia; intentionally formed to resemble the given name Mia as form of personification and coded language. Compare ana. Pronunciation: /miː.ə/ 1. Bulimia nervosa. Labels: Internet, uncountable
Word: mimesis Part of Speech: noun Etymology: From Ancient Greek μῑ́μησις (mī́mēsis), from μιμεῖσθαι (mimeîsthai, “to imitate”), from μῖμος (mîmos, “a mime”). By surface analysis, mime + -esis. Pronunciation: /mɪˈmiːsɪs/, /məˈmiːsɪs/, /ˌmaɪˈmiːsɪs/ 1. The representation of aspects of the real world, especially human actions, in literature and art. Labels: countable, uncountable 2. Mimicry. Labels: countable, uncountable 3. The appearance of symptoms of a disease not actually present. Labels: countable, uncountable 4. The rhetorical pedagogy of imitation. Labels: countable, rhetoric, uncountable 5. The imitation of another's gestures, pronunciation, or utterance. Labels: countable, rhetoric, uncountable
Word: monody Part of Speech: noun Etymology: From Latin monodia, from Ancient Greek μονῳδία (monōidía). Pronunciation: /ˈmɒnədi/, /ˈmɑnədi/ 1. An ode, as in Greek drama, for a single voice, often specifically a mournful song or dirge. 2. Any poem mourning the death of someone; an elegy. 3. A monotonous or mournful noise. Example: Stroke by stroke, the great familiar monody of that incomparable curfew rose and fell in the stillness. 4. A composition having a single melodic line. Example: All directions in life were blocked to him. He could not think, he could not sleep, his heart thudded to a deadening monody of fear. Fear that is itself the penalty of all things feared.
Word: odyssey Part of Speech: noun Etymology: From Odyssey, from Ancient Greek Ὀδυσσεία (Odusseía, “the story of Odysseus”). Pronunciation: /ˈɒd.ɪ.si/, /ˈɒd.ə.si/, /ˈɑ.dɪ.si/, /ˈɑ.də.si/, /ˈɔd.ɪ.si/ 1. An extended adventurous voyage, usually in search of home. Example: Many have been sharing cartoons praying for a successful conclusion to the Wild Boar team's odyssey, hoping that it will end in their safe rescue. 2. An intellectual or spiritual quest.
Word: ophthalmology Part of Speech: noun Etymology: From ophthalmo- + -logy. Pronunciation: /ˌɒfθə(l)ˈmɒləd͡ʒi/, /ˌɒpθə(l)ˈmɒləd͡ʒi/, /ˌɒfθælˈmɒləd͡ʒi/, /ˌɒpθælˈmɒləd͡ʒi/, /ˌɑpθə(l)ˈmɑləd͡ʒi/ 1. The anatomy, functions, pathology, and treatment of the eye. Labels: countable, uncountable Example: He will reproach himself for having been the victim of some of these liabilities, but for others, like his cataract or the bad illumination, he will express regret but not remorse. That is, some of the explanations that he will give for some of his mistakes and failures will be of the same sort as the explanations he would give for his mistakes and failures in counting or multiplying, but some will be of quite different sorts, like the explanations that he couches in the terms of elementary ophthalmology or optics.
Word: orchestra Part of Speech: noun Etymology: Borrowed from Latin orchēstra, borrowed from Ancient Greek ὀρχήστρα (orkhḗstra), from ὀρχέομαι (orkhéomai, “to dance”) + -τρᾰ (-tră, “a suffix used to form instrument nouns (pl.)”). Pronunciation: /ˈɔː.kɪs.tɹə/, /ˈɔː.kəs.tɹə/, /ˈoɹ.kɪs.tɹə/, /ˈoɹ.kəs.tɹə/, [ˈoɹkɛstɹə] 1. A large group of musicians who play together on various instruments, usually including some from strings, woodwind, brass and/or percussion; the instruments played by such a group. Example: The orchestra plays music for the dancers to dance to in the 19th century-styled dance hall. Example: It requires quite an orchestra to get a train to start; the guard blows his horn, the stationmaster rings a large bell, and the engine whistles. 2. A semicircular space in front of the stage used by the chorus in Ancient Greek and Hellenistic theatres. 3. The area in a theatre or concert hall where the musicians sit, immediately in front of and below the stage, sometimes (also) used by other performers.
