nandhakumarms/qualc-wiktionary-en huggingface dataset:
Word: inter Part of Speech: verb Etymology: From Middle English enteren, borrowed from Old French enterrer, enterer, from Vulgar Latin *interrāre (“to put in earth”). Pronunciation: /ɪnˈtɚ/, /ɪnˈtɜː/, /ɪnˈtɛr/, /ɪnˈtøː/, /ɪnˈteː/ 1. To bury in a grave. Example: The tomb was discovered on Fenghuangshan (Phoenix Hill) in Chinancheng, Chiangling county, in China’s central Hupeh province. An inscription on a bamboo tablet found in it shows that the corpse was interred in the fifth moon of the 13th year of the reign of Emperor Wen, that is, in 167 B.C. 2. To confine, as in a prison.
Word: mazy Part of Speech: adj Etymology: Etymology tree English maze Proto-Indo-European *-kos Proto-Germanic *-gaz Proto-West Germanic *-g Old English -iġ Middle English -y English -y English mazy From maze + -y. Pronunciation: /ˈmeɪzi/ 1. Mazelike; like a maze. 2. Not straight; zigzagging. Example: Five miles meandering with a mazy motion, Through wood and dale the sacred river ran, Then reached the caverns measureless to man, And sank in tumult to a lifeless ocean: [...] Example: Deep into distant woodlands winds a mazy way, reaching to overlapping spurs of mountains bathed in their hill-side blue. 3. Confused. Example: I am a fool—a purblind, mazy fool, And do not know my right hand from my left.
Word: laker Part of Speech: noun Etymology: From Middle English *lakere, *leikere, from Middle English laken, leiken (“to play, sport”), equivalent to lake (“play, sport”) + -er. More at lake. Pronunciation: /ˈleɪkə(ɹ)/ 1. One engaged in sport; a player; an actor. Labels: UK, dialectal
Word: laker Part of Speech: noun Etymology: From lake (“body of water”) + -er (“inhabitant”) or + -er (relational suffix). Pronunciation: /ˈleɪkə(ɹ)/ 1. A wharfman who resides near a lake. 2. A ship used on the Great Lakes. Labels: Canada, US
Word: leone Part of Speech: noun 1. A unit of currency of Sierra Leone, divided into 100 cents.
Word: spume Part of Speech: noun Etymology: From Middle English spume, from Old French espume, from Latin spūma. Pronunciation: /spjuːm/ 1. Foam or froth of liquid, particularly that of seawater. Labels: countable, uncountable Example: Materials dark and crude, / Of spiritous and fiery spume. Example: No sluggish tide congenial to the glooms; / This, as it frothed by, might have been a bath / For the fiend's glowing hoof - to see the wrath / Of its black eddy bespate with flakes and spumes.
Word: spume Part of Speech: verb Etymology: From Middle English spume, from Old French espume, from Latin spūma. Pronunciation: /spjuːm/ 1. To froth.
Word: inure Part of Speech: verb Etymology: From Middle English inuren, equivalent to in- + ure (“practise, exercise”). Pronunciation: /ɪˈnjʊə(ɹ)/, /ɪˈnjɔː(ɹ)/, /ɪˈnjʊɹ/, /ɪˈnʊɹ/ 1. To cause someone to become accustomed to something that requires prolonged or repeated tolerance of one or more unpleasantries. Labels: transitive Example: Matcht with as valiant men, and of as cleane a might, / As skilfull to commaund, and as inur’d to fight. Example: To none of these evidences of a fearful tragedy of a long dead day did little Tarzan give but passing heed. His wild jungle life had inured him to the sight of dead and dying animals, and had he known that he was looking upon the remains of his own father and mother he would have been no more greatly moved. 2. To take effect, to be operative. Labels: intransitive Example: Jim buys a beach house that includes the right to travel across the neighbor's property to get to the water. That right of way is said "to inure to the benefit of Jim". Example: If I understand the process correctly, cash refunds are turned into the United States Treasury, but price reductions inure to the particular department and increase its appropriations by whatever they collect. 3. To commit. Labels: obsolete, transitive Example: He […] gan that ladie strongly to appele / Of many haynous crymes by her enured.
Word: vitiate Part of Speech: verb Etymology: PIE word *dwóh₁ From Latin vitiātus, the perfect passive participle of vitiō (“damage, spoil”), from vitium (“vice”). Pronunciation: /ˈvɪʃ.i.eɪt/ 1. To spoil, make faulty; to reduce the value, quality, or effectiveness of something. Labels: transitive Example: The least admixture of a lie, -- for example, the taint of vanity, the least attempt to make a good impression, a favorable appearance, -- will instantly vitiate the effect. Example: Such diversion as Podson could extort from his isolation was soon vitiated by repetition. He surfed. He sun-baked - with discretion till his skin had peeled and given him a harder cuticle. 2. To debase or morally corrupt. Labels: transitive Example: Dissolute and vitiated alike, they confided in, and ever acted in mutual concert with each other's plans, according to the deep subtleties of their reasonings, which linked them together by some secret spell. Example: There was excellent blood in his veins—royal stuff; though sadly vitiated, I fear, by the cannibal propensity he nourished in his untutored youth. 3. To violate, to rape. Labels: archaic, transitive Example: ‘Crush the cockatrice,’ he groaned, from his death-cell. ‘I am dead in law’ – but of the girl he denied that he had ‘attempted to vitiate her at Nine years old’; for ‘upon the word of a dying man, both her Eyes did see, and her Hands did act in all that was done’. 4. To make something ineffective, to invalidate. Labels: transitive Example: […]all the hinges of the animal frame are subverted, every animal function is vitiated; the carcass retains but just life enough to make it capable of suffering. Example: He went over his canvases with disgust and anger, unable to see virtue in any one of them. Even his sacred Oyster Girl went back on him. The creature of a vitiated æstheticism, he could only suppose that conceit had played an abominable trick on his eyesight.
Word: misogynist Part of Speech: noun Etymology: From Ancient Greek μῑσογύνης (mīsogúnēs), from μῑσέω (mīséō, “I hate”) + γυνή (gunḗ, “woman”), equivalent to misogyny + -ist. Pronunciation: /mɪˈsɒd͡ʒ.ən.ɪst/, /mɪˈsɑd͡ʒ.ən.ɪst/ 1. One who professes misogyny; a hater of women. Example: "Confound all women, I say!" muttered the young misogynist. Example: Job, like myself, is a bit of a misogynist - I fancy chiefly owing to the fact of his having been one of a family of seventeen - and the feelings expressed upon his countenance when he realised that he was not only being embraced publicly, and without authorisation on his own part, but also in the presence of his masters, were too mixed and painful to admit of accurate description. 2. One who displays prejudice against or looks down upon women.
Word: misogynist Part of Speech: adj Etymology: From Ancient Greek μῑσογύνης (mīsogúnēs), from μῑσέω (mīséō, “I hate”) + γυνή (gunḗ, “woman”), equivalent to misogyny + -ist. Pronunciation: /mɪˈsɒd͡ʒ.ən.ɪst/, /mɪˈsɑd͡ʒ.ən.ɪst/ 1. Misogynistic; relating to or exhibiting misogyny. Example: Authors push back against criticism by formulating a boundary so contributors can be viewed as serious, rational individuals, rather than misogynist extremists.
Word: taffy Part of Speech: noun Etymology: Probably related to tafia (“a type of rum”). Pronunciation: /ˈtæ.fi/ 1. A soft, chewy candy made from boiled sugar, molasses, or corn syrup and butter. Labels: US, countable, uncountable 2. Flattery. Labels: countable, informal, uncountable Example: […] if these statistices should seem to fail to tally with the facts, in places, do not nudge your neighbor, or press your foot upon his toes, or manifest, by any other sign, your awareness that taffy is being distributed. Example: Cut out the taffy. Who's your friend? 3. Welsh person. Labels: UK, countable, derogatory, uncountable, usually Example: "Some people may find Taffy a bit derogatory but a lot of people are interested in displaying that on their vehicles. That's a way they can express their Welshness. But we haven't sold any plates with combinations of 'boyo'."
Word: antinomy Part of Speech: noun Etymology: Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *h₂ent- Proto-Indo-European *-s Proto-Indo-European *h₂énts Proto-Indo-European *-i Proto-Indo-European *h₂énti Ancient Greek ᾰ̓ντῐ́ (ăntĭ́) Ancient Greek ἀντι- (anti-) Proto-Indo-European *nem-der. Proto-Indo-European *németi Proto-Hellenic *némō Ancient Greek νέμω (némō) Proto-Indo-European *-os Proto-Hellenic *-os Ancient Greek -ος (-os) Ancient Greek νόμος (nómos) Proto-Indo-European *-h₂ Proto-Indo-European *-éh₂ Proto-Indo-European *-i-eh₂ Proto-Hellenic *-íā Ancient Greek -ίᾱ (-íā) Ancient Greek ἀντῐνομίᾱ (antĭnomíā)der. Latin antinomialbor. English antinomy Learned borrowing from Latin antinomia, from Ancient Greek ἀντινομία (antinomía), from ἀντι- (anti-, prefix meaning ‘against’) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ent- (“face; forehead; front”)) + νόμος (nómos, “custom, usage; law, ordinance”) + -ῐ́ᾱ (-ĭ́ā, suffix forming feminine abstract nouns), with νόμος (nómos) derived from νέμω (némō, “to deal out, dispense, distribute”) (from Proto-Indo-European *nem- (“to distribute; to give; to take”)) + -ος (-os, suffix forming nouns indicating actions or their results). The English word may be analysed as anti- (prefix meaning ‘against; opposite of’) + -nomy (suffix indicating a system of laws, rules, or knowledge about a body of a particular field). Pronunciation: /ænˈtɪn.ə.mi/ 1. A contradiction within a law, or between different laws; also, a contradiction between authorities. Labels: archaic, countable, uncountable 2. Any contradiction or paradox. Labels: broadly, countable, uncountable Example: The Antinomians: These Gospell-truths, these sweet Sermons of Free-grace, that setting up of naked Christ on his Throne, which hath seduced so many thousands of well-meaning souls, do now appear in their own colours, and to any common eye may be seen to be nothing but the grosse Antinomy of the old Libertines. Example: There is, notwithstanding, a sort of Manicheism in genius, as there is the antinomy in science, as there are light and shade in art, as there are opposite and similarly appearing movements in life, as there are diverse and simultaneous springs in the human conscience, as there are attraction and repulsion in the sidereal worlds, as there are multiferous and heterogeneous forces that resolve themselves into astonishing antithetic duality . 3. Any contradiction or paradox. Labels: broadly, countable, specifically, uncountable Example: This introduces the antinomy that has followed us through the whole study. The solution of this antinomy is found in making the Not-me, which interrupts self-consciousness, really reflect self-consciousness, by manifesting the nature of the I—in other words, by making it conform to the ideal of the soul. Example: Of the work that has been done on the liar antinomy, possibly the most profound and certainly the most influential has been that of Tarski
Word: temerity Part of Speech: noun Etymology: From Middle English temerite, temeryte, from Old French temerité, from Latin temeritās (“chance, accident, rashness”), from temere (“by chance, casually, rashly”). By surface analysis, temer(arious) + -ity. Pronunciation: /tɪˈmɛɹ.ɪ.ti/, /təˈmɛɹ.ɪ.ti/, /təˈmɛɹ.ə.ti/ 1. Reckless boldness; foolish bravery. Labels: uncountable Example: 1569, Thomas Pearson, trans., "The Second Paradox," in The booke of Marcus Tullius Cicero entituled Paradoxa Stoicorum, T. Marshe (London), Neyther the spightfull temerity and rashnes of variable fortune, nor the envious hart burning and in iurious hatred of mine enemies shold be able once to damnify me. Example: Jewan Sadit, who ſtood before the prince, obſerving his youthful temerity, threw himſelf between him and danger, and with a nervous arm, wielding a ſharp ſabre, of the hard tempered ſteel of Damiſk, ruſhing upon the tyger, he ſtruck him acroſs the forehead. 2. An act or case of reckless boldness. Labels: countable Example: Draper, dear lad, had the illusion of an "intellectual sympathy" between them.... Draper's temerities would always be of that kind. 3. Effrontery; impudence. Labels: uncountable Example: He had very nearly been guilty of the temerity of arrogating to himself another title in the presence of those he most respected. Example: That's jejune? You have the temerity to say that I'm talking to you out of jejunosity? I am one of the most june people in all of the Russias!