Word: gallery Part of Speech: noun Etymology: From Middle English galery, gallerye, from Middle French galerie, gallerie, from Old French galerie, gallerie (“a long portico, a gallery”), from Medieval Latin galeria (“gallery”), of unknown origin. Perhaps an alteration of Latin galilea (“church porch”), probably from Latin Galilaea, Galilee, region of Israel. More at Galilee. Pronunciation: /ˈɡæl.ə.ɹi/, /ˈɡæl.ɚ.i/ 1. An institution, building, or room for the exhibition and conservation of important objects, especially works of art. Example: In the gallery are displayed genuine artifacts dug up from the site, and in the gift shop you can buy a replica as a souvenir. Example: Some of her work is so impressive that it really ought to be in a gallery. 2. An establishment that buys, sells, and displays works of art. Example: Near-synonyms: art dealer's, dealer's Example: Some of her best work can be yours: it is available at a gallery, if you can afford it. 3. The uppermost seating area projecting from the rear or side walls of a theater, concert hall, or auditorium. Example: We could afford the less expensive seats in the gallery. 4. The spectators at an event, collectively. Labels: broadly, metonymically Example: The politician was clearly appealing to the gallery Example: Capello was missing his son's wedding in Milan to take charge – yet his reshaped England team gave him cause for a double celebration as they overturned the odds in front of a delighted Wembley gallery. 5. The part of a courtroom, often elevated and in the rear, where seating for the public audience is facilitated during trial. Example: appealing to the gallery Example: Rose and Valerie, screaming from the gallery Say he must go free 6. A roofed promenade, especially one extending along the wall of a building and supported by arches or columns on the outer side. Example: elegant galleries looking out onto manicured gardens 7. A browsable collection of images, font styles, etc. Example: a gallery of image thumbnails Example: a clip-art gallery in a word processor 8. A covered passage cut through the earth or masonry. Example: the galleries of the fort 9. A level or drive in a mine. Example: the lower galleries 10. A channel that carries engine oil to parts of the engine that need lubrication, such as the main bearings. Example: the main gallery Example: At about 2500 r.p.m., as much oil is by-passed through the cooler as the amount delivered to the main gallery and at higher engine speeds the flow through the cooler is appreciably greater. 11. The production control room. 12. A part of a light fixture, forming part of its structure and often providing the mounting for the diffuser. Example: Holonyms: light fixture, light, lamp, fixture Example: opaline lights with brass galleries 13. A part of a monocle—a projection off the ring holding the lens—which helps secure the monocle in the eye socket. Example: Holonym: monocle Example: adjusting the distance between the bottom gallery and the top gallery 14. The boring trails produced by an insect in wood. Example: beetle gallery 15. Ellipsis of gallery forest. Labels: abbreviation, alt-of, ellipsis
Word: gallery Part of Speech: verb Etymology: From Middle English galery, gallerye, from Middle French galerie, gallerie, from Old French galerie, gallerie (“a long portico, a gallery”), from Medieval Latin galeria (“gallery”), of unknown origin. Perhaps an alteration of Latin galilea (“church porch”), probably from Latin Galilaea, Galilee, region of Israel. More at Galilee. Pronunciation: /ˈɡæl.ə.ɹi/, /ˈɡæl.ɚ.i/ 1. To show off. Labels: Trinidad-and-Tobago
Word: orthodontic Part of Speech: adj Etymology: From orthodontia + -ic, equivalent to ortho- + -odont + -ic. 1. Of, or relating to the dental speciality of orthodontics. Labels: not-comparable Example: Many parents can’t afford that “great smile,” though, which is why a thriving cottage industry of homemade orthodontic remedies has surfaced to provide the perfect smile to those who can’t afford licensed orthodontic work.
Word: orthopedic Part of Speech: adj Etymology: Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *h₃erdʰ-der. Proto-Hellenic *ortʰwós Ancient Greek ὀρθός (orthós) Proto-Indo-European *peh₂w-der. Proto-Hellenic *pā́wits Ancient Greek παῖς (paîs) Ancient Greek -εύς (-eús) Ancient Greek -εύω (-eúō) Ancient Greek παιδεύω (paideúō) Proto-Indo-European *-h₂ Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂ Proto-Indo-European *-i-eh₂ Proto-Hellenic *-íā Ancient Greek -ία (-ía) Ancient Greek παιδεία (paideía) French orthopédie Proto-Indo-European *-ikos Proto-Italic *-ikos Latin -icuslbor. Old French -ique Middle French -ique French -ique French orthopédiquebor. English orthopedic Borrowed from French orthopédique. Pronunciation: /ˈɔɹθəpidɪk/ 1. Of or relating to orthopedics. Example: The destiny-grade event that happened to Orin Incandenza at this point was that just as he was passing glumly under the Home goalposts and entering the shadow of the south exit-tunnel's adit a loud and ominously orthopedic cracking sound, plus then shrieking, issued from somewhere on the field behind him. Example: From there, Thera-Paw’s team created a special pair of orthopedic boots for Lucas, made of Neoprene and rubber with extra padding on the bottoms. The black shade looks as close to his natural foot color as possible so as not to stand out too much.