Word: provoke Part of Speech: verb Etymology: Borrowed from Middle French provoquer, from Old French, from Latin prōvocāre. Doublet of provocate. Pronunciation: /pɹəˈvəʊk/, /pɹəˈvoʊk/, /pɹəˈvəʉk/ 1. To cause someone to become annoyed or angry. Labels: transitive Example: Don't provoke the dog; it may try to bite you. Example: In the meane time it chaunced, that Marcus Papyrius ſtroke one of the Galles on the heade with his ſtaffe, because he preſumed to ſtroke his bearde: with whiche iniurie the Gaulle beeing prouoked, ſlue Papyrius (as he ſate) with hys ſworde, and therewith the ſlaughter being begun with one, all the reſidue of thoſe auncient fatherly men as they ſat in theyr Chayres were ſlaine and cruelly murthered. 2. To bring about a reaction. Labels: transitive Example: To the poet the meaning is what he pleases to make it, what it provokes in his own soul. Example: Thence Sish went forth into the world to destroy its cities, and to provoke his hours to assail all things, and to batter against them with the rust and with the dust. 3. To appeal. Labels: obsolete Example: Even Arius and Pelagius durst provoke To what the centuries preceding spoke.
Word: coquette Part of Speech: noun Etymology: Borrowed from French coquette. Pronunciation: /kɒˈkɛt/, /koʊˈkɛt/ 1. A woman who flirts or plays with people's affections. Example: Though, I confeſs, Paris has its Charms; but to me they are like thoſe of a Coquette, gay and gavvdy; they ſerve to amuſe vvith, but a Man vvould not chuſe to be marry'd to them. Example: She was a big, sexy brunette—as Garcia said, «Something straight out of Degas,» and generally like a beautiful Parisian coquette. 2. Any hummingbird in the genus Lophornis.
Word: coquette Part of Speech: verb Etymology: Borrowed from French coquette. Pronunciation: /kɒˈkɛt/, /koʊˈkɛt/ 1. Alternative form of coquet. Labels: alt-of, alternative Example: Nobber has no small opinion of himself: he considers himself the Adonis of the Pondaati eleven, and he contemplates society as though it were Venus, and it was his mission to posturize before it, and coquette and toy with it.
Word: coquette Part of Speech: adj Etymology: Borrowed from French coquette. Pronunciation: /kɒˈkɛt/, /koʊˈkɛt/ 1. Of or relating to a feminine style of clothing involving ribbons, frills, and bows. Example: Frills, lace, bows, hearts, and ribbon (in excess!) are all part of the coquette look. […]” Example: Are you a Lana Del Rey fan who lives for ultra-romantic fashion pieces and clings to trends that involve ribbons, lace, and Bridgerton-esque motifs? Then the coquette aesthetic is most definitely for you. […]”
Word: bribery Part of Speech: noun Etymology: Etymology tree English bribe Proto-Indo-European *-yósder. Proto-Italic *-āzios Latin -āriusnom. Latin -ārius Old French -ier Proto-Indo-European *-(i)yós Proto-Italic *-ijos Proto-Italic *-ios Old Latin -ios Latin -ius Latin -ia Old French -ie Old French -eriebor. Middle English -erie English -ery English bribery From bribe + -ery. Pronunciation: /ˈbɹaɪbəɹi/ 1. The act of giving an illegal payment (a bribe) to a person in an official position as a means of influencing their decisions. 2. The activity of offering, giving, or accepting such bribes. Example: accept bribery Example: combat bribery
Word: embroider Part of Speech: verb Etymology: From Middle English embrouderen, frequentative of embrouden (“to decorate, embroider”), equivalent to embroid + -er. Middle English embrouden itself comes from Anglo-Norman embrouder, from Old French embrosder (“to embroider”), ultimately of Germanic origin, though the exact pathway is uncertain. Possibly an intensive of Old French brosder, brouder (compare Norman broudaïr), from Gothic *𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌶𐌳𐍉𐌽 (*bruzdōn), related to English bristle and brad. Alternatively, perhaps from Frankish *anbroʀdōn (“to embroider, stitch”), related to Old High German anabrortōn (“to embroider”), Old English onbryrdan (“to prick, incite”). Pronunciation: /ɪmˈbɹɔɪdɚ/, /ɪmˈbɹɔɪdə/ 1. To stitch a decorative design on fabric with needle and thread of various colours. 2. To add imaginary detail to a narrative to make it more interesting or acceptable. Labels: figuratively
Word: broider Part of Speech: verb 1. To embroider. Labels: archaic Example: [T]wenty yeomen, two and two, / In hosen black, and jerkins blue, / With falcons broider'd on each breast, / Attended on their lord's behest. Example: ‘When I was a little child [...] the cardinal brought me a doll. It was an image of myself, in a robe all broidered over with the arms of England and France.’