Word: orthography Part of Speech: verb Etymology: The noun is derived from Late Middle English ortografie, ortographie (“spelling”) [and other forms], and then either: * from Anglo-Norman ortografie, Middle French orthographie, ortografie, ortographie (“correct spelling; orthographic projection”) (compare Old French ortografie; modern French orthographe (“spelling, orthography”), orthographie (“orthographic project, orthography”)); or * from their etymon Latin orthographia (“correct spelling; building elevation”), from Koine Greek ὀρθογραφία (orthographía, “correct spelling”), from Ancient Greek ορθο- (ortho-, prefix meaning ‘right, proper; upright’) (from ὀρθός (orthós, “straight; erect, upright; correct, true”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₃erdʰ- (“to grow, increase; high; upright”)) + -γραφίᾱ (-graphíā, suffix meaning ‘drawing; writing’) (from γρᾰ́φω (grắphō, “to cut into, scratch; to write”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gerbʰ- (“to carve”)). The English word is analyzable as ortho- (prefix meaning ‘proper, right; straight’) + -graphy (suffix denoting something written or otherwise represented in a specified manner, or about a specified subject). The verb is derived from the noun. First use appears before c. 1460. Cognates * Catalan ortografia * Italian ortografia * Portuguese ortografia, orthografia (obsolete) * Spanish ortografía Pronunciation: /ɔːˈθɒɡɹəfi/, /ɔɹˈθɑɡɹəfi/ 1. To spell (words) or write (text) according to established usage. Labels: archaic, rare, transitive Example: [T]here have appeared three collections of ſongs and poems, all of vvhich, though there be merit in the compoſition, are, hovvever, vvretchedly orthographied. Example: As it would be unpleasant to the reader to see in print Mr. Dubois's English orthographied as he pronounced his words, we have followed the common way of spelling.
Word: osteoporosis Part of Speech: noun Etymology: From Ancient Greek ὀστέον (ostéon, “bone”) + Ancient Greek πώρωσις (pṓrōsis, “petrification, callousness”), from Ancient Greek πῶρος (pôros, “tuff, a porous type of rock”). By surface analysis, osteo- + pore + -osis. Pronunciation: /ˌɒstiəʊpəˈɹəʊsɪs/ 1. A disease, occurring especially in women following menopause, in which the bones become extremely porous and are subject to fracture. Labels: countable, uncountable
Word: ostracism Part of Speech: noun Etymology: Learned borrowing from Ancient Greek ὀστρακισμός (ostrakismós, “banishment by means of voting with pot shards”), from ὀστρακίζω (ostrakízō, “ostracize”) + -ισμός (-ismós, “-ism”), from ὄστρακον (óstrakon, “clay pot”). Pronunciation: /ˈɒstɹəsɪz(ə)m/, /ˈɒs trəˌsɪz əm/ 1. In ancient Athens (and some other cities), the temporary banishment by popular vote of a citizen considered dangerous to the state. Labels: countable, historical, uncountable Example: For this manner of banishment for a time, called ostracismos, was no punishment for any fault committed, but a mitigation and taking away of the envy of the people, which delighted to pluck down their stomacks that too much seemed to exceed in greatness: […] Example: Take the ſweete herbe called pleaſant content; with that make a perfume about your bed chamber and where you dyne: the ſavour of this is as ſure a repulſe to exile melancholie, as the oſtracisme was to the noble of Athens. 2. Banishment by some general consent. Labels: countable, figuratively, uncountable Example: If I have deserved the land should spue me out, I will feed my selfe with the idle and windy conceite of an Ostracisme, and my unregarded poore selfe shall be all the richesse and commpany I crave to transport and if a Princes word […] 3. Temporary exclusion from a community or society. Labels: countable, uncountable
Word: paleontology Part of Speech: noun Etymology: Attested since 1836 (as palæontology). From French paléontologie (attested since 1822). By surface analysis, paleo- (“ancient”) + onto- (“being”) + -logy (“study”). Pronunciation: /ˌpeɪli.ənˈtɒləd͡ʒi/, /ˌpæli.ənˈtɒləd͡ʒi/, /ˌpeɪli.ənˈtɑləd͡ʒi/ 1. The study of the forms of life existing in prehistoric or geologic times, especially as represented by fossils. Labels: US, uncountable
Word: Pangaea Part of Speech: name Etymology: From Ancient Greek παν- (pan-, “all”) + γαῖα (gaîa, “earth, land”), after German Pangäa, which was coined by Alfred Wegener in 1915. Analyzable as pan- + Gaea. Pronunciation: /pænˈd͡ʒiː.ə/ 1. A former supercontinent that included all the landmasses of the earth before the Triassic period and that broke up into Laurasia and Gondwana. Example: The supercontinent status of Pangaea and Rodinia is undisputed. In contrast, there is ongoing controversy on whether Pannotia existed at all.