Word: strait Part of Speech: adj Etymology: From Middle English streit, from Old French estreit (modern form étroit), from Latin strictus, perfect passive participle of stringō (“compress, tighten”). Doublet of stretto and strict. Pronunciation: /stɹeɪt/ 1. Narrow; restricted as to space or room; close. Labels: archaic Example: Sweet oil was poured out on thy head And ran down like cool rain between The strait close locks it melted in. Example: Where shall we keep the holiday, And duly greet the entering May? Too strait and low our cottage doors, And all unmeet our carpet floors; […] 2. Righteous, strict. Labels: archaic Example: to follow the strait and narrow Example: [he] takes on him to reform Some certain edicts and some strait decrees That lie too heavy on the commonwealth, 3. Tight; close; tight-fitting. Labels: obsolete Example: Palamon. […] Stay a little, Is not this peece too streight? Arcite. No, no, tis well. 4. Close; intimate; near; familiar. Labels: obsolete Example: After the noble Prince Leonatus had by his fathers death succeeded in the kingdome of Galatia, he (forgetting all former iniuries) had receiued that naughtie Plexirtus into a streight degree of fauour […] 5. Difficult; distressful. Labels: obsolete Example: 18th c., Thomas Secker, Sermons on Several Subjects, 2nd edition, 1771, Volume III, Sermon XI, p. 253, But to make your strait Circumstances yet straiter, for the Sake of idle Gratifications, and distress yourselves in Necessaries, only to indulge in Trifles and Vanities, delicate Food, shewish Dress, ensnaring Diversions, is every Way wrong. 6. Parsimonious; stingy; mean. Labels: obsolete Example: […] I do not ask you much, I beg cold comfort; and you are so strait And so ingrateful, you deny me that. 7. Obsolete spelling of straight, now a misspelling of straight. Labels: alt-of, obsolete Example: He was of stature somewhat under the middle size, but strait and well shap'd. Example: A strait Line over a Vowel denotes the Omission of the Letter m or n following: quā--quam‖nō--non‖[…] […] The strait Line over m in the Middle of a Word denotes the Omission of the Letter n following: om̄es--omnes‖om̄ia--omnia
Word: strait Part of Speech: noun Etymology: From Middle English streit, from Old French estreit (modern form étroit), from Latin strictus, perfect passive participle of stringō (“compress, tighten”). Doublet of stretto and strict. Pronunciation: /stɹeɪt/ 1. A narrow channel of water connecting two larger bodies of water. Example: the Strait of Gibraltar Example: […] we steered directly through a large Out-let, which they call a Streight, tho’ it be fifteen Miles broad […] 2. A narrow pass, passage or street. Example: He brought him through a darksom narrow strayt, To a broad gate all built of beaten gold: Example: For honour travels in a strait so narrow, Where one but goes abreast: 3. A neck of land; an isthmus. Example: The bold Sir Bedivere uplifted him, Sir Bedivere, the last of all his knights, And bore him to a chapel nigh the field, A broken chancel with a broken cross, That stood on a dark strait of barren land. 4. A difficult position. Labels: in-plural, often Example: to be in dire straits Example: 1684, Robert South, “A Sermon Preached at Westminster-Abbey” in Twelve Sermons Preached upon Several Occasions, London: Thomas Bennett, 1692, p. 420, […] let no man, who owns the Belief of a Providence, grow desperate or forlorn, under any Calamity or Strait whatsoever […]
Word: strait Part of Speech: verb Etymology: From Middle English streit, from Old French estreit (modern form étroit), from Latin strictus, perfect passive participle of stringō (“compress, tighten”). Doublet of stretto and strict. Pronunciation: /stɹeɪt/ 1. To confine; put to difficulties. Labels: obsolete, transitive Example: After Bardus, the Celtes […] were in short tyme, and with small labour broughte vnder the subiection of the Giaunt Albion, the sonne of Neptune, who altering the state of things here in this yland, straited the name of Celtica and the Celtes within the boundes of Gallia […] Example: […] If your lass Interpretation should abuse and call this Your lack of love or bounty, you were straited For a reply […] 2. To tighten. Labels: obsolete, transitive
Word: strait Part of Speech: adv Etymology: From Middle English streit, from Old French estreit (modern form étroit), from Latin strictus, perfect passive participle of stringō (“compress, tighten”). Doublet of stretto and strict. Pronunciation: /stɹeɪt/ 1. Strictly; rigorously. Labels: obsolete Example: Lords, take your places; and, I pray you all, Proceed no straiter ’gainst our uncle Gloucester Than from true evidence of good esteem He be approved in practise culpable.
Word: moider Part of Speech: verb Etymology: Probably from the same source as mither (“to harass, pester”) 1. to toil Labels: intransitive 2. to muddle Labels: ambitransitive 3. to pester Labels: transitive 4. to perplex or bewilder Labels: transitive
Word: moider Part of Speech: verb Etymology: Representing the pronunciation by New York City English speakers with the curl-coil vowel merger. 1. murder Labels: US, archaic, dialectal, transitive
Word: moider Part of Speech: noun Etymology: Representing the pronunciation by New York City English speakers with the curl-coil vowel merger. 1. murder Labels: US, archaic, countable, dialectal, transitive, uncountable
Word: toil Part of Speech: noun Etymology: From Middle English toilen, toylen, apparently a conflation of Anglo-Norman toiller (“to agitate, stir up, entangle”) (compare Old Northern French tooillier, tooullier (“to agitate, stir”); of unknown origin), and Middle English tilyen, telien, teolien, tolen, tolien, tulien (“to till, work, labour”), from Old English tilian, telian, teolian, tiolian (“to exert oneself, toil, work, make, generate, strive after, try, endeavor, procure, obtain, gain, provide, tend, cherish, cultivate, till, plough, trade, traffic, aim at, aspire to, treat, cure”) (compare Middle Dutch tuylen, teulen (“to till, work, labour”)), from Proto-Germanic *tilōną (“to strive, reach for, aim for, hurry”). Cognate with Scots tulyie (“to quarrel, flite, contend”). An alternate etymology derives Middle English toilen, toylen directly from Middle Dutch tuylen, teulen (“to work, labour, till”), from tuyl ("agriculture, labour, toil"; > Modern Dutch tuil (“toil; work”)). Cognate with Old Frisian teula (“to labour, toil”), teule (“labour, work”), Dutch tuil (“toil, labour”). Compare also Dutch telen (“to grow; raise; cultivate, till”). More at till. Pronunciation: /tɔɪl/, /ˈtɔɪəl/ 1. Labour, work, especially of a grueling nature. Labels: countable, uncountable Example: […] he set to work again and made the snow fly in all directions around him. After some further toil his efforts were rewarded, and a very shabby door-mat lay exposed to view. 2. Trouble, strife. Labels: countable, uncountable 3. A net or snare; any thread, web, or string spread for taking prey. Labels: countable, plural-normally, uncountable Example: Then toils for beasts, and lime for birds, were found. Example: I was like a wild beast that had broken the toils, destroying the objects that obstructed me and ranging through the wood with a stag-like swiftness.
Word: toil Part of Speech: verb Etymology: From Middle English toilen, toylen, apparently a conflation of Anglo-Norman toiller (“to agitate, stir up, entangle”) (compare Old Northern French tooillier, tooullier (“to agitate, stir”); of unknown origin), and Middle English tilyen, telien, teolien, tolen, tolien, tulien (“to till, work, labour”), from Old English tilian, telian, teolian, tiolian (“to exert oneself, toil, work, make, generate, strive after, try, endeavor, procure, obtain, gain, provide, tend, cherish, cultivate, till, plough, trade, traffic, aim at, aspire to, treat, cure”) (compare Middle Dutch tuylen, teulen (“to till, work, labour”)), from Proto-Germanic *tilōną (“to strive, reach for, aim for, hurry”). Cognate with Scots tulyie (“to quarrel, flite, contend”). An alternate etymology derives Middle English toilen, toylen directly from Middle Dutch tuylen, teulen (“to work, labour, till”), from tuyl ("agriculture, labour, toil"; > Modern Dutch tuil (“toil; work”)). Cognate with Old Frisian teula (“to labour, toil”), teule (“labour, work”), Dutch tuil (“toil, labour”). Compare also Dutch telen (“to grow; raise; cultivate, till”). More at till. Pronunciation: /tɔɪl/, /ˈtɔɪəl/ 1. To labour; work. Labels: intransitive 2. To struggle. Labels: intransitive 3. To work (something); often with out. Labels: transitive Example: places well toiled and husbanded Example: [I] toiled out my uncouth passage. 4. To weary through excessive labour. Labels: transitive Example: toiled with works of war
Word: toil and moil Part of Speech: verb 1. To work hard; to drudge; to toil, to moil.
Word: drudge Part of Speech: noun Etymology: From Middle English druggen, perhaps from Old English *dryċġan, from Proto-West Germanic *druggjan, from Proto-Germanic *drugjaną, a denominative built to a lost noun *drugjaz (preserved in Old English Dryċġhelm), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ-; compare Old English drēogan (“to do; to suffer”). Pronunciation: /dɹʌd͡ʒ/ 1. A person who works in a low servile job. Labels: also, attributive Example: drudge work 2. Someone who works for (and may be taken advantage of by) someone else. Labels: derogatory
Word: drudge Part of Speech: verb Etymology: From Middle English druggen, perhaps from Old English *dryċġan, from Proto-West Germanic *druggjan, from Proto-Germanic *drugjaną, a denominative built to a lost noun *drugjaz (preserved in Old English Dryċġhelm), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ-; compare Old English drēogan (“to do; to suffer”). Pronunciation: /dɹʌd͡ʒ/ 1. To labour in (or as in) a low servile job. Labels: intransitive Example: Rise to our Toils and drudge away the day. Example: He gradually rose in the estimation of the booksellers for whom he drudged.
Word: servile Part of Speech: adj Etymology: From Middle English servyle, from Old French servil, servile, from Latin servīlis, from servus (“slave”). By surface analysis, serve + -ile. Pronunciation: /ˈsɜː(ɹ)ˌvaɪl/, /ˈsəɹ.vəl/, /ˈsəɹˌvaɪl/ 1. Excessively eager to please; obsequious. Example: British “subjects” (not citizens, note) are just that: gleefully servile to the monarchy’s institutionalised inequality... 2. Slavish or submissive. Example: servile flattery servile obedience Example: Even fortune rules no more, O servile land! 3. Slavish or submissive. 4. Not belonging to the original root. Example: a servile letter 5. Not sounded, but serving to lengthen the preceding vowel, like the e in tune.
Word: servile Part of Speech: noun Etymology: From Middle English servyle, from Old French servil, servile, from Latin servīlis, from servus (“slave”). By surface analysis, serve + -ile. Pronunciation: /ˈsɜː(ɹ)ˌvaɪl/, /ˈsəɹ.vəl/, /ˈsəɹˌvaɪl/ 1. An element which forms no part of the original root. 2. A slave; a menial.
Word: servility Part of Speech: noun Etymology: Etymology tree English servile Proto-Indo-European *-teh₂ Proto-Indo-European *-ts Proto-Indo-European *-teh₂ts Latin -itāsder. Old French -itebor. Middle English -ite English -ity English servility From servile + -ity. Pronunciation: /səˈvɪ.lɪ.ti/, /ˌsɜːˈvɪ.lɪ.ti/, /sɚˈvɪ.lɪ.ti/, /ˌsɝˈvɪ.lɪ.ti/ 1. The condition of being servile. Labels: countable, uncountable Example: Yossarian went along in Milo Minderbinder's speeding M & M staff car to police headquarters to meet a swarthy, untidy police commissioner with a narrow black mustache and unbuttoned tunic who was fiddling with a stout woman with warts and two chins when they entered his office and who greeted Milo with warm surprise and bowed and scraped in obscene servility as though Milo were some elegant marquis.
Word: moil Part of Speech: verb Etymology: From Middle English mollen (“to soften by wetting”), borrowed from Old French moillier with the same meaning, from Vulgar Latin *molliō, *molliare, from mollis (“soft”). Pronunciation: /mɔɪl/ 1. To toil, to work hard. Example: Moil not too much underground, for the hope of mines is very uncertain, and useth to make the planters lazy in other things.. Example: Now he must moil and drudge for one he loathes. 2. To churn continually; to swirl. Labels: intransitive Example: A crowd of men and women moiled like nightmare figures in the smoke-green haze. 3. To defile or dirty. Labels: UK, transitive
Word: moil Part of Speech: noun Etymology: From Middle English mollen (“to soften by wetting”), borrowed from Old French moillier with the same meaning, from Vulgar Latin *molliō, *molliare, from mollis (“soft”). Pronunciation: /mɔɪl/ 1. Hard work. Labels: countable, uncountable Example: I finally decided, my heart was really in my singing rather than in the drab, hardy soul- searing toil and moil of a collier's existence. 2. Confusion, turmoil. Labels: countable, uncountable Example: Croft no longer saw anything clearly; he could not have said at that moment where his hands ended and the machine gun began; he was lost in a vast moil of noise out of which individual screams and shouts etched in his mind for an instant. 3. A spot; a defilement. Labels: countable, uncountable Example: You'd suppose A finished generation, dead of plague, Swept outward from their graves into the sun, The moil of death upon them.
Word: moil Part of Speech: noun Etymology: Of unclear origin; possibly from French meule or Hebrew מוהל (mohel, “ritual circumciser”), referring to the foreskin-like shape of the unwanted rim. Pronunciation: /mɔɪl/ 1. The glass circling the tip of a blowpipe or punty, such as the residual glass after detaching a blown vessel, or the lower part of a gather. Labels: countable, uncountable 2. The excess material which adheres to the top, base, or rim of a glass object when it is cut or knocked off from a blowpipe or punty, or from the mold-filling process. Typically removed after annealing as part of the finishing process (e.g. scored and snapped off). Labels: countable, uncountable 3. The metallic oxide from a blowpipe which has adhered to a glass object. Labels: countable, uncountable
Word: struggle Part of Speech: noun Etymology: From Middle English struglen, stroglen, strogelen, of obscure origin. Cognate with Scots strugil (“to struggle, grapple, contend”). Perhaps from a variant of *strokelen, *stroukelen (> English stroll), from Middle Dutch struyckelen ("to stumble, trip, falter"; > Modern Dutch struikelen), the frequentative form of Old Dutch *strūkon (“to stumble”), from Proto-Germanic *strūkōną, *strūkēną (“to be stiff”), from Proto-Indo-European *strug-, *ster- (“to be stiff; to bristle, strut, stumble, fall”), related to Middle Low German strûkelen ("to stumble"; > Low German strükeln), Old High German strūhhēn, strūhhōn ("to stumble, trip, tumble, go astray"; > German strauchen, straucheln). Alternative etymology derives the base of struggle from Old Norse strúgr (“arrogance, pride, spitefulness, ill-will”) + -le (frequentative suffix), from Proto-Germanic *strūkaz (“stiff, rigid”), ultimately from the same Proto-Indo-European root above, which would make it cognate with dialectal Swedish strug (“contention, strife, discord”), Norwegian stru (“obstinate, unruly”), Danish struende (“reluctantly”), Scots strug (“difficulty, perplexity, a laborious task”). Pronunciation: /ˈstɹʌɡəl/, [ˈstɹʌɡl̩] 1. A contortion of the body in an attempt to escape or to perform a difficult task. 2. Strife, contention, great effort. Labels: figuratively Example: The struggle with ways and means had recommenced, more difficult now a hundredfold than it had been before, because of their increasing needs. Their income disappeared as a little rivulet that is swallowed by the thirsty ground. He worked night and day to supplement it. Example: R. Moskowitz charges cisgender readers to be as conscious and deliberate with our religious identities as transgender and gender non-conforming people are with theirs, arguing that holiness is only achieved through continuous and unrelenting struggle and change.
Word: struggle Part of Speech: verb Etymology: From Middle English struglen, stroglen, strogelen, of obscure origin. Cognate with Scots strugil (“to struggle, grapple, contend”). Perhaps from a variant of *strokelen, *stroukelen (> English stroll), from Middle Dutch struyckelen ("to stumble, trip, falter"; > Modern Dutch struikelen), the frequentative form of Old Dutch *strūkon (“to stumble”), from Proto-Germanic *strūkōną, *strūkēną (“to be stiff”), from Proto-Indo-European *strug-, *ster- (“to be stiff; to bristle, strut, stumble, fall”), related to Middle Low German strûkelen ("to stumble"; > Low German strükeln), Old High German strūhhēn, strūhhōn ("to stumble, trip, tumble, go astray"; > German strauchen, straucheln). Alternative etymology derives the base of struggle from Old Norse strúgr (“arrogance, pride, spitefulness, ill-will”) + -le (frequentative suffix), from Proto-Germanic *strūkaz (“stiff, rigid”), ultimately from the same Proto-Indo-European root above, which would make it cognate with dialectal Swedish strug (“contention, strife, discord”), Norwegian stru (“obstinate, unruly”), Danish struende (“reluctantly”), Scots strug (“difficulty, perplexity, a laborious task”). Pronunciation: /ˈstɹʌɡəl/, [ˈstɹʌɡl̩] 1. To strive, to labour in difficulty, to fight (for or against), to contend. Labels: intransitive Example: During the centuries, the people of Ireland struggled constantly to assert their right to govern themselves. Example: Troutbeck is a tiny village midway between Penrith and Keswick in a very sparsely populated part of Cumberland, and it used to be said by facetious travellers that the reason why it ever had a station at all was to give the engine a rest after it had struggled up the long and trying incline from Threlkeld. 2. To have difficulty with something. Labels: intransitive Example: One of the doctor’s patients struggled with depression. Example: Then our first effort must be to identify the actual words. Only after recognizing them individually can we begin to try to understand them, to struggle with perceiving what they mean. 3. To strive, or to make efforts, with a twisting, or with contortions of the body. Labels: intransitive Example: She struggled to escape from her assailant's grasp. Example: Orion hit a rabbit once; but though sore wounded it got to the bury, and, struggling in, the arrow caught the side of the hole and was drawn out. Indeed, a nail filed sharp is not of much avail as an arrowhead; you must have it barbed, and that was a little beyond our skill.
Word: difficulty Part of Speech: noun Etymology: From Middle English difficulte, from Middle French and Anglo-Norman difficulte and their etymon Latin difficultas, from difficul, older form of difficilis (“hard to do, difficult”), from dis- + facilis (“easy”); see difficile and difficult. Equivalent to dis- + facile + -ty. Also analysable as difficult + -y, though the adjective is historically a backformation from the noun. Pronunciation: /ˈdɪfɪkəlti/ 1. The state of being difficult, or hard to do. Labels: countable, uncountable Example: My mom is old and has a lot of difficulty (in) remembering all her grandchildren's names. 2. An obstacle that hinders achievement of a goal. Labels: countable, uncountable Example: We faced a difficulty in trying to book a flight so late. Example: The difficulties of photoheliography consist principally in the rapidity with which the sun's image acts upon the sensitive film. 3. Physical danger from the environment, especially with risk of drowning Labels: countable, in-plural, sometimes, uncountable Example: 2012 August 2, "Children rescued after getting into difficulties in Donegal" BBC Online 4. An objection. Labels: countable, uncountable 5. That which cannot be easily understood or believed. Labels: countable, uncountable 6. An awkward situation or quarrel. Labels: countable, uncountable
Word: contention Part of Speech: noun Etymology: From Middle English contencion, borrowed from Old French contencion, from Latin contentio, contentionem, from contendō (past participle contentus); equivalent to contend + -tion (similar formation to attention). Pronunciation: /kənˈtɛnʃən/ 1. Argument, contest, debate, strife, struggle. Labels: countable, uncountable 2. A point maintained in an argument, or a line of argument taken in its support; the subject matter of discussion of strife; a position taken or contended for. Labels: countable, uncountable Example: It is my contention that state lotteries are taxes on stupid people. 3. Competition by parts of a system or its users for a limited resource. Labels: countable, uncountable
Word: contest Part of Speech: noun Etymology: PIE word *tréyes From French contester, from Old French, from Latin contestor (“to call to witness”). Pronunciation: /ˈkɒn.tɛst/, /ˈkɔntɛst/, /ˈkɑn.tɛst/ 1. Controversy; debate. Labels: uncountable Example: no contest Example: Your question betrays, I suspect, a somewhat naive vision of the world as much smaller (and much more homogenized) than it could possibly be — a vision that one of my "personal" visions, as you'll find it in some of my recent science fiction, is specifically and heartedly in contest with. 2. Struggle for superiority; combat. Labels: uncountable 3. A competition. Labels: countable Example: The child entered the spelling contest.
Word: contest Part of Speech: verb Etymology: PIE word *tréyes From French contester, from Old French, from Latin contestor (“to call to witness”). Pronunciation: /kənˈtɛst/ 1. To contend. Labels: intransitive Example: I will contest for the open seat on the board. Example: Of man, who dares in pomp with Jove contest? 2. To call into question; to oppose. Labels: transitive Example: The rival contested the dictator's re-election because of claims of voting irregularities. Example: Few philosophical aphorisms have been more frequently repeated, few more contested than this. 3. To strive earnestly to hold or maintain; to struggle to defend. Labels: transitive Example: The troops contested every inch of ground. 4. To make a subject of litigation; to defend, as a suit; to dispute or resist, as a claim, by course of law.
Word: combat Part of Speech: noun Etymology: 16th century, borrowed from Middle French combat, deverbal from Old French combatre, from Vulgar Latin *combattere, from Latin com- (“with”) + battuere (“to beat, strike”). Pronunciation: /ˈkɒmˌbæt/, /ˈkʌmˌbæt/, /ˈkɑmˌbæt/ 1. A battle, a fight (often one in which weapons are used). Labels: countable, uncountable Example: "My tastes," he said, still smiling, "incline me to the garishly sunlit side of this planet." And, to tease her and arouse her to combat: "I prefer a farandole to a nocturne; I'd rather have a painting than an etching; Mr. Whistler bores me with his monochromatic mud; I don't like dull colours, dull sounds, dull intellects;[…]." Example: In less than eight weeks, five divisions of United States troops have moved into combat, some of them from bases more than 6,000 miles away. More men are on the way. Fighting in difficult country under every kind of hardship, American troops have held back overwhelming numbers of the communist invaders. 2. a struggle for victory Labels: countable, uncountable
Word: combat Part of Speech: verb Etymology: 16th century, borrowed from Middle French combat, deverbal from Old French combatre, from Vulgar Latin *combattere, from Latin com- (“with”) + battuere (“to beat, strike”). Pronunciation: /ˈkɒmˌbæt/, /ˈkʌmˌbæt/, /ˈkɑmˌbæt/, /kəmˈbæt/ 1. To fight; to struggle against. Labels: transitive Example: It has proven very difficult to combat drug addiction. Example: President Donald Trump’s administration has made combating what it considers anti-Israel and antisemitic movements on college campuses a priority. He signed an executive order during his second week in office to “combat antisemitism” in schools and on university campuses, and on February 3 announced the creation of a multiagency task force to carry out the mandate. 2. To fight (with); to struggle for victory (against). Labels: intransitive Example: To combat with a blind man I disdain.
Word: victory Part of Speech: noun Etymology: The noun is derived from Middle English victory, victori, victorie (“supremacy, victory; a defeat or vanquishing, conquest; superior military force; might, power, strength; triumphal celebration or procession; monument commemorating a defeat; superior position, dominance; mastery; moral victory, vindication; success, triumph; redemption, salvation; resurrection of Jesus; means of achieving spiritual victory; reward for or token of perseverance in a spiritual struggle”) [and other forms], borrowed from Anglo-Norman victorie and Old French victorie, a variant of victoire (“victory, win”) (modern French victoire), from Latin victōria (“victory”), from victor (“champion, winner, victor; conqueror, vanquisher”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *weyk- (“to contain, envelop; to overcome”)) + -ia (suffix forming feminine abstract nouns). The English word is analysable as victor + -y (suffix forming abstract nouns denoting a condition, quality, or state), and displaced Middle English siȝe, sye. The interjection is derived from the noun. Cognates Cognate with French victoire, Italian vittoria, Portuguese vitoria, Spanish victoria, Romanian victorie. Tamil வெற்றி (veṟṟi) (pronounced roughly like "vetri") is a false cognate. Pronunciation: /ˈvɪktəɹi/, [ˈvɪktʰəɹɪi̯], /ˈvɪktəɹɪj/, /ˈvɪkt͡ʃ(ə)ɹɪj/, /ˈvɪktɚi/ 1. The condition or state of having won a battle or competition, or having succeeded in an effort; (countable) an instance of this. Labels: uncountable Example: It was a great victory on the battlefield. Example: I behelde, and the ſame horne made battail agaynſt the ſayntes, yee ãd gat the victory off them: […] 2. Alternative letter-case form of Victory (“(uncountable) the Roman goddess of victory, the counterpart of the Greek goddess Nike; also (countable), an artistic depiction of her, chiefly as a winged woman”). Labels: Roman, alt-of, countable, uncountable Example: All along the Champs Elysées were […] statues of plaster representing nymphs, triumphs, victories, and other female personages painted in oil so as to represent marble; real marble could have had no better effect, and the appearance of the whole was lively and picturesque in the extreme.
Word: victory Part of Speech: intj Etymology: The noun is derived from Middle English victory, victori, victorie (“supremacy, victory; a defeat or vanquishing, conquest; superior military force; might, power, strength; triumphal celebration or procession; monument commemorating a defeat; superior position, dominance; mastery; moral victory, vindication; success, triumph; redemption, salvation; resurrection of Jesus; means of achieving spiritual victory; reward for or token of perseverance in a spiritual struggle”) [and other forms], borrowed from Anglo-Norman victorie and Old French victorie, a variant of victoire (“victory, win”) (modern French victoire), from Latin victōria (“victory”), from victor (“champion, winner, victor; conqueror, vanquisher”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *weyk- (“to contain, envelop; to overcome”)) + -ia (suffix forming feminine abstract nouns). The English word is analysable as victor + -y (suffix forming abstract nouns denoting a condition, quality, or state), and displaced Middle English siȝe, sye. The interjection is derived from the noun. Cognates Cognate with French victoire, Italian vittoria, Portuguese vitoria, Spanish victoria, Romanian victorie. Tamil வெற்றி (veṟṟi) (pronounced roughly like "vetri") is a false cognate. Pronunciation: /ˈvɪktəɹi/, [ˈvɪktʰəɹɪi̯], /ˈvɪktəɹɪj/, /ˈvɪkt͡ʃ(ə)ɹɪj/, /ˈvɪktɚi/ 1. Used to encourage someone to achieve success, or to celebrate a success or triumph. Example: Saint George and Victory; fight Souldiers, fight: […] Example: Victory! Victory to the prostrate nations! / Bear witness Night, and ye mute Constellations / Who gaze on us from your crystalline cars! / Thoughts have gone forth whose powers can sleep no more! / Victory! Victory!
Word: victory Part of Speech: verb Etymology: From Middle English victorien (“to overcome, vanquish”), from Old French victorier, or from Medieval Latin victōriāre, from Latin victōria (noun); see further at etymology 1. Cognates * Italian vittoriare Pronunciation: /ˈvɪktəɹi/, [ˈvɪktʰəɹɪi̯], /ˈvɪktəɹɪj/, /ˈvɪkt͡ʃ(ə)ɹɪj/, /ˈvɪktɚi/ 1. To defeat or triumph over (someone or something). Labels: obsolete, rare, transitive Example: [W]hen ſin got the upper hand of us, and vvee victoried by them; vve vvere then their ſervants, their ſlave: vvhen vvee overcome and have victoried them; let us make them our ſlaves perpetually; let us bind them in chaines, caſt them in priſon, and for ever utterly deſtroy their evill povver: […] Example: [The game of dice and ball] is near of kin, in the nature of the vvord to that game of Cock-all, vvhich boyes uſe amongſt us, vvhich Cock-all, is as much vvin and take all, as a Cock does vvho victorying, has not onely the praiſe of all, but vvins all thats laied on the match by the Abettors againſt him.
Word: controversy Part of Speech: noun Etymology: Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *ḱe? Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm Proto-Italic *kom Proto-Italic *kom- Proto-Indo-European *-teros Proto-Italic *-teros Proto-Italic *komterosder. Proto-Italic *komterād Latin contrā Proto-Indo-European *wert- Proto-Indo-European *-tós Proto-Indo-European *wr̥ttós Proto-Italic *worssosder. Latin vorsusder. Latin versus Latin contrōversus Proto-Indo-European *-(i)yós Proto-Italic *-ijos Proto-Italic *-ios Old Latin -ios Latin -ius Latin -ia Latin contrōversia Old French controversiebor. Middle English controversie English controversy From Middle English controversie, from Old French controversie, from Latin contrōversia (“debate, contention, controversy”), from contrōversus (“turned in an opposite direction”). Pronunciation: /kənˈtɹɒv.ə.si/, /ˈkɒn.tɹəˌvɜː.si/, /ˈkɑn.tɹəˌvɝ.si/ 1. A debate or discussion of opposing opinions; (generally) strife. Labels: countable, uncountable Example: [A]nd it is without all controuerſie, that learning doth make the minds of men gentle, generous, maniable, and pliant to gouernment; whereas Ignorance makes them churliſh, thwart, and mutinous; […] Example: From time to time I have been permitted to behold the working, in different ages, of the great controversy between Christ, the Prince of life, the Author of our salvation, and Satan, the prince of evil, the author of sin, the first transgressor of God's holy law.
Word: opposing Part of Speech: adj 1. That opposes or oppose; on the opposite side. Labels: not-comparable Example: opposing armies Example: opposing players
Word: opposing Part of Speech: verb 1. present participle and gerund of oppose Labels: form-of, gerund, participle, present
Word: opposes Part of Speech: verb 1. third-person singular simple present indicative of oppose Labels: form-of, indicative, present, singular, third-person
Word: superiority Part of Speech: noun Etymology: From Middle English superiorite, from Old French superiorite, from Medieval Latin superioritas, from Latin superior. Morphologically superior + -ity. Pronunciation: /sʊˌpɪə(ɹ).iˈɒ.ɹɪ.ti/ 1. The state of being superior. Labels: countable, uncountable Example: Many US colleges want to achieve superiority in the sport of football. Example: The fact that in most lands the moon was originally a female deity has led many historians to dispute the superiority of the moon over the sun in ancient mythology. 2. The right which the superior enjoys in the land held by the vassal. Labels: countable, historical, uncountable
Word: higher Part of Speech: adj Pronunciation: /ˈhaɪ.ə/, /ˈhaɪ.ɚ/, /həjːɜ(r)/, /haɪə/, /haɪɹ/ 1. comparative form of high: more high Labels: comparative, form-